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J.; Mulder, Douwe J.; van Goor, Harry title: Angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2), SARS‐CoV‐2 and pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) date: 2020-05-17 journal: J Pathol DOI: 10.1002/path.5471 sha: doc_id: 317952 cord_uid: 4oa9hfb4 file: cache/cord-316201-08pyx98r.json key: cord-316201-08pyx98r authors: Grout, Andrea; Howard, Natasha; Coker, Richard; Speakman, Elizabeth M title: Guidelines, law, and governance: disconnects in the global control of airline-associated infectious diseases date: 2017-02-01 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30476-5 sha: doc_id: 316201 cord_uid: 08pyx98r file: cache/cord-315282-05eh1gzd.json key: cord-315282-05eh1gzd authors: Thiemann, Alexandra K.; Sullivan, Rebekah J.E. title: Gastrointestinal Disorders of Donkeys and Mules date: 2019-10-03 journal: Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.001 sha: doc_id: 315282 cord_uid: 05eh1gzd file: cache/cord-321734-ugy0kys5.json key: cord-321734-ugy0kys5 authors: Neulight, Nina; Kafai, Yasmin B.; Kao, Linda; Foley, Brian; Galas, Cathleen title: Children’s Participation in a Virtual Epidemic in the Science Classroom: Making Connections to Natural Infectious Diseases date: 2006-11-23 journal: J Sci Educ Technol DOI: 10.1007/s10956-006-9029-z sha: doc_id: 321734 cord_uid: ugy0kys5 file: cache/cord-320463-4nchg95h.json key: cord-320463-4nchg95h authors: Rampling, Tommy; Page, Mark; Horby, Peter title: International Biological Reference Preparations for Epidemic Infectious Diseases date: 2019-02-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.180798 sha: doc_id: 320463 cord_uid: 4nchg95h file: cache/cord-324788-echu0zmf.json key: cord-324788-echu0zmf authors: Aich, Palok; Potter, Andrew A; Griebel, Philip J title: Modern approaches to understanding stress and disease susceptibility: A review with special emphasis on respiratory disease date: 2009-07-30 journal: Int J Gen Med DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 324788 cord_uid: echu0zmf file: cache/cord-324667-wmhdw1qs.json key: cord-324667-wmhdw1qs authors: Nishtala, Krishnatej; Pahuja, Natasha; Shetty, Rohit; Nuijts, Rudy M. M. A.; Ghosh, Arkasubhra title: Tear biomarkers for keratoconus date: 2016-08-04 journal: Eye Vis (Lond) DOI: 10.1186/s40662-016-0051-9 sha: doc_id: 324667 cord_uid: wmhdw1qs file: cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.json key: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 authors: Overgaauw, Paul A.M.; Vinke, Claudia M.; van Hagen, Marjan A.E.; Lipman, Len J.A. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113789 sha: doc_id: 318061 cord_uid: xe8lljz0 file: cache/cord-322377-0o9ru8zz.json key: cord-322377-0o9ru8zz authors: Migliaccio, Raffaella; Tanguy, Delphine; Bouzigues, Arabella; Sezer, Idil; Dubois, Bruno; Le Ber, Isabelle; Batrancourt, Bénédicte; Godefroy, Valérie; Levy, Richard title: Cognitive and behavioural inhibition deficits in neurodegenerative dementias date: 2020-08-10 journal: Cortex DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.001 sha: doc_id: 322377 cord_uid: 0o9ru8zz file: cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.json key: cord-321993-uazc3lyg authors: Hedrick, Stephen M. title: The Imperative to Vaccinate date: 2018-10-31 journal: The Journal of Pediatrics DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041 sha: doc_id: 321993 cord_uid: uazc3lyg file: cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.json key: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 authors: Ruiz, Sara I.; Zumbrun, Elizabeth E.; Nalca, Aysegul title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 journal: Animal Models for the Study of Human Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 sha: doc_id: 319933 cord_uid: yp9ofhi8 file: cache/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.json key: cord-315825-ckg8mf8t authors: B, Liu; QF, Han; WP, Liang; XY, Shi; JJ, Wei title: Decrease of respiratory diseases in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province during COVID-19 date: 2020-09-02 journal: J Public Health (Oxf) DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa150 sha: doc_id: 315825 cord_uid: ckg8mf8t file: cache/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.json key: cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 authors: Williamson, E. D.; Westlake, G. E. title: Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date: 2019-04-11 journal: Clin Exp Immunol DOI: 10.1111/cei.13284 sha: doc_id: 325052 cord_uid: 7vlxa0i7 file: cache/cord-322069-ys9s7l6e.json key: cord-322069-ys9s7l6e authors: Gaspari, Valeria; Neri, Iria; Misciali, Cosimo; Patrizi, Annalisa title: COVID‐19: how it can look on the skin. Clinical and pathological features in twenty COVID‐19 patients observed in Bologna, northeastern Italy date: 2020-06-03 journal: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16693 sha: doc_id: 322069 cord_uid: ys9s7l6e file: cache/cord-323703-fsj736dg.json key: cord-323703-fsj736dg authors: Patterson, Grace T.; Thomas, Lian F.; Coyne, Lucy A.; Rushton, Jonathan title: Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems date: 2020-08-30 journal: Glob Food Sec DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100424 sha: doc_id: 323703 cord_uid: fsj736dg file: cache/cord-324875-04s0ysih.json key: cord-324875-04s0ysih authors: Honigsbaum, Mark; Méthot, Pierre-Olivier title: Introduction: microbes, networks, knowledge—disease ecology and emerging infectious diseases in time of COVID-19 date: 2020-06-23 journal: Hist Philos Life Sci DOI: 10.1007/s40656-020-00318-x sha: doc_id: 324875 cord_uid: 04s0ysih file: cache/cord-318683-1yxurnev.json key: cord-318683-1yxurnev authors: Green, Manfred S; LeDuc, James; Cohen, Daniel; Franz, David R title: Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies date: 2018-10-16 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30298-6 sha: doc_id: 318683 cord_uid: 1yxurnev file: cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.json key: cord-319463-erdwejd2 authors: Diaz, J. H. title: Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date: 2011-12-31 journal: Encyclopedia of Environmental Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00527-4 sha: doc_id: 319463 cord_uid: erdwejd2 file: cache/cord-328655-55ebve2k.json key: cord-328655-55ebve2k authors: Rohr, Jason R.; Dobson, Andrew P.; Johnson, Pieter T.J.; Kilpatrick, A. Marm; Paull, Sara H.; Raffel, Thomas R.; Ruiz-Moreno, Diego; Thomas, Matthew B. title: Frontiers in climate change–disease research date: 2011-04-12 journal: Trends Ecol Evol DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.002 sha: doc_id: 328655 cord_uid: 55ebve2k file: cache/cord-325700-f102uk2m.json key: cord-325700-f102uk2m authors: Fraser, Douglas D.; Slessarev, Marat; Martin, Claudio M.; Daley, Mark; Patel, Maitray A.; Miller, Michael R.; Patterson, Eric K.; O’Gorman, David B.; Gill, Sean E.; Wishart, David S.; Mandal, Rupasri; Cepinskas, Gediminas title: Metabolomics Profiling of Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: Identification of Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers date: 2020-10-21 journal: Crit Care Explor DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000272 sha: doc_id: 325700 cord_uid: f102uk2m file: cache/cord-319121-et957lfl.json key: cord-319121-et957lfl authors: Mifflin, Lauren; Ofengeim, Dimitry; Yuan, Junying title: Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) as a therapeutic target date: 2020-07-15 journal: Nat Rev Drug Discov DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0071-y sha: doc_id: 319121 cord_uid: et957lfl file: cache/cord-324775-3x5os79m.json key: cord-324775-3x5os79m authors: Crowe, J.E. title: Human Respiratory Viruses date: 2008-07-30 journal: Encyclopedia of Virology DOI: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00488-x sha: doc_id: 324775 cord_uid: 3x5os79m file: cache/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.json key: cord-325148-oe3yv69y authors: Dutta, Ritaban title: Replacement Management in Cattle: Health Management date: 2015-11-30 journal: Reference Module in Food Science DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.01035-0 sha: doc_id: 325148 cord_uid: oe3yv69y file: cache/cord-322087-gj5mfzxz.json key: cord-322087-gj5mfzxz authors: de Sanctis, Vincenzo; Ruggiero, Leopoldo; Soliman, Ashraf T; Daar, Shahina; Di Maio, Salvatore; Kattamis, Christos title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adolescents: An update on current clinical and diagnostic characteristics date: 2020-05-11 journal: Acta Biomed DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9543 sha: doc_id: 322087 cord_uid: gj5mfzxz file: cache/cord-326788-qzm3b3xy.json key: cord-326788-qzm3b3xy authors: Liew, Jean W.; Castillo, Maria; Zaccagnino, Ethan; Katz, Patricia; Haroon, Nigil; Gensler, Lianne S. title: Patient‐reported Disease Activity in an Axial Spondyloarthritis Cohort during the COVID‐19 Pandemic date: 2020-09-06 journal: ACR Open Rheumatol DOI: 10.1002/acr2.11174 sha: doc_id: 326788 cord_uid: qzm3b3xy file: cache/cord-322728-10m3xscs.json key: cord-322728-10m3xscs authors: Severance, Emily G.; Yolken, Robert H. title: Chapter 29 Role of Immune and Autoimmune Dysfunction in Schizophrenia date: 2016-12-31 journal: Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800981-9.00029-8 sha: doc_id: 322728 cord_uid: 10m3xscs file: cache/cord-315598-qwh72inx.json key: cord-315598-qwh72inx authors: Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini; Estrada, Victor Hugo Nieto; López, Nelly Beltrán; Bolaños, Elisabeth Ramos; Franco, Daniel Molano; Castell, Carmelo Dueñas; Moreno, Albert Alexander Valencia; Amaya, Iván Camilo Alarcón; Flórez, John Serna; Valencia, Bladimir Alejandro Gil; Camilo Pizarro, G; Polo, Yulieth María Zabaleta; Meza, Carmen Lucia Chica title: ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19 date: 2020-10-06 journal: nan DOI: 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.004 sha: doc_id: 315598 cord_uid: qwh72inx file: cache/cord-329244-z28twpb1.json key: cord-329244-z28twpb1 authors: McAloose, Denise; Newton, Alisa L. title: Wildlife cancer: a conservation perspective date: 2009 journal: Nat Rev Cancer DOI: 10.1038/nrc2665 sha: doc_id: 329244 cord_uid: z28twpb1 file: cache/cord-325077-j77wbcr3.json key: cord-325077-j77wbcr3 authors: Prado-Gascó, Vicente; Gómez-Domínguez, María T.; Soto-Rubio, Ana; Díaz-Rodríguez, Luis; Navarro-Mateu, Diego title: Stay at Home and Teach: A Comparative Study of Psychosocial Risks Between Spain and Mexico During the Pandemic date: 2020-09-30 journal: Front Psychol DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566900 sha: doc_id: 325077 cord_uid: j77wbcr3 file: cache/cord-330830-x2swoy4d.json key: cord-330830-x2swoy4d authors: Kobayashi, Nobumichi title: Impact of Emerging, Re-Emerging and Zoonotic Viral Infectious Diseases, in a Virologist’s Perspective date: 2018-08-31 journal: Open Virol J DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010131 sha: doc_id: 330830 cord_uid: x2swoy4d file: cache/cord-331401-bhl729up.json key: cord-331401-bhl729up authors: Rantsios, A.T. title: Zoonoses date: 2015-09-22 journal: Encyclopedia of Food and Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384947-2.00770-4 sha: doc_id: 331401 cord_uid: bhl729up file: cache/cord-325433-a2fynm75.json key: cord-325433-a2fynm75 authors: Riggs, Shannon M. title: CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS date: 2009-12-31 journal: Manual of Exotic Pet Practice DOI: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50020-2 sha: doc_id: 325433 cord_uid: a2fynm75 file: cache/cord-327109-2fh004df.json key: cord-327109-2fh004df authors: Polyzos, Stergios A.; Mantzoros, Christos S. title: Making progress in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as we are transitioning from the era of NAFLD to dys-metabolism associated fatty liver disease (DAFLD) date: 2020-07-21 journal: Metabolism DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154318 sha: doc_id: 327109 cord_uid: 2fh004df file: cache/cord-332270-fusfdkjw.json key: cord-332270-fusfdkjw authors: Lukiw, Walter J.; Vergallo, Andrea; Lista, Simone; Hampel, Harald; Zhao, Yuhai title: Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and the Application of Precision Medicine date: 2020-09-21 journal: J Pers Med DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030138 sha: doc_id: 332270 cord_uid: fusfdkjw file: cache/cord-331268-kzy33hdb.json key: cord-331268-kzy33hdb authors: Lynch, Sharon G.; Rose, John W. title: Multiple sclerosis date: 1996-01-31 journal: Disease-a-Month DOI: 10.1016/s0011-5029(96)90012-7 sha: doc_id: 331268 cord_uid: kzy33hdb file: cache/cord-325112-7ie23c7f.json key: cord-325112-7ie23c7f authors: Heimer, Carol A. title: The uses of disorder in negotiated information orders: information leveraging and changing norms in global public health governance date: 2018-10-04 journal: Br J Sociol DOI: 10.1111/1468-4446.12495 sha: doc_id: 325112 cord_uid: 7ie23c7f file: cache/cord-329881-9vnz5zzg.json key: cord-329881-9vnz5zzg authors: Garcia, Sònia title: Pandemics and Traditional Plant-Based Remedies. 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Y.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, D.; Prefumo, F. title: ISUOG Interim Guidance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals – an update date: 2020-06-01 journal: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol DOI: 10.1002/uog.22061 sha: doc_id: 347289 cord_uid: 3yi5tz04 file: cache/cord-346276-1dcp05rd.json key: cord-346276-1dcp05rd authors: Bonfá, Eloisa; Gossec, Laure; Isenberg, David A.; Li, Zhanguo; Raychaudhuri, Soumya title: How COVID-19 is changing rheumatology clinical practice date: 2020-11-02 journal: Nat Rev Rheumatol DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-00527-5 sha: doc_id: 346276 cord_uid: 1dcp05rd file: cache/cord-345086-vq4ei1do.json key: cord-345086-vq4ei1do authors: Johnston, Marjorie C.; Porteous, Terry; Crilly, Michael A.; Burton, Christopher D.; Elliott, Alison; Iversen, Lisa; McArdle, Karen; Murray, Alison; Phillips, Louise H.; Black, Corri title: Physical Disease and Resilient Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Resilience Definitions and Study Methods date: 2015-04-30 journal: Psychosomatics DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.005 sha: doc_id: 345086 cord_uid: vq4ei1do file: cache/cord-346496-crhv0gnt.json key: cord-346496-crhv0gnt authors: Sun, Ying; Dong, Yanli; Wang, Lifeng; Xie, Huan; Li, Baosen; Chang, Christopher; Wang, Fu-sheng title: Characteristics and prognostic factors of disease severity in patients with COVID-19: The Beijing experience date: 2020-04-24 journal: J Autoimmun DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102473 sha: doc_id: 346496 cord_uid: crhv0gnt file: cache/cord-347872-naz24vct.json key: cord-347872-naz24vct authors: Rostal, Melinda K.; Olival, Kevin J.; Loh, Elizabeth H.; Karesh, William B. title: Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages date: 2012-11-02 journal: One Health: The Human-Animal-Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_271 sha: doc_id: 347872 cord_uid: naz24vct file: cache/cord-346964-9afuen7k.json key: cord-346964-9afuen7k authors: Ensari, A. title: The Malabsorption Syndrome and Its Causes and Consequences date: 2014-08-21 journal: Pathobiology of Human Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.03804-1 sha: doc_id: 346964 cord_uid: 9afuen7k file: cache/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.json key: cord-347449-mey7e8gd authors: Albers, Heidi J.; Lee, Katherine D.; Rushlow, Jennifer R.; Zambrana-Torrselio, Carlos title: Disease Risk from Human–Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy date: 2020-07-09 journal: Environ Resour Econ (Dordr) DOI: 10.1007/s10640-020-00449-6 sha: doc_id: 347449 cord_uid: mey7e8gd file: cache/cord-345843-yz0buegp.json key: cord-345843-yz0buegp authors: Gushulak, BD; Weekers, J; MacPherson, DW title: Migrants and emerging public health issues in a globalized world: threats, risks and challenges, an evidence-based framework date: 2010-03-31 journal: Emerg Health Threats J DOI: 10.3134/ehtj.09.010 sha: doc_id: 345843 cord_uid: yz0buegp file: cache/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.json key: cord-347884-zpzncgiv authors: Galimberti, Andrea; Cena, Hellas; Campone, Luca; Ferri, Emanuele; Dell'Agli, Mario; Sangiovanni, Enrico; Belingheri, Michael; Riva, Michele Augusto; Casiraghi, Maurizio; Labra, Massimo title: Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-10-08 journal: Front Nutr DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.569542 sha: doc_id: 347884 cord_uid: zpzncgiv file: cache/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.json key: cord-344486-iu5flbcl authors: Chiotos, Kathleen; Hayes, Molly; Kimberlin, David W; Jones, Sarah B; James, Scott H; Pinninti, Swetha G; Yarbrough, April; Abzug, Mark J; MacBrayne, Christine E; Soma, Vijaya L; Dulek, Daniel E; Vora, Surabhi B; Waghmare, Alpana; Wolf, Joshua; Olivero, Rosemary; Grapentine, Steven; Wattier, Rachel L; Bio, Laura; Cross, Shane J; Dillman, Nicholas O; Downes, Kevin J; Oliveira, Carlos R; Timberlake, Kathryn; Young, Jennifer; Orscheln, Rachel C; Tamma, Pranita D; Schwenk, Hayden T; Zachariah, Philip; Aldrich, Margaret L; Goldman, David L; Groves, Helen E; Rajapakse, Nipunie S; Lamb, Gabriella S; Tribble, Alison C; Hersh, Adam L; Thorell, Emily A; Denison, Mark R; Ratner, Adam J; Newland, Jason G; Nakamura, Mari M title: Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-12 journal: J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piaa115 sha: doc_id: 344486 cord_uid: iu5flbcl file: cache/cord-346389-gbmnoo84.json key: cord-346389-gbmnoo84 authors: Callender, Lauren A.; Curran, Michelle; Bates, Stephanie M.; Mairesse, Maelle; Weigandt, Julia; Betts, Catherine J. title: The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19 date: 2020-08-11 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01991 sha: doc_id: 346389 cord_uid: gbmnoo84 file: cache/cord-349066-546ozkly.json key: cord-349066-546ozkly authors: Walker, D.H. title: Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases date: 2014-08-21 journal: Pathobiology of Human Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.01713-5 sha: doc_id: 349066 cord_uid: 546ozkly file: cache/cord-347885-fbl7jjb3.json key: cord-347885-fbl7jjb3 authors: Cassini, Alessandro; Colzani, Edoardo; Pini, Alessandro; Mangen, Marie-Josee J; Plass, Dietrich; McDonald, Scott A; Maringhini, Guido; van Lier, Alies; Haagsma, Juanita A; Havelaar, Arie H; Kramarz, Piotr; Kretzschmar, Mirjam E title: Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013 date: 2018-04-19 journal: Euro Surveill DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.16.17-00454 sha: doc_id: 347885 cord_uid: fbl7jjb3 file: cache/cord-345381-9cckppk2.json key: cord-345381-9cckppk2 authors: Klimek, Ludger; Pfaar, Oliver; Worm, Margitta; Eiwegger, Thomas; Hagemann, Jan; Ollert, Markus; Untersmayr, Eva; Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Karin; Vultaggio, Alessandra; Agache, Ioana; Bavbek, Sevim; Bossios, Apostolos; Casper, Ingrid; Chan, Susan; Chatzipetrou, Alexia; Vogelberg, Christian; Firinu, Davide; Kauppi, Paula; Kolios, Antonios; Kothari, Akash; Matucci, Andrea; Palomares, Oscar; Szépfalusi, Zsolt; Pohl, Wolfgang; Hötzenecker, Wolfram; Rosenkranz, Alexander R.; Bergmann, Karl-Christian; Bieber, Thomas; Buhl, Roland; Buters, Jeroen; Darsow, Ulf; Keil, Thomas; Kleine-Tebbe, Jörg; Lau, Susanne; Maurer, Marcus; Merk, Hans; Mösges, Ralph; Saloga, Joachim; Staubach, Petra; Jappe, Uta; Rabe, Klaus F.; Rabe, Uta; Vogelmeier, Claus; Biedermann, Tilo; Jung, Kirsten; Schlenter, Wolfgang; Ring, Johannes; Chaker, Adam; Wehrmann, Wolfgang; Becker, Sven; Freudelsperger, Laura; Mülleneisen, Norbert; Nemat, Katja; Czech, Wolfgang; Wrede, Holger; Brehler, Randolf; Fuchs, Thomas; Tomazic, Peter-Valentin; Aberer, Werner; Fink-Wagner, Antje-Henriette; Horak, Fritz; Wöhrl, Stefan; Niederberger-Leppin, Verena; Pali-Schöll, Isabella; Pohl, Wolfgang; Roller-Wirnsberger, Regina; Spranger, Otto; Valenta, Rudolf; Akdis, Mübecell; Matricardi, Paolo M.; Spertini, François; Khaltaev, Nicolai; Michel, Jean-Pierre; Nicod, Larent; Schmid-Grendelmeier, Peter; Idzko, Marco; Hamelmann, Eckard; Jakob, Thilo; Werfel, Thomas; Wagenmann, Martin; Taube, Christian; Jensen-Jarolim, Erika; Korn, Stephanie; Hentges, Francois; Schwarze, Jürgen; O´Mahony, Liam; Knol, Edward F.; del Giacco, Stefano; Chivato Pérez, Tomás; Bousquet, Jean; Bedbrook, Anna; Zuberbier, Torsten; Akdis, Cezmi; Jutel, Marek title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date: 2020-09-07 journal: Allergol Select DOI: 10.5414/alx02166e sha: doc_id: 345381 cord_uid: 9cckppk2 file: cache/cord-348141-eskefcwk.json key: cord-348141-eskefcwk authors: Herrington, CS; Coates, PJ; Duprex, WP title: Viruses and disease: emerging concepts for prevention, diagnosis and treatment date: 2014-12-11 journal: J Pathol DOI: 10.1002/path.4476 sha: doc_id: 348141 cord_uid: eskefcwk file: cache/cord-348423-zq86ms8w.json key: cord-348423-zq86ms8w authors: Louvardi, Maya; Pelekasis, Panagiotis; Chrousos, George P.; Darviri, Christina title: Mental health in chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece date: 2020-06-29 journal: Palliative & supportive care DOI: 10.1017/s1478951520000528 sha: doc_id: 348423 cord_uid: zq86ms8w file: cache/cord-352049-68op3d8t.json key: cord-352049-68op3d8t authors: Wang, Xingyuan; Zhao, Tianfang; Qin, Xiaomeng title: Model of epidemic control based on quarantine and message delivery date: 2016-09-15 journal: Physica A DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.04.009 sha: doc_id: 352049 cord_uid: 68op3d8t file: cache/cord-352781-aqh9zxgh.json key: cord-352781-aqh9zxgh authors: El Homsi, Maria; Chung, Michael; Bernheim, Adam; Jacobi, Adam; King, Michael J.; Lewis, Sara; Taouli, Bachir title: Review of Chest CT Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection date: 2020-06-07 journal: Eur J Radiol Open DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100239 sha: doc_id: 352781 cord_uid: aqh9zxgh file: cache/cord-348567-rvwxysvc.json key: cord-348567-rvwxysvc authors: Panfili, F. M.; Roversi, M.; D’Argenio, P.; Rossi, P.; Cappa, M.; Fintini, D. title: Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population date: 2020-06-15 journal: J Endocrinol Invest DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0 sha: doc_id: 348567 cord_uid: rvwxysvc file: cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.json key: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 authors: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu441 sha: doc_id: 351231 cord_uid: aoz5jbf1 file: cache/cord-349451-vak2p7ac.json key: cord-349451-vak2p7ac authors: Rocha, Francisco Airton Castro; Duarte-Monteiro, Ana Margarida; da Mota, Licia Maria Henrique; Pinto, Ana Carolina Matias Dinelly; Fonseca, João Eurico title: Microbes, Helminths and Rheumatic Diseases date: 2020-05-07 journal: Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2020.101528 sha: doc_id: 349451 cord_uid: vak2p7ac file: cache/cord-350443-ca5avyjf.json key: cord-350443-ca5avyjf authors: Zhang, Lei; Wilson, David P. title: Trends in Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China: Implications for Surveillance and Population Health Policy date: 2012-02-16 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031076 sha: doc_id: 350443 cord_uid: ca5avyjf file: cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.json key: cord-350565-mejd7blb authors: Lewnard, Joseph A; Reingold, Arthur L title: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2019-03-16 journal: Am J Epidemiol DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy264 sha: doc_id: 350565 cord_uid: mejd7blb file: cache/cord-350235-yoy3hj3j.json key: cord-350235-yoy3hj3j authors: Sansonetti, Philippe J title: COVID‐19, chronicle of an expected pandemic date: 2020-05-04 journal: EMBO Mol Med DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012463 sha: doc_id: 350235 cord_uid: yoy3hj3j file: cache/cord-350408-rqlkwoya.json key: cord-350408-rqlkwoya authors: Rajewsky, Nikolaus; Almouzni, Geneviève; Gorski, Stanislaw A.; Aerts, Stein; Amit, Ido; Bertero, Michela G.; Bock, Christoph; Bredenoord, Annelien L.; Cavalli, Giacomo; Chiocca, Susanna; Clevers, Hans; De Strooper, Bart; Eggert, Angelika; Ellenberg, Jan; Fernández, Xosé M.; Figlerowicz, Marek; Gasser, Susan M.; Hubner, Norbert; Kjems, Jørgen; Knoblich, Jürgen A.; Krabbe, Grietje; Lichter, Peter; Linnarsson, Sten; Marine, Jean-Christophe; Marioni, John C.; Marti-Renom, Marc A.; Netea, Mihai G.; Nickel, Dörthe; Nollmann, Marcelo; Novak, Halina R.; Parkinson, Helen; Piccolo, Stefano; Pinheiro, Inês; Pombo, Ana; Popp, Christian; Reik, Wolf; Roman-Roman, Sergio; Rosenstiel, Philip; Schultze, Joachim L.; Stegle, Oliver; Tanay, Amos; Testa, Giuseppe; Thanos, Dimitris; Theis, Fabian J.; Torres-Padilla, Maria-Elena; Valencia, Alfonso; Vallot, Céline; van Oudenaarden, Alexander; Vidal, Marie; Voet, Thierry title: LifeTime and improving European healthcare through cell-based interceptive medicine date: 2020-09-07 journal: Nature DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2715-9 sha: doc_id: 350408 cord_uid: rqlkwoya file: cache/cord-352546-w3catjj3.json key: cord-352546-w3catjj3 authors: Degeling, Chris; Johnson, Jane; Kerridge, Ian; Wilson, Andrew; Ward, Michael; Stewart, Cameron; Gilbert, Gwendolyn title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political, ethical and legal dimensions date: 2015-12-29 journal: BMC Public Health DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2617-1 sha: doc_id: 352546 cord_uid: w3catjj3 file: cache/cord-352962-burm9nxm.json key: cord-352962-burm9nxm authors: Eckmanns, Tim; Füller, Henning; Roberts, Stephen L. title: Digital epidemiology and global health security; an interdisciplinary conversation date: 2019-03-19 journal: Life Sci Soc Policy DOI: 10.1186/s40504-019-0091-8 sha: doc_id: 352962 cord_uid: burm9nxm file: cache/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.json key: cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 authors: Sabroe, Ian; Dockrell, David H.; Vogel, Stefanie N.; Renshaw, Stephen A.; Whyte, Moira K. B.; Dower, Steven K. title: Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research date: 2007 journal: Nat Rev Immunol DOI: 10.1038/nri1999 sha: doc_id: 352348 cord_uid: 2wtyk3r5 file: cache/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.json key: cord-352798-rb2ggonx authors: Chaber, Anne-Lise title: The Era of Human-Induced Diseases date: 2017-11-21 journal: Ecohealth DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1299-9 sha: doc_id: 352798 cord_uid: rb2ggonx file: cache/cord-352532-xqphom6x.json key: cord-352532-xqphom6x authors: Papanikolaou, Ilias C; Sharma, Om P title: 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date: 2013-12-31 journal: Hunter's Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Disease DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00001-1 sha: doc_id: 352532 cord_uid: xqphom6x file: cache/cord-353633-a4pu6rlu.json key: cord-353633-a4pu6rlu authors: Perakakis, Nikolaos; Stefanakis, Konstantinos; Mantzoros, Christos S. title: The role of omics in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease date: 2020-07-23 journal: Metabolism DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154320 sha: doc_id: 353633 cord_uid: a4pu6rlu file: cache/cord-354608-1me3nopu.json key: cord-354608-1me3nopu authors: Rabinowicz, Shira; Leshem, Eyal; Pessach, Itai M. title: COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date: 2020-09-19 journal: Curr Infect Dis Rep DOI: 10.1007/s11908-020-00739-6 sha: doc_id: 354608 cord_uid: 1me3nopu file: cache/cord-355001-audh5qa7.json key: cord-355001-audh5qa7 authors: Novick, Tessa K.; Rizzolo, Katherine; Cervantes, Lilia title: COVID-19 and Kidney Disease Disparities in the United States date: 2020-06-23 journal: Adv Chronic Kidney Dis DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.06.005 sha: doc_id: 355001 cord_uid: audh5qa7 file: cache/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.json key: cord-353609-no3mbg5d authors: Vandegrift, Kurt J.; Wale, Nina; Epstein, Jonathan H. title: An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses date: 2011-04-15 journal: Viruses DOI: 10.3390/v3040379 sha: doc_id: 353609 cord_uid: no3mbg5d file: cache/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.json key: cord-354656-9ao33rq8 authors: Cossart, Yvonne E title: The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014 date: 2014-07-07 journal: Med J Aust DOI: 10.5694/mja14.00112 sha: doc_id: 354656 cord_uid: 9ao33rq8 file: cache/cord-354677-duxm9u8v.json key: cord-354677-duxm9u8v authors: Sweileh, Waleed M. title: Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on climate change and human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases date: 2020-05-08 journal: Global Health DOI: 10.1186/s12992-020-00576-1 sha: doc_id: 354677 cord_uid: duxm9u8v file: cache/cord-354953-q1imoe7k.json key: cord-354953-q1imoe7k authors: Zhong, ShaoBo; Huang, QuanYi; Song, DunJiang title: Simulation of the spread of infectious diseases in a geographical environment date: 2009-02-26 journal: Sci DOI: 10.1007/s11430-009-0044-9 sha: doc_id: 354953 cord_uid: q1imoe7k file: cache/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.json key: cord-355024-v5lahyw4 authors: van Seventer, Jean Maguire; Hochberg, Natasha S. title: Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control date: 2016-10-24 journal: International Encyclopedia of Public Health DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6 sha: doc_id: 355024 cord_uid: v5lahyw4 file: cache/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.json key: cord-354651-bxm9yxjm authors: Zeng, Yawen; Pu, Xiaoying; Du, Juan; Yang, Xiaomeng; Li, Xia; Mandal, Md. Siddikun Nabi; Yang, Tao; Yang, Jiazhen title: Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date: 2020-03-30 journal: Oxid Med Cell Longev DOI: 10.1155/2020/3836172 sha: doc_id: 354651 cord_uid: bxm9yxjm file: cache/cord-355267-ndzgxk0k.json key: cord-355267-ndzgxk0k authors: Kassa, Semu M.; Njagarah, John B.H.; Terefe, Yibeltal A. title: Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19: from mathematical modelling perspective date: 2020-06-05 journal: Chaos Solitons Fractals DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109968 sha: doc_id: 355267 cord_uid: ndzgxk0k file: cache/cord-355635-fan0sf48.json key: cord-355635-fan0sf48 authors: Thacker, Stephen B.; Stroup, Donna F.; Sencer, David J. title: Epidemic Assistance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Role of the Epidemic Intelligence Service, 1946–2005 date: 2011-12-01 journal: Am J Epidemiol DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr307 sha: doc_id: 355635 cord_uid: fan0sf48 file: cache/cord-005453-4057qib7.json key: cord-005453-4057qib7 authors: nan title: The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session date: 2019-07-03 journal: Bone Marrow Transplant DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0559-4 sha: doc_id: 5453 cord_uid: 4057qib7 Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-disease-cord === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67504 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65769 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67276 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 65306 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67526 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67037 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67281 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 95. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordwrd2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 67608 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" parallel: Warning: No more processes: Decreasing number of running jobs to 94. parallel: Warning: Raising ulimit -u or /etc/security/limits.conf may help. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014790-qp916bdd author: Mayer, Kenneth H. title: Ecological Studies of Diseases: Promise and Praxis date: 2009-03-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014790-qp916bdd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014790-qp916bdd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-014790-qp916bdd.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordent2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-008147-lyfh0ixi author: Hutber, Marcus title: The use of vaccines to control disease is not a simple matter date: 2006-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-008147-lyfh0ixi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-008147-lyfh0ixi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-008147-lyfh0ixi.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007713-611sp7uo author: Hughes, J. M. title: Emerging infectious diseases: the public’s view of the problem and what should be expected from the public health community date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007713-611sp7uo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007713-611sp7uo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007713-611sp7uo.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/cordpos2carrel.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: No child processes /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2adr.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016136-vxjyjql6 author: Burge, Harriet A. title: Airplanes and Infectious Disease date: 2005-08-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016136-vxjyjql6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016136-vxjyjql6.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016136-vxjyjql6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009322-7l7slziv author: Kraetsch, Hans-Georg title: Verlauf und prognostische Parameter bei Still-Syndrom des Erwachsenen: Eigene Erfahrungen und Literaturübersicht date: 1997 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009322-7l7slziv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009322-7l7slziv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009322-7l7slziv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009380-5uptbat3 author: Evermann, James F. title: Diagnostic Medicine: The Challenge of Differentiating Infection from Disease and Making Sense for the Veterinary Clinician date: 2007-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009420-k3fq0b6m author: Gunderman, Richard B. title: Medical Valor in Plague Time: Dr. Benjamin Rush date: 2020-04-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009420-k3fq0b6m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009420-k3fq0b6m.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-009420-k3fq0b6m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004958-yvh2fzxt author: Nabarro, David title: The Links Between Public and Ecosystem Health in Light of the Recent Ebola Outbreaks and Pandemic Emergence date: 2016-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004958-yvh2fzxt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004958-yvh2fzxt.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-004958-yvh2fzxt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001654-o2zfilcl author: Laidler, Matthew R. title: Statin Treatment and Mortality: Propensity Score-Matched Analyses of 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations date: 2015-03-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt' /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/txt2urls.sh: fork: retry: No child processes === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009702-02bo7pnl author: SCOTT, G. R. title: Guidelines for the Control of Equine Viral Infections date: 2010-04-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009702-02bo7pnl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009702-02bo7pnl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-009702-02bo7pnl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002095-47dbqu2r author: Al-Helou, Georges title: When the Illness Goes Off Script—An Exercise in Clinical Reasoning date: 2016-03-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002095-47dbqu2r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002095-47dbqu2r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002095-47dbqu2r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005874-dgqevs6r author: Piel, S. title: Pulmonale granulomatöse Erkrankungen und pulmonale Manifestationen systemischer Granulomatosen: Inklusive Tuberkulose und nichttuberkulöse Mykobakteriosen date: 2016-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005874-dgqevs6r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005874-dgqevs6r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005874-dgqevs6r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016241-qom2rokn author: Chen, Long title: Post-Newborn: A New Concept of Period in Early Life date: 2013-12-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016241-qom2rokn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016241-qom2rokn.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016241-qom2rokn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003372-cpl7zf7f author: Provoost, Judith title: A retrospective study of factors associated with treatment decision for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in adults without altered systemic immunity date: 2018-12-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003372-cpl7zf7f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003372-cpl7zf7f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003372-cpl7zf7f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009820-fi54s0x7 author: Andries, K. title: Pathogenicity of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis (Vomiting and Wasting Disease) Virus of Pigs, using Different Routes of Inoculation date: 2010-05-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009820-fi54s0x7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009820-fi54s0x7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-009820-fi54s0x7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003216-5qioku84 author: Rehman, Zaib Ur. title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special focus on waterfowl date: 2018-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003216-5qioku84.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003216-5qioku84.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003216-5qioku84.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007437-mktbkn1u author: Harris, Mallory J. title: Early warning signals of malaria resurgence in Kericho, Kenya date: 2020-03-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007437-mktbkn1u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007437-mktbkn1u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007437-mktbkn1u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015672-qau96gvw author: Willermain, François title: Global Variations and Changes in Patterns of Infectious Uveitis date: 2017-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003062-qm8kalyt author: Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi title: The association between temperature, rainfall and humidity with common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in Bangladesh date: 2018-06-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003062-qm8kalyt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003062-qm8kalyt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-003062-qm8kalyt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016312-u47mb2h0 author: Lu, Pu-Xuan title: Introduction of Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2015-07-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016312-u47mb2h0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016312-u47mb2h0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016312-u47mb2h0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002094-7tewne3a author: Tago, Damian title: The Impact of Farmers’ Strategic Behavior on the Spread of Animal Infectious Diseases date: 2016-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002094-7tewne3a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002094-7tewne3a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002094-7tewne3a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016238-bs1qk677 author: Venkatachalam, Sangeeta title: An Infectious Disease Outbreak Simulator Based on the Cellular Automata Paradigm date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016238-bs1qk677.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016238-bs1qk677.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016238-bs1qk677.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007170-svsfu7fj author: Richt, J. A. title: Infection with Borna Disease Virus: Molecular and Immunobiological Characterization of the Agent date: 1992-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007170-svsfu7fj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007170-svsfu7fj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007170-svsfu7fj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016657-w30hed7w author: Blatt, Amy J. title: Geographic Medicine date: 2014-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007749-lt9is0is author: Preston, Nicholas D. title: The Human Environment Interface: Applying Ecosystem Concepts to Health date: 2013-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007749-lt9is0is.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007749-lt9is0is.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007749-lt9is0is.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-012462-q8u47hdp author: Olsavszky, Victor title: Time Series Analysis and Forecasting with Automated Machine Learning on a National ICD-10 Database date: 2020-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-012462-q8u47hdp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-012462-q8u47hdp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-012462-q8u47hdp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author: Horby, Peter W. title: Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date: 2014-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003856-05u4t67u author: Mao, Ying title: A descriptive analysis of the Spatio-temporal distribution of intestinal infectious diseases in China date: 2019-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003856-05u4t67u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003856-05u4t67u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003856-05u4t67u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-012465-tta58o6t author: Vlietstra, Wytze J. title: Identifying disease trajectories with predicate information from a knowledge graph date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-012465-tta58o6t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-012465-tta58o6t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-012465-tta58o6t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000091-1qo1krxv author: Wilcox, Bruce A. title: Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens date: 2005-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011417-a5q15dq1 author: Pace, David title: The epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease and the utility of vaccination in Malta date: 2020-05-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011417-a5q15dq1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011417-a5q15dq1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011417-a5q15dq1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016508-39glgeft author: Possas, Cristina title: Vaccines: Biotechnology Market, Coverage, and Regulatory Challenges for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals date: 2019-06-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016508-39glgeft.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015613-ls9qus8y author: Macdonald, David W. title: Infectious disease: Inextricable linkages between human and ecosystem health date: 2006-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009765-v20r44lr author: Vasan, Aditya title: Medical Devices for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review and Directions for Development date: 2020-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009765-v20r44lr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009765-v20r44lr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009765-v20r44lr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-008764-j9qmw4zy author: nan title: Chapter 1 The need for chemotherapy and prophylaxis against viral diseases date: 2008-05-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-008764-j9qmw4zy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-008764-j9qmw4zy.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-008764-j9qmw4zy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007726-bqlf72fe author: Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title: The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date: 2018-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016387-ju4130bq author: Last, John title: A Brief History of Advances Toward Health date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016387-ju4130bq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016387-ju4130bq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016387-ju4130bq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016663-qnp99m7o author: Taylor, Robert B. title: Medical Words Linked to Places date: 2017-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016663-qnp99m7o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016663-qnp99m7o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016663-qnp99m7o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011496-r8e19t0c author: de Rooij, Doret title: Development of a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response in the air transport public health sector date: 2020-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011496-r8e19t0c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011496-r8e19t0c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011496-r8e19t0c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016364-80l5mua2 author: Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn title: The Domestic Cat, Felis catus, as a Model of Hereditary and Infectious Disease date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016413-lvb79oxo author: Efthimiou, Petros title: Adult-Onset Still’s Disease date: 2018-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016413-lvb79oxo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016413-lvb79oxo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016413-lvb79oxo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016222-dltsdqcm author: Siegel, Frederic R. title: Lessening the Impacts from Non-Tectonic (Natural) Hazards and Triggered Events date: 2016-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016222-dltsdqcm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016222-dltsdqcm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016222-dltsdqcm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016826-oatjcmy0 author: Arata, Andrew A. title: Old and New Pestilences date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016826-oatjcmy0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016826-oatjcmy0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-016826-oatjcmy0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004925-fj068j67 author: Morin, B. R. title: Economic Incentives in the Socially Optimal Management of Infectious Disease: When [Formula: see text] is Not Enough date: 2017-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-004925-fj068j67.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006819-sxz1s6kz author: Daniel Givens, M. title: Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality date: 2008-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006824-btcdjmfp author: nan title: Key Note and State of the Art Lectures date: 2002-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006824-btcdjmfp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006824-btcdjmfp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006824-btcdjmfp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016403-id6fjgye author: Djikeng, Appolinaire title: Implications of Human Microbiome Research for the Developing World date: 2011-10-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003063-mowj6wyl author: Zhou, Xuezhong title: A Systems Approach to Refine Disease Taxonomy by Integrating Phenotypic and Molecular Networks date: 2018-04-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003063-mowj6wyl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003063-mowj6wyl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-003063-mowj6wyl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009966-6kcgc5fx author: Warren, Kimberly R. title: Role of chronic stress and depression in periodontal diseases date: 2013-12-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009966-6kcgc5fx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009966-6kcgc5fx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-009966-6kcgc5fx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001427-qw1e5cof author: Cantas, Leon title: Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date: 2014-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author: Ubokudom, Sunday E. title: Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date: 2012-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004957-erigjz4g author: Robertson, Colin title: Towards a geocomputational landscape epidemiology: surveillance, modelling, and interventions date: 2015-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004957-erigjz4g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004957-erigjz4g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-004957-erigjz4g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007708-hr4smx24 author: van Kampen, Antoine H. C. title: Taking Bioinformatics to Systems Medicine date: 2015-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007708-hr4smx24.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007708-hr4smx24.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-007708-hr4smx24.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003686-1pfk4qve author: Kaneko, Naoe title: The role of interleukin-1 in general pathology date: 2019-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003686-1pfk4qve.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003686-1pfk4qve.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-003686-1pfk4qve.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006780-l503f86l author: Leitch, A E title: Relevance of granulocyte apoptosis to resolution of inflammation at the respiratory mucosa date: 2008-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006780-l503f86l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006780-l503f86l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006780-l503f86l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016171-17ut32bu author: Lane, J. Michael title: Smallpox as a Weapon for Bioterrorism date: 2009 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016171-17ut32bu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016171-17ut32bu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016171-17ut32bu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015651-yhi83hgq author: Kovács, Katalin title: Social Disparities in the Evolution of an Epidemiological Profile: Transition Processes in Mortality Between 1971 and 2008 in an Industrialized Middle Income Country: The Case of Hungary date: 2014-03-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015651-yhi83hgq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015651-yhi83hgq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-015651-yhi83hgq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016717-2twm4hmc author: Vourc’h, Gwenaël title: How Does Biodiversity Influence the Ecology of Infectious Disease? date: 2011-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016717-2twm4hmc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016717-2twm4hmc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016717-2twm4hmc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015335-l0kjxhd1 author: nan title: Irish Society of Gastroenterology: Proceedings for summer meeting – 26th/27th May 1995 in Galway date: 1995 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015335-l0kjxhd1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015335-l0kjxhd1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-015335-l0kjxhd1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017621-pyn1enz2 author: Zaras, Nikolaos V. title: Case Study – Greece date: 2012-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017621-pyn1enz2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017621-pyn1enz2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017621-pyn1enz2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007331-wccmeaep author: Orcutt, Connie J. title: Emergency and Critical Care of Ferrets date: 2017-04-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007331-wccmeaep.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007331-wccmeaep.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007331-wccmeaep.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017864-cbkrve2h author: nan title: Defending Against Catastrophic Terrorism date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017864-cbkrve2h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017864-cbkrve2h.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-017864-cbkrve2h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018263-cus1sqka author: Nadal, David title: Pediatric infectious diseases — Quo vadis 2015? date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018349-rt2i2wca author: Tosam, Mbih Jerome title: Global Emerging Pathogens, Poverty and Vulnerability: An Ethical Analysis date: 2019-03-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018058-n3majqes author: Modrow, Susanne title: Historical Overview date: 2013-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018058-n3majqes.txt' === file2bib.sh === /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: fork: retry: No child processes id: cord-017841-57rm046y author: Flower, Darren R. title: Immunomic Discovery of Adjuvants, Delivery Systems, and Candidate Subunit Vaccines: A Brief Introduction date: 2012-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017841-57rm046y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011053-gza05hsv author: Tiew, Pei Yee title: The Mycobiome in Health and Disease: Emerging Concepts, Methodologies and Challenges date: 2020-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011053-gza05hsv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011053-gza05hsv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-011053-gza05hsv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001309-gdc2e40t author: Muramoto, Osamu title: Retrospective diagnosis of a famous historical figure: ontological, epistemic, and ethical considerations date: 2014-05-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001309-gdc2e40t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001309-gdc2e40t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001309-gdc2e40t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017224-naromr0a author: McLeish, Caitriona title: Evolving Biosecurity Frameworks date: 2016-12-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017224-naromr0a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017224-naromr0a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-017224-naromr0a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017463-repm1vw9 author: Ungchusak, Kumnuan title: Public Health Surveillance: A Vital Alert and Response Function date: 2018-07-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017463-repm1vw9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017463-repm1vw9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017463-repm1vw9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018017-c8myq6bi author: Iversen, Patrick L. title: The Threat from Viruses date: 2018-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010977-fwz7chzf author: Myserlis, Pavlos title: Translational Genomics in Neurocritical Care: a Review date: 2020-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006882-t9w1cdr4 author: nan title: Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland date: 2012-07-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006882-t9w1cdr4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006882-t9w1cdr4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006882-t9w1cdr4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018619-aknktp6d author: Bello-Orgaz, Gema title: A Survey of Social Web Mining Applications for Disease Outbreak Detection date: 2015 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018619-aknktp6d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018619-aknktp6d.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018619-aknktp6d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006104-f9000hjy author: Morgan, B. Paul title: Complement, a target for therapy in inflammatory and degenerative diseases date: 2015-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006104-f9000hjy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006104-f9000hjy.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006104-f9000hjy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006653-fy0yg0xh author: Popper, Helmut H. title: Interstitial lung diseases—can pathologists arrive at an etiology-based diagnosis? A critical update date: 2012-12-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006653-fy0yg0xh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006653-fy0yg0xh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006653-fy0yg0xh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021261-budyph2u author: Bonnaud, Laure title: Serge Morand and Muriel Figuié (eds), 2016, Emergence de maladies infectieuses. Risques et enjeux de société (The emergence of infectious diseases. Societal risks and stakes): Paris, Quae, 136 p date: 2017-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021261-budyph2u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021082-a1jsbunw author: Parthasarathy, A. title: Training in pediatric infectious disease: Need of the time date: 2013-05-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021082-a1jsbunw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021082-a1jsbunw.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021082-a1jsbunw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017324-l3d3t4wh author: DjukanoviĆ, Ljubica title: Balkan nephropathy date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017324-l3d3t4wh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017324-l3d3t4wh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017324-l3d3t4wh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017790-5iwgebvp author: Siegel, Frederic R. title: Disease Protection in Sea Coast (and Inland) Cities: Problems in Dense Populations with Shantytowns/Slums date: 2019-07-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017790-5iwgebvp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017790-5iwgebvp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-017790-5iwgebvp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018976-0ndb7rm2 author: Iwasa, Yoh title: Mathematical Studies of Dynamics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018976-0ndb7rm2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018976-0ndb7rm2.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018976-0ndb7rm2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018493-q24f86e9 author: Ranjan, Prabhat title: Importance of Natural Proteins in Infectious Diseases date: 2015-08-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018493-q24f86e9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018493-q24f86e9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018493-q24f86e9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018316-drjfwcdg author: Shephard, Roy J. title: Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness date: 2017-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018316-drjfwcdg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018316-drjfwcdg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018316-drjfwcdg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018760-blwguyl4 author: Guleria, Randeep title: Health Effects of Changing Environment date: 2019-03-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018760-blwguyl4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018760-blwguyl4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018760-blwguyl4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-013486-hg87xsyr author: Buttery, Philip C. title: Gene and Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease: Where Are We? date: 2020-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-013486-hg87xsyr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-013486-hg87xsyr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-013486-hg87xsyr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018911-tpm2594i author: Goodin, Douglas G. title: Integrating Landscape Hierarchies in the Discovery and Modeling of Ecological Drivers of Zoonotically Transmitted Disease from Wildlife date: 2018-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018911-tpm2594i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018911-tpm2594i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018911-tpm2594i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018623-of9vx7og author: Saghazadeh, Amene title: The Physical Burden of Immunoperception date: 2019-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018623-of9vx7og.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018623-of9vx7og.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018623-of9vx7og.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018452-qyf2vymf author: Sica, Valentina title: Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways date: 2016-03-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-020846-mfh1ope6 author: Zlabinger, Markus title: DSR: A Collection for the Evaluation of Graded Disease-Symptom Relations date: 2020-03-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-020846-mfh1ope6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-020846-mfh1ope6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-020846-mfh1ope6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016476-78r0rsio author: Jani, Meghna title: Management of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient with Interstitial Lung Disease date: 2017-11-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016476-78r0rsio.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016476-78r0rsio.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016476-78r0rsio.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000254-bufbjdmw author: Clement, Annick title: Interstitial lung diseases in children date: 2010-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017249-la5sum39 author: Feldblyum, Tamara V. title: Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Surveillance and Disease Severity date: 2015-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017249-la5sum39.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017249-la5sum39.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017249-la5sum39.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019063-mcxbl8mv author: Vijayan, Vannan K. title: Diagnosis of Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases date: 2013-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021494-9glqvzfx author: Funkhouser, William K. title: Pathology: The Clinical Description of Human Disease date: 2012-07-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021494-9glqvzfx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021494-9glqvzfx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021494-9glqvzfx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018746-s9knxdne author: Perra, Nicola title: Modeling and Predicting Human Infectious Diseases date: 2015-04-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018746-s9knxdne.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018746-s9knxdne.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018746-s9knxdne.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-020544-kc52thr8 author: Bradt, David A. title: Technical Annexes date: 2019-12-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-020544-kc52thr8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-020544-kc52thr8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-020544-kc52thr8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018706-gykw2nvt author: Yadav, Mahendra Pal title: Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases: Perspectives and Preparedness date: 2020-02-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018116-99z6ykb2 author: Healing, Tim title: Surveillance and Control of Communicable Disease in Conflicts and Disasters date: 2009 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018116-99z6ykb2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018116-99z6ykb2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018116-99z6ykb2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018638-4pyjhpbk author: Pilania, Rakesh Kumar title: Kawasaki Disease date: 2019-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018638-4pyjhpbk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018638-4pyjhpbk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018638-4pyjhpbk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018151-5su98uan author: Lynteris, Christos title: Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date: 2019-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018151-5su98uan.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018917-7px75s3c author: Hopkins, Richard S. title: Informatics in Disease Prevention and Epidemiology date: 2013-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018917-7px75s3c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018917-7px75s3c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018917-7px75s3c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018761-vm86d4mj author: Bradt, David A. title: Technical Annexes date: 2017-11-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018761-vm86d4mj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018761-vm86d4mj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018761-vm86d4mj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021259-spteznv7 author: Heikkilä, Jaakko title: Anything left for animal disease insurance? A choice experiment approach date: 2016-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021259-spteznv7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021259-spteznv7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021259-spteznv7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017634-zhmnfd1w author: Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne title: Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021668-33zfio0u author: Tyring, Stephen K. title: Syndromal tropical dermatology date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021668-33zfio0u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021668-33zfio0u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021668-33zfio0u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021825-4tkc61yq author: Hooks, John J. title: Infections Associated with Retinal Autoimmunity date: 2007-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021825-4tkc61yq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021825-4tkc61yq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021825-4tkc61yq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-020769-elzkwyz0 author: Day, Brennan title: The new normal: lessons learned from SARS for corporations operating in emerging markets date: 2004-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-020769-elzkwyz0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-020769-elzkwyz0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-020769-elzkwyz0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018454-sy21cpff author: Mitrovic, Stéphane title: Adult-Onset Still’s Disease date: 2019-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018454-sy21cpff.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018454-sy21cpff.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018454-sy21cpff.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019055-k5wcibdk author: Pacheco, Jorge M. title: Disease Spreading in Time-Evolving Networked Communities date: 2017-10-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019055-k5wcibdk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019055-k5wcibdk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-019055-k5wcibdk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021917-z9wpjr0d author: Stephens, R. Scott title: Bioterrorism and the Intensive Care Unit date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021917-z9wpjr0d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021917-z9wpjr0d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021917-z9wpjr0d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018101-zd4v222b author: Kawashima, Kent title: Disease Outbreaks: Critical Biological Factors and Control Strategies date: 2016-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017469-dnnkor2o author: Georgiev, Vassil St. title: Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date: 2009 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-010078-8lkkez3n author: nan title: Invited Speakers date: 2010-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021491-x8czsmyd author: Hoefer, Heidi L. title: Gastrointestinal Diseases date: 2009-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021491-x8czsmyd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021491-x8czsmyd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021491-x8czsmyd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023711-xz5ftnat author: MORENO-LÓPEZ, J. title: Acute Respiratory Disease in Cattle date: 2013-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023711-xz5ftnat.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023711-xz5ftnat.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-023711-xz5ftnat.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022176-hprwqi4n author: Löscher, Thomas title: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2009-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018364-b06084r1 author: LaBrunda, Michelle title: The Emerging Threat of Ebola date: 2019-06-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018364-b06084r1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018364-b06084r1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018364-b06084r1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024058-afgvztwo author: nan title: Engineering a Global Response to Infectious Diseases: This paper presents a more robust, adaptable, and scalable engineering infrastructure to improve the capability to respond to infectious diseases.Contributed Paper date: 2015-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-020610-hsw7dk4d author: Thys, Séverine title: Contesting the (Super)Natural Origins of Ebola in Macenta, Guinea: Biomedical and Popular Approaches date: 2019-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-020610-hsw7dk4d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-020610-hsw7dk4d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-020610-hsw7dk4d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021990-a8ku5rke author: Tyring, Stephen K. title: Syndromal Tropical Dermatology date: 2016-12-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021990-a8ku5rke.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021990-a8ku5rke.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021990-a8ku5rke.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027303-20plzyqd author: Krishnan, Gokul S. title: Hybrid Text Feature Modeling for Disease Group Prediction Using Unstructured Physician Notes date: 2020-05-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027303-20plzyqd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027303-20plzyqd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-027303-20plzyqd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016960-xhzvp35g author: Berencsi, György title: Fetal and Neonatal Illnesses Caused or Influenced by Maternal Transplacental IgG and/or Therapeutic Antibodies Applied During Pregnancy date: 2012-03-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016960-xhzvp35g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016960-xhzvp35g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-016960-xhzvp35g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017702-v46ye328 author: Ganguly, Nirmal Kumar title: Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine for Infectious Diseases date: 2013-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017702-v46ye328.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017702-v46ye328.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017702-v46ye328.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022002-6edzmj7n author: Mitruka, Kiren title: Cruise Ship Travel date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022002-6edzmj7n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022002-6edzmj7n.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022002-6edzmj7n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024087-j6riw1ir author: Stikova, Elisaveta title: Strengthening the Early-Warning Function of the Surveillance System: The Macedonian Experience date: 2010-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024087-j6riw1ir.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024087-j6riw1ir.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-024087-j6riw1ir.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022363-1l887fyy author: nan title: Cornea date: 2008-11-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022363-1l887fyy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022363-1l887fyy.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022363-1l887fyy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024134-ym7ce5ux author: Chawla, Sonam title: Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022265-7xw8qeku author: JULIAN, RICHARD J. title: The Peritoneum, Retroperitoneum, and Mesentery date: 2012-12-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022265-7xw8qeku.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022265-7xw8qeku.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022265-7xw8qeku.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032303-8rkemm72 author: Pascual, Isaac title: Mind the gap versus filling the gap. The heart beyond specialties date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032303-8rkemm72.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032303-8rkemm72.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-032303-8rkemm72.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author: Starkel, Julie L. title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022034-o27mh4wz author: OLANO, JUAN P. title: Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022034-o27mh4wz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022034-o27mh4wz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022034-o27mh4wz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022203-t2f0vr1w author: Dowers, Kristy L title: The pyrexic cat date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016293-pyb00pt5 author: Newell-McGloughlin, Martina title: The flowering of the age of Biotechnology 1990–2000 date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-140839-rij8f137 author: Langfeld, Kurt title: Dynamics of epidemic diseases without guaranteed immunity date: 2020-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-140839-rij8f137.txt cache: ./cache/cord-140839-rij8f137.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-140839-rij8f137.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-019001-ralxw4ad author: Oishi, Peter title: Diseases of the Pulmonary Vascular System date: 2008-11-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-019001-ralxw4ad.txt cache: ./cache/cord-019001-ralxw4ad.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-019001-ralxw4ad.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022575-ybj6lwdb author: Platt, Simon R. title: Vestibular Disorders date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022575-ybj6lwdb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022575-ybj6lwdb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022575-ybj6lwdb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022141-yxttl3gh author: Siegel, Frederic R. title: Progressive Adaptation: The Key to Sustaining a Growing Global Population date: 2014-08-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022141-yxttl3gh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022141-yxttl3gh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022141-yxttl3gh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029030-3p0yieqv author: Fan, Chunyan title: Inferring Candidate CircRNA-Disease Associations by Bi-random Walk Based on CircRNA Regulatory Similarity date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029030-3p0yieqv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029030-3p0yieqv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-029030-3p0yieqv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002757-upwe0cpj author: Sullivan, Kathleen E. title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2017-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021465-2pj26fmv author: PERDUE, MICHAEL L. title: Impact of Avian Viruses date: 2007-05-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018620-3kqx8arn author: Rueda, Mario title: Hepatic Failure date: 2016-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018620-3kqx8arn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018620-3kqx8arn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018620-3kqx8arn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-028803-l92jcw9h author: Tang, Claire title: Discovering Unknown Diseases with Explainable Automated Medical Imaging date: 2020-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-028803-l92jcw9h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-028803-l92jcw9h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-028803-l92jcw9h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021361-v3nw0xh9 author: Willard, Michael D. title: Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Hepatic Disorders date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021361-v3nw0xh9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021361-v3nw0xh9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021361-v3nw0xh9.txt' === file2bib.sh === Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py", line 2646, in get_loc return self._engine.get_loc(key) File "pandas/_libs/index.pyx", line 111, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc File "pandas/_libs/index.pyx", line 138, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc File "pandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi", line 1619, in pandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item File "pandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi", line 1627, in pandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item KeyError: 'cord-118731-h5au2h09' During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.py", line 64, in if ( bibliographics.loc[ escape ,'author'] ) : author = bibliographics.loc[ escape,'author'] File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexing.py", line 1762, in __getitem__ return self._getitem_tuple(key) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexing.py", line 1272, in _getitem_tuple return self._getitem_lowerdim(tup) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexing.py", line 1389, in _getitem_lowerdim section = self._getitem_axis(key, axis=i) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexing.py", line 1965, in _getitem_axis return self._get_label(key, axis=axis) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexing.py", line 625, in _get_label return self.obj._xs(label, axis=axis) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/generic.py", line 3537, in xs loc = self.index.get_loc(key) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py", line 2648, in get_loc return self._engine.get_loc(self._maybe_cast_indexer(key)) File "pandas/_libs/index.pyx", line 111, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc File "pandas/_libs/index.pyx", line 138, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc File "pandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi", line 1619, in pandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item File "pandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi", line 1627, in pandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item KeyError: 'cord-118731-h5au2h09' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022505-17khcmta author: Delaney, Martha A. title: Rodentia date: 2018-10-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022505-17khcmta.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006862-5va1yyit author: nan title: ITS ASM 2012 date: 2012-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022581-awivedxp author: Diaz, James H. title: Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date: 2014-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022581-awivedxp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023942-vrs3je1x author: Powers, Karen S. title: Acute Pulmonary Infections date: 2011-12-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034243-iz2alys0 author: Francis, John G. title: Fairness in the Use of Information About Carriers of Resistant Infections date: 2020-04-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034243-iz2alys0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034243-iz2alys0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-034243-iz2alys0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-102199-mc6zruyx author: Toksvang, Linea Natalie title: Hepatotoxicity during 6-thioguanine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a systematic review date: 2019-01-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-102199-mc6zruyx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-102199-mc6zruyx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-102199-mc6zruyx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018899-tbfg0vmd author: Brauer, Fred title: Epidemic Models date: 2011-10-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018899-tbfg0vmd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018899-tbfg0vmd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-018899-tbfg0vmd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-102530-wetqqt2i author: Brandell, Ellen E. title: The rise of disease ecology date: 2020-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-102530-wetqqt2i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-102530-wetqqt2i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-102530-wetqqt2i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023488-jf2xl3vl author: Le Duc, James W. title: Emerging Viral Diseases: Why We Need to Worry about Bats, Camels, and Airplanes date: 2016-02-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024048-xj6245hn author: Moya, Alfonso title: Congenital Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome in a Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) date: 2014-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024048-xj6245hn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024048-xj6245hn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-024048-xj6245hn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006828-i88on326 author: nan title: Abstracts DGRh-Kongress 2013 date: 2013-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006828-i88on326.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006828-i88on326.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-006828-i88on326.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017012-yl0vanuh author: Herberg, Jethro title: Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date: 2009 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-030926-vtids9ns author: Laxminarayan, Ramanan title: Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date: 2016-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt cache: ./cache/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104486-syirijql author: Adiga, Aniruddha title: Data-driven modeling for different stages of pandemic response date: 2020-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104486-syirijql.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104486-syirijql.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-104486-syirijql.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027859-citynr6c author: P. Shetty, Nandini title: Epidemiology of Disease in the Tropics date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027859-citynr6c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027859-citynr6c.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-027859-citynr6c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103797-aowe4kyl author: Chen, Li title: Phase transitions and hysteresis of cooperative contagion processes date: 2016-03-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103797-aowe4kyl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103797-aowe4kyl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-103797-aowe4kyl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018430-u3k8pds6 author: Mason, Jay W. title: Myocarditis date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018430-u3k8pds6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018430-u3k8pds6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018430-u3k8pds6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022393-s26d54ew author: E. Newcomer, Christian title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-035030-ig4nwtmi author: nan title: 10th European Conference on Rare Diseases & Orphan Products (ECRD 2020) date: 2020-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-035030-ig4nwtmi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-035030-ig4nwtmi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-035030-ig4nwtmi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023584-yaxawqhj author: Bucknall, R.A. title: The Continuing Search for Antiviral Drugs date: 2008-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023584-yaxawqhj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023584-yaxawqhj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023584-yaxawqhj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022383-pz0htccp author: Kohn, Dennis F. title: Biology and Diseases of Rats date: 2013-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-193497-qqrhvlm5 author: Shoghri, Ahmad El title: Identifying highly influential travellers for spreading disease on a public transport system date: 2020-04-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-193497-qqrhvlm5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-193497-qqrhvlm5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-193497-qqrhvlm5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257192-4fu922cp author: Ligon, B. Lee title: Outbreak of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever in Angola: A Review of the History of the Disease and its Biological Aspects date: 2005-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257192-4fu922cp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257192-4fu922cp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257192-4fu922cp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253638-5f9ofdsc author: Alsaied, Tarek title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Pandemic Implications in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease date: 2020-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253638-5f9ofdsc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253638-5f9ofdsc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253638-5f9ofdsc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-028275-szb45jm2 author: Reza Khorramizadeh, M. title: Animal models for human disease date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104128-0gyk9cwx author: Morand, Serge title: The accelerated infectious disease risk in the Anthropocene: more outbreaks and wider global spread date: 2020-04-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104128-0gyk9cwx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104128-0gyk9cwx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-104128-0gyk9cwx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253295-82ydczid author: Funkhouser, William K. title: Pathology: the clinical description of human disease date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253295-82ydczid.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253295-82ydczid.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253295-82ydczid.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014462-11ggaqf1 author: nan title: Abstracts of the Papers Presented in the XIX National Conference of Indian Virological Society, “Recent Trends in Viral Disease Problems and Management”, on 18–20 March, 2010, at S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh date: 2011-04-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256094-f85xc5uu author: Milinovich, Gabriel J title: Using internet search queries for infectious disease surveillance: screening diseases for suitability date: 2014-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256094-f85xc5uu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256094-f85xc5uu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256094-f85xc5uu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253711-a0prku2k author: Mao, Liang title: Coupling infectious diseases, human preventive behavior, and networks – A conceptual framework for epidemic modeling date: 2011-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253711-a0prku2k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253711-a0prku2k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-253711-a0prku2k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253891-d1ei287l author: Geddes, Duncan title: The history of respiratory disease management date: 2016-04-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259395-ytj21cit author: Hoyo, Javier Del title: Implementing Telemedicine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: is COVID-19 the definitive trigger? date: 2020-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259395-ytj21cit.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259395-ytj21cit.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-259395-ytj21cit.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258052-y9pzsoqa author: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department date: 2018-09-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-029332-yn603pvb author: nan title: Full Issue PDF date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-029332-yn603pvb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-029332-yn603pvb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-029332-yn603pvb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254419-qw83atrx author: Bhattacharyya, Rajat title: The Interplay Between Coagulation and Inflammation Pathways in COVID-19-Associated Respiratory Failure: A Narrative Review date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254419-qw83atrx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254419-qw83atrx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-254419-qw83atrx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258777-9jxvngvz author: Kunii, Osamu title: The Okinawa Infectious Diseases Initiative date: 2006-12-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258777-9jxvngvz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258777-9jxvngvz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-258777-9jxvngvz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253000-nwbmxepi author: Margină, Denisa title: Chronic Inflammation in the Context of Everyday Life: Dietary Changes as Mitigating Factors date: 2020-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253000-nwbmxepi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253000-nwbmxepi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-253000-nwbmxepi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104204-pdnkabwj author: Tatu, C A title: The etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy: still more questions than answers. date: 1998-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104204-pdnkabwj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104204-pdnkabwj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-104204-pdnkabwj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257344-d13at1y5 author: Ghasemiyeh, Parisa title: COVID-19 Outbreak: Challenges in Pharmacotherapy Based on Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Drug Therapy in Patients with Moderate to Severe Infection date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257344-d13at1y5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257344-d13at1y5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257344-d13at1y5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262544-6q8eg9z4 author: Keller, Mikaela title: Use of Unstructured Event-Based Reports for Global Infectious Disease Surveillance date: 2009-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262544-6q8eg9z4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262544-6q8eg9z4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-262544-6q8eg9z4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254446-yxqbe1dj author: Ren, Yunzhao R. title: A Comprehensive Updated Review on SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19 date: 2020-05-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254446-yxqbe1dj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254446-yxqbe1dj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-254446-yxqbe1dj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257418-cyul92w0 author: McGuirk, Sheila M. title: Disease Management of Dairy Calves and Heifers date: 2008-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021527-1etvgoxc author: Ellis, Christine title: Ferrets date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021527-1etvgoxc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021527-1etvgoxc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-021527-1etvgoxc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266988-72uvawth author: Barth, Rolf F. title: The spectrum of pathological findings in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266988-72uvawth.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266988-72uvawth.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-266988-72uvawth.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258548-1u7v1nlr author: Mansueto, Gelsomina title: Can COVID 2019 disease induces a specific cardiovascular damage or it exacerbates pre-existing cardiovascular diseases? date: 2020-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258548-1u7v1nlr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258548-1u7v1nlr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258548-1u7v1nlr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257358-uoek1pba author: Peset, José L. title: Plagues and Diseases in History date: 2015-03-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257358-uoek1pba.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257358-uoek1pba.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-257358-uoek1pba.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264660-tfktgy57 author: Creech, C Buddy title: It’s True Even in a Pandemic: Children are Not Merely Little Adults date: 2020-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264660-tfktgy57.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264660-tfktgy57.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264660-tfktgy57.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256688-yy7abob9 author: Chavez, Summer title: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A primer for emergency physicians date: 2020-03-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256688-yy7abob9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256688-yy7abob9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256688-yy7abob9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257943-fippk9p4 author: Palmeiro, Brian S. title: Clinical Approach to Dermatologic Disease in Exotic Animals date: 2013-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257943-fippk9p4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257943-fippk9p4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-257943-fippk9p4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258792-4lakgpxp author: Yoon, Sung‐Won title: Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation: A Study of China's Response in Combat of Epidemics date: 2008-04-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258792-4lakgpxp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258792-4lakgpxp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258792-4lakgpxp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259724-pbxd67tt author: Bamias, Giorgos title: Balkan Nephropathy: Evolution of Our Knowledge date: 2008-08-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259724-pbxd67tt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259724-pbxd67tt.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259724-pbxd67tt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266516-0ure8256 author: Lim, Tow Keang title: Pneumonia in the tropics date: 2017-08-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266516-0ure8256.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266516-0ure8256.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-266516-0ure8256.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261058-yu2qw02l author: Burgner, David title: Kawasaki disease: What is the epidemiology telling us about the etiology? date: 2005-06-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261058-yu2qw02l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261058-yu2qw02l.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-261058-yu2qw02l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022520-ebj51v9o author: Marini, Robert P. title: Biology and Diseases of Ferrets date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261301-8mw2kpmr author: McVey, Scott title: Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: A Brief Review of History and Technology date: 2010-05-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264794-bgygebgx author: Lundgren, A.-L. title: Feline non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis. A clinical and pathological study date: 1992-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264794-bgygebgx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264794-bgygebgx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-264794-bgygebgx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022483-hdmwv540 author: nan title: Gastrointestinal Disease date: 2009-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022483-hdmwv540.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022483-hdmwv540.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022483-hdmwv540.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264355-9quf59td author: Jung, Sung-mok title: Epidemiological Identification of A Novel Pathogen in Real Time: Analysis of the Atypical Pneumonia Outbreak in Wuhan, China, 2019–2020 date: 2020-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264355-9quf59td.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264355-9quf59td.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264355-9quf59td.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260503-yq4dtf8n author: SAMARANAYAKE, LAKSHMAN P. title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry A retrospective view date: 2004-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260503-yq4dtf8n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260503-yq4dtf8n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260503-yq4dtf8n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023165-f6o6owg3 author: NAVARRE, CHRISTINE B. title: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System date: 2009-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263882-s5oxr6es author: Najar Nobar, Niloufar title: Patients with specific skin disorders who are affected by COVID‐19: what do experiences say about management strategies? : A systematic review date: 2020-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263882-s5oxr6es.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263882-s5oxr6es.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-263882-s5oxr6es.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260750-utbuj5iz author: Dear, Jonathan D. title: Bacterial Pneumonia in Dogs and Cats date: 2013-11-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260750-utbuj5iz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260750-utbuj5iz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-260750-utbuj5iz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015372-76xvzvdg author: nan title: National scientific medical meeting 1996 abstracts date: 1996 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015372-76xvzvdg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015372-76xvzvdg.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-015372-76xvzvdg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262205-ax3i3d7f author: Karampourian, Arezou title: Exploring challenges of health system preparedness for communicable diseases in Arbaeen mass gathering: a qualitative study date: 2018-09-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262205-ax3i3d7f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262205-ax3i3d7f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-262205-ax3i3d7f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258139-x4js9vqe author: Callan, Robert J title: Biosecurity and bovine respiratory disease date: 2005-03-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258139-x4js9vqe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258139-x4js9vqe.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258139-x4js9vqe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author: nan title: Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date: 2014-08-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262623-lmf2h6oc author: Light, R. Bruce title: Plagues in the ICU: A Brief History of Community-Acquired Epidemic and Endemic Transmissible Infections Leading to Intensive Care Admission date: 2009-01-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262623-lmf2h6oc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262623-lmf2h6oc.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-262623-lmf2h6oc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261788-f728j3bb author: Sabater González, Mikel title: Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl date: 2016-03-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022252-9yiuuye3 author: Mims, Cedric A. title: Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage date: 2013-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258626-p469ysi8 author: Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title: 2013 Update on Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date: 2014-02-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266211-cz7m1iqk author: Cheng, Tsung O. title: The current state of cardiology in China date: 2004-03-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266211-cz7m1iqk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266211-cz7m1iqk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-266211-cz7m1iqk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266809-3gl8km98 author: Ather, Amber title: Reply to: "Coronavirus Disease 2019: Implications for Clinical Dental Care" date: 2020-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266809-3gl8km98.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266809-3gl8km98.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-266809-3gl8km98.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-027870-cuvfy4pj author: Baselga, Eulalia title: Inflammatory and Purpuric Eruptions date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-027870-cuvfy4pj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-027870-cuvfy4pj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-027870-cuvfy4pj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268907-cv0mkpzd author: Kim, Jung Heon title: An Urgent Need for Global Preparedness against the Reemergence of “Forgotten” Infectious Diseases in Korea date: 2018-04-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268907-cv0mkpzd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268907-cv0mkpzd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-268907-cv0mkpzd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022506-fkddo12n author: Griffin, Brenda title: Population Wellness: Keeping Cats Physically and Behaviorally Healthy date: 2011-12-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269170-9f460xbq author: Kaneko, Kazunari title: Our Evolving Understanding of Kawasaki Disease Pathogenesis: Role of the Gut Microbiota date: 2020-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269170-9f460xbq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269170-9f460xbq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-269170-9f460xbq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273416-332stbjl author: Liu, Tianyuan title: Transcriptional differences for COVID-19 Disease Map genes between males and females indicate a different basal immunophenotype relevant to the disease date: 2020-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273416-332stbjl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273416-332stbjl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273416-332stbjl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273602-cq276tj8 author: Bavishi, Chirag title: Acute myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: A review date: 2020-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273602-cq276tj8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273602-cq276tj8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-273602-cq276tj8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269389-x8i5x62v author: Gensini, Gian Franco title: The concept of quarantine in history: from plague to SARS date: 2004-04-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269389-x8i5x62v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269389-x8i5x62v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-269389-x8i5x62v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267182-ctvnmjsl author: Mboowa, Gerald title: Human Genomic Loci Important in Common Infectious Diseases: Role of High-Throughput Sequencing and Genome-Wide Association Studies date: 2018-03-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267182-ctvnmjsl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267182-ctvnmjsl.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267182-ctvnmjsl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265179-l5w1nkdo author: Dobbs, R. John title: Helicobacter Hypothesis for Idiopathic Parkinsonism: Before and Beyond date: 2008-08-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265179-l5w1nkdo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265179-l5w1nkdo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265179-l5w1nkdo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262119-s6hc7fxs author: Ostaszewski, Marek title: COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms date: 2020-10-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262119-s6hc7fxs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262119-s6hc7fxs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-262119-s6hc7fxs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264994-j8iawzp8 author: Fitzpatrick, Meagan C. title: Modelling microbial infection to address global health challenges date: 2019-09-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264994-j8iawzp8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264994-j8iawzp8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-264994-j8iawzp8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256686-fwh926g4 author: Leggio, Loredana title: Extracellular Vesicles as Nanotherapeutics for Parkinson’s Disease date: 2020-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256686-fwh926g4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256686-fwh926g4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256686-fwh926g4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268378-tcuv255v author: Hood, Ernie title: Evolutionary Medicine: A Powerful Tool for Improving Human Health date: 2008-02-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271814-a2vlkwce author: Brough, Helen A. title: Managing childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies during respiratory virus epidemics – The 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic: A statement from the EAACI‐section on pediatrics date: 2020-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272547-ld1bux2h author: Eslick, Guy D. title: Future Perspectives on Infections Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases date: 2010-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272547-ld1bux2h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272547-ld1bux2h.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272547-ld1bux2h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009571-mygj2nd4 author: nan title: Proceedings of the 42nd annual meeting of the american rheumatism association a section of the arthritis foundation june 1 & 2, 1978 new york city abstracts of papers presented date: 2005-11-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009571-mygj2nd4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009571-mygj2nd4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-009571-mygj2nd4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268298-25brblfq author: Mao, Liang title: Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network—An agent-based simulation date: 2014-03-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268298-25brblfq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268298-25brblfq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268298-25brblfq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263667-5g51n27e author: Steele, James Harlan title: Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date: 2008-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272147-itdx3wqi author: White, Alexandre I R title: Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia date: 2020-03-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272147-itdx3wqi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272147-itdx3wqi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272147-itdx3wqi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269640-0u3e1493 author: Kasai, Takeshi title: Research and control of parasitic diseases in Japan: current position and future perspectives date: 2007-03-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269640-0u3e1493.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269640-0u3e1493.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-269640-0u3e1493.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273915-jpzvjl0i author: Schmidt, Robert E. title: Types of Renal Disease in Avian Species date: 2006-01-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273915-jpzvjl0i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273915-jpzvjl0i.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273915-jpzvjl0i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262281-56tbrl8a author: Hawkes, C. H. title: Parkinson's disease: a dual‐hit hypothesis date: 2007-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262281-56tbrl8a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262281-56tbrl8a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-262281-56tbrl8a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269190-w74bjtq1 author: Lennox, Angela M. title: Care of the Geriatric Rabbit date: 2010-02-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269190-w74bjtq1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269190-w74bjtq1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-269190-w74bjtq1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267055-xscwk74r author: Chassagnon, Guillaume title: AI-Driven quantification, staging and outcome prediction of COVID-19 pneumonia date: 2020-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267055-xscwk74r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267055-xscwk74r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267055-xscwk74r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262253-3ovqhypt author: Iqbal, Umar H. title: The Use of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Drugs in Alzheimer’s Disease date: 2020-07-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262253-3ovqhypt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262253-3ovqhypt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-262253-3ovqhypt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-262336-onghrm7y author: Nevarez, Javier title: CHAPTER 6 CROCODILIANS date: 2009-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268324-86a0n0dc author: Charitos, Ioannis A title: Special features of SARS-CoV-2 in daily practice date: 2020-09-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268324-86a0n0dc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268324-86a0n0dc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268324-86a0n0dc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255096-27dfbhsl author: Sweet, Michael J. title: Reprint of ‘Diseases in marine invertebrates associated with mariculture and commercial fisheries’ date: 2016-06-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255096-27dfbhsl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255096-27dfbhsl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-255096-27dfbhsl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273833-yf8kt84e author: Mejia, Rojelio title: Global COVID-19 Efforts as the Platform to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273833-yf8kt84e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273833-yf8kt84e.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-273833-yf8kt84e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274113-m0nb78kf author: Vignier, Nicolas title: Travel, Migration and Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2018-11-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274409-4ugdxbmy author: Laskar, Rezwanuzzaman title: Mutational analysis and assessment of its impact on proteins of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from India date: 2020-10-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274409-4ugdxbmy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274409-4ugdxbmy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-274409-4ugdxbmy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-269505-7g8lio9l author: Keesing, Felicia title: Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases date: 2010-12-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-269505-7g8lio9l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-269505-7g8lio9l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-269505-7g8lio9l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023134-y665agnh author: nan title: Oral Research Communications of the 22(nd) ECVIM‐CA Congress date: 2012-11-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023134-y665agnh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023134-y665agnh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-023134-y665agnh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266822-ecq50ye2 author: Rath, Barbara title: Influenza and other respiratory viruses: standardizing disease severity in surveillance and clinical trials date: 2017-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266822-ecq50ye2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266822-ecq50ye2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-266822-ecq50ye2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023168-cd7adns8 author: Thachil, Jecko title: Haematological Diseases in the Tropics date: 2013-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277181-rvjvuxor author: Liu, Chen-Hsuan title: The Role of Comparative Pathology in the Investigation of Zoonoses date: 2007-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277181-rvjvuxor.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277181-rvjvuxor.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-277181-rvjvuxor.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277635-e1ih1fkx author: Rahman, Md. Siddikur title: Defending against the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: How Can the Internet of Things (IoT) help to save the World? date: 2020-04-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277635-e1ih1fkx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277635-e1ih1fkx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-277635-e1ih1fkx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author: ZANETTI, A. R. title: Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date: 2010-01-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023239-06a03o14 author: nan title: II. Topic Sessions date: 2016-06-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023239-06a03o14.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255519-tcobane8 author: Bartels, Matthew N. title: Acute Medical Conditions: Cardiopulmonary Disease, Medical Frailty, and Renal Failure date: 2020-10-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255519-tcobane8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255519-tcobane8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-255519-tcobane8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268564-5qhumjas author: Brown, Lisa title: Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions date: 2013-04-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277353-qilq1q7h author: Taniguchi, Kiyosu title: Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan date: 2008-09-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277703-sxt9lw0l author: Belz, Katie title: Rabbit hemorrhagic disease date: 2004-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277703-sxt9lw0l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277703-sxt9lw0l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-277703-sxt9lw0l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274019-dao10kx9 author: Rife, Brittany D title: Phylodynamic applications in 21(st) century global infectious disease research date: 2017-05-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274019-dao10kx9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274019-dao10kx9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-274019-dao10kx9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274189-mrrctuxt author: Freeman, Hugh James title: REVIEW: Adult Celiac Disease and the Severe “Flat” Small Bowel Biopsy Lesion date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274189-mrrctuxt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274189-mrrctuxt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274189-mrrctuxt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275602-cog4nma0 author: Watkins, Kevin title: Emerging Infectious Diseases: a Review date: 2018-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275602-cog4nma0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275602-cog4nma0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-275602-cog4nma0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276837-1me44xh0 author: Wang, Wei title: InfectiousDiseases ofPoverty, the first five years date: 2017-05-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268561-vq1uhj5i author: da Silva, Severino Jefferson Ribeiro title: Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, the Virus Causing COVID-19 date: 2020-08-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268561-vq1uhj5i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268561-vq1uhj5i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-268561-vq1uhj5i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271863-apb8l8tq author: Ward, M.P. title: Companion animal disease surveillance: A new solution to an old problem? date: 2011-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271863-apb8l8tq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271863-apb8l8tq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-271863-apb8l8tq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-253182-s60vzf3q author: Fang, Evandro F. title: A research agenda for ageing in China in the 21st century (2nd edition): Focusing on basic and translational research, long-term care, policy and social networks date: 2020-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-253182-s60vzf3q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-253182-s60vzf3q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-253182-s60vzf3q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273789-sbppgkza author: Donohoe, Holly title: Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date: 2014-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278136-ol2buwld author: Gonzales, Natalia M. title: 29th International Mammalian Genome Conference meeting report date: 2016-05-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278136-ol2buwld.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278136-ol2buwld.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278136-ol2buwld.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283971-q5d3uza1 author: von Oertzen, Tim J title: COVID‐19 – neurologists stay aware! date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283971-q5d3uza1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283971-q5d3uza1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-283971-q5d3uza1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258399-difauneh author: Rahmani, Amir Masoud title: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) prevention and treatment methods and effective parameters: A systematic literature review date: 2020-10-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258399-difauneh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258399-difauneh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258399-difauneh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276855-j10tvmvd author: Batsukh, Zayat title: One Health in Mongolia date: 2012-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276855-j10tvmvd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276855-j10tvmvd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276855-j10tvmvd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279008-gioqkeda author: Rosenthal, Joshua title: Climate Change and the Geographic Distribution of Infectious Diseases date: 2010-05-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279008-gioqkeda.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279008-gioqkeda.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-279008-gioqkeda.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025998-1qawjquv author: Lara, R.J. title: Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology date: 2012-03-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265699-0socw0hp author: Ortega, Miguel Ángel title: Dendrimers and Dendritic Materials: From Laboratory to Medical Practice in Infectious Diseases date: 2020-09-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265699-0socw0hp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265699-0socw0hp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265699-0socw0hp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263438-9ra94uda author: Snowden, Frank M. title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date: 2008-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-273941-gu6nnv9d author: Chandran, Uma title: Chapter 5 Network Pharmacology date: 2017-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-273941-gu6nnv9d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-273941-gu6nnv9d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-273941-gu6nnv9d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281703-6xwcxe8l author: Di Altobrando, Ambra title: Should SARS‐CoV‐2 influence immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune blistering diseases? date: 2020-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281703-6xwcxe8l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281703-6xwcxe8l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-281703-6xwcxe8l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-275538-c44gmu22 author: Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title: Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date: 2006-03-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt cache: ./cache/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258093-6fn8ei9f author: Hanania, Nicola A. title: Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop date: 2011-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024189-t7mbsr25 author: Weyand, Cornelia M. title: Vasculitides date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024189-t7mbsr25.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024189-t7mbsr25.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-024189-t7mbsr25.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287258-m4so4il0 author: Riley, David title: Looking Back, Looking Forward date: 2014-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287258-m4so4il0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287258-m4so4il0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-287258-m4so4il0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288023-6uflg5oc author: Allen,, Koya C. title: Tracking the Traveler Without a Passport: Perspective on Surveillance of Imported Disease date: 2014-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288023-6uflg5oc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288023-6uflg5oc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-288023-6uflg5oc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265472-b1s4stvz author: Guimarães, Luísa Eça title: Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date: 2015-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290591-yi6yjjne author: Desai, Angel N. title: Bending the epidemic curve: advancements and opportunities to reduce the threat of emerging pathogens date: 2019-04-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290591-yi6yjjne.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290591-yi6yjjne.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-290591-yi6yjjne.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278093-0twnkv93 author: Perveen, Shagufta title: Coronavirus nCOVID-19: A Pandemic Disease and the Saudi precautions date: 2020-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278093-0twnkv93.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278093-0twnkv93.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278093-0twnkv93.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283380-l60yyr6l author: Grabbe, Stephan title: Systemic immunosuppression in times of COVID‐19: Do we need to rethink our standards? date: 2020-08-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283380-l60yyr6l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283380-l60yyr6l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283380-l60yyr6l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280348-vrnxucye author: Argano, Christiano title: Pattern of comorbidities and 1-year mortality in elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in internal medicine wards: data from the RePoSI Registry date: 2020-07-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280348-vrnxucye.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280348-vrnxucye.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-280348-vrnxucye.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283719-zmizyx7e author: Cheng, Yuan-Yang title: Rehabilitation Programs for Patients with COronaVIrus Disease 2019: Consensus Statements of Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation date: 2020-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283719-zmizyx7e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283719-zmizyx7e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-283719-zmizyx7e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292604-x9amm87g author: Rupali, Priscilla title: Introduction to Tropical Medicine date: 2019-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292604-x9amm87g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292604-x9amm87g.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-292604-x9amm87g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293026-cq7uzziv author: Ma, Hui title: Military-civilian cooperative emergency response to infectious disease prevention and control in China date: 2016-12-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293026-cq7uzziv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293026-cq7uzziv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-293026-cq7uzziv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279215-qwk0jkqm author: Delmage, D. A. title: Auricular chondritis in a cat date: 2008-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279215-qwk0jkqm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279215-qwk0jkqm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-279215-qwk0jkqm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284125-35ghtmhu author: Chua, Kaw Bing title: Perspectives of public health laboratories in emerging infectious diseases date: 2013-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284125-35ghtmhu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284125-35ghtmhu.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-284125-35ghtmhu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278339-6ddsj014 author: Gianfrancesco, Milena title: Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry date: 2020-05-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278339-6ddsj014.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278339-6ddsj014.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 11 resourceName b'cord-278339-6ddsj014.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281437-cb3u1s7s author: Bedford, Juliet title: A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response date: 2019-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281437-cb3u1s7s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281437-cb3u1s7s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-281437-cb3u1s7s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288982-63ddlh20 author: Peeling, Rosanna W. title: Diagnostics in a digital age: an opportunity to strengthen health systems and improve health outcomes date: 2015-11-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288982-63ddlh20.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288982-63ddlh20.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288982-63ddlh20.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289034-yl3emjef author: Moro, Loredana title: Mitochondria at the Crossroads of Physiology and Pathology date: 2020-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289034-yl3emjef.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289034-yl3emjef.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289034-yl3emjef.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283310-5wam14aa author: Bevova, M. R. title: The New Coronavirus COVID-19 Infection date: 2020-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283310-5wam14aa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283310-5wam14aa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-283310-5wam14aa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276616-odmnvv7m author: Darcel, C. title: Reflections on scrapie and related disorders, with consideration of the possibility of a viral aetiology date: 1995 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276616-odmnvv7m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276616-odmnvv7m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276616-odmnvv7m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293542-o0zspgrk author: Ippolito, G. title: Facing the threat of highly infectious diseases in Europe: the need for a networking approach date: 2014-12-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293542-o0zspgrk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293542-o0zspgrk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293542-o0zspgrk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282628-6uoberfu author: Tiwari, Bhagyashree title: Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater date: 2020-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280386-a8qr7nl6 author: Pires, Sara M. title: Aetiology-Specific Estimates of the Global and Regional Incidence and Mortality of Diarrhoeal Diseases Commonly Transmitted through Food date: 2015-12-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280386-a8qr7nl6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280386-a8qr7nl6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-280386-a8qr7nl6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287737-tc4vulou author: Reavill, Drury R. title: Disease Overview of the Urinary Tract in Exotic Companion Mammals and Tips on Clinical Management date: 2019-11-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287737-tc4vulou.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287737-tc4vulou.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-287737-tc4vulou.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280299-1pbem51d author: Jeney, Zs. title: Recent achievements in studies on diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) date: 1995-01-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280299-1pbem51d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280299-1pbem51d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-280299-1pbem51d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277265-p8pns7r9 author: Malik, Yashpal Singh title: Biotechnological innovations in farm and pet animal disease diagnosis date: 2019-09-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283979-1dn7at6k author: Portillo, Aránzazu title: Arthropods as vectors of transmissible diseases in Spain() date: 2018-12-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283979-1dn7at6k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283979-1dn7at6k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-283979-1dn7at6k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291388-tt9eq7e0 author: Wang, Jann-Tay title: Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Findings, and Treatment Outcomes of SARS Patients date: 2004-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291388-tt9eq7e0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291388-tt9eq7e0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291388-tt9eq7e0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290930-438td98a author: Lazcano-Ponce, Eduardo title: The Contribution of International Agencies to the Control of Communicable Diseases date: 2005-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290930-438td98a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290930-438td98a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-290930-438td98a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021453-vf8xbaug author: Dysko, Robert C. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279694-25rblhwb author: Mahy, B.W.J title: Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date: 2014-11-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280331-iu2e14jo author: Taboe, Hémaho B. title: Predicting COVID-19 spread in the face of control measures in West-Africa date: 2020-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280331-iu2e14jo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280331-iu2e14jo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-280331-iu2e14jo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283485-xit6najq author: Van Damme, Wim title: The COVID-19 pandemic: diverse contexts; different epidemics—how and why? date: 2020-07-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283485-xit6najq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283485-xit6najq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-283485-xit6najq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268326-sbz3uk5h author: Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy title: Lysosomes as a therapeutic target date: 2019-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268326-sbz3uk5h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268326-sbz3uk5h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-268326-sbz3uk5h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293221-gf9wy4a9 author: Idowu, Abiodun Benjamin title: Ebola virus disease in the eyes of a rural, agrarian community in Western Nigeria: a mixed method study date: 2020-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293221-gf9wy4a9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293221-gf9wy4a9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293221-gf9wy4a9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286607-5i406twr author: Esposito, Susanna title: The Gut Microbiota-Host Partnership as a Potential Driver of Kawasaki Syndrome date: 2019-04-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286607-5i406twr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286607-5i406twr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286607-5i406twr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281177-2eycqf8o author: Robertson, Colin title: Review of methods for space–time disease surveillance date: 2010-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281177-2eycqf8o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281177-2eycqf8o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-281177-2eycqf8o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294312-ju6vuywm author: Rohde, Rodney E. title: Common Myths and Legends of Rabies date: 2019-04-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293622-gdplbrsf author: Arget, Michael title: Successful Treatment of Legionnaires’ Disease with Tigecycline in an Immunocompromised Man with a Legion of Antibiotic Allergies date: 2019-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293622-gdplbrsf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293622-gdplbrsf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293622-gdplbrsf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023367-ujflw19b author: Newcomer, Benjamin W. title: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date: 2020-04-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285613-hbd44euq author: Søborg, Christian title: Vaccines in a hurry date: 2009-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292623-mxdlii77 author: Arji, Goli title: Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification date: 2019-09-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280691-nzc8ir0n author: Guo, Sun-Wei title: China’s “Gene War of the Century” and Its Aftermath: The Contest Goes On date: 2013-08-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280691-nzc8ir0n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280691-nzc8ir0n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-280691-nzc8ir0n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283316-a8jewy2h author: Bianchini, Juana title: Prioritization of livestock transboundary diseases in Belgium using a multicriteria decision analysis tool based on drivers of emergence date: 2019-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283316-a8jewy2h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283316-a8jewy2h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283316-a8jewy2h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288187-84oj3xtp author: Khan, Ali S. title: Forensic public health: epidemiological and microbiological investigations for biosecurity date: 2019-12-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288187-84oj3xtp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288187-84oj3xtp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-288187-84oj3xtp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289148-k055coui author: McKeown, Alex title: Health Outcome Prioritization in Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding the Ethical Landscape date: 2020-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289148-k055coui.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289148-k055coui.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-289148-k055coui.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294478-3ickafd3 author: Kapil, Sanjay title: Diagnostic Investigation of Emerging Viruses of Companion Animals date: 2008-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297669-22fctxk4 author: Proudfoot, Chris title: Genome editing for disease resistance in pigs and chickens date: 2019-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297669-22fctxk4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297669-22fctxk4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-297669-22fctxk4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-274756-nnm1n09a author: Varadé, Jezabel title: Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges date: 2020-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-290472-w77cmljm author: Sharon, Donald title: Systems Biology Approaches to Disease Marker Discovery date: 2010-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-290472-w77cmljm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-290472-w77cmljm.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-290472-w77cmljm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300807-9u8idlon author: Tong, Joo Chuan title: 7 Infectious disease informatics date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300807-9u8idlon.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300807-9u8idlon.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300807-9u8idlon.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289626-8oldaa8i author: Murray, Kris A. title: Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date: 2018-04-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264996-og3sg0qw author: Howell, Gareth J. title: Cell Biology of Membrane Trafficking in Human Disease date: 2006-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264996-og3sg0qw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264996-og3sg0qw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-264996-og3sg0qw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293365-z1h788sc author: Semenza, Jan C title: Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry date: 2019-04-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293365-z1h788sc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293365-z1h788sc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-293365-z1h788sc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286075-yp2ta24o author: Nacul, Luis title: How Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Progresses: The Natural History of ME/CFS date: 2020-08-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286075-yp2ta24o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286075-yp2ta24o.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-286075-yp2ta24o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282059-sdumq61z author: Nesse, Randolph M title: The great opportunity: Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health date: 2008-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014516-r59usk02 author: nan title: Research Communications of the 24th ECVIM‐CA Congress date: 2015-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-014516-r59usk02.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023509-tvqpv6fp author: Corrin, Bryan title: Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date: 2011-03-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024088-020rgz5t author: Radandt, Siegfried title: Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date: 2008 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289439-jrvl0ykn author: Nelson, Martha I. title: Fogarty International Center collaborative networks in infectious disease modeling: Lessons learnt in research and capacity building date: 2018-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289439-jrvl0ykn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289439-jrvl0ykn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-289439-jrvl0ykn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278684-txlvla0j author: Gonzalez–Dunia, Daniel title: Borna Disease Virus and the Brain date: 1998-01-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278684-txlvla0j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278684-txlvla0j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-278684-txlvla0j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291687-kwu0otpi author: Judson, Gregory L. title: Cardiovascular Implications and Therapeutic Considerations in COVID-19 Infection date: 2020-06-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291687-kwu0otpi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291687-kwu0otpi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291687-kwu0otpi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 author: Lambert, Paul-Henri title: Consensus Summary Report for CEPI/BC March 12-13, 2020 Meeting: Assessment of Risk of Disease Enhancement with COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-05-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282610-zim7nond author: Proal, Amy title: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity date: 2018-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-282610-zim7nond.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292575-vsswxwdi author: Hammou, Rahma Ait title: Chapter 7 Scientific Advances in the Diagnosis of Emerging and Reemerging Viral Human Pathogens date: 2020-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292575-vsswxwdi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292575-vsswxwdi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-292575-vsswxwdi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286865-6imc98f5 author: Schneider, Susanne A. title: Emerging Targeted Therapeutics for Genetic Subtypes of Parkinsonism date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286865-6imc98f5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286865-6imc98f5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-286865-6imc98f5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293714-s6ezxi5r author: Principi, Nicola title: The role of infection in Kawasaki syndrome date: 2013-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293714-s6ezxi5r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293714-s6ezxi5r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-293714-s6ezxi5r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302925-6us88smz author: McFee, Robin B. title: Travel-related illness date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302925-6us88smz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302925-6us88smz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-302925-6us88smz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299741-tbtlnv8b author: Massó Sagüés, Elena title: Risk of Introduction of Infectious Animal Diseases for Europe Based on the Health Situation of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula date: 2019-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299741-tbtlnv8b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299741-tbtlnv8b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-299741-tbtlnv8b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296891-23xkaa19 author: Sahu, Govind Prasad title: Dynamics of an SEQIHRS epidemic model with media coverage, quarantine and isolation in a community with pre-existing immunity date: 2015-01-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296891-23xkaa19.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296891-23xkaa19.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-296891-23xkaa19.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302127-1abupl36 author: Vokó, Zoltán title: The effect of social distance measures on COVID-19 epidemics in Europe: an interrupted time series analysis date: 2020-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302127-1abupl36.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302127-1abupl36.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-302127-1abupl36.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300324-95fty9yi author: Ni Lochlainn, M. title: Key predictors of attending hospital with COVID19: An association study from the COVID Symptom Tracker App in 2,618,948 individuals date: 2020-04-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300324-95fty9yi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300324-95fty9yi.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300324-95fty9yi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293852-r72c6584 author: Greco, S. title: Noncoding RNAs implication in cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 era date: 2020-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293852-r72c6584.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293852-r72c6584.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-293852-r72c6584.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300727-v3spbo5u author: Peterson, A. Townsend title: Biogeography of diseases: a framework for analysis date: 2008-03-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300727-v3spbo5u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300727-v3spbo5u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-300727-v3spbo5u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304961-w0pm33fs author: Riad, Abanoub title: The Alarming Burden of Non‐Communicable Diseases in COVID‐19 New Normal: Implications on Oral Health date: 2020-06-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304961-w0pm33fs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304961-w0pm33fs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-304961-w0pm33fs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023528-z9rc0ubj author: Wilkins, Pamela A. title: Disorders of Foals date: 2009-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023528-z9rc0ubj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023528-z9rc0ubj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023528-z9rc0ubj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-225429-pz9lsaw6 author: Rodrigues, Helena Sofia title: Optimal Control and Numerical Optimization Applied to Epidemiological Models date: 2014-01-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-225429-pz9lsaw6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-225429-pz9lsaw6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-225429-pz9lsaw6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300793-tuq8z6gm author: Weiss, Robin A title: Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298372-4pw1y404 author: Koch, Lionel title: Natural outbreaks and bioterrorism: How to deal with the two sides of the same coin? date: 2020-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298372-4pw1y404.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298372-4pw1y404.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-298372-4pw1y404.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282783-ps5jyjkl author: nan title: Full Issue PDF date: 2020-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306707-dde4nlhh author: Antabe, Roger title: Diseases, Emerging and Infectious date: 2019-12-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303192-il3s8lgp author: Tam, Lai‐Shan title: Care for patients with rheumatic diseases during COVID‐19 pandemic: A position statement from APLAR date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303192-il3s8lgp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303192-il3s8lgp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303192-il3s8lgp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293421-0ksn0fc7 author: Rodriguez, J. M. title: Detection of animal pathogens by using the polymerasechain reaction (PCR) date: 1997-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293421-0ksn0fc7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293421-0ksn0fc7.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293421-0ksn0fc7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305299-vbhilmve author: Santos, C. Sieiro title: Determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with underlying rheumatic disease date: 2020-07-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305299-vbhilmve.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305299-vbhilmve.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-305299-vbhilmve.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303557-bbbq6ylr author: Tong, Michael Xiaoliang title: China's capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change date: 2018-04-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303557-bbbq6ylr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303557-bbbq6ylr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-303557-bbbq6ylr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293819-tbdsr5iw author: Carvalho, C.L. title: Tularaemia: A challenging zoonosis date: 2014-01-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293819-tbdsr5iw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293819-tbdsr5iw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293819-tbdsr5iw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300187-fr6tme32 author: Kearns, Shawn title: Infectious Hepatopathies in Dogs and Cats date: 2009-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300187-fr6tme32.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300187-fr6tme32.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-300187-fr6tme32.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296208-uy1r6lt2 author: Greenspan, Hayit title: Position paper on COVID-19 imaging and AI: from the clinical needs and technological challenges to initial AI solutions at the lab and national level towards a new era for AI in healthcare date: 2020-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296208-uy1r6lt2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296208-uy1r6lt2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-296208-uy1r6lt2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300301-7amiljnm author: Clements, Bruce W. title: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats date: 2016-03-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 author: nan title: Proceedings of the 26th European Paediatric Rheumatology Congress: part 2: Virtual. 23 - 26 September 2020 date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304455-z5n9ys86 author: Murray, Jillian title: Infectious Disease Surveillance date: 2017-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304455-z5n9ys86.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304455-z5n9ys86.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-304455-z5n9ys86.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300605-gozt5aur author: Tambo, Ernest title: Acquired immunity and asymptomatic reservoir impact on frontline and airport ebola outbreak syndromic surveillance and response date: 2014-10-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300605-gozt5aur.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300605-gozt5aur.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300605-gozt5aur.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308089-q2w9fb0i author: Ewald, Paul W. title: Evolution of virulence date: 2005-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308089-q2w9fb0i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308089-q2w9fb0i.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-308089-q2w9fb0i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307885-butuv3n1 author: Galvani, Alison P. title: Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS? date: 2004-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307885-butuv3n1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307885-butuv3n1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-307885-butuv3n1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288342-i37v602u author: Wang, Zhen title: Coupled disease–behavior dynamics on complex networks: A review date: 2015-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288342-i37v602u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288342-i37v602u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-288342-i37v602u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301856-71syce4n author: Domínguez-Andrés, Jorge title: Impact of Historic Migrations and Evolutionary Processes on Human Immunity date: 2019-11-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301856-71syce4n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305195-e41yfo89 author: Rainwater-Lovett, Kaitlin title: Viral Epidemiology: Tracking Viruses with Smartphones and Social Media date: 2016-02-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305195-e41yfo89.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305195-e41yfo89.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-305195-e41yfo89.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299828-fb84rtmx author: Joseph, Maxwell B. title: Taming wildlife disease: bridging the gap between science and management date: 2013-04-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299828-fb84rtmx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299828-fb84rtmx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-299828-fb84rtmx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305501-srq1bo2v author: Fèvre, Eric M. title: Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases date: 2006-02-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301479-dc1oyftd author: Koehlmoos, Tracey Pérez title: Global Health: Chronic Diseases and Other Emergent Issues in Global Health date: 2011-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307464-66eqh79t author: Hwang, Grace M. title: A model-based tool to predict the propagation of infectious disease via airports date: 2012-01-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307464-66eqh79t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307464-66eqh79t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-307464-66eqh79t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310509-c8wp2m69 author: Morens, David M. title: Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability date: 2013-07-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297125-la20vi9j author: Brower, Jennifer L. title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date: 2016-08-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303700-rrwy3osd author: Neiderud, Carl-Johan title: How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases date: 2015-06-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303700-rrwy3osd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303700-rrwy3osd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-303700-rrwy3osd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310902-cfci8lef author: Freites Nuñez, Dalifer D title: Risk factors for hospital admissions related to COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases date: 2020-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310902-cfci8lef.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310902-cfci8lef.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310902-cfci8lef.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-301117-egd1gxby author: Barh, Debmalya title: In Silico Models: From Simple Networks to Complex Diseases date: 2013-11-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-301117-egd1gxby.txt cache: ./cache/cord-301117-egd1gxby.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-301117-egd1gxby.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297857-ybqj8z1r author: Petagna, L. title: Pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease inflammation and recurrence date: 2020-11-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297857-ybqj8z1r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297857-ybqj8z1r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-297857-ybqj8z1r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304549-e8q8mck4 author: Holgate, Stephen T. title: Genetic and environmental interaction in allergy and asthma()() date: 2005-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300969-a3zcggf2 author: Antolin, Michael F. title: EVOLUTION AND MEDICINE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ALL BIOLOGY STUDENTS date: 2012-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310557-d33ll0ka author: Alotaibi, Badriah M. title: Strengthening health security at the Hajj mass gatherings: characteristics of the infectious diseases surveillance systems operational during the 2015 Hajj date: 2017-02-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310557-d33ll0ka.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310557-d33ll0ka.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-310557-d33ll0ka.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311834-1vzntckq author: Rondeau, Mark P. title: Hepatitis and Cholangiohepatitis date: 2014-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311834-1vzntckq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311834-1vzntckq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-311834-1vzntckq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309870-l5oecoot author: Pirofski, Liise-anne title: Immunomodulators as an antimicrobial tool date: 2006-08-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309870-l5oecoot.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309870-l5oecoot.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-309870-l5oecoot.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311220-3pn04u32 author: Gaddy, Hampton Gray title: Using local knowledge in emerging infectious disease research date: 2020-06-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311220-3pn04u32.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311220-3pn04u32.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-311220-3pn04u32.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307803-rlvk6bcx author: Balloux, Francois title: Q&A: What are pathogens, and what have they done to and for us? date: 2017-10-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314808-ssiggi2z author: Pappas, G. title: Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases date: 2014-12-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314808-ssiggi2z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314808-ssiggi2z.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-314808-ssiggi2z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-296585-yfh5d4io author: Su, Yu-Ching title: The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae date: 2018-11-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt cache: ./cache/cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-311795-kvv3fx2n author: Barratt, Ruth title: Clinician perceptions of respiratory infection risk; a rationale for research into mask use in routine practice date: 2019-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-311795-kvv3fx2n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-311795-kvv3fx2n.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-311795-kvv3fx2n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313222-a1rd7kas author: Guo, Zuiyuan title: Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network date: 2020-02-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308535-xe2pkahz author: Reinero, Carol R. title: Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats date: 2019-04-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308535-xe2pkahz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308535-xe2pkahz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-308535-xe2pkahz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306056-4jx0u7js author: Sulmasy, Daniel P. title: “Diseases and Natural Kinds” date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315362-u9slrjmk author: Jiménez, Ma Ángeles title: Membranous glomerulonephritis in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) date: 2008-01-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302277-c66xm2n4 author: Bakaletz, Lauren O. title: Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases date: 2004 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302277-c66xm2n4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302277-c66xm2n4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-302277-c66xm2n4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313615-cts45n3j author: Tam, John S title: Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action date: 2012-01-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313173-0u4s5y20 author: ten Have, H.A.M.J. title: Sheltering at Our Common Home date: 2020-08-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315131-4yb2b70g author: Hammerschmidt, Sven title: Threat of infection: Microbes of high pathogenic potential – strategies for detection, control and eradication date: 2005-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315131-4yb2b70g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315131-4yb2b70g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315131-4yb2b70g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317999-i48cwutg author: Mazet, Jonna A. K. title: Joint China-US Call for Employing a Transdisciplinary Approach to Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2015-12-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317999-i48cwutg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317999-i48cwutg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-317999-i48cwutg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306076-ygfnkgqp author: Fujita, Yu title: RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases date: 2013-02-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017248-a37t31u1 author: nan title: Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date: 2010-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313118-dv5xq2k4 author: Davis, Eric M. title: Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease: Sleep Disorders date: 2020-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313118-dv5xq2k4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313118-dv5xq2k4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-313118-dv5xq2k4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316201-08pyx98r author: Grout, Andrea title: Guidelines, law, and governance: disconnects in the global control of airline-associated infectious diseases date: 2017-02-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316201-08pyx98r.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316201-08pyx98r.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-316201-08pyx98r.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315180-itvc86cv author: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling? date: 2018-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315180-itvc86cv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315180-itvc86cv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-315180-itvc86cv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315794-se0sq3c3 author: Lamps, L W title: Infective disorders of the gastrointestinal tract date: 2006-12-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date: 2019-08-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-297840-z5l6vdsr author: Río, Francisco García title: Air Travel and Respiratory Disease date: 2007-02-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317638-ccb36coz author: Subiakto, Yuli title: Aviation medicine capacity on facing biological threat In Indonesia airports date: 2020-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317638-ccb36coz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317638-ccb36coz.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317638-ccb36coz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317864-44knig6g author: Thacker, S.B. title: Centers for Disease Control date: 2008-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317864-44knig6g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317864-44knig6g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-317864-44knig6g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308658-38f8ftmh author: Aleta, Alberto title: Evaluation of the potential incidence of COVID-19 and effectiveness of contention measures in Spain: a data-driven approach date: 2020-03-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308658-38f8ftmh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308658-38f8ftmh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-308658-38f8ftmh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312807-8v4r9jij author: Recht, Judith title: Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304720-0lgup7yj author: Robbins, R.C. title: Swine Diseases and Disorders date: 2014-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322069-ys9s7l6e author: Gaspari, Valeria title: COVID‐19: how it can look on the skin. Clinical and pathological features in twenty COVID‐19 patients observed in Bologna, northeastern Italy date: 2020-06-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322069-ys9s7l6e.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322069-ys9s7l6e.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-322069-ys9s7l6e.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314325-nquov2i0 author: Murphy, F.A. title: Epidemiology of Human and Animal Viral Diseases date: 2008-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314325-nquov2i0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314325-nquov2i0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-314325-nquov2i0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309795-2kozsv4z author: Dewidar, Bedair title: Metabolic liver disease in diabetes – from mechanisms to clinical trials date: 2020-06-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309795-2kozsv4z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309795-2kozsv4z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309795-2kozsv4z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316894-zhmuzv7z author: Stetzenbach, L.D. title: Airborne Infectious Microorganisms date: 2009-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315825-ckg8mf8t author: B, Liu title: Decrease of respiratory diseases in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province during COVID-19 date: 2020-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312418-e4g5u1nz author: Melillo, Alessandro title: Rabbit Clinical Pathology date: 2007-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312418-e4g5u1nz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312418-e4g5u1nz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-312418-e4g5u1nz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author: Monath, Thomas P. title: Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date: 2013-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324667-wmhdw1qs author: Nishtala, Krishnatej title: Tear biomarkers for keratoconus date: 2016-08-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324667-wmhdw1qs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324667-wmhdw1qs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324667-wmhdw1qs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321734-ugy0kys5 author: Neulight, Nina title: Children’s Participation in a Virtual Epidemic in the Science Classroom: Making Connections to Natural Infectious Diseases date: 2006-11-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321734-ugy0kys5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321734-ugy0kys5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321734-ugy0kys5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315282-05eh1gzd author: Thiemann, Alexandra K. title: Gastrointestinal Disorders of Donkeys and Mules date: 2019-10-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315282-05eh1gzd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315282-05eh1gzd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315282-05eh1gzd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320463-4nchg95h author: Rampling, Tommy title: International Biological Reference Preparations for Epidemic Infectious Diseases date: 2019-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320463-4nchg95h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320463-4nchg95h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-320463-4nchg95h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321993-uazc3lyg author: Hedrick, Stephen M. title: The Imperative to Vaccinate date: 2018-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305327-hayhbs5u author: Gonzalez, Jean-Paul title: Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics date: 2017-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324875-04s0ysih author: Honigsbaum, Mark title: Introduction: microbes, networks, knowledge—disease ecology and emerging infectious diseases in time of COVID-19 date: 2020-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324875-04s0ysih.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324875-04s0ysih.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324875-04s0ysih.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318277-j073u7ga author: Sapey, Elizabeth title: Building toolkits for COPD exacerbations: lessons from the past and present date: 2019-07-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author: nan title: Abstracts: Poster session date: 2004-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330830-x2swoy4d author: Kobayashi, Nobumichi title: Impact of Emerging, Re-Emerging and Zoonotic Viral Infectious Diseases, in a Virologist’s Perspective date: 2018-08-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330830-x2swoy4d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330830-x2swoy4d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-330830-x2swoy4d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315462-u2dj79yw author: Hewitt, Judith A. title: ACTIVating Resources for the COVID-19 Pandemic: In vivo Models for Vaccines and Therapeutics date: 2020-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315462-u2dj79yw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315462-u2dj79yw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315462-u2dj79yw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321966-q0if8li9 author: Simpson, Ryan B. title: An analecta of visualizations for foodborne illness trends and seasonality date: 2020-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321966-q0if8li9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321966-q0if8li9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-321966-q0if8li9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324788-echu0zmf author: Aich, Palok title: Modern approaches to understanding stress and disease susceptibility: A review with special emphasis on respiratory disease date: 2009-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author: Scully, Crispian title: Respiratory medicine date: 2014-06-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312366-8qg1fn8f author: Adiga, Aniruddha title: Mathematical Models for COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis date: 2020-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312366-8qg1fn8f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312366-8qg1fn8f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-312366-8qg1fn8f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331401-bhl729up author: Rantsios, A.T. title: Zoonoses date: 2015-09-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-331401-bhl729up.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319463-erdwejd2 author: Diaz, J. H. title: Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date: 2011-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325148-oe3yv69y author: Dutta, Ritaban title: Replacement Management in Cattle: Health Management date: 2015-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325700-f102uk2m author: Fraser, Douglas D. title: Metabolomics Profiling of Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: Identification of Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers date: 2020-10-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325700-f102uk2m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325700-f102uk2m.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325700-f102uk2m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author: Williamson, E. D. title: Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date: 2019-04-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326788-qzm3b3xy author: Liew, Jean W. title: Patient‐reported Disease Activity in an Axial Spondyloarthritis Cohort during the COVID‐19 Pandemic date: 2020-09-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326788-qzm3b3xy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326788-qzm3b3xy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-326788-qzm3b3xy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327109-2fh004df author: Polyzos, Stergios A. title: Making progress in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as we are transitioning from the era of NAFLD to dys-metabolism associated fatty liver disease (DAFLD) date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327109-2fh004df.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327109-2fh004df.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-327109-2fh004df.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331605-h1qf96oh author: Brown, Keith D. title: Precision medicine in kidney disease: the patient’s view date: 2020-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331605-h1qf96oh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331605-h1qf96oh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-331605-h1qf96oh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324775-3x5os79m author: Crowe, J.E. title: Human Respiratory Viruses date: 2008-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-312580-r57rkrya author: Harcourt-Brown, Frances title: Chapter 6 Clinical pathology date: 2002-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-312580-r57rkrya.txt cache: ./cache/cord-312580-r57rkrya.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-312580-r57rkrya.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323703-fsj736dg author: Patterson, Grace T. title: Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems date: 2020-08-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323703-fsj736dg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323703-fsj736dg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323703-fsj736dg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328655-55ebve2k author: Rohr, Jason R. title: Frontiers in climate change–disease research date: 2011-04-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328655-55ebve2k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328655-55ebve2k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-328655-55ebve2k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318683-1yxurnev author: Green, Manfred S title: Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies date: 2018-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332270-fusfdkjw author: Lukiw, Walter J. title: Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and the Application of Precision Medicine date: 2020-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332270-fusfdkjw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332270-fusfdkjw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332270-fusfdkjw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-308066-lrbi5198 author: Childs, James E. title: Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt cache: ./cache/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322087-gj5mfzxz author: de Sanctis, Vincenzo title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adolescents: An update on current clinical and diagnostic characteristics date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322087-gj5mfzxz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322087-gj5mfzxz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-322087-gj5mfzxz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331584-z43ifmr3 author: Mahy, B.W.J. title: Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date: 2008-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331584-z43ifmr3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331584-z43ifmr3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331584-z43ifmr3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-324107-1u5cskii author: Nembaware, Victoria title: The Sickle Cell Disease Ontology: Enabling Collaborative Research and Co-Designing of New Planetary Health Applications date: 2020-10-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-324107-1u5cskii.txt cache: ./cache/cord-324107-1u5cskii.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-324107-1u5cskii.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325077-j77wbcr3 author: Prado-Gascó, Vicente title: Stay at Home and Teach: A Comparative Study of Psychosocial Risks Between Spain and Mexico During the Pandemic date: 2020-09-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325077-j77wbcr3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325077-j77wbcr3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325077-j77wbcr3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327442-e02y93f6 author: Kastritis, Efstathios title: Systemic autoimmune diseases, anti-rheumatic therapies, COVID-19 infection risk and patient outcomes date: 2020-07-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327442-e02y93f6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327442-e02y93f6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-327442-e02y93f6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author: Nara, Peter L. title: Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date: 2008-11-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-317952-4oa9hfb4 author: Bourgonje, Arno R. title: Angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2), SARS‐CoV‐2 and pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) date: 2020-05-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-317952-4oa9hfb4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-317952-4oa9hfb4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-317952-4oa9hfb4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322377-0o9ru8zz author: Migliaccio, Raffaella title: Cognitive and behavioural inhibition deficits in neurodegenerative dementias date: 2020-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322377-0o9ru8zz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322377-0o9ru8zz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-322377-0o9ru8zz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335250-se7gdpna author: Jesus, Isley title: Promising effects of exercise on the cardiovascular, metabolic and immune system during COVID-19 period date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335250-se7gdpna.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335250-se7gdpna.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-335250-se7gdpna.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022561-rv5j1201 author: Boes, Katie M. title: Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System date: 2017-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329881-9vnz5zzg author: Garcia, Sònia title: Pandemics and Traditional Plant-Based Remedies. A Historical-Botanical Review in the Era of COVID19 date: 2020-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329881-9vnz5zzg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329881-9vnz5zzg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329881-9vnz5zzg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329244-z28twpb1 author: McAloose, Denise title: Wildlife cancer: a conservation perspective date: 2009 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329244-z28twpb1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329244-z28twpb1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329244-z28twpb1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331853-qun1kyvw author: Pourbohloul, Babak title: Modeling Control Strategies of Respiratory Pathogens date: 2005-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331853-qun1kyvw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331853-qun1kyvw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331853-qun1kyvw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336822-cw37jrt2 author: Dennison Himmelfarb, Cheryl R. title: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Implications for Cardiovascular and Socially At-risk Populations date: 2020-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336822-cw37jrt2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336822-cw37jrt2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336822-cw37jrt2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322728-10m3xscs author: Severance, Emily G. title: Chapter 29 Role of Immune and Autoimmune Dysfunction in Schizophrenia date: 2016-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322728-10m3xscs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322728-10m3xscs.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-322728-10m3xscs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023216-avn8f2w3 author: nan title: Symposium summaries date: 2004-10-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332658-548402bb author: Brownstein, John S title: Surveillance Sans Frontières: Internet-Based Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence and the HealthMap Project date: 2008-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332658-548402bb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332658-548402bb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332658-548402bb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-293151-g3758oes author: Nemzek, Jean A. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2015-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt cache: ./cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-293151-g3758oes.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307899-427a7i3h author: BITTLE, JAMES L. title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330148-yltc6wpv author: Lessler, Justin title: Trends in the Mechanistic and Dynamic Modeling of Infectious Diseases date: 2016-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330148-yltc6wpv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330148-yltc6wpv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-330148-yltc6wpv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu author: Foreman, Stephen title: Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration date: 2011-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336464-eslgz1ka author: Chomel, Bruno B. title: Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date: 2007-01-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330701-k68b0wqe author: Gerc, Vjekoslav title: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in COVID-19 Pandemic Era date: 2020-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330701-k68b0wqe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330701-k68b0wqe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-330701-k68b0wqe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325433-a2fynm75 author: Riggs, Shannon M. title: CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS date: 2009-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330716-hbhtbgzd author: Hui, Zhang title: An analysis of the current status of hospital emergency preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks in Beijing, China date: 2007-02-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330716-hbhtbgzd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330716-hbhtbgzd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-330716-hbhtbgzd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336115-7ykvl3u6 author: Binns, Colin title: The COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health and Epidemiology date: 2020-05-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336115-7ykvl3u6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336115-7ykvl3u6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336115-7ykvl3u6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author: Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332093-iluqwwxs author: Lessler, Justin title: Mechanistic Models of Infectious Disease and Their Impact on Public Health date: 2016-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332093-iluqwwxs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332093-iluqwwxs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-332093-iluqwwxs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304343-m7tbdfri author: Khandia, Rekha title: A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy date: 2019-07-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304343-m7tbdfri.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304343-m7tbdfri.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-304343-m7tbdfri.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335839-wgdqu1s1 author: Singh, Meharban title: Pediatrics in 21(st) Century and Beyond date: 2016-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335839-wgdqu1s1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335839-wgdqu1s1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-335839-wgdqu1s1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333405-ji58jbct author: Morens, David M. title: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date: 2004-07-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325112-7ie23c7f author: Heimer, Carol A. title: The uses of disorder in negotiated information orders: information leveraging and changing norms in global public health governance date: 2018-10-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325112-7ie23c7f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325112-7ie23c7f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325112-7ie23c7f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331255-t85yioyl author: Rohr, Jason R. title: Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date: 2019-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026025-xqj877en author: PETRAS, ROBERT E. title: Large Intestine (Colon) date: 2009-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026025-xqj877en.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026025-xqj877en.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-026025-xqj877en.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338145-al2m9lou author: Wolka, Eskinder title: Awareness Towards Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) and Its Prevention Methods in Selected Sites in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Quick, Exploratory, Operational Assessment date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338145-al2m9lou.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338145-al2m9lou.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-338145-al2m9lou.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325906-2k2g5khw author: Tresker, Steven title: A typology of clinical conditions date: 2020-05-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325906-2k2g5khw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325906-2k2g5khw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-325906-2k2g5khw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302435-6nrfipz8 author: Jay, Taylor R. title: TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases date: 2017-08-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302435-6nrfipz8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302435-6nrfipz8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-302435-6nrfipz8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335373-17tcikxl author: Paul, Elisabeth title: COVID-19: time for paradigm shift in the nexus between local, national and global health date: 2020-04-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335373-17tcikxl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335373-17tcikxl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-335373-17tcikxl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy author: López, Alfonso title: Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date: 2017-02-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328287-3qgzulgj author: Moni, Mohammad Ali title: Network-based analysis of comorbidities risk during an infection: SARS and HIV case studies date: 2014-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346339-y7z1sa8y author: Baumgärtner, Wolfgang title: Re-emergence of neuroinfectiology date: 2016-01-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346339-y7z1sa8y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346339-y7z1sa8y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346339-y7z1sa8y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331268-kzy33hdb author: Lynch, Sharon G. title: Multiple sclerosis date: 1996-01-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331268-kzy33hdb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331268-kzy33hdb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-331268-kzy33hdb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339341-c2o42b5j author: Matibag, Gino C. title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date: 2005-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332610-t99l3zii author: Mayer, J.D. title: Emerging Diseases: Overview date: 2008-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339475-okw6la2b author: nan title: Chapter 11 Health effects date: 2005-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339475-okw6la2b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339475-okw6la2b.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-339475-okw6la2b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339763-2wt5z9r1 author: Porcelli, Brunetta title: Celiac and non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a review on the association with schizophrenia and mood disorders date: 2014-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339763-2wt5z9r1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339763-2wt5z9r1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-339763-2wt5z9r1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319121-et957lfl author: Mifflin, Lauren title: Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) as a therapeutic target date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319121-et957lfl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319121-et957lfl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319121-et957lfl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336447-hpnkou41 author: Pitlik, Silvio Daniel title: COVID-19 Compared to Other Pandemic Diseases date: 2020-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336447-hpnkou41.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336447-hpnkou41.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336447-hpnkou41.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335960-biwnqa3f author: Luke, Anthony title: Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date: 2007-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334446-yf8vynqe author: Agrawal, Gaurav title: Putting Crohn’s on the MAP: Five Common Questions on the Contribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis to the Pathophysiology of Crohn’s Disease date: 2020-10-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334446-yf8vynqe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334446-yf8vynqe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-334446-yf8vynqe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337315-qv8ycdhe author: Miller, Maureen title: Integrated biological–behavioural surveillance in pandemic-threat warning systems date: 2017-01-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032181-gmcugd8h author: Song, Jian-Xin title: Main Complications of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure) date: 2019-05-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341445-0e759ijp author: Zhang, Ke title: Threat of infectious disease during an outbreak: Influence on tourists' emotional responses to disadvantaged price inequality() date: 2020-07-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341445-0e759ijp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341445-0e759ijp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-341445-0e759ijp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341879-vubszdp2 author: Li, Lucy M title: Genomic analysis of emerging pathogens: methods, application and future trends date: 2014-11-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341879-vubszdp2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341879-vubszdp2.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-341879-vubszdp2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340285-mq9x12nw author: Blagosklonny, Mikhail V. title: From causes of aging to death from COVID-19 date: 2020-06-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340285-mq9x12nw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340285-mq9x12nw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-340285-mq9x12nw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336045-8qcj5uiy author: Langlois, Isabelle title: Viral diseases of ferrets date: 2005-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-336142-jmetfa6x author: MacDougall, Heather title: Toronto’s Health Department in Action: Influenza in 1918 and SARS in 2003 date: 2006-10-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-336142-jmetfa6x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-336142-jmetfa6x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-336142-jmetfa6x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342588-berrojmq author: Burri, Christian title: Sleeping Sickness at the Crossroads date: 2020-04-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342588-berrojmq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342588-berrojmq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-342588-berrojmq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345370-44z28cm8 author: Zou, Kelly H. title: Harnessing real-world evidence to reduce the burden of noncommunicable disease: health information technology and innovation to generate insights date: 2020-11-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345370-44z28cm8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345370-44z28cm8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-345370-44z28cm8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338484-a8jmc8lq author: Wu, Tong title: Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review date: 2016-08-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338484-a8jmc8lq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338484-a8jmc8lq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-338484-a8jmc8lq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332038-icyut3xa author: Pillaiyar, Thanigaimalai title: A medicinal chemistry perspective of drug repositioning: Recent advances and challenges in drug discovery date: 2020-04-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332038-icyut3xa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332038-icyut3xa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332038-icyut3xa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346496-crhv0gnt author: Sun, Ying title: Characteristics and prognostic factors of disease severity in patients with COVID-19: The Beijing experience date: 2020-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346496-crhv0gnt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346496-crhv0gnt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-346496-crhv0gnt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346276-1dcp05rd author: Bonfá, Eloisa title: How COVID-19 is changing rheumatology clinical practice date: 2020-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346276-1dcp05rd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346276-1dcp05rd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-346276-1dcp05rd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343365-4y9fedcr author: Chang, Christopher title: Unmet Needs in Respiratory Diseases: “You Can’t Know Where You Are Going Until You Know Where You Have Been”—Anonymous date: 2013-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344408-4ko557n1 author: Cunningham, Andrew A. title: One Health, emerging infectious diseases and wildlife: two decades of progress? date: 2017-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344408-4ko557n1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344408-4ko557n1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-344408-4ko557n1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348141-eskefcwk author: Herrington, CS title: Viruses and disease: emerging concepts for prevention, diagnosis and treatment date: 2014-12-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348141-eskefcwk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348141-eskefcwk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348141-eskefcwk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337659-x4oywbrj author: Wilson, Brenda A. title: Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world date: 2008-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342786-dl8vjwfn author: Sattar, Yasar title: COVID-19 Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Cellular Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations and Management date: 2020-07-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342786-dl8vjwfn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342786-dl8vjwfn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-342786-dl8vjwfn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342412-azkamnpa author: Ecker, David J title: The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents date: 2005-04-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346866-90w4zepx author: Bassareo, Pier Paolo title: Learning from the past in the COVID-19 era: rediscovery of quarantine, previous pandemics, origin of hospitals and national healthcare systems, and ethics in medicine date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346866-90w4zepx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346866-90w4zepx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-346866-90w4zepx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349066-546ozkly author: Walker, D.H. title: Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases date: 2014-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349066-546ozkly.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343205-zjw4fbfd author: Bhaskar, Sonu title: Telemedicine as the New Outpatient Clinic Gone Digital: Position Paper From the Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) International Consortium (Part 2) date: 2020-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343205-zjw4fbfd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343205-zjw4fbfd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-343205-zjw4fbfd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350235-yoy3hj3j author: Sansonetti, Philippe J title: COVID‐19, chronicle of an expected pandemic date: 2020-05-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350235-yoy3hj3j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350235-yoy3hj3j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-350235-yoy3hj3j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345086-vq4ei1do author: Johnston, Marjorie C. title: Physical Disease and Resilient Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Resilience Definitions and Study Methods date: 2015-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345086-vq4ei1do.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345086-vq4ei1do.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345086-vq4ei1do.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337487-1lbopaso author: Hansildaar, Romy title: Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and gout date: 2020-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348423-zq86ms8w author: Louvardi, Maya title: Mental health in chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece date: 2020-06-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348423-zq86ms8w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348423-zq86ms8w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348423-zq86ms8w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352049-68op3d8t author: Wang, Xingyuan title: Model of epidemic control based on quarantine and message delivery date: 2016-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352049-68op3d8t.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352049-68op3d8t.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352049-68op3d8t.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-339188-apgdzgfz author: Lewis, Thomas J title: Reduction in Chronic Disease Risk and Burden in a 70-Individual Cohort Through Modification of Health Behaviors date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347884-zpzncgiv author: Galimberti, Andrea title: Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352798-rb2ggonx author: Chaber, Anne-Lise title: The Era of Human-Induced Diseases date: 2017-11-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345402-brhvfsgy author: Miller, Ryan S. title: Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date: 2013-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338582-o976nab9 author: Dahlhausen, Bob title: Future Veterinary Diagnostics date: 2010-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338582-o976nab9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338582-o976nab9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-338582-o976nab9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352781-aqh9zxgh author: El Homsi, Maria title: Review of Chest CT Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection date: 2020-06-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352781-aqh9zxgh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352781-aqh9zxgh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-352781-aqh9zxgh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author: Kahn, R. E. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326017-qw4qynqv author: Laskar, Partha title: “Tomorrow Never Dies”: Recent Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Modalities against Coronavirus (COVID-19) amid Controversies date: 2020-08-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326017-qw4qynqv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326017-qw4qynqv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326017-qw4qynqv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348567-rvwxysvc author: Panfili, F. M. title: Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population date: 2020-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348567-rvwxysvc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348567-rvwxysvc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-348567-rvwxysvc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347449-mey7e8gd author: Albers, Heidi J. title: Disease Risk from Human–Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy date: 2020-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345381-9cckppk2 author: Klimek, Ludger title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date: 2020-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352532-xqphom6x author: Papanikolaou, Ilias C title: 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355001-audh5qa7 author: Novick, Tessa K. title: COVID-19 and Kidney Disease Disparities in the United States date: 2020-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355001-audh5qa7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355001-audh5qa7.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-355001-audh5qa7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347289-3yi5tz04 author: Poon, L. . C. title: ISUOG Interim Guidance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals – an update date: 2020-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347289-3yi5tz04.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347289-3yi5tz04.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-347289-3yi5tz04.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343347-guciupc8 author: Hajj Hussein, Inaya title: Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health date: 2015-11-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343347-guciupc8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343347-guciupc8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343347-guciupc8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345843-yz0buegp author: Gushulak, BD title: Migrants and emerging public health issues in a globalized world: threats, risks and challenges, an evidence-based framework date: 2010-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345843-yz0buegp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345843-yz0buegp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345843-yz0buegp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321984-qjfkvu6n author: Tang, Lu title: A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models date: 2020-08-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347885-fbl7jjb3 author: Cassini, Alessandro title: Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013 date: 2018-04-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347885-fbl7jjb3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347885-fbl7jjb3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-347885-fbl7jjb3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354656-9ao33rq8 author: Cossart, Yvonne E title: The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014 date: 2014-07-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-332298-ig1j5z07 author: Couetil, Laurent title: Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions date: 2020-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt cache: ./cache/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343421-k1dqe4lk author: Hoelzer, Karin title: Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 2: new approaches and potential solutions date: 2018-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343421-k1dqe4lk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343421-k1dqe4lk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-343421-k1dqe4lk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346964-9afuen7k author: Ensari, A. title: The Malabsorption Syndrome and Its Causes and Consequences date: 2014-08-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346964-9afuen7k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346964-9afuen7k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-346964-9afuen7k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350565-mejd7blb author: Lewnard, Joseph A title: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2019-03-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354608-1me3nopu author: Rabinowicz, Shira title: COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date: 2020-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 author: Sabroe, Ian title: Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research date: 2007 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-347872-naz24vct author: Rostal, Melinda K. title: Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages date: 2012-11-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt cache: ./cache/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-347872-naz24vct.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350443-ca5avyjf author: Zhang, Lei title: Trends in Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China: Implications for Surveillance and Population Health Policy date: 2012-02-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350443-ca5avyjf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350443-ca5avyjf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350443-ca5avyjf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352962-burm9nxm author: Eckmanns, Tim title: Digital epidemiology and global health security; an interdisciplinary conversation date: 2019-03-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352962-burm9nxm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352962-burm9nxm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-352962-burm9nxm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350408-rqlkwoya author: Rajewsky, Nikolaus title: LifeTime and improving European healthcare through cell-based interceptive medicine date: 2020-09-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350408-rqlkwoya.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350408-rqlkwoya.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350408-rqlkwoya.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349451-vak2p7ac author: Rocha, Francisco Airton Castro title: Microbes, Helminths and Rheumatic Diseases date: 2020-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349451-vak2p7ac.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349451-vak2p7ac.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-349451-vak2p7ac.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344486-iu5flbcl author: Chiotos, Kathleen title: Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2 author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: Expanding the Concept of Public Health date: 2014-10-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353609-no3mbg5d author: Vandegrift, Kurt J. title: An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses date: 2011-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354953-q1imoe7k author: Zhong, ShaoBo title: Simulation of the spread of infectious diseases in a geographical environment date: 2009-02-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354953-q1imoe7k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354953-q1imoe7k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354953-q1imoe7k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355635-fan0sf48 author: Thacker, Stephen B. title: Epidemic Assistance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Role of the Epidemic Intelligence Service, 1946–2005 date: 2011-12-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355635-fan0sf48.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355635-fan0sf48.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-355635-fan0sf48.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346389-gbmnoo84 author: Callender, Lauren A. title: The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19 date: 2020-08-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346389-gbmnoo84.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346389-gbmnoo84.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-346389-gbmnoo84.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-352546-w3catjj3 author: Degeling, Chris title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political, ethical and legal dimensions date: 2015-12-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-352546-w3catjj3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-352546-w3catjj3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-352546-w3catjj3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354677-duxm9u8v author: Sweileh, Waleed M. title: Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on climate change and human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases date: 2020-05-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354677-duxm9u8v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354677-duxm9u8v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-354677-duxm9u8v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355267-ndzgxk0k author: Kassa, Semu M. title: Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19: from mathematical modelling perspective date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355267-ndzgxk0k.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355267-ndzgxk0k.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-355267-ndzgxk0k.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 author: nan title: Oral Communications and Posters date: 2014-09-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326785-le2t1l8g author: nan title: Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 163rd meeting, 3–5 July 1991 date: 2005-06-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326785-le2t1l8g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326785-le2t1l8g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326785-le2t1l8g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355024-v5lahyw4 author: van Seventer, Jean Maguire title: Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control date: 2016-10-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353633-a4pu6rlu author: Perakakis, Nikolaos title: The role of omics in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease date: 2020-07-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353633-a4pu6rlu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353633-a4pu6rlu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-353633-a4pu6rlu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015348-qt0worsl author: nan title: Abstract date: 2010-07-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015348-qt0worsl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015348-qt0worsl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-015348-qt0worsl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354651-bxm9yxjm author: Zeng, Yawen title: Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date: 2020-03-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325300-wawui0fd author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: 4 Communicable Diseases date: 2000-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-335382-fk4um9nw author: Farver, Carol F. title: Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease date: 2012-08-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs author: nan title: Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity date: 2011-12-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015352-2d02eq3y author: nan title: ESPR 2017 date: 2017-04-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021555-rrverrsj author: Delano, Margaret L. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005147-mvoq9vln author: nan title: Autorenregister date: 2017-02-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004675-n8mlxe7p author: nan title: 2019 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2019-02-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267671-ys43n672 author: Whary, Mark T. title: Biology and Diseases of Mice date: 2015-07-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-267671-ys43n672.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000843-e1bn79ui author: nan title: ECR 2011 Book of Abstracts - A - Postgraduate Educational Programme date: 2011-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000843-e1bn79ui.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000843-e1bn79ui.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-000843-e1bn79ui.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006466-e1phpqes author: nan title: 2018 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2018-04-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 8 resourceName b'cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315598-qwh72inx author: Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini title: ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19 date: 2020-10-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024651-578c9ut5 author: nan title: 2020 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022754-ehq9qnoo author: nan title: Liver date: 2012-07-25 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022754-ehq9qnoo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022754-ehq9qnoo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-022754-ehq9qnoo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001221-due9tloa author: nan title: ECR 2014, Part A date: 2014-02-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001221-due9tloa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001221-due9tloa.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-001221-due9tloa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022526-j9kg00qf author: Jones, Samuel L. title: Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System date: 2009-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022526-j9kg00qf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022526-j9kg00qf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-022526-j9kg00qf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023095-4dannjjm author: nan title: Research Abstract Program of the 2011 ACVIM Forum Denver, Colorado, June 15–18, 2011 date: 2011-05-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023095-4dannjjm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023095-4dannjjm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-023095-4dannjjm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j author: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 13 resourceName b'cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015324-y44sfr0c author: nan title: Scientific Programme date: 2007-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 16 resourceName b'cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005453-4057qib7 author: nan title: The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session date: 2019-07-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 28 resourceName b'cord-005453-4057qib7.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-disease-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000091-1qo1krxv author = Wilcox, Bruce A. title = Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens date = 2005-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6383 sentences = 288 flesch = 30 summary = Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk. This development in particular, along with observations from several decades of applications of systems ecology to natural resources and economic development (8, (21) (22) (23) , have resulted in important insights of significant potential in understanding zoonotic disease emergence as a cross-scale process. The above body of ecological theory and observations involving specific emerging infectious disease cases suggests a causal schema that links ecological phenomena on the scale of pathogen transmission and evolution to regional and global transformations. As explained by the infectious disease ecology described here, zoonotic disease emergence involves biological processes operating on the scale of molecules and cells to that of coupled, regional scale human-natural systems. cache = ./cache/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003216-5qioku84 author = Rehman, Zaib Ur. title = Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special focus on waterfowl date = 2018-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5614 sentences = 277 flesch = 41 summary = Besides the strong innate immune responses, waterfowl are generally considered long-term carrier of APMV-1 and disease outbreaks have been reported since 1997 [12] [13] [14] , and were confirmed by follow up experimental studies. Host innate immune responses of ducks infected with Newcastle disease viruses of different pathogenicities Pathotypical and genotypical characterization of strains of Newcastle disease virus isolated from outbreaks in chicken and goose flocks in some regions of China during Histopathological alterations in immune organs of chickens and ducks after experimental infection with virulent 9a5b newcastle disease virus Experimental co-infections of domestic ducks with a virulent Newcastle disease virus and low or highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses Phylogenetic diversity among low-virulence newcastle disease viruses from waterfowl and shorebirds and comparison of genotype distributions to those of poultry-origin isolates Genomic characterizations of a Newcastle disease virus isolated from ducks in live bird markets in China cache = ./cache/cord-003216-5qioku84.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003216-5qioku84.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006104-f9000hjy author = Morgan, B. Paul title = Complement, a target for therapy in inflammatory and degenerative diseases date = 2015-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16338 sentences = 695 flesch = 37 summary = Complement provides numerous options for drug development as it is a proteolytic cascade that involves nine specific proteases, unique multimolecular activation and lytic complexes, an arsenal of natural inhibitors, and numerous receptors that bind to activation fragments. The wealth of structural information now available in the field, including snapshots of convertase enzymes and MAC precursor complexes captured in active conformations, unmasks the precise nature of these protein-protein interactions and identifies sites that are key to the interaction that can be targeted with small molecules or biologicals using structure-based drug design 43, 44 . In vitro studies more than 35 years ago showed that modest (around 10% above baseline) increases in the concentrations of the complement regulators FH and FI markedly reduced plasma alternative-pathway activity, provoking the suggestion that augmentation of these proteins might be of therapeutic benefit 74 ; however, large (and probably frequent) doses will be required to substantially alter the levels of these abundant proteins. Design and development of TT30, a novel C3d targeted C3/C5 convertase inhibitor for treatment of human complement alternative pathway-mediated diseases cache = ./cache/cord-006104-f9000hjy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006104-f9000hjy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002095-47dbqu2r author = Al-Helou, Georges title = When the Illness Goes Off Script—An Exercise in Clinical Reasoning date = 2016-03-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2844 sentences = 184 flesch = 44 summary = The clinician triggers the illness scripts of familiar diseases such as viral or bacterial respiratory infections and tick-borne infections to compare to his problem representation. While disseminated endemic fungal infections can cause fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and pulmonary disease, an acute presentation with widespread skin lesions would be more likely in an immunocompromised patient. The problem representation is now fever, hypotension (resolved), diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, widespread lymphadenopathy, disseminated rash (resolved), leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, DIC, severe AKI, and mild hepatitis with no evident infection. It is the mismatch between common illness scripts (pleural) 5 and a patient's presentation that prompts diagnosticians to consider rare diseases. Rare diseases such as HLH were considered only after the discussant found irreconcilable mismatches with the illness scripts of more common conditions. When clinicians know the illness scripts of common diseases well enough to recognize telltale deviations from the norm, they can trigger the consideration of rare conditions and request help from colleagues and other resources that will ultimately lead to a diagnosis. cache = ./cache/cord-002095-47dbqu2r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002095-47dbqu2r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003063-mowj6wyl author = Zhou, Xuezhong title = A Systems Approach to Refine Disease Taxonomy by Integrating Phenotypic and Molecular Networks date = 2018-04-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9360 sentences = 432 flesch = 45 summary = After that, we clustered the 223 disease sub-categories additionally by a widely used non-overlapping community detection algorithm (considering the link weight and setting the resolution parameter as 0.5) into 17 top-level categories (which corresponds to the number of original chapter-level categories in ICD, which we named as New Chapters, NCs) using the shared ICD codes (Fig. S11c & Data S10). To extend and redefine disease concepts by discovering additional categories of a disease, we generated a novel disease taxonomy by constructing an integrated disease network (IDN) with: (a) Shared clinical phenotypes including shared symptoms; (b) Shared molecular profiles including (i) shared genes and molecular module similarity and (ii) shortest path lengths in the PPI network, based on a systematic integration process to filter out possible false positive associations (see Methods, SM Section 6, Fig. S9 and Fig. S11a) , which includes 1857 diseases and 35,114 links (Data S9). cache = ./cache/cord-003063-mowj6wyl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003063-mowj6wyl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004958-yvh2fzxt author = Nabarro, David title = The Links Between Public and Ecosystem Health in Light of the Recent Ebola Outbreaks and Pandemic Emergence date = 2016-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1797 sentences = 92 flesch = 45 summary = These drive the emergence of new diseases, while increasing international travel and trade including the transport of live animals, food items, plants; coupled with our own fragile health systems facilitate their spread and increase their impact. Hence the emergence of the One Health approach, which refers to the collaborative multidisciplinary, cross-sectoral work by public and animal health agencies, and the environmental sector to reduce the risk of disease emergence across their interfaces. Efforts to reduce occupational exposure could be targeted in hotspots of emerging infectious diseases at high-risk animal-human interfaces though standard sanitation and biosafety precautions. Responding to outbreaks and pandemics costs lives and livelihoods, and preventative approaches are urgently needed that are built on resilient systems at the human, animal and ecologies interfaces. Collaborative multidisciplinary, cross-sectoral work is needed by environmental, public health and animal health agencies to reduce the risk of diseases at their interfaces. cache = ./cache/cord-004958-yvh2fzxt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004958-yvh2fzxt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007713-611sp7uo author = Hughes, J. M. title = Emerging infectious diseases: the public’s view of the problem and what should be expected from the public health community date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2683 sentences = 135 flesch = 43 summary = In 2003 alone, a newly recognized coronavirus spread across five continents sickening more than 8,000 people and causing 774 deaths from a new disease designated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [4] , the exotic animal trade resulted in the first cases of human monkeypox in the Western hemisphere [5] , and highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus killed humans and devastated the poultry industry in parts of Asia [6] -further heightening fears of pandemic influenza. Improving preparedness and response: lessons learned from recent outbreaks -Strengthening existing and developing new national and international partnerships -Training and educating a multidisciplinary workforce -Ensuring "full use" of investments -Encouraging transparency and political will -Fostering a global commitment to address inequities -Developing and implementing preparedness plans and research agendas -Proactively communicating with health professionals, the media, and the public While the first line of defense in controlling an outbreak remains strong national surveillance systems that can readily detect outbreaks, the SARS experience highlighted the importance of global disease detection efforts [13] . cache = ./cache/cord-007713-611sp7uo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007713-611sp7uo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003062-qm8kalyt author = Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi title = The association between temperature, rainfall and humidity with common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in Bangladesh date = 2018-06-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4997 sentences = 274 flesch = 50 summary = This observational study examined the association of temperature, humidity and rainfall with six common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in adults (malaria, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, encephalitis, pneumonia and bacterial meningitis) in northeastern Bangladesh. Unfortunately, very few studies on the relationship between various environmental variables and trends of infectious disease incidence have been performed so far in Bangladesh, although there are reports of some infections increasing sporadically in different regions of the country [17] [18] [19] . This study examined six infectious diseases based on clinical syndromes and laboratory support (malaria, enteric fever, encephalitis, diarrheal disease, pneumonia and meningitis) to offer a broader scope on the trend of these infectious diseases and their possible relation to climate change in Bangladesh. W.H.O reported dengue, viral encephalitis, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, pneumonia and meningitis as most sensitive to climate factors, and predicted a huge rise of cases in tropical countries [25] . cache = ./cache/cord-003062-qm8kalyt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003062-qm8kalyt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009380-5uptbat3 author = Evermann, James F. title = Diagnostic Medicine: The Challenge of Differentiating Infection from Disease and Making Sense for the Veterinary Clinician date = 2007-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2922 sentences = 173 flesch = 44 summary = Diagnostic medicine has taken on a new, broader meaning in the 1990s and reflects an expansion of clinical investigation from the diagnosis of disease to include detection of infection (Evermann, 1998) . Disease diagnosis has customarily used diagnostic assays for early recognition of disease and rapid implementation of therapy in an individual animal basis, and when appropriate use of corrective management (segregation, culling, vaccination, etc.) on a population basis. With a combination of more sensitive diagnostic assays, the veterinarian's concern to know the state of the preclinical infection, economic incentives to minimize disease by effectively controlling the infection, and concern over potential zoonotic diseases, laboratory diagnosis has taken on a different strategy. However, with early testing the problems of detecting cross-reacting viruses (feline enteric coronaviruses) increases, as does the question of whether the preclinical result accurately identifies an animal that is just infected or will progress onto disease (Evermann et al., 1995; Foley et al., 1997) . cache = ./cache/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006824-btcdjmfp author = nan title = Key Note and State of the Art Lectures date = 2002-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7577 sentences = 377 flesch = 34 summary = In a prospective phase II trial, we treated 37 patients with high dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation for follicular lymphoma in first complete or partial remission [6] . A comparison with similar autologous HCT recipients with NHL who had not been treated with the monoclonal antibody after transplantation indicates that Figure 1 : Overall survival, event-free survival and relapse following autologous bone marrow transplantation in 37 patients with follicular lymphoma during their first complete or first partial chemotherapy-induced remissions this new post-transplant therapy has contributed positively to the treatment outcome. In 1986, a first group of 17 patients (14 with NHL and three with Hodgkin's disease) was described indicating that extended disease-free long-term survival can be attained with high dose therapy followed by allogeneic transplantation utilizing hematopoietic cells obtained either from fully or closely matched related donors [9] . cache = ./cache/cord-006824-btcdjmfp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006824-btcdjmfp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001654-o2zfilcl author = Laidler, Matthew R. title = Statin Treatment and Mortality: Propensity Score-Matched Analyses of 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations date = 2015-03-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4004 sentences = 179 flesch = 38 summary = The use of immunomodulatory agents such as statins to target host inflammatory responses in influenza virus infection has been suggested as an adjunct treatment, especially during pandemics, when antiviral quantities are limited or vaccine production can be delayed. We used population-based, influenza hospitalization surveillance data, propensity score-matched analysis, and Cox regression to determine whether there was an association between mortality (within 30 days of a positive influenza test) and statin treatment among hospitalized cohorts from 2 influenza seasons (October 1, 2007 to April 30, 2008 and September 1, 2009 to April 31, 2010). A study by Vandermeer et al [23] , using data from a populationbased influenza surveillance system, found a protective effect of statin use on mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2007-2008 influenza season. We used Cox proportional hazards models with robust standard errors, stratified on matched pairs, to determine the effect of statin treatment on mortality within 30 days of a positive influenza test. cache = ./cache/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003372-cpl7zf7f author = Provoost, Judith title = A retrospective study of factors associated with treatment decision for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in adults without altered systemic immunity date = 2018-12-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3386 sentences = 173 flesch = 38 summary = METHODS: This retrospective, single center study (2013–2016, 45 months) addressed the criteria supporting treatment decision among adults with NTM lung disease without systemic immunodeficiency at our institution, with the assigned goal to harmonize the practice. Patients' characteristics at diagnosis were collected in order to perform analysis on 146 selected variables: demographics; history of predisposing factors; underlying pulmonary diseases; comorbidities; pulmonary function testing; respiratory bacterial or mycological co-infection(s), which definition was similar to NTM criteria, namely positive culture isolation of the same species from at least two separate expectorated sputum samples or a positive culture result from at least one bronchial wash or lavage; immunologic status; nutritional status; clinical features; microbiologic assessment through identification of NTM species on positive NTM cultures and sample culture conversions; radiologic features on high-resolution CT-scans (fibrocavitary disease or nodular/bronchiectasis disease); prior treatment for NTM lung disease, treatment combination and duration; outcome. cache = ./cache/cord-003372-cpl7zf7f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003372-cpl7zf7f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007749-lt9is0is author = Preston, Nicholas D. title = The Human Environment Interface: Applying Ecosystem Concepts to Health date = 2013-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5760 sentences = 302 flesch = 36 summary = Despite the fact that most EIDs originate in wildlife, few studies account for the population, community, or ecosystem ecology of the host, reservoir, or vector. The dimensions of ecological approaches to public health that we propose in this chapter are, in essence, networks of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem matrices incorporating concepts of complexity, resilience, and biogeochemical processes. Over the past few decades, ecologists have analyzed data from field observations, laboratory studies, and large-scale field experiments to describe the structure and dynamics of populations, their interactions within communities, and the complexity of ecosystems. Availability of resources, notably nutrients, is related to population dynamics, e.g., the life cycle of organisms, and community structure, such as food webs. In conclusion, the dimensions of ecological approaches to public health that we propose in this chapter are, in essence, networks of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem matrices incorporating concepts of complexity, resilience, and biogeochemical processes. cache = ./cache/cord-007749-lt9is0is.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007749-lt9is0is.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002094-7tewne3a author = Tago, Damian title = The Impact of Farmers’ Strategic Behavior on the Spread of Animal Infectious Diseases date = 2016-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6293 sentences = 303 flesch = 53 summary = Incorporating the strategic behavior of farmers in an epidemiologic model reveals that the MRP can trigger premature animal sales by farms at high risk of becoming infected that significantly reduce the efficacy of the policy. The idea behind control strategies such as the MRP and vaccination [7] is that removing infected nodes or immunizing susceptible ones are efficient mechanisms to fight the spread of a disease. If an infectious disease is detected at t = 1, a farmer sufficiently close to the infected zone will face the risk that the restricted zone (RZ) will expand to include his location by the next period (with probability q). In the case of non-vector-borne diseases, i.e. when the transmission channel is restricted to the trade network, the MRP is an effective control strategy. The MRP becomes significantly less efficient when infected nodes that have not been detected spread the disease through both trade and geographic networks. cache = ./cache/cord-002094-7tewne3a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002094-7tewne3a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006862-5va1yyit author = nan title = ITS ASM 2012 date = 2012-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 25959 sentences = 1689 flesch = 52 summary = 10 .45 % (n = 202) of attendances were for non-respiratory diseases as the clinic also provides follow-up for general medical patients post hospital admission. Higher levels of exercise participation were seen in the younger age groups (p = 0.585 Introduction: Respiratory diseases, largely represented by COPD, are the third most common cause of acute hospital admission.Our aim was to audit the prescribing habits of inhaled, nebulised medication and oxygen by doctors in a general hospital. Our study was designed to determine the baseline and post-treatment values of total lymphocyte count and its subsets in HIV-negative patients diagnosed with active pulmonary MTB. The results of this study indicate that AAT can inhibit LTB 4 signaling thereby reducing the proteolytic activity of neutrophils and propose AAT aerosolized augmentation therapy as an effective treatment for LTB 4 associated pulmonary diseases including cystic fibrosis and severe asthma. cache = ./cache/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004925-fj068j67 author = Morin, B. R. title = Economic Incentives in the Socially Optimal Management of Infectious Disease: When [Formula: see text] is Not Enough date = 2017-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9300 sentences = 471 flesch = 52 summary = Since private disease risk mitigation efforts reflect the costs of illness and illness avoidance, interventions that change those costs are also among the options available to public health authorities . Of the many intervention options open to public health authorities-quarantine, social distancing measures such as school closures, vaccination campaigns and so on-we focus on instruments that change risk mitigation by changing the private cost of illness. For R 0 (b) [ [0.95, 1.91] , the optimal public health authority intervention involves an increase in the private cost of illness-a 'tax' on illness that will stimulate higher levels of private disease risk mitigation. For diseases where infectiousness is either very low (R 0 (b) < 0.941) or very high (i.e., R 0 (b) > 1.91), the optimal public health authority intervention involves a reduction in the cost of illness-a 'subsidy' on illness that lowers private diseaserisk mitigation effort (Fig. 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002757-upwe0cpj author = Sullivan, Kathleen E. title = Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date = 2017-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24212 sentences = 1364 flesch = 40 summary = The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. In developing countries where polio is still endemic and oral polio vaccine is essential for eradicating the disease, it is of utmost importance that all PIDD patients and family members should not receive live oral polio (OPV) because of the reported prolonged excretion of the virus for months and even years [24] . As for host factors, although severe and fatal cases have been described in healthy immunocompetent hosts [129, 130] , there is evidence to suggest that children under the age of 10 [130] and immunocompromised hosts either secondary to hematologic malignancies, immunosuppressant treatment for organ transplantation, or HIV infection are at a greater risk to develop more severe disease with higher case fatality rates [131, 132] . cache = ./cache/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000254-bufbjdmw author = Clement, Annick title = Interstitial lung diseases in children date = 2010-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15049 sentences = 819 flesch = 35 summary = Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children represents a heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality (around 15%) [1, 2] . These disorders, more prevalent in young children, include diffuse developmental disorders, lung growth abnormalities, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, surfactant dysfunction disorders, disorders related to systemic diseases, disorders of immunocompromised host, and disorders of normal host caused by various insults such as aspiration syndrome or infections [8] . Several studies in the adult literature have reported an increased incidence of EBV and CMV infection in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, associated with virus DNA-positive lung tissue biopsies in several cases [147] . cache = ./cache/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006653-fy0yg0xh author = Popper, Helmut H. title = Interstitial lung diseases—can pathologists arrive at an etiology-based diagnosis? A critical update date = 2012-12-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13637 sentences = 807 flesch = 40 summary = Usual interstitial pneumonia/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis UIP/IPF is a chronic progressive fibrosing disease of the lung, which leads to death of the patient usually within 5-10 years after the diagnosis is made. It affects predominantly patients in their fourth to fifth decade of life; however, lesions may occur much earlier and remain undetected until Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) they will cause impaired lung function by their increasing number-UIP/IPF is seen more often in younger-aged patients, probably due to increased awareness. This is meant by the term "timely heterogeneity." In the author's experience, a diagnosis of UIP/IPF can be established in some cases even without clinical information when the following features are given: fibroblastic foci, timely heterogeneity (involved and uninvolved peripheral lobules), cystic and fibrotic destruction resulting in honeycombing, and most importantly, the absence of inflammatory infiltrates in areas of fibroblastic foci, absence of granulomas, or features of other interstitial inflammation. cache = ./cache/cord-006653-fy0yg0xh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006653-fy0yg0xh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009322-7l7slziv author = Kraetsch, Hans-Georg title = Verlauf und prognostische Parameter bei Still-Syndrom des Erwachsenen: Eigene Erfahrungen und Literaturübersicht date = 1997 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2073 sentences = 269 flesch = 57 summary = □ PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients with adult onset of Still's disease (AOSD) were examined one to nine years after the established diagnosis. 1 971 beschfieb Bywaters 14 erwachsene Patienten mit Symptomen ~ihnlich denen einer juvenilen chronischen Polyarthritis, die frª als ,,Still's disease" bezeichnet wurde [3] . Rey Words: AOSD 9 Adult onset of Still's disease 9 Prognostic critefia 9 Course of disease 9 Outcome 9 Review of the literature 9 Case reports Med. Klin Betroffen sind vor allem der Stamm und die proximalen Extremiditen (Abbildung 2, Patient Nr. 8), gelegentlich aber auch das Gesicht [18] . Eine schwere hepatische Beteili~mg trat bei unserem sp~iter verstorbenen Patienten ira P,.ahmen eines hffmophagozytischen Syndroms auf[28], auch dies schon als seltene und lebensbedrohliche Komplikation des AOSD bekannt. Eine Verschmfflerung des Gelenkspaltes in Karpometakarpaloder Interkarpalgelenken mit sp~iterer kn6cherner Ankylosierung gilt als eine ftir das AOSD charakteristische radiologische Verffnderung [1] , die in dieser Forro bei unseren Patienten nicht zu beobachten war. cache = ./cache/cord-009322-7l7slziv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009322-7l7slziv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007437-mktbkn1u author = Harris, Mallory J. title = Early warning signals of malaria resurgence in Kericho, Kenya date = 2020-03-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3309 sentences = 154 flesch = 42 summary = Nine of the statistics increased as predicted and variance, the first difference of variance, autocovariance, lag-1 autocorrelation and decay time returned early warning signals of critical slowing down based on permutation tests. Here, we show the evidence of critical slowing down in a time series of monthly Plasmodium falciparum malaria case incidence leading up to a resurgence in Kericho, Kenya. Our conclusion is that the statistical signatures of critical slowing down may be detected in ordinary surveillance data prior to disease resurgence and therefore should be incorporated into monitoring programmes and decision support for proactive response. A related problem is that the models of the disease system approaching a critical transition used to identify potential early warning signals consider the total number of infectious individuals, whereas reported data (such as studied here) reflect the number of cases reported in a sampling interval (here, monthly hospital reports) [16, 26] . cache = ./cache/cord-007437-mktbkn1u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007437-mktbkn1u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001427-qw1e5cof author = Cantas, Leon title = Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date = 2014-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5812 sentences = 313 flesch = 41 summary = Bacterial zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans in many ways (4): (i) The transfer may occur through animal bites and scratches (5) ; (ii) zoonotic bacteria originating from food animals can reach people through direct fecal oral route, contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, and inadequate cooking (6) (7) (8) ; (iii) farmers and animal health workers (i.e., veterinarians) are at increased risk of exposure to certain zoonotic pathogens and they may catch zoonotic bacteria; they could also become carriers of the zoonotic bacteria that can be spread to other humans in the community (9) ; (iv) vectors, frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice can actively or passively transmit bacterial zoonotic diseases to humans. Almost 100 years ago, prior to application of hygiene rules and discovery of neither vaccines nor antibiotics, some bacterial zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of human deaths. cache = ./cache/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007726-bqlf72fe author = Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title = The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date = 2018-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7985 sentences = 308 flesch = 35 summary = The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease. cache = ./cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003856-05u4t67u author = Mao, Ying title = A descriptive analysis of the Spatio-temporal distribution of intestinal infectious diseases in China date = 2019-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5141 sentences = 294 flesch = 52 summary = In China, eight IIDs are listed as notifiable infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid (TAP), viral Hepatitis A, viral Hepatitis E, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious diarrhoeal diseases (OIDDs). Plots and maps were constructed to visualize the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs. RESULTS: Regarding temporal analysis, the incidence of HFMD and Hepatitis E showed a distinct increasing trend, while the incidence of TAP, dysentery, and Hepatitis A presented decreasing trends over the last decade. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our temporal and spatial analysis of IIDs, we identified the high-risk periods and clusters of regions for the diseases. Eight IIDs are listed in the law, including cholera, poliomyelitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid (TAP), viral Hepatitis A, viral Hepatitis E, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious intestinal diseases (OIIDs). Figure 1 shows the results of the decomposition analysis for all IIDs. Regarding the seasonal variation, the incidence rates of HFMD and dysentery were high in summer. cache = ./cache/cord-003856-05u4t67u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003856-05u4t67u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006780-l503f86l author = Leitch, A E title = Relevance of granulocyte apoptosis to resolution of inflammation at the respiratory mucosa date = 2008-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9371 sentences = 471 flesch = 32 summary = It is evident that granulocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation but other cell types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and lymphocytes are equally and potentially more influential in subsets of inflammatory respiratory disease. It is not surprising, given the constant exposure of the vast respiratory mucosa to threat, the fine balance of the immune response and the pivotal inflammatory role played by neutrophils, that neutrophil-dominant inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous inflammatory respiratory diseases including pneumonia, COPD, IPF, CF, and ARDS. Elastase, reactive oxygen species, and myeloperoxidase cause further lung damage, and the clearance of inflammatory cells is so poor that Abbreviations: ARDS/ALI, adult respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury; CF, cystic fi brosis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis. cache = ./cache/cord-006780-l503f86l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006780-l503f86l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011496-r8e19t0c author = de Rooij, Doret title = Development of a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response in the air transport public health sector date = 2020-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7596 sentences = 428 flesch = 41 summary = title: Development of a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response in the air transport public health sector Therefore, the main aim of this study is to develop a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response at airports in order to stimulate and direct further education and training. METHODS: We developed the competency profile through the following steps: 1) extraction of competencies from relevant literature, 2) assessment of the profile in a national RAND modified Delphi study with an interdisciplinary expert group (n = 9) and 3) assessment of the profile in an international RAND modified Delphi study with an airport infectious disease management panel of ten European countries (n = 10). We performed the systematic RAND modified Delphi consensus procedure [31] to develop a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response at airports. cache = ./cache/cord-011496-r8e19t0c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011496-r8e19t0c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007331-wccmeaep author = Orcutt, Connie J. title = Emergency and Critical Care of Ferrets date = 2017-04-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9943 sentences = 593 flesch = 45 summary = Differential diagnoses for the ferret in respiratory distress include pleural effusion (cardiac disease, neoplasia, infection, heartworm disease, hypoproteinemia, metabolic disease); pulmonary edema (cardiac disease, hypoproteinemia, metabolic disease, electrical cord bite); anterior mediastinal mass; pneumonia; pneumothorax; diaphragmatic hernia; tracheal obstruction; metabolic disease (acidosis); and profound weakness (circulatory collapse, hypoglycemia, anemia).21,36 Hyperthermia or pain may also manifest as dyspnea in ferrets. In contrast to the canine patient, diarrhea in the ferret is difficult to classify as being small intestinal or large intestinal in character.26 Differential diagnoses for diarrhea include GI foreign body or trichobezoar, dietary indiscretion, Helicobacter mustelae gastritis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis or other inflammatory bowel disease, neoplasia, metabolic disease (i.e., hepatopathy), clostridial overgrowth subsequent to prolonged antibiotic administration, influenza, rotavirus (usually in very young, unweaned ferrets), eDV (generally accompanied by respiratory signs and a crusting dermatitis), epizootic catarrhal enteritis ("green slime disease"), GI parasitism (i.e., coccidiosis, giardiasis), and proliferative bowel disease. cache = ./cache/cord-007331-wccmeaep.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007331-wccmeaep.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-012465-tta58o6t author = Vlietstra, Wytze J. title = Identifying disease trajectories with predicate information from a knowledge graph date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5639 sentences = 320 flesch = 49 summary = BACKGROUND: Knowledge graphs can represent the contents of biomedical literature and databases as subject-predicate-object triples, thereby enabling comprehensive analyses that identify e.g. relationships between diseases. Here, we determine whether a sequence of two diseases forms a trajectory by leveraging the predicate information from paths between (disease) proteins in a knowledge graph. To do so, we create four feature sets, based on two methods for representing indirect paths, and both with and without directional information of predicates (i.e., which protein is considered subject and which object). Based on the paths in the knowledge graph, four feature sets are created, based on two methods to represent indirect paths, and both with and without the directional information of predicates was measured with the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of a 10-fold cross-validation experiment [27, 28] . cache = ./cache/cord-012465-tta58o6t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-012465-tta58o6t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004957-erigjz4g author = Robertson, Colin title = Towards a geocomputational landscape epidemiology: surveillance, modelling, and interventions date = 2015-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7677 sentences = 349 flesch = 39 summary = While landscape epidemiology studies have shed light on many aspects of disease distribution and risk differentials across geographies, new computational methods combined with new data sources such as citizen sensors, global spatial datasets, sensor networks, and growing availability and variety of satellite imagery offer opportunities for a more integrated approach to understanding these relationships. In practice, this step of analysis might be used to develop spatial variables that are used in a study aimed at the 'characterize the assemblage' step, or may be the Fig. 1 Framework for geocomputational landscape epidemiology which moves from lower level complexity of a describing patterns, b describing processes that interact with those patterns, c examining how patterns and processes contribute to disease risk and healthpromoting factors, and d evaluating final information products (maps or other) and link these to research gaps and knowledge uses GeoJournal (2017) 82:397-414 403 objective of analysis. cache = ./cache/cord-004957-erigjz4g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004957-erigjz4g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009820-fi54s0x7 author = Andries, K. title = Pathogenicity of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis (Vomiting and Wasting Disease) Virus of Pigs, using Different Routes of Inoculation date = 2010-05-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3845 sentences = 289 flesch = 56 summary = SUMMARY: Forty‐eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus. The present studies were primarily designed to determine whether a virus isolate, obtained from pigs with the vomiting and wasting syndrome only, could produce clinical signs after inoculation by different routes. When sick, pigs were killed at time intervals varying from one to five days after the appearance of clinical signs and different tissues were collected for virus isolation. From the pigs killed at different time intervals after inoculation, the following tissues were collected for virus isolation : nasal mucosa, tonsils, lungs (apical and cardiac lobes), pyloric region of the stomach, pons and medulla combined, cerebrum, cerebellum and blood clot. Forty-eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus. cache = ./cache/cord-009820-fi54s0x7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009820-fi54s0x7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006819-sxz1s6kz author = Daniel Givens, M. title = Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality date = 2008-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7666 sentences = 538 flesch = 46 summary = The clinical presentations of disease due to reproductive pathogens are emphasized, with a focus on assisting development of complete lists of causes that result in abortion and infertility in these species. Fetal maceration results when abortion or parturition fails to occur following fetal death and CL regression (occasionally in bovine www.theriojournal.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Theriogenology 70 (2008) 270-285 Table 1 Infectious causes of infertility and abortion in domestic animals Infected animals can experience signs of infertility due to early embryonic death and abortion between 4 and 7 months of gestation. Transmission occurs via contact with materials contaminated by infected respiratory or vaginal discharges; the bacteria then spread hematogenously to the fetus. Affected animals might have no clinical signs of disease, but serve as a source of infection, or they can abort late in gestation and have stillbirths. cache = ./cache/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001309-gdc2e40t author = Muramoto, Osamu title = Retrospective diagnosis of a famous historical figure: ontological, epistemic, and ethical considerations date = 2014-05-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12477 sentences = 511 flesch = 39 summary = It discusses ontological and epistemic challenges raised in the humanities and social sciences, and attempts to systematically reply to their criticisms from the viewpoint of clinical medicine, philosophy of medicine, particularly the ontology of disease and the epistemology of diagnosis, and medical ethics. While the term "diagnosis" is used, the main endeavor of these medical historians and paleopathologists is the scientific identification of a historical disease, not so much of diagnosing a particular individual patient by analyzing a complex life-long history of illness. I will show that the critics' skepticism of retrospective diagnosis regarding the ontological persistence of disease entities and the epistemic non-verification through diagnostic testing originates in the erroneous conflation of the taxonomy Table 1 Different meanings and concepts of "retrospective diagnosis" of diseases (nosology) and the act of diagnosing. cache = ./cache/cord-001309-gdc2e40t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001309-gdc2e40t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-008764-j9qmw4zy author = nan title = Chapter 1 The need for chemotherapy and prophylaxis against viral diseases date = 2008-05-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6399 sentences = 273 flesch = 47 summary = We shall examine the methods developed for the prevention of measles, influenza, polio and rotaviruses later on (Chapters 8, 7, 4 and 9, respectively) but it may be mentioned here that live polio vaccines used so successfully in industrialized countries are much more difficult to apply successfully in third world countries where problems of vaccine administration, heat lability control and viral interference become very important. The greatest challenges and probably the most difficult and medically important areas for prophylaxis and therapy of viral diseases are those viruses which are rapidly changing in antigenic composition and/or viruses with animal reservoirs (influenza and arboviruses) and also those forming latent infections (herpesviruses). The greatest challenges and probably the most difficult and medically important areas for prophylaxis and therapy of viral diseases are those viruses which are rapidly changing in antigenic composition and/or viruses with animal reservoirs (influenza and arboviruses) and also those forming latent infections (herpesviruses). cache = ./cache/cord-008764-j9qmw4zy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-008764-j9qmw4zy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003686-1pfk4qve author = Kaneko, Naoe title = The role of interleukin-1 in general pathology date = 2019-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9464 sentences = 514 flesch = 38 summary = The majority of NOD-like receptors such as NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP6, and NLRP12 can interact with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1, and the resulting complex is a sensor of cell injury called "inflammasome", an interleukin (IL)-1β-processing platform that plays a crucial role in IL-1β maturation and secretion from cells. NLRP3 inflammasomes have also been reported to be involved in low-grade subclinical inflammation induced by chronic exposure to high levels of free fatty acids and glucose, leading to increased apoptosis and impaired insulin secretion of β-cells in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) patients [102] [103] [104] . Canakinumab and anakinra were also effective for patients with Schnitzler syndrome, an adult-onset autoinflammatory disease characterized by focal urticaria and systemic inflammation including fever with bone and muscle pain, in the first placebo-controlled study, and several clinical trials are currently ongoing [186] [187] [188] [189] . cache = ./cache/cord-003686-1pfk4qve.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003686-1pfk4qve.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009702-02bo7pnl author = SCOTT, G. R. title = Guidelines for the Control of Equine Viral Infections date = 2010-04-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3364 sentences = 253 flesch = 53 summary = At least twenty‐eight of the fifty‐eight viruses induce clinical disease but the range of syndromes is limited; eleven provoke respiratory symptoms and eleven cause encephalitis. There is possibly one Coronavirus infecting horses; Ditchfield (1969) isolated a virus from a Thoroughbred with undifferentiated respiratory disease and found that it possessed a morphology similar to that of infectious bronchitis virus of poultry, the type-virus of the Coronavirus group. Equine infectious anaemia virus probably belongs to the Oncornavirus group, i.e. the RNA tumour viruses. Eleven of the thirty-four known vector-transmitted viruses cause disease and vaccines have been developed against six of them (Table VII) . Seventeen of the twenty known viral contagions of horses cause disease and vaccines have been developed against five of them (Table VIII ). At least twenty-eight of the fifty-eight viruses induce clinical disease but the range of syndromes is limited; eleven provoke respiratory symptoms and eleven cause encephalitis. The vector-transmitted virus diseases are best controlled by prophylactic vaccination. cache = ./cache/cord-009702-02bo7pnl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009702-02bo7pnl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009765-v20r44lr author = Vasan, Aditya title = Medical Devices for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review and Directions for Development date = 2020-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5871 sentences = 317 flesch = 45 summary = Specifically, this review focuses on diseases prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia: melioidosis, infant and maternal mortality, schistosomiasis, and heavy metal and pesticide poisoning. Keywords used to identify diseases and technologies included, but were not limited to, the following terms: medical devices, low-cost design, global health, low-income countries, low-and middle-income countries, pointof-care diagnostics, neglected tropical diseases (NTD), neonatal mortality. The number of people worldwide affected by heavy metal poisoning is difficult to estimate due to the varying sources of poisoning but, given that incidents like the one in Flint that occurred in a developed country with safeguards in place to prevent lead poisoning, there is a need to estimate atmospheric and water-based heavy metal exposure risks across the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3  10 6 severe pesticide poisonings occur annually and that at least 300,000 people die as a result of exposure, with 99% of these cases being from LMICs [51] . cache = ./cache/cord-009765-v20r44lr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009765-v20r44lr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007708-hr4smx24 author = van Kampen, Antoine H. C. title = Taking Bioinformatics to Systems Medicine date = 2015-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8770 sentences = 412 flesch = 34 summary = Second, we discuss how the integration and analysis of multiple types of omics data through integrative bioinformatics may facilitate the determination of more predictive and robust disease signatures, lead to a better understanding of (patho)physiological molecular mechanisms, and facilitate personalized medicine. To enable systems medicine it is necessary to characterize the patient at various levels and, consequently, to collect, integrate, and analyze various types of data including not only clinical (phenotype) and molecular data, but also information about cells (e.g., disease-related alterations in organelle morphology), organs (e.g., lung impedance when studying respiratory disorders such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and even social networks. Bioinformatics covers many types of analyses including nucleotide and protein sequence analysis, elucidation of tertiary protein structures, quality control, pre-processing and statistical analysis of omics data, determination of genotypephenotype relationships, biomarker identifi cation, evolutionary analysis, analysis of gene regulation, reconstruction of biological networks, text mining of literature and electronic patient records, and analysis of imaging data. cache = ./cache/cord-007708-hr4smx24.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007708-hr4smx24.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016136-vxjyjql6 author = Burge, Harriet A. title = Airplanes and Infectious Disease date = 2005-08-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3296 sentences = 175 flesch = 53 summary = The risk of contracting such diseases depends on the presence of an infected person who is shedding infectious particles and sufficient exposure of a sensitive person to achieve an adequate dose to cause disease. However, because of the distances that can be traversed in a relatively short time, the crowded conditions on most commercial aircraft, and the inability to "escape", concern regarding the risk of contracting infectious disease during air travel has become significant [3, 4] . The risk of disease transmission is related to the probability that one or more individuals infected with the agent will be present in the environment. Given that some very common upper respiratory infections are airborne, and others produce copious droplets that could easily infect adjacent passengers, it is likely that such disease transmission does occur routinely on aircraft as it does in any other crowded environment. cache = ./cache/cord-016136-vxjyjql6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016136-vxjyjql6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005147-mvoq9vln author = nan title = Autorenregister date = 2017-02-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 86573 sentences = 4356 flesch = 45 summary = Using whole-exome sequencing and trio-based de novo analysis, we identified a novel heterozygous de novo frameshift variant in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene causing instability of the mRNA in a patient presenting with bilateral CAKUT and requiring kidney transplantation at one year of age. Loss of cdkl5 associated with deficient mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in mice and human cells We and other groups have shown that mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with clinical features including intellectual disability, early-onset intractable seizures and autism, that are closely related to those present in Rett syndrome (RTT) patients. Functional characterization of novel GNB1 mutations as a rare cause of global developmental delay Over the past years, prioritization strategies that combined the molecular predictors of sequence variants from exomes and genomes of patients with rare Mendelian disorders with computer-readable phenotype information became a highly effective method for detecting disease-causing mutations. cache = ./cache/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-012462-q8u47hdp author = Olsavszky, Victor title = Time Series Analysis and Forecasting with Automated Machine Learning on a National ICD-10 Database date = 2020-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5247 sentences = 267 flesch = 49 summary = By using the nation-wide ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) dataset of hospitalized patients of Romania, we have generated time series datasets over the period of 2008–2018 and performed highly accurate AutoTS predictions for the ten deadliest diseases. For this purpose the corresponding ICD-10 codes for ischemic heart diseases, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections, Alzheimer's disease, lung cancer, diabetes mellitus, road injuries, diarrheal diseases, and tuberculosis (Table S1) were extracted from the whole ICD-10 data set of hospitalized patients in Romania from the period 2008-2018. Another reduction in case counts is observed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, especially in the North East region, when comparing the predicted years to the previous ones ( Figure 4C ). When compared to the current literature, this is the first study on a national ICD-10 database to perform thorough time series forecasting on multiple diseases on a regional level using AutoML to select the most accurate of a multitude of models (Table S5) . cache = ./cache/cord-012462-q8u47hdp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-012462-q8u47hdp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006882-t9w1cdr4 author = nan title = Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland date = 2012-07-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13704 sentences = 858 flesch = 52 summary = Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model to determine the TTO based on two or more DEXA scans with TTO defined as the age at which the patient will enter the osteoporotic T-score range. An Audit of Clinical Outcomes in Transcervical Resection of the Endometrium Compared to Outpatient Balloon Thermablation Anglim BC, Von Bunau G Department of Gynaecology, Adelaide and Meath Children's Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin Thermablation was introduced to the Coombe in November 2009 and thus far it has provided a quick and effective means of treating women with menorrhagia refractive to medical treatment. This audit reviewed cases of ovarian cystectomy, oopherectomy and salpingooopherectomy using both a hospital online database and records of theatre procedures to identify these patients. A retrospective review of the case notes of patients aged greater than 80 years who underwent bronchoscopy between September 2009 and November 2011 was carried out. cache = ./cache/cord-006882-t9w1cdr4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006882-t9w1cdr4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009571-mygj2nd4 author = nan title = Proceedings of the 42nd annual meeting of the american rheumatism association a section of the arthritis foundation june 1 & 2, 1978 new york city abstracts of papers presented date = 2005-11-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 46150 sentences = 2284 flesch = 49 summary = Levels of Ty cells as well as total T lymphocytes were measured in 19 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 11 with active and 8 with inactive disease, and in 47 normal subjects. The diagnosis of GC arthritis were studied for the presence of GC antigen (AG) and anti-in all seven patients was made by typical clinical presentation, body (AB) in serum and synovial fluid by counter-positive local culture for Ngonorrhoeae (NG) , and response to treatment. A retrospective study was instituted on 10 patients in the UCLA lupus nephritis clinic in an attempt to determine the ability of three serologic indicators-specifically immune complexes (IC), anti-DNA antibodies (DNA-ab), and C3-to predict the activity of SLE renal disease as indicated by changes in 24 hour proteinuria, serum creatinine, and creatinine clearance. cache = ./cache/cord-009571-mygj2nd4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009571-mygj2nd4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009420-k3fq0b6m author = Gunderman, Richard B. title = Medical Valor in Plague Time: Dr. Benjamin Rush date = 2020-04-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1583 sentences = 86 flesch = 63 summary = One of the most prominent mental health reformers in US history, in 1812 Rush published his "Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind." 2 He deplored the conditions under which many psychiatric patients were kept and lobbied for more humane care. 5 Rush, who had lived through another outbreak of the disease in 1762, recognized what was happening and immediately alerted officials to the return of a "highly contagious as well as mortal re-mitting yellow fever." Citizens were warned to avoid habits they thought might promote the disease, such as excessive exertion, and the city's streets were cleaned. As a physician with vast political experience and a deep belief in the power of institutions to improve human life, Rush naturally sought to engage existing organizations in the cause and played a prominent role in founding new ones. Rush's response to the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 serves as an inspiring example to radiology learners and educators confronting crises of their own. cache = ./cache/cord-009420-k3fq0b6m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009420-k3fq0b6m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007170-svsfu7fj author = Richt, J. A. title = Infection with Borna Disease Virus: Molecular and Immunobiological Characterization of the Agent date = 1992-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6125 sentences = 325 flesch = 42 summary = Studies on BDV may help to illuminate several important areas of neurobiology, including the mechanisms regulating the replication of a new type of RNA virus in the nuclei of neural cells, the neuroinvasiveness and neurotropism of such viruses, their T cell-mediated immunopathology, tolerance in newborn animals to persistent viral infection of the central nervous system, and behavioral diseases and eating disorders induced by such agents. Persistently infected MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells are widely used in indirect immunofluorescence assays for the detection of BDV-specific antibodies in serum and CSF of affected animals and humans [18, 20] . The pathological changes in the brain and retina of BDVinfected animals resemble certain types of encephalitis and Most studies on the pathogenesis of BDV infection have involved experimentally inoculated Lewis rats. Although infection of newborn rats resulted in persistent viral replication in the CNS as well as in visceral organs, these animals developed no inflammatory response or signs of Borna disease. cache = ./cache/cord-007170-svsfu7fj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007170-svsfu7fj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011417-a5q15dq1 author = Pace, David title = The epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease and the utility of vaccination in Malta date = 2020-05-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6666 sentences = 273 flesch = 45 summary = Similarly, a strategy using a conjugate MenACWY vaccine targeting 9-month to 4-year-old children to control MenW disease in Chile provided direct protection to the vaccinated group but did not result in a herd immune effect [17] . In European countries, the highest MenB and C disease burden is similarly seen in infants (although the incidence rate reached 5.4/100,000 and 2.1/100,000 infants for MenB and C, respectively, much less when compared with the mean incidence rate of 9.66/100,000 and 6.72/100,000 infants for the corresponding capsular groups in Malta), with children less than 5 years old and adolescents and young adults being more affected than other age groups [1, 31] . Furthermore, a MenB immunization programme consisting of a 2 dose prime and boost MenB infant vaccine schedule in addition to MenB adolescent vaccination at 12 years of age would also be projected to provide direct protection and reduce the incidence of MenB, which is responsible for the highest meningococcal disease burden in Malta. cache = ./cache/cord-011417-a5q15dq1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011417-a5q15dq1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-008147-lyfh0ixi author = Hutber, Marcus title = The use of vaccines to control disease is not a simple matter date = 2006-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 831 sentences = 52 flesch = 44 summary = The use of vaccines to control disease is not a simple matter The paper by Hägglund et al. Firstly, it presents empirical data, with rationales that are subsequently open to useful debate; secondly, the authors raise some valuable generic questions concerning the effectiveness of vaccination against a variety of infectious diseases. As the time period from vaccine administration to a protective boost of antibody levels can take several days, culling can be more effective as a control when disease transmission is rapid. However, in practical terms, the use of vaccines is complex and they can be less effective for disease control than other measures. (2006) indirectly highlights both quarantine and the restriction of livestock movements as effective measures for disease control and questions whether such biosecurity could enhance the impact of subsequent vaccinations presumably by maintaining and maximizing a clean susceptible pool. cache = ./cache/cord-008147-lyfh0ixi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-008147-lyfh0ixi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009966-6kcgc5fx author = Warren, Kimberly R. title = Role of chronic stress and depression in periodontal diseases date = 2013-12-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6818 sentences = 332 flesch = 30 summary = Epidemiologic studies provide strong evidence that chronic psychosocial stress and depression increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other systemic conditions (51) , as well as adversely affect the course and outcome of the conditions (85, 100, 138) . Evidence also indicates that chronic stress and depression can mediate risk and progression of periodontitis through changes in health-related behaviors, such as oral hygiene, smoking and diet (3, 45) . Of the 14 studies (seven case-control, six cross-sectional and one prospective clinical trial) meeting inclusion criteria for the review, the majority (57%) reported a positive relationship between stress/psychological factors and periodontal disease. This study revealed that psychosocial measures of stress (financial strain) and distress, manifest as depression, were significant risk indicators of periodontal disease severity in adults, after adjusting for gender (male), smoking, diabetes mellitus, T. cache = ./cache/cord-009966-6kcgc5fx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009966-6kcgc5fx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010977-fwz7chzf author = Myserlis, Pavlos title = Translational Genomics in Neurocritical Care: a Review date = 2020-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11990 sentences = 519 flesch = 31 summary = In this review, we describe some of the approaches being taken to apply translational genomics to the study of diseases commonly encountered in the neurocritical care setting, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus, utilizing both forward and reverse genomic translational techniques. Termed "reverse translation," this approach starts with humans as the model system, utilizing genomic associations to derive new information about biological mechanisms that can be in turn studied further in vitro and in animal models for target refinement (Fig. 1) . These results highlight the value of reverse genomic translation in first identifying human-relevant genetic risk factors for disease, and using model systems to understand the pathways impacted by their introduction to select rationally-informed modalities for potential treatment. These observations provide vital information about cellular mechanisms impacted by human disease-associated genetic risk factors without requiring the expense and time investment of creating, validating, and studying animal models. cache = ./cache/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014790-qp916bdd author = Mayer, Kenneth H. title = Ecological Studies of Diseases: Promise and Praxis date = 2009-03-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1504 sentences = 67 flesch = 49 summary = Both texts are looking for the fundamental factors in infectious diseases that impact the health of populations, and both seek to describe and explain the complex and active interplay of pathogens and hosts that occur in an everchanging pattern of exposures to new hosts, pathogens, and vectors, and changing physical environments. A myriad of human and animal activities (e.g., moving into new physical niches), plus factors like land and water use, and climate change affect the distribution and dispersal of vector populations which, in turn, influences pathogen prevalence and transmission, and ultimately infectious disease outbreaks in specific human populations. Based on ecological studies of the incidence of Lyme disease in recent years, including a series of manipulative experiments with mammals, it appears that the risk of dissemination of this zoonotic infection to humans has been greater when there is relatively less diversity among potential host reservoirs. There are other examples in this text of how basic ecology helps inform the public health approach to infectious disease outbreaks in humans. cache = ./cache/cord-014790-qp916bdd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014790-qp916bdd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014462-11ggaqf1 author = nan title = Abstracts of the Papers Presented in the XIX National Conference of Indian Virological Society, “Recent Trends in Viral Disease Problems and Management”, on 18–20 March, 2010, at S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh date = 2011-04-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 35453 sentences = 1711 flesch = 49 summary = Molecular diagnosis based on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR s.a. one step or nested PCR, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), or real time RT-PCR, has gradually replaced the virus isolation method as the new standard for the detection of dengue virus in acute phase serum samples. Non-genetic methods of management of these diseases include quarantine measures, eradication of infected plants and weed hosts, crop rotation, use of certified virus-free seed or planting stock and use of pesticides to control insect vector populations implicated in transmission of viruses. The results of this study indicate that NS1 antigen based ELISA test can be an useful tool to detect the dengue virus infection in patients during the early acute phase of disease since appearance of IgM antibodies usually occur after fifth day of the infection. The studies showed high level of expression in case of constructed vector as compared to infected virus for the specific protein. cache = ./cache/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005874-dgqevs6r author = Piel, S. title = Pulmonale granulomatöse Erkrankungen und pulmonale Manifestationen systemischer Granulomatosen: Inklusive Tuberkulose und nichttuberkulöse Mykobakteriosen date = 2016-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2710 sentences = 369 flesch = 44 summary = CLINICAL/METHODICAL ISSUE: Granulomas as signs of specific inflammation of the lungs are found in various diseases with pulmonary manifestations and represent an important imaging finding. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS: The standard imaging modality for the work-up of granulomatous diseases of the lungs is most often thin-slice computed tomography (CT). PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: A thin-slice CT and an interdisciplinary discussion are recommended in many cases with a suspected diagnosis of pulmonary granulomatous disease due to clinical or radiographic findings. Knoten, die nicht mit klinischer oder serologischer Aktivität der Erkrankung korrelieren und größenprogredient sind, sollten aufgrund des 2-fach erhöhten Malignitätsrisikos bei der GPA invasiv abgeklärt werden [18, 19] . Sowohl bei bei GPA als auch viel häufiger bei MPA ist die Entwicklung einer Fibrose mit UIP-Muster, seltener mit NSIP-Muster, möglich und kann anderen klinischen Manifestationen der Vaskulitis vorausgehen [21, 22] . Die pLCH tritt bei Rauchern auf und ist geht mit einer Proliferation der Langerhans-Zellen in den Atemwegen einher. cache = ./cache/cord-005874-dgqevs6r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005874-dgqevs6r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006828-i88on326 author = nan title = Abstracts DGRh-Kongress 2013 date = 2013-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30772 sentences = 2576 flesch = 52 summary = Comparing gene expression profiles of yellow fever immunized individuals and active SLE patients it was possible to identify a "common" and an "autoimmune-specific" IFN signature. The inflammatory and profibrotic effects upon Aab stimulation in vitro, and their associations with clinical findings suggest a role for autoantibody-mediated activation of immune cells mediated through the AT1R and ETAR in the pathogenesis or even the onset of the disease. This study was aimed to investigate the humoral and cellular immune response to VZV including assessment of IgG-anti-VZV avidity and VZV-specific reactivity of lymphocytes in RA (n=56) or JIA patients (n=75) on different treatments, including biologic agents, such as anti-tumor-necrosis-factor(TNF)-alpha or anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor inhibition (tocilizumab), compared to 37 healthy adults (HA) and 41 children (HC). Production of cytokines by B cells in response to TLR9 stimulation inversely correlates with disease activity in SLE-patients cache = ./cache/cord-006828-i88on326.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006828-i88on326.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016241-qom2rokn author = Chen, Long title = Post-Newborn: A New Concept of Period in Early Life date = 2013-12-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3167 sentences = 161 flesch = 47 summary = With the development of perinatal medicine, mortality rate of diseases in neonates such as premature infants, asphyxia, infectious diseases have decreased significantly, and consequently, issues of the quality of life for these survivors have aroused widespread concerns. However, a few surviving infants suffered from different kinds complications in the post-newborn, such as recurrent respiratory infections, physical retardation, cerebral palsy, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy, and congenital heart disease requiring early surgical treatment [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . How to further promote the growth and development and correct the complications and sequelae at the post-neonatal period, make the ill infants reach the level of normal infant development as early as possible, and reduce the incidence of adult-related diseases has become an important issue. cache = ./cache/cord-016241-qom2rokn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016241-qom2rokn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016238-bs1qk677 author = Venkatachalam, Sangeeta title = An Infectious Disease Outbreak Simulator Based on the Cellular Automata Paradigm date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4210 sentences = 263 flesch = 52 summary = The simulator facilitates the study of dynamics of epidemics of different infectious diseases, and has been applied to study the effects of spread vaccination and ring vaccination strategies. Our efforts to design and implement a Cellular Automata based simulator has been necessitated by the need to study the dynamic of spread of a vast number of infectious diseases. Di Stefano et al [8] have developed a lattice gas cellular automata model to analyze the spread of epidemics of infectious diseases. However, this approach does not consider the infection time-line of latency, incubation period, and recovery which have been shown to be important to model a disease epidemic. In our model the basic unit of cellular automata is a cell, which may represent an individual or a small sub-population. While modeling a disease epidemic, few parameters that are considered important are neighborhood radius, contact between individuals, infection probability (variable susceptibility), immunity, latency, infectious period and recovery period. cache = ./cache/cord-016238-bs1qk677.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016238-bs1qk677.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-010078-8lkkez3n author = nan title = Invited Speakers date = 2010-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21351 sentences = 1012 flesch = 43 summary = Both modes of imaging discriminate early malignant lesions from non-specifi c infl ammation, aid in selecting appropriate sites for biopsy and better delineate tumor margins for more precise staging, but are of little value at present in clinical practice since most patients with malignant pleural effusions have extensive pleural involvement that is easy to diagnose with white light pleuroscopy For pleuroscopic guided pleural biopsies, specimens obtained with the rigid forceps are larger than those with the fl ex-rigid pleuroscope since they are limited by size of the fl exible forceps, which in turn depends on the diameter of the working channel. In the United Kingdom, a thrombosis group has been formed to promote awareness among parliamentarians about the risk and management of VTE; to increase knowledge of its causes, effects, and treatments; and to monitor the implementation of government initiatives and other researches being and this program has corrected the wrong perception that PTE is a rare disease in China Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or interstitial lung diseases (ILD). cache = ./cache/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015335-l0kjxhd1 author = nan title = Irish Society of Gastroenterology: Proceedings for summer meeting – 26th/27th May 1995 in Galway date = 1995 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8724 sentences = 508 flesch = 52 summary = The results suggest that an aneuploid DNA pattern is a predictor of high risk potential for metastases to the liver and may be a useful tool in the "followup" of patients with gastric carcinoma in detecting those at high risk of developing metastases following surgical resection. A partially purified preparation of oesophageal tumour-derived inimune suppressor factor that has been shown to be free of all known cytokines was tested in dose-ranging studies on cell proliferation and apoptosis using lymphocytes from the mutant and control mice. Currie et al have demonstrated that arginase is cytotoxic to tumour cells by depletion of the essential amino acid L-arginine, therefore the aim of this study was to determine the role of this enzyme in colorectal tumour-derived MOs. Human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) were isolated from aged-matched controls (CON) and from blood pre-operatively obtained from patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. cache = ./cache/cord-015335-l0kjxhd1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015335-l0kjxhd1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-013486-hg87xsyr author = Buttery, Philip C. title = Gene and Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease: Where Are We? date = 2020-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16105 sentences = 637 flesch = 45 summary = As such, these recombinant GF protein therapies are probably best considered as preparing the ground both for the more tractable genetic approach of GF GTs. Despite earlier work using LV-mediated GDNF delivery in animal models, the first GF to come to the clinic in the format of a GT was actually NRTN rather than GDNF, and used an AAV2 vector, rather than LVs. AAV2-NRTN was manufactured by the Californian biotech company Ceregene, with their product CERE-120 providing neuronal expression of NRTN as a pure protein without viral coding sequences [111] . This sort of regulation would require additional gene regulatory sequences and might be difficult to achieve within the restrictive payload of AAVs. This issue might drive a move to use LVs for GF therapy in due course, as these vectors can facilitate regulatable expression in different cells systems including the delivery of GFs to the striatum [131] . Phase 1 trial of convection-enhanced delivery of adeno-associated virus encoding glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease cache = ./cache/cord-013486-hg87xsyr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-013486-hg87xsyr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author = Horby, Peter W. title = Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date = 2014-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4012 sentences = 187 flesch = 43 summary = However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. Whilst high animal host and pathogen species diversity may be associated with a high burden of infectious diseases and an increased risk of disease emergence, biodiversity loss may, perhaps counter-intuitively, be associated with increased disease transmission. Whilst there remains some debate about the overall impact of these findings on human health, it is clear that the continued use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in an agriculture industry that is rapidly increasing in scale and intensity, has potential for becoming a very real threat through the inability to prevent/cure disease in production animals and the consequences for human food security as well as the transmission, for example, of resistant food-borne bacterial pathogens to humans. cache = ./cache/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011053-gza05hsv author = Tiew, Pei Yee title = The Mycobiome in Health and Disease: Emerging Concepts, Methodologies and Challenges date = 2020-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10936 sentences = 561 flesch = 30 summary = In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with fungal disease and provide key examples where the application of sequencing technologies has potential diagnostic application in assessing the human 'mycobiome'. Despite their natural environmental abundance, few fungi are human pathogens, and while fulminant fungal infection is uncommon in the healthy individuals, invasive fungal disease is a concern in the immuno-compromised host with significant associated morbidity and mortality [2] . Increasing numbers of patients are at risk of invasive fungal disease including those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malignancy and transplant recipients on immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies, each contributing to the rising global trend of fungal infections among susceptible populations. Despite treatment, mortality rates for invasive fungal disease remain high with factors contributing to poor prognosis including delayed diagnosis and initiation of antifungal treatment, host factors, site of infection, emerging antifungal resistance and drug toxicity. cache = ./cache/cord-011053-gza05hsv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011053-gza05hsv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author = nan title = Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date = 2014-08-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 36900 sentences = 2254 flesch = 49 summary = Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Pediatric Immunology, Izmir, Turkey Ig class switch recombination deficiencies are rare PIDs (1:500,000 births) with normal or elevated serum IgM and low IgG, IgA and IgE levels, defective or normal somatic hypermutation, defective T/B cooperation (50%), intrinsic B cell defect (50%), susceptibility to bacterial infections begining from the first year of age (impaired B cell immunity) and lack of germinal centres in secondary lymphoid organs. Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Even following the introduction of biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a small number of children suffering from severe, refractory autoimmune (AI), rheumatic and/or autoinflammatory disorders will not get into clinical remission (CR) and will potentially further suffer from multiple side-effects of combined and long-term immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies, in particular severe infections (Marodi L, Casanova JL. cache = ./cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016387-ju4130bq author = Last, John title = A Brief History of Advances Toward Health date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5464 sentences = 252 flesch = 53 summary = From time to time, this steady drain on long life and good health was punctuated by great and terrifying epidemics-smallpox, typhus, influenza, and, most terrible of all, the plague, or the "black death." The causes of these periodic devastations, the contributing reasons to why they happened, were a mystery. After Fracastorius, the pathfinders on the road to health became numerous, but mention here will be made of only a handful of public health heroes: Paracelsus, John Graunt, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Bernardino Ramazzini, James Lind, Edward Jenner, Johann Peter Frank, John Snow, Ignaz Semmelweiss, and Louis Pasteur. Many others belong in their company: The great German pathologist Rudolph Virchow recognized that political action as well as rational science are necessary to initiate effective action to control public health problems; Edwin Chadwick and Lemuel Shattuck reported on the appalling sanitary conditions associated with the unacceptably high infant and child death rates that prevailed in 19 th century industrial towns; William Farr established vital statistics in England as a model for other nations to follow. cache = ./cache/cord-016387-ju4130bq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016387-ju4130bq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015672-qau96gvw author = Willermain, François title = Global Variations and Changes in Patterns of Infectious Uveitis date = 2017-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3007 sentences = 168 flesch = 48 summary = According to Woolhouse, an emerging pathogen can be defined as an infectious agent whose incidence is increasing following its introduction into a new host population. However, due to evolution in our societies, such as globalization, those causes of infectious uveitis begin to emerge in non-endemic regions in patients having traveled in endemic regions (see Sect. In this context, a series of infectious uveitis, mainly rickettsioses, West Nile virus, dengue, or chikungunya, has been the subject of an increase awareness and careful descriptions from both endemic and non-endemic regions [20, 49, 50] . The recent outbreaks of Ebola and Zika virus have been similarly associated with uveitis cases and those pathogens should be now included in the list of emerging infectious uveitis agents [51, 52] . This is clearly due to evolution of our lifestyle which has also important impact on the emergence of new infectious diseases which might become someday new uveitis causes. cache = ./cache/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000843-e1bn79ui author = nan title = ECR 2011 Book of Abstracts - A - Postgraduate Educational Programme date = 2011-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 91224 sentences = 4805 flesch = 41 summary = The role of radiology includes (a) characterisation of sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses, (b) staging as guidance for surgery and treatment planning (including identification of sites of non optimal resectabilty) in suspected ovarian cancer, (c) assessment of recurrent disease, and (d) in selected cases image-guided biopsy. The association of multiple markers of structural and functional imaging (MRI and PET) and the use of advanced computational analysis techniques will allow better management of AD but it needs a broader validation and know the most efficient combination of biomarkers at each stage of the disease, including the preclinical period. Although the basic techniques for DCE-CT have been available for decades, more recently a range of technological advances have contributed to the greater applicability of perfusion CT in the clinical environment including wider CT detectors, shorter gantry rotation times, 'table-toggling', radiation dose reduction and software corrections for image mis-registration due to respiratory or other patient motion. cache = ./cache/cord-000843-e1bn79ui.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000843-e1bn79ui.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author = Starkel, Julie L. title = Respiratory date = 2019-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22266 sentences = 1187 flesch = 45 summary = Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. cache = ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015651-yhi83hgq author = Kovács, Katalin title = Social Disparities in the Evolution of an Epidemiological Profile: Transition Processes in Mortality Between 1971 and 2008 in an Industrialized Middle Income Country: The Case of Hungary date = 2014-03-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11309 sentences = 512 flesch = 48 summary = One of main conclusions has been that they have not so far undergone the healthier life style changes that have occurred in Western Europe, and this has resulted in a "reversed epidemiological transition", in which an elevated burden of cardiovascular diseases dominates the pattern of mortality (Vallin and Meslé 2004) . In this paper I shall review recent developments in epidemiological transition theory, and test the applicability of some of these theories to the evolution of cause-and education-specific mortality inequalities in Hungary between 1971 and 2008. Omran, starting from his very first publication, continuously mentioned social disparities in mortality as well as the driving forces listed above but he did not provide a theoretical framework for the application of these in connection with particular mortality or disease patterns specific for single countries or population sub-groups. cache = ./cache/cord-015651-yhi83hgq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015651-yhi83hgq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author = Ubokudom, Sunday E. title = Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date = 2012-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10470 sentences = 480 flesch = 49 summary = The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that only about 10% of premature deaths in the United States can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care, while the remaining 90% can be accounted for by individual lifestyle and behaviors (50%), genetic profi les (20%), and social and environmental conditions (20%) (CDC 1979 ) . In summation, international trade and fi nance, infectious disease epidemics, global warming and climate change, population mobility, and natural disasters and terrorism signifi cantly affect the United States health care delivery and policymaking systems. Research demonstrates that most of the deaths in the country are attributable to a small number of largely controllable behaviors and exposures, or due to factors that fall under the preventive, social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle and behavioral determinants of health. But even though most of the deaths in the country are the result of social, cultural, economic, environmental, and global factors, medical care is also an important determinant of health that cannot be ignored. cache = ./cache/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015613-ls9qus8y author = Macdonald, David W. title = Infectious disease: Inextricable linkages between human and ecosystem health date = 2006-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6157 sentences = 300 flesch = 47 summary = Several papers, including those on rabies in Ethiopian wolves, Canis simensis (Randall et al., 2006) , and African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus (Vial et al., 2006) , disease in Island foxes, Urocyon littoralis (Clifford et al., 2006) , squirrel parapox virus (SQPV) in red squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris (Gurnell et al., 2006) , and devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) in Tasmanian devils, Sarcophilus harrisii (Hawkins et al., 2006) examine this theme. The importance of reservoir identification is classically illustrated by a range of papers in this Special Issue, for example the ongoing dilemma facing bovine tuberculosis control , the diseases emerging from bats (Breed et al., 2006) , phocine distemper virus (PDV) in northern seal population (Hall et al., 2006) and the canid pathogens threatening Island foxes (Clifford et al., 2006) . cache = ./cache/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001221-due9tloa author = nan title = ECR 2014, Part A date = 2014-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 107848 sentences = 5493 flesch = 40 summary = In short: obtaining samples for making an accurate diagnosis and also to know more about its specific biology (biomarkers); IR covers any possibility needed for vascular access; percutaneous needle ablation is the best alternative in selected patients; endovascular embolisation with "vehiculisation" of therapies is an outstanding method for selective treatment, and sometimes precise ablation, of different tumors; IR is a unique way to offer palliation in a wide range of tumoral complications, such as embolisation for bleeding, stenting for vein obstructions or drainage of fluid collections. CT may be useful for osteoid osteoma and MRI is the best imaging technique for further diagnosis and staging by displaying tumour composition and extent of bone marrow involvement, including skip lesions, presence and extent of extraosseous soft tissue mass, and involvement of neurovascular bundle, muscle compartments and adjacent joint. cache = ./cache/cord-001221-due9tloa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001221-due9tloa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004675-n8mlxe7p author = nan title = 2019 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2019-02-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 86427 sentences = 5050 flesch = 46 summary = However, the mean infusion rate per site was similar between patients aged <18 years ( XMEN disease (X-linked Immunodeficency with Magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection and Neoplasia) is a primary immune deficiency caused by mutations in MAGT1 and characterized by chronic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), EBV-driven lymphoma, CD4 T-cell lymphopenia, and dysgammaglobulinemia. We present the case of a 1-year old Hispanic infant with a pathogenic variant in MAGT1 gene that clinically manifested with early Pneumocystis jirovecii and cytomegalovirus (CMV) interstitial pneumonia, and EBV chronic infection with good response to intravenous immunoglobulins supplementation without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy. Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, IDGS, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA Hypomorphic Recombination Activating Gene 1 (RAG1) mutations result in residual T-and B-cell development in both humans and mice and have been found in patients presenting with delayed-onset combined immune deficiency with granulomas and/or autoimmunity (CID-G/AI). cache = ./cache/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016476-78r0rsio author = Jani, Meghna title = Management of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient with Interstitial Lung Disease date = 2017-11-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15238 sentences = 641 flesch = 35 summary = Several risk factors of leflunomide-induced pneumonitis have been reported in small numbers of patients in case series and retrospective studies including preexisting lung disease [32, 35, 36] , a prescribed loading dose, smoking, low body weight [32] and increased C-reactive protein, hypoalbuminaemia, hypoxia and lymphopaenia [36] . Whilst experience of using abatacept in the context of pre-existing ILD is limited, a case report of rapid-onset interstitial pneumonia 2 days post initiation of Administration, MHRA medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency, NA data not available, RA rheumatoid arthritis a Includes cases reported as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary toxicity treatment has been described in a Japanese patient [103] . Association of disease activity with acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease during tocilizumab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective, case-control study cache = ./cache/cord-016476-78r0rsio.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016476-78r0rsio.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016364-80l5mua2 author = Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn title = The Domestic Cat, Felis catus, as a Model of Hereditary and Infectious Disease date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6905 sentences = 380 flesch = 40 summary = Genomics tools developed in the cat, including the recent completion of the 2-fold whole genome sequence of the cat and genome browser, radiation hybrid map of 1793 integrated coding and microsatellite loci, a 5-cM genetic linkage map, arrayed BAC libraries, and flow sorted chromosomes, are providing resources that are being utilized in mapping and characterization of genes of interest. 8 Ninety-six percent of the 1793 cat markers have identifi able orthologues in the canine and human genome sequences, providing a rich comparative tool, which is critical in linkage mapping exercises for the identification of genes controlling feline phenotypes. However, with the availability of a detailed comparative map, and integration with developing GL and RH maps, and the cat 2X whole genome sequence, linkage and association-based mapping techniques have recently identified causative mutations for hereditary disease genes, 33, 34 as well as several feline phenotypes (Table 25-1) . cache = ./cache/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016508-39glgeft author = Possas, Cristina title = Vaccines: Biotechnology Market, Coverage, and Regulatory Challenges for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals date = 2019-06-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6596 sentences = 275 flesch = 38 summary = Innovative preventive vaccines against emerging and neglected infectious diseases, such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya, influenza, and HIV/AIDS, are examined here from bioeconomics and global sustainability perspectives, aiming to integrate public health and biotechnology market approaches. This scenario of increasing global demand for vaccines in the next decade is supported by epidemiological indicators: annual burden of new HPV-related cancers worldwide to the tune of 670,000; rise of Zika into a public health emergency with over 86 countries reporting 230,000 cumulative confirmed cases of infection between 2015 and 2018; very high prevalence of HSV which infects approximately 67% of the world population under 50 years of age; continued prevalence of tuberculosis which infects 10 million and takes 1.5 million lives each year despite the progress made toward eliminating the disease; and rise in HIV infections worldwide over 36.9 million (WHO 2018; Global Industry Analysts 2018). cache = ./cache/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016222-dltsdqcm author = Siegel, Frederic R. title = Lessening the Impacts from Non-Tectonic (Natural) Hazards and Triggered Events date = 2016-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7136 sentences = 318 flesch = 56 summary = First, depending on the location of a fl ooding river channel, rushing water can undermine bank material or erode base of valley walls causing landslides that could affect people living in the threatened areas. Depending on the mass being moved, an avalanche can kill people, and damage or destroy structures and infrastructure (homes, recreational areas, bridges, tunnels [block road and/or railway movement]), pipes and utility lines (water, natural gas, electricity), and put workmen maintaining an infrastructure at risk. Subsidence of an area of the Earth's surface is the result of the continuous extraction of large volumes of groundwater or petroleum from underlying sedimentary rocks without recharge or replenishment of fl uids. The Ebola epidemic shows how vulnerable many countries/regions are because of an inadequate health infrastructure that is not prepared to cope with a disease once identifi ed, its spread, and the care and treatment of large numbers of infected people. cache = ./cache/cord-016222-dltsdqcm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016222-dltsdqcm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016171-17ut32bu author = Lane, J. Michael title = Smallpox as a Weapon for Bioterrorism date = 2009 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8404 sentences = 512 flesch = 51 summary = Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a) . Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a) . If this algorithm indicates that a patient is high risk to be smallpox, local and national public health authorities should be immediately notified by telephone, and laboratory specimens taken for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electron photomicroscopy (EM), and viral culture. cache = ./cache/cord-016171-17ut32bu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016171-17ut32bu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016663-qnp99m7o author = Taylor, Robert B. title = Medical Words Linked to Places date = 2017-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4835 sentences = 251 flesch = 63 summary = In addition to causing fever and malaise, when the patient is pregnant, the Zika virus may also cause birth defects, notably microcephaly (from Greek words meaning "small" and "head"). In addition to mosquito-borne infection, we now have discovered sexually transmitted Zika virus disease and continue to learn more each year. The West Nile virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae, from the Latin flavus, meaning "yellow." The family was named for the yellow fever virus, which tends to cause liver damage, giving its victims a yellow jaundiced appearance ( Fig. 5.2 ). The disease is caused by Borrelia bacteria, notably Borrelia burgdorferi, and is spread by the same vector as Nantucket fever/babesiosis: the Ixodes tick, also called the deer tick. Also sometimes called tick typhus or blue disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever was first recognized in 1896 in the Snake River Valley in the Rocky Mountains of the Western United States. cache = ./cache/cord-016663-qnp99m7o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016663-qnp99m7o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016312-u47mb2h0 author = Lu, Pu-Xuan title = Introduction of Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2015-07-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1780 sentences = 115 flesch = 51 summary = Due to their uncertainty and unpredictability, EIDs could result in high mortality and great impacts on social stability and economic development as people are unable to react immediately and take specific preventive or control measures. Due to their uncertainty and unpredictability, EIDs could result in high mortality and great impacts on social stability and economic development as people are unable to react immediately and take specifi c preventive or control measures. Cases in point are the epidemics of SARS in 2003 and H7N9 avian infl uenza around 2006, which have eloquently demonstrated their great threats to human health, society, and economy. Such contagious diseases did not exist in the past and newly emerge due to new pathogens such as AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), human infection with highly pathogenic avian infl uenza H5N1, infl uenza A (HlN1), and human infection with avian infl uenza H7N9. revealed that 60.3 % EIDs were zoonotic, with 71.8 % caused by wild animals, such as human avian infl uenza and Ebola virus. cache = ./cache/cord-016312-u47mb2h0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016312-u47mb2h0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016657-w30hed7w author = Blatt, Amy J. title = Geographic Medicine date = 2014-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3208 sentences = 151 flesch = 44 summary = By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, this chapter examines how public health communities can use information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs and clinical care. Studies have shown that the ability to identify the sources (origins) and sinks (destinations) of imported infections due to human travel and locating the high-risk sites of parasite importation could greatly improve the control and prevention programs [ 3 , 4 ] . Indeed, vector-borne diseases place an enormous burden on public health and require effi cient control strategies that are developed through an understanding of the origin (or sources) of infections and the relative importance of human movement at different scales. By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, public health communities can use this valuable information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs. cache = ./cache/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016413-lvb79oxo author = Efthimiou, Petros title = Adult-Onset Still’s Disease date = 2018-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6126 sentences = 315 flesch = 40 summary = Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic, autoinflammatory disorder that often presents in adolescence and early adulthood with fever, rash, and polyarthritis. Mutation of perforin and the MUNC13-4 genes have been seen in patients with macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), a known severe, life-threatening complication of AOSD [3] . Patients who have the chronic articular disease pattern can present with joint erosions making the differential diagnosis from RA problematic, especially in the absence of systemic signs and symptoms. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) treatment in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult onset Still disease: preliminary experience in France Effectiveness of first-line treatment with recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in steroid-naive patients with new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results of a prospective cohort study Clinical manifestations of adult-onset Still's disease presenting with erosive arthritis: association with low levels of ferritin and Interleukin-18 cache = ./cache/cord-016413-lvb79oxo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016413-lvb79oxo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016403-id6fjgye author = Djikeng, Appolinaire title = Implications of Human Microbiome Research for the Developing World date = 2011-10-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8148 sentences = 350 flesch = 38 summary = New high-throughput sequencing and data analysis approaches (Costello et al., 2009; Turnbaugh et al., 2009) , along with novel diversity screens and even more intrinsic single cell approaches to isolating new species (Lasken, 2009) , have presented the sciences with a unique opportunity to investigate and interrogate the microorganisms that are associated with the human body, all at a greater depth than previously appreciated. Global human microbiome studies using metagenomics analysis of known and unknown microorganisms provide unique but powerful opportunities to uncover the near-complete composition of the microbial content of an individual or a population at any given time, thus setting the stage for a comprehensive inventory of the genetic characteristics of potential human pathogens. Another example of the potential to come from using human metagenomic research and approaches in the developing world relates to another emerging infectious pathogen that causes Leptospirosis. cache = ./cache/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015372-76xvzvdg author = nan title = National scientific medical meeting 1996 abstracts date = 1996 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 36596 sentences = 2204 flesch = 53 summary = One, two and five-year survival rates were examined; age at diagnosis and lesion type were extremely significant factors in relation to patient outcome. Patients' age, sex, risk group, CDC stage, CD4 count, indication for therapy, complication rate and response to treatment are described. Fifty-eight patients (34 male, 24 female) ranging in age from 15 to 65 years (Mean + SD = 28.4 + 10.8) were included in the study. Among these 48 patients (mean age 68.0+12.7), after controlling for age and for the duration and continuity of subsequent antipsychotic treatment, increasing duration of initially untreated psychosis was associated with greater severity of negative symptoms (p<0.005) and with lower scores on the MMSE (p<0.05) but not with executive dysfunction on the EXIT (p=0.3). Conclusion Although not a population based study, care of IDDM in Ireland is almost totally hospital clinic based Cigarette smoking is identified as the major problem to be addressed Patients with diabetes meltitus (DM) are at a higher risk of developing vascular complications, including coronary artery disease (CAD). cache = ./cache/cord-015372-76xvzvdg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015372-76xvzvdg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016717-2twm4hmc author = Vourc’h, Gwenaël title = How Does Biodiversity Influence the Ecology of Infectious Disease? date = 2011-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7767 sentences = 391 flesch = 45 summary = To conclude, we consider that the consequences of the loss of species biodiversity on infectious diseases is still largely unknown, notably due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamics of host-pathogen relationships, especially at the population and at the community level.. To conclude, we consider that the consequences of the loss of species biodiversity on infectious diseases is still largely unknown, notably due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamics of host-pathogen relationships, especially at the population and at the community level.. In this chapter, we investigate how biodiversity influences the ecology of infectious diseases at the intraspecific level (genetic variability of pathogens and hosts) and at the level of communities (species composition). The hypothesis underlying the amplification and dilution effect is that for many diseases, the competence of reservoirs, i.e. the ability to become infected and retransmit the pathogen, varies according to the host species (Haydon et al. cache = ./cache/cord-016717-2twm4hmc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016717-2twm4hmc.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016293-pyb00pt5 author = Newell-McGloughlin, Martina title = The flowering of the age of Biotechnology 1990–2000 date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22402 sentences = 943 flesch = 47 summary = In the course of the project, especially in the early years, the plan stated that "much new technology will be developed that will facilitate biomedical and a broad range of biological research, bring down the cost of many experiments (mapping and sequencing), and finding applications in numerous other fields." The plan built upon the 1988 reports of the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council on mapping and sequencing the human genome. These DNA chips have broad commercial applications and are now used in many areas of basic and clinical research including the detection of drug resistance mutations in infectious organisms, direct DNA sequence comparison of large segments of the human genome, the monitoring of multiple human genes for disease associated mutations, the quantitative and parallel measurement of mRNA expression for thousands of human genes, and the physical and genetic mapping of genomes. cache = ./cache/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015348-qt0worsl author = nan title = Abstract date = 2010-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 74085 sentences = 4714 flesch = 45 summary = However, the application of the compounds in clinical trials has revealed promising results only when predictive procedures have been available for determining which patients will benefit from targeting therapy, so-called eligibility or predictive tests, e.g. Her2 in breast cancer, KRAS and EGFR mutations in colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Conclusion: We report on the development of a quantitative tissue-based immunohistochemical (IHC) methodology employing activation-specific antibodies against multiple components of the BCR signaling pathway that will assess the activity of the BCR pathway in formalin-fixed paraffinembedded primary DLBCLs. This approach will identify the subset of patient tumors that are actively signaling through the BCR pathway and, therefore, will predict therapeutic responsiveness to targeted inhibition of BCR signaling. Method: In our study, we investigate 120 cases diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma in which we established microscopic characterization, immunohistochemical profiles (expression of proliferation markers, steroid receptors and Her2) and computer-assisted morphometric profiles by determining the mean values for nuclear area, cellular area and N/C ratio with Lucia Net Software. cache = ./cache/cord-015348-qt0worsl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015348-qt0worsl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016826-oatjcmy0 author = Arata, Andrew A. title = Old and New Pestilences date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7127 sentences = 338 flesch = 56 summary = At the time of this writing, two such pathogens are active, warranting such concern: a) cases of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, caused by a coronavirus) appeared in China in November, 2002, and has spread to Western and Central Europe and North America; b) a strain of Avian Influenza Virus (N5H1), first identified in Hong Kong in 1997, reemerged in 2002 in Southeast Asia. Dengue, and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), have spread globally, infecting vast new areas, especially urban areas where the human living conditions are substandard, but readily suited for vector breeding. A good example is the recent outbreak of West Nile encephilitis in the U.S. In 1999 and 2000, the virus was isolated from/around New York City from large numbers of dead birds (especially crows and jays): 21 human cases and two deaths were confirmed. cache = ./cache/cord-016826-oatjcmy0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016826-oatjcmy0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 author = nan title = Oral Communications and Posters date = 2014-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 73711 sentences = 3862 flesch = 43 summary = Cyclooxygenases (COX) catalyze the first step in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) from arachidonic acid.COX-1 is constitutively expressed.The COX-2 gene is an immediate early-response gene that is induced by variety of mitogenic and inflammatory stimuli.Levels of COX-2 are increased in both inflamed and malignant tissues.In inflamed tissues, there is both pharmacological and genetic evidence that targeting COX-2 can either improve (e.g., osteoarthritis) or exacerbate symptoms (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease).Multiple lines of evidence suggest that COX-2 plays a significant role in carcinogenesis.The most specific data that support a cause-and effect relationship between COX-2 and tumorigenesis come from genetic studies.Overexpression of COX-2 has been observed to drive tumor formation whereas COX-2 deficiency protects against several tumor types.Selective COX-2 inhibitors protect against the formation and growth of experimental tumors.Moreover, selective COX-2 inhibitors are active in preventing colorectal adenomas in humans.Increased amounts of COX-2-derived PGE2 are found in both inflamed and neoplastic tissues.The fact that PGE2 can stimulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and induce angiogenesis fits with evidence that induction of COX-2 contributes to both wound healing and tumor growth.Taken together, it seems likely that COX-2 induction contributes to wound healing in response to injury but reduces the threshold for carcinogenesis. cache = ./cache/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017012-yl0vanuh author = Herberg, Jethro title = Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date = 2009 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23980 sentences = 1301 flesch = 34 summary = Renal involvement in infectious diseases may occur by a variety of mechanisms: direct microbial invasion of the renal tissues or collecting system may take place in conditions such as staphylococcal abscess of the kidney as a result of septicemic spread of the organism or as a consequence of ascending infection; damage to the kidney may be caused by the systemic release of endotoxin or other toxins and activation of the inflammatory cascade during septicemia or by a focus of infection distant from the kidney; ischemic damage may result from inadequate perfusion induced by septic shock; the kidney may be damaged by activation of the immunologic pathways or by immune complexes resulting from the infectious process. However, in addition to this post-infection immunologically mediated disorder, in recent years there have been increasing reports of GAS causing acute renal failure as part of an invasive infection with many features of the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (28) . cache = ./cache/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014516-r59usk02 author = nan title = Research Communications of the 24th ECVIM‐CA Congress date = 2015-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 55041 sentences = 2919 flesch = 51 summary = Serum prolactin concentration measured in 22/23 dogs at time zero, 6 weeks and 6 months was 3.35 ng/ml (range, 1.4-6.36), 3.57 ng/ml (range, 1.87-7.39) and 3.92 ng/ml (range, 2.01-12.92) and did not differ significantly in either time period when compared with time zero (P = 0.99 and P = 0.52).Altogether, results of this study failed to demonstrate a significant role of thyroid supplementation on the majority of evaluated behavioural symptoms as well as neurohormonal status of hypothyroid dogs during 6 months of therapy. The aims of the present study were (1) to describe a clinical series of recent autochtonous cases and (2) to retrospectively assess Angiostrongylus vasorum qPCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, collected over the last 7 years from a larger series of dogs, healthy or with other respiratory conditions, in order to investigate the past prevalence of the disease in Belgium. cache = ./cache/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018017-c8myq6bi author = Iversen, Patrick L. title = The Threat from Viruses date = 2018-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11563 sentences = 615 flesch = 51 summary = Numerous emerging infections caused by viral agents have imposed high impact on human survival (Table 3 .3). The apparent success of these viruses is that as they move from reservoir hosts to humans and as humans become immune to the initial infection, the population of diverse genomes offers multiple chances to adapt by finding a "fit" genome version which can propagate until the next transition requiring adaption. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1) HTLV-1 is a single-stranded RNA retrovirus, defined by their use of reverse transcriptase, a polymerase, that makes a DNA copy of the RNA 7 kb viral genome. If we combine cardiovascular events and neoplasia caused by infection, then infectious disease is the most significant threat to human life and qualifies as the area of greatest impact. Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) is a single stranded DNA virus that infects humans but are not known to cause disease. is a 5229 base double-stranded DNA virus infecting less than 5 percent of the human population. cache = ./cache/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017224-naromr0a author = McLeish, Caitriona title = Evolving Biosecurity Frameworks date = 2016-12-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6005 sentences = 257 flesch = 44 summary = The relationship between infectious disease and security concerns has undergone an evolution since the end of the Cold War. What was previously seen as two separate domains – public health and national security – have, through various events and disease outbreaks in the last 15 years, become intertwined and as a result biosecurity policies now need to address a spectrum of disease threats that encompass natural outbreaks, accidental releases and the deliberate use of disease as weapons. Calling it niche is not to say that bioterrorism had not been considered a security threat prior to 2001many commentators had noted the potential (see for example Stern, 1993; Tucker, 1996 Tucker, , 2000 Moodie and Roberts, 1997; Smithson and Levy, 2000) ; table top exercises had been conducted, domestic preparedness programmes initiated (Guillemin, 2011, p7) , and in countries such as the US, policy directives had been crafted that gave the highest priority to "developing effective capabilities to detect, prevent, defeat and manage the consequences of nuclear, biological or chemical materials or weapons use by terrorists" (United States, 1995) . cache = ./cache/cord-017224-naromr0a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017224-naromr0a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016960-xhzvp35g author = Berencsi, György title = Fetal and Neonatal Illnesses Caused or Influenced by Maternal Transplacental IgG and/or Therapeutic Antibodies Applied During Pregnancy date = 2012-03-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17693 sentences = 1045 flesch = 42 summary = The importance of maternal anti-idiotypic antibodies are believed to prime the fetal immune system with epitopes of etiologic agents infected the mother during her whole life before pregnancy and delivery. Neonatal lupus is a model of passively acquired autoimmunity in which a mother-, who may have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Sj€ ogren's syndrome (SS) or may be entirely asymptomatic-synthesizes antibodies to SSA/Ro and/or SSB/ La ribonucleoproteins that enter the fetal circulation via trophoblast FcRn receptors and presumably cause tissue injury (Lee 1990 ) as mentioned above. Teplizumab (CD3-specific, hOKT3g1-Ala-Ala), a humanized Fc mutated anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody induced tolerance, on the progression of type 1 diabetes in patients with recent-onset disease even 2 years after the first diagnosis (Herold et al. Clinical and immune responses in resected colon cancer patients treated with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody vaccine that mimics the carcinoembryonic antigen Clinical use of anti-CD25 antibody daclizumab to enhance immune responses to tumor antigen vaccination by targeting regulatory T cells cache = ./cache/cord-016960-xhzvp35g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016960-xhzvp35g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017469-dnnkor2o author = Georgiev, Vassil St. title = Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date = 2009 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16529 sentences = 746 flesch = 40 summary = Infections transmitted by the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) include (i) Lyme disease (borreliosis); (ii) human ehrlichiosis; (iii) Rocky Mountain spotted fever; (iv) tularemia; Other developments of NIAID-supported Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne rickettsial disease research include: r The transmission of Lyme disease r Diagnostic procedures r Co-infection r Antibiotic therapy r The role of autoimmune reactivity r Vaccine production Lack of Evidence of Borrelia Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease. Because fatigue, which is a nonspecific symptom, was the only primary outcome measure affected and because the treatment examined was associated with adverse events, the results of the SUNY study do not support the use of additional antibiotic therapy with parenteral ceftriaxone in posttreatment, persistently fatigued PTCLD patients (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme). burgdorferi often carry-and simultaneously transmit-other emerging pathogens, such as Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) species, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and Babesia microti, which causes babesiosis (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ research/co-infection/). cache = ./cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018058-n3majqes author = Modrow, Susanne title = Historical Overview date = 2013-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5376 sentences = 262 flesch = 46 summary = Many of the steps that characterize a viral infection were first discovered in experiments with bacterial viruses: such processes include attachment and penetration, the reproduction-cycledependent regulation of gene expression that results in early and late synthesized proteins, and lysogeny, which is associated with the existence of prophages. Besides the importance for tumour virus research, these observations aroused interest in the question concerning the basis of the high susceptibility of newborn animals to viral infections, and suggested investigations on the innate resistance of an organism to infections as well as the time and the causes of its formation. Between 1918 and 1920, a pandemic emerging viral disease, Spanish flu, claimed more than 20 million lives, i.e., more than in the First World War. After cultivation of the virus responsible in embryonated chicken eggs in 1933, their haemagglutinating properties were discovered in 1941 (i.e., their ability to agglutinate red blood cells), thereby laying the basis for the development of haemagglutination tests to detect viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017634-zhmnfd1w author = Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne title = Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12379 sentences = 662 flesch = 46 summary = Use of additional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data may enable a physician to diagnose a disease even though the formal surveillance case definition may not be met. Another way to detect an increase of cases is if the surveillance system of reportable infectious diseases reveals an unusually high number of people with the same diagnosis over a certain time period at different health care facilities. On the other hand, however, there should be no time delay in starting an investigation if there is an opportunity to prevent more cases or the potential to identify a system failure which can be caused, for example, by poor food preparation in a restaurant or poor infection control practices in a hospital or to prevent future outbreaks by acquiring more knowledge of the epidemiology of the agent involved. In developing countries, surveys are often necessary to evaluate health problems since data collected routinely (disease surveillance, hospital records, case registers) are often incomplete and of poor quality. cache = ./cache/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017249-la5sum39 author = Feldblyum, Tamara V. title = Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Surveillance and Disease Severity date = 2015-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11430 sentences = 516 flesch = 39 summary = With the growing focus of the US health care system on the meaningful use of electronic medical records, one of the practical applications is expanding biosurveillance and preparedness capabilities, such as surveillance of infl uenza severity and associated risk factors during seasonal epidemics and pandemics [ 18 , 22 ] . EHR-based surveillance systems such as Electronic Medical Record Support for Public Health (ESP) implemented in Ohio and Massachusetts and BioSense were successfully used for analyzing ICD-9 diagnosis codes, reporting notifi able disease cases, surveillance of ILI, identifi cation of infl uenza or upper respiratory infection risk factors among hospitalized patients, and for monitoring diabetes prevalence, risk factors, and disease severity [ 13 , 19 ] . Pregnancy has been reported as a risk factor for seasonal and pandemic infl uenza infections and severe disease outcomes using historical and current data. cache = ./cache/cord-017249-la5sum39.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017249-la5sum39.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017463-repm1vw9 author = Ungchusak, Kumnuan title = Public Health Surveillance: A Vital Alert and Response Function date = 2018-07-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5671 sentences = 273 flesch = 40 summary = We examine networks that contribute to global surveillance systems and highlight the role of social media and information technology in providing data to monitor new events of international importance. The IHR 2005 require countries to develop core capacities in public health, including surveillance systems and epidemiology services, that can analyse and act on surveillance information to detect and respond to diseases where and when they occur so that their potential to spread internationally is decreased. Surveillance and response teams detect early stage public health threats while control programmes gather disease (or condition) specific information to plan activities. These networks depend on cooperation of governments, public health workers and scientists to report cases, provide specimens and share information so that specific diseases can be controlled globally. cache = ./cache/cord-017463-repm1vw9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017463-repm1vw9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017841-57rm046y author = Flower, Darren R. title = Immunomic Discovery of Adjuvants, Delivery Systems, and Candidate Subunit Vaccines: A Brief Introduction date = 2012-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4995 sentences = 230 flesch = 43 summary = What the pharmaceutical industry needs is the capacity to apply the same systematic, automated, high-technology approaches used to identify new small-molecule drugs to the discovery and development of vaccines. Just over a decade ago, Rino Rappuoli used the expression "reverse vaccinology" to describe development of vaccines using a genomic-based approach, rather than the ponderous empirical methods favoured then, and still in use today. This book looks in turn at reverse vaccinology and the identification of putative candidate antigens, at the discovery of a wide range of different types of adjuvants, and finally at the development of sophisticated new delivery mechanisms, such as liposomes and other applications of nanotechnology. They also highlight how advances in genome-based techniques and in so-called next-generation sequencing approaches and technologies will help to enhance reverse vaccinology, enabling timely identification of novel candidate antigens for new, emerging, or recrudescent infectious diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018263-cus1sqka author = Nadal, David title = Pediatric infectious diseases — Quo vadis 2015? date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4004 sentences = 174 flesch = 26 summary = Pediatric infectious disease specialists provide important recommendations on the use of microbiological and other diagnostic tests, application of antimicrobial drugs, and measures for infection control, which may substantially differ in children compared to in adults. Specific clinical tasks of the pediatric infectious disease specialist [4] -Integrative discipline -Provision of primary care and consultative services to patients from all pediatric disciplines -Implementation of quality assurance programs in hospitals and other health care settings, e.g., infection control, hospital epidemiology, antimicrobial management programs -Engagement in preventive efforts through implementation of vaccine strategies and other means; play a significant role in public health programs at all political levels -Conduction of research seeking cures for new diseases as well as preventive measures, such as new vaccines -Teaching and leadership in academic health institutions and non-experienced physicians within or outside the hospital. cache = ./cache/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017324-l3d3t4wh author = DjukanoviĆ, Ljubica title = Balkan nephropathy date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6838 sentences = 425 flesch = 42 summary = Balkan nephropathy does not spread beyond its already defined foci; the disease is distributed mosaically : non-endemic villages exist in the most affected regions, and there are spared families and households in the most affected settlements. Optic microscopic, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies of renal biopsies in children aged 5-15 from affected families in endemic regions failed to detect any Balkan nephropathy related changes [79] . The diagnosis of Balkan nephropathy is now established according to the first two criteria (residence in endemic village and positive family history) suggested by Danilović [106] , presence of tubular proteinuria and ruling out other renal diseases. Although no specific indicators of Balkan nephropathy have been recognized, epidemiological data, familial history as well as clinical characteristics of the disease enable differential diagnosis. However, recent studies indicated that patients with Balkan nephropathy are at increased risk for the development of upper urothelial tumors in both native and transplanted kidneys [117] . cache = ./cache/cord-017324-l3d3t4wh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017324-l3d3t4wh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017790-5iwgebvp author = Siegel, Frederic R. title = Disease Protection in Sea Coast (and Inland) Cities: Problems in Dense Populations with Shantytowns/Slums date = 2019-07-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6263 sentences = 264 flesch = 51 summary = Important factors that have to be considered by public health personnel in sea coast cities in order to be prepared to deal with disease include a location's latitude and elevation as they influence climate (temperature and humidity). Here, the path is toxic metal from rock to soil to agricultural products or drinking/cooking water that can do the same harm to the human body as noted in the previous paragraph by bioaccumulation in and damage to vital organs and also cause medical symptoms and the onset of a NCD. The release of heavy metals from industrialization, utility sources, and vehicles into a city environment and associated ecosystems on land and in the oceans can be an inherited legacy or existing danger to public health through bad air and contaminated water, soils, and foods. How sea coast cities (and inner ones) and national governments have adapted to mitigate toxic metal pollution is reflected in the health status of their populations. cache = ./cache/cord-017790-5iwgebvp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017790-5iwgebvp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018349-rt2i2wca author = Tosam, Mbih Jerome title = Global Emerging Pathogens, Poverty and Vulnerability: An Ethical Analysis date = 2019-03-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3768 sentences = 157 flesch = 47 summary = The outbreak of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the developing world has shown the extent to which economic and social conditions can affect vulnerable populations. Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions play a fundamental role in the emergence, spread and control/management of EIDs. In poor communities, a large part of the population live in overcrowded and squalid conditions. In this chapter, we critically examine the socio-economic and environmental factors that influence the emergence and spread of EIDs and discuss the ethical issues that arise from the global response and management of EIDs. Globally, the trend in the outbreak of EIDs has been increasing. Also, the countries where EIDs are more likely to occur and those whose capacity to effectively manage EIDs is weak, must also play a leading role in addressing the socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions which facilitate the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017621-pyn1enz2 author = Zaras, Nikolaos V. title = Case Study – Greece date = 2012-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2151 sentences = 120 flesch = 45 summary = The system of mandatory reporting of diseases represents the basis of epidemiologic monitoring in most countries; usually it is supplemented by more specialized systems, networks or studies with speci fi c objectives. Speci fi c (for the system of mandatory reporting of diseases) -detection of spo-• radic cases; Detection of epidemic cases Generic (for every system of epidemiologic monitoring) -estimation of reperThe reporting process can start from the clinical or laboratory doctor or the hospital's infectious diseases nurse but has to be sent immediately (by fax) to the Regional Health Directorates and CDCP. 2003: "Regulations applied for regional systems of health and providence", Art. 44, Law 3204/23-12-2003: CDCP -each private or public medical institution or individual doctor, operating legally, is obliged to inform CDCP of each case of pestiferous disease that comes to his/her attention. cache = ./cache/cord-017621-pyn1enz2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017621-pyn1enz2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017702-v46ye328 author = Ganguly, Nirmal Kumar title = Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine for Infectious Diseases date = 2013-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16564 sentences = 798 flesch = 43 summary = Deciphering the pathogen virulence factors, host susceptibility genes, and the molecular programs involved in the pathogenesis of disease has paved the way for discovery of new molecular targets for drugs, diagnostic markers, and vaccines. The pathogen genome on one hand gives us the information about the important genes conferring disease pathogenesis as well as drug resistance, while the genome of the host on the other hand will reveal the susceptibility genes, and the further knowledge of polymorphisms in genes of the host metabolic and immune system will lead to the new vaccine strategies, drugs targets, and also their treatment outcomes. Several fi eld studies have further suggested that there is a need for calibration of isoniazid dosage as per the individual tuberculosis patient's age, acetylator status, and disease process for an effective antimicrobial outcome of drug treatment (Jeena et al. cache = ./cache/cord-017702-v46ye328.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017702-v46ye328.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006466-e1phpqes author = nan title = 2018 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2018-04-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 92230 sentences = 5516 flesch = 46 summary = Whole exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation, previously reported (c.1425+1G>T) Conclusions: In summary, this report emphasizes the suspicion of a combined immunodeficiency in the presence of multiple abscesses by Mycoplasma, the usefulness of rDNA 16s in order to achieve proper Objectives: We describe a 15-year-old male patient with novel heterozygous mutation of EP300 gene; his first manifestations were initially characterized by infections, cytopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia suggesting a Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), but later on, persisting lymphopenia was suggestive of a combined immunodeficiency. Conclusions: Close monitoring of immune function in early life for patients with CHH and CID as well as the availability of suitable donors assists in determining management, including HSCT Introduction/Background: Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) represents a group of distinct inherited disorders, which inhibit the normal extravasation of neutrophils and their recruitment to sites of infection or inflammation. cache = ./cache/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018316-drjfwcdg author = Shephard, Roy J. title = Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness date = 2017-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6246 sentences = 267 flesch = 53 summary = 4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such current issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel. The success of urban living has depended in great part on governmental ability to maintain population health through the building of an adequate infrastructure to provide clean water and to dispose of waste, as well as the enactment of appropriate regulations to control the prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Diligent housewives adopted a few other simple changes in household management to preserve the health of their families, and Cambridge University insisted on a direct control of its food supply, The Great Plague The London "Plague" of 1665 CE was one in a series of European epidemics of bubonic plague dating back to the "Black Death." The Great Plague claimed at least 70,000 lives in central London, this being about a half of the population who had not fled from the city. cache = ./cache/cord-018316-drjfwcdg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018316-drjfwcdg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017864-cbkrve2h author = nan title = Defending Against Catastrophic Terrorism date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2233 sentences = 127 flesch = 49 summary = We are planning to augment existing predictive models by considering additional environmental factors (e.g., weather information, bird migration patterns) and tailoring data mining techniques for infectious disease datasets that have prominent temporal features. Although a wide range of methods have been proposed for retrospective spatio-temporal data analysis, the space scan statistic, in particular, has become one of the most popular methods for detection of disease clusters and is being widely used by many public health departments and researchers. Algorithmically, the space scan statistic method imposes a circular window on the map under study and moves the center of the circle over the area so that at different positions the window includes different sets of neighboring cases. Developed for crime hotspot analysis, RNNH is based on the well-known nearest neighbor hierarchical clustering (NNH) method, combining the hierarchical clustering capabilities with kernel density interpolation techniques. cache = ./cache/cord-017864-cbkrve2h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017864-cbkrve2h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017248-a37t31u1 author = nan title = Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date = 2010-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 48753 sentences = 4281 flesch = 41 summary = Possible Associated Conditions: Disseminated intravascular coagulation;* eclampsia;* glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (G6PD); hemolytic uremic syndrome;* malignant hypertension; lymphoma* and other malignancies; paroxysmal nocturnal hemo-globinuria; sickle cell disease;*thalassemia;* thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.* (See also below under "NOTE.") NOTE: Hemolysis also may be caused by conditions such as poisoning with chemicals or drugs, heat injury, snake bite,* or infections or may develop as a transfusion reaction* or be secondary to adenocarcinoma, heart valve prostheses (see below), liver disease (see below), renal disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Unusual under-lying or associated conditions include chronic aortic stenosis or regurgitation; coronary artery anomalies; coronary artery dissection; coronary embolism; coronary ostial stenosis (due to calcification of aortic sinotubular junction or, rarely, to syphilitic aortitis); coronary vasculitis (for instance, in polyarteritis nodosa* or acute hypersensitivity arteritis); hyperthyroidism,* gastrointestinal hemorrhage; * hypothyroidism, * idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy; intramural coronary amyloidosis; pheochromocytoma, polycythemia vera; * pseudoxanthoma elasticum,* radiationinduced coronary stenosis; severe pulmonary hypertension (with right ventricular ischemia); sickle cell disease;* and others. cache = ./cache/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015352-2d02eq3y author = nan title = ESPR 2017 date = 2017-04-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 82253 sentences = 4479 flesch = 46 summary = Lapierre; Montreal/CA Summary: Objectives: To review the classification of visceroatrial situs To describe the associated cardiac and non-cardiac anomalies To illustrate typical findings in fetuses, neonates and children To discuss the surgical consideration and the long-term follow-up in these patients Abstract: By definition, the type of situs is determined by the relationship between the atria and the adjacent organs. As is often the case, radiology in JIA is all about: knowing your clinicians (i.e. the pretest likelihood for disease) being technically eloquent (e.g. using high-resolution US probes, not delaying post-contrast MRI acquisitions) knowing what is normal (e.g. normal undulations in the articular surface, focal bone marrow signal variation) not being dogmatic about individual observations or measurements interpreting your findings in a clinical context The lecture will demonstrate similarities and differences among joints and modalities in children with variable-severity JIA. cache = ./cache/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018452-qyf2vymf author = Sica, Valentina title = Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways date = 2016-03-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6989 sentences = 324 flesch = 35 summary = Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. The inhibition of mTOR is linked to autophagy induction, but Rtp801 expression enhances oxidative stress-dependent cell death, amplifying the development of CS-induced lung injury [ 105 ] . Furthermore, the higher expression of autophagy proteins has been linked to lung epithelial cell death, airway dysfunction and emphysema in response to CS. Restoration of Beclin 1 activity, depletion of p62 by genetic manipulation or treatment with autophagy-stimulatory proteostasis regulators, such as cystamine, functionally rescue the CFTR mutated protein at the apical surface of epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo [ 54 ] . Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung infl ammation in cystic fi brosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition cache = ./cache/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018761-vm86d4mj author = Bradt, David A. title = Technical Annexes date = 2017-11-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10430 sentences = 805 flesch = 53 summary = cache = ./cache/cord-018761-vm86d4mj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018761-vm86d4mj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018911-tpm2594i author = Goodin, Douglas G. title = Integrating Landscape Hierarchies in the Discovery and Modeling of Ecological Drivers of Zoonotically Transmitted Disease from Wildlife date = 2018-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6442 sentences = 328 flesch = 42 summary = (2006) used coarse resolution vegetation index data to model and predict the continental-scale relationship between climate-driven landscape change and Lyme disease. Like all zoonotic disease, the ecology of each species of Hantavirus is closely related to that of its host organism; thus, generalization of virus-landscape relationships cannot be made without considering the habitat characteristics of the reservoir host. A regional-scale analysis of rodent reservoirs of hantaviruses in Paraguay showed that the host species do indeed show patterns of land cover preference, even when land cover is mapped into very general categories. For example, mathematical models for hantavirus infection in rodents have been studied in the context of multiple host species, spatial spread, and environmental variability (Abramson and Kenkre 2002; Abramson et al. Many challenges remain in model formulation, analysis, and simulation of zoonotic disease dynamics that relate to landscape and climate and the wide range of temporal and spatial scales (Allen et al. cache = ./cache/cord-018911-tpm2594i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018911-tpm2594i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018493-q24f86e9 author = Ranjan, Prabhat title = Importance of Natural Proteins in Infectious Diseases date = 2015-08-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3930 sentences = 209 flesch = 39 summary = Other extracellular proteins like invasive enzymes, e.g., coagulase, contributes to the formation of fibrin walls around staphylococcal lesions [10] ; exotoxins (proteins released extracellularly), like neurotoxin (Tetanus toxin, by Clostridium tetani, Botulinum toxin by Clostridium botulinum) [11] and cytotoxins (Diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium dipthereae) [12, 13] , also known as A-B toxins (consisting of 2 subunits: one binds to cell surface receptor and the other is transferred into the cell to damage the cell) [14] , cytolytic toxins (attacking cell constituents causing lysis) like hemolysins produced by Bordetella pertussis, inducing apoptosis of host cells, super antigen toxins (e.g., superantigen, sized 22KDa produced by 5-25 % of Staphylococcus aureus isolates, causing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) by stimulating the release of large amounts of interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor, etc.) [15] . Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a group of evolutionarily conserved intracellular proteinaceous PRRs that play a vital role in innate immunity and host physiology, in both plants and animals [30, 31] . Heat shock proteins can be expressed on the surface of infected cells, and this is likely to provide a target for the innate immune response. cache = ./cache/cord-018493-q24f86e9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018493-q24f86e9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018101-zd4v222b author = Kawashima, Kent title = Disease Outbreaks: Critical Biological Factors and Control Strategies date = 2016-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13128 sentences = 624 flesch = 45 summary = We will briefly describe some pathogens that cause human disease and their transmission mechanisms before analyzing the SARS 2002-2003 epidemic as a case study of a modern urban epidemic. In general, fecal-oral and vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted through an environmental (water, food) or a biological (animal) carrier that extends transmission range to large distances, but other routes are also possible depending on the specific pathogen. In the following three subsections, we discuss theoretical results on three important aspect of disease outbreak: (1) the effect of "superspreaders" on the probability of outbreak, (2) the impact of control strategies such as isolation and quarantine, and (3) factors that affect the evolution of pathogen virulence. When the host population has a highly heterogeneously connected network, emergence of disease may be rare, but infections that survive stochastic extinction produce "explosive" epidemics similar to the case of SARS in 2002. cache = ./cache/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018430-u3k8pds6 author = Mason, Jay W. title = Myocarditis date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21734 sentences = 1351 flesch = 34 summary = The classification states that "myocarditis is diagnosed by established histological, immunological and immunohistochemical criteria." The Dallas criteria 5 provide consensus-derived histologic criteria: "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease." However, many have speculated that less pronounced histologic abnormalities may be present and that additional molecular, immunologic, and immunohistochemical diagnostic criteria can be used productively. 330 These criteria define active myocarditis (see also Fig. 59 .7A) as "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease." Furthermore, other causes of inflammation (e.g., connective tissue disorders, infection, drugs) should be excluded. 392 An interesting hypothesis to explain the high frequency of dilated heart muscle disease is the presence of myocarditis in HIV-infected patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The ECG abnormalities suggesting myocardial involvement are present in a high proportion of patients, 414 but clinical evidence of cardiac dysfunction occurs in only 10% to 25% of cases. cache = ./cache/cord-018430-u3k8pds6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018430-u3k8pds6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018116-99z6ykb2 author = Healing, Tim title = Surveillance and Control of Communicable Disease in Conflicts and Disasters date = 2009 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8922 sentences = 479 flesch = 52 summary = They must be able to • assess the health status of the population affected and identify the main health priorities • monitor the development and determine the severity of any health emergency that develops (including monitoring the incidence of and case fatality rates from diseases, receiving early warning of epidemics and monitoring responses) At first sight, undertaking public health activities in emergencies, especially in conflicts, may seem to be difficult or impossible. In other types of disaster public health activities may be expected to be less affected by the security situation than in a war (although aid workers may be at risk if populations are severely deprived of resources such as food, shelter, water, or cash), and with limited access and damage to communication systems and other parts of the infrastructure assessment, surveillance and control activities can be severely restricted. cache = ./cache/cord-018116-99z6ykb2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018116-99z6ykb2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018706-gykw2nvt author = Yadav, Mahendra Pal title = Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases: Perspectives and Preparedness date = 2020-02-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9686 sentences = 390 flesch = 41 summary = The factors driving the emergence of different emerging infectious disease (EID) interfaces include global travel, urbanisation and biomedical manipulations for human EIDs; agricultural intensification for domestic animal EIDs; translocation for wildlife EIDs; human encroachment, ex situ contact and ecological manipulation for wildlife–human EIDs; encroachment, new introductions and 'spill-over' and 'spill-back'; and technology and industry for domestic animal–human EIDs. The concepts of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and biosecurity have gained recognition globally in almost all the realms of human activities, including livestock health and production management. Among the TADs having zoonotic manifestations, a number of infectious diseases, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), BSE (Mad cow disease caused by prion), West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, SARS coronavirus, Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Zika virus and CCHF, to name a few, adversely affecting animal and human health have been in the news in recent times (Malik and Dhama 2015; Munjal et al. cache = ./cache/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018746-s9knxdne author = Perra, Nicola title = Modeling and Predicting Human Infectious Diseases date = 2015-04-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9708 sentences = 543 flesch = 53 summary = Building on these concepts we present two realistic data-driven epidemiological models able to forecast the spreading of infectious diseases at different geographical granularities. The unprecedented amount of data on human dynamics made available by recent advances technology has allowed the development of realistic epidemic models able to capture and predict the unfolding of infectious disease at different geographical scales [59] . The new approach allows for the early detection of disease outbreaks [62] , the real time monitoring of the evolution of a disease with an incredible geographical granularity [63] [64] [65] , the access to health related behaviors, practices and sentiments at large scales [66, 67] , inform data-driven epidemic models [68, 69] , and development of statistical based models with prediction power [67, [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] . cache = ./cache/cord-018746-s9knxdne.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018746-s9knxdne.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018619-aknktp6d author = Bello-Orgaz, Gema title = A Survey of Social Web Mining Applications for Disease Outbreak Detection date = 2015 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3253 sentences = 158 flesch = 45 summary = Recently, the research on artificial intelligence techniques applied to develop technologies allowing monitoring web data sources for detecting public health events has been emerged as a new relevant discipline called Epidemic Intelligence (EI). Recently, the research on artificial intelligence techniques applied to develop technologies allowing monitoring web data sources for detecting public health events has been emerged as a new relevant discipline called Epidemic Intelligence (EI). It is a secure web-based multilingual warning tool that is continuously monitoring and analysing global media data sources to identify information about disease outbreaks and other events related to public healthcare. Once the data have been extracted from the social media sites (RSS feeds, WWW, social networks, ProMED-mail, search engines, etc...), the next stage is to perform the text analysis methods for the trend detection, identifying potential sources of disease outbreaks. cache = ./cache/cord-018619-aknktp6d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018619-aknktp6d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018151-5su98uan author = Lynteris, Christos title = Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date = 2019-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8567 sentences = 354 flesch = 43 summary = Providing original studies of rats, mosquitoes, marmots, dogs and 'bushmeat', which at different points in the history of modern medicine and public health have come to embody social and scientific concerns about infection, this volume aims to elucidate the impact of framing non-human animals as epidemic villains. Whether it is stray dogs as spreaders of rabies in colonial and contemporary India, bushmeat as the source of Ebola in West Africa, mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever in the Global South, or rats and marmots as hosts of plague during the third pandemic, this volume shows framings of non-human animals to be entangled in local webs of signification and, at the same time, to be global agents of modern epidemic imaginaries. cache = ./cache/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018760-blwguyl4 author = Guleria, Randeep title = Health Effects of Changing Environment date = 2019-03-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4788 sentences = 262 flesch = 47 summary = Last two centuries have witnessed changes in global environmental factors such as rise in temperature leading to global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone layer, loss of biodiversity and marked degradation in air and water quality due to atmospheric pollution, thereby causing upsurge in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Similarly, in India there is strong evidence linking lower respiratory tract infection to indoor air pollution caused by the use of solid fuels in household. Air pollution and occupational exposure may cause a variety of negative health outcomes, including reduced lung function in children as well as increased susceptibility to infections, airway inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. There should be general awareness of how changes in climate and environment lead to significant acute and chronic effects on human health. cache = ./cache/cord-018760-blwguyl4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018760-blwguyl4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018364-b06084r1 author = LaBrunda, Michelle title = The Emerging Threat of Ebola date = 2019-06-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13502 sentences = 795 flesch = 57 summary = Transmission of Ebola disease is still being studied, but it is known that person-toperson contact is the most common form of spread. One study found the risk of developing EVD for healthcare workers to be 100 times that of the general community during an outbreak of Ebola in Sierra Leone [67] . After the outbreak of SARS in 2003 many countries starting using boarder screening to try to identify possibly ill people in hopes of limiting spread of infectious disease, others jumped on board after the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. An article by the CDC, published around the same time as the article recommending travel restriction for high-risk individuals, concludes that border screens are expensive and not effective in preventing the spread of disease [100] . Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients Under Investigation (PUIs) for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in U cache = ./cache/cord-018364-b06084r1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018364-b06084r1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018623-of9vx7og author = Saghazadeh, Amene title = The Physical Burden of Immunoperception date = 2019-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5755 sentences = 262 flesch = 37 summary = Further, human studies provided evidence pointing to the increased development of emotional problems and EDR-related disorders in patients with various types of AIDs, such as SLE and multiple sclerosis (MS), in a disease state/severity-dependent manner [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Thus, it is not surprising that the inflammatory response and respective cytokines are supposed as one of the possible mechanisms linking the experience of negative emotions or ER-related disorders and the progression of cardiovascular diseases, of course along with the neuroendocrine system and apoptosis signaling pathways [27, 30, [32] [33] [34] [35] . Mice subjected to short-term (1-3 weeks) HFD also exhibited anxiety-like behaviors in addition to learning and memory impairments and had significantly higher levels of homovanillic acid-a metabolite of dopamine-in their hippocampus and cortex but without any alteration in the gene expression of inflammatory markers [89] . Increased emotional distress in daughters of breast cancer patients is associated with decreased natural cytotoxic activity, elevated levels of stress hormones and decreased secretion of Th1 cytokines cache = ./cache/cord-018623-of9vx7og.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018623-of9vx7og.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018917-7px75s3c author = Hopkins, Richard S. title = Informatics in Disease Prevention and Epidemiology date = 2013-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7517 sentences = 337 flesch = 41 summary = This chapter provides a description of the components of disease prevention and control programs, and then focuses on information systems designed to support public health surveillance, epidemiologic investigation of cases and outbreaks, and case management. Public health surveillance systems may be based on data capture from a variety of sources, including case reports, population-based surveys, sentinel providers, electronic health records (including laboratory information management systems for ELR and emergency department records for syndromic surveillance), or administrative data (like hospital or physician claims for reimbursement). Information systems to support reportable disease surveillance contain records representing case reports that currently are, for the most part, entered manually into an application by public health staff, based on information received from doctors, infection control practitioners, hospitals, and laboratories. cache = ./cache/cord-018917-7px75s3c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018917-7px75s3c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018454-sy21cpff author = Mitrovic, Stéphane title = Adult-Onset Still’s Disease date = 2019-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9387 sentences = 495 flesch = 41 summary = (continued) Identifying the disease subset might orientate the therapeutic strategy c Serum ferritin levels are significantly higher in the systemic subtype [110] , but high ferritin levels after adequate treatment may predict chronic articular course [61] d Calprotectin levels help rule out rheumatoid arthritis, but further studies are needed to validate it as a diagnostic biomarker because of no statistical difference between AoSD and septic patients, although the populations were small [42] e Elevated plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα have been found during AoSD, but the cytokine profile is not specific and cannot differentiate AoSD patients from those with sepsis f S100A12 was found an efficient diagnostic and monitoring biomarker in systemic juvenile arthritis, but further studies are needed for validation in AoSD Procalcitonin, a marker of severe systemic infection, was also found elevated in patients with active AoSD and does not appear relevant to distinguish acute infection from AoSD flare [42, 113] . cache = ./cache/cord-018454-sy21cpff.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018454-sy21cpff.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018899-tbfg0vmd author = Brauer, Fred title = Epidemic Models date = 2011-10-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19642 sentences = 1293 flesch = 65 summary = For example, one of the fundamental results in mathematical epidemiology is that most mathematical epidemic models, including those that include a high degree of heterogeneity, usually exhibit "threshold" behavior, which in epidemiological terms can be stated as follows: If the average number of secondary infections caused by an average infective is less than one, a disease will die out, while if it exceeds one there will be an epidemic. [Technically, the attack rate should be called an attack ratio, since it is dimensionless and is not a rate.] The final size relation (9.3) can be generalized to epidemic models with more complicated compartmental structure than the simple SIR model (9.2), including models with exposed periods, treatment models, and models including quarantine of suspected individuals and isolation of diagnosed infectives. Compartmental models for epidemics are not suitable for describing the beginning of a disease outbreak because they assume that all members of a population are equally likely to make contact with a very small number of infectives. cache = ./cache/cord-018899-tbfg0vmd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018899-tbfg0vmd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018638-4pyjhpbk author = Pilania, Rakesh Kumar title = Kawasaki Disease date = 2019-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5674 sentences = 378 flesch = 50 summary = Acute non-purulent cervical lymphadenopathy Table 4 .2 AHA 2017 diagnostic criteria for KD [28] Diagnosis of classic KD can be proffered in the presence of fever for at least 5 days associated with at least 4 of the 5 following principal clinical features. Cervical lymphadenopathy (>1.5 cm diameter), usually unilateral A careful history may reveal that ≥1 principal clinical features were present during the illness but resolved by the time of presentation Exclusion of other diseases with similar findings (e.g., scarlet fever, viral infections like measles, adenovirus, enterovirus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, drug hypersensitivity reactions, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis) unusual for KD. Perianal desquamation is virtually pathognomonic of KD and is a useful clinical sign for diagnosis of the disease during the acute phase ( Fig. 4 .3c). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease and factors associated with coronary artery abnormalities in East China: nine years experience cache = ./cache/cord-018638-4pyjhpbk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018638-4pyjhpbk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021259-spteznv7 author = Heikkilä, Jaakko title = Anything left for animal disease insurance? A choice experiment approach date = 2016-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7994 sentences = 399 flesch = 49 summary = In this study, we undertook a farm survey in Finland employing a choice experiment to study the willingness to pay for animal disease insurance products. The above topics were studied through a choice experiment, where Finnish pig and poultry producers indicated their willingness to buy different kinds of insurance products. A questionnaire was sent to all commercial pig and poultry producers in Finland, enquiring for instance their disease history (information on previous disease outbreaks at the farm), current insurance cover (all types of insurance) and the biosecurity measures used on their farm. More specifically, the questionnaire included a list of 24 different biosecurity measures, such as whether the production facilities are compartmentalised, whether the farm employs all-in-all-outprinciple, whether there is protective clothing available for visitors, whether the producers participate in disease-related training and so on. The negative and highly significant coefficients of compensated damages suggest that regardless of the attribute levels, many respondents preferred to choose the no buy option, i.e. not to purchase insurance. cache = ./cache/cord-021259-spteznv7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021259-spteznv7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021261-budyph2u author = Bonnaud, Laure title = Serge Morand and Muriel Figuié (eds), 2016, Emergence de maladies infectieuses. Risques et enjeux de société (The emergence of infectious diseases. Societal risks and stakes): Paris, Quae, 136 p date = 2017-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1365 sentences = 66 flesch = 45 summary = In the case of influenza, national experts-virologists in particular-also became lobbyists for this public issue, linking it to other problems (by presenting it as a model for preparations against bioterrorism) and suggesting solutions, such as mass vaccination. In the French case, the authors analyse the mechanism for countering H1N1 flu and look at different ways of shaping the public problem, depending on whether the pandemic is deemed to be a public health issue, a stake of collective security, or a global problem affecting contemporary societies. Muriel Figuié takes a critical state-of-the-art look at the implementation of international public action in relation to animal health and more particularly at epidemiological surveillance and vaccination. Finally, epidemiological surveillance networks aside, the book pays little attention to the implementation of other devices or policies to fight against emerging infectious diseases. The next step towards understanding emerging diseases might therefore be to compare this new global health model with existing devices, in both the northern and southern countries. cache = ./cache/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-020544-kc52thr8 author = Bradt, David A. title = Technical Annexes date = 2019-12-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6170 sentences = 471 flesch = 51 summary = However, if Dukoral is readily available and staff are properly trained in its use according to the guidelines that come with the vaccine, the COTS program PERMITS Dukoral's use (ideally before an outbreak) in the following high-risk populations: refugee populations in which cholera is present, health care workers managing cholera cases, and communities in which the incidence rate is greater than 1 in 1000 annually." [2] Epidemiological Surveillance (specific to cholera) cache = ./cache/cord-020544-kc52thr8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-020544-kc52thr8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019055-k5wcibdk author = Pacheco, Jorge M. title = Disease Spreading in Time-Evolving Networked Communities date = 2017-10-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8603 sentences = 451 flesch = 49 summary = We show that the effective infectiousness of a disease taking place along the edges of this temporal network depends on the population size, the number of infected individuals in the population and the capacity of healthy individuals to sever contacts with the infected, ultimately dictated by availability of information regarding each individual's health status. Furthermore, the knowledge an individual has (based on local and/or social media information) about the health status of acquaintances, partners, relatives, etc., combined with individual preventive strategies [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] (such as condoms, vaccination, the use of face masks or prophylactic drugs, avoidance of visiting specific web-pages, staying away from public places, etc.), also leads to changes in the structure and shape of the contact networks that naturally acquire a temporal dimension that one should not overlook. cache = ./cache/cord-019055-k5wcibdk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019055-k5wcibdk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019063-mcxbl8mv author = Vijayan, Vannan K. title = Diagnosis of Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases date = 2013-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6671 sentences = 452 flesch = 39 summary = The lung diseases that may result from these infections range from asymptomatic phase to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis is based on the microscopical demonstration of Leishmania amastigotes in the relevant tissue aspirates or biopsies such as bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or liver, skin slit smears, or in the peripheral blood buffy coat [ 19 ] . The important helminthic parasites that cause lung diseases include cestodes ( Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis ), trematodes ( Schistosoma haematobium , Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosoma japonicum , and Paragonimus westermani ), and nematodes ( Ascaris lumbricoides , Ancylostoma duodenale , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis , Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , Brugia timori , Dirofi laria immitis , Dirofi laria repens , Toxocara canis or cati , and Trichinella spiralis ). A diagnosis of pulmonary disease due to ascariasis can be made in an endemic region in a patient who presents with dyspnea, dry cough, fever, and eosinophilia. cache = ./cache/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018976-0ndb7rm2 author = Iwasa, Yoh title = Mathematical Studies of Dynamics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1796 sentences = 109 flesch = 48 summary = Mathematical modeling of infectious diseases is the most advanced subfield of theoretical studies in biology and the life sciences. The papers included in this volume are for mathematical studies of models on infectious diseases and cancer. This introductory chapter is followed by four papers on infectious disease dynamics, in which the roles of time delay (Chaps. Then, there are two chapters that discuss competition between strains and evolution occurring in the host population (Chap. By considering the appearance of novel strains with different properties from those of the resident population of pathogens, and tracing their abundance, we can discuss the evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases. Iwasa and his colleagues derive a result that, without cross-immunity among strains, the pathogenicity of the disease tends to increase by any evolutionary changes. Beretta and his colleagues summarize their study of modeling of an immune system dynamics in which time delay is incorporated. cache = ./cache/cord-018976-0ndb7rm2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018976-0ndb7rm2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021082-a1jsbunw author = Parthasarathy, A. title = Training in pediatric infectious disease: Need of the time date = 2013-05-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 714 sentences = 47 flesch = 52 summary = The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 17% of total mortality in children less than 5 years of age is due to vaccine preventable diseases. This could facilitate clinicians, researchers and academicians to intensely understand and be involved in surveillance, policy making, program implementation on infections that directly contribute to morbidity and mortality in children, including new and emerging infections like SARS, H1N1 influenza, dengue, and infectious diarrhea. Professionally-oriented training and education in pediatric infectious diseases is the 'need of the hour' and should be implemented on a "war footing" to achieve global health. I therefore, strongly feel that such a course will be useful not only for individuals interested in expanding their knowledge of the techniques available for analyzing and interpreting epidemiological data on infectious diseases, but also for the world and for India to achieve the goal of "health for all". cache = ./cache/cord-021082-a1jsbunw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021082-a1jsbunw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021668-33zfio0u author = Tyring, Stephen K. title = Syndromal tropical dermatology date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6256 sentences = 311 flesch = 43 summary = With increasing numbers of persons from industrialized, temperate countries traveling and/or working in tropical lands, there is a marked need for physicians to be able to diagnose accurately and treat tropical diseases with mucocutaneous manifestations. Considerations for deciding the differential diagnosis of cutaneous manifestations of tropical diseases and/or of diseases acquired while traveling must be based not only on the type of lesions and systemic symptoms but also on the patient's history of travel. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) should be considered at the top of the differential diagnoses when a patient presents with Syndromal tropical dermatology genital lesions and/or urogenital discharge. The most common cause of fever after tropical travel is malaria, which usually does not have specific cutaneous manifestations. If at least 3 months separate travel from fever/rash, the following infections should be considered: bartonellosis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, hepatitis viruses (B and C), histoplasmosis, HIV, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, melioidosis, penicilliosis, syphilis, trypanosomiasis, and tuberculosis. cache = ./cache/cord-021668-33zfio0u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021668-33zfio0u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021361-v3nw0xh9 author = Willard, Michael D. title = Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Hepatic Disorders date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13416 sentences = 842 flesch = 43 summary = Hepatic biopsy should be considered in patients with obviously significant hepatic disease, those that do not have hyperadrenocorticism, and those that have persistent (more than 1 month) changes in serum ALT or SAP consistent with chronic or progressive hepatic disease or abnormal hepatic function tests (see Figure 9 -5). Ammonia tolerance testing (ATT) and pre-and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations appear to be the most sensitive NOTE: These drugs do not reliably cause hepatic disease. Occasional Indications • Icterus (on either physical examination or inspection of nonhemolyzed serum or plasma), bilirubinuria (any amount in a cat or significant amounts in a dog), or suspected hepatic disease that is not apparent on other tests. Increased SAP in a cat is an indication for serum thyroid hormone determination, urinalysis, blood glucose and serum ALT measurement, and perhaps a hepatic function test (e.g., bile acid). cache = ./cache/cord-021361-v3nw0xh9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021361-v3nw0xh9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-019001-ralxw4ad author = Oishi, Peter title = Diseases of the Pulmonary Vascular System date = 2008-11-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12794 sentences = 669 flesch = 27 summary = In addition, physical expansion of the lung results in the release of vasoactive substances, such as PGI 2 , which increases pulmonary blood fl ow and decreases pulmonary vascular resistance in the fetal goat and lamb independent of the changes in oxygen tension [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] . In humans, endothelial dysfunction, including histologic abnormalities of the endothelium, impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, and increased plasma ET-1 concentrations have been described in children with congenital heart defects and pulmonary hypertension before the development of signifi cant vascular remodeling [22, 98, 101] . In addition, neonates with PPHN and adults with advanced pulmonary vascular disease have evidence of endothelial dysfunction, impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, increased plasma ET-1 concentrations, and decreased prostacyclin production [23, 24, 62, 99] . The oral formulation is currently being investigated for chronic pulmonary hypertensive therapy, and recent short-term studies demonstrate benefi cial effects in children with advanced pulmonary vascular disease [164] . cache = ./cache/cord-019001-ralxw4ad.txt txt = ./txt/cord-019001-ralxw4ad.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021491-x8czsmyd author = Hoefer, Heidi L. title = Gastrointestinal Diseases date = 2009-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10306 sentences = 678 flesch = 48 summary = Differential diagnosis includes the presence of an esophageal or GI foreign body, gastritis, influenza, and respiratory diseases. Causes of GI ulceration include foreign body or toxin ingestion, Helicobacter mustelae infection, treatment with ulcerogenic drugs, GI neoplasia, and azotemia caused by renal disease. H. mustelae infection in ferrets is associated with varying degrees of gastritis, with or without duodenitis, and it can result in ulcer formation. mustelae gastritis may be a diagnosis of exclusion of other common disorders, such as the presence of a GI foreign body; treatment for H. Antacid therapy may not be helpful in the early treatment of Helicobacter infection because affected ferrets usually develop hypochlorhydria. The most common noninfectious causes of diarrhea include dietary indiscretion, foreign body ingestion, trichobezoar, and inflammatory bowel disease. mustelae gastritis, PBD, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis all cause diarrhea and wasting in ferrets. Severe gastritis may be evident in gastric biopsy samples from ferrets showing no signs of clinical disease. cache = ./cache/cord-021491-x8czsmyd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021491-x8czsmyd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021465-2pj26fmv author = PERDUE, MICHAEL L. title = Impact of Avian Viruses date = 2007-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14076 sentences = 696 flesch = 46 summary = Although there is variation in the economic or ecological impact of various viral groups from year to year and among geographic sites, the "Top Ten" list of virus groups exhibiting routine significant impact on commercial poultry worldwide (not necessarily in order of impact) are paramyxoviruses (Newcastle disease); coronaviruses (infectious bronchitis); herpesviruses (infectious laryngotracheitis; Marek's disease; duck enteritis); reoviruses (viral arthritis); picornaviruses (avian encephalomyelitis); adenoviruses (egg drop syndrome); retroviruses (lymphoid leukosis); orthomyxoviruses (avian influenza); poxviruses (fowlpox); and birnaviruses (infectious bursal disease). With the recent documented transmission of a lethal avian influenza virus from commercial poultry to humans, these ecological relationships take on new significance. Lymphomas caused by MDV and retroviruses are still the most common viral neoplastic diseases of poultry, and a recent increase in mortality and evolution of more virulent MDV strains indicates that the impact of these viruses will continue to be felt (Witter, 1996) . cache = ./cache/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-020610-hsw7dk4d author = Thys, Séverine title = Contesting the (Super)Natural Origins of Ebola in Macenta, Guinea: Biomedical and Popular Approaches date = 2019-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9756 sentences = 460 flesch = 48 summary = Combined with a divergent political practice and lived experiences of the state, especially between Sierra Leone and Guinea, the working hypothesis drawn from my ethnographic observations in Macenta and related literature review is that part of the continuing episodes of hostility and social resistance manifested by Guinean communities regarding the adoption of the proposed control measures against the scourge of Ebola has its origins in the divergence between explanatory systems of the disease; on the one hand, biomedical explanatory systems, and, on the other hand, popular explanatory systems. By framing 'bushmeat' hunting, as well as local burials, as the main persisting cultural practices among the 'forest people' to explain (or to justify) the maintenance of the EVD transmission during the West African epidemic, the notion of culture that fuelled sensational news coverage has strongly stigmatised this 'patient zero' community both globally and within Guinea, and has been employed to obscure the actual, political, economic and political-economic drivers of infectious disease patterns. cache = ./cache/cord-020610-hsw7dk4d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-020610-hsw7dk4d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-020846-mfh1ope6 author = Zlabinger, Markus title = DSR: A Collection for the Evaluation of Graded Disease-Symptom Relations date = 2020-03-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2534 sentences = 149 flesch = 52 summary = While existing disease-symptom relationship extraction methods are used as the foundation in the various medical tasks, no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods. While several disease-symptom extraction methods have been proposed that retrieve a ranked list of symptoms for a disease [7, 10, 13, 14] , no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods [11] . In the second method [14] , the relation between a disease and symptom is calculated based on their co-occurrence in the MeSHkeywords 1 of medical articles. We describe limitations of the keyword-based method [14] and propose an adaption in which we calculate the relations not only on keywords of medical articles, but also on the full text and the title. We evaluate the baselines on the dsr-collection to compare their effectiveness in the extraction of graded disease-symptom relations. cache = ./cache/cord-020846-mfh1ope6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-020846-mfh1ope6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-020769-elzkwyz0 author = Day, Brennan title = The new normal: lessons learned from SARS for corporations operating in emerging markets date = 2004-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6422 sentences = 312 flesch = 55 summary = This paper uses the recent SARS epidemic as a background to highlight the importance of crisis planning, particularly in emerging economies, and suggests how organizations can address these concerns. This paper will start by presenting background information on the SARS epidemic and the impact on organizations, especially those operating in emerging markets. Since emerging markets are increasingly important to the world economy and are at the same time susceptible to outbreaks of infectious diseases, we need to understand how we are linked together on an interdependent global level. If just three of the Asian emerging economies -China, India, and Indonesia -are able to maintain this growth rate of 6 percent per year, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has estimated that by 2010 approximately 700 million people in those countries will have an average income equivalent to that of Spain today. cache = ./cache/cord-020769-elzkwyz0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-020769-elzkwyz0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018620-3kqx8arn author = Rueda, Mario title = Hepatic Failure date = 2016-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13808 sentences = 842 flesch = 44 summary = In this chapter we will discuss the definition, clinical manifestations, workup, and management of acute and chronic liver failure and the general principles of treatment of these patients. Other mechanisms that may explain this symptom include the endogenous opioids theory which proposes that the liver failure patient has elevated opioid levels secondary to decrease clearance and metabolism. Past medical history plays a key role in determining if the patient has chronic liver disease or if they are experiencing an acute failure. A decrease in glutathione levels, enhanced cytochrome P450 activity secondary to medication use, acetaminophen overdose, or decreased liver function from chronic disease make patients more susceptible to developing toxicity. Patients with hepatitis secondary to shock present with several symptoms related to their hemodynamic instability including altered mental status, respiratory distress, severe hypotension, and renal failure. cache = ./cache/cord-018620-3kqx8arn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018620-3kqx8arn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021527-1etvgoxc author = Ellis, Christine title = Ferrets date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22562 sentences = 2007 flesch = 54 summary = • Diagnosis is based on the medical history, the physical examination findings, and a complete diagnostic work-up that includes a CBC, reticulocyte count, serum biochemical analysis, whole-body radiographs, and bone marrow cytology if indicated. M Key Point Base a presumptive diagnosis of insulinoma on the history, clinical signs, and repeated evidence of hypoglycemia in the presence of normal or elevated blood insulin levels. Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) is common in ferrets of all ages, and is similar in presentation to the disease in cats and dogs (see Chapter 27). • Differential diagnoses include the early stages of adrenal gland disease; however, hair loss on the body typically occurs as well when this condition is present. • Ferrets with congestive heart failure (CHF) may present with clinical signs that resemble symptoms associated with other disease entities, such as anorexia, ascites, coughing, dehydration, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, generalized weakness, hindlimb weakness, hypothermia, lethargy, tachypnea, and weight loss. cache = ./cache/cord-021527-1etvgoxc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021527-1etvgoxc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021917-z9wpjr0d author = Stephens, R. Scott title = Bioterrorism and the Intensive Care Unit date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8255 sentences = 444 flesch = 44 summary = • Health care workers, accustomed to putting the welfare of patients ahead of their own in emergency situations, must be prepared for the proper use of personal protective equipment and trained in specific plans for the response to an infective or bioterrorism event. Although intensivists working in developed countries generally have little experience treating specific illnesses caused by serious bioweapon pathogens, these diseases result in clinical conditions that commonly require treatment in intensive care units (ICUs) (e.g., severe sepsis and septic shock, hypoxemic respiratory failure, and ventilatory failure). An optimal medical response to a bioweapon attack will require all or most of the following: early diagnosis, rapid case finding, large-scale distribution of countermeasures for postexposure prophylaxis or early treatment, immediate isolation of contagious victims, and enhanced capacity for providing medical care to seriously and critically ill victims. cache = ./cache/cord-021917-z9wpjr0d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021917-z9wpjr0d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021453-vf8xbaug author = Dysko, Robert C. title = Biology and Diseases of Dogs date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 41994 sentences = 2688 flesch = 48 summary = The use of dogs continued as biomedical research advanced, and they were featured in many noteworthy studies, including those by Pavlov to observe and document the conditioned reflex response and by Banting and Best to identify the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Especially noted in this chapter are infectious diseases associated with the use of random-source dogs that have unknown vaccination history and have had intensive contact with other similar animals at pounds and/or shelters, or conditions seen frequently in the beagle, the most common breed used in biomedical research. Culture requires selective isolation media, and growth is favored by reduced oxygen tension and a temperature of 42~ Any disorder that can cause diarrhea in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis, including canine parvovirus, coronavirus, distemper virus, Giardia, and Salmonella infections; helminth infestations; and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. cache = ./cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022002-6edzmj7n author = Mitruka, Kiren title = Cruise Ship Travel date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9683 sentences = 537 flesch = 51 summary = Those include the names of the associated cruise lines and cruise ships, sailing dates, illness symptoms, the percentage of passenger and crew affected, control measures, and causative agent, if known. 24 Medical care aboard cruise ship is designed to provide cruise line passengers and crew members with timely access to comprehensive services for minor to severe illness and injury. 34 Clinicians can also play an important role in preventing influenza and other respiratory disease outbreaks aboard ships by â�ª asking travelers to refrain from traveling while ill and if illness develops during the trip, to practice respiratory hygiene and minimize contact with other people, including the cruise staff; and â�ª providing vaccination (or rarely, antiviral medications) as prevention, especially to high-risk populations as well as their close contacts, and those traveling in large tour groups, even if travel occurs during summer. cache = ./cache/cord-022002-6edzmj7n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022002-6edzmj7n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022176-hprwqi4n author = Löscher, Thomas title = Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2009-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8287 sentences = 384 flesch = 46 summary = Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2). cache = ./cache/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021494-9glqvzfx author = Funkhouser, William K. title = Pathology: The Clinical Description of Human Disease date = 2012-07-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2798 sentences = 151 flesch = 37 summary = The mental construct of etiology (cause), pathogenesis (progression), natural history (clinical outcome), and response to therapy is the standard approach for pathologists thinking about a disease. Diagnostic pathology will continue to use morphology and complementary data from protein (immunohistochemical) and nucleic acid (cytogenetics, in situ hybridization, DNA sequence, and RNA abundance) screening assays. It is possible that each new neoplasm will be promptly defined as to ploidy, translocations, gene copy number differences, DNA mutations, and RNA expression cluster subset, allowing residual disease screening as well as individualized therapy. Pathologists diagnose disease by generating a differential diagnosis, then finding the best fit for the clinical presentation, the radiographic appearance, and the pathologic (both clinical lab and morphologic) findings. Pathologists diagnose disease by generating a differential diagnosis, then finding the best fit for the clinical presentation, the radiographic appearance, and the pathologic (both clinical lab and morphologic) findings. cache = ./cache/cord-021494-9glqvzfx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021494-9glqvzfx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022383-pz0htccp author = Kohn, Dennis F. title = Biology and Diseases of Rats date = 2013-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20181 sentences = 1195 flesch = 50 summary = The severity and prevalence of clinical disease within an infected colony are associated with environmental conditions that induce stress (e.g., experimental manipulation, overcrowding, fluctuations in ambient temperature and humid ity, and copathogens). Salmonellosis, which was once a major cause of disease in laboratory rat and mouse colonies, is rarely reported in either species today. Mycoplasma pulmonis recently has become recognized as an important pathogen in the female genital tract of rats, and thus is being treated here as a distinct disease rather than as a sequella to MRM. Sendai virus commonly infects laboratory rats, but its clinical significance is less than in mice. Infection is usually diagnosed retrospectively in rats, where pulmonary lesions are observed following seroconversion to PVM in the absence of other respiratory pathogens. This disease, which occurs more fre quently in females, has been reported in numerous strains of rats. cache = ./cache/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021825-4tkc61yq author = Hooks, John J. title = Infections Associated with Retinal Autoimmunity date = 2007-05-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4977 sentences = 276 flesch = 48 summary = We will highlight two human diseases triggered by Onchocerca volvulus or Toxoplasma gondii and an experimental model referred to as experimental coronavirus retinopathy (ECOR), triggered by the murine coronavims, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). During the early phase of the disease (day 1-8) the virus infects and replicates within the retina of both BALB/c and CD-1 mouse stains [9] . Initial studies in the ECOR system, showed that inoculation of this JHM strain into the vitreous or anterior chamber of BALB/c mice resulted in retinal tissue damage [7, 8] . Analysis of pooled retinal mRNAs from untreated, mock-injected and virus infected BALB/ c mice revealed the presence of IL-6, IFN-y and TNF-~ mRNAs in virus infected retinas isolated during the acute disease, day 4 and day 8 PI. We therefore, evaluated the development of a retinal degenerative disease and the development of antiretinal autoantibodies in these two strains of mice after inoculation with JHM virus [11] . cache = ./cache/cord-021825-4tkc61yq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021825-4tkc61yq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022141-yxttl3gh author = Siegel, Frederic R. title = Progressive Adaptation: The Key to Sustaining a Growing Global Population date = 2014-08-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11114 sentences = 489 flesch = 52 summary = Adaptation by the global community as a unit is vital to cope with the effects of increasing populations, global warming/climate change, the chemical, biological, and physical impacts on life-sustaining ecosystems, and competition for life sustaining and economically important natural resources. The chronic malnutrition that about 1 billion people suffered from in 2013 is likely to grow in number in some regions due to global warming/climate change because humans cannot adapt to less food if they are already at subsistence rations. As the global population increases and more people in developing and less developed nations have more disposable income, there will be a growing draw on natural resources other than water and food to service their industrial, agricultural, and manufacturing needs and wants. The effects of higher temperatures from global warming and climate change included what has been discussed in previous chapters of this book: heat, drought, sea level rise, coastal zones, typhoons, flooding, river runoff, water availability, ecosystem shifts, crop yields, fishing, aquaculture, livestock, health and poverty, and tourism. cache = ./cache/cord-022141-yxttl3gh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022141-yxttl3gh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021990-a8ku5rke author = Tyring, Stephen K. title = Syndromal Tropical Dermatology date = 2016-12-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7077 sentences = 390 flesch = 46 summary = With increasing numbers of persons from industrialized, temperate countries traveling and / or working in tropical lands, there is a marked need for physicians to be able to diagnose accurately and treat tropical diseases with mucocutaneous manifestations. An example of a mosquito-borne disease that was considered primarily "tropical" in the recent past but is now relatively common in much of North America is infection with the West Nile virus (Fig. 1-3) . When one STD is confirmed, there is an increased possibility of acquisition of additional STDs. Not only is this the case because the source partner(s) may have had multiple STDs, but also because having certain STDs makes a person more susceptible to other STDs. The best example of this phenomenon is the two-to fivefold greater risk of acquiring HIV if the person with a genital ulcer disease (GUD) has sex with an HIV-positive individual. If at least 3 months separate travel from fever / rash, the following infections should be considered: bartonellosis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, hepatitis viruses (B and C), histoplasmosis, HIV, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, melioidosis, penicilliosis, syphilis, trypanosomiasis, and tuberculosis. cache = ./cache/cord-021990-a8ku5rke.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021990-a8ku5rke.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022034-o27mh4wz author = OLANO, JUAN P. title = Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10720 sentences = 642 flesch = 41 summary = They include presence of disease outbreaks of the same illness in noncontiguous areas, disease outbreaks with zoonotic impact, different attack rates in different environments (indoor versus outdoor), presence of large epidemics in small populations, increased number of unexplained deaths, unusually high severity of a disease for a particular pathogen, unusual clinical manifestations owing to route of transmission for a given pathogen, presence of a disease (vector-borne or not) in an area not endemic for that particular disease, multiple epidemics with different diseases in the same population, a case of a disease by an uncommon agent (smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers, inhalational anthrax), unusual strains of microorganisms when compared to conventional strains circulating in the same affected areas, and genetically homogenous organisms isolated from different locations. cache = ./cache/cord-022034-o27mh4wz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022034-o27mh4wz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022252-9yiuuye3 author = Mims, Cedric A. title = Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage date = 2013-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28864 sentences = 1432 flesch = 48 summary = A few viruses are remarkable because they cause no pathological changes at all in the cell, even during a productive infection in which infectious virus particles are produced. Primary consideration will be given to those substances which are produced under ecologically significant conditions (i.e. in the natural host or relevant animal model) and cause (also in biologically relevant systems) damage to cells or tissues thereby contributing to disease. Here we consider toxins which act on extracellular substances and are responsible for many of the main features of the diseases caused by the infecting organism. Circulating immune complexes are also deposited in the walls of small blood vessels in the skin and elsewhere, where they may induce inflammatory changes.* The prodromal rashes seen in exanthematous virus infections and in hepatitis B are probably caused in this way. cache = ./cache/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022265-7xw8qeku author = JULIAN, RICHARD J. title = The Peritoneum, Retroperitoneum, and Mesentery date = 2012-12-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10298 sentences = 480 flesch = 41 summary = edentatus larvae cause retroperitoneal lesions in the flank, perirenal fat, and diaphragm, perihepatitis with fibrin tags on the liver capsule, and a chronic diffuse thickening and inflammation in the mesentery, omentum, and hepatorenal ligament, with occasional caseous nodules. The uterus is probably the usual site in adults from which local spread occurs to the peritoneum, the antecedent lesion in most cases either a postpartum septic metritis or so-called blackleg of the fetus; in either event the peritonitis is fibrinosuppurative and hemorrhagic. Corynebacterium pyogenes, Escherichia coli, or a miscellany of organisms are frequently present in these, and in some the extension of the inflammatory process can be traced up the inguinal canals from castration wounds; in other cases of similar type, the peritonitis is localized to the inguinal and pelvic regions, is adhesive, and causes death from intestinal obstruction. A local reaction may occur around these intermediate forms in tissues and in the peritoneal cavity, and ascites may be present. cache = ./cache/cord-022265-7xw8qeku.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022265-7xw8qeku.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022393-s26d54ew author = E. Newcomer, Christian title = Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17040 sentences = 872 flesch = 42 summary = Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. cache = ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022203-t2f0vr1w author = Dowers, Kristy L title = The pyrexic cat date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8910 sentences = 761 flesch = 52 summary = Clinical signs are often non-specific and include fever, anorexia and weight loss. Gastrointestinal signs are uncommon in cats compared to dogs, and include chronic diarrhea, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and anorexia. • Dysfunction of any organ system may result from granuloma formation within the tissue of that organ, e.g., liver, kidney, spleen, intestines, lungs, etc., however, organ failure producing clinical signs only rarely occurs, and most dysfunction is only detected on biochemical tests. Clinical signs in the acute, fatal form of extraintestinal disease are caused primarily by tissue damage from the rapidly dividing tachyzoites. • Young kittens are more likely to have gastrointestinal signs, although mild clinical disease has been reported in adult cats as well. Systemic signs, which are not present in all cats, include fever, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and lymphadenopathy. Systemic signs such as fever, anorexia and depression are commonly reported (44% of cats) and can be seen with skin lesions. cache = ./cache/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022363-1l887fyy author = nan title = Cornea date = 2008-11-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9349 sentences = 474 flesch = 38 summary = The major attribute of cornea is its clarity, and it is the loss of clarity that is the most obvious indicator of corneal disease.The clarity results from several highly specialized anatomic and physiologic features: an unusually regular, nonkeratinized and nonpigmented surface epithelium; an avascular, cell-poor stroma composed of very thin collagen (mostly type I) fibrils arranged in orderly lamellae separated by a critical distance to allow the uninterrupted passage of light (620-640 Angstroms); and a high degree ofstromal dehydration maintained by the presence of epithelial tight junctions, endothelial tight junctions, and a Na-K-dependent ATP-ase pump in the cell membrane of the corneal endothelium ( Fig. 4.25A) . Regardless of cause, corneal inflammation initially follows the stereotyped sequence of edema and leukocyte immigration from tears and distant limbic venules.With severe lesions, corneal stromal vascularization, fibrosis and epithelial metaplasia with pigmentation may occur. cache = ./cache/cord-022363-1l887fyy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022363-1l887fyy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022520-ebj51v9o author = Marini, Robert P. title = Biology and Diseases of Ferrets date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19489 sentences = 1211 flesch = 46 summary = Campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative, spirally curved microaerophilic bacterium that is recognized as a significant cause of human enteritis and is as-sociated with diarrheic illness in several animal species, including dogs, cats, cows, goats, pigs, mink, ferrets, and sheep (Carter et al., 1995) . Reports of spontaneous cases in ferrets require diagnostic confirmation and differentiation from cases of proliferative bowel disease and other infectious and noninfectious causes of diarrhea. Systemic infection with the bovine strain in ferrets results in disseminated disease with weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, death, and miliary lesions involving the lungs and other viscera (Fox, 1998a) . Clinical disease may occur in kits as young as 1-4 days old or in older animals up to 6 weeks of age. Other potential etiologies that have been considered include two infectious agents that are known to cause chronic immune stimulation in affected ferrets, the Aleutian disease virus (ADV) and Helicobacter mustelae. cache = ./cache/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022483-hdmwv540 author = nan title = Gastrointestinal Disease date = 2009-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19315 sentences = 1127 flesch = 44 summary = In the neonatal period, commonly reported causes of abdominal pain are meconium impaction, small-intestinal volvulus, enteritis or colitis, uroperitoneum, intussusception, gastric ulcers, and ileus secondary to prematurity, septicemia, or neonatal encephalopathy. Lower-intestinal contrast studies (i.e., barium enema) have been reported to have 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for identifying mechanical obstruction (meconium impaction, atresia coli) of the transverse colon or small colon in foals less than 30 days of age ( Figure 11-14) . The only published study on 20 foals less than two weeks of age with acute abdominal pain reported that an exploratory celiotomy revealed functional ileus (45%), meconium impaction (25%), large-colon displacement (15%), small intestine displaced around the base of the cecum (10%), ruptured gastric ulcer, and small colon obstructed by the ovarian ligament. 8 These reports underscore the difficulty in definitively identifying the cause of abdominal pain prior to exploratory celiotomy in neonatal foals, as clearly some of these cases, such as enteritis and functional ileus, would not be considered to be predominantly surgical diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-022483-hdmwv540.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022483-hdmwv540.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021555-rrverrsj author = Delano, Margaret L. title = Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date = 2007-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 71765 sentences = 5075 flesch = 49 summary = These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. cache = ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022575-ybj6lwdb author = Platt, Simon R. title = Vestibular Disorders date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9439 sentences = 642 flesch = 45 summary = 1, 3 Signs of central vestibular syndrome suggest brainstem involvement and are not present in patients with inner ear disease except in cases of direct extension of the disease process, 8 such as can be seen with otitis media/interna 9 and neoplasia. Horner's syndrome (miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, and protrusion of the third eyelid) of the ipsilateral eye may be present with middle or inner ear disease, causing peripheral vestibular dysfunction ( Figure 56 -11). Peripheral vestibular dysfunction results from disease of the middle and inner ear affecting the receptors in the labyrinth and the vestibular portion of cranial nerve VIII. Seven such cats with otitis media/interna have been documented, in one study, with CNS dysfunction that included central vestibular signs. Peripheral vestibular disease in a cat with middle and inner ear squamous cell carcinoma Tympanic bulla osteotomy for treatment of middle-ear disease in cats: 19 cases (1984-1991) cache = ./cache/cord-022575-ybj6lwdb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022575-ybj6lwdb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022506-fkddo12n author = Griffin, Brenda title = Population Wellness: Keeping Cats Physically and Behaviorally Healthy date = 2011-12-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23797 sentences = 1308 flesch = 50 summary = Aside from informally "getting to know" cats during their initial acclimation period in a facility, a systematic â�¢ The ability to create different functional areas in the living environments for elimination, resting, and eating â�¢ The ability to hide in a secure place â�¢ The ability to rest/sleep without being disturbed â�¢ The ability to change locations within the environment, including using vertical space for perching â�¢ The ability to regulate body temperature by moving to warmer or cooler surfaces in the environment â�¢ The ability to scratch (which is necessary for claw health and stretching, as well as visual and scent marking) â�¢ The ability to play and exercise at will â�¢ The ability to acquire mental stimulation Because these needs will vary depending upon such factors as life stage, personality, and prior socialization and experience, facilities should maintain a variety of housing styles in order to meet the individual needs of different cats in the population (Figure 46-11) . cache = ./cache/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023165-f6o6owg3 author = NAVARRE, CHRISTINE B. title = Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System date = 2009-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 24560 sentences = 1604 flesch = 55 summary = The most important reason for examining feces in sheep and goats is to determine the presence and relative number of nematode parasites infesting an animal or flock. Clinical signs of frothy bloat and free gas bloat from either food intake or physical obstruction of the esophagus are usually more severe and immediately life-threatening than bloat seen from rumen wall diseases and systemic influences. Rumen acidosis usually occurs in animals that have been fed predominantly forage-based rations and are suddenly given access to large amounts of highly fermentable concentrates or concentrated forms of energy. Table 4 -2 lists the agents most likely to cause diarrhea in lambs and kids, tissues or other samples required for diagnosis, and commonly employed test methods. Liver abscesses usually occur as a result of chronic rumenitis in cattle, but they are rare in sheep and goats. F. hepatica infestation usually causes acute disease in sheep and goats but can present as a chronic condition. cache = ./cache/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023134-y665agnh author = nan title = Oral Research Communications of the 22(nd) ECVIM‐CA Congress date = 2012-11-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 29595 sentences = 1548 flesch = 50 summary = Doppler echocardiographic indices of diastolic function of the right ventricle are good prognostic markers during left ventricular (LV) failure secondary to ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy.The aims of the present study were: to assess LV and RV diastolic function by conventional Doppler and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (PW-TDI) in dogs with mitral valve disease (MVD), with or without pulmonary hypertension (PH); to test if echocardiographic parameters of LV and RV diastolic dysfunction correlate to the Doppler-estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP).114 dogs were prospectively evaluated, including 86 dogs with MVD. The aims of the present study were to assess whether diabetic cats have pathological evidence of islet inflammation or pancreatitis and to define islet lesions in comparison to a well-matched control population.Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pancreatic samples were collected from post-mortem examination performed on diabetic and control cats died due to any disease at the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich (Switzerland) between 1997 and 2009. cache = ./cache/cord-023134-y665agnh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023134-y665agnh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022581-awivedxp author = Diaz, James H. title = Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date = 2014-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10453 sentences = 494 flesch = 41 summary = SHORT VIEW SUMMARY KEYWORDS anaplasmosis; argasid ticks; Babesia; babesiosis; Borrelia; borreliosis; ehrlichiosis; Francisella; ixodid ticks; Lyme disease; rickettsialpox; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick paralysis; tick-borne coltiviruses; tick-borne encephalitis viruses; tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses; tick-borne relapsing fever viruses; tick-borne rickettsioses; ticks; tularemia By the 1980s and 1990s, the causative agents of the ehrlichioses were stratified as newly emerging, Rickettsia-like species, and later (2001) were completely reorganized into separate genera, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. africae causing African tick-bite fever); and regional clusters and epidemic cycles of more severe SFs worldwide (RMSF in the United States, Mediterranean SF [MSF] in Europe, and Queensland tick typhus [QTT] in Australia).* The reasons for such changes in rickettsial SF epidemiology are unclear and may include warming temperatures and increasing humidity, more frequent drought-rain cycles, residential development in preferred tick ecosystems, more competent tick vectors given competitive advantages by environmental and and there have been no long-term sequelae reported in STARI cases, some have questioned whether antibiotic therapy is indicated in STARI. cache = ./cache/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023942-vrs3je1x author = Powers, Karen S. title = Acute Pulmonary Infections date = 2011-12-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11273 sentences = 673 flesch = 42 summary = Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis remains the leading cause for hospital admission in infancy and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory failure in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units in North America. In a study of hospitalized infants with congenital heart disease infected with RSV, 33% required intensive care, 19% received mechanical ventilation, and 3.4% died. In the 1990s, fi ve randomized trials involving 225 infants, evaluating the effect of nebulized adrenaline (epinephrine) on bronchiolitis showed clinical improvement, with reductions in oxygen requirement, respiratory rate, wheezing, and decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis cache = ./cache/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024058-afgvztwo author = nan title = Engineering a Global Response to Infectious Diseases: This paper presents a more robust, adaptable, and scalable engineering infrastructure to improve the capability to respond to infectious diseases.Contributed Paper date = 2015-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5592 sentences = 294 flesch = 38 summary = Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Moving forward, addressing privacy issues will be critical so that geographic tracking of a phone's location could be used to help inform an individual of potential contact with infected persons or animals and support automated, anonymous, electronic integration of those data to accelerate the epidemiological detective work of identifying and surveying those same individuals for public health benefit. cache = ./cache/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023239-06a03o14 author = nan title = II. Topic Sessions date = 2016-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 33469 sentences = 1470 flesch = 39 summary = The basics of inhaler technique / device / adherence / allergen exposure are all being maintained A retrospective analysis of follow-up of children with difficult asthma for up to six years revealed that those in whom underlying modifiable factors were identified and addressed had an improvement in lung function and reduction in exacerbations over time, while being able to reduce maintenance dose of inhaled steroids such that the majority fell below the threshold for problematic severe asthma 4 . Long-term follow up of children investigated in infancy and reassessed in later childhood have so far showed that reduced baseline lung function in symptomatic infants was significantly associated with subsequent respiratory morbidity as well as with the need of anti-asthma medication at the age of 3 years. cache = ./cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023168-cd7adns8 author = Thachil, Jecko title = Haematological Diseases in the Tropics date = 2013-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30224 sentences = 1724 flesch = 44 summary = The most useful laboratory measure of iron status Low value is diagnostic in the presence of anaemia Very high values (>100 µg/L) usually exclude iron deficiency' Being an acute-phase protein, it increases in inflammatory conditions, and certain malignancies, making it unreliable Also increased in tissue damage especially of the liver Levels are falsely decreased in vitamin C deficiency and hypothyroidism Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin An intermediate in haem biosynthesis and elevated concentrations indicate interrupted haem synthesis due to iron deficiency when zinc is incorporated in place of iron Can be measured on a drop of blood with a portable haematofluorometer Small sample size makes it very useful as a screening test in field surveys, particularly in children, and pregnant women where inflammatory states may not co-exist Red cells should be washed before measurement (serum bilirubin and fluorescent compounds like some drugs can give falsely high values) although not often done Lead poisoning can give falsely high values Rarely acute myeloid leukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia give slightly high values Useful in that it is not increased in thalassaemias WHO recommends normal level >70 µmol/mol haem Iron studies Serum iron concentration represents the iron entering and leaving the circulation. cache = ./cache/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022505-17khcmta author = Delaney, Martha A. title = Rodentia date = 2018-10-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10529 sentences = 731 flesch = 37 summary = Common microscopic findings in rodents that may be misinterpreted as lesions include: multinucleated, karyomegalic, and cytomegalic hepatocytes are common in several rodent species and can increase with age ( Fig. 20 .1); hepatocellular intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations (pseudoinclusions) (Fig. 20 .1); eosinophilic cytoplasmic spherical inclusions in renal tubular epithelial cells and hepatocytes seen predominantly male mice, rats, and hamsters; splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, which is very common in healthy rodents of all ages (Fig. 20 .2); hemosiderin, lipofuscin, ceroid, and melanin (in dark or black coated animals) are commonly detected in various tissues, such as spleen, liver, kidney, and adrenal glands; cardiac muscle in the tunica of pulmonary veins in the lung is a normal finding in mice; male rodents may have refluxed seminal coagula in the urinary bladder and urethra that is thought to occur peri mortem; and adrenal X-zone vacuolation in female mice. cache = ./cache/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022561-rv5j1201 author = Boes, Katie M. title = Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System date = 2017-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 52276 sentences = 2784 flesch = 39 summary = Mechanisms contributing to glucocorticoid-mediated neutrophilia include the following: • Increased release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow storage pool • Decreased margination of neutrophils within the vasculature, with a resulting increase in the circulating pool • Decreased migration of neutrophils from the bloodstream into tissues The magnitude of neutrophilia tends to be species dependent, with dogs having the most pronounced response (up to 35,000 cells/µL) and in decreasing order of responsiveness, cats (30,000 cells/µL), horses (20,000 cells/µL), and cattle (15,000 cells/µL) having less marked responses. As a result, animals with Chédiak-Higashi 746.e1 CHAPTER 13 Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common canine hereditary bleeding disorder and has also been described in many other domestic species. cache = ./cache/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023367-ujflw19b author = Newcomer, Benjamin W. title = Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date = 2020-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 33175 sentences = 2065 flesch = 49 summary = The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. cache = ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022555-a7ie82fs author = nan title = Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity date = 2011-12-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 66452 sentences = 3846 flesch = 48 summary = One study found that, of cats investigated for gastrointestinal disease, 9 of 33 cats (27%) had no pathology recognized proximal to the jejunum (i.e., the effective length of diagnostic endoscopes would have precluded diagnosis), and other organs were affected in 9 of 10 cats with inflammatory bowel diseases and 7 of 8 cats with intestinal small cell lymphoma. 60, 64 Quantification of serum cobalamin levels is recommended in cats with clinical signs of small bowel diarrhea, ones suspected to have an infiltrative disease of the small intestine (inflammatory bowel disease or gastrointestinal lymphoma), or ones with pancreatic dysfunction. Survey radiographs may be normal in cats with esophagitis and strictures, but are useful to rule out other causes for the clinical signs, such as a foreign body, or to detect related problems, such as aspiration pneumonia. 8, 29 Other non-neoplastic causes reported for gastric or gastroduodenal ulceration in cats include parasites (e.g., Ollulanus tricuspis, Toxocara cati, Aonchotheca putorii, Gnathostoma spp.), bacterial infections, toxins, inflammatory bowel disease, and foreign bodies. cache = ./cache/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023509-tvqpv6fp author = Corrin, Bryan title = Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date = 2011-03-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 42576 sentences = 2457 flesch = 45 summary = As a general rule, exposure to silica dust extends over many years, often 20 or more, before the symptoms of silicosis first appear: by the time the disease becomes overt clinically, much irreparable damage has been inflicted on the lungs. Confusingly, the term 'acute silicosis' has since been applied to a further effect of heavy dust exposure in tunnellers, sand blasters and silica flour workers, namely pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis (see below), 71, 72 whilst the terms 'accelerated silicosis' or 'cellular phase silicosis' have been substituted for 'acute silicosis' in referring to the rapid development of early cellular lesions. Asbestosis is defined as diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung caused by exposure to asbestos dust. The finely divided fume of several metals is highly toxic to the lungs and capable of producing severe acute and chronic damage to both the conductive airways and the alveoli, resulting in acute tracheobronchitis and bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage, obliterative bronchiolitis and pulmonary fibrosis. cache = ./cache/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023711-xz5ftnat author = MORENO-LÓPEZ, J. title = Acute Respiratory Disease in Cattle date = 2013-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1525 sentences = 85 flesch = 49 summary = Acute respiratory disease in cattle is not attributable to a single etiological agent. However, if PI3 virus or BVDV has been isolated, you have diagnosed the infection but not an "acute respiratory/enteric disease", because other viruses and also bacteria might be etiologically involved. At the end of the 1950s, "shipping fever" was described as a disease following massive transports to or from the enormous feedlots of the USA, and PI3 virus was isolated as the first virus of a condition with a multiple viral etiology. The types 4, 5 and 7 have been described each as a single causative agent of acute respiratory-enteric disease in Hungary and Japan, respectively. The isolation of these viruses from apparently healthy cattle as well as from those with acute respiratory-enteric disease indicates that they are widespread. A serosurvey of viruses during outbreaks of acute respiratory and/or enteric disease in Swedish cattle cache = ./cache/cord-023711-xz5ftnat.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023711-xz5ftnat.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024088-020rgz5t author = Radandt, Siegfried title = Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 39337 sentences = 2132 flesch = 47 summary = Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures. cache = ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024134-ym7ce5ux author = Chawla, Sonam title = Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6803 sentences = 379 flesch = 39 summary = From a bird's eye view, the COVID-19 pandemic management relies on revolutionizing the disease surveillance by incorporating artificial intelligence and data analytics, boosting the response strategies—extensive testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing—and promoting awareness and access to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, which are discussed in the present chapter. MeSH database defines pandemics as-"Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people." Such emergencies compromise human health, society, economics, and politics-a case in point: the COVID-19 pandemic is forecasted to cost the global economy one trillion US dollars (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/? • Healthcare workers and essential service providers • Groups at high risk of death and severe complications requiring hospitalization • Individuals (adults and children aged more than 6 months) in the community who have chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or renal disease, or are immunocompromised • Persons without risk factors for complications (https://www.who.int/csr/ resources/publications/influenza/11_29_01_A.pdf) cache = ./cache/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027303-20plzyqd author = Krishnan, Gokul S. title = Hybrid Text Feature Modeling for Disease Group Prediction Using Unstructured Physician Notes date = 2020-05-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3715 sentences = 164 flesch = 46 summary = In this article, we propose a generic ICD9 disease group prediction CDSS built on unstructured physician notes modeled using hybrid word embeddings. In this article, a hybrid feature modeling approach that uses hybrid clinical word embeddings to generate quality features which are used to train and build a deep neural network model to predict ICD9 disease groups is presented. From our experiments, we observed a significant potential in developing prediction based CDSS using unstructured text reports directly, eliminating the dependency on the availability of structured patient data and EHRs. The proposed approach that involves a textual feature modeling and a neural network based prediction model was successful in capturing the rich and latent clinical information available in unstructured physician notes, and using it to effectively learn disease group characteristics for prediction. In this article, a deep neural network based model for predicting ICD9 disease groups from physician notes in the form of unstructured text is discussed. cache = ./cache/cord-027303-20plzyqd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027303-20plzyqd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author = nan title = Abstracts: Poster session date = 2004-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 49153 sentences = 2598 flesch = 49 summary = We investigated the usefulness of informant-based data in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by comparing caregivers' subjective evaluations of 83 probable A D patients' performance on an abbreviated version of the Memory Self-Report Questionnaire to objective evaluations derived from an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests and to clinicians' evaluations. Compared with 89 subjects (mean age 75.2 yr; 34 men, 55 women) with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), there were no significant group differences for comparable Clinical Dementia Rating stages of dementia for measures of language, Activities of Daily Living, or general cognition. The mean age at onset did not differ significantly between handedness groups (F [ l,lOO] = .82), but the mean duration of symptoms ( Alterations in the optical properties of brain can be used to detect pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). cache = ./cache/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024087-j6riw1ir author = Stikova, Elisaveta title = Strengthening the Early-Warning Function of the Surveillance System: The Macedonian Experience date = 2010-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4220 sentences = 247 flesch = 44 summary = The Republic of Macedonia, with World Health Organization support, has implemented an earlywarning system (ALERT) for priority communicable diseases to complement the routine surveillance system that reports individual confirmed cases. • The emergence of new or newly recognized pathogens such as Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) corona virus, and influenza A/H5N1 virus • The recurrence of well-characterized epidemic-prone diseases such as cholera, dengue, influenza, measles, meningitis, shigellosis, and yellow fever • The accidental release or deliberate use of biological agents such as anthrax [7] In addition to the events described in Table 1 , 10 member states in the European These are reasons for public health-capacity building at the local, national, and international level and strengthening of public health preparedness and response systems around the world [11, 12] . cache = ./cache/cord-024087-j6riw1ir.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024087-j6riw1ir.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027859-citynr6c author = P. Shetty, Nandini title = Epidemiology of Disease in the Tropics date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9147 sentences = 466 flesch = 53 summary = No more than six deadly infectious diseases: pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, malaria, measles and more recently, HIV/AIDS, account for half of all premature deaths, killing mostly children and young adults (Figure 3 .3). 9 In May 2002, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund recommended that the formulation of oral rehydration solution (ORS) for treatment of patients with diarrhoea be changed to one with a reduced osmolarity and that safety of the new formulation, particularly development of symptomatic hyponatremia, be monitored. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children all over the world, and an important public health problem, particularly in developing countries where 600 000 deaths each year are associated with this infection. falciparum causes most of the severe disease and deaths attributable to malaria and is most prevalent in Africa south of the Sahara and in certain areas of South-east Asia and the Western Pacifi c (Figure 3.7) . cache = ./cache/cord-027859-citynr6c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027859-citynr6c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023488-jf2xl3vl author = Le Duc, James W. title = Emerging Viral Diseases: Why We Need to Worry about Bats, Camels, and Airplanes date = 2016-02-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9385 sentences = 464 flesch = 49 summary = On occasion, a virus that is already widespread in a population can emerge as a cause of epidemic or endemic disease, due to an increase in the ratio of cases to infections. Although many zoonotic viruses can be transmitted to humans on occasion, their relative ability to spread from human to human determines whether or not they emerge as significant new virus diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). In the history of modern virology (the last 50 years) there are very few documented instances where zoonotic viruses have established themselves in the human population and emerged as new viral diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). Rarely, as in the case of HIV, SARS coronavirus, and Ebola filovirus, a zoonotic virus becomes established in humans, causing a disease that is truly new to the human species. cache = ./cache/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023528-z9rc0ubj author = Wilkins, Pamela A. title = Disorders of Foals date = 2009-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 42569 sentences = 2235 flesch = 44 summary = First, restriction of the thorax or the abdomen can result in impaired ventilation, which can occur easily when one restrains a foal and may result in spuriously abnormal arterial blood gas values (see the discussion on arterial blood gas evaluation, Respiratory Diseases Associated with Hypoxemia in the Neonate). Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), currently referred to as neonatal encephalopathy in the human literature, is one systemic manifestation of a broader syndrome of perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS), and management of foals with signs consistent with a diagnosis of HIE requires the clinician to examine other body systems fully and to provide therapy directed at treating other involved systems. Therapy for the various manifestations of hypoxiaischemia involves control of seizures, general cerebral support, correction of metabolic abnormalities, maintenance of normal arterial blood gas values, maintenance of tissue perfusion, maintenance of renal function, treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction, prevention and recognition and early treatment of secondary infections, and general supportive care. cache = ./cache/cord-023528-z9rc0ubj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023528-z9rc0ubj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-035030-ig4nwtmi author = nan title = 10th European Conference on Rare Diseases & Orphan Products (ECRD 2020) date = 2020-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12244 sentences = 688 flesch = 50 summary = Conclusion: With this survey Endo-ERN is provided with a large sample of responses from European patients with a rare endocrine condition, and those patients experience unmet needs in research, though these needs differ between the disease groups. Various factors compound the development of treatments for paediatric rare diseases, including the need for new Clinical Outcome Assessments (COAs), as conventional endpoints such as the 6 Minute Walking Test (6MWT) have been shown to not be applicable in all paediatric age subsets, [3] and therefore may not be useful in elucidating patient capabilities. S18 Background: To help inform cross-national development of genomic care pathways, we worked with families of patients with rare diseases and health professionals from two European genetic services cache = ./cache/cord-035030-ig4nwtmi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-035030-ig4nwtmi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023216-avn8f2w3 author = nan title = Symposium summaries date = 2004-10-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 55670 sentences = 2569 flesch = 45 summary = • relevant past history • recently recommended home physiotherapy program including inhalation therapy (agents, order and timing), airway clearance therapy (ACT) and physical exercise program and adherence • the possibility of gastroesophageal reflux 5 in relation to physiotherapy • clinical status including subjective and objective measures of the following -amount, color, consistency and ease of expectoration of sputum -oximetry/pulmonary function tests/peak expiratory flow rate -breath sounds on auscultation, respiratory rate and pattern of breathing -exercise tolerance (current activity & incidental exercise/ exercise tolerance tests) -musculo-skeletal problems (posture, pain, muscle tightness/weakness, oedema) -urinary incontinence during coughing and forced expirations Assessment of health related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) is important to better understand disease and treatment-related factors that impact function and well-being, and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapies and methods of drug delivery. cache = ./cache/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034243-iz2alys0 author = Francis, John G. title = Fairness in the Use of Information About Carriers of Resistant Infections date = 2020-04-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6171 sentences = 283 flesch = 43 summary = One standard menu of approaches to the prevalence of anti-microbial resistance diseases is to enhance surveillance, fund research to develop new antimicrobials, and educate providers and patients to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use. Moreover, in today's world of investment in drug discovery, "creating an environment in which data exchange and knowledge sharing are the status quo will be difficult given proprietary concerns and the variety of information types and formats, which may range from historical data to new findings produced as part of this research effort." The Pew consensus is that the following forms of information sharing are needed: a review of what is known about compounds that effectively penetrate gram-negative bacteria, a searchable catalogue of chemical matter including an ongoing list of promising antibacterial compounds, information on screening assays and conditions tested, and an informational database of available biological and physicochemical data. These four aspects of fairness-who is included in the play, what opportunities they have, how these opportunities are balanced, and whether there are elements of reciprocity-can be used to set vector and victim perspectives into context in addressing the gathering and use of information about antimicrobial resistance. cache = ./cache/cord-034243-iz2alys0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034243-iz2alys0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-030926-vtids9ns author = Laxminarayan, Ramanan title = Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date = 2016-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5839 sentences = 275 flesch = 46 summary = Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Other examples of country-level actions with global consequences include inadequate vaccination coverage; slow progress on disease elimination; failure to report and contain pandemic flu, antibiotic resistance, and counterfeit drugs; and climate-related health threats. More recently, campaigns to eliminate smallpox and eradicate malaria have been built on the idea that infectious disease control depends not just on national priorities but also on the priorities of one's neighbours and trading partners. Current International Health Regulations, which were first enacted in 1951 and most recently revised in 2005, require countries to report disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is often essential to have cooperative financing mechanisms for global health interventions, whether to eradicate disease, encourage appropriate levels of disease surveillance and reporting, or to reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. cache = ./cache/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt txt = ./txt/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-140839-rij8f137 author = Langfeld, Kurt title = Dynamics of epidemic diseases without guaranteed immunity date = 2020-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2287 sentences = 140 flesch = 55 summary = Conventional mathematical models consider cases for which a recovered individual either becomes susceptible again or develops an immunity. In the simplest version, the so-called compartmental models [7, 10] consider the fraction of the population which is either susceptible (S), infected (I) or removed (R) from the disease network. Compartmental models address global quantities such as the fraction of susceptible individuals S and assume that heuristic rate equations can describe the disease dynamics. In these cases, spatial disease spread patterns can be described by a stochastic network model with Monte-Carlo simulations a common choice for the simulation. At each time step (say 'day'), the probability that an individual gets infected (or recovers) depends on the status of the neighbours in the social network. For τ > t th , the peak infection rate is that of the asymptotic state of the corresponding model (i) and, hence, inherits the classification 'pandemic' or 'response' phase. cache = ./cache/cord-140839-rij8f137.txt txt = ./txt/cord-140839-rij8f137.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-028275-szb45jm2 author = Reza Khorramizadeh, M. title = Animal models for human disease date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11604 sentences = 616 flesch = 45 summary = To study the pathogenesis of RA, we explained collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model that reflects a characteristic feature of RA patients. For example, experimental animal models for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis have been successfully employed to screen new bioengineered, chemical, or herbal therapeutics that might have the potential for the treatment of human patients. Furthermore, the biopsy analysis of clinically symptomless knee joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis shows active synovitis, highlighting the poor correlation between clinical assessment and disease progression, and the rapid development of polyarticular synovitis. The findings illustrate the consequences of progressive disease and have shown the need for the development of new and more effective therapies based on the therapeutic principles used for oncology; it means that treatment protocols for RA patients require the use of several therapeutic agents from different classes to be used in combination. cache = ./cache/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032303-8rkemm72 author = Pascual, Isaac title = Mind the gap versus filling the gap. The heart beyond specialties date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1930 sentences = 117 flesch = 45 summary = 6, 7 Assuming the differences that have existed to date between cardiologists and surgeons, which still exist and will most likely exist in the future, simply because of the different views of the 2 specialties on the same problem-for example in structural heart disease-past developments have revealed that different training itineraries end up with the performance of the same procedure. As mentioned, the teaching programs in cardiovascular surgery 3 and cardiology 4 in Spain would need a review of these training itineraries, taking into account the need to converge on the final point that gives meaning to the entire process: the patient and the quality of the care delivered. The structure is based on knowledge of cardiovascular disease, and understanding of the entire spectrum of cardiologists, surgeons and all specialists involved in patient care. cache = ./cache/cord-032303-8rkemm72.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032303-8rkemm72.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-027870-cuvfy4pj author = Baselga, Eulalia title = Inflammatory and Purpuric Eruptions date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18207 sentences = 1269 flesch = 44 summary = Other annular erythemas known to be a manifestation of well-defi ned diseases (e.g. neonatal lupus) or with distinctive clinical or histologic features (e.g. erythema multiforme, erythema chronicum migrans, erythema marginatum rheumaticum, and erythema gyratum repens) are not considered under this heading. Differential diagnosis includes other eruptions with ringlike lesions, such as neonatal lupus, erythema multiforme, urticaria, urticarial lesions of pemphigoid, fungal infections, erythema chronicum migrans, and congenital Lyme disease. [98] [99] [100] This type of reaction may be seen in infants with an unknown or presumably viral etiology ( Fig. 19-9) Hypersensitivity syndrome reaction is a serious drug reaction characterized by fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, and internal organ involvement, especially of the liver. Sweet syndrome, or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a benign disease characterized by tender, raised erythematous plaques, fever, peripheral leukocytosis, histologic fi ndings of a dense dermal infi ltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and a rapid response to systemic corticosteroids. 412 Congenital erythropoietic porphyria and transient elevated porphyrin levels in neonates with hemolytic disease may also cause photosensitivity. cache = ./cache/cord-027870-cuvfy4pj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-027870-cuvfy4pj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029030-3p0yieqv author = Fan, Chunyan title = Inferring Candidate CircRNA-Disease Associations by Bi-random Walk Based on CircRNA Regulatory Similarity date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2360 sentences = 153 flesch = 49 summary = In this study, we proposed a novel method named BWHCDA, which applied bi-random walk algorithm on the heterogeneous network for predicting circRNA-disease associations. Subsequently, the bi-random walk algorithm is implemented on the heterogeneous network to predict circRNA-disease associations. Finally, we utilize leave-one-out cross validation and 10-fold cross validation frameworks to evaluate the prediction performance of BWHCDA method and obtain AUC of 0.9334 and 0.8764 ± 0.0038, respectively. In this study, we developed a novel framework for forecasting circRNA-disease associations named BWHCDA, which integrated multiple similarity measures and implemented bi-random walk algorithm (Fig. 1) . First, circRNA regulatory similarity is effective measured based on circRNAs may play essential roles in regulating miRNA function in disease occurrence and progression. Then, circular bigraph (CBG) patterns are introduced in bi-random walk algorithm to predict the missing associations based on the heterogeneous network. Prediction of CircRNA-disease associations using KATZ model based on heterogeneous networks Predicting circRNA-disease associations based on circRNA expression similarity and functional similarity cache = ./cache/cord-029030-3p0yieqv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029030-3p0yieqv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026025-xqj877en author = PETRAS, ROBERT E. title = Large Intestine (Colon) date = 2009-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 48309 sentences = 3034 flesch = 42 summary = 27, 28 These guidelines consider colonoscopic polypectomy definitive treatment for a patient with a malignant polyp if the following criteria are fulfilled: (1) the polyp is considered completely excised at endoscopy, (2) the specimen is properly processed by the pathology laboratory, (3) the cancer is not poorly differentiated, (4) no histologic evidence of vascular or lymphatic involvement exists, and (5) the resection margin is not involved by carcinoma. Pathologic features of colorectal cancer that suggest MSI/Lynch's syndrome include right-sided location, synchronous or metachronous large bowel cancers, large and bulky polypoid tumors with circumscribed pushing margins, tumors showing prominent lymphoid infiltrate, and cancers of poor differentiation (medullary or undifferentiated carcinoma) or mucinous and signet ring cell histologic pattern (Figs. [352] [353] [354] [355] The trauma-type histologic features can be seen in the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, localized colitis cystica profunda, inflammatory cloacogenic polyp, the mucosa adjacent to orifices of colonic diverticula, 356 and inflammatory cap polyposis 357 and are frequent findings adjacent to neoplasia and in the vicinity of the ileocecal valve. cache = ./cache/cord-026025-xqj877en.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026025-xqj877en.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026005-f2khcjdy author = López, Alfonso title = Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date = 2017-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 57323 sentences = 2749 flesch = 34 summary = Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs. cache = ./cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-028803-l92jcw9h author = Tang, Claire title = Discovering Unknown Diseases with Explainable Automated Medical Imaging date = 2020-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3456 sentences = 217 flesch = 54 summary = In this paper, we propose a new deep learning framework and pipeline for explainable medical imaging that can classify known diseases as well as detect new/unknown diseases when the models are only trained on known disease images. -We develop an automatic visual explanation into deep learning models to reveal suspected evidence in medical images for potential unknown diseases. -Based on our proposed new pipeline, we conduct comprehensive experimental evaluations showing that our system achieves significant performance improvement on both quantitatively (unknown disease detection) and qualitatively (visual explanation) on Skin Lesion and Chest X-Ray datasets. Then, we use the following "softmax function" [7] to normalize the logits to be a probability distribution: We illustrate our overconfidence explanation in Fig. 2 using an example: Assuming there are two indomain classes in our classifier. GC improved baseline performance by over 6 times on Chest X-Ray to detect new out-of-domain COVID-19 disease using the model trained on known pneumonia and normal images. cache = ./cache/cord-028803-l92jcw9h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-028803-l92jcw9h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104486-syirijql author = Adiga, Aniruddha title = Data-driven modeling for different stages of pandemic response date = 2020-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7175 sentences = 346 flesch = 44 summary = Governments have been forced to respond to the rapidly changing dynamics of the pandemic, and are becoming increasingly reliant on different modeling and analytical techniques to understand, forecast, plan and respond; this includes statistical methods and decision support methods using multi-agent models, such as: (i) forecasting epidemic outcomes (e.g., case counts, mortality and hospital demands), using a diverse set of data-driven methods e.g., ARIMA type time series forecasting, Bayesian techniques and deep learning, e.g., [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] , (ii) disease surveillance, e.g., [6, 7] , and (iii) counter-factual analysis of epidemics using multi-agent models, e.g., [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] ; indeed, the results of [11, 14] were very influential in the early decisions for lockdowns in a number of countries. cache = ./cache/cord-104486-syirijql.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104486-syirijql.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025998-1qawjquv author = Lara, R.J. title = Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology date = 2012-03-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 27055 sentences = 1228 flesch = 46 summary = The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agriand aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. • natural biological cycles in which humans can act as hosts of pathogenic microorganisms (protozoans, bacteria, etc.); • consequences of the management of aquatic resources (e.g., wetlands drainage or creation, aquaculture, and dam construction); • effects of water pollution (chemical, microbiological, radio active, and thermal) on man and on the physiology of individual organisms; and • the impact of global changes affecting climate and hydrolo gical cycles (e.g., habitat degradation, warming, increased rainfall, and storms). cache = ./cache/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022526-j9kg00qf author = Jones, Samuel L. title = Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System date = 2009-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 108803 sentences = 5988 flesch = 38 summary = Examination of the cardiovascular system (heart, peripheral pulse, and mucous membranes), lungs, and abdomen is essential to detect clinical signs of systemic inflammation from endotoxemia, coagulation disorders, dehydration, ileus, shock, and other abnormalities resulting from injury to the small or large intestine. Several reports suggest the efficacy of cisapride in managing intestinal disease in horses, including the resolution of persistent large colon impaction, treatment of equine grass sickness, and as a preventative for POI in horses after small intestinal surgery (0.1 mg/kg body mass intramuscularly during the postoperative period). 9 Primary role-players in DPJ-associated ileus include peritoneal inflammation, inflammatory cell migration/activation within the muscularis, small intestinal mechanical distention, and effects of endotoxin absorption. Diarrhea probably results from the severe ulceration and inflammation of the large intestine, causing increased secretion of water, electrolytes, and protein and decreased absorption of fluid. cache = ./cache/cord-022526-j9kg00qf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022526-j9kg00qf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023584-yaxawqhj author = Bucknall, R.A. title = The Continuing Search for Antiviral Drugs date = 2008-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8497 sentences = 339 flesch = 48 summary = Of course, if wide-spectrum leads appear, the choice of test virus may be irrelevant, but the antiviral compounds (as distinct from interferon inducers) known at present are characterized by their relatively limited spectrum of activity, e.g., methisazone is active only against poxviruses (Bauer and Sadler, 1960) and possibly adenoviruses (Bauer and Apostolov, 1966) ; l-aminoadamantane is active only against influenza A1 and As and not against other myxo-or paramyxoviruses (Davies et al., 1964) ; guanidine and a-hydroxybenzyl benzimidazole are active only against picornaviruses and not against other small ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses (Eggers and Tamm, 1961) . In summary, a tissue culture screen should be able to proccss large numbers of tcst compounds, using viruses as relevant as possible to the diseases for which a drug is required, and should employ normal rather than neoplastic cells. cache = ./cache/cord-023584-yaxawqhj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023584-yaxawqhj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-102199-mc6zruyx author = Toksvang, Linea Natalie title = Hepatotoxicity during 6-thioguanine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a systematic review date = 2019-01-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2340 sentences = 144 flesch = 40 summary = title: Hepatotoxicity during 6-thioguanine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a systematic review Hepatotoxicity in the form of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) occurred in 9–25% of the ALL patients in two of the four included RCTs using 6TG doses of 40–60 mg/m2/day, and long-term hepatotoxicity in the form of nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) was reported in 2.5%. Oral 6-mercaptopurine versus oral 6-thioguanine and veno-occlusive disease in children with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: report of the Children's Oncology Group CCG-1952 clinical trial 6-Thioguanine associated nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease may induce portal hypertension Splitting a therapeutic dose of thioguanine may avoid liver toxicity and be an efficacious treatment for severe inflammatory bowel disease: a 2-center observational cohort study Early nodular hyperplasia of the liver occurring with inflammatory bowel diseases in association with thioguanine therapy cache = ./cache/cord-102199-mc6zruyx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-102199-mc6zruyx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024189-t7mbsr25 author = Weyand, Cornelia M. title = Vasculitides date = 2008 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 26631 sentences = 1415 flesch = 40 summary = A relatively disease-specifi c manifestation of GCA that is present in about half of the patients is jaw claudication: pain in the masseter or temporalis muscles caused by compromised blood fl ow in the extracranial branches of the carotid artery. Although a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is usually considered a hallmark of GCA, in a recent study 25% of all patients with positive temporal artery biopsies had normal ESRs before the initiation of glucocorticoid therapy (16) . Upregulation of acute phase reactants is helpful in distinguishing PMR from other pain syndromes, yet (as in GCA and TA) not all patients with active disease have elevated markers of infl ammation within their serum. Kawasaki's disease (KD), once known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a systemic infl ammatory disorder occurring in children that is accompanied by vasculitis and a risk of coronary artery aneurysms. cache = ./cache/cord-024189-t7mbsr25.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024189-t7mbsr25.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-102530-wetqqt2i author = Brandell, Ellen E. title = The rise of disease ecology date = 2020-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2707 sentences = 171 flesch = 50 summary = The steady increase in topics such as climate change, and emerging infectious diseases, superspreaders indicate that disease ecology as a field of research will continue advancing our understanding of complex host-pathogen interactions and forms a critical and adaptable component of the global response to emergent health and environmental threats. In addition 164 to topics that emerged from the literature, we also generated and assessed our own topic lists based on key research areas, such as climate change, dilution effect, superspreaders, network 166 analysis, EIDs, bovine tuberculosis, infectious diseases in bats and rodents, and chytrid fungus 167 ( Fig. 4) . Using key term searches, we next explored select topic trends: climate change, emerging 293 infectious diseases (EIDs), the dilution effect, superspreaders, network analysis, pathogens in 294 rodents and bats, bovine tuberculosis, and chytrid fungus in amphibians (Fig. 4B) . cache = ./cache/cord-102530-wetqqt2i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-102530-wetqqt2i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-029332-yn603pvb author = nan title = Full Issue PDF date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11306 sentences = 633 flesch = 41 summary = Included are cases of Brugada type I pattern positivization (1) in the context of fever, one of the most common presenting symptoms of the disease (2); electrical ventricular storm (3); transient atrioventricular block in the absence of myocarditis (4); sinus node dysfunction requiring pacemaker implantation (5) ; and finally a provocative report on the use of amiodarone as a possible treatment for COVID-19 (6) . In addition to cases of direct myocardial injury, some with pathological evidence, we also present 2 cases of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (16, 17) Two cases highlight the special circumstances faced by patients with left ventricular assist devices (18, 19) , which include the inability to tolerate prone positioning to augment respiratory support because of the mechanical equipment and the hypothesis that mechanical circulatory support may provide a type of protection against the most serious hemodynamic consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. cache = ./cache/cord-029332-yn603pvb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-029332-yn603pvb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253295-82ydczid author = Funkhouser, William K. title = Pathology: the clinical description of human disease date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8864 sentences = 396 flesch = 34 summary = Patient workup uses present illness history with reference to past medical history, review of other organ systems for other abnormalities, review of family history, physical examination, radiographic studies, clinical laboratory studies (for example, peripheral blood or CSF specimens), and anatomic pathology laboratory studies (for example, tissue biopsy or pleural fluid cytology specimens). Obviously, arrival at the correct diagnosis is a function of the examining physician and pathologist (fund of knowledge, experience, alertness), the prevalence of the disease in question in the particular patient (age, race, sex, site), and the sensitivity/ specificity of the screening tests used (physical exam, vital signs, blood solutes, tissue stains, genetic assays). However, understanding the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of a disease allows development of screening methods to determine risk for clinically unaffected individuals, as well as mechanistic approaches to specific therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-253295-82ydczid.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253295-82ydczid.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024048-xj6245hn author = Moya, Alfonso title = Congenital Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome in a Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) date = 2014-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3283 sentences = 222 flesch = 44 summary = History, clinical signs, and diagnostic test results indicated that the ferret was suffering from congenital peripheral vestibular syndrome and left-sided deafness. The clinical signs and results of complementary tests were consistent with a diagnosis of peripheral vestibular syndrome, presumably of congenital origin considering the young age of the ferret and early onset of clinical signs, and the presence of left-sided deafness. Both peripheral and central vestibular disease can usually be distinguished by the presence of specific neurologic signs and diagnostic testing. 34 The absence of BAER waves in the left ear of this ferret indicated a sensorineural disease (deafness). The BAER test should be considered when a ferret presents with vestibular disease, and evaluation of inner ear function is required, or to confirm deafness. The use of antivertiginous, neuroprotective, and nootropic drugs could help to improve balance and promote better quality of life in cases of peripheral vestibular diseases in ferrets. cache = ./cache/cord-024048-xj6245hn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024048-xj6245hn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103797-aowe4kyl author = Chen, Li title = Phase transitions and hysteresis of cooperative contagion processes date = 2016-03-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4283 sentences = 245 flesch = 45 summary = We show that, generically, cooperative coinfection exhibits discontinuous transitions from the disease free to high prevalence state when a critical transmission rate is crossed. We show that, generically, cooperative coinfection exhibits discontinuous transitions from the disease free to high prevalence state when a critical transmission rate is crossed. To understand the general behavior of the system and identify the nature of phase transitions, we investigated the dynamics on 2d square lattices and random networks while monitoring the fraction of non-susceptible nodes, 1 − ρ S in equilibrium, i.e. the fraction of nodes that are either infected by A or B or both, as a function of transmission rate parameters p and q. When p increases beyond the critical point p o c ≈ 0.181, the system exhibits a discontinuous jump to a large endemic state, see Fig. 2a , contrary to the single disease case (conventional SIS dynamics with a threshold p c ). cache = ./cache/cord-103797-aowe4kyl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103797-aowe4kyl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253000-nwbmxepi author = Margină, Denisa title = Chronic Inflammation in the Context of Everyday Life: Dietary Changes as Mitigating Factors date = 2020-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8273 sentences = 424 flesch = 37 summary = Fasting in combination with calorie restriction modulates molecular mechanisms such as m-TOR, FOXO, NRF2, AMPK, and sirtuins, ultimately leads to significantly reduced inflammatory marker levels, as well as improved metabolic markers. It has been found that intermittent fasting can prevent and reverse all aspects of metabolic syndrome in rodents: body fat, inflammation, and blood pressure are reduced; insulin sensitivity is increased; and the functional capacity of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems are improved [151] [152] [153] . In another study, which used the same fasting guidelines, improved metabolic markers were observed after periodic fasting, including a decrease in blood glucose levels associated with changes in gut microbiome composition [73] . These changes include increased fiber and polyphenol intake compared to the current western diets, but also well-structured, personalized fasting protocols, which can reduce the risk of metabolic disorders (Figure 3) . cache = ./cache/cord-253000-nwbmxepi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253000-nwbmxepi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253182-s60vzf3q author = Fang, Evandro F. title = A research agenda for ageing in China in the 21st century (2nd edition): Focusing on basic and translational research, long-term care, policy and social networks date = 2020-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 23329 sentences = 1031 flesch = 47 summary = Major healthcare challenges involved with caring for the elderly in China include the management of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs), physical frailty, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, with emerging challenges such as providing sufficient dental care, combating the rising prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among nursing home communities, providing support for increased incidences of immune diseases, and the growing necessity to provide palliative care for the elderly. The research agenda in response to rapid population ageing in China has been broad, covering areas including the study of the ageing process itself in laboratory and animal studies, to clinical-level studies of drugs or other treatments for common chronic diseases, and finally policy-level research for the care of the elderly in hospital, community and residential care settings, and its influence on health and social care policies . Major risk factors of the high prevalence of dental diseases in the elderly in China include the scarcity of dental health knowledge in the general population, low frequency of daily oral hygiene practices, insufficiency of dental care services, and unhealthy diet habits. cache = ./cache/cord-253182-s60vzf3q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253182-s60vzf3q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023913-pnjhi8cu author = Foreman, Stephen title = Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration date = 2011-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 47663 sentences = 2231 flesch = 44 summary = So while there has been no shortage of effort paid to improving Medicare, the one common theme in all of the recent initiatives is that dental care has been conspicuously 1 A new study by Hedlund, Jeffcoat, Genco and Tanna funded by CIGNA of patients with Type II diabetes and periodontal disease found that medical costs of patients who received maintenance therapy were $2483.51 per year lower than patients who did not. Examples of integrated care models do exist, such as that presented by (Heuer 2007 ) involving school-linked and school-based clinics with an "innovative health infrastructure." According to Heuer, "Neighborhood Outreach Action for Health (NOAH)" is staffed by two nurse practitioners and a part-time physician to provide "primary medical services to more than 3,200 uninsured patients each year" in Scottsdale, Arizona. cache = ./cache/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104204-pdnkabwj author = Tatu, C A title = The etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy: still more questions than answers. date = 1998-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8725 sentences = 371 flesch = 40 summary = There are two actual competing theories attempting to explain the cause of this kidney disease: 1) the mycotoxin hypothesis, which considers that BEN is produced by ochratoxin A ingested intermittently in small amounts by the individuals in the endemic regions, and 2) the Pliocene lignite hypothesis, which proposes that the disease is caused by long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic organic compounds leaching into the well drinking water from low rank coals underlying or proximal to the endemic settlements. There are two actual competing theories attempting to explain the cause of this kidney disease: 1) the mycotoxin hypothesis, which considers that BEN is produced by ochratoxin A ingested intermittently in small amounts by the indivriduals in the endemic regions, and 2) the Pliocene lignite hypothesis, which proposes that the disease is caused by long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic organic compounds leaching into the well drinking water from low rank coals underlying or proximal to the enidemic settdements. cache = ./cache/cord-104204-pdnkabwj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104204-pdnkabwj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 author = nan title = Proceedings of the 26th European Paediatric Rheumatology Congress: part 2: Virtual. 23 - 26 September 2020 date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 35088 sentences = 2148 flesch = 49 summary = Objectives: The current study was undertaken to evaluate sociodemographic and sociocultural features, parent behavior, the gestation and breastfeeding period, nutritional status of early childhood in our patients with JIA, and to determine their relationship with disease activity, damage index, remission time, and relapse rate. Methods: In the present study were included data 170 JIA(55 boys and 115 girls)aged from 2 to 17 years,who received scheduled vaccination before the age of 2 years and before JIA onset against measles,parotitis,diphtheria and rubella.Incomplete vaccination means the reduced number of vaccine to age.In all patients the Ig G anti-vaccine antibodies levels were detected with ELISA.JIA categories were:oligoarthritis -73,polyarthritis -61,systemic-16 and enthesitisrelated arthritis-20.Data presented with median and 25%>75% Results: Incomplete vaccination against MMR was in 50 (42%)diphtheria in 85 (50%) of the JIA patients. cache = ./cache/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022754-ehq9qnoo author = nan title = Liver date = 2012-07-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 87886 sentences = 5297 flesch = 39 summary = Conversely, in cases of chronic end-stage liver disease, such as cirrhosis, serum hepatic enzyme activities may not be markedly increased, or may even be within the reference interval as a result of the replacement of hepatocytes with fibrous tissue. World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Standards for the Clinical and Histological Diagnosis of Canine and Feline Liver Disease suggest that the cytologic evaluation of bile forms part of the minimum diagnostic requirement for cats with extrahepatic cholestasis and for dogs guidance. 32 Hyperglobulinemia can be seen in dogs with cirrhosis, but it remains to be determined whether this corresponds with increased autoantibodies as occurs in humans with autoimmune hepatitis, or whether it reflects nonspecific systemic antibody production in response to antigens from the portal blood which bypass the liver through acquired PSSs. 83 Mild nonregenerative anemia may be a reflection of chronic disease. cache = ./cache/cord-022754-ehq9qnoo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022754-ehq9qnoo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253638-5f9ofdsc author = Alsaied, Tarek title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Pandemic Implications in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease date = 2020-06-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5683 sentences = 339 flesch = 49 summary = Given the increased risk for severe COVID‐19 observed in adults with underlying cardiac involvement, there is concern that patients with pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) may likewise be at increased risk for severe infection. In this review, we describe the effects of COVID‐19 in the pediatric and young adult population and review the cardiovascular involvement in COVID‐19 focusing on implications for patients with congenital heart disease in particular. 4-Cardiac care team members are at risk for acquiring COVID-19 and may play a role in spreading the disease between patients and in the society at large. It is important to know that 3.8% of the cases reported from China were of healthcare team members suggesting that health care providers are at a significantly increased risk of contracting COVID-19 11, 83 . cache = ./cache/cord-253638-5f9ofdsc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253638-5f9ofdsc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032181-gmcugd8h author = Song, Jian-Xin title = Main Complications of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure) date = 2019-05-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 51165 sentences = 2516 flesch = 37 summary = 3. Hepatorenal syndrome, which is characterized by renal failure, hemodynamic changes in arterial circulation and abnormalities in the endogenous vascular system, is a common clinical complication of end-stage liver disease, and one of the important indicators for the prognosis of patients with severe hepatitis. The latest report indicated that basic laboratory examinations for coagulation function testing in common use at present, such as PT, APTT, international normalized ratio (INR) etc., have little correlation with occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients, thereby revealing the importance to search and pay close attention to those complicating disease upregulating bleeding risk, such as bacterial infection, renal failure, hemodynamic change after portal hypertension, dysfunction of endotheliocyte as well as macrophagocyte and so on [107] . cache = ./cache/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104128-0gyk9cwx author = Morand, Serge title = The accelerated infectious disease risk in the Anthropocene: more outbreaks and wider global spread date = 2020-04-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7037 sentences = 358 flesch = 47 summary = Countries which are more centrally located within these disease networks tend to be also the more developed and emerging countries with significantly higher GDPs. Therefore, one cost of increased global mobility (which is currently tightly linked to economic growth and globalization, see Discussion below) is the increased risk of disease outbreaks and their faster and wider spread (although we note that the risk per capita may be decreasing, Smith et al., 2014) . Similarly, increasing levels of (1) isolation of infectious hosts, household quarantine and related behavioral changes which reduce transmission rates and (2) air traffic reduction increasingly slowed the global spread of influenza, although the latter control strategy required the almost complete halt of global air traffic (Cooper et al., 2006; Ferguson et al., 2006; Flahault et al., 2006; Hollingsworth et al., 2006; Epstein et al., 2007; Bajardi 11 et al., 2011) . cache = ./cache/cord-104128-0gyk9cwx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104128-0gyk9cwx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256094-f85xc5uu author = Milinovich, Gabriel J title = Using internet search queries for infectious disease surveillance: screening diseases for suitability date = 2014-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4963 sentences = 237 flesch = 43 summary = This study aims to systematically investigate the potential for developing surveillance and early warning systems using internet search data, for a wide range of infectious diseases. This study, however, did not aim to develop actionable surveillance systems, produce predictive models of infectious disease based on internet-based data or to identify the best search terms for use in these models. Briefly, the time series analysed were monthly case numbers for the 64 infectious diseases monitored by the Australian Government's National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) and Google Trends monthly search metrics for related internet search terms. To our knowledge, assessments of the use of internet-based surveillance have only been performed for five of the 17 diseases that were demonstrated to have a significant association with internet search terms (influenza [4] , dengue [9, 27] , chickenpox [11, 12] , hepatitis B [14] and cryptosporidiosis [13] the authors of the final study were, however, not able to detect signals from internet search queries). cache = ./cache/cord-256094-f85xc5uu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256094-f85xc5uu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255096-27dfbhsl author = Sweet, Michael J. title = Reprint of ‘Diseases in marine invertebrates associated with mariculture and commercial fisheries’ date = 2016-06-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 18108 sentences = 1017 flesch = 52 summary = Interestingly, although there are countless examples of the spread of disease usually associated with transportation of specific infected hosts for development of aquaculture practices, this process appears to be continuing with no real sign of effective management and mitigation strategies being implicated. In this review, we are not listing all known diseases for the three main commercially important phyla/ sub-phyla and/or class (echinoderms, crustaceans and molluscs), but instead focus on those which likely pose a major threat and/or are infecting large populations of both wild and farmed organisms around the world. Hosts affected: Again, this disease predominantly occurs during the auricularia stages of development of many different sea cucumber species, with mortality being recorded as high as 90% in certain cases (Zhang et al., 2010) . Furthermore, diseases caused by Platyhelminthiasis have been shown to infect both aestivated juveniles (larger than 1 cm) and adults of many different sea cucumber species. cache = ./cache/cord-255096-27dfbhsl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255096-27dfbhsl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-193497-qqrhvlm5 author = Shoghri, Ahmad El title = Identifying highly influential travellers for spreading disease on a public transport system date = 2020-04-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5889 sentences = 299 flesch = 46 summary = For instance previous work has explored the impact of recurring patterns inherent in human mobility on disease spread, but has not considered other dimensions such as the distance travelled or the number of encounters. In this paper we study three aspects of mobility behaviour, i.e. the degree of exploration, the distance travelled and the number of encounters of passengers using the Sydney bus network in the context of infectious disease spread. An increase in the infection probability on the other hand, amplifies the spreading power of all mobility groups, especially for passengers who regularly visit the same places and travel short distances, until reaching a saturation point at a probability of 0.5. Interestingly, the averages of received infections per individual is nearly the same across all the groups with a value just divide individuals into explorers and returners, but to distinguish them further along other dimensions such as the distance travelled and the connectivity as their spreading abilities differ. cache = ./cache/cord-193497-qqrhvlm5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-193497-qqrhvlm5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253711-a0prku2k author = Mao, Liang title = Coupling infectious diseases, human preventive behavior, and networks – A conceptual framework for epidemic modeling date = 2011-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5873 sentences = 331 flesch = 39 summary = title: Coupling infectious diseases, human preventive behavior, and networks – A conceptual framework for epidemic modeling Both infectious diseases and preventive behavior diffuse simultaneously through human networks and interact with one another, but few existing models have coupled them together. In the current literature, models of disease transmission and behavioral diffusion have been developed separately for decades, both based on human networks (Deffuant, Huet, & Amblard, 2005; Keeling & Eames, 2005; Valente, 1996; Watts & Strogatz, 1998) . Corresponding to the five assumptions, this article introduces a number of approaches to represent individuals, networks, infectious diseases, and preventive behavior, as four model components, and depicts the relationships between the four. To illustrate the proposed coupled-diffusion model, an influenza epidemic was simulated in a hypothetic population of 5000 individuals (N ¼ 5000), each with characteristics and behaviors as described in Fig. 2 . The key to simulate the diffusion of preventive behavior was to estimate thresholds of infection risk and that of adoption pressure for individuals. cache = ./cache/cord-253711-a0prku2k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253711-a0prku2k.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254446-yxqbe1dj author = Ren, Yunzhao R. title = A Comprehensive Updated Review on SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6723 sentences = 426 flesch = 49 summary = The disease name -COVID-19‖ and the associated virus name -SARS-CoV-2‖ were coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy, respectively, on February 11 1, 2 . Interestingly, pharyngeal swab viral nucleic acid screening results of 2,510 patients between January 23 and February 25 from a hospital fever clinic in Hunan Province (a neighboring province of Hubei) demonstrated that the positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 (1.3%) was lower than that of Influenza A (2.3%) and Influenza B (3.3%) 42 . Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial cache = ./cache/cord-254446-yxqbe1dj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254446-yxqbe1dj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255519-tcobane8 author = Bartels, Matthew N. title = Acute Medical Conditions: Cardiopulmonary Disease, Medical Frailty, and Renal Failure date = 2020-10-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19990 sentences = 1027 flesch = 33 summary = The population of patients who benefit from both cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation is increasing as the population ages and heart disease remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Many patients with stroke, vascular disease, or other conditions can be included in active cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation programs or benefit from the application of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation principles to their rehabilitation. For secondary prevention in patients with known cardiopulmonary disease, exercise should be at a safe level at 60% or more of the maximum heart rate to achieve a training effect. 82 Rehabilitation is focused on a program that resembles exercise for patients with heart failure, with the addition of close monitoring of oxygen saturation and the use of appropriate levels of supplemental oxygen to prevent hypoxemia. Individuals who are disabled tend to have lower activity levels, which puts them at increased risk of cardiac and pulmonary disease and may present obstacles for a standard rehabilitation program for a person who is newly disabled and who has preexisting cardiopulmonary limitations. cache = ./cache/cord-255519-tcobane8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255519-tcobane8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257344-d13at1y5 author = Ghasemiyeh, Parisa title = COVID-19 Outbreak: Challenges in Pharmacotherapy Based on Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Drug Therapy in Patients with Moderate to Severe Infection date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5683 sentences = 297 flesch = 41 summary = Patients with predisposing diseases are highly prone to COVID-19 and manifesting severe infection especially with organ function damage such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury, septic shock, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and death. Patients with underlying diseases are highly prone to present with severe infection especially with organ function damage such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney injury (AKI), septic shock, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 10, 13 . Results of another systematic review and meta-analysis on 53 randomized clinical trials on administration of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 management revealed that hydroxychloroquine administration (case group) was significantly associated with higher incidence of total adverse effects in comparison to placebo or no treatment (control group) in overall population of patients with COVID-19 45 . Almost all of the potential drugs in COVID-19 treatment containing chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ribavirin, and lopinavir/ritonavir have hepatic metabolism. cache = ./cache/cord-257344-d13at1y5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257344-d13at1y5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258052-y9pzsoqa author = Adalja, Amesh A. title = Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department date = 2018-09-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4208 sentences = 238 flesch = 47 summary = A key method for detecting the presence of an emerging infectious disease syndrome or a biological weapons exposure in an ED patient is to develop a general approach that seeks out key historical and physical examination clues. Any suspicion of smallpox should prompt infectious disease consultation, airborne isolation procedures, and notification of local, state, and national public health authorities. Any suspicion of a VHF should prompt immediate consultation with an infectious disease physician and state and local health authorities. 20 There are several experimental treatments and vaccines (which can be used for postexposure prophylaxis) that are available for filovirus infections and arenavirus infections that would likely be used in any domestic VHF cases caused by these groups of viruses. 22 MERS should be suspected in individuals with upper or lower respiratory infection after travel to the Middle East in the prior 2 weeks, and confirmatory molecular testing can be done in conjunction with state and local health authorities. cache = ./cache/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254419-qw83atrx author = Bhattacharyya, Rajat title = The Interplay Between Coagulation and Inflammation Pathways in COVID-19-Associated Respiratory Failure: A Narrative Review date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5900 sentences = 276 flesch = 33 summary = This narrative review aims to summarize the current available evidence on the interplay between hypercoagulability, thrombo-inflammation, and pulmonary microvascular thrombosis in COVID-19 infection resulting in respiratory failure and how this information can be used to design clinical trials to optimize patient outcomes. ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, CRP C-reactive protein, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, NETS neutrophil extracellular traps, SARS-COV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, TMPRSS2 transmembrane protease serine 2 shown to be at higher risk of worse outcomes [13] [14] [15] (Fig. 2) . CHD chronic heart disease, CLD chronic lung disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, DOACS direct oral anticoagulants, FDPs fibrinogen degradation products, HTN hypertension, IFN interferon, JAK Janus kinase, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, LMWH low molecular weight heparin, NSAIDS nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PT prothrombin time, TNF tumor necrosis factor, VW Ag Von Willebrand antigen and microvascular thrombosis appears to be responsible for the clinical picture that leads to progressive multi-organ failure in a small percentage of patients, ultimately causing fatalities. cache = ./cache/cord-254419-qw83atrx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254419-qw83atrx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257192-4fu922cp author = Ligon, B. Lee title = Outbreak of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever in Angola: A Review of the History of the Disease and its Biological Aspects date = 2005-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3528 sentences = 191 flesch = 54 summary = Fortunately, the disease, Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF), was limited to a small geographic area, but the devastation of lives was much greater than that of many epidemics and was a warning of the numerous factors, including fear, lack of understanding, and deception, that can exacerbate the spread of disease and hinder implementation of restraints. 13 On March 23, 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that Marburg virus was the causative agent of the outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever in Uige Province in northern Angola. WHO already had established an international network of laboratories, including two portable field laboratories in Angola, to help in the investigation of Marburg and other viral hemorrhagic fevers On April 22, 2005, a report was issued stating that the outbreak of the virus that had claimed 244 lives in Angola had been confined to the province of Uige, as no new cases had been detected outside the northern region. Close contact with case patients with the disease or corpses was identified as a risk factor for secondary transmission of Marburg virus. cache = ./cache/cord-257192-4fu922cp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257192-4fu922cp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-253891-d1ei287l author = Geddes, Duncan title = The history of respiratory disease management date = 2016-04-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2191 sentences = 128 flesch = 61 summary = Advances in treatment have been dramatic, the most important being drugs (antibiotics, cortisone, β(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists), ventilatory support (from iron lung to nasal positive-pressure ventilation), inhaled therapy (metered dose inhalers, nebulizers) and lung surgery (resections, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, transplantation). Over the past 150 years: C Infections have declined but returned while asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer have surged C Scientific advances, especially in imaging and microbiology, have improved diagnosis C New targeted treatments with antibiotics, corticosteroids, ventilatory support and lung surgery have revolutionized management C Delivery of care has shifted from inefficient remedies for the rich to specialized treatment for all Duncan Geddes MD FRCP CBE is an Honorary Consultant at the Royal Brompton Hospital, London and Professor of Respiratory Medicine at Imperial College, London, UK. Delivery of care Lung medicine was a major part of the general doctor's workload in the 19th century until the 1850s sanatorium movement e well The Rack e and this specialization led on to chest clinics. cache = ./cache/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256688-yy7abob9 author = Chavez, Summer title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A primer for emergency physicians date = 2020-03-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6416 sentences = 374 flesch = 48 summary = DISCUSSION: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19, is primarily transmitted from person-to-person through close contact (approximately 6 ft) by respiratory droplets. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously referred to as 2019-nCoV, is the virus responsible for causing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . An emergency medicine approach to COVID-19 should focus on identifying and isolating patients at risk for infection, informing hospital infection prevention and local public health authorities, and engaging infectious disease and other specialists early in care. Emergency physicians should obtain a detailed travel history from all patients and suspect COVID-19 in patients presenting with symptoms of an acute upper respiratory illness and fever. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection presenting with mild symptoms and management of contacts cache = ./cache/cord-256688-yy7abob9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256688-yy7abob9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257418-cyul92w0 author = McGuirk, Sheila M. title = Disease Management of Dairy Calves and Heifers date = 2008-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5723 sentences = 267 flesch = 48 summary = This article focuses on the most important diseases of dairy calves and heifers and presents clinical approaches that can improve detection, diagnosis, and treatment of herd-based problems. As shown in Table 2 , fecal shedding results show evidence of increased exposure to C parvum and Salmonella newport in a herd with calf diarrhea problems in 9-day-old calves. For herd problems of enteric disease in calves, bedding materials from each environment that has housed calves are submitted both for bacterial counts (University of Minnesota Laboratory for Udder Health, Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, St. Paul, MN) and Salmonella spp culture. In investigating a dairy calf or heifer pneumonia problem, the review of records to determine morbidity and mortality data, seasonal patterns, health, management, housing, number of calves at maximum occupancy, nutrition, vaccinations, procedures, case definition, and treatment protocols is important. cache = ./cache/cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258792-4lakgpxp author = Yoon, Sung‐Won title = Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation: A Study of China's Response in Combat of Epidemics date = 2008-04-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7935 sentences = 341 flesch = 50 summary = Unless and until the Chinese leadership examines the nationalistic element embedded in their approach towards growing disease Sung-Won Yoon: Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation epidemics and globalising health challenges, China's ascendance to great power status will actually be harmed rather than helped. A major factor behind the government's recent change in its attitude towards the AIDS epidemic seemed to be the outbreak of SARS in China in Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism: Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008 2003, which exposed the dangers of not reacting to emerging infectious diseases. It is argued that global health governance may influence the nation's response to the threats posed by emerging infectious diseases such as SARS or AIDS as a mode of building political compromises but does not considerably alter the nation's behaviour, at least for China. cache = ./cache/cord-258792-4lakgpxp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258792-4lakgpxp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257358-uoek1pba author = Peset, José L. title = Plagues and Diseases in History date = 2015-03-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5047 sentences = 217 flesch = 45 summary = In spite of the development of the medical science, during the twentieth century, individuals have observed the spread of new or reemerging diseases, from plague, cholera, and flu; measles, cancer, and malaria; to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, West Nile fever, resistant tuberculosis, virus of Ebola, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and others. The study of the transmission of pathogens through animals and human beings (as vectors and hosts), living in a physical, biological, social, and cultural environment, was crucial in bringing about a new history of disease and also much later in fueling the most recent ecological history. Toward the middle of the nineteenth century, the third wave of the disease broke out and, with the exception of Europe, it spread to all countries including Asia, Africa, and paradises like America and Australia, leaving remnants in many places. cache = ./cache/cord-257358-uoek1pba.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257358-uoek1pba.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256686-fwh926g4 author = Leggio, Loredana title = Extracellular Vesicles as Nanotherapeutics for Parkinson’s Disease date = 2020-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14302 sentences = 742 flesch = 40 summary = Notably, emerging studies on aging mouse models of PD, based on the exposure to the environmental neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), clearly indicate that aged glial cells lose their neuroprotective, pro-neurogenic, and regenerative functions, thereby contributing to the inflammatory and degenerative processes during PD onset and progression [21, 23, [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] . The ReNCell VM immortalized human neural progenitor cell line-opportunely differentiated to assume a DAergic neuronal phenotype-was chosen as model of target cell, for evaluating the potential neuroprotective effects of SHED-derived EVs. To reproduce the parkinsonian/oxidative environment, the neurons were treated with the neurotoxin 6-OHDA [234] . The deriving M2 GDNF-producing macrophages were intravenously injected in the 6-OHDA PD mouse model, where they were able to cross exclusively the BBB of inflamed brains, inducing both neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects with consequent motor function improvements. cache = ./cache/cord-256686-fwh926g4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256686-fwh926g4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258548-1u7v1nlr author = Mansueto, Gelsomina title = Can COVID 2019 disease induces a specific cardiovascular damage or it exacerbates pre-existing cardiovascular diseases? date = 2020-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5924 sentences = 280 flesch = 35 summary = Only one case of cardiac tamponade in a 47-year-old man SARS-CoV-2 infected without cardiovascular risk is reported in the literature as a complication of myocarditis and pericarditis (29) . Large and more recent studies have reported that previous myocardial infarction, diabetes, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f dyslipidaemias, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risk factors can predispose to an acute ischemic event in respiratory virus infections such as recently reported during the pandemic COVID-19 disease (34, 35, 36) . It is known that patients with cardiovascular disease have a higher risk of a thrombo-embolic event as it is known that all viral infections have a potential role in disseminated intravascular coagulation J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (DIC) The endothelial damage, the blood flow turbulence, and hypercoagulability are the basis of the mechanism. There is no substantial data to say that anti-RAAS, ACE inhibitors, statins increase the risk of cardiovascular damage in COVID patients. cache = ./cache/cord-258548-1u7v1nlr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258548-1u7v1nlr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258777-9jxvngvz author = Kunii, Osamu title = The Okinawa Infectious Diseases Initiative date = 2006-12-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3723 sentences = 186 flesch = 39 summary = Japan also mounted major initiatives to eliminate infectious and parasitic diseases nationwide; for example, by linking public health activities with measures to control tuberculosis (TB), Japan substantially reduced the number of TB-related deaths [22] . Through infrastructure and institution building, in addition to provision of technical assistance, Japan supports and facilitates the development of health systems and sector reforms, thereby reinforcing health development planning and programmes, building capacity and helping to ensure sustainability of infectious disease control. Promotion of public health at the community level Japan has paid special attention to the improvement of basic sanitation, clean water, basic education and primary health care within communities, concentrating on interventions that lead to the reduction of infectious diseases. Japan has also been one of the largest donors in controlling Chagas disease in Central America through the provision of equipment and supplies, in addition to technical assistance for programme management and individual interventions, including surveillance, materials for information, education and communication, and insecticide spraying [45] . cache = ./cache/cord-258777-9jxvngvz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258777-9jxvngvz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257943-fippk9p4 author = Palmeiro, Brian S. title = Clinical Approach to Dermatologic Disease in Exotic Animals date = 2013-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4677 sentences = 335 flesch = 49 summary = This article focuses on the clinical approach to skin disease in exotic pets including structure and function of the skin, appropriate diagnostic testing, and differential diagnoses for commonly encountered cutaneous diseases. 12, [14] [15] [16] [17] Dermatologic Examination and Diagnostic Testing A thorough history and dermatologic examination are important when evaluating any case of amphibian skin disease. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of skin swabs [26] [27] [28] [29] Consult laboratory for availability; verification of positive results; type of PCR (conventional, Taqman, real-time, and so forth); use of negative and positive controls; sample collection and swab type; and shipping details Avoid crossSee Table 2 for a review of common differential diagnoses for dermatologic diseases in amphibians. The diagnostic approach to a fish with dermatologic disease should include a complete history, direct observation of the fish in its aquarium or pond, dermatologic examination, complete water quality, skin scrapings, and a gill biopsy. cache = ./cache/cord-257943-fippk9p4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257943-fippk9p4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259395-ytj21cit author = Hoyo, Javier Del title = Implementing Telemedicine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: is COVID-19 the definitive trigger? date = 2020-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1093 sentences = 60 flesch = 45 summary = the pandemic, we already lived times of overwhelmed consultations with financial constraints, and the promise of telemedicine for improving access to better health services at lower costs drew attention to its use. Moreover, the efficacy of telemedicine on health outcomes is inconsistent across different programs used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their value is difficult to establish when only few economic data are available. In a previous pilot trial, TECCU showed to be a safe strategy to improve health outcomes of complex IBD patients [3] , with a high probability of being more cost-effective in the short term compared to standard care and telephone care [4] . Maybe the pandemic has reduced reluctance amongst physicians to use telemedicine, but funders, policy-makers, providers and patients need to align their interests to implement remote healthcare successfully. In spite of the use of telephone and e-mail in many centers, the development of mature telemedicine programs integrated with electronic health records requires further collaborative efforts between different investigators. cache = ./cache/cord-259395-ytj21cit.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259395-ytj21cit.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258626-p469ysi8 author = Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title = 2013 Update on Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date = 2014-02-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10938 sentences = 543 flesch = 43 summary = Criteria for assigning vaccines into these categories, and a third category, "generally not recommended," are based on: (1) morbidity and mortality associated with the specific disease (does the organism cause serious illness or does it cause a mild, transient disease that may pose only minimal risk to the individual or population?); (2) the prevalence and/or incidence rate of the disease (although a specific disease may not commonly be seen, the organism is ubiquitous in the environment and therefore poses risk to the individual or population); (3) the risk of the individual for exposure to the disease (indoor-only animal vs free-roaming individual, regional variations of occurrence); (4) the efficacy of the vaccine (does the vaccine prevent infection or simply ameliorate some signs or length of disease?); (5) the risks associated with administering the vaccine (are the risks associated with that vaccine greater than the risk of the disease?); (6) the potential for zoonotic disease; (7) the route of infection or transmissibility. 9, 13 The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II modified live virus product, as it stimulates the immune system to protect against both CAV-I and CAV-II, without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine. cache = ./cache/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262544-6q8eg9z4 author = Keller, Mikaela title = Use of Unstructured Event-Based Reports for Global Infectious Disease Surveillance date = 2009-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4007 sentences = 191 flesch = 42 summary = Free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, such as Internet news and online discussion sites, provide detailed local and near real-time data on disease outbreaks, even in countries that lack traditional public health surveillance. In many countries, free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, including Internet news and online discussion sites (Figure) , could provide detailed local and near real-time data on potential and confi rmed disease outbreaks and other public health events (9, 10, (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) . With a goal of improving public health surveillance and, ultimately, intervention efforts, we (the architects, developers, and methodologists for the information systems described herein) reviewed 3 of the primary active systems that process unstructured (free-text), event-based information on disease outbreaks: The Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), the HealthMap system, and the EpiSPIDER project (Semantic Processing and Integration of Distributed Electronic Resources for Epidemics [and disasters]; www.epispider.net). cache = ./cache/cord-262544-6q8eg9z4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262544-6q8eg9z4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259724-pbxd67tt author = Bamias, Giorgos title = Balkan Nephropathy: Evolution of Our Knowledge date = 2008-08-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5456 sentences = 313 flesch = 52 summary = Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), originally described in the late 1950s as a chronic tubulointerstitial kidney disease, is identified by its unique epidemiological features. The quest for the responsible environmental factor has been long and diverse, and although no definitive answer has been provided to date, converging lines of evidence support the theory that long-term consumption of food contaminated with aristolochic acid underlies the pathogenesis of BEN. Finally, if somebody were to solve the mystery of BEN, he or she should use information from both animal models of interstitial nephropathy and the recognized effects of the candidate environmental factors in human health and disease. Recently, work by Grollman et al 42, 54 expanded these results by showing that aristolochic acidspecific adducts were present in the renal cortex of 5 patients with BEN from an endemic region in Croatia, but not in 5 patients with other forms of chronic renal disease or 5 patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell cancer living in a nonendemic area of Croatia. cache = ./cache/cord-259724-pbxd67tt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259724-pbxd67tt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-225429-pz9lsaw6 author = Rodrigues, Helena Sofia title = Optimal Control and Numerical Optimization Applied to Epidemiological Models date = 2014-01-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 32061 sentences = 2066 flesch = 56 summary = This PhD thesis is motivated by the study of epidemiological models applied to infectious diseases in an Optimal Control perspective, giving particular relevance to Dengue. Moreover, it is our aim to frame the disease management question into an optimal control problem requiring the maximization/minimization of some objective function that depends on the infected individuals (biological issues) and control costs (economic issues), given some initial conditions. The aim of this section is to present a mathematical model to study the dynamic of the Dengue epidemics, in order to minimize the investments in disease's control, since financial resources are always scarce. This Assuming that the parameters are fixed, the only variable that can influence this threshold is the control variable c, it has shown that with a steady insecticide campaign it is possible to reduce the number of infected humans and mosquitoes, and can prevent an outbreak that could transform an epidemiological episode to an endemic disease. cache = ./cache/cord-225429-pz9lsaw6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-225429-pz9lsaw6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266516-0ure8256 author = Lim, Tow Keang title = Pneumonia in the tropics date = 2017-08-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5308 sentences = 326 flesch = 46 summary = The complex interplay of climate change, human migration influences and socio‐economic factors lead to changing patterns of respiratory infections in tropical climate but also increasingly in temperate countries. But, as human migration patterns evolve, we expect to see more TB cases in higher income as well as temperate countries, and rise in infections like scrub typhus from ecotourism activities. In this review, we highlight aetiologies of pneumonia seen more commonly in the tropics compared with temperate regions, their disease burden, variable clinical presentations as well as impact on healthcare delivery. Prevalent in poultry and wild birds, animal-to-human transmission occurs to cause a spectrum of pneumonia/ pneumonitis, culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In a series of severe CAP cases in Singapore, patients who had Gram-negative organisms isolated tended to have a worse outcome including a higher mortality, especially for patients with Pseudomonas and Burkholderia pseudomallei infections. cache = ./cache/cord-266516-0ure8256.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266516-0ure8256.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262205-ax3i3d7f author = Karampourian, Arezou title = Exploring challenges of health system preparedness for communicable diseases in Arbaeen mass gathering: a qualitative study date = 2018-09-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6698 sentences = 309 flesch = 45 summary = The aim of this study is to explore stakeholders' experiences on the health system's preparedness and challenges, and to provide suggestions for preventing infectious diseases during the Arbaeen mass gathering. Health infrastructure defects in Iraq has three sub-themes (health abandonment in Iraq, the weaknesses in health culture and problems related to the health system); poor control of the causative factors of infectious diseases has three sub-themes (the underlying factors of the prevalence of contagious diseases, health system response to communicable diseases and ignoring the risks of the Arbaeen ceremony); the low perception of risk in pilgrims has three sub-themes (lack of awareness in pilgrims, fatalism in pilgrims and unhygienic belief in pilgrims); and the ineffectiveness of health education has two sub-themes (training shortage in the targeted group and educational content problems) that shows participant's experiences of the health system's challenges for coping with infectious diseases during the Arbaeen ceremony. cache = ./cache/cord-262205-ax3i3d7f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262205-ax3i3d7f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258139-x4js9vqe author = Callan, Robert J title = Biosecurity and bovine respiratory disease date = 2005-03-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7688 sentences = 405 flesch = 37 summary = Alternatively, when the causative pathogens are endemic in a population and individual susceptibility is dependent on numerous interrelated factors, the management of animal resistance and risk factors may be proportionally more important for disease prevention than biosecurity practices. The authors emphasize five areas of biosecurity management that should be more rigorously applied for the reduction of respiratory disease prevalence in cattle, including (1) strategic vaccination, (2) calf biosecurity, (3) housing ventilation, (4) commingling and animal contact, and (5) bovine viral diarrhea virus control. Airborne pathogen concentration is a function of many factors, including animal type, housing system, stocking rate, bedding, humidity, dust particle density and size, and finally, elimination through ventilation. Because the pathogens involved in bovine respiratory disease are enzootic in the general cattle population, biosecurity practices aimed at the complete elimination of exposure are currently impractical. Because the pathogens involved in bovine respiratory disease are enzootic in the general cattle population, biosecurity practices aimed at the complete elimination of exposure are currently impractical. cache = ./cache/cord-258139-x4js9vqe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258139-x4js9vqe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260503-yq4dtf8n author = SAMARANAYAKE, LAKSHMAN P. title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry A retrospective view date = 2004-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6836 sentences = 383 flesch = 54 summary = Objectives The authors trace the emergence of the SARS outbreak from southern China and its spread worldwide, discuss the viral etiology of the infection and its clinical features, and review the infection control guidelines issued during the outbreak by the health authorities in Hong Kong, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization and the American Dental Association. Conclusions and Clinical Implications Researchers believe that a combination of factors, including the universal infection control measures that the dental community has implemented and/or the low degree of viral shedding in the prodromal phase of SARS, may have obviated the spread of the disease in dental settings. Interim domestic infection control precautions for aerosol-generating procedures on C L I N I C A L P R A C T I C E patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cache = ./cache/cord-260503-yq4dtf8n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260503-yq4dtf8n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262119-s6hc7fxs author = Ostaszewski, Marek title = COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms date = 2020-10-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12332 sentences = 742 flesch = 38 summary = title: COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms The molecular pathophysiology that links SARS-CoV-2 infection to the clinical manifestations and course of COVID-19 is complex and spans multiple biological pathways, cell types and organs [2, 3] . With this goal in mind, we initiated a collaborative effort involving over 230 biocurators, domain experts, modelers and data analysts from 120 institutions in 30 countries to develop the COVID-19 Disease Map, an open-access collection of curated computational diagrams and models of molecular mechanisms implicated in the disease [4] . The COVID-19 Disease Map diagrams, available in layout-aware systems biology formats and integrated with external repositories, are available in several formats allowing a range of computational analyses, including network analysis and Boolean, kinetic or multiscale simulations. COVID-19 Disease Map, building a computational repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms cache = ./cache/cord-262119-s6hc7fxs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262119-s6hc7fxs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261058-yu2qw02l author = Burgner, David title = Kawasaki disease: What is the epidemiology telling us about the etiology? date = 2005-06-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5144 sentences = 324 flesch = 40 summary = Thus in genetically susceptible children, acute infections such as those causing fever and rash, may result in unrecognised damage to the cardiovascular system that later manifests itself as adult cardiovascular disease. 3 The consensus view is that KD results from a widely distributed infectious agent (or possibly agents) that causes the clinical syndrome in genetically susceptible children. Kawasaki disease is more common in boys (male:female ratio 1.6:1) 1 a feature observed in many infectious diseases 30, 31 and also in coronary atherosclerosis, where sex differences in immune responses are suggested to mediate susceptibility. A recent report of an association between the presence of genetic material from a novel coronavirus and Kawasaki disease in a handful of cases 48 remains unproven and may reflect an epiphenomenon; the putative etiological agent is a relatively common viral pathogen in young children and it is unclear how long the DNA persists. cache = ./cache/cord-261058-yu2qw02l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261058-yu2qw02l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261788-f728j3bb author = Sabater González, Mikel title = Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl date = 2016-03-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7742 sentences = 493 flesch = 47 summary = 3 A complete anamnesis should include, but is not restricted to, species; breed; age; gender; presenting complaint; source of the bird; diet; number of birds in the household; open or closed flock; acquisition date; date of the last addition to the flock; number and species of animals affected; potential exposure to toxins; length of illness; changes in behavior; history of previous diseases, treatments, and outcomes; reproductive history; and clinical signs, including their duration and progression. However, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and infectious laryngotracheitis are all rare in backyard poultry, and the most common causative agent of sinusitis in fowl in the US is Mycoplasma. Infectious bronchitis is caused by a highly infectious coronavirus and is characterized by having 2 main presentations depending on the age of the infected animals; in young chicks, respiratory disease is the predominant manifestation, whereas salpingitis and the subsequent decrease in egg production is most commonly seen in older laying hens. cache = ./cache/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262623-lmf2h6oc author = Light, R. Bruce title = Plagues in the ICU: A Brief History of Community-Acquired Epidemic and Endemic Transmissible Infections Leading to Intensive Care Admission date = 2009-01-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7817 sentences = 318 flesch = 42 summary = In addition to the HIV pandemic, the smaller epidemic outbreaks of Legionnaire's disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome, among many others, points out the potential risk associated with a lack of preplanning and preparedness. In the late 1970s, emergency rooms and ICUs throughout North America began to see an increasing number of young menstruating women presenting with a previously little-known syndrome characterized by sudden onset of a high fever, often associated with vomiting and diarrhea, quickly followed by severe hypotension. At the beginning of the epidemic, most patients presenting for care with HIV/AIDS and Pneumocystosis were severely ill with diffuse pneumonia and hypoxemic respiratory failure and many died, 80%-90% in most centers, prompting widespread debate about whether such patients should even be admitted to ICU for mechanical ventilatory support. cache = ./cache/cord-262623-lmf2h6oc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262623-lmf2h6oc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266988-72uvawth author = Barth, Rolf F. title = The spectrum of pathological findings in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2504 sentences = 115 flesch = 43 summary = title: The spectrum of pathological findings in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 disease is caused by a novel coronavirus, which has been named "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)" [2] . Our current understanding of the pathology and the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease and SARS-CoV-2 transmission is at an early stage and much still remains to be learned [5, 6] . Therefore, the total number of autopsies performed is miniscule compared to the number of deaths, but nevertheless they are both very revealing and important in order to better understand the multi-organ involvement associated with COVID-19 infection and for the development of better treatment strategies [1, 3] . The autopsy reports that already have been published provide a solid base for a better understanding of the consequences of COVID-19 infection but much more remains to be learned about this complex disease in order to develop better treatment strategies. cache = ./cache/cord-266988-72uvawth.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266988-72uvawth.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262336-onghrm7y author = Nevarez, Javier title = CHAPTER 6 CROCODILIANS date = 2009-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13284 sentences = 806 flesch = 49 summary = The American alligator was considered a threatened species during the 1960s, but a captive rearing program in Louisiana has been successful at maintaining the estimated population at over 1 million animals. However, I have also observed evidence of metabolic bone disease in a subset of captive American alligators being fed a commercial diet with no exposure to UVB light. During the quarantine period, the animals can be examined for any sign of illness, and diagnostic tests (complete blood count [CBC], plasma or serum chemistry, West Nile virus antibodies, etc.) can be performed to assess their overall health status. A thorough history should include information about the number of animals, source, age, most recent introduction, quarantine practices, feed, frequency of feeding, water quality parameters, clinical signs, time since fi rst signs were observed, recent changes in management techniques, and any treatments such as salt, bleach, or antibiotics. West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported to affect various crocodilian species, including the American alligator (A. cache = ./cache/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260750-utbuj5iz author = Dear, Jonathan D. title = Bacterial Pneumonia in Dogs and Cats date = 2013-11-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5225 sentences = 287 flesch = 35 summary = 3 Often, such diseases are acute and self-limiting, but in a subset of dogs inflammation associated with these organisms immobilizes the host's immune defenses and predisposes infection with other (often bacterial) respiratory pathogens. Young animals are especially prone to the development of bacterial pneumonia because of their naive immune systems, and when coupled with alterations to the innate immune system, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or complement deficiency, the risk of life-threatening infection increases greatly (see Veterinary Clinics of North America 2007;37(5):845-60 for a comprehensive review of respiratory defenses in health and disease). 4, [11] [12] [13] DIAGNOSIS Bacterial pneumonia implies sepsis of the lower airway and lungs, so the diagnosis is confirmed by showing septic suppurative inflammation on airway cytology obtained through bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or tracheal wash, along with a positive microbiology culture. cache = ./cache/cord-260750-utbuj5iz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260750-utbuj5iz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264794-bgygebgx author = Lundgren, A.-L. title = Feline non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis. A clinical and pathological study date = 1992-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4861 sentences = 288 flesch = 48 summary = It has been argued that the syndrome may include several aetiologically unrelated conditions affecting the central nervous system of cats, e.g. toxoplasmosis (Hirth and Nielsen, 1969) and the cerebral form of feline infectious peritonitis (Slauson and Finn, 1972; Kornegay, 1978) . Histopathological examination revealed throughout the central nervous system a non-suppurative inflammation characterized by perivascular mononuclear cuffing, presence of inflammatory nodules and neuronal degeneration in all cats. Neuropathological examination of the cats of the present study showed a marked inflammatory reaction in the cerebral leptomeninges as well as in the grey matter of the brain and spinal cord. Neither the serological results nor the clinical and histopathological findings in the cats with staggering disease indicate a FeLV infection. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has emerged as an important cause of neurological disease in cats (Dow, Poss and Hoover, 1990; Sparger, 1991) , often in association with clinical syndromes typical of an immunodeficient state (chronic stomatitis, enteritis, dermatitis, etc). cache = ./cache/cord-264794-bgygebgx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264794-bgygebgx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264660-tfktgy57 author = Creech, C Buddy title = It’s True Even in a Pandemic: Children are Not Merely Little Adults date = 2020-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 980 sentences = 64 flesch = 55 summary = In this issue of CID, Mehta et al (CID PAPER) provide a systematic review of pediatric COVID-19, evaluating the available literature to date to glean characteristics of disease and transmission. The authors report that children represent only 5% or less of diagnosed COVID cases and the data available at the time of review suggest that children are less likely to develop either severe pneumonia or the laboratory alterations commonly associated with severe disease, such as lymphopenia and elevated inflammatory markers. The authors also report that intrauterine transmission appears to be extremely uncommon and that newborns born to infected mothers are likely to experience either asymptomatic disease or mild disease. Taken together, it would appear that children experience a very different response to SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults and raises the hypothesis that dysregulated host responses may be the primary driver of disease severity. cache = ./cache/cord-264660-tfktgy57.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264660-tfktgy57.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261301-8mw2kpmr author = McVey, Scott title = Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: A Brief Review of History and Technology date = 2010-05-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4039 sentences = 233 flesch = 38 summary = Nevertheless, both the effectiveness and imperfections of vaccination lead to the eventual global eradication of smallpox, and was the inspiration for development of the products and programs for immunization against several diseases in humans and animals. Table 1 describes the types of vaccines currently available to companion animal practitioners in most regions of the world 11-14 (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/vet_biologics/ vb_licensed_products.shtml) These vaccines include very traditional inactivated antigen formulations, multiple attenuated agents, and new technologies such as poxvectored vaccines, defined subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines (see Table 1 ). Therefore, a well-differentiated antibody response with isotype switching, affinity maturation to high avidity, and memory requires some effective initial stimulation involving dendritic cells and expansion of regulatory T lymphocytes A claim that it is intended to prevent disease may be made only for products shown to be highly effective in preventing clinical disease in vaccinated and challenged animals. cache = ./cache/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264355-9quf59td author = Jung, Sung-mok title = Epidemiological Identification of A Novel Pathogen in Real Time: Analysis of the Atypical Pneumonia Outbreak in Wuhan, China, 2019–2020 date = 2020-02-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4220 sentences = 174 flesch = 40 summary = Because the only information on 30 December 2019 was that cases had symptoms of atypical pneumonia, the distances between the ongoing outbreak and the eleven known pathogens were all zero; thus, all eleven candidate pathogens initially showed an identical probability of 8.3% (i.e., 1/12, when the possibility of Disease X is accounted for). Because the only information on 30 December 2019 was that cases had symptoms of atypical pneumonia, the distances between the ongoing outbreak and the eleven known pathogens were all zero; thus, all eleven candidate pathogens initially showed an identical probability of 8.3% (i.e., 1/12, when the possibility of Disease X is accounted for). Real-time estimation of the probability that the ongoing pneumonia outbreak is driven by each candidate pathogen, given available information on different days. Real-time estimation of the probability that the ongoing pneumonia outbreak is driven by each candidate pathogen, given available information on different days. cache = ./cache/cord-264355-9quf59td.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264355-9quf59td.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263667-5g51n27e author = Steele, James Harlan title = Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date = 2008-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11260 sentences = 629 flesch = 58 summary = Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. cache = ./cache/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263882-s5oxr6es author = Najar Nobar, Niloufar title = Patients with specific skin disorders who are affected by COVID‐19: what do experiences say about management strategies? : A systematic review date = 2020-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2543 sentences = 145 flesch = 41 summary = It seems that in patients with any severe and serious dermatologic disorders, under treatment with systemic agents, if there is not any suspicion about concurrent infection or any high risk exposures, not only it is not recommend to cessation therapy but only emphasize that these drugs could prevent disease flare-up and control cytokine storm that both in a negative direction, affect the COVID-19 course (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) . So in this systematic review we focused on specific patient groups with a dermatologic disorder (usually under therapy) that concomitantly have been infected by the new corona virus and summed up their data in all aspects of underlying and infectious disease course and management. At the time of the COVID-19, the biologic agents were discontinued except for one case (which was treated with Guselkumab) but the patients did not report any severe exacerbation of their underlying dermatologic disease despite treatment discontinuation. cache = ./cache/cord-263882-s5oxr6es.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263882-s5oxr6es.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266211-cz7m1iqk author = Cheng, Tsung O. title = The current state of cardiology in China date = 2004-03-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5995 sentences = 311 flesch = 56 summary = As was recently reported from the Fu Wai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing [52] , where I performed China's first selective cine coronary arteriogram in 1973 [6] , in an analysis of 9196 cases from October 1987 to December 2000, death, myocardial infarction, stroke, serious arrhythmias, peripheral vascular complications, and allergic reactions to the contrast media were 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.01%, 0.29%, 0.26%, and 0.04%, respectively, as compared to 0.10%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.47%, 0.46%, and 0.23% in an analysis of 222,553 cases between 1984 and 1987 from the Registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions [53] . cache = ./cache/cord-266211-cz7m1iqk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266211-cz7m1iqk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262281-56tbrl8a author = Hawkes, C. H. title = Parkinson's disease: a dual‐hit hypothesis date = 2007-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8191 sentences = 387 flesch = 41 summary = Accumulating evidence suggests that sporadic Parkinson's disease has a long prodromal period during which several non‐motor features develop, in particular, impairment of olfaction, vagal dysfunction and sleep disorder. Additional studies not only have corroborated the initial involvement of anterior olfactory structures, but also have pointed to an early involvement of the enteric nerve cell plexuses as well as of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the intermediate reticular zone in the lower brainstem [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . The next sizeable investigations using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) showed that age-matched olfactory dysfunction did not relate to odour type, was independent of disease duration, and did not correspond with motor function, tremor or cognition [31, 32] . Daniel and Hawkes [102] examined olfactory bulbs and tracts in eight controls as well as eight patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of PD taken from the United Kingdom Parkinson's Disease Brain Bank. cache = ./cache/cord-262281-56tbrl8a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262281-56tbrl8a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-262253-3ovqhypt author = Iqbal, Umar H. title = The Use of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Drugs in Alzheimer’s Disease date = 2020-07-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8832 sentences = 461 flesch = 45 summary = The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and tau proteins in the brain have been central characteristics in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), making them the focus of most of the research exploring potential therapeutics for this neurodegenerative disease. The present review will highlight the current understanding of amyloid-β, and the role of bacteria and viruses in AD, and will also explore the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease Aβ amyloid-β AMP antimicrobial peptide APP amyloid precursor proteins BACE1 B-site ABPP cleaving enzyme BBB blood brain barrier CNS central nervous system HSV-1 herpes simplex virus-1 MBP-1 major basic protein-1 NFTS neurofibrillary tangles Protective Effect of Amyloid-beta Peptides Against Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infection in a Neuronal Cell Culture Model The Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid beta-protein is an antimicrobial peptide Antivirals reduce the formation of key Alzheimer's disease molecules in cell cultures acutely infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 cache = ./cache/cord-262253-3ovqhypt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-262253-3ovqhypt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264994-j8iawzp8 author = Fitzpatrick, Meagan C. title = Modelling microbial infection to address global health challenges date = 2019-09-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7105 sentences = 345 flesch = 32 summary = Epidemiological modelling is a tool that can be used to mitigate this risk by predicting disease spread or quantifying the impact of different intervention strategies on disease transmission dynamics. Epidemiological modelling is a tool that can be used to mitigate this risk by predicting disease spread or quantifying the impact of different intervention strategies on disease transmission dynamics. We illustrate how four decades of methodological advances and improved data quality have facilitated the contribution of modelling to address global health challenges, exemplified by models for the HIV crisis, emerging pathogens and pandemic preparedness. We illustrate how four decades of methodological advances and improved data quality have facilitated the contribution of modelling to address global health challenges, exemplified by models for the HIV crisis, emerging pathogens and pandemic preparedness. Compartmental models analysing the interplay between vaccine uptake and disease dynamics confirmed the hypothesis that increases in vaccination were a response to the pertussis infection risk 61 , and showed that incorporating this interplay can improve epidemiological forecasts. cache = ./cache/cord-264994-j8iawzp8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264994-j8iawzp8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258399-difauneh author = Rahmani, Amir Masoud title = Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) prevention and treatment methods and effective parameters: A systematic literature review date = 2020-10-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10486 sentences = 586 flesch = 43 summary =  Providing a new-of-the-art taxonomy tree for evaluating the issue based on three baseline fields of treatment, and prevention facing methods, and the effective parameters in the COVID-19 outbreak  Providing a systematic literature review based on the proposed taxonomy tree  Covering detection, prediction, and management approaches against the disease according to three heads of treatment, prevention, and effective parameters  Supporting future scopes according to economic damages, treatment's injuries, and people's physical and mental damages after recovery and regarding social distancing's rules in post-pandemic This tree covers the heads of all studies in the domain of the issue to investigate the effective parameters in the virus outbreak (Individual, ethnic, cultural, and social habits and environmental factors), prevention and detection's role in facing the disease, and various therapies' impact on improving patients' with COVID-19 considering the treatment's injuries. cache = ./cache/cord-258399-difauneh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258399-difauneh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258093-6fn8ei9f author = Hanania, Nicola A. title = Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop date = 2011-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17044 sentences = 940 flesch = 47 summary = The aging lung Large, longitudinal, and more complete studies to determine the effects of aging on the function of the respiratory system Improved knowledge about lung structure-function relationships in older age using techniques of imaging and measures of lung function not requiring effort (eg, high-resolution computed tomographic scanning and forced oscillation) Improved assessment of lung processes underlying airflow limitation attributable to aging versus COPD or asthma, especially in asthmatic patients who smoke Studies to examine the effects of aging in ethnic groups and the role of gender Epidemiology, effect, diagnosis, and management Determine the true prevalence and cost of asthma in the older population Develop a uniform definition of asthma to be applied to health care records that will distinguish asthma from COPD and mixed asthma/COPD Evaluate evidence-based treatment algorithms for older asthmatic patients, such as those developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Global Initiative For Asthma guidelines 7 Assess the effect of asthma treatment, including direct medical costs of care, indirect costs of care, and value of treatment in improving quality of life 8, 9 Assess the effect of comorbid conditions, especially COPD and congestive heart failure, on asthma 9 Characterize phenotypes of elderly asthma with regard to responses to therapy and long-term outcomes based on age of onset, duration of disease, and environmental triggers Develop algorithms for electronic medical record systems that are asthma-specific Evaluate effects of current asthma medications in older patients compared with younger patients Identify pharmacogenetic determinants of response to asthma medications in older adults Identify simpler and safer drug delivery systems and schedules for older adults Develop simple methods to differentiate COPD from asthma exacerbations in older adults cache = ./cache/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263438-9ra94uda author = Snowden, Frank M. title = Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date = 2008-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14393 sentences = 608 flesch = 47 summary = Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled 'Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases' in which he declared them 'one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. cache = ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265179-l5w1nkdo author = Dobbs, R. John title = Helicobacter Hypothesis for Idiopathic Parkinsonism: Before and Beyond date = 2008-08-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6489 sentences = 428 flesch = 38 summary = As a collateral hypothesis (Table 2) , we described the epidemiologic fit of Helicobacter infection to IP (including familial clusters, evidence for early acquisition, long prodrome and association with water source) and proposed an autoimmune basis [21] . Irrespective of evidence for current Helicobacter infection, the serum immunoblot antibody profile predicts not just the presence and severity of IP, but also the progression over 4 years [27] . e Clinically-relevant association between index and measures of disease facets and their progression in IP, despite potentially confounding effect of anti-parkinsonian medication. pylori immunoblot profile with abnormal bowel function within IP [28] , and with seborrheic dermatitis (frequent accompaniment of IP [64] ) in subjects without parkinsonism [72] , further implicates Helicobacter. Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of idiopathic Parkinson's disease and non-arteric anterior optic ischaemic neuropathy Part 2: Response of facets of clinical idiopathic parkinsonism to Helicobacter pylori eradication. cache = ./cache/cord-265179-l5w1nkdo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265179-l5w1nkdo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265699-0socw0hp author = Ortega, Miguel Ángel title = Dendrimers and Dendritic Materials: From Laboratory to Medical Practice in Infectious Diseases date = 2020-09-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11148 sentences = 591 flesch = 41 summary = This review provides the reader a general overview about the uses of dendrimers and dendritic materials in the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of highly prevalent infectious diseases, and their advantages compared to traditional approaches. Key commercial successes include the Stratus CS Acute Care Diagnostic System (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany), for emergency diagnosis of cardiovascular infarctions; VivaGel ® products (Starpharma, Melbourne, Australia), for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs); Targeted DEP ® and Priostar ® (Starpharma), for the delivery of anticancer drugs and agrochemical products, respectively; or SpheriCal (Polymer Factory, Stockholm, Sweden), as mass spectrometry standards [59] . Key commercial successes include the Stratus CS Acute Care Diagnostic System (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany), for emergency diagnosis of cardiovascular infarctions; VivaGel ® products (Starpharma, Melbourne, Australia), for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs); Targeted DEP ® and Priostar ® (Starpharma), for the delivery of anticancer drugs and agrochemical products, respectively; or SpheriCal (Polymer Factory, Stockholm, Sweden), as mass spectrometry standards [59] . cache = ./cache/cord-265699-0socw0hp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265699-0socw0hp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024651-578c9ut5 author = nan title = 2020 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 84560 sentences = 5089 flesch = 47 summary = Abstract/Case Report Text Introduction: Mutations in the gene encoding signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) cause autosomal dominant hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (AD-HIES) characterized by recurrent skin and sinopulmonary infections, atopic dermatitis, and elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Objective: The purpose of this study is to increase awareness and improve diagnosis of primary immune deficiency (PID) in the heterogenous group of patients with autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) by identifying clinical characteristics and laboratory biomarkers that distinguish those with underlying PID, disease activity and guide mechanism-based targeted therapy. 7 Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIAID/National Institutes of Health, NIH Abstract/Case Report Text We have previously used the artificial thymic organoid (ATO) system, based on the 3D aggregation and culture of a delta-like canonical Notch ligand 4-expressing stromal cell line (MS5-Dll4) with CD34+ cells, to study T cell differentiation from CD34+ cells obtained from patients carrying defects that are intrinsic to hematopoietic cells (RAG1-2, AK2, IL2RG) or that affect thymus development (DiGeorge syndrome). cache = ./cache/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266822-ecq50ye2 author = Rath, Barbara title = Influenza and other respiratory viruses: standardizing disease severity in surveillance and clinical trials date = 2017-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10809 sentences = 556 flesch = 38 summary = Disease burden due to influenza and other respiratory viral infections is reported on a population level, but clinical scores measuring individual changes in disease severity are urgently needed. Standardized measures of disease severity are urgently needed for clinical trials of vaccines and antivirals currently in development for ARI caused by influenza (FLU), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus (ADV), or human rhinovirus (HRV) [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Considering the variability in disease presentations and courses of illness with influenza and other respiratory viral infections in children, the ViVI Disease Severity Score is not intended to be validated against future clinical events or outcomes. Our contributions are the following: (A) The design of a hospital-based surveillance program and a unique QM cohort of more than 6000 children, where an independent QM team monitored patients daily using standardized clinical assessments and virology at the National Reference Centre for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-266822-ecq50ye2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266822-ecq50ye2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266809-3gl8km98 author = Ather, Amber title = Reply to: "Coronavirus Disease 2019: Implications for Clinical Dental Care" date = 2020-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 414 sentences = 35 flesch = 51 summary = We would like to thank Drs. Jadhav and Mittal for their letter to the editor in which they have put forward their concerns and suggestions regarding the manuscript titled 'Coronavirus Disease 19 : Implications for Clinical Dental Care' (1). We strongly agree with the concerns expressed by the authors regarding asymptomatic carriers of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) and the potential transmission to dental health care professionals. However, it is noteworthy that pulse oximeter detects hypoxemia in contrast to "hypoxia" as mentioned by the authors. In agreement with the authors, oxygen saturation measurements are a vital screening tool to identify potential asymptomatic patients and should be incorporated into routine dental clinical practice. Notably, the potential importance of silent hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients has become evident only more recently (3) . We appreciate the authors for elaborating on the outline and basic design considerations for negative-pressure rooms/ airborne infection isolation rooms for dental practices. COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care cache = ./cache/cord-266809-3gl8km98.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266809-3gl8km98.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267182-ctvnmjsl author = Mboowa, Gerald title = Human Genomic Loci Important in Common Infectious Diseases: Role of High-Throughput Sequencing and Genome-Wide Association Studies date = 2018-03-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4737 sentences = 226 flesch = 29 summary = High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has transformed both the management of infectious diseases and continues to enable large-scale functional characterization of host resistance/susceptibility alleles and loci; a paradigm shift from single candidate gene studies. Human populations are constantly locked in evolutionary arms races with pathogens; therefore, identification of common infectious disease-associated genomic variants/markers is important in therapeutic, vaccine development, and screening susceptible individuals in a population. Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis are some of the common infectious diseases in which a range of genetic susceptibilities and resistant conferring loci have been identified using both traditional molecular-based approaches and HTS technologies. HTS applied to screening populations of host immune-specific cells and their respective pathogens can highlight the host-pathogen unique genetic signatures important in host-pathogen coevolution, profiling immunological history, pathogen-induced immunodominance genetic patterns, predicting clinical outcomes of common infections (such as HIV/AIDS disease progression phenotypes like long-term nonprogressors and rapid progressors, as well as highly exposed persistently seronegative group), rapid diagnosis plus screening outbreaks involving Risk Group 4 highly infectious pathogens, and genetic characterization of live-attenuated vaccine vectors (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). cache = ./cache/cord-267182-ctvnmjsl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267182-ctvnmjsl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267055-xscwk74r author = Chassagnon, Guillaume title = AI-Driven quantification, staging and outcome prediction of COVID-19 pneumonia date = 2020-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5146 sentences = 248 flesch = 43 summary = Our approach relies on automatic deep learning-based disease quantification using an ensemble of architectures, and a data-driven consensus for the staging and outcome prediction of the patients fusing imaging biomarkers with clinical and biological attributes. • A Covid-19-specific holistic, highly compact multi-omics signature integrating imaging/clinical/ biological data and associated comorbidities for automatic patient staging is presented and evaluated. Our approach relies on automatic deep learning-based disease quantification using an ensemble of architectures, and a datadriven consensus for the staging and outcome prediction of the patients fusing imaging biomarkers with clinical and biological attributes. In this study, we investigated an automatic method ( To the best of our knowledge this is among a few systematic efforts to quantify disease extent, to discover low dimensional and interpretable imaging biomarkers and to integrate them to clinical variables into short and long term prognosis of COVID-19 patients. cache = ./cache/cord-267055-xscwk74r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267055-xscwk74r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265472-b1s4stvz author = Guimarães, Luísa Eça title = Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date = 2015-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14633 sentences = 821 flesch = 40 summary = In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia) cache = ./cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264408-vk4lt83x author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2017-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 34464 sentences = 1865 flesch = 47 summary = Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . cache = ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264996-og3sg0qw author = Howell, Gareth J. title = Cell Biology of Membrane Trafficking in Human Disease date = 2006-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20320 sentences = 1072 flesch = 42 summary = Many of these transport intermediates or vesicles, whether derived from the ER, other internal organelles, or the plasma membrane, are ''coated'' with unique protein complexes, tethering factors, and regulatory factors that ensure correct targeting to an acceptor compartment. Breast cancer Caveolin-1 Deletion or dominant negative mutation of caveolin-1 promotes tumor progression Breast cancer (Bouras et al., 2004; Williams and Lisanti, 2005) (Hayasaka et al., 1993; Matsuyama et al., 2002) Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) CHS1/Lyst Lyst involved in regulation of protein secretion from lysosomes -enlarged lysosomes Partial albinism, recurrent bacterial infections, impaired chemotaxis and abnormal natural killer cell function (Shiflett et al., 2002; Ward et al., 2003) 214500 Choroideremia (CHM) Rab Escort Protein 1 (REP1) RAB27a remains cytosolic due to defective geranylgeranyl modification in CHM lymphoblasts X-linked form of retinal degeneration 303100 Various mechanisms control the traYcking of proteins from the TGN by the formation and delivery of membrane-derived transport vesicles to the plasma membrane, endosomes, or lysosomal structures (Ponnambalam and Baldwin, 2003) . cache = ./cache/cord-264996-og3sg0qw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264996-og3sg0qw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269170-9f460xbq author = Kaneko, Kazunari title = Our Evolving Understanding of Kawasaki Disease Pathogenesis: Role of the Gut Microbiota date = 2020-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4597 sentences = 248 flesch = 35 summary = The disease seems to result from the interplay of genetic and environmental susceptibility factors with infectious triggers, followed by a subsequent abnormal immune response characterized by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during the acute phase. Recent advances in culture-independent techniques for detection and identification of intestinal commensal bacteria enabled the discovery that Th17 and Treg differentiation are regulated by short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in particular butyrate, produced by the gut microbiota. This perspective is illustrated in Figure 1 and can be explained as follows: [1] various factors during the in utero and postnatal period drive dysbiosis in young children; [2] dysbiosis results in reduced intestinal production of SCFAs including butyrate; [3] reduced levels of SCFAs in the gut cause an imbalance of Th17s/Tregs; and [4] individuals with Th17/Treg imbalances develop hypercytokinemia triggered by ubiquitous infectious agents(s), followed by KD (Figure 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-269170-9f460xbq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269170-9f460xbq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268298-25brblfq author = Mao, Liang title = Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network—An agent-based simulation date = 2014-03-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4989 sentences = 250 flesch = 43 summary = title: Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network—An agent-based simulation The disease could be transmitted through person-to-person contact, the information is circulated by communication channels, and the preventive behavior can spread via the 'social contagion' process, such as the observational learning. Without a complete model, health policy makers would not be able to systematically evaluate social-network interventions for disease control, such as mass-media campaigns and behavior promotion strategies. First, the event of symptom manifestation will motivate individuals to discuss disease information, and prompt their social contacts to adopt preventive behavior by posing infection risks. The conceptual framework integrates three interactive processes: the diffusion of influenza, the diffusion of information, and that of preventive behavior, upon a human social network. Particularly, since the model explicitly represents the diffusion of information and human preventive behavior, it permits a systematic evaluation of disease control policies that have not been well studied before, such as the mass-media campaigns and behavioral incentive strategies. cache = ./cache/cord-268298-25brblfq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268298-25brblfq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269389-x8i5x62v author = Gensini, Gian Franco title = The concept of quarantine in history: from plague to SARS date = 2004-04-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3195 sentences = 158 flesch = 51 summary = Measures analogous to those employed against the plague have been adopted to fight against the disease termed the Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in recent times various countries have set up official entities for the identification and control of infections. The concept of (modern) preventive quarantine is strictly related to plague and dates back to 1377, when the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa, today called Dubrovnik (Croatia), officially issued the socalled 'trentina' (an Italian word derived from 'trenta', that is, the number 30), a 30-day isolation period. 10 More recently (2003) the proposal of the constitution of a new European monitoring, regulatory and research institution was made, since the already available system of surveillance, set up in Europe to control the onset of epidemics, came up against an enormous challenge in the global emergency of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). cache = ./cache/cord-269389-x8i5x62v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269389-x8i5x62v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268561-vq1uhj5i author = da Silva, Severino Jefferson Ribeiro title = Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, the Virus Causing COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9916 sentences = 594 flesch = 47 summary = 11 The causative agent was identified as a novel CoV, eventually named SARS-CoV-2, and the respiratory syndrome associated with the infection was designated as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). In direct tests, the clinical sample is examined directly for the presence of particles, virus antigens, or viral nucleic acids, whereas indirect methods detect the serological response against the infection (Figure 2 ). 11 Culture-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection have been used in research and public health laboratories in different parts of the world, but virus isolation is not recommended as a routine diagnostic procedure because it has low sensitivity, it is time-consuming, and it requires BSL-3 containment. 11 In addition to unequivocally confirming the diagnosis of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, regular sequencing of a percentage of patient samples from clinical cases can be used to monitor changes in the viral genome over time and trace transmission patterns. cache = ./cache/cord-268561-vq1uhj5i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268561-vq1uhj5i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268324-86a0n0dc author = Charitos, Ioannis A title = Special features of SARS-CoV-2 in daily practice date = 2020-09-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6117 sentences = 279 flesch = 42 summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (commonly known as SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus (designated as 2019-nCoV), which was isolated for the first time after the Chinese health authorities reported a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The clinical picture of critical patients with severe inflammatory-induced lung disease and with sepsis or septic shock needing intensive care support and mechanical ventilation is characterized by a wide range of signs and symptoms of life-threatening multiorgan dysfunction or failure, including dyspnoea, tachypnoea (respiratory rate of > 30/min), tachycardia, chest pain or tightness, hypoxemia, virus-induced distributive shock, cardiac dysfunction, elevations in multiple inflammatory cytokines, renal impairment with oliguria, altered mental status, functional alterations of organs expressed as laboratory data of hyperbilirubinemia, acidosis [serum lactate level > 2 mmol/L (18 mg/dL)], coagulopathy, and thrombocytopenia. cache = ./cache/cord-268324-86a0n0dc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268324-86a0n0dc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273416-332stbjl author = Liu, Tianyuan title = Transcriptional differences for COVID-19 Disease Map genes between males and females indicate a different basal immunophenotype relevant to the disease date = 2020-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2739 sentences = 124 flesch = 46 summary = We created DeCovid, an R shiny app that combines gene expression data of different human tissue from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and the COVID-19 Disease Map gene collection to explore basal gene expression differences across healthy demographic groups. In this paper, we present the DeCovid app, a Shiny app, to explore basal expression level differences in COVID-19 disease map genes between men and women and different age groups. The DeCovid shiny app combines a selection of human tissue specific GTEx data with the COVID-19 Disease Map database to allow quick exploration of basal gene expression values and differences in the healthy human population for genes described to be important for COVID-19. Here we present the DeCovid app as a resource to explore sex and age differential expression patterns in the healthy population for genes described to be involved in COVID-19 disease pathways. cache = ./cache/cord-273416-332stbjl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273416-332stbjl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268564-5qhumjas author = Brown, Lisa title = Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions date = 2013-04-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6490 sentences = 466 flesch = 51 summary = This systematic literature review aimed to identify and examine the relationship between infectious disease incidence and flooding in order to gain a better understanding of: OUTCOMe (COMBiNeD wiTH OR) amoebiasis, bacillary dysentery, burul*, campylo*, chikungunya, cholera, communicable disease*, contamination, crypto*, dengue, dengue virus, dermatitis, diarrhea*, diarrhea*, disease*, disease vector*, disease outbreak*, epidemic*, enteric fever, Escherichia coli, gastrointestinal, giardia*, hanta virus infections, health, health effect*, health impact*, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis e, illness, infectio*, infectious disease*, Japanese encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, morbidity, mosquito*, norovirus, naeg*, outbreak*, onchocerciasis, physical health, plague, pollut*, public health, q fever, risk factor*, rodent*, rodentborne, rodent-borne, rodent related, rodent-related, salmonellosis, sars virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, shigellosis, schistosomiasis, tick*, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia, tularemia, typhoid, water, waterborne, water-borne, water related, water-related, west nile fever, vector*, vectorborne, vector-borne, vector related, vector-related, yellow fever, yersini* risk, rising temperatures, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor health care, poverty, and an abundance of rats and other animal reservoirs. cache = ./cache/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268907-cv0mkpzd author = Kim, Jung Heon title = An Urgent Need for Global Preparedness against the Reemergence of “Forgotten” Infectious Diseases in Korea date = 2018-04-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 681 sentences = 45 flesch = 51 summary = title: An Urgent Need for Global Preparedness against the Reemergence of "Forgotten" Infectious Diseases in Korea We should not make these infectious diseases as "never-ending stories," and comprehensive global preparedness for preventing outbreaks is needed urgently. According to the report from Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) in 2016, vaccination rates between 0 and 3-year-old children for national essential vaccination were over 90%; BCG 97.8%, HepB 97.3%, DTaP 96.2%, IPV 97.6%, MMR 97.8%, Var 97.5%, JE 92.7%. 2 The vaccination rate in NIP was reported in young ages but there is little nation-wide survey data of their appropriateness of immune formation to prevent infection after vaccination. It is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of pathogens, hygiene levels, immunity status and changes in each age group, environmental alterations, dietary nutrition, vaccine supply, treatment modalities, international relationship of diseases, so on. cache = ./cache/cord-268907-cv0mkpzd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268907-cv0mkpzd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273602-cq276tj8 author = Bavishi, Chirag title = Acute myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: A review date = 2020-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2116 sentences = 123 flesch = 39 summary = Randomized trials are urgently needed to investigate treatment modalities to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with COVID-19 related acute myocardial injury. In this concise review, we will focus on acute myocardial injury in COVID-19 infection, its prevalence, plausible pathophysiologic mechanisms, guidance on the use of cardiac biomarkers, and general management strategies. In a prospective cohort study by Du et al(11) of 179 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, troponin I ≥0.05 ng/mL was independently associated with mortality in addition to age ≥65 years, pre-existing cardiovascular (CV) or cerebrovascular diseases and CD3+CD8+ Tcells ≤75 cells/μL. Epidemiological studies and randomized trials are urgently needed to investigate treatment modalities regulating immune function and inhibiting inflammatory responses to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with COVID-19 related acute myocardial injury. Association of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) With Myocardial Injury and Mortality cache = ./cache/cord-273602-cq276tj8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273602-cq276tj8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269640-0u3e1493 author = Kasai, Takeshi title = Research and control of parasitic diseases in Japan: current position and future perspectives date = 2007-03-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3781 sentences = 179 flesch = 39 summary = Thereafter, Japan expanded its international cooperation to cover infectious diseases through integrated development programmes to improve health, to alleviate poverty and to help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Thereafter, Japan expanded its international cooperation to cover infectious diseases through integrated development programmes to improve health, to alleviate poverty and to help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. The unique ODA philosophy in Japan, which is based on the overriding concept of self help and human security, contributes to overseas development by exporting its achievements in disease control and in shaping support for disease research and control activities (http:// www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/cooperation/anniv50/pamphlet/ contents.html). One major drawback is that the Japanese experience, whereby parasitic-disease control contributed substantially to overall social development, remains primarily an anecdotal record and is not documented in health-system research terms. cache = ./cache/cord-269640-0u3e1493.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269640-0u3e1493.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268378-tcuv255v author = Hood, Ernie title = Evolutionary Medicine: A Powerful Tool for Improving Human Health date = 2008-02-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4588 sentences = 231 flesch = 45 summary = Evolution has not traditionally been considered to be an important aspect of medicine, and medical practitioners and researchers have not traditionally approached their work from the perspective offered by evolutionary biology. An evolutionary viewpoint pushes the focus out farther to look at long-term ecological relationships, including symbiotic bacteria, parasites and pathogens, historical lifestyles, and the genetics of populations. Evolution is providing clues about puzzling medical results, and studies of human health are giving us new information about the rate and driving forces of evolution. The group proposes to look for microevolutionary changes in the study population and to use the extensive medical data to correlate differences in genomic inheritance and phenotypic outcomes. Combined with the development of new technologies that have given us entire genomes and the tools with which to study them, these vast data sets have the potential to launch an evolutionary medicine revolution. cache = ./cache/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273789-sbppgkza author = Donohoe, Holly title = Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date = 2014-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10268 sentences = 409 flesch = 43 summary = One study from the United States reported the results of a survey of workers regarding their knowledge of Lyme disease and their behaviour regarding tick-bite prevention and one article provided a comprehensive review of the occupational risks (Piacentino & Schwartz, 2002) . Early case studies in the United States failed to show a significant increase in risk associated with outdoor recreation (e.g. Bowen et al., 1984; Ciesielski et al., 1989; Falco & Fish, 1989) but Smith et al.'s (1988) research found that persons who had spent more than 30 h per week in outdoor activities in endemic areas were 2.5 times more likely to test positive for Lyme disease. cache = ./cache/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271814-a2vlkwce author = Brough, Helen A. title = Managing childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies during respiratory virus epidemics – The 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic: A statement from the EAACI‐section on pediatrics date = 2020-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2929 sentences = 172 flesch = 46 summary = In addition, there is no evidence that currently available asthma and allergy treatments, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators, increase the risk of severe disease from COVID‐19. allergy, asthma, biologics, children, coronavirus, corticosteroids, COVID-19, immunodeficiency, SARS-CoV-2, treatment clinically diagnosed, but not virologically confirmed. The care of children with allergies or immune conditions is being adapted to the current situation, with more remote working and providing guidance to children to reduce likelihood of infection in children who would be deemed at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Evaluating asthma and allergy more specifically as potential risk factors, a retrospective study based on electronic medical records from 140 hospitalized COVID-19 adult patients investigated pre-existing asthma or allergic diseases. As a joint project, questionThe current COVID-19 pandemic might also pose a risk to pediatric patients with secondary immunodeficiencies, such as patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune or severe allergic diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268326-sbz3uk5h author = Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy title = Lysosomes as a therapeutic target date = 2019-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17899 sentences = 839 flesch = 37 summary = With a focus on lysosomal dysfunction in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases — including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease — this Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs. Alterations in lysosomal functions, either in the fusion processes involved in the general pathways mentioned above or related to the function of lyso somal enzymes and non enzymatic proteins, can result in broad detrimental effects, including failure to clear potentially toxic cellular waste, inflammation, apopto sis and dysregulation of cellular signalling 8 . cache = ./cache/cord-268326-sbz3uk5h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268326-sbz3uk5h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273915-jpzvjl0i author = Schmidt, Robert E. title = Types of Renal Disease in Avian Species date = 2006-01-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2908 sentences = 229 flesch = 40 summary = Renal lesions caused by C psittaci are characterized by interstitial inflammation composed primarily of histiocytes, plasma cells, and lymphocytes, with intracytoplasmic organisms seen in histiocytes in some cases. Both primary and secondary lesions may occur in nonbudgerigar psittacine birds with avian polyomavirus disease [32, 33] . Avian renal disease has a wide variety of noninfectious causes. High-cholesterol diets have also been associated with diffuse renal disease, including proliferative glomerulopathy, periglomerular fibrosis, multifocal interstitial nephritis, and lipid-laden cells within the glomeruli of pigeons [52] . Iron storage disease primarily affects the liver, but iron pigment is also seen in renal tubular cells in many affected birds. Aminoglycoside toxicity results in kidney enlargement and changes resembling those seen with other causes of renal failure [62] . Excessive salt ingestion leads to renal problems that result in urate deposition and gross and histologic lesions [72, 73] . cache = ./cache/cord-273915-jpzvjl0i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273915-jpzvjl0i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269505-7g8lio9l author = Keesing, Felicia title = Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases date = 2010-12-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5349 sentences = 263 flesch = 43 summary = For hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a directly transmitted zoonotic disease, correlational and experimental studies have shown that a lower diversity of small mammals increases the prevalence of hantaviruses in their hosts, thereby increasing risk to humans (Box 2). Diversity has a similar effect for plant diseases, with species losses increasing the transmission of two fungal rust pathogens that infect perennial rye grass and other plant species 10 . This is because field studies like those on West Nile virus, hantaviruses and rye grass have typically not controlled for changes in host density that can result from changes in 'species richness' (the number of species present in a community, which is a measure of taxonomic diversity). In sum, reducing biodiversity can increase disease transmission when the lost species are either not hosts for the pathogen or are suboptimal ones. In several case studies, the species most likely to be lost from ecological communities as diversity declines are those most likely to reduce pathogen transmission. cache = ./cache/cord-269505-7g8lio9l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269505-7g8lio9l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-269190-w74bjtq1 author = Lennox, Angela M. title = Care of the Geriatric Rabbit date = 2010-02-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3434 sentences = 227 flesch = 43 summary = This article examines the spectrum of disease that can affect the geriatric rabbit as well as crucial factors concerning the clinical management of the animal up to the end of its life. Though designed for dogs and cats, the author and others have used this product in rabbits with chronic renal failure requiring longer-term at-home subcutaneous administration of fluid (see Hospice and end-oflife issues later in this article) (Fig. 1) . In some cases all teeth are eventually lost, and patients survive with good to excellent quality of life on a diet of liquid Critical Care (Oxbow Animal Health, Murdoch, NE). Causes are varied, and can include chronic renal failure and acquired dental disease. Use is not recommended in humans and tested animal patients that are dehydrated, or have liver or renal disease (due to reduction of blood flow to the kidneys). cache = ./cache/cord-269190-w74bjtq1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-269190-w74bjtq1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273941-gu6nnv9d author = Chandran, Uma title = Chapter 5 Network Pharmacology date = 2017-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10240 sentences = 503 flesch = 36 summary = This is referred to as "polypharmacology." The concept of network biology was used to integrate data from DrugBank (Re and Valentini, 2013) and OMIM (Hamosh et al., 2005) , an online catalog of human genes and genetic disorders to understand the industry trends, the properties of drug targets, and to study how drug targets are related to disease-gene products. NP coupled to sophisticated spectroscopical analysis such as ultra-performance liquid chromatographyÀelectrospray, ionizationÀtandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) is a useful approach to study the absolute molecular mechanism of action of botanical formulations based on their constituent bioactives (Xu et al., 2014a) . A network pharmacology approach to understanding the mechanisms of action of traditional medicine: bushenhuoxue formula for treatment of chronic kidney disease A network-based analysis of the types of coronary artery disease from traditional Chinese medicine perspective: potential for therapeutics and drug discovery cache = ./cache/cord-273941-gu6nnv9d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273941-gu6nnv9d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272147-itdx3wqi author = White, Alexandre I R title = Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia date = 2020-03-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1831 sentences = 83 flesch = 51 summary = A historical understanding of the international regulations for containing the spread of infectious diseases reveals a particular focus on controls that have protected North American and European interests. The xenophobia that has occurred in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic can be situated in a longer history that dates back to 19th-century epidemics and the first international conventions on controlling the spread of infectious diseases. While quarantine, cordon sanitaire, and other social distancing practices date back to 14th-century Europe and earlier, by the 19th century the spread of epidemic diseases emerged as a problem that required an international, coordinated response. In the eyes of colonial health officials and the drafters of the first International Sanitary Conventions, the spread of cholera and plague was an economic, epidemic, and political risk to the long-term stability of the global economy. The heightened scrutiny and bias against non-Europeans who were blamed for spreading disease have historically resulted in aggressive racist and xenophobic responses carried out in the name of health controls. cache = ./cache/cord-272147-itdx3wqi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272147-itdx3wqi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author = ZANETTI, A. R. title = Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date = 2010-01-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4100 sentences = 180 flesch = 50 summary = Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. What is more, a number of other factors promote not only the dissemination but also the emergence of new infectious diseases: intensive farming and breeding associated with crowding promote the development of foci of infection; global warming has modified the climate, making insects, a major vector of pathogens, able to thrive in countries where the climate was previously hostile; the exploitation of natural resources has produced environmental changes that create opportunities for new contacts between species leading to emergence of infections in new hosts. cache = ./cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274409-4ugdxbmy author = Laskar, Rezwanuzzaman title = Mutational analysis and assessment of its impact on proteins of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from India date = 2020-10-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3300 sentences = 190 flesch = 57 summary = title: Mutational analysis and assessment of its impact on proteins of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from India Further, constitution of 'Disease' mutations in genomes from asymptomatic people was mere 11% but those from deceased patients was over three folds higher at 38% indicating contribution of these mutations to the pathophysiology of the SARS-CoV-2. With a definitive possibility of India becoming the most affected country by SARS-CoV-2 in near future and the demographic burden involved, its pertinent to be analyze the accumulating variations in the genome accounting for possible changes in protein and their potential to alter the virus in any manner. Herein we extend our study using the same congregation of sequences to analyze the nature and composition of the observed mutations and their impact on proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The distribution of Disease and Neutral variants across the different genes of SARS-CoV-2 has been shown in Table 4 and Supplementary file 5. cache = ./cache/cord-274409-4ugdxbmy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274409-4ugdxbmy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271863-apb8l8tq author = Ward, M.P. title = Companion animal disease surveillance: A new solution to an old problem? date = 2011-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6347 sentences = 323 flesch = 50 summary = While the project is still in its infancy, the analysis of initial data is demonstrating some important findings with respect to disease distributions in space and time and risk factors, and there is considerable potential to gather vital information that could lead to targeted vaccination and treatment efforts which could be the key to the control of various diseases. In this paper we report details of this surveillance tool and illustrate its utility with a case study of canine parvovirus (CPV) occurrence and distribution during a 9-month period in the state of New South Wales. To demonstrate the utility of the Disease WatchDog system, data analysis focused on reports of CPV in the state of New South Wales. The distribution of spatio-temporal clusters of cases of canine parvovirus reported in the Disease WatchDog surveillance system between January and September 2010 in New South Wales, Australia. cache = ./cache/cord-271863-apb8l8tq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271863-apb8l8tq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-273833-yf8kt84e author = Mejia, Rojelio title = Global COVID-19 Efforts as the Platform to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2544 sentences = 140 flesch = 50 summary = Therefore, and as highlighted by many others, we support the notion that a way forward to eliminate this coronavirus pandemic should include linking COVID-19 control to other tropical or poverty-related diseases. To be successful and achieve the global goals including the control of pandemics such as the one seen from the COVID-19, we must rely on strong leadership leading to impactful public policies and global collaborations, including global COVID-19 vaccinations, and potentially linking them to programs for childhood and adult vaccinations and programs for malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical disease treatments. Accordingly, these virus-related morbidities will add to the many already found in these populations already affected by non-communicable diseases functioning as major risk factors for COVID-19, as well as other infections, including the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The poor living in urban or rural areas of high-income countries and the most impoverished living in LMICs have increased risk for both COVID-19 and tropical diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-273833-yf8kt84e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-273833-yf8kt84e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274189-mrrctuxt author = Freeman, Hugh James title = REVIEW: Adult Celiac Disease and the Severe “Flat” Small Bowel Biopsy Lesion date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5330 sentences = 274 flesch = 37 summary = Even a normal small bowel biopsy may be useful, in most instances, to exclude structural small bowel causes of diarrhea, particularly those with diffuse and severe changes in the proximal small intestine, such as classic celiac disease. Repeated biopsies from the same proximal small intestinal sites after only a few weeks on a strict gluten-free diet may not be sufficient to show a convincing histologic response, even if the patient is clinically improved (i.e., resolution of diarrhea and weight gain). Recently, even strongly positive tissue transglutaminase antibody assays were recorded using a commercially available test kit in patients with no other disease detected and entirely normal small bowel biopsies (17) as well as in a patient with a severe flat lesion not histologically responsive to gluten restriction (17) . Demonstration of histologic improvement in these gluten-induced changes in the small intestinal mucosa with a gluten-free diet in patients with latent celiac disease was also documented (23, 47) . cache = ./cache/cord-274189-mrrctuxt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274189-mrrctuxt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-272547-ld1bux2h author = Eslick, Guy D. title = Future Perspectives on Infections Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases date = 2010-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1103 sentences = 72 flesch = 45 summary = title: Future Perspectives on Infections Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases There are a vast number of infectious agents that are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases. Advances in technology should provide novel methods for identifying and diagnosing these organisms and the relationship they have with a specific digestive disease. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] In conjunction with this increasing incidence of digestive diseases are the re-emergence of certain infectious agents (Box 1) (eg, cholera) and the identification of new agents (eg, H pylori, Laribacter, Campylobacter concisus), which are associated with GI tract diseases. One of the main issues associated with infections and disease is determining the relationship of the cause and effect. 14 Although these technologies are increasing the understanding of the gut microflora, there remains large gaps of knowledge regarding the metabolic functions of these organisms and the relationship they have with human GI disease. Emerging infections of the gastrointestinal tract cache = ./cache/cord-272547-ld1bux2h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-272547-ld1bux2h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274019-dao10kx9 author = Rife, Brittany D title = Phylodynamic applications in 21(st) century global infectious disease research date = 2017-05-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6268 sentences = 280 flesch = 30 summary = These innovative tools have greatly enhanced scientific investigations of the temporal and geographical origins, evolutionary history, and ecological risk factors associated with the growth and spread of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika, and dengue and bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSIONS: Capitalizing on an extensive review of the literature, we discuss the evolution of the field of infectious disease epidemiology and recent accomplishments, highlighting the advancements in phylodynamics, as well as the challenges and limitations currently facing researchers studying emerging pathogen epidemics across the globe. The reliance on phylodynamic methods for estimating a pathogen's population-level characteristics (e.g., effective population size) and their relationships with epidemiological data suffers from a high costincreasing the number of inference models, and thus parameters associated with these models, requires an even greater increase in the information content, or phylogenetic resolution, of the sequence alignment and associated phenotypic data. cache = ./cache/cord-274019-dao10kx9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274019-dao10kx9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267671-ys43n672 author = Whary, Mark T. title = Biology and Diseases of Mice date = 2015-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 63666 sentences = 3678 flesch = 40 summary = Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275602-cog4nma0 author = Watkins, Kevin title = Emerging Infectious Diseases: a Review date = 2018-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4672 sentences = 278 flesch = 49 summary = SUMMARY: In addition to the aforementioned pathogens, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Nipah virus, New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase-1 Enterobacteriaceae, Rift Valley Fever virus, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus are reviewed. In 1992, an expert committee that produced the Institute of Medicine report on emerging infections defined them as "new, reemerging, or drug-resistant infections whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future." Additionally, six major contributors to these diseases were presented and included changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and changes in industry practices, economic development and changes in land-use patterns, dramatic increases in volume and speed of international travel and commerce, microbial adaptation and change, and breakdown of public health capacity [1] . The World Health Organization has prioritized a number of infectious diseases as requiring urgent need for research and development given the concern for potential of severe outbreaks. cache = ./cache/cord-275602-cog4nma0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275602-cog4nma0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274113-m0nb78kf author = Vignier, Nicolas title = Travel, Migration and Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2018-11-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1789 sentences = 117 flesch = 49 summary = In connection with the extension of poverty, urbanization, extensive livestock rearing and globalization, we could be exposed to a third epidemiological transition characterized by zoonotic diseases and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. These infectious diseases unequally expose the majority Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases population, from none at all (e.g., malaria) to a little (e.g., tuberculosis). Among the published studies on migrants and infectious diseases, the majority were non-emergent diseases with the exception of MDR tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant bacteria (24, 25) . Immigrants don't play the role of Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases sentinel epidemic so far. cache = ./cache/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-275538-c44gmu22 author = Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title = Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date = 2006-03-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10385 sentences = 472 flesch = 41 summary = The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II MLV because it stimulates the immune system to protect against CAV-I and CAV-II without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine [4, 14, 20] . There is a killed vaccine available; however, vaccination against this agent is typically not recommended, because most animals are not at risk to contract the parasite, the vaccine does not prevent infection (it may ameliorate clinical signs and decrease cyst shedding), and the disease is readily amenable to therapy (fenbendazole, albendazole, and metronidazole are off-label uses but commonly accepted as standard of care). Because the vaccine does not fully prevent infection and carries an association with adverse events that may be greater than the actual disease, routine vaccination of household pets with this product is generally not recommended. cache = ./cache/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt txt = ./txt/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-274756-nnm1n09a author = Varadé, Jezabel title = Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges date = 2020-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19144 sentences = 920 flesch = 38 summary = The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer. In addition to those showing the essential role of LTi cells in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs during embryogenesis and the postnatal development of intestinal lymphoid clusters, recent studies also provide evidence that subsets of ILCs express multiple factors that modulate the adaptive immune response in health and disease 27, 28 . Autoimmunity: In the case of therapeutic vaccines for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, Myasthenia gravis or Guillain Barré syndrome, the intention is to induce tolerance to self-antigens through the activation of regulatory cells (Tregs and Bregs) and tolerogenic dendritic cells, thus avoiding the immune response to self-components 211 . cache = ./cache/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009997-oecpqf1j author = nan title = 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date = 2018-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 182060 sentences = 10342 flesch = 48 summary = Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher's Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. cache = ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278136-ol2buwld author = Gonzales, Natalia M. title = 29th International Mammalian Genome Conference meeting report date = 2016-05-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4685 sentences = 180 flesch = 34 summary = The session showcased tools such as recombinant inbred lines (RILs), outbred populations, classic crosses, and ENU mutagenesis to yield new understanding and identify candidate genes for disease susceptibility, while knockout and patient-derived xenograft mice enabled further mechanistic insight. Other features of this session included a GWAS of aerobic capacity in rats segregated on running ability by Yu Wang German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Tuebingen) conducted a massive forward genetic screen using human exome data, followed by systematic RNAi screens in worms, flies, and human cell lines to identify genes and pathways involved in Parkinson's disease. This plenary session encompassed the use of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), gene expression analysis, and recent advances in genome engineering to address fundamental questions about development and degenerative disease. A common approach featured at the IMGC each year is the use of the mouse as a model for understanding how biological processes influence and respond to changes in the mammalian genomic landscape. cache = ./cache/cord-278136-ol2buwld.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278136-ol2buwld.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277635-e1ih1fkx author = Rahman, Md. Siddikur title = Defending against the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: How Can the Internet of Things (IoT) help to save the World? date = 2020-04-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1919 sentences = 112 flesch = 50 summary = • IoT within infectious disease epidemiology is an emerging field of research, however the ubiquitous availability of smart technologies, as well as increased risks of infectious disease spread through the globalization and interconnectedness of the world necessitates its use for predicting, preventing and controlling emerging infectious diseases; • Considering the present situation in China, IoT based smart disease surveillance systems have the potential to be a major breakthrough in efforts to control the current pandemic. A wealth of new technologies in the form of the Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining growing global attention 8 and becoming increasingly available for predicting, preventing and monitoring emerging infectious diseases. Smart disease surveillance systems based on IoT would provide simultaneous reporting and monitoring, end-to-end connectivity and affordability, data assortment and analysis, tracking and alerts, as well as options for remote medical assistance to be adopted, to detect and control zoonotic infectious disease outbreaks in China and other affected countries. cache = ./cache/cord-277635-e1ih1fkx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277635-e1ih1fkx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276837-1me44xh0 author = Wang, Wei title = InfectiousDiseases ofPoverty, the first five years date = 2017-05-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3591 sentences = 157 flesch = 45 summary = Based on the "One health, One world" mission, a new, open-access journal, Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IDP), was launched by BioMed Central in partnership with the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) on October 25, 2012. Based on the "One health, One world" mission mentioned in the Global Report on Research for the Infectious Diseases of Poverty [21] , the journal publishes work on topics and approaches that address essential public health questions related to this issue. Interestingly, the most highly cited publication in IDP is an editorial published in 2013 [25] , which may be explained by the fact that it dealt with surveillance and response defining this approach as a research priority during the stage moving towards elimination of tropical diseases, which received much global attention [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . cache = ./cache/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277353-qilq1q7h author = Taniguchi, Kiyosu title = Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan date = 2008-09-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2054 sentences = 104 flesch = 42 summary = Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Current National Epidemiological Surveillance for Infectious Diseases (NESID) in Japan requires that all notifiable diseases should be reported with the presumptive place of infection. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported infection, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS), typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Although the outbreak among group tours to endemic countries was reported to account for the increase of imported diseases, 11 investigation of attributable events or causes were not always made in a timely manner. In this study it was not difficult to overview the situation of imported infectious diseases because the current Japanese surveillance system requires the presumptive place of infection including the specified country if possible. cache = ./cache/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276855-j10tvmvd author = Batsukh, Zayat title = One Health in Mongolia date = 2012-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5651 sentences = 247 flesch = 33 summary = An intersectoral coordination mechanism established between the veterinary and public health sectors has expanded its function to incorporate more work on food safety, emergency management, and effects of climate change on zoonotic diseases. mechanism established between the veterinary and public health sectors has expanded its function to incorporate more work on food safety, emergency management, and effects of climate change on zoonotic diseases. The Coordination Committee has responsibility for developing joint policy on the prevention and control of priority zoonotic diseases; for approving action plans produced by a technical working group; for making recommendations on risk assessment, early warning and response activities during outbreaks; for reviewing and revising zoonotic diseases standard operational procedures (SOPs) and guidelines to reflect intersectoral collaboration; for providing methodological assistance to improve the capacity of professional institutions at the national and subnational level; for coordinating cooperation among different sectors in carrying out early detection and response functions; and for monitoring and evaluating overall zoonotic disease prevention and control. cache = ./cache/cord-276855-j10tvmvd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276855-j10tvmvd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277181-rvjvuxor author = Liu, Chen-Hsuan title = The Role of Comparative Pathology in the Investigation of Zoonoses date = 2007-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1680 sentences = 98 flesch = 36 summary = Anatomic pathologists who are capable of analyzing and interpreting anatomical manifestations of diseases to obtain a definite diagnosis or exclude a wide variety of diseases play an important role in the diagnostic team. This can be seen in retrospective case studies of recent zoonoses such as multinucleated syncytial giant cells in severe acute respiratory syndrome and mouse hepatitis virus infection, syncytial cells in Henipahvirus infection and paramyxovirus, neuronal vacuolation in bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Streptococcus suis type 2 meningitis. Among diagnostic tools, anatomic pathology is effective in recognizing or excluding infectious diseases based on morphological changes in organs in affected species [3] [4] [5] . Retrospective case studies of recently occurring zoonoses reflect the importance of diagnostic pathology with its use of morphologic similarities in disease diagnosis. We believe that comparative pathology will play an important role in the diagnosis, surveillance and control of unpredictable emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. cache = ./cache/cord-277181-rvjvuxor.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277181-rvjvuxor.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277703-sxt9lw0l author = Belz, Katie title = Rabbit hemorrhagic disease date = 2004-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1902 sentences = 134 flesch = 57 summary = Abstract Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a rapidly lethal infectious viral disease of the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) characterized by high mortality rates, acute hepatic necrosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. [1] [2] [3] [4] Disease RHD is caused by the Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV). In this form of the disease, rabbits die suddenly, exhibiting no or very few signs. The acute form of the RHD is seen in rabbit populations where the disease is enzootic. In a sudden outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease, the duration of signs in rabbits before death is usually less than a day (Photograph kindly provided by Elizabeth Morales Salinas). The Americas were free of RHD until December of 1988 when it is thought that a shipment of -This is the most common disease seen in clinical practice. Outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in domestic lagomorphs Viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits and human health cache = ./cache/cord-277703-sxt9lw0l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277703-sxt9lw0l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279008-gioqkeda author = Rosenthal, Joshua title = Climate Change and the Geographic Distribution of Infectious Diseases date = 2010-05-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4045 sentences = 187 flesch = 38 summary = Although we are still at an early stage in our ability to make predictions for these extraordinarily complex phenomena, we are beginning to see some general patterns with regard to the important geophysical factors that govern biological basis for distribution change, the role of transport of disease, vectors and hosts, the biotic assemblages that influence establishment, and the socioeconomic conditions that constrain or enhance these dynamics. Underlying most predictions for climate change effects on parasite and pathogen distribution are the physiological factors that regulate survivorship, reproduction, and transmission, and their interaction with extrinsic environmental changes associated with climate: precipitation, humidity, air and water temperature, principally. Based largely on studies of vector and/or parasite development, warming and increases in humidity are predicted to open up new zones for malaria in Africa (Epstein et al., 1998; Martens, 1999) , parasitic nematodes in the Arctic (Kutz et al., 2005) , West Nile Virus (Reisen et al., 2006) , Lyme disease in North America (Ogden et al., 2008) , and Schistosomiasis in China (Zhou et al., 2008) . cache = ./cache/cord-279008-gioqkeda.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279008-gioqkeda.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276616-odmnvv7m author = Darcel, C. title = Reflections on scrapie and related disorders, with consideration of the possibility of a viral aetiology date = 1995 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10478 sentences = 494 flesch = 48 summary = Conclusions drawn from the vaccination trials and transmission experiments were that ~crapie, given by subcutaneous inoculation, had a latent period of 2 years and longer; that the infective agent was resistant to 0.35% formalin; that the disease appeared more quickly and in a higher percentage of recipients following intracerebral than following~subcutaneous injection; and that the causative agent was probably a filtrable virus. There are many difficulties in studying either the natural or experimentally induced diseases: the animals involved, the incubation period required for the emergence of the disease, the innate resistance of a proportion of the population seen as an expression of genetic influences, the differing behaviour of strains of agents isolated from a given species, the symptomatology, the pathology, the uncertain nature of the agent and its means of transmission, the perceived 'lack' of an immunological response or changes in the immune system, and the biological hazards involved in conducting experiments. cache = ./cache/cord-276616-odmnvv7m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276616-odmnvv7m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280299-1pbem51d author = Jeney, Zs. title = Recent achievements in studies on diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) date = 1995-01-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8632 sentences = 550 flesch = 52 summary = Abstract Parasitic, fungal, bacterial and viral diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are reviewed. Molt& ( 1980a) observed during studies on carp renal sphaerosporosis that the latter condition was frequently developed by fish with clinical SBI, and he postulated a relationship between the prevalence of SBI, renal sphaerosporosis and the condition caused by the C-blood protozoan originally described by Csaba (1976) . ( 1984) led to the identification of parasites designated as K-protozoa causing swimbladder inflammation in the common carp, with the presporonic developmental stages of the kidney parasite Sphaerospora renicola Dykova and Lom 1982 , a vast amount of knowledge has accumulated on the complex developmental cycle of Sphaerospora-type parasites. Gill necrosis of common carp, caused by unfavourable environmental conditions (ammonia, pH and temperature) and Flexibacter columnaris infection, was suggested to count as a separate disease (Farkas and 01&1,1986) . cache = ./cache/cord-280299-1pbem51d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280299-1pbem51d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283971-q5d3uza1 author = von Oertzen, Tim J title = COVID‐19 – neurologists stay aware! date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 309 sentences = 30 flesch = 54 summary = The new disease caused primarily symptoms of a respiratory tract infection with cough, shortness of breath, and viral pneumonia. The clinical spectrum showed mostly mild symptoms with some patients developing bilateral pneumonia needing partly intensive care treatment and causing death(1). As of today (19 th May), official numbers report more than 4,7 million cases worldwide, more than 315,000 death, and approximately 1,7 million patients recovered from the disease. We neurologists need to stay vigilant and aware on neuro-COVID-19, taking a joint effort to characterize the disease on scientific grounds. To facilitate this, the European Academy of Neurology developed the Ean NEuro-covid ReGistrY (ENERGY) for prospective data collection (ean.org). Web-editor in chief, European Academy of Neurology References Accepted Article Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease Neurological manifestations and neuro-invasive mechanisms of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 cache = ./cache/cord-283971-q5d3uza1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283971-q5d3uza1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280348-vrnxucye author = Argano, Christiano title = Pattern of comorbidities and 1-year mortality in elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in internal medicine wards: data from the RePoSI Registry date = 2020-07-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4641 sentences = 257 flesch = 39 summary = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an important leading cause of morbidity and mortality with high economic and social costs: according to the WHO, COPD is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated to be the third by 2020; furthermore, the global burden of COPD is expected to increase in the coming years, due to the prevalence of smoking and aging of the world population [1] . The following clinical characteristics were evaluated: respiratory and non-respiratory disease distribution at hospital admission (according to International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision); cognitive status and mood disorders (by the Short-Blessed-Test [SBT] [9] and the Geriatric-Depression-Scale [GDS] [10] ,respectively; performance in activities of daily living at hospital admission (measured by means of the Barthel Index [BI] [11] ; severity and comorbidity index(assessed by the Cumulative-Illness-Rating-Scale CIRS-s and CIRS-c, respectively) [12] , glomerular filtration rate (using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration-formula [13] ), length of hospital stay, drugs prescriptions (at admission, discharge, at 3 and 12 months follow-up), destination at discharge, in-hospital and 3-month and 1-year mortality rate. cache = ./cache/cord-280348-vrnxucye.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280348-vrnxucye.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278339-6ddsj014 author = Gianfrancesco, Milena title = Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry date = 2020-05-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5376 sentences = 298 flesch = 41 summary = The independent associations between demographic and disease-specific features with the odds of COVID-19 hospitalisation were estimated using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression and reported as OR and 95% CIs; covariates included in the model were age group (<65 years vs >65 years), sex, rheumatic disease (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) or other spondyloarthritis, vasculitis and other), key comorbidities (hypertension, lung disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic renal insufficiency/end-stage renal disease), smoking status (ever vs never), physician-reported disease activity (remission, minimal/low disease activity, moderate disease activity or severe/high disease activity; or as a binary variable: remission and minimal/low disease activity vs moderate and severe/high disease activity), DMARD type (no DMARD, csDMARD only, b/tsDMARD only, csDMARD and b/tsDMARD combination therapy), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) use (yes vs no) and prednisone-equivalent glucocorticoid use (0 mg/ day, 1-9 mg/day, ≥10 mg/day). cache = ./cache/cord-278339-6ddsj014.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278339-6ddsj014.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278684-txlvla0j author = Gonzalez–Dunia, Daniel title = Borna Disease Virus and the Brain date = 1998-01-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13952 sentences = 784 flesch = 43 summary = The BDV paradigm is amenable to study virus–cell interactions in the CNS that can lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, immune-mediated damage, as well as alterations in cell differentiated functions that affect brain homeostasis. Evidence provided by epidemiological and clinical data, together with virological studies, have led to the hypothesis that chronic viral infections of the CNS contribute to human mental disorders of unknown etiology. Therefore, neuronal damage seen in BD appears to be mediated by the cytotoxic activity of CD8 ϩ T-cells present in the brain parenchyma of BDV-infected rats. Studies on PTI-NB rats may provide valuable information regarding the contribution of CNS resident cells to disturbances in cytokine gene expression caused by BDV. Borna disease virus replicates in astrocytes, Schwann cells and ependymal cells in persistently infected rats: Location of viral genomic and messenger RNAs by in situ hybridization Expression of tissue factor is increased in astrocytes within the central nervous system during persistent infection with Borna disease virus cache = ./cache/cord-278684-txlvla0j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278684-txlvla0j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281437-cb3u1s7s author = Bedford, Juliet title = A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response date = 2019-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6857 sentences = 283 flesch = 42 summary = The science of epidemiology has described patterns of disease in human populations, investigated the causes of those diseases, evaluated attempts to control them 7 and has been the foundation for public health responses to epidemic infections for over 100 years. The vulnerability of populations to outbreaks of zoonotic diseases such as Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Nipah has increased, the rise and spread of drug-resistant infections, marked shifts in the ecology of known vectors (for example, the expanding range of Aedes mosquitoes) and massive amplification of transmission through globally connected, high-density urban areas (particularly relevant to Ebola, dengue, influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus SARS-CoV). Preparing for epidemics, therefore, requires global health, economic and political systems to be integrated just as much as infectious disease epidemiology, translational research and development, and community engagement. cache = ./cache/cord-281437-cb3u1s7s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281437-cb3u1s7s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278093-0twnkv93 author = Perveen, Shagufta title = Coronavirus nCOVID-19: A Pandemic Disease and the Saudi precautions date = 2020-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3149 sentences = 162 flesch = 56 summary = Recently a novel coronavirus (nCOVID-19) has first emerged in China, causing multiple symptoms in humans and closely related to those caused by SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). In these circumstances, rapid reviews which recommended by WHO (World Health Organization), and these recommendations are very significant, helpful and cover current data with different preventive measures developed by the Saudi CDC (Saudi Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). Taking into consideration the preventive measures by pharmacists as part of health care professions, however, the number of infected people, especially those with close contact with nCOVID-19 patients, are rise day by day and currently seems unstoppable. In comparison to other members of coronaviruses ,which cause humans respiratory infections, SARS-CoV (first then it has spread to 216 different countries and territories all over the world, and it seems more deadly. cache = ./cache/cord-278093-0twnkv93.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278093-0twnkv93.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277265-p8pns7r9 author = Malik, Yashpal Singh title = Biotechnological innovations in farm and pet animal disease diagnosis date = 2019-09-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7286 sentences = 346 flesch = 37 summary = However, utilizing the principles of ELISA and PCR, several serological and molecular technologies have been developed to achieve higher sensitivity, rapid, and point-of-care (POC) detection such as lateral flow assays, biosensors, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and molecular platforms for field-level detection of animal pathogens. Since then, biotechnological applications have been making significant contributions in the development of novel powerful diagnostic assays for the efficient diagnosis and control of animal infectious diseases. Presently, molecular detection-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or its variants, and serological methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are being used worldwide for the accurate diagnosis of many animal diseases. Although, yet not been adopted for animal disease diagnosis, but novel platforms such as smartphonebased diagnosis (which expands nucleic acid-based detection assays toward POCD) like RT-LAMP and fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (already developed for Zika virus and Dengue virus) provide exciting opportunities for veterinary diagnostics in the near future (Rong et al., 2019) . cache = ./cache/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283485-xit6najq author = Van Damme, Wim title = The COVID-19 pandemic: diverse contexts; different epidemics—how and why? date = 2020-07-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9627 sentences = 633 flesch = 53 summary = Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. 4 It was soon discovered that the virus is easily transmitted, can cause Summary box ► Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. 88 Box 2 On the use of mathematical models during epidemics A dominant way of studying the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease such as COVID-19, and predicting the amplitude and peak of the epidemic in a population (city, province, country) and analysing the effect of control measures is using mathematical models. cache = ./cache/cord-283485-xit6najq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283485-xit6najq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281177-2eycqf8o author = Robertson, Colin title = Review of methods for space–time disease surveillance date = 2010-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8860 sentences = 449 flesch = 44 summary = Surveillance systems serve a variety of public health functions (e.g., outbreak detection, control planning) by integrating data representing human and/or animal health with statistical methods (Diggle, 2003) , visualization tools (Moore et al., 2008) , and increasingly, linkage with other geographic datasets within a GIS (Odiit et al., 2006) . Space-time scan statistics are able to detect and locate clusters of disease, and can condition expected counts for individual sub-regions on population data or on previous case data, making these methods suitable for implementation where data volume is large. At the root of the problem is a conceptual discrepancy between the definition of a disease outbreak (which disease surveillance systems are often interested in detecting) and a disease cluster (defined by spatial proximity) which is common to all statistical testing methods for space-time surveillance (Lawson, 2005) . cache = ./cache/cord-281177-2eycqf8o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281177-2eycqf8o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282783-ps5jyjkl author = nan title = Full Issue PDF date = 2020-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15926 sentences = 843 flesch = 41 summary = The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study showed a 10-fold higher risk of pericardial disease in all CCS versus siblings (30year cumulative incidence, 3 .0%) and a dose-response relation with chest RT (11) . The literature on ECG abnormalities in large cohorts of long-term CCS is sparse (46, 47) , Data on the use of ambulatory ECG monitoring to define the prevalence of brady-and tachyarrhythmias induced by cardiotoxic cancer treatments are needed, but must be carefully weighed against the potential patient burden and clinical significance. Interestingly, a prior study in testicular cancer survivors showed that those patients who were exposed to cisplatin-based chemotherapy nearly 3 to more than 20 years ago had a more severe reduction in FMD and higher levels of circulating endothelial cells than those not exposed (13) . cache = ./cache/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282628-6uoberfu author = Tiwari, Bhagyashree title = Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater date = 2020-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5920 sentences = 286 flesch = 35 summary = The causative agent of most emerging infectious diseases is viruses; every year approximately more than two novel viral pathogens are identified, which can cause illness in a human. Factors for emergence include natural process (evolution of pathogen), infectious agents transfer from vertebrate to mammals, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and climate change. The factors responsible for the emergence of infectious diseases such as (1) the evolution of new strain, (2) the introduction of a host to enzootic, (3) translocation of infected wildlife, (4) farming practices, and (5) others were provided. Due to emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and unavoidable use of antibiotics, concomitant environmental perturbation caused by climate change might make the earth is not suitable for humans and other livings. Increasing resistance to antibiotics and the emergence of "superbugs" that are resistant to drugs of last resort have highlighted the great need for alternative treatments of bacterial disease. Furthermore, development of drug-resistant organisms and increased pathogen survival rate, only raising panic about the human, animal, and environmental health. cache = ./cache/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280691-nzc8ir0n author = Guo, Sun-Wei title = China’s “Gene War of the Century” and Its Aftermath: The Contest Goes On date = 2013-08-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12487 sentences = 563 flesch = 52 summary = Around 1997, and amid the talks of Hong Kong's upcoming return to China and later the Asian financial crisis, a recurring topic in the Chinese media was the so-called ''gene war of the century'': the lopsided condemnation of foreign scientists coming purportedly to pilfer China's vast genetic resources for a profit. Despite his repeated proclamation as a staunch and unwavering patriot loyal to his beloved motherland and dedicated to the advancement of China's science and technology, he nonetheless later became embroiled in an avalanche of controversies surrounding the ''gene war.'' He effectively became a lightning rod for all the controversy on genetic resources, intellectual rights, informed consent, and the protection of human research subjects. (2) Chinese scientists should immediately grasp the opportunity to find disease genes and patent them; (3) We should educate the people, and raise the awareness and importance of protection of our genetic resources; (4) We welcome all international collaborations based on fairness and mutual benefits; (5) Through various avenues, the Chinese scientists should be vocal about certain views deemed to be harmful to China's genetic research (Xiao et al. cache = ./cache/cord-280691-nzc8ir0n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280691-nzc8ir0n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283380-l60yyr6l author = Grabbe, Stephan title = Systemic immunosuppression in times of COVID‐19: Do we need to rethink our standards? date = 2020-08-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2577 sentences = 123 flesch = 35 summary = However, it is also currently under discussion whether patients under immunosuppressive therapy also have a higher risk of suffering a severe course of the COVID-19 disease. However, in clinical practice, long-term therapeutic use of hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus does not appear to protect against covid-19 disease or a severe course of the disease [30, 31] . Therefore, the authors recommend that this therapy option should be considered especially in patients with other risk factors for a severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Essentially, there is currently no data available for a general reduction or pause of immunosuppression in patients with autoimmune diseases, since the risk of an insufficient therapy of these mostly severe diseases is clearly higher than that of an aggravated course of COVID-19 disease. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial cache = ./cache/cord-283380-l60yyr6l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283380-l60yyr6l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282610-zim7nond author = Proal, Amy title = Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity date = 2018-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12428 sentences = 723 flesch = 38 summary = title: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. The gut microbiome can initiate and promote colorectal cancer at all stages of tumorigenesis by acting as an inducer of DNA damage, generating epigenetic changes, regulating cell growth, and modulating host immune responses (80) . If ME/CFS is driven by successive infection, treatments that support or activate the human immune system could improve microbiome health by allowing patients to better target persistent pathogens. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to many of these persistent microbiome pathogens. In ME/CFS, the immune response, metabolism, central nervous system, and human gene expression are all linked by the activity of the microbiome and its associated proteins/metabolites. cache = ./cache/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281703-6xwcxe8l author = Di Altobrando, Ambra title = Should SARS‐CoV‐2 influence immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune blistering diseases? date = 2020-04-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 999 sentences = 56 flesch = 43 summary = In this dramatic period where the whole world is affected by the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19), scientific data relating to the causative virus SARS‐CoV‐2 as well as the subsequent therapeutic repercussions on the management of other diseases should be divulged in order to share as much information as possible among experts in a timely manner. In particular, we asked whether patients in immunosuppressive therapy Among possible trigger factors of autoimmune blistering diseases, immunization and viral infections are mentioned in the literature, although the underlying immunological mechanism is still unclear. 10 We hypothesize that the interruption of immunosuppressive therapy in autoimmune blistering disease patients may determine a dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines that not only exacerbates the bullous disease itself but may also be involved in the pathogenesis of the viral infection. cache = ./cache/cord-281703-6xwcxe8l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281703-6xwcxe8l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288023-6uflg5oc author = Allen,, Koya C. title = Tracking the Traveler Without a Passport: Perspective on Surveillance of Imported Disease date = 2014-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1258 sentences = 82 flesch = 46 summary = This would allow researchers and practitioners to extend prevention strategies beyond endemic regions and the individuals therein, and consider international travel behavior a significant facet of imported disease risk. 2 Travel health needs a fresh perspective and alternative concept for understanding risk and the intricate link that exists between perceptions, behavior, and the role they play in our capabilities for successful prevention and response to imported diseases. One strategy could be the use of the concept of "Cultural Embeddedness" (CE), which could aid our understanding of the relationship between travel behavior and imported disease risk. Admittedly, not every country has the capability to develop programs following broad-based recommendations for prevention and control of diseases such as dengue and chikungunya; however, collaboration between countries and organizations and the use of surveillance tools and networks, such as Health-map, Geo-Sentinel, Pro-med, and other more sophisticated aggregate surveillance systems, make it possible for not only outbreak detection but also outbreak prediction. cache = ./cache/cord-288023-6uflg5oc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288023-6uflg5oc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287737-tc4vulou author = Reavill, Drury R. title = Disease Overview of the Urinary Tract in Exotic Companion Mammals and Tips on Clinical Management date = 2019-11-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6962 sentences = 504 flesch = 45 summary = Some clinical presentations and diagnostic procedures are described for ferrets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rats, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and sugar gliders, as well as therapies. The most common problems affecting the ferret urinary system described in the literature are Aleutian disease of the kidney, renal tumors, renal cysts, urolithiasis, and bacterial cystitis. In one author's database (DRR), hydronephrosis, nephritis (all causes), and renal mineralization are the most common lesions of submitted kidneys. Treatment protocols are based on those for traditional pet species, and include fluid diuresis for renal insufficiency and failure, antibiotic therapy for bacterial nephritis, and basic surgical approaches to the kidney. The most common causes of renal disease reported in the literature are Encephalitozoon cuniculi, chronic renal failure in older rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and urolithiasis. One author (DRR) has seen 21 cases in adult guinea pigs (3-7 years of age), all with chronic renal lesions (fibrosing interstitial nephritis) out of 430 case submissions with kidneys (4.8%). cache = ./cache/cord-287737-tc4vulou.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287737-tc4vulou.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292604-x9amm87g author = Rupali, Priscilla title = Introduction to Tropical Medicine date = 2019-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3862 sentences = 212 flesch = 46 summary = Air pollution: Among the tropical regions, Southeast Asia reported the greatest increase in CO2 emissions leading to a decreased air quality followed by South Asia and South America, which has significantly impacted the climate and led to higher weather-related mortality and morbidity, infectious disease rates, and respiratory illnesses. Foodborne illnesses are defined by the WHO as diseases of infectious or toxic nature caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water. Foodborne diseases result in considerable morbidity and mortality, and contribute to significant costs in tropical countries. Foodborne parasitic diseases excluding enteric protozoa cause an estimated 23.2 million cases and 45,927 deaths annually resulting in an estimated 6.64 million DALYs. 5 Among these foodborne ascariasis and toxoplasmosis were common Tropical Health contributing to 12.3 and 10.3 million cases respectively. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: a data synthesis cache = ./cache/cord-292604-x9amm87g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292604-x9amm87g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287258-m4so4il0 author = Riley, David title = Looking Back, Looking Forward date = 2014-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 806 sentences = 53 flesch = 52 summary = Today, people around the world are spending billions of dollars annually on vitamins and supplements despite limited scientific evidence that regular supplementation is useful for the prevention of disease. In 1900, the annual mortality rate from infectious diseases in the United States was approximately 800 per 100 000, falling to 63 deaths per 100 000 in 1996. A recent randomized trial showed that a Mediterranean diet reduced the risk of diabetes among persons at high risk for cardiovascular disease. 3 Do the new risk prediction algorithms 4 derived from industry-sponsored trials encourage overtreatment 5 at the expense of a healthy diet and lifestyle in the prevention of cardiovascular disease? These efforts encourage increased collaborations among the global science community as convergences in health and medicine support the development of a worldwide research infrastructure. Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th century Statins: new American guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease cache = ./cache/cord-287258-m4so4il0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287258-m4so4il0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282059-sdumq61z author = Nesse, Randolph M title = The great opportunity: Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health date = 2008-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13522 sentences = 780 flesch = 49 summary = Understanding the body as a product of natural selection, not design, offers new research questions and a framework for making medical education more coherent. Much of the recent work in evolutionary medicine asks questions about why natural selection has left the body vulnerable to disease (Williams and Nesse 1991; Ewald 1994; Nesse and Williams 1994; Stearns 1998; Trevathan et al. Whatever the answer turns out to be, these Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health Nesse and Stearns ª 2008 The Authors studies have called our attention to the importance of the physiological state of mother and infant for the prevalence of lifestyle diseases later in life, with some well-documented effects delayed by several decades. This research ranges from well-established applications of population genetics and phylogeny to new applications of evolution to specific medical problems such as infectious disease and aging. cache = ./cache/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290591-yi6yjjne author = Desai, Angel N. title = Bending the epidemic curve: advancements and opportunities to reduce the threat of emerging pathogens date = 2019-04-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 939 sentences = 57 flesch = 40 summary = This invited editorial introduces a special issue of Epidemiology & Infection while also discussing advances in emerging infectious diseases. Although many of these diseases have the potential to cause public health emergencies, a lack of timely surveillance and effective interventions continue to hamper preparedness efforts [2] . review the recent Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh and India, shedding light on transmission patterns of this emerging pathogen while also highlighting the importance of ongoing surveillance [6] . Lessons learned from the WHO response to the recent 2017 pneumonic plague outbreak in Madagascar are presented by Heitzinger et al., who highlight specifically the challenges of implementing rapid infection prevention and control measures in epidemic settings [7] . It is also crucial to encourage research during outbreaks through rapid data sharing to facilitate rapid response efforts, as is promoted through organisations such as the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) [9] . cache = ./cache/cord-290591-yi6yjjne.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290591-yi6yjjne.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283310-5wam14aa author = Bevova, M. R. title = The New Coronavirus COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4812 sentences = 248 flesch = 52 summary = Later, the pneumonia was associated with a new coronavirus; in February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus causing it. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus. The estimation of the case-fatality rate (portion of deaths divided by the total number of cases) for the disease varies from 1 to 7% [24, 25] depending on the sex and age composition of the population; strategies of testing, diagnostics, and treatment; bureaucratic peculiarities of healthcare in a particular country; and congestion of healthcare systems. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China cache = ./cache/cord-283310-5wam14aa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283310-5wam14aa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284125-35ghtmhu author = Chua, Kaw Bing title = Perspectives of public health laboratories in emerging infectious diseases date = 2013-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3610 sentences = 161 flesch = 28 summary = 6 Emerging novel viruses are a major public health concern with the potential of causing high health and socioeconomic impacts, as has occurred with progressive pandemic infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), the recent pandemic caused by the novel quadruple re-assortment strain of influenza A virus (H1N1), and more transient events such as the outbreaks of Nipah virus in 1998/1999 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in 2003. To minimize the health and socioeconomic impacts of emerging epidemic infectious diseases, major challenges must be overcome in the national and international capacity for early detection, rapid and accurate etiological identification (especially those caused by novel pathogens), rapid response and effective control (Figure 1 ). However, to develop and establish such an effective national public health capacity, especially the laboratory component to support infectious disease surveillance, outbreak investigation and early response, a good understanding of the concepts of emerging infectious diseases and an integrated country and regional public health laboratory system in accordance with the nature and type of emerging pathogens, especially novel ones, are highly recommended. cache = ./cache/cord-284125-35ghtmhu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284125-35ghtmhu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280331-iu2e14jo author = Taboe, Hémaho B. title = Predicting COVID-19 spread in the face of control measures in West-Africa date = 2020-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6962 sentences = 345 flesch = 52 summary = Considering currently applied health control measures, numerical simulations of the model using baseline parameter values estimated from West-African COVID-19 data project a 67% reduction in the daily number of cases when the epidemic attains its peak. We conclude that curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic burden significantly in West-Africa requires more control measures than those that have already been implemented, as well as more mass testing and contact tracing in order to identify and isolate asymptomatic individuals early. Heat maps were plotted to investigate the individual and combined effects of pairs of control measures such as contact tracing, isolation, and using control measures that lead to a reduction in disease transmission, e.g., lockdowns, social and physical distancing, mask use, etc., on COVID-19 in West-Africa (Fig. 4) . cache = ./cache/cord-280331-iu2e14jo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280331-iu2e14jo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283719-zmizyx7e author = Cheng, Yuan-Yang title = Rehabilitation Programs for Patients with COronaVIrus Disease 2019: Consensus Statements of Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation date = 2020-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2815 sentences = 175 flesch = 40 summary = An online consensus meeting of an expert panel comprising members of the Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation was held to provide recommendations for rehabilitation protocols in each of the five COVID-19 stages, namely (1) outpatients with mild disease and no risk factors, (2) outpatients with mild disease and epidemiological risk factors, (3) hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease, (4) ventilator-supported patients with clear cognitive function, and (5) ventilator-supported patients with impaired cognitive function. For patients with advanced disease severity, a well-designed rehabilitation program is even more crucial to improve pulmonary secretion clearance, ameliorates side-effects related to a prolonged bedridden state, and even prevents intensive care unit-acquired weakness. 8 Altogether, potentially significant risk factors for severe COVID-19 that should be identified and considered when designing rehabilitation programs include old age, male gender, hypertension, diabetes, respiratory disease, and CVD. 29 Chest physiotherapy strategies that promote airway clearance include the following: Another important issue in the rehabilitation of patients with moderate to severe disease is preventing deconditioning due to acute illness. cache = ./cache/cord-283719-zmizyx7e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283719-zmizyx7e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288982-63ddlh20 author = Peeling, Rosanna W. title = Diagnostics in a digital age: an opportunity to strengthen health systems and improve health outcomes date = 2015-11-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4391 sentences = 216 flesch = 44 summary = Rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for infectious diseases can improve access to diagnosis and patient management, but the quality of these tests vary, quality of testing is often not assured and there are few mechanisms to capture test results for surveillance when the testing is so decentralised. In a digital age, it is possible to link data from diagnostic laboratories and POC test readers and devices to provide data on testing coverage, disease trends and timely information for early warning of infectious disease outbreaks to inform design or optimisation of disease control and elimination programmes. In the last decade, rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests fulfilling the ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and robust, Equipment-free and Deliverable) have become commercially available and are widely used for infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV and syphilis. cache = ./cache/cord-288982-63ddlh20.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288982-63ddlh20.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293026-cq7uzziv author = Ma, Hui title = Military-civilian cooperative emergency response to infectious disease prevention and control in China date = 2016-12-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2579 sentences = 95 flesch = 21 summary = The Chinese government and military forces have paid a great deal of attention to infectious disease prevention and control, and using military-civilian cooperation, they have successfully prevented numerous severe epidemic situations, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1), avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9, and Ebola hemorrhagic fever, while actively maintained public health, economic development, and national construction. The Chinese government and military forces have been highly focused on infectious disease prevention and control, and through militarycivilian cooperation, they have successfully prevented numerous severe epidemic situations, such as sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1), avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9, and Ebola hemorrhagic fever, while actively maintaining public health, economic development, and national construction [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . cache = ./cache/cord-293026-cq7uzziv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293026-cq7uzziv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279215-qwk0jkqm author = Delmage, D. A. title = Auricular chondritis in a cat date = 2008-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1910 sentences = 132 flesch = 61 summary = In humans, histologically similar lesions may involve the pinnae, nose, trachea, joints, eyes and heart, and the disease is termed relapsing polychondritis. A four-year-old male neutered domestic shorthaired cat was presented with thickening and intense erythema of the inner surfaces of both pinnae; the ear flap edges were thickened, slightly curled, distorted and painful (Fig 1) . The case described here is interesting because it is similar to that described by Bunge and others (1992) ; both cats had evidence of ocular and cardiac changes in addition to the pinna! Although the disease in cats has been designated relapsing polychondritis, the authors prefer the description of auricular chondritis in their patient, since they have no evidence of involvement of other cartilaginous tissues, nor does the benign clinical course in this case warrant the use of the qualifier 'relapsing'. cache = ./cache/cord-279215-qwk0jkqm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279215-qwk0jkqm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288342-i37v602u author = Wang, Zhen title = Coupled disease–behavior dynamics on complex networks: A review date = 2015-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15810 sentences = 776 flesch = 38 summary = Incorporating adaptive behavior into a model of disease spread can provide important insight into population health outcomes, as the activation of social distancing and other nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been observed to have the ability to alter the course of an epidemic [50] [51] [52] . The authors studied their coupled "disease-behavior" model in well-mixed populations, in square lattice populations, in random network populations, and in SF network populations, and found that population structure acts as a "double-edged sword" for public health: it can promote high levels of voluntary vaccination and herd immunity given that the cost for vaccination is not too large, but small increases in the cost beyond a certain threshold would cause vaccination to plummet, and infections to rise, more dramatically than in well-mixed populations. The first mathematical models studied the adaptive dynamics of disease-behavior responses in the homogeneously mixed population, assuming that individuals interact with each other at the same contact rate, without restrictions on selecting potential partners. cache = ./cache/cord-288342-i37v602u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288342-i37v602u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286607-5i406twr author = Esposito, Susanna title = The Gut Microbiota-Host Partnership as a Potential Driver of Kawasaki Syndrome date = 2019-04-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6223 sentences = 250 flesch = 30 summary = Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is a necrotizing vasculitis of smalland medium-sized vessels mostly affecting children under 5 years of age; a host of clinical and epidemiological data supports the notion that KS might result from an infectious disease. All studies available to date have confirmed that an imbalance in the gut microbiota might indirectly interfere with the normal function of innate and adaptive immunity, and that variable microbiota interactions with environmental factors, mainly infectious agents, might selectively drive the development of KS in genetically susceptible children. The microbiota, a microbial community of trillions of microorganisms and at least 1,000 different bacterial species, some eukaryotic fungi and viruses, and which covers every surface of the human body, plays a contributory role in many infections, immune-mediated disorders, rheumatologic diseases, and disorders of the nervous system. cache = ./cache/cord-286607-5i406twr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286607-5i406twr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280386-a8qr7nl6 author = Pires, Sara M. title = Aetiology-Specific Estimates of the Global and Regional Incidence and Mortality of Diarrhoeal Diseases Commonly Transmitted through Food date = 2015-12-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5931 sentences = 252 flesch = 45 summary = The objective of this study is to provide estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases caused by nine pathogens that are commonly transmitted through foods. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We abstracted data from systematic reviews and, depending on the overall mortality rates of the country, applied either a national incidence estimate approach or a modified Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) approach to estimate the aetiology-specific incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases, by age and region. To identify and prioritize targeted interventions to reduce the public health impact of foodborne diseases, public health policy makers and other stakeholders need aetiology-specific regional and global estimates of the incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases caused by pathogens that are commonly transmitted through foods. While approach 1 analysed national incidence and mortality of disease by pathogens commonly transmitted through foods estimated primarily by correcting surveillance data to account for underreporting and under-diagnosis, approach 2 relied on systematic reviews of studies identifying causative agents in patients with diarrhoea. cache = ./cache/cord-280386-a8qr7nl6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280386-a8qr7nl6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283979-1dn7at6k author = Portillo, Aránzazu title = Arthropods as vectors of transmissible diseases in Spain() date = 2018-12-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4439 sentences = 249 flesch = 58 summary = 23 Spain was an endemic country of malaria until 1964, when WHO declared it a The risk of emergence/re-emergence is calculated based on three factors: (a) presence of cases of the disease in humans in the last 5 years in Europe, Mediterranean, Central and South American countries with a significant relationship with Spain; (b) presence of the vector in Spain; (c) pathogenicity of the virus for humans. Following this meeting, a special article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which stated that the distribution of infectious diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, rickettsiosis or West Nile fever are expanding at the same rate as their AVs. 38 We know that climate variations and extreme weather events have a profound impact on AVBD. In relation to this issue, the epidemiology of Mediterranean spotted fever seems clearly associated with climate change, especially with low rainfall values 47 and it has been shown that warming causes greater aggressiveness in its AVs. Table 4 shows the tick-borne diseases throughout the world, with the prediction of risk for Spain (subjective assessments). cache = ./cache/cord-283979-1dn7at6k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283979-1dn7at6k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291388-tt9eq7e0 author = Wang, Jann-Tay title = Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Findings, and Treatment Outcomes of SARS Patients date = 2004-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4355 sentences = 226 flesch = 50 summary = Previous reports have described some major clinical findings of SARS, including the temporal progression of clinical symptoms and chest radiography, the outcomes, suggested treatment protocol, and risk factors for death (4, 5) . We report on the clinical features of our SARS patients with pneumonia, with emphasis on temporal progression of laboratory findings, treatment outcome, and risk factors for poor prognosis. Methylprednisolone was usually administered in the second week of the disease if any of the following occurred: a flare of fever, progression of clinical symptoms (such as dyspnea or diarrhea), a surge or resurge of CRP level, or rapid deterioration of chest radiographic findings (development of new infiltration). A previous study reported the temporal progression of clinical and radiologic findings in SARS patients and indicated that several parameters would become more severe in the second and third week of disease (5). cache = ./cache/cord-291388-tt9eq7e0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291388-tt9eq7e0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289626-8oldaa8i author = Murray, Kris A. title = Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date = 2018-04-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10517 sentences = 527 flesch = 40 summary = Indeed, distributional patterns of human infectious diseases are generally far more poorly compiled and characterized (e.g. often at only country or regional level and as coarse presence vs absence data) than many plant and animal species, for which numerous global stock takes, status assessments, occurrence databases and detailed distribution maps exist following a long tradition of biogeographic study (Wallace 1876 , Murray et al. We may represent the challenge of simultaneously understanding patterns and processes of infectious disease systems with respect to a series of interacting elements; including G, the physical geography context (e.g. topography) and E, the abiotic (e.g. climate) and biotic (e.g. habitat) environment; R n and V n , the single or multiple (denoted by superscript n) species of reservoir hosts or vectors; P, the pathogen being transmitted; H, the human population itself; O, the observation effort that may apply to each of the other elements (e.g. surveillance and data collation from existing sources); and M, the management landscape (e.g. interventions). cache = ./cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289034-yl3emjef author = Moro, Loredana title = Mitochondria at the Crossroads of Physiology and Pathology date = 2020-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3790 sentences = 197 flesch = 27 summary = Two mitochondria quality control mechanisms are in place to meet the functional needs of any given cell under different physiological and pathological conditions: (a) mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission [4] [5] [6] ; (b) mitophagy [7, 8] . The second mechanism, mitophagy, is a specific form of autophagy that removes damaged mitochondria and reduces the mitochondrial mass upon microenvironmental stresses, such as hypoxia and nutrient starvation, promoting cell survival [11] . In this context, mutations in three TCA cycle enzymes, namely succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, have been shown to play a causal role in carcinogenesis [54, 55] , thus providing compelling evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial metabolic alterations as cancer drivers. Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in several pathological conditions, ranging from neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, to aging, cancer and inflammation. cache = ./cache/cord-289034-yl3emjef.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289034-yl3emjef.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293221-gf9wy4a9 author = Idowu, Abiodun Benjamin title = Ebola virus disease in the eyes of a rural, agrarian community in Western Nigeria: a mixed method study date = 2020-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4435 sentences = 253 flesch = 58 summary = It is on this basis that this study was conducted to (assess) the knowledge, perceptions, beliefs and preventive practices against EVD in a predominantly agrarian rural community in Southwest Nigeria. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Igbogila town, Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria in the latter part of 2014 during the EVD outbreak. However, a closer look at past EVD outbreaks revealed that they often originated from rural agrarian communities where there are many misconceptions about the disease, refusal of early isolation and quarantine, and unsafe burial rites practices which aggravate epidemics [8, 9] . No case of EVD was recorded in the study area during the outbreak, nevertheless the limited data provides relevant information useful to researchers and other public health stakeholders in infectious disease prevention and control. Study on public knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to Ebola virus disease prevention and medical care in Sierra Leone cache = ./cache/cord-293221-gf9wy4a9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293221-gf9wy4a9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288187-84oj3xtp author = Khan, Ali S. title = Forensic public health: epidemiological and microbiological investigations for biosecurity date = 2019-12-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8420 sentences = 426 flesch = 37 summary = Microbial forensics combines epidemiology with genomic and microbiologic methods, to identify, characterize, and ascribe the cause of an incident resulting from the intentional or unintentional release of a harmful pathogen. The specific objectives of epidemiology (Gordis, 1996) are to (i) determine the extent of disease present in the community; (ii) identify the etiology or cause of a disease and the factors that increase a person's risk for disease; (iii) study the natural history and prognosis of disease; (iv) evaluate new preventive and therapeutic measures and new modes of healthcare delivery; and (v) provide a foundation for developing public policy and regulations. Microbial forensics combines epidemiology with genomic and microbiologic methods, to identify, characterize, and ascribe the cause of an incident resulting from the intentional or unintentional release of a harmful pathogen (Rasko et al., 2011) . Forensic public health: epidemiological and microbiological investigations for biosecurity stated that genome editing research on pathogens with pandemic potential may pose a national security risk if not regulated. cache = ./cache/cord-288187-84oj3xtp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288187-84oj3xtp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023095-4dannjjm author = nan title = Research Abstract Program of the 2011 ACVIM Forum Denver, Colorado, June 15–18, 2011 date = 2011-05-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 134226 sentences = 6834 flesch = 51 summary = The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effects of ivabradine on heart rate (HR), blood pressure, left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, left atrial (LA) performance, and clinical tolerance in healthy cats after repeated oral doses. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between heart rate and ECG time intervals to body mass in apparently healthy horses and ponies and to calculate normal ranges for different weight groups. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypercoagulability in PLN dogs based on thromboelastography (TEG), and to determine whether hypercoagulability in these patients could be predicted by clinical assessments that identify systemic hypertension (systolic blood pressure 4 160 mmHg), hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin o 2.7 mg/dl), antithrombin activity (o 70%), and degree of proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine ratio [UPC] ! cache = ./cache/cord-023095-4dannjjm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023095-4dannjjm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289148-k055coui author = McKeown, Alex title = Health Outcome Prioritization in Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding the Ethical Landscape date = 2020-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8596 sentences = 368 flesch = 42 summary = RESULTS: Eight areas of ethical salience for outcome prioritization emerged: 1) Public health and distributive justice, 2) Scarcity of resources, 3) Heterogeneity and changing circumstances, 4) Knowledge of treatment, 5) Values and circumstances, 6) Conflicting priorities, 7) Communication, autonomy and caregiver issues, and 8) Disclosure of risk. [Ibid.] study insofar as ethical dilemmas over finite resources report shared concerns, for example: negotiating the balance of benefits between pharmacological and lifestyle or social interventions; evaluating the value of early diagnosis in light of its psychological impact in the absence of a cure; how to optimize outcomes for people with advanced dementia at the end of life; and how to also support carers of people with AD as well as people with AD themselves. cache = ./cache/cord-289148-k055coui.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289148-k055coui.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289439-jrvl0ykn author = Nelson, Martha I. title = Fogarty International Center collaborative networks in infectious disease modeling: Lessons learnt in research and capacity building date = 2018-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8727 sentences = 403 flesch = 36 summary = Here we reflect on the scientific achievements and lessons learnt from these programs (h-index = 106 for RAPIDD and 79 for MISMS), including the identification of outstanding researchers and fellows; funding flexibility for timely research workshops and working groups (particularly relative to more traditional investigator-based grant programs); emphasis on group activities such as large-scale modeling reviews, model comparisons, forecasting challenges and special journal issues; strong quality control with a light touch on outputs; and prominence of training, data-sharing, and joint publications. These workshops focus on reviewing the state of influenza research and epidemiology in different global regions, and hands-on teaching of time series analysis of contemporary and historical outbreaks, control measures, mathematical transmission models, and phylogenetic approaches (Fig. 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-289439-jrvl0ykn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289439-jrvl0ykn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279694-25rblhwb author = Mahy, B.W.J title = Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date = 2014-11-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4322 sentences = 177 flesch = 50 summary = Although it is still important to isolate viruses in cell culture for their complete characterization, it is now possible directly to detect viruses in diseased tissues by PCR, then, by sequencing the amplicon, to determine whether a new virus has emerged to cause the disease. For example, when hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, caused by a bunyavirus of rodents, Sin Nombre virus, was initially detected in 1993 in the Four Corners region of Western USA, it was found that rodents inside a house where people had been infected carried a virus identical in sequence to virus isolated from human cases. Then, in 1993, a new hantavirus emerged in the Four Corners region of Southwestern USA as the cause of a severe acute respiratory disease syndrome, with a fatality rate close to 40%, and named Sin Nombre virus. It will be important in the future to detect new viruses before they can emerge to cause disease in the population. cache = ./cache/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283316-a8jewy2h author = Bianchini, Juana title = Prioritization of livestock transboundary diseases in Belgium using a multicriteria decision analysis tool based on drivers of emergence date = 2019-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6671 sentences = 397 flesch = 55 summary = Score 2 Low: increased (il)legal imports of animal subproducts such as skin, meat and edible products from EU member states have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 0 Score 1 Negligible: increased (il)legal imports of NON-animal products such as tires, wood, furniture from EU member states have a negligible influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 2 Low: increased (il)legal imports of NON-animal products such as tires, wood, furniture from EU member states have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 2 Low: Increased imports of animal subproducts such as skin, meat and edible products from Third countries have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 2 Low: increased (il)legal imports of NON-animal products such as tires, wood, furniture from Third countries have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. cache = ./cache/cord-283316-a8jewy2h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283316-a8jewy2h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290930-438td98a author = Lazcano-Ponce, Eduardo title = The Contribution of International Agencies to the Control of Communicable Diseases date = 2005-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4281 sentences = 172 flesch = 35 summary = The principle strategies include: 1) implementation of mechanisms for international epidemiologic surveillance; 2) use of international law to support the control of communicable diseases; 3) international cooperation on health matters; 4) strategies to strengthen primary care services and health systems in general; 5) promotion of the transfer of resources for research and development from the North to the South. The WHO proposal for modernization of the International Health Regulation includes the following: 1) a mission with a stronger focus on control of infectious diseases, 2) emphasis on broader health care coverage and better access to treatment schemes, 3) global surveillance including data from official and non-official sources, 4) strengthening of national public health systems through the establishment of comparable productivity indicators and outcome measurements, 5) giving priority to the protection of human rights, 6) guidelines for good health governance defined as adoption of the principles of impartiality, objectivity and transparency (13). cache = ./cache/cord-290930-438td98a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290930-438td98a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286075-yp2ta24o author = Nacul, Luis title = How Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Progresses: The Natural History of ME/CFS date = 2020-08-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8473 sentences = 356 flesch = 33 summary = We propose a framework for understanding and interpreting the pathophysiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) that considers wider determinants of health and long-term temporal variation in pathophysiological features and disease phenotype throughout the natural history of the disease. The lack of progress in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) research has been attributed to a range of factors, including the paucity of large, high quality, hypothesis-driven studies, and controversy around diagnosis. Of note, many of the abnormalities shown in severe injury have also been identified in ME/CFS such as: immune dysfunction, including pro-inflammatory response (especially at early stages of disease) (45, 46); autonomic nervous system (47) (48) (49) ; HPA axis dysfunction (50); hypovolemia (51); nitrosamine and oxidative stress (52); endothelial dysfunction (52); metabolic dysfunction (53-55); dysfunction of membrane transport (56) ; and, tissue hypoxia (57). The UK ME/CFS biobank: a disease-specific biobank for advancing clinical research into myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigu syndrome cache = ./cache/cord-286075-yp2ta24o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286075-yp2ta24o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-290472-w77cmljm author = Sharon, Donald title = Systems Biology Approaches to Disease Marker Discovery date = 2010-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8665 sentences = 393 flesch = 39 summary = These markers, such as protein (including autoantibodies, which are antibodies specific to self-antigens [43] ), hormonal markers (such as lack of insulin in Type I diabetic patients [89] ), and genetic/genomic markers (such as BRCA1 mutation in breast cancer patients [52] ), enable clinicians to diagnose the disease while it is still at early stages, to ensure appropriate surgical intervention, efficient drug treat-ment and monitoring, and to predict an individual's risk of developing specific diseases before they experience symptoms. Scientists, such as the group led by Gil Mor at Yale University, recruited proteomics-based approaches using antibody-based protein microarrays to identify new serum biomarkers, which, in combination with CA-125, may enhance the early detection of ovarian cancer [48, 66, 110] . To date, no studies that attempt to identify novel breast cancer markers have been performed using high-density protein microarrays. cache = ./cache/cord-290472-w77cmljm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-290472-w77cmljm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293542-o0zspgrk author = Ippolito, G. title = Facing the threat of highly infectious diseases in Europe: the need for a networking approach date = 2014-12-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2641 sentences = 110 flesch = 42 summary = Recently, many global alarms involving infectious diseases-such as the anthrax crisis in the USA, the emergence of SARS, the pandemic threat posed by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1), and the cases of imported or autochthonous viral haemorrhagic fever (VHFs) in Europe-have highlighted the need to improve preparedness for these highly infectious diseases (HIDs), also in order to increase certain aspects of what is perceived in many areas as an issue of collective and national security [5] . For these reasons, creating new networks and enhancing those functioning well should be strongly promoted, in order to: 1 ensure a rapid and effective response to health threats deriving from natural infection by or deliberate release of HID agents; 2 stimulate complementarity and prevent duplication; 3 promote international cooperation, exchange of experience, good practice and protocols; 4 support the less prepared countries in the European Community. cache = ./cache/cord-293542-o0zspgrk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293542-o0zspgrk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294312-ju6vuywm author = Rohde, Rodney E. title = Common Myths and Legends of Rabies date = 2019-04-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4488 sentences = 281 flesch = 60 summary = While in fact, today's treatment regimen is typically only four vaccinations (five for immunocompromised individuals) in the arm, plus a dose of humane rabies immune globulin (HRIG). A viral disease of the central nervous system, rabies transmits between animals, including humans, when saliva containing the virus enters an opening in the skin. Usually, the rabies virus enters through the bite of a rabid animal, but transmission can also occur when infected saliva enters through mucous membranes or a break in the skin. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the first clinical signs and symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu including general weakness or discomfort, fever, or headache. For the rabies virus to get to the salivary glands, it has to travel first from the site of entry (usually a bite wound) through the animal's nervous system, then to the brain. cache = ./cache/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294478-3ickafd3 author = Kapil, Sanjay title = Diagnostic Investigation of Emerging Viruses of Companion Animals date = 2008-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7330 sentences = 328 flesch = 38 summary = Variants of a known virus that has gained enhanced virulence or that is able to infect completely vaccinated animals A known virus that has reappeared in the population after a decline in incidence Novel or previously unidentified viral agents detected for the first time because of improved diagnostic capabilities ''Mystery diseases'' with large numbers of naive animals involved that are caused by previously uncharacterized viruses Spread of an emerging virus among small companion animals is multifactorial and includes animal health and sanitation practices; migration of a pathogen from a wild reservoir to domestic animals because of changes in populations, trade, climate, land use, and the introduction of invasive species (eg, plant, animal, insect); and, finally, globalization, as was the case with West Nile virus (WNV). Detecting emerging viral diseases of companion animals requires interaction and discussion among clinicians, pathologists, and virologists, and practicing small animal veterinarians must stay engaged in communication with these specialists through their state diagnostic laboratories or nearby colleges of veterinary medicine. cache = ./cache/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292623-mxdlii77 author = Arji, Goli title = Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification date = 2019-09-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6116 sentences = 402 flesch = 48 summary = So, the major objective of the current study is to examine the researches in which fuzzy logic techniques have been applied in infectious diseases so to determining its trends and methods, through the processes of conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). In this methodical review, the studies related to the employment of the fuzzy logic techniques in an infectious disease were assessed, and depending on the acquired outcomes, we can notice an interest amongst the researchers regarding this specific field of research. 40 studies were scrutinized and the main conclusions can be briefed as follows: (1) the key application field of the fuzzy logic in an infectious disease was related to dengue fever, hepatitis and tuberculosis, (2) amongst the fuzzy logic techniques fuzzy inference system, rule-based fuzzy logic, ANFIS and fuzzy cognitive map are commonly used in many studies, and (3) the major performance evaluation indicators such as the sensitivity, specificity, and the accuracy the ROC curve is employed. cache = ./cache/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285613-hbd44euq author = Søborg, Christian title = Vaccines in a hurry date = 2009-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3804 sentences = 161 flesch = 43 summary = Early recognition of an emerging microbial threat Identification and characterization of the causative agent Rapid understanding of natural history, pathogenesis, molecular biology and epidemiology; building on work in related pathogens as well as ongoing clinical, laboratory and epidemiological studies Identification of potential vaccine candidates Identification of potential delivery systems and suitable adjuvant to improve immunogenicity and sparing of antigen and dosages Production at pilot plant level Development and acceptance of correlates of immunity Development and acceptance of correlates of safety Limited trials in animals and humans based on these correlates as outcome measures Fast-track approval of the vaccines Enhancing production capacity by public-private partnerships Based on risk assessment and defined objectives: implementation of emergency vaccination Post-licensure follow-up of emergency vaccination with data accessible in real-time to medicine-and public health agencies as a surrogate for phase III trials and ensuring development with advance purchase agreements to establish a market. cache = ./cache/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292575-vsswxwdi author = Hammou, Rahma Ait title = Chapter 7 Scientific Advances in the Diagnosis of Emerging and Reemerging Viral Human Pathogens date = 2020-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8496 sentences = 402 flesch = 39 summary = It is in this context that this chapter aims to discuss the various scientific advances, particularly molecular, in terms of diagnosis of these diseases; the new discoveries in the role of nanotechnologies and nanobiosensors; and also the implication of biomarkers, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), since it was reported that a single miRNA has the ultimate capacity to target multiple genes simultaneously. The availability of nucleic acidÀbased technology, such as real-time PCR, along with conventional staining and culture methods and immunoassays, can provide laboratories of many sizes with a comprehensive and responsible approach for the detection of both commonly encountered and emerging or reemerging pathogens. As is the case for SARS, agents of bioterrorism, and the other pathogens, rapid diagnostic methods, such as real-time PCR, and microarray will likely play a major role in the early and sensitive detection of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases encountered in the future. cache = ./cache/cord-292575-vsswxwdi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292575-vsswxwdi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293365-z1h788sc author = Semenza, Jan C title = Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry date = 2019-04-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6242 sentences = 345 flesch = 44 summary = 71 Migrants may be at increased risk of communicable disease in their country of destination due to factors including lack of vaccination, low socioeconomic status and poor living conditions and limited access to health care (Table 3) . 72 Essential public health measures include ensuring adequate living conditions, access to health care in refugee camps, detention centres, screening for communicable diseases and assessment Offer serological screening and treatment (for those found to be positive) to all migrants from countries of high endemicity in sub-Saharan Africa and focal areas of transmission in Asia, South America and North Africa. [95] [96] [97] [98] More specifically, air travel can increase the risk of importation of pathogens from endemic areas into regions with competent mosquito vectors and suitable climatic and environmental conditions for vector-borne diseases. 102, 103 Responding to the public health challenges associated with travel and climate change requires robust national surveillance systems, including effective tracking of vector location and disease importation. cache = ./cache/cord-293365-z1h788sc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293365-z1h788sc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293151-g3758oes author = Nemzek, Jean A. title = Biology and Diseases of Dogs date = 2015-07-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 30297 sentences = 1818 flesch = 46 summary = This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. Several factors that increase pressure at the site and/or affect the integrity of the skin will predispose an individual to develop pressure sores, including poor hygiene, self-trauma, low-protein diet, preexisting tissue damage, muscle wasting, inadequate bedding, and ill-fitting coaptation devices (Swaim and Angarano, 1990) . Chronic or recurrent corneal ulcers may also be associated with infection or hereditary causes in some breeds of dogs; however, these would be rare in the laboratory setting. Research Complications Treatment of early-stage or low-grade mammary tumors may be rewarding, allowing dogs to continue on study. cache = ./cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286865-6imc98f5 author = Schneider, Susanne A. title = Emerging Targeted Therapeutics for Genetic Subtypes of Parkinsonism date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8315 sentences = 439 flesch = 45 summary = Intervention on such mutations would require a Fig. 1 Genetic architecture of Parkinson's disease, modified from [4] and [5] , showing the continuum of variants of different effect strengths and allele frequencies. The G2019S mutation, for example, results in a direct two-to-threefold increase in kinase activity [33, 34] .The potential gain-of-function effect is an attractive target for treatment because inhibition is easier to achieve than improvement of reduced protein activity (as in GBA). The effects of LTI-291, an activator of the GCase enzyme and another small molecule therapy, were studied in a 1month phase 1b trial conducted in the Netherlands, where the frequency of GBA mutations was reported to be around 15% [48] . Human gene therapy approaches for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: An overview of current and completed clinical trials Ambroxol for the Treatment of Patients With Parkinson Disease With and Without Glucocerebrosidase Gene Mutations: A Nonrandomized, Noncontrolled Trial cache = ./cache/cord-286865-6imc98f5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286865-6imc98f5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293622-gdplbrsf author = Arget, Michael title = Successful Treatment of Legionnaires’ Disease with Tigecycline in an Immunocompromised Man with a Legion of Antibiotic Allergies date = 2019-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1944 sentences = 99 flesch = 35 summary = We describe an immunocompromised and severely ill patient with Legionnaires' disease and who also has allergies to both fluoroquinolones and macrolides; he was successfully treated using tigecycline, a third generation glycylcycline, indicating that tigecycline may serve as a safe and effective alternative therapeutic option for treatment of Legionnaires' disease in select cases. A recently published case series describes eight patients with Legionnaires' disease who were switched to tigecycline, often due to worsening sepsis and/or respiratory status, following initial exposure to macrolide and/or fluoroquinolone therapy (median of three days) [8] . While the integrated results of these two randomized controlled trials support the early use of tigecycline as empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, one of these trials permitted switching to oral levofloxacin following at least three days of intravenous therapy if evidence of clinical improvement. cache = ./cache/cord-293622-gdplbrsf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293622-gdplbrsf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293852-r72c6584 author = Greco, S. title = Noncoding RNAs implication in cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8163 sentences = 468 flesch = 40 summary = Different studies found that the values of cardiac Troponins were increased in COVID-19 patients with more severe disease [4, 5, [68] [69] [70] , indicating an association of SARS-CoV-2 with myocardial damage. Moreover, the single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) approach has been used to profile the SARS-CoV-2 host-response in the PBMCs of COVID-19 patients, and to comprehensively characterize the immunological changes [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] . However, SARS-CoV-2 infection of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) induced cytotoxic effects and RNA-seq findings highlighted significant transcriptional changes in gene pathways related to cellular metabolism and immune response [131] [132] [133] . This analysis also revealed several host-derived lncRNAs differentially expressed in COVID-19 patient-derived lung tissue, and in SARS-CoV-2 infected epithelial cells, including MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) and NEAT1 (nuclear-enriched autosomal transcript 1) [151] (Fig. 5) . cache = ./cache/cord-293852-r72c6584.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293852-r72c6584.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293421-0ksn0fc7 author = Rodriguez, J. M. title = Detection of animal pathogens by using the polymerasechain reaction (PCR) date = 1997-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9106 sentences = 559 flesch = 49 summary = Summary The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a nucleic acid-based technique that enables the rapid and sensitive detection of specific micro-organisms. Althougla PCR has some shortcomings, such as the problems caused by contaminants and inhibitors or the lack of suitable sequences for designing specific primers, the outstanding research effort focused on tiffs technique, together with the remarkable development of molecular biology have minimized the deficiencies and allowed its increased general use as a diagnostic tool. Sensitive studies using reference strains of BVDV fi-om persistently infected carriers have shown that reverse transo-iption (RT)-PCR has greater sensitivity than other tests, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Horner el aL, 1995) ; unfortunately, cost currently makes this technique unsuitahle for large-scale testing but it should be valuahle as a coniirmatm T test in cases where ELISA resuhs are in the 'suspicious range' or where the viral titre is low, such as in batches of foetal bovine serum. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation for detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in clinical samples from naturally infected deer cache = ./cache/cord-293421-0ksn0fc7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293421-0ksn0fc7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293714-s6ezxi5r author = Principi, Nicola title = The role of infection in Kawasaki syndrome date = 2013-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6229 sentences = 323 flesch = 44 summary = Further findings that strongly support an infectious origin of KS are those of Orenstein et al., who used light microscopy and TEM to study tissue specimens from 32 autopsies, eight heart transplants and an excised coronary aneurysm of patients with KS and identified three different vasculopathic processes: acute self-limited necrotising arteritis (NA), subacute/chronic vasculitis, and luminal myofibroplastic proliferation. More recently, Japanese and Taiwanese groups independently reported a significant association between KS and polymorphisms in the intergenic region on chromosome 8p23-p22 between B lymphoid kinase (BLK ), a tyrosine kinase involved in B-cell receptor signal transduction and FAM167A, a functionally uncharacterized gene. 117 They found that polymorphisms at BLK gene together with genetic abnormalities at CD40, were associated with KS at genomewide significance (p < 5.5  10 À8 ) confirming the role of immune activation and inflammation in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor gene polymorphisms with coronary artery lesions of Kawasaki disease cache = ./cache/cord-293714-s6ezxi5r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293714-s6ezxi5r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297669-22fctxk4 author = Proudfoot, Chris title = Genome editing for disease resistance in pigs and chickens date = 2019-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4555 sentences = 237 flesch = 44 summary = The virus was thought to attach to CD169 to be taken up into the cells; however, genome-edited pigs lacking CD169 were not resistant to PRRSV infection (Prather et al., 2013) . Chicken somatic cell lines have been edited to introduce changes to this gene-conferring resistance to avian leucosis virus in vitro (Lee et al., 2017) . However, as the example for avian influenza shows, host genes play an important role in other steps of the pathogen replication cycle and also provide editing targets for disease resilience or resistance. Genome editing allows integration of the disease-resistance trait into a wider selection of pigs, ensuring genetic variability and maintenance of desirable traits. (D) Resistance genes may be identified in laboratory research but not in highly bred lines, making integration into those productive animals only possible using genome editing. She employs genome editing and genetic selection to generate animals genetically resistant to viral disease. cache = ./cache/cord-297669-22fctxk4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297669-22fctxk4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296585-yfh5d4io author = Su, Yu-Ching title = The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae date = 2018-11-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16544 sentences = 810 flesch = 32 summary = The mechanisms reported are responsible for increased expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory gene products [i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CCL-5 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and MIP-2/CXCL2] in both pulmonary structural cells (bronchial, small airway, and alveolar epithelial cells) and immune cells (alveolar macrophages), increased VEGF and iNOS in nasal fibroblasts and lymphocytes (Jurkat T cells), respectively, and decreased activity of antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and α1-antitrypsin in bronchial epithelial cells (54, 56, 57, 59, 62-64, [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] . Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae detection in the lower airways of patients with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Antibacterial defense of human airway epithelial cells from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients induced by acute exposure to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: modulation by cigarette smoke Lung T-cell responses to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cache = ./cache/cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291687-kwu0otpi author = Judson, Gregory L. title = Cardiovascular Implications and Therapeutic Considerations in COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5569 sentences = 273 flesch = 40 summary = A review of 44,672 confirmed COVID-19 cases from Wuhan, China, demonstrated increased mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (10.5%), diabetes (7.3%), and hypertension (6%), which was significantly higher than the overall case-fatality rate of 2.3% [22] . These initial cases series have shown a similar relationship between underlying cardiac comorbidities with a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity in patients requiring mechanical ventilation [24] . Early studies reported a prevalence of acute cardiac injury of 12% in the entire cohort as defined by either high sensitivity troponin (Hs Tn) or the MB fraction of creatinine kinase (CK-MB) [ 99 th percentile or new echocardiographic or electrocardiographic abnormalities with greater elevations in cardiac biomarkers among patients requiring ICU care [1, 20] . Case cohort studies included data in patients for whom the outcome and illness course helped further elucidate the role of cardiac injury in COVID-19 disease. cache = ./cache/cord-291687-kwu0otpi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291687-kwu0otpi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301117-egd1gxby author = Barh, Debmalya title = In Silico Models: From Simple Networks to Complex Diseases date = 2013-11-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13765 sentences = 670 flesch = 37 summary = Bioinformatics deals with methods for storing, retrieving, and analyzing biological data and protein sequences, structures, functions, pathways, and networks, and recently, in silico disease modeling and simulation using systems biology. Bioinformatics is the computational data management discipline that helps us gather, analyze, and represent this information in order to educate ourselves, understand biological processes in healthy and diseased states, and to facilitate discovery of better animal products. The development of such computational modeling techniques to include diverse types of molecular biological information clearly supports the gene regulatory network inference process and enables the modeling of the dynamics of gene regulatory systems. Understanding the complexity of the disease and its biological significance in health can be achieved by integrating data from the different functional genomics experiments with medical, physiological, and environmental factor information, and computing mathematically. cache = ./cache/cord-301117-egd1gxby.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301117-egd1gxby.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300807-9u8idlon author = Tong, Joo Chuan title = 7 Infectious disease informatics date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2437 sentences = 128 flesch = 51 summary = An effective way to identify amino acid residues that are involved in virus adaptation is to fi nd interdependencies between mutations in multiple proteins. A simple method to calculate the extent of adaptive evolution at highly variable genetic loci is to compare the fi xation rates between nonsynonymous (d N ) and synonymous (d S ) substitutions. The hemagglutinin gene from infl uenza A virus is probably one of the fastest evolving genes in terms of the rate of nucleotide substitution, which was estimated at 5.7×10 −3 per site per year. A method for detecting positive selection at single amino acid sites Molecular evolution of mRNA: a method for estimating evolutionary rates of synonymous and amino acid substitutions from homologous nucleotide sequences and its applications A maximum likelihood method for detecting directional evolution in protein sequences and its application to infl uenza A virus cache = ./cache/cord-300807-9u8idlon.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300807-9u8idlon.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296891-23xkaa19 author = Sahu, Govind Prasad title = Dynamics of an SEQIHRS epidemic model with media coverage, quarantine and isolation in a community with pre-existing immunity date = 2015-01-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6227 sentences = 415 flesch = 53 summary = Abstract An autonomous deterministic non-linear epidemic model SEQIHRS is proposed for the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease with quarantine and isolation control strategies in a community with pre-existing immunity. It is observed that media coverage does not affect the effective reproduction number, but it helps to mitigate disease burden by lowering the number of infectious individuals at the endemic steady state and also lowering the infection peak. The primary goal of this article is to theoretically study the impact of use of NPIs stimulated by media coverage, quarantine and isolation for an infectious disease in a community with pre-existing immunity. In this section, we will formulate an epidemic model incorporating quarantine, isolation, use of nonpharmaceutical interventions stimulated by media coverage in presence of pre-existing cross-protective immunity. An SEQIHRS epidemic model for the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease is proposed and rigorous mathematical analysis is carried out to get insight into the qualitative dynamics in presence of pre-existing immunity and the use of NPIs stimulated by media coverage. cache = ./cache/cord-296891-23xkaa19.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296891-23xkaa19.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-293819-tbdsr5iw author = Carvalho, C.L. title = Tularaemia: A challenging zoonosis date = 2014-01-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7827 sentences = 412 flesch = 40 summary = In recent years, several emerging zoonotic vector-borne infections with potential impact on human health have been identified in Europe, including tularaemia, caused by Francisella tularensis. Recent outbreaks of tularaemia have occurred in several European countries, presented in Table 1 , including the Czech Republic, Kosovo, Bulgaria, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Turkey, France and Norway [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . The transmission of tularaemia to humans can occur either by direct contact with infected animals or indirectly due to arthropod vector bites, the ingestion of contaminated water, food or aerosols inhalation. Type A tularaemia is more commonly associated with the terrestrial cycle of the disease, with wild lagomorphs such as rabbits and hares acting as vertebrate hosts in which amplification of the agent occurs and where arthropods are disease-disseminating vectors [6, 22, 54, 57] . Tularemia in Denmark: identification of a Francisella tularensis subsp., holarctica strain by real time PCR and high-resolution typing by multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis cache = ./cache/cord-293819-tbdsr5iw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-293819-tbdsr5iw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297125-la20vi9j author = Brower, Jennifer L. title = The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date = 2016-08-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12334 sentences = 579 flesch = 44 summary = In just the past year, the United States has been bombarded with headlines on the dangers of infectious diseases: "HIV 'Epidemic' Triggered by Needle-Sharing Hits Scott County, Indiana [1] ;" "American with Ebola Now in Critical Condition [2] ;" "Seasonal Flu Vaccine Even Less Effective than Thought: CDC [3] ;" "'Superbug' Outbreak at California Hospital, more than 160 Exposed [4] ;" "Deadly CRE Bugs Linked to Hard to Clean Medical Scopes [5] ;" "Painful Virus [Chikungunya] Sweeps Central America, Gains a Toehold in U.S. Many factors have reduced the number of new antibiotics approved in the United States each year as well as reduced domestic production including demanding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, the cost and time to market of development, the consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, and the lack of financial impetus to produce and distribute antibiotics, which are generally used on a one-off basis versus drugs used to treat chronic conditions such as statins, Viagra, and allergy medications. cache = ./cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299741-tbtlnv8b author = Massó Sagüés, Elena title = Risk of Introduction of Infectious Animal Diseases for Europe Based on the Health Situation of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula date = 2019-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5031 sentences = 227 flesch = 52 summary = The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union. The results show that, among the infectious diseases analyzed in this study, avian influenza and Newcastle disease are the ones with a higher risk of entry in the European Union and the wild bird's migration is the route with greater impact. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union by different pathways. For the study of the possible introduction of vector borne diseases through the drag of Culicoides and/or mosquitoes by wind currents, simulations (Figure 2 ) are made for the estimation of wind and particle's dispersion trajectories that reached the European territory during the year 2016. cache = ./cache/cord-299741-tbtlnv8b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299741-tbtlnv8b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 author = Lambert, Paul-Henri title = Consensus Summary Report for CEPI/BC March 12-13, 2020 Meeting: Assessment of Risk of Disease Enhancement with COVID-19 Vaccines date = 2020-05-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5236 sentences = 251 flesch = 40 summary = Therefore, CEPI and the Brighton Collaboration Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC) convened a scientific working meeting https://brightoncollaboration.us/brighton-collaboration-cepi-covid-19-web-conference/) on March 12 and 13, 2020 of experts in the field of vaccine immunology and coronaviruses to discuss current knowledge that could form the basis for the assessment of the risk of enhanced disease during SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. Ferret models of SARS-CoV-1 also demonstrate virus replication in respiratory tracts with induction of a neutralizing antibody response but also demonstrated little evidence of clinical disease [13] . Efficacy of several SARS-CoV-1 vaccines was evaluated in these models with spike (S) protein based vaccines demonstrating neutralizing antibody and protection against pulmonary replication of the challenge virus in mice and hamsters [16] . There is evidence for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals after challenge with live virus in multiple studies with SARS-CoV-1 vaccine candidates as summarized in Table. Chinese macaques immunized with a modified vaccinia virus expressing S protein then challenged with SARS-CoV-1 did not develop clinical disease, but histopathology showed lung injury. cache = ./cache/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298372-4pw1y404 author = Koch, Lionel title = Natural outbreaks and bioterrorism: How to deal with the two sides of the same coin? date = 2020-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6206 sentences = 286 flesch = 42 summary = The last Ebola outbreak in 2014 in West Africa was regarded as a paradigm of the issues caused by emerging infectious diseases nowadays: this extremely deadly pathogen has naturally emerged in a large new area, and its overwhelming spread has subsequently impacted Europe and the United States [3] . At the same time, some natural outbreaks were caused by naturally altered pathogens like the Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Europe in 2011, a strain that acquired and combined unusual virulence factor and drug resistance genes [25] or in 2003 the new human coronavirus (SARS-CoV) identified with surprise in front of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases [26] . Indeed, even if the substantial remaining risk in the case of an attack is the possibility of secondary actions aiming to maximise damages to the emergency infrastructure [38] , the real challenge for global safety remains the early detection, the accurate characterisation and the establishment of specific measures, whatever the outbreak origin [39, 40] . cache = ./cache/cord-298372-4pw1y404.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298372-4pw1y404.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300324-95fty9yi author = Ni Lochlainn, M. title = Key predictors of attending hospital with COVID19: An association study from the COVID Symptom Tracker App in 2,618,948 individuals date = 2020-04-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4271 sentences = 247 flesch = 51 summary = Conclusions: Being older, obese, diabetic or suffering from pre-existing lung, heart or renal disease placed participants at increased risk of visiting hospital with COVID-19. Visit to hospital as outcome were fit to test for association between i) self-reported obesity and ii) chronic lung disease and asthma, heart disease, diabetes and kidney disease in the following groups: 1) self-reported COVID-19 infection with classical symptoms (SR-COVID19); 2) self-reported positive COVID-19 test results (T-COVID19); 3) imputed/predicted COVID-19 infection based on symptomatology (I-COVID19) Imputation for testing positive for COVID was performed using the data at day of maximum sum of symptoms and applying a logistic regression using coefficients defined previously (2) . In this study we found that age, obesity, diabetes and pre-existing lung, renal and cardiac disease, were risk factors for a hospital visit with COVID-19 amongst a large but relatively young, community-based population of app users. cache = ./cache/cord-300324-95fty9yi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300324-95fty9yi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301856-71syce4n author = Domínguez-Andrés, Jorge title = Impact of Historic Migrations and Evolutionary Processes on Human Immunity date = 2019-11-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8191 sentences = 335 flesch = 33 summary = With the burst of next-generation sequencing and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and systems biology, we are starting to witness the great impact of evolutionary processes on human immunity and how the interactions between microorganisms and humans that took place millennia ago might play a fundamental role not only in the response against modern pathogenic threats, but also in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations worldwide. Specific genetic variants selected throughout different periods of human history may have influenced immune responses of present-day populations against pathogenic microorganisms and may have played a role in the development of certain inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Patients with African ancestry present a higher frequency of MTB-related genetic variants than individuals from other populations, including variants in the gene encoding for Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), mediating cellular responses to bacterial Malaria is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the history of humanity. cache = ./cache/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297840-z5l6vdsr author = Río, Francisco García title = Air Travel and Respiratory Disease date = 2007-02-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 16164 sentences = 949 flesch = 54 summary = 57 In any case, to establish a medical opinion on risk in air travel, the type, reversibility, and degree of functional impairment caused by the disease must be assessed along with the tolerance of the patient for the predicted flight altitude and the length of exposure. Supplementary oxygen is recommended during air travel for patients who have an estimated in-flight PaO 2 of less then 50 mm Hg obtained with prediction equations or, preferably, a hypoxic challenge test ( Figure 6 ). It also seems wise to extend that treatment option to those cases and in which the in-flight cabin pressure corresponds to an altitude of greater than 2438 m (8000 feet) and the patient has very severe COPD (FEV 1 ≤30%), where limitations may be present in the mechanisms of compensation for hypoxemia, or diseases that alter oxygen transport. cache = ./cache/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300727-v3spbo5u author = Peterson, A. Townsend title = Biogeography of diseases: a framework for analysis date = 2008-03-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4423 sentences = 203 flesch = 42 summary = The ways in which these differences may influence disease transmission geography are complex; I illustrate their effects by means of worked examples regarding West Nile Virus, plague, filoviruses, and yellow fever. Three example disease systems are illustrated: West Nile Virus, the filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses), and plague: Changes are illustrated as the difference between broken (original) and entire (present) outlines of circles; particular geographic occurrences of the disease are labeled to illustrate points discussed in the text appropriate from both abiotic and biotic perspectives and that are accessible to the species in terms of dispersal. In niche modeling, known occurrences of species (or diseases, in some cases) are related to raster geographic information system (GIS) coverages summarizing relevant environmental parameters in an evolutionary computing environment; the result is a picture of the species' ecological distribution, which can be projected onto geography to identify a potential distribution for the species (Peterson 2007; Soberón 2007) . cache = ./cache/cord-300727-v3spbo5u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300727-v3spbo5u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300187-fr6tme32 author = Kearns, Shawn title = Infectious Hepatopathies in Dogs and Cats date = 2009-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5800 sentences = 444 flesch = 36 summary = Although bacterial infections are probably the most common cause of infectious hepatitis, the clinician should be aware of other potential organisms and other commonly involved systems. Therefore, this article includes a description of common bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, parasitic, and rickettsial diseases in dogs and cats. Mycobacterial disease is often subclinical in dogs and cats, but signs may be associated with granuloma formation in various organs. 39, 40 Nontuberculous mycobacterium, including those in the Mycobacterium avium complex, are saprophytic opportunistic organisms primarily implicated in disseminated disease in cats [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] and occasionally in dogs. No clear dissemination pattern has been identified because of low case numbers, but affected organs include the internal lymph nodes, liver, lungs, eyes, bone, muscles, and CNS. Infection results in disseminated disease, including protozoal hepatitis. Bacterial culture results from liver, gallbladder, or bile in 248 dogs and cats evaluated for hepatobiliary disease: 1998-2003 cache = ./cache/cord-300187-fr6tme32.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300187-fr6tme32.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300793-tuq8z6gm author = Weiss, Robin A title = Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5853 sentences = 273 flesch = 47 summary = About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. Emerging infectious diseases in humans comprise the following: first, established diseases undergoing increased incidence or geographic spread, for example, Tuberculosis and Dengue fever; second, newly discovered infections causing known diseases, for example, hepatitis C and Helicobacter pylori; and third, newly emerged diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS and SARS. Although some of the apparent increase in infectious disease may be attributable to better diagnostic methods and surveillance, there seems little doubt that more incidents are occurring, and have the potential to spread more widely than 50 years ago, as outbreaks and spread of infections like Nipah virus and SARS would not have passed unnoticed. cache = ./cache/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302127-1abupl36 author = Vokó, Zoltán title = The effect of social distance measures on COVID-19 epidemics in Europe: an interrupted time series analysis date = 2020-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3197 sentences = 141 flesch = 41 summary = Recently published COVID-19 microsimulation models based on social network data in the UK and USA revealed that epidemic suppression would require a complex intervention package including social distancing of the entire population, home isolation of cases, and household quarantine of their family members, supplemented with school closure, in intermittent periods adjusted to epidemic intensity and unoccupied critical care capacity (Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team Report 9 2020; Kucharski et al. Our research aims were to identify the date when the COVID-19 pandemic started declining in each European country and to evaluate the association of the level of community mobility restrictions (social distancing) with the observed extent of decline in the national epidemics. To SDI social distance index, SD standard deviation prevent COVID-19 transmission in nursing homes and other chronic care facilities enriching high-risk elderly patient groups, effective local infection control measures are clearly more relevant than general interventions targeting the country population as a whole, without specific focus on critical hot spots of the epidemic. cache = ./cache/cord-302127-1abupl36.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302127-1abupl36.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-296208-uy1r6lt2 author = Greenspan, Hayit title = Position paper on COVID-19 imaging and AI: from the clinical needs and technological challenges to initial AI solutions at the lab and national level towards a new era for AI in healthcare date = 2020-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8008 sentences = 395 flesch = 47 summary = We focus on three specific use-cases for which AI systems can be built: early disease detection, management in a hospital setting, and building patient-specific predictive models that require the combination of imaging with additional clinical data. Many studies have emerged in the last several months from the medical imaging community with many research groups as well as companies introducing deep learning based solutions to tackle the various tasks: mostly in detection of the disease (vs normal), and more recently also for staging disease severity. In Section 2 of this paper we focus on three specific use-cases for which AI systems can be built: detection, patient management, and predictive models in which the imaging is combined with additional clinical features. Rapid ai development cycle for the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic: Initial results for automated detection and patient monitoring using deep learning ct image analysis cache = ./cache/cord-296208-uy1r6lt2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-296208-uy1r6lt2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300969-a3zcggf2 author = Antolin, Michael F. title = EVOLUTION AND MEDICINE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ALL BIOLOGY STUDENTS date = 2012-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10212 sentences = 470 flesch = 37 summary = The interface between evolutionary biology and the biomedical sciences promises to advance understanding of the origins of genetic and infectious diseases in humans, potentially leading to improved medical diagnostics, therapies, and public health practices. Williams' writings on the evolution of senescence and life histories provided fundamental conceptual developments in evolutionary biology (Williams 1957) , as did his thoughts on the role of natural selection in adaptive evolution on multiple levels from genes to individuals to groups of organisms (Williams 1966) . This dynamic view of disease accounts for the variability in human-adapted pathogens such as influenza viruses and malaria, where evolutionary escape hinders development of vaccines with long-lasting protection and results in multidrug resistance. Currently, few medical schools teach evolutionary topics beyond human genetic variation, drug resistance, pathogen virulence, and adaptation by natural selection (Nesse and Schiffman 2003; Downie 2004; Childs et al. cache = ./cache/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299828-fb84rtmx author = Joseph, Maxwell B. title = Taming wildlife disease: bridging the gap between science and management date = 2013-04-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6623 sentences = 334 flesch = 33 summary = Despite the wealth of empirical WDM research, management outcomes can be difficult to predict because system-specific information is lacking for novel pathogens and many theoretical concepts in disease ecology (see Table 1 for a subset) have not been widely tested in the field, leading to uncertainty in their generality. Corridor vaccination can reduce disease in metapopulations; movement controls are unlikely to work for chronic infections Keeling & Eames (2005) Transmission increases with host density Host density reductions may reduce disease transmission, and density thresholds for disease persistence may exist Anderson & May (1979) Transmission increases with disease prevalence independent of host density Transmission associated with sexual interactions is more likely to cause host extinction, and non-selective culling may not reduce transmission Getz & Pickering (1983) Predation as a regulator of host population and disease We use a quantitative, case-based approach to provide a critical retrospective of WDM over the last four decades to: (i) quantify how frequently specific theoretical concepts from disease ecology have been applied in the literature, (ii) identify prevailing management objectives, groups and reported outcomes and (iii) assess taxonomic biases in WDM literature. cache = ./cache/cord-299828-fb84rtmx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299828-fb84rtmx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300301-7amiljnm author = Clements, Bruce W. title = Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats date = 2016-03-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6536 sentences = 383 flesch = 50 summary = Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. By April 26, a public health emergency, the first in the history of the United States, was declared to allow for the rapid development of a vaccine, mobilization of antiviral medications through the federally resourced Strategic National Stockpile, and enhanced surveillance through reporting and testing. While it may not be possible to predict which pathogens may emerge or reemerge, it is possible to build infrastructure and take general steps to make populations and public health systems better prepared for the next novel infectious disease outbreak. cache = ./cache/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302925-6us88smz author = McFee, Robin B. title = Travel-related illness date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1053 sentences = 59 flesch = 46 summary = Although many of us were taught in medical school and residency training that when you hear hoof beats, think horses, not zebras, such advice must now be called into question, considering global travel, immigration into the United States from countries with endemic illnesses not commonly found in North America, and societal factors (domestic and international) that include poverty, homelessness, institutionalization, overcrowding-in health care facilities as well as domiciles-and lack of access to timely health care, all of which set the stage to create conditions that facilitate the spread of diseases that are from previously unknown, little recognized, or emerging pathogens that are endemic to or novel strains in foreign lands, and which can become very quickly clinical realities and community-wide problems in the U.S. This is one of the reasons obtaining a thorough travel and occupational history from patients who present with an atypical or severe, progressive illness, is critically important, as it may give valuable insights into the origin of the infection, how to access timely information from sources experienced in treating the cascade of symptoms (biodrome) (Fig.) 10 and the etiological pathogen, and allow you to rapidly initiate appropriate, potentially life-saving interventions. cache = ./cache/cord-302925-6us88smz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302925-6us88smz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-301479-dc1oyftd author = Koehlmoos, Tracey Pérez title = Global Health: Chronic Diseases and Other Emergent Issues in Global Health date = 2011-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7336 sentences = 338 flesch = 47 summary = This article discusses emergent issues in global health related to noncommunicable diseases and conditions, with focus on defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases, mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. Trying to offer an in-depth discussion on such a wide range of issues in just one article is clearly not possible, and therefore focus and emphasis is given to defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. 1, 11 Low-income and middle-income countries have developed their health provision and policies according to a primary care or Alma Ata model, focused on meeting the needs of pregnant women and children younger than 5 years, and developing services for a variety of high-impact communicable diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. cache = ./cache/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300605-gozt5aur author = Tambo, Ernest title = Acquired immunity and asymptomatic reservoir impact on frontline and airport ebola outbreak syndromic surveillance and response date = 2014-10-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6854 sentences = 250 flesch = 29 summary = Yet, taming the dynamics and plague of the vicious Ebola virus disease (EVD) in African countries has been patchy and erratic due to inadequate surveillance and contact tracing, community defiance and resistance, a lack of detection and response systems, meager/weak knowledge and information on the disease, inadequacies in protective materials protocols, contact tracing nightmare and differing priorities at various levels of the public health system. (8)Digital or electronic bio-epidemiology surveillance systems, including social media networking and web-based systems, provide valuable channels for timely collection of public health data; give information on the early detection of, and response to, disease outbreaks; and enhance situational awareness to communities. (2)This approach is confronted by a lack of effective and accurate spot invasive frontline and airport rapid diagnostics tools, district and provincial health laboratories being equipped with little or no advanced molecular technologies, lack of drugs and vaccines to treat Ebola, inadequacy in coordinated Ebola frontline planning efforts in the community, as well inefficient or nonexistent community and national active infectious disease surveillance systems. cache = ./cache/cord-300605-gozt5aur.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300605-gozt5aur.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304455-z5n9ys86 author = Murray, Jillian title = Infectious Disease Surveillance date = 2017-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5469 sentences = 261 flesch = 41 summary = For example, as of 2015, the WHOcoordinated Global Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Disease (IBVPD) Sentinel Site Surveillance Network is a system of more than 100 hospitals in more than 54 countries that conducts active surveillance for meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis ( Figure 1 ). A sentinel surveillance site is a single or small number of health facilities that are responsible for collecting data on cases enrolled with the case definition under surveillance including global networks surveying for diarrhea or pneumonia. Sentinel site surveillance provides useful epidemiological information on proportions caused by different pathogens, age distribution, and risk factors and could also be used for monitoring trends of hospitalized cases within a health facility if health-care patterns and population have been stable. In contrast, with population-based surveillance, every appropriate health facility reports on the predefined diseases with the goal of identifying all cases in a specific geographic area. cache = ./cache/cord-304455-z5n9ys86.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304455-z5n9ys86.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303557-bbbq6ylr author = Tong, Michael Xiaoliang title = China's capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change date = 2018-04-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4677 sentences = 225 flesch = 46 summary = METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was utilized to gauge information regarding capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change among 611 clinical professionals whose roles pertained to infectious disease diagnosis, treatment and management in Anhui Province of China. The majority of participants suggested that effective prevention and control measures, more interdisciplinary collaborations, more funding in rural areas for health care, and improved access to facilities enabling online reporting of infectious diseases, were extremely important strategies in building capacity to curb the population health impact of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to climate change in China. The study employs a cross-sectional questionnaire survey among clinical professionals to explore China's capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change. Further, the study explores participants' views on capacity building in the hospital sector to curb potential emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to climate change in China. cache = ./cache/cord-303557-bbbq6ylr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303557-bbbq6ylr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303700-rrwy3osd author = Neiderud, Carl-Johan title = How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases date = 2015-06-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7085 sentences = 357 flesch = 51 summary = The lack of a universal definition makes it hard to compare different countries and cities in regard to public health and the burden and impact of infectious diseases (4) . Many of the lower income countries are expected to have a major growth among the urban population, which leads to considerable challenges for the governments and health care to keep up to pace and develop their social services and health care as these regions grow. The environment in urban cities has proven to be favourable for the rat population (Rattus spp.) and close encounters between rats and humans can lead to transmission of zoonotic infectious diseases. LF still has its major impact in rural settings, but the increasing urbanization in the developing world has made LF an infectious disease that also has to be considered elsewhere. cache = ./cache/cord-303700-rrwy3osd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303700-rrwy3osd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author = Monath, Thomas P. title = Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date = 2013-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15722 sentences = 669 flesch = 39 summary = A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Overall, it remains to be seen which of the many Rift Valley fever vaccines in development progress to regulatory approval and whether an integrated veterinary and human health policy based on the immunization of livestock in Africa together with predictive surveillance, can abort impending outbreaks, and lead to long range control of this important disease. The increasing problem of emerging infections, the majority of which are the result of spill-over from animals to humans, is a compelling reason to consider novel vaccine interventions, and the collaborations between veterinary and human health institutions in the development of the Hendra, West Nile, VEE and Rift Valley fever vaccines described in this review serve as examples of the power of this approach. cache = ./cache/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-297857-ybqj8z1r author = Petagna, L. title = Pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease inflammation and recurrence date = 2020-11-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6669 sentences = 307 flesch = 37 summary = Crohn's disease evolution is mediated by a complex alteration of the inflammatory response which is characterized by alterations of the innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa barrier together with a remodeling of the extracellular matrix through the expression of metalloproteins and increased adhesion molecules expression, such as MAcCAM-1. The pathogenesis is also sustained by the interaction of these cells with integrins, adhesion molecules and multiple chemokines, responsible for the production of elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, representing the target of immune and non-immune cells and the promotion of mucosal inflammation. A new Antimesenteric functional end-to-end Handsewn anastomosis: surgical prevention of anastomotic recurrence in Crohn's disease Surgical recurrence at anastomotic site after bowel resection in Crohn's disease: comparison of Kono-S and end-to-end anastomosis Surgical prevention of anastomotic recurrence by excluding mesentery in Crohn's disease: the SuPREMe-CD study -a randomized clinical trial Inclusion of the mesentery in Ileocolic resection for Crohn's disease is associated with reduced surgical recurrence cache = ./cache/cord-297857-ybqj8z1r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-297857-ybqj8z1r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304720-0lgup7yj author = Robbins, R.C. title = Swine Diseases and Disorders date = 2014-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12872 sentences = 837 flesch = 44 summary = The industry significance, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, postmortem and histpathologic lesions, diagnostic testing, and generic treatment, control, and prevention are described. Important history to understand from caretakers includes: age of pigs affected, duration of clinical signs, morbidity rate, mortality rate, treatments administered, response to treatments, and any other important information regarding previous diagnoses or disease in the affected group of animals. Records include but are not limited to: where the animals originated from; number in the herd; age; daily mortality; number treated; name of treatment, route of delivery and dose; feed and water usage; high-low temperatures; and vaccinations received or administered. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. cache = ./cache/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303192-il3s8lgp author = Tam, Lai‐Shan title = Care for patients with rheumatic diseases during COVID‐19 pandemic: A position statement from APLAR date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1794 sentences = 95 flesch = 39 summary = Patients with rheumatic diseases are at higher risk of respiratory infections including influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia, which is attributed to the underlying disease, comorbidities and immunosuppressive therapy, 1 but to date we lack good information about the virus SARS-CoV-2. In the desperate search to find effective treatments for COVID-19, drugs largely used by rheumatologists have entered the spotlight, including the caution against use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the potential of antimalarials and biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), for example anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) and targeted synthetic DMARDS (tsDMARDs) Janus-activated kinase (JAK) inhibitors to manage cytokine storm syndrome (CSS)/cytokine release syndrome associated with COVID-19. 18 In order to gather real-world data to inform treatment strategies and better characterize individuals at increased risk of infection, the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance has successfully dePreclinical and limited clinical data suggested that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CLQ) have antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2. cache = ./cache/cord-303192-il3s8lgp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303192-il3s8lgp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306707-dde4nlhh author = Antabe, Roger title = Diseases, Emerging and Infectious date = 2019-12-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2399 sentences = 110 flesch = 43 summary = Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are largely preventable, and yet with their profound impact and increasing prevalence, they remain a threat to global health, which must be addressed. The SDGs posit that through increased surveillance and allocating more resources and funding to this health issue, diagnostic and treatment programs will be improved, and the epidemic of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases will once again begin to decline. Therefore, a global network of specialist and experts is key in designing future responses to EIDs. The introduction of vaccines led to the eradication of major infectious disease such as Smallpox and Measles that plagued earlier centuries as leading causes of death. In view of the disproportionate global burden of infectious diseases where some regions are more prone relative to others, a key consideration in eradicating EIDs may be the reallocation of resources, including expertise and clinical technology to areas that are most impacted. cache = ./cache/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302277-c66xm2n4 author = Bakaletz, Lauren O. title = Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases date = 2004 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10910 sentences = 537 flesch = 33 summary = Briefly, viral infection compromises the protective functions of the Eustachian tube, alters respiratory-tract secretions, damages the mucosal epithelial lining, interferes with antibiotic efficacy, modulates the immune response and enhances bacterial adherence 77 and colonization 78 to predispose the host to bacterial OM. In otitis media, which is a middle ear infection, a synergistic interaction that results in disease owing to co-infection with an upper respiratory tract virus and three bacterial species -Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and Moraxella catarrhalis -is well documented. It seems likely that the transient suppression of RDC migration and the delayed development of an effective adaptive immune response to a second infection might be another mechanism by which influenza virus predisposes the host to bacterial co-infection. Using this criterion, a mouse model of polymicrobial-induced osteoclastogenesis, bacterial penetration, leukocyte recruitment and softtissue necrosis has been developed to clarify the role of cytokines in periodontal disease. cache = ./cache/cord-302277-c66xm2n4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302277-c66xm2n4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305299-vbhilmve author = Santos, C. Sieiro title = Determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with underlying rheumatic disease date = 2020-07-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2941 sentences = 149 flesch = 39 summary = CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that comorbidities, rheumatic disease activity and laboratorial abnormalities such as C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum ferritin elevation significantly associated with mortality whereas previous use of rheumatic medication did not. It is not clear whether the use of immunosuppressive medication for rheumatic pathology may suppose a risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection, if rheumatic patients have a higher mortality rate than general population or what factors may be associated with COVID-19 severity [5] . Age, sex, comorbidities, rheumatic disease diagnosis, treatment for rheumatic disease and disease activity prior to infection, duration of hospital stay, symptoms before admission, radiographic abnormalities and laboratorial results at arrival were analysed. Our results suggest that comorbidities, rheumatic disease activity and laboratorial abnormalities such as C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin serum elevation significantly associated with mortality whereas previous use of hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroid, dcDMARDS and biologic therapy did not. cache = ./cache/cord-305299-vbhilmve.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305299-vbhilmve.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-303165-ikepr2p2 author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Expanding the Concept of Public Health date = 2014-10-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 33919 sentences = 1389 flesch = 41 summary = It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way. cache = ./cache/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304961-w0pm33fs author = Riad, Abanoub title = The Alarming Burden of Non‐Communicable Diseases in COVID‐19 New Normal: Implications on Oral Health date = 2020-06-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 843 sentences = 58 flesch = 43 summary = The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) outbreak has triggered massive debates within dental professional organizations about prioritization of offered services, served groups, and required protective measures.(Volgenant et al., 2020) While navigating through the post‐outbreak era, we aim to demonstrate the importance of continuous global focus on the burden of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) such as oral diseases. Oral diseases are the most prevalent NCDs worldwide consuming one‐fifth of out‐of‐pocket health expenditure and being recognized as the third most expensive condition to treat in Europe.(Peres et al., 2019) The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends prioritizing common risk factor approaches in all interventions targeting NCDs in order to draw attention to the multifaceted relationship between oral diseases and chronic conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancers.(Sheiham & Watt, 2000) (Peres et al., 2019) The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends prioritizing common risk factor approaches in all interventions targeting NCDs in order to draw attention to the multifaceted relationship between oral diseases and chronic conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. cache = ./cache/cord-304961-w0pm33fs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304961-w0pm33fs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304343-m7tbdfri author = Khandia, Rekha title = A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy date = 2019-07-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 20281 sentences = 1088 flesch = 32 summary = Similarly, inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway can prevent apoptosis and even enhance necroptosis, whereas starvation, which induces autophagy, protects cells from zVAD-mediated necroptotic death [194] . For instance, autophagy has been demonstrated to be actively involved in the replication of influenza A virus (IAV), which induces autophagosome formation during the early phase of infection and later inhibits autophagosomal maturation by preventing autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion and promoting autophagosomes to accumulate in virus-infected cells [253] . (5) A novel anti-cancer molecule, HA15, which targets HSPA5/BIP was shown to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and increase the unfolded protein response, resulting in cancer cell death through autophagy and apoptosis. (5) A novel anti-cancer molecule, HA15, which targets HSPA5/BIP was shown to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and increase the unfolded protein response, resulting in cancer cell death through autophagy and apoptosis. In addition, the novel anti-cancer molecule HA15, which targets HSPA5/BIP, was shown to induce ER stress and increase the unfolded protein response, resulting in cancer cell death via autophagy and apoptosis [304] . cache = ./cache/cord-304343-m7tbdfri.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304343-m7tbdfri.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305195-e41yfo89 author = Rainwater-Lovett, Kaitlin title = Viral Epidemiology: Tracking Viruses with Smartphones and Social Media date = 2016-02-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6159 sentences = 269 flesch = 33 summary = The discovery of viruses as "filterable agents" in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries greatly enhanced the study of viral epidemiology, allowing the characterization of infected individuals, risk factors for infection and disease, and transmission pathways. Traditional epidemiological methods measure the distribution of viral infections, diseases, and associated risk factors in populations in terms of person, place, and time using standard measures of disease frequency, study designs, and approaches to causal inference. Much can be learned about the epidemiology of viral infections using such traditional methods and many examples could be cited to establish the importance of these approaches, including demonstration of the mode of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes (e.g., yellow fever and West Nile viruses), the causal relationship between maternal viral infection and fetal abnormalities (e.g., rubella virus and cytomegalovirus), and the role of viruses in the etiology of cancer (e.g., Epstein-Barr and human papilloma viruses). The concepts and methods of infectious disease epidemiology provide the tools to understand changes in temporal and spatial patterns of viral infections and the impact of interventions. cache = ./cache/cord-305195-e41yfo89.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305195-e41yfo89.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306056-4jx0u7js author = Sulmasy, Daniel P. title = “Diseases and Natural Kinds” date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9602 sentences = 523 flesch = 54 summary = (3) The aim of this classification must be to provide at least a provisional basis for explaining the causes and/or natural history of a disturbance in the internal biological relations of the affected members of X (and, if X is a self-reflective natural kind, can serve as an explanation of the illness of those so affected), (4) and at least some individuals of whom (or which) this class of states of affairs can be predicated are, by virtue of that state, inhibited from flourishing as Xs. I must further explicate this fairly dense definition. H. Setting as the telos the flourishing of the individual as the kind of thing that it is also explains why it can be controversial to classify as diseases certain patterns of variation in the law-like biological principles that determine the characteristic development and typical history of a living natural kind. cache = ./cache/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308089-q2w9fb0i author = Ewald, Paul W. title = Evolution of virulence date = 2005-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5406 sentences = 239 flesch = 42 summary = This new germ theory is emphasizing how environments and human activities influence the characteristics of infectious agents and the broader role of infection as a cause of chronic diseases. The association between vector-borne transmission and virulence explains why diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, sleeping sickness, and visceral leishmaniasis are so severe, whereas most of the respiratory-tract pathogens of humans are relatively benign. Evolutionary management of the virulence of vector-borne diseases requires interventions that elevate the immobilization of hosts more costly to the infecting pathogens. Although sexually transmitted pathogens are molded by natural selection to be benign over the short run, this long-term persistence within hosts raises the possibility of long-term damage, even though there is low probability of severe damage during any small period of time during the first years of infection. The theoretical framework for understanding the evolution of virulence of sexually transmitted pathogens provides clues about which infectious agents are the most likely causes of these illnesses. cache = ./cache/cord-308089-q2w9fb0i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308089-q2w9fb0i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307464-66eqh79t author = Hwang, Grace M. title = A model-based tool to predict the propagation of infectious disease via airports date = 2012-01-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5981 sentences = 263 flesch = 46 summary = Influenza transmission; Susceptible-exposedinfectious-recovered (SEIR) disease-spread modeling; Public health aviation screening; Pandemic response; Points of entry Summary Epidemics of novel or re-emerging infectious diseases have quickly spread globally via air travel, as highlighted by pandemic H1N1 influenza in 2009 (pH1N1). We used a traditional Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model 20, 21 and an illustrative scheduled-flight dataset, to demonstrate how public health authorities could prioritize the allocation of responseresources in the U.S. at point of entry in response to a novel disease that was spreading rapidly outside of North America. To characterize possible patterns and rates of spread for an emerging infectious disease that could enter North America from various geographic points of origin, a prototypical novel pandemic influenza virus was simulated as an example of a human-to-human transmissible disease that is known to spread rapidly via air travel. cache = ./cache/cord-307464-66eqh79t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307464-66eqh79t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305501-srq1bo2v author = Fèvre, Eric M. title = Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases date = 2006-02-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4939 sentences = 222 flesch = 46 summary = In addition to the well-recognized threat that animal translocations and invasions into new geographic areas pose for species extinctions and biodiversity, the large wildlife trade clearly poses great dangers for the emergence of human and animal pathogens. A recent risk analysis [37] showed that the movement of pet animals between Hokkaido and the rest of Japan is likely to result in Review further geographical spread of the parasite, particularly because there are few movement controls or programmes for screening and treatment. The importance of contact networks in the spread of infectious diseases of livestock in the UK has been clearly highlighted [47] ; in addition, a small proportion (20%) of farm holdings contributes to the majority (80%) of movements. Movements can result in the introduction of exotic animal diseases or human pathogens, which might themselves have important economic and/or public health impacts. cache = ./cache/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307885-butuv3n1 author = Galvani, Alison P. title = Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS? date = 2004-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1195 sentences = 71 flesch = 44 summary = As is typical of an emerging disease, no vaccines or drugs to combat SARS existed, making quarantine, patient isolation, travel restrictions, and contact precautions the only means of limiting transmission. Previously, similar models had guided public health policy, for example, in halting an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in the United Kingdom in 2001 (5, 6) . The case-fatality rate is a key determinant of the public health impact of an emerging disease and was high for SARS at approximately 15% (11) . The success with which WHO coordinated the global collaboration in containing SARS galvanized the World Health Assembly to grant WHO greater authority to verify outbreaks, conduct investigations of outbreak severity, and evaluate the adequacy of control measures. Transmission dynamics of the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong: the impact of public health interventions Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control cache = ./cache/cord-307885-butuv3n1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307885-butuv3n1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302435-6nrfipz8 author = Jay, Taylor R. title = TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases date = 2017-08-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21740 sentences = 1041 flesch = 45 summary = Because TREM2 encodes a receptor exclusively expressed on immune cells, identification of these variants conclusively demonstrates that the immune response can play an active role in the pathogenesis of NDDs. These TREM2 variants also confer the highest risk for developing Alzheimer's disease of any risk factor identified in nearly two decades, suggesting that understanding more about TREM2 function could provide key insights into NDD pathology and provide avenues for novel immune-related NDD biomarkers and therapeutics. The application of whole exome sequencing [5] and GWAS with imputation based on predicted genetic associations [6] to AD led to the identification of relatively rare variants in the gene triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) that are associated with a high risk for developing AD. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is associated with enhanced inflammation, neuropathological lesions and increased risk for Alzheimer's dementia cache = ./cache/cord-302435-6nrfipz8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302435-6nrfipz8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304549-e8q8mck4 author = Holgate, Stephen T. title = Genetic and environmental interaction in allergy and asthma()() date = 2005-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4691 sentences = 252 flesch = 45 summary = Abnormal signaling between the epithelium, which is in contact with the environment, and the underlying (myo)fibroblasts and dendritic cells indicating reactivation of the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit, which is involved in fetal lung development and branching, provide a basis for asthma that encapsulates both T(H)2 polarization and airway wall remodeling. Asthma is a complex disorder involving a combination of genetic and environmental interactions that culminate in a specific type of inflammation involving mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages and polarization of T cell-mediated immunity toward enhanced production of cytokines encoded in a cluster on the long arm of chromosome 5. Two fundamental approaches are being used to discover susceptibility genes in asthma and atopy: linkage analysis with functional cloning and association analysis for mutations of "candidate" genes thought to be involved in disease pathogenesis. 55 In susceptible mice genetic linkage has shown that ozone-induced lung inflammation is directed by genes encoded on chromosome 17, including the strong candidate TNF-α, a pleiotropic cytokine generated during oxidant-induced cell injury. cache = ./cache/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author = Scully, Crispian title = Respiratory medicine date = 2014-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13246 sentences = 698 flesch = 42 summary = Other factors that have been studied include: ■ air pollution -There is an association between air pollution and aggravation of existing asthma ■ allergen avoidance -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ breast-feeding -There is evidence of a protective effect in relation to early asthma ■ electrolytes -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ fish oils and fatty acid -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ house dust mites -Measures to reduce the numbers of house dust mites do not affect asthma severity ■ immunotherapy -Allergenspecific immunotherapy is beneficial in allergic asthma ■ microbial exposure -There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the use of probiotics in pregnancy reduces the incidence of childhood asthma ■ modified milk formulae -There is no consistent evidence of benefit pets -There are no controlled trials on the benefits of removing pets from the home ■ tobacco -Exposure to cigarette smoke adversely affects quality of life, lung function, need for rescue medications and longterm control with inhaled steroids. cache = ./cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308535-xe2pkahz author = Reinero, Carol R. title = Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats date = 2019-04-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4976 sentences = 288 flesch = 33 summary = This Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine article seeks to define, describe putative causes, and discuss key diagnostic tests for primary and secondary bronchiolar disorders to propose a classification scheme in cats with support from a literature review and case examples. A case series of cats with CT or histopathologic evidence of bronchiolar lesions or both, either as a primary disorder or secondary to extension from large airway disease or interstitial lung disease, will be presented. • Lymphatics extend from respiratory bronchioles tracking back to the hilus of the lung in bronchovascular bundles and are present in the interlobular septa following venules back to the hilus; no lymphatics surround alveoli • Collectively, the cross-sectional area of the bronchioles is larger than the proximal airways; although they provide little resistance to airflow in the normal lung, even mild disease of the small airways can have severe detrimental effects on lung function 8, 9 In cats, there is a lack of a structure analogous to the secondary pulmonary lobule seen in humans. cache = ./cache/cord-308535-xe2pkahz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308535-xe2pkahz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-306076-ygfnkgqp author = Fujita, Yu title = RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases date = 2013-02-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8419 sentences = 495 flesch = 43 summary = Although the success in delivering siRNAs intranasally in rodents cannot be completely extrapolated to human use because of the significant differences in lung anatomy [37] , this approach has potential for the clinical application of siRNAs. Phase II clinical trials have been initiated for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, making use of intranasal application of naked chemically modified siRNA molecules that target viral gene products [17, 38] (see Section 3.1.1. The simultaneously inhibition of several genes would also minimize the risk of drug resistance normally encountered with small molecule-based therapies, involving siRNAs and miRNAs. There have already been significant improvements in siRNAs for primary or metastatic lung cancer treatment by targeting oncogenes such as Akt1 [9] , Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) [12] , overexpressed genes such as the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R) [77] , NUPR1 [53] and EZH2 [78] . cache = ./cache/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015324-y44sfr0c author = nan title = Scientific Programme date = 2007-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 197618 sentences = 12774 flesch = 53 summary = In order to further validate this approach, we performed a prospective randomized open-label multicenter trial in 41 low-risk pediatric renal transplant recipients (12 f, 29 m; mean age 10.1 yrs; range, 3.4 to 17.8) on CsA (target trough level 100-200 ng/ml), MMF (1200 mg/m 2 per day) and methylprednisolone (3) (4) mg/m 2 per day), who were randomly assigned >1 year posttransplant to continue steroids or to withdraw over a period of 3 months. We evaluated MMF in 15 children with LN, 11 F/4 M, mean age: 12.4±3.9 yrs, proteinuria >3 g/day, decreased C3 and increased anti-dsDNA serum levels, normal renal function. Patients and methods: 91 children and adolescents (60 male, 31 female, mean age at transplantation 9.7±5.2 years) with stable renal function and observation period exceeding 6 months were included. cache = ./cache/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310902-cfci8lef author = Freites Nuñez, Dalifer D title = Risk factors for hospital admissions related to COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases date = 2020-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3986 sentences = 226 flesch = 44 summary = 1 Since the confirmation of the first patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Spain in January 2020, the current COVID-19 outbreak has had a considerable impact, especially in the Madrid region, where the highest incidence of COVID-19 cases has been recorded, with more than 41 304 patients admitted to the hospital until the first week of May. 2 The incidence and severity of COVID-19 disease seem to be higher in patients with risk factors, such as advanced age and associated comorbidities, mainly hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and previous respiratory diseases. ► Patients with an autoimmune systemic condition have a higher risk of hospital admission related to COVID-19 compared with those with chronic inflammatory arthritis. Older age, systemic autoimmune conditions (vs chronic inflammatory arthritis) (OR: 2.65; 95% CI 1.22-5.7, p=0.014), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lung disease, heart disease and glucocorticoids were associated with statistically significant greater risk of admission to the hospital. cache = ./cache/cord-310902-cfci8lef.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310902-cfci8lef.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310509-c8wp2m69 author = Morens, David M. title = Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability date = 2013-07-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2121 sentences = 98 flesch = 40 summary = The most salient modern example of an emerging infectious disease is HIV/AIDS, which likely emerged a century ago after multiple independent events in which the virus jumped from one primate host to another (chimpanzees to humans) and subsequently, as a result of a complex array of social and demographic factors, spread readily within the human population. It was soon apparent, however, that the disease was not restricted to these groups, and indeed, the bulk of HIV infections globally has resulted from heterosexual transmission that has been heavily weighted within the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa where a number of factors were responsible for this rapid spread; chief among these were human movement along truck routes accompanied by a high level of commercial sex work, inadequate public health infrastructures, poverty, and social inequality. cache = ./cache/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305327-hayhbs5u author = Gonzalez, Jean-Paul title = Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics date = 2017-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10210 sentences = 424 flesch = 37 summary = Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Emergence from a sporadic case to an outbreak, to an epidemic, and ultimately to a pandemic depends upon effective transmission among nonimmune hosts, host availability (density), characteristics of the vector (natural or human made) that would enable it to circumvent distances, and the pathogen infectiousness. Although MARV expansion appears to be limited to a few countries in Africa, the recent emergence (estimated at a few decades ago) of a second human pathogenic marburgvirus known as Ravn virus, and the widely distributed Old World rousette fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) serving as reservoir for both viruses [45] , are two factors that favor pandemic risk. cache = ./cache/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307899-427a7i3h author = BITTLE, JAMES L. title = Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date = 1989-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17476 sentences = 1073 flesch = 49 summary = Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . cache = ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308066-lrbi5198 author = Childs, James E. title = Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15698 sentences = 714 flesch = 41 summary = The uneven standards of surveillance, humanor animal-based, for zoonotic diseases or pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H R s, or even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent even within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has a long and enviable history. Following an outbreak of human monkeypox in several US states (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003a; see the chapter by Regnery, this volume), local populations of indigenous North American rodents were captured and examined for infection from areas around animal-holding facilities housing African rodents imported for the pet-trade and implicated as the source of monkeypox virus (Cunha 2004; Check 2004) . National institutions charged with strategic planning for emerging diseases or intentional releases of zoonotic agents have emphasized improving diagnostic capabilities for detecting human infections, modifying the immune status of human or domestic animals through vaccines, producing better antiviral or antibacterial drugs, and enhancing human-based surveillance as an early warning system (Fauchi 2002 ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998). cache = ./cache/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310557-d33ll0ka author = Alotaibi, Badriah M. title = Strengthening health security at the Hajj mass gatherings: characteristics of the infectious diseases surveillance systems operational during the 2015 Hajj date = 2017-02-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4299 sentences = 194 flesch = 40 summary = Method: We reviewed documents, including guidelines and reports from the Saudi Ministry of Health's database, to describe the characteristics of the infectious diseases surveillance systems that were operational during the 2015 Hajj, highlighting best practices and gaps and proposing strategies for strengthening and improvement. During Hajj, enhanced indicator-based notifiable diseases surveillance systems complement the existing surveillance tool to ensure timely reporting of event information for appropriate action by public health officials. 10 The use of appropriate surveillance systems during mass gatherings ensures the timely collection, analysis and interpretation of health data for effective planning and response to infectious diseases threats. 14 Furthermore, there is need to sustain the enhanced surveillance system and other public health interventions at key locations in the Kingdom, including the points of entry, after the Hajj, as a prevention and control strategy for the international spread of diseases during other mass gatherings with international dimensions, principally the Umrah pilgrimage. cache = ./cache/cord-310557-d33ll0ka.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310557-d33ll0ka.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307803-rlvk6bcx author = Balloux, Francois title = Q&A: What are pathogens, and what have they done to and for us? date = 2017-10-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3847 sentences = 183 flesch = 46 summary = Infectious diseases have historically represented the most common cause of death in humans until recently, exceeding by far the toll taken by wars or famines. Conversely, Yersinia pestis, another intracellular obligate bacterium and the agent of plague, has a natural life cycle involving alternating infections of rodents and fleas, but can infect essentially any mammalian host. Apart from a few putative ancestral pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori [15] , that might have co-speciated with their human host, the infectious diseases afflicting us were acquired through host jumps from other wild or domesticated animal hosts or sometimes from the wider environment. We might also speculate that the evolutionary potential and high genetic diversity of most pathogens limits our ability to detect protective variants in the human genome, particularly so if these were only effective against a subset of lineages within a pathogenic species. cache = ./cache/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309870-l5oecoot author = Pirofski, Liise-anne title = Immunomodulators as an antimicrobial tool date = 2006-08-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3927 sentences = 175 flesch = 29 summary = For most of the 20th century, the mechanisms of antibody action that were thought to influence antibody efficacy included their ability to neutralize, promote opsonization and The possible effects of IFN-g therapy in two patients with cryptococcosis in the context of the Damage-response framework. The tolerability and promising effect of this reagent in HIV-infected patients bolsters the prospect that immunotherapeutic interventions have the potential to augment host immune mechanisms in the treatment of infectious diseases in immunocompromised individuals. The rationale for the use of cytokines as adjunctive immunomodulators for infectious diseases is based on the concept that replacement or augmentation of natural mediators of host defense should enhance the antimicrobial effect of host immune mechanisms and/or antimicrobial agents. The rationale for the use of adjunctive pro-inflammatory cytokines and certain antibodies for treating infectious diseases is to enhance the host response. cache = ./cache/cord-309870-l5oecoot.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309870-l5oecoot.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313615-cts45n3j author = Tam, John S title = Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action date = 2012-01-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5487 sentences = 267 flesch = 42 summary = 6, 12, 13 Therefore, a robust knowledge about illnesses, from basic scientifi c understanding to societal eff ects of infections and noncommunicable diseases, is essential for modern public health practices and policy development related to the planning for MGs. Several reports [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] and WHO planning and guidance documents 1,16-18 have drawn attention to the importance Series of research into public health issues associated with MGs and identifi ed those that need immediate attention. However, many countries, particularly those with insuffi cient resources, have not developed strategies for vaccinating their populations at risk and people travelling to MGs. The reason is partly related to the lack of information about the transmission of infectious diseases (eg, infl uenza) and the social, economic, and health eff ects to the host and home communities. cache = ./cache/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309795-2kozsv4z author = Dewidar, Bedair title = Metabolic liver disease in diabetes – from mechanisms to clinical trials date = 2020-06-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8642 sentences = 421 flesch = 35 summary = NAFLD, which affects about 25% of the population [3] , comprises a broad range of abnormalities ranging from simple fatty liver (steatosis) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammation, necrosis, and hepatocellular ballooning, and progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [2] . In general, both hyperglycemia and toxic lipids such as ceramides, DAG, FFA, and cholesterol can induce deleterious effects on liver cells (glucolipotoxicity), which might initiate NAFLD progression from simple steatosis to NASH and fibrosis via various mechanisms, including cell death, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial disorders [46] . BL, baseline; CCR2/5, C-C chemokine receptors type 2 and type 5; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; HbA 1c , glycated haemoglobin; LXR, Liver X receptor; MPC, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; NA, data not available; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SGLT, sodium-glucose cotransporter; THR, thyroid hormone receptor; T2DM, type 2 diabetes. Potential Nexus of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin Resistance Between Hepatic and Peripheral Tissues cache = ./cache/cord-309795-2kozsv4z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309795-2kozsv4z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author = Adalja, Amesh A. title = Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date = 2019-08-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6830 sentences = 290 flesch = 40 summary = A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions. cache = ./cache/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315362-u9slrjmk author = Jiménez, Ma Ángeles title = Membranous glomerulonephritis in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) date = 2008-01-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5142 sentences = 240 flesch = 45 summary = Kidney samples from necropsies of 27 Iberian lynxes, wild and captive, were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IgG, IgM, IgA, laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin), electron microscopy (n = 8) and immunogold labelling for IgM, IgG and IgA in one case, in order to characterize the glomerulopathy prevalent in this species. Its situation is critical due to habitat loss and fragmentation, being confined nowadays to two isolated metapopulations in the southwest of Spain (Gaona et al., 1998; Ferreras, 2001; Rodriguez and www.elsevier.com/locate/vetimm Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 121 (2008) [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; FCV, feline calicivirus; FCoV, feline coronavirus; FeLV, feline leukaemia virus; FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus; ICs, immune complexes; IRIS, International Renal Interest Society; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; MGN, membranous glomerulonephritis; PAS, periodic acid schiff reagent; PBS, phosphate buffer solution; RT, room temperature; TBS, Tris buffer solution; USG, urine specific gravity. cache = ./cache/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311795-kvv3fx2n author = Barratt, Ruth title = Clinician perceptions of respiratory infection risk; a rationale for research into mask use in routine practice date = 2019-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5295 sentences = 235 flesch = 41 summary = An important area of infection prevention and control (IPC) is the optimal use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers (HCWs), including masks for protection against respiratory pathogens. An important area of infection prevention and control (IPC) is the optimal use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers (HCWs), including masks for protection against respiratory pathogens. Respiratory infectious diseases are transmitted via contact, droplet and/or airborne modes, necessitating healthcare worker (HCW) use of surgical masks or respirators and other personal protective equipment (PPE) together with appropriate hand hygiene. During periods of high-risk for respiratory infectious disease, such as the annual influenza season or a novel influenza pandemic, health departments have, and may, encourage or mandate the use of a protective respiratory mask by the general public to minimise the transmission from symptomatic people to others [49] . cache = ./cache/cord-311795-kvv3fx2n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311795-kvv3fx2n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315131-4yb2b70g author = Hammerschmidt, Sven title = Threat of infection: Microbes of high pathogenic potential – strategies for detection, control and eradication date = 2005-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7177 sentences = 343 flesch = 40 summary = This report highlights some of the lectures that were presented during the international symposium 'Threat of infection: Microbes of high potential -strategies for detection, control and eradication' in July 2004 in Wu¨rzburg (Germany). E. Kaufmann (Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology (MPI), Berlin) suggested that the following vaccination strategies against intracellular bacteria deserve consideration: (i) attenuated viable strains, (ii) naked DNA encoding protective antigens and (iii) protective antigens expressed by recombinant viable vectors (bacteria or viruses). Based on the initial finding that several live-attenuated PrV vaccine strains lack a major surface antigen (glycoprotein E, gE) which is invariably present in all field strains (Mettenleiter et al., 1985) , a simple ELISA system has been developed that is able to specifically detect the presence or absence of anti-gE antibodies in the animal (van Oirschot et al., 1986) . cache = ./cache/cord-315131-4yb2b70g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315131-4yb2b70g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313118-dv5xq2k4 author = Davis, Eric M. title = Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease: Sleep Disorders date = 2020-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6170 sentences = 318 flesch = 38 summary = RECENT FINDINGS: Spanning the categories of endocrinologic disorders, metabolic/toxic disturbances, renal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, malignancy, and critical illness, the review highlights the prevalent coexisting pathology of sleep across the spectrum of systemic disorders. Sleep disorders affect high proportions of those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM): surveys of patients with DM compared with those of controls show a nearly 2-fold propensity for insomnia, fourfold higher use of sedative-hypnotics, and a 10-fold higher rate of hypersomnolence [16] . Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) spanning the broad spectrum of sleep disorders including hypersomnia, insomnia, sleep-related breathing, and RLS. In practice, these authors often pursue CPAP treatment for patients with OSA and cardiovascular risk factors (even in the absence of sleepiness) at least for a trial period to assess adherence to treatment and to determine if there are subjective and objective improvements to sleep quality. cache = ./cache/cord-313118-dv5xq2k4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313118-dv5xq2k4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312580-r57rkrya author = Harcourt-Brown, Frances title = Chapter 6 Clinical pathology date = 2002-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12627 sentences = 822 flesch = 51 summary = (1982) analysed the haematolog-• Rabbit blood clots quickly and haemolyses easily • Food deprivation does not guarantee a fasting blood sample as rabbits ingest caecotrophs • Stress associated with transport or handling can affect parameters such as blood glucose and the distribution of neutrophils and lymphocytes • Pregnancy, anaesthesia, blood collection techniques and intravenous fluid therapy will influence some blood results • Time of day can influence blood results as many parameters follow a duirnal rhythm in common with many physiological processes in rabbits • Laboratory reference ranges are often derived from animals of the same breed and strain. In two studies by Krueger (1988, 1989) controlled experimental infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans resulted in fever, increased plasma cortisol concentrations, neutrophilia and lymphopaenia but no significant increase in total white blood cell count. cache = ./cache/cord-312580-r57rkrya.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312580-r57rkrya.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311834-1vzntckq author = Rondeau, Mark P. title = Hepatitis and Cholangiohepatitis date = 2014-06-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4027 sentences = 258 flesch = 31 summary = • Successful treatment of the patient with hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis involves addressing the underlying disease or inciting cause and providing aggressive symptomatic therapy and supportive care. • Successful treatment of the patient with hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis involves addressing the underlying disease or inciting cause and providing aggressive symptomatic therapy and supportive care. This chapter discusses the clinical presentation of animals with hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis and outlines the most commonly recognized clinical syndromes with respect to diagnosis and treatment of the specific disease. Effective treatment of patients with hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis includes specific therapy of any identified inciting cause and aggressive symptomatic and supportive therapy. Lymphocytic cholangitis (LC) is a chronic form of disease that is characterized histologically by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate (typically small lymphocytes, or lymphocytes and plasma cells) within portal areas and is associated with varying degrees of fibrosis and bile duct hyperplasia. cache = ./cache/cord-311834-1vzntckq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311834-1vzntckq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313222-a1rd7kas author = Guo, Zuiyuan title = Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network date = 2020-02-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3864 sentences = 198 flesch = 49 summary = The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. In this study, we used real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) to perform early warning research on four types of respiratory infectious diseases (measles, influenza, rubella and mumps) and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases (hepatitis A, hepatitis E, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, and bacterial and amoebic dysentery) that have higher incidence rates among notifiable infectious diseases in China. Figure 4 shows the time distribution of the numbers of cases of the four types of respiratory infectious diseases in the same historical period when the early warning signal was issued. cache = ./cache/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-311220-3pn04u32 author = Gaddy, Hampton Gray title = Using local knowledge in emerging infectious disease research date = 2020-06-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3585 sentences = 204 flesch = 46 summary = The best research protocol to date on predicting and preventing infectious disease emergence states that urgent research must commence to identify unknown human and animal pathogens. A study of local knowledge in Ghana about Buruli ulcers, a poorly understood, necrotic infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, revealed information that is likely useful for understanding the etiology and life cycle of the disease (Tschakert et al., 2016) . But, I found no studies of local health knowledge that engaged with the possibility that locally-situated communities might know of human infectious diseases, animal diseases, or zoonoses that are still unknown to science. I propose that much of this local knowledge may be useful for identifying potential EIDs. A third case study comes from camel-herding pastoralists in Somalia and Northern Kenya. Case studies show that local knowledge can be a useful source of new information about human diseases (e.g. Buruli ulcers), animal diseases (e.g. camel respiratory infections), and potential zoonoses (e.g. blackleg and heartwater). cache = ./cache/cord-311220-3pn04u32.txt txt = ./txt/cord-311220-3pn04u32.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314808-ssiggi2z author = Pappas, G. title = Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases date = 2014-12-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3182 sentences = 137 flesch = 44 summary = On the other hand, numerous new major threats have emerged during the last three decades; the pandemic of AIDS, the SARS outbreak, the ominous scenarios of an avian influenza pandemic, and the threat of biological weapons are just some examples explaining the concern among health authorities, the media, and the public. The psychological response of both patients and the public to the threat of infection has been evaluated with respect to numerous circumstances in recent years, not only acute outbreaks such as SARS, but also gradually evolving pandemics such as AIDS, threats with marginal risk for humans such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; mad cow disease), and even threats that are only theoretical such as avian influenza. Mass media is another major factor that shapes the physical and psychological response of the public to an infectious disease threat, as depicted in numerous attack scenarios in the literature [32] [33] [34] . cache = ./cache/cord-314808-ssiggi2z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314808-ssiggi2z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312418-e4g5u1nz author = Melillo, Alessandro title = Rabbit Clinical Pathology date = 2007-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6442 sentences = 363 flesch = 46 summary = There is little information available that describes the effect of clinical disease on the blood parameters of companion rabbits, or on the use of blood tests as diagnostic and prognostic indicators. An intestinal isoenzyme is quite abundant, so serum ALP concentrations are actually the sum of these 3 isoenzymes, which may explain why many reference ranges are vague and wide and why raised ALP levels in clinically healthy animals are a common finding. Azotemia is also indicative of renal disease, usually affecting the rabbit patient in association with hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, hypercalcemia and coexisting hyperphosphatemia, nonregenerative anemia, and isostenuric urine. Blood urea levels below the reference range indicate hepatic insufficiency or muscle mass loss (e.g., dental disease). Hyperphosphatemia usually indicates chronic kidney failure (a loss of more than 80% of nephrons) given that serum phosphorus levels are normalized by compensatory mechanisms in early-onset renal disease. cache = ./cache/cord-312418-e4g5u1nz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312418-e4g5u1nz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312807-8v4r9jij author = Recht, Judith title = Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5840 sentences = 250 flesch = 39 summary = ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. This disease is an example of human and domestic animal paleopathology studies suggesting brucellosis in ancient bone remains, with most cases involving adult male skeletal individuals showing lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints involved [44] , evidence which combined with ancient DNA analysis by PCR have confirmed the presence of Brucella DNA (reviewed in [45] ). Yellow fever (Table S2) , a reemerging viral zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and South America transmitted from vector mosquitoes, often causes outbreaks in both humans and nonhuman primates in Brazil. cache = ./cache/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314325-nquov2i0 author = Murphy, F.A. title = Epidemiology of Human and Animal Viral Diseases date = 2008-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5495 sentences = 245 flesch = 38 summary = Viral disease epidemiology has come to have a major role in clarifying the etiologic role of particular viruses and viral variants as the cause of specific diseases, in improving our understanding of the overall nature of specific viral diseases, and in determining factors affecting host susceptibility and immunity, in unraveling modes of transmission, in clarifying the interaction of viruses with environmental determinants of disease, in determining the safety, efficacy, and utility of vaccines and antiviral drugs, and especially in alerting and directing disease prevention and control actions. Epidemiology is also effective in (1) clarifying the role of particular viruses and viral variants as the cause of disease, (2) clarifying the interaction of viruses with environmental determinants of disease, (3) determining factors affecting host susceptibility, (4) unraveling modes of transmission, and (5) field testing of vaccines and antiviral drugs. cache = ./cache/cord-314325-nquov2i0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314325-nquov2i0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315462-u2dj79yw author = Hewitt, Judith A. title = ACTIVating Resources for the COVID-19 Pandemic: In vivo Models for Vaccines and Therapeutics date = 2020-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8953 sentences = 469 flesch = 44 summary = The selection of appropriate animal models of infection, disease manifestation, and efficacy measurements is important for vaccines and therapeutics to be compared under ACTIV's umbrella using Master Protocols with standardized endpoints and assay readouts. Models of SARS-CoV-2 infection include mice (ACE2 transgenic strains, mouse adapted virus, and AAV transduced ACE2 mice), hamsters, rats, ferrets and non-human primates (NHPs). Following infection by the intranasal route, golden Syrian Hamsters demonstrate clinical features, viral kinetics, histopathological changes, and immune responses that closely mimic the mild to moderate disease described in human COVID-19 patients (Chan et al., 2020b; Imai et al., 2020; Sia et al., 2020) . In an initial study of SARS-CoV-2 infection of hACE2-hamsters, clinical signs were observed including elevated body temperatures, slow or reduced mobility, weight loss and mortality (1 out of 4 animals). Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop severe and fatal respiratory disease. cache = ./cache/cord-315462-u2dj79yw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315462-u2dj79yw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315180-itvc86cv author = Hollingsworth, T Déirdre title = Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling? date = 2018-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4494 sentences = 193 flesch = 41 summary = In 2012, the World Health Organization set ambitious targets for eliminating many of these diseases as a public health problem by 2020, an aspiration that was supported by donations of treatments, intervention materials, and funding committed by a broad partnership of stakeholders in the London Declaration on NTDs. Alongside these efforts, there has been an increasing role for quantitative analysis and modeling to support the achievement of these goals through evaluation of the likely impact of interventions, the factors that could undermine these achievements, and the role of new diagnostics and treatments in reducing transmission. This article acts as an introduction for a special issue that aims to increase the accessibility of the results so far by summarizing insights from NTD models and identifying key themes for the control of these diseases. The modeling summarized in this issue highlights the value of vector control in reducing the infectiousness of all infected individuals, as well as the value of increasing diagnosis rates (Table 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-315180-itvc86cv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315180-itvc86cv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317999-i48cwutg author = Mazet, Jonna A. K. title = Joint China-US Call for Employing a Transdisciplinary Approach to Emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2015-12-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2991 sentences = 113 flesch = 35 summary = Unfortunately, despite intensive, high-quality research efforts by a talented cadre of scientists globally, we are still not able to predict which viruses, including specific influenza subtypes, will become pathogenic to people; which will cause new epidemics in animals; nor where and under what circumstances disease will emerge. To further address this challenge, the National Science Foundations of both China and the United States convened a small working group of infectious disease experts with experience in the ecology of microbial pathogens and disease emergence, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza, and a number of other diseases. In addition, both countries are leading global economies; have highly mobile populations that travel extensively for commerce and tourism; face internal disparities in access to healthcare; have had recent experiences with pandemic response; are facing a rapid growth in resources consumption; have major investments in pioneering technological advances and large scientific communities; and are investing heavily in emerging disease investigation and science. cache = ./cache/cord-317999-i48cwutg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317999-i48cwutg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-308658-38f8ftmh author = Aleta, Alberto title = Evaluation of the potential incidence of COVID-19 and effectiveness of contention measures in Spain: a data-driven approach date = 2020-03-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4779 sentences = 210 flesch = 52 summary = Our results are in line with the most recent recommendations from the World Health Organization, namely, that the best strategy is the early detection and isolation of individuals with symptoms, followed by interventions and public recommendations aimed at reducing the transmissibility of the disease, which although not efficacious for disease eradication, would produce as a second-order effect a delay of several days in the raise of the number of infected cases Here, we follow the modeling path and analyze, through a data-driven stochastic SEIR-metapopulation model, the temporal and spatial transmission of the COVID-19 disease in Spain as well as the expected impact of possible and customary contention measures. Figure 4 shows the expected hitting time for each province when the disease starts from 5 different locations, as well as one case with seeds in multiple places, as obtained from the SEIR metapopulation model. cache = ./cache/cord-308658-38f8ftmh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-308658-38f8ftmh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317864-44knig6g author = Thacker, S.B. title = Centers for Disease Control date = 2008-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4551 sentences = 210 flesch = 48 summary = Emerging from a small, wartime government program with a regional focus on malaria in 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has become a global public health agency that addresses the entire scope of public health, with over 10 000 employees and contractors in nearly 200 occupations. The CDC's expertise has expanded in direct correlation with the expanding view of public health needs: it is recognized globally for its ability to respond to urgent threat related to disease epidemics and the health consequences of disaster and war. CDC programs have contributed significantly to the eradication and reduction of diseases such as smallpox, polio, and guinea worm, as well as the control of health problems such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), childhood lead poisoning, breast and cervical cancer, diabetes, violence, and unintentional injuries. The history of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began in 1942 with the establishment of the Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA), under the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). cache = ./cache/cord-317864-44knig6g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317864-44knig6g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315794-se0sq3c3 author = Lamps, L W title = Infective disorders of the gastrointestinal tract date = 2006-12-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4191 sentences = 279 flesch = 39 summary = Diagnostic histological features of selected enteric infections will be emphasized, including those that mimic other inflammatory conditions of the gut (such as ischaemia or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease), along with available diagnostic methods that can aid in diagnosis. 2 Those producing a non-specific acute self-limited ⁄ infectious colitis (ASLC) pattern (e.g. Campylobacter jejuni); this is one of the most common inflammatory patterns in enteric infections. As these features can also be seen in smoldering Crohn's disease and lymphocytic colitis, it is important to know the patient's symptoms and, ideally, culture results as this differential diagnosis may be difficult to resolve on histological grounds alone. Selected specific food-and ⁄ or water-borne gastrointestinal infective disorders Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Shigella and enteric viruses represent the most common food-borne pathogens worldwide. In addition, many of the food-and water-borne gastrointestinal infective diseases discussed below mimic other entities that are commonly encountered in surgical pathology practice, such as ischaemic colitis or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. cache = ./cache/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313173-0u4s5y20 author = ten Have, H.A.M.J. title = Sheltering at Our Common Home date = 2020-08-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2527 sentences = 178 flesch = 53 summary = The current COVID-19 pandemic has reactivated ancient metaphors (especially military ones) but also initiated a new vocabulary: social distancing, lockdown, self-isolation, and sheltering in place. The global threat of pandemics therefore does not emerge spontaneously as a natural event but is the product of human behaviour. What is missing in the pandemic management responses so far is the ecological perspective that pandemics are related to the current economic global order which assumes a separation of humans and nature and regards nature as a resource to be exploited and commodified. This shift has been advocated by many environmental ethicists as well as in indigenous worldviews (Rolston 1988; Johnson 2020) .The ecological perspective implies that the military language of the pandemic is distorting the human embeddedness in the natural world. In an ecological perspective, vulnerability to infectious diseases is not confined to specific individuals, populations, or nations. cache = ./cache/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-312366-8qg1fn8f author = Adiga, Aniruddha title = Mathematical Models for COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis date = 2020-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8797 sentences = 472 flesch = 49 summary = As the pandemic takes hold, researchers begin investigating: (i) various intervention and control strategies; usually pharmaceutical interventions do not work in the event of a pandemic and thus nonpharmaceutical interventions are most appropriate, (ii) forecasting the epidemic incidence rate, hospitalization rate and mortality rate, (iii) efficiently allocating scarce medical resources to treat the patients and (iv) understanding the change in individual and collective behavior and adherence to public policies. Like projection approaches, models for epidemic forecasting can be broadly classified into two broad groups: (i) statistical and machine learning-based data-driven models, (ii) causal or mechanistic models-see 29, 30, 2, 31, 32, 6, 33 and the references therein for the current state of the art in this rapidly evolving field. In the context of COVID-19 case count modeling and forecasting, a multitude of models have been developed based on different assumptions that capture specific aspects of the disease dynamics (reproduction number evolution, contact network construction, etc.). cache = ./cache/cord-312366-8qg1fn8f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-312366-8qg1fn8f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317638-ccb36coz author = Subiakto, Yuli title = Aviation medicine capacity on facing biological threat In Indonesia airports date = 2020-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3423 sentences = 180 flesch = 38 summary = The development of threat outbreak disease in air transportation is real in the future, so all Indonesia airports must have action plans to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. 11 Based on these incidents, it can be said that airports act as one of the entry points for spread of diseases in Indonesia that are spread by passengers and goods contaminated with dangerous biological materials, or deliberately distributed by certain groups to cause fear or threaten state security. Flights surgeons at air bases have role of carrying out preventive, curative activities on flight crews the role of aviation health in airports in an effort to prevent spread of infectious diseases originating from passengers and goods is to take preventive actions by conducting detection and identification, handling victims and carrying out referral actions. Enhancing capacity of aviation medicine in the face of the threat of the spread of dangerous biological agents is by measures on prevention, detection, and response can be done by increasing capacity of personnel and equipment. cache = ./cache/cord-317638-ccb36coz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317638-ccb36coz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318277-j073u7ga author = Sapey, Elizabeth title = Building toolkits for COPD exacerbations: lessons from the past and present date = 2019-07-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7244 sentences = 392 flesch = 37 summary = An exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as 'an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy'. Of note, a recent Cochrane review concluded that there was no evidence of benefit from self-management interventions (including rescue packs) to reduce all-cause hospital admission, all-cause hospitalisation days, emergency department visits, general practitioner visits, dyspnoea scores, the number of COPD exacerbations or all-cause mortality 54 although more research was needed. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sputum colour reported by patients is not a reliable marker of the presence of bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of corticosteroid dose and route of administration with risk of treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cache = ./cache/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316894-zhmuzv7z author = Stetzenbach, L.D. title = Airborne Infectious Microorganisms date = 2009-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4393 sentences = 259 flesch = 40 summary = Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. The illnesses resulting from avian influenza infection in humans range from typical mild influenza-like symptoms (e.g., fever, sore throat, cough, and muscle aches) and conjunctivitis to more serious cases of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and other severe and life-threatening complications. Disease is spread by aerosol dissemination of the virus during coughing and sneezing by an infected person or it may become airborne directly from the skin lesions. cache = ./cache/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author = Nara, Peter L. title = Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date = 2008-11-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12527 sentences = 501 flesch = 40 summary = For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. cache = ./cache/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-317952-4oa9hfb4 author = Bourgonje, Arno R. title = Angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2), SARS‐CoV‐2 and pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) date = 2020-05-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12082 sentences = 664 flesch = 38 summary = ACE2 was highly expressed on lung alveolar epithelial cells and small intestinal epithelial cells, consistent with potential routes of viral transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as both respiratory and gastrointestinal systems share interfaces with the external environment. ACE2 expression in the lungs and SARS-CoV-2 viral load have been suggested to increase with age, which might provide an explanation to the higher disease severity observed in older patients with COVID-19 [35] . Both SARS-CoV-2 infection, directly mediated by ACE2 expression and activity, and superimposed disease triggers may be responsible for the observed pathological findings. Additionally, another study reported purpura and livedo racemosa in several severely affected COVID-19 patients with small vessel thrombosis with co-localization of complement and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on histopathology [148] .This indicates direct viral infection of the small skin vessels. Circulating plasma concentrations of ACE2 in men and women with heart failure and effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-inhibitors: Potential implications for coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infected patients cache = ./cache/cord-317952-4oa9hfb4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-317952-4oa9hfb4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321966-q0if8li9 author = Simpson, Ryan B. title = An analecta of visualizations for foodborne illness trends and seasonality date = 2020-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7142 sentences = 383 flesch = 44 summary = However, current surveillance systems, including foodborne disease surveillance in the United States, often compress time series records to simplistic annual trends [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and describe seasonality by the month(s) with the highest cases per year or the first month of outbreak onset [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . " These plots can effectively illustrate multiple dimensions of information including different time units (e.g. yearly, monthly), disease statistics (e.g. pathogens, rates, counts), seasonality characteristics (e.g. peak timing, amplitude), and locations (e.g. state-level, national). The top-left panel provides an overlay of all annual seasonal signatures, a set of curves depicting characteristic variations in disease incidence over the course of one year, where line hues become increasingly darker with more recent data and a red line indicates median monthly rates, as in Fig. 1 . cache = ./cache/cord-321966-q0if8li9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321966-q0if8li9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316201-08pyx98r author = Grout, Andrea title = Guidelines, law, and governance: disconnects in the global control of airline-associated infectious diseases date = 2017-02-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3437 sentences = 180 flesch = 40 summary = 2 Aircraft can now travel to almost any part of the world within 24 h, and can enable spread of infection either by inflight infection transmission or by transporting infectious passengers or vectors-eg, malaria-infected mosquitoes-from endemic to non-endemic regions, thus putting populations in destination countries at risk. 5 To reduce the risk of on-board disease transmission, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides cabin crews with information on general infection control measures and guidelines to identify ill and potentially infectious passengers. 4 Management of the risk of transporting infected passengers requires knowledge of transmission dynamics and the potential effectiveness of airport entry and exit screening measures, the ability to appropriately isolate or quarantine individual passengers on an aircraft, and adequately trained aircrew who are able to identify signs of infection and take appropriate measures. cache = ./cache/cord-316201-08pyx98r.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316201-08pyx98r.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315282-05eh1gzd author = Thiemann, Alexandra K. title = Gastrointestinal Disorders of Donkeys and Mules date = 2019-10-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5070 sentences = 281 flesch = 43 summary = 1 Common clinical signs in association with gastrointestinal disease include dullness, behavior changes, lack of appetite or sham eating, recumbency, head and neck held below withers height, ears less mobile or backwards/sideways pointing and unresponsive to stimuli, self-isolation away from companions, and weight loss in chronic disease. This clinical examination should include an assessment of mentation, general health and body condition, rectal temperature, pulse and respiration, evaluation of mucous membrane color and moisture (hydration status), auscultation of all quadrants for increased or decreased intestinal sounds, a rectal examination, nasogastric intubation in animals with abdominal pain, fecal evaluation for consistency, presence of endoparasites, and poorly digested foodstuffs. The risk factors for gastrointestinal disease in donkeys and mules are similar to those in horses, influenced by the management and environment in which they are kept. Other causes of colic (eg, grass sickness, neoplasia, enteroliths, peritonitis) have been reported in a small number of donkeys and mules with similar signs and treatments to horses. cache = ./cache/cord-315282-05eh1gzd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315282-05eh1gzd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321734-ugy0kys5 author = Neulight, Nina title = Children’s Participation in a Virtual Epidemic in the Science Classroom: Making Connections to Natural Infectious Diseases date = 2006-11-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6503 sentences = 306 flesch = 49 summary = Our study investigated the integration of a virtual infectious disease called Whypox within science classroom curriculum and its relationship to students' understanding of natural infectious diseases. Some of the activities that students participated in as part of their science curriculum included: watching videos about specific diseases and the nature of germs; examining cell structures under the microscope; doing hands-on experiments that simulated the spread of an infectious disease; completing worksheets about cells, bacteria, and viruses; and using online tools to research specific diseases. Video segments of whole-class discussion were examined in order to determine the efforts used by the teacher and the students to connect their Whypox experience with what they had learned about natural infectious diseases. Based on our findings, we learned that having an integrated curriculum around the participatory simulation stimulated teacher-student discussions about the causes and spread of virtual and natural diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-321734-ugy0kys5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321734-ugy0kys5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324788-echu0zmf author = Aich, Palok title = Modern approaches to understanding stress and disease susceptibility: A review with special emphasis on respiratory disease date = 2009-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7667 sentences = 396 flesch = 36 summary = The current review focuses on (a) the effects of psychological stressors in humans and animals, (b) various methodologies employed to understand stress responses and their outcomes, and (c) the current status of the attempts to correlate stress and disease with respiratory disease as model system. While many genes and environmental factors contribute to susceptibility and resistance to autoimmune/infl ammatory diseases, a full understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which a combination of neuropeptides, neurohormones and neurotransmitters can modulate immune responses is essential for effective design of future interventions. We conducted bovine microarray analyses of RNA isolated from blood mononuclear cells to determine if changes in gene expression correlated with either stress or the severity of BRD infection; results support the conclusion that differential regulation of pro-infl ammatory responses is a major mechanism contributing to increased disease susceptibility. cache = ./cache/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320463-4nchg95h author = Rampling, Tommy title = International Biological Reference Preparations for Epidemic Infectious Diseases date = 2019-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3946 sentences = 176 flesch = 29 summary = In 2015, WHO launched the Research and Development Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics, a global strategy and preparedness plan that seeks to build upon the successes and address the gaps identified during the 2014 EVD outbreak by focusing on severe, emerging diseases with the potential to create a public health emergency and for which inadequate treatment and preventive options are currently available (8, 9) . Although this accelerated production represents an impressive collaborative feat, the lack of availability of PCR, antigen, and antibody IRPs at the start of this EVD outbreak, and for subsequent outbreaks of infection with MERS-CoV and Zika virus, likely hampered development of accurate diagnostics and vaccines (16) . Although many previous clinical studies of the research and development blueprint priority diseases have resulted in collection and storage of plasma from convalescent patients, several obstacles would largely preclude these samples being repurposed to generate reference materials. cache = ./cache/cord-320463-4nchg95h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320463-4nchg95h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324667-wmhdw1qs author = Nishtala, Krishnatej title = Tear biomarkers for keratoconus date = 2016-08-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4082 sentences = 226 flesch = 36 summary = Advances in technologies such as mass spectrometry and NMR have helped in studying and understanding molecular changes in the tear proteome, lipidome and metabolome relating to an ocular disease condition. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of capillary collected tears in 28 [61] , 30 [62] and 94 [63] patients with keratoconus in three different studies showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers IL-6, TNFα and MMP9. Protein levels of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15/ prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) and zinc-alpha-2glycoprotein have been found to be elevated in tears of 36 patients by proteomic analysis, suggesting their application as prognostic markers for keratoconus [72] ( Table 2 ). A multi-omics approach integrating data from proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics is the need of the hour for studying tear fluid as an important source of biomarkers in keratoconus to lead to effective prognosis and treatment of the disease. cache = ./cache/cord-324667-wmhdw1qs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324667-wmhdw1qs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322377-0o9ru8zz author = Migliaccio, Raffaella title = Cognitive and behavioural inhibition deficits in neurodegenerative dementias date = 2020-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11690 sentences = 632 flesch = 33 summary = We will therefore describe different tests available to assess both behavioural and cognitive disinhibition and summarise different manifestations of disinhibition across several neurodegenerative diseases (behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington's disease). Behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients perform significantly less well on the Stroop test than controls, but there is a poor differentiation between these two diseases (Perry&Hodges, 2000; Collette et al., 2007) . Finally, in a very recent study, PSP patients performed similarly to controls on the Hayling test, but they presented "positive" disinhibition-related symptoms on the FBI which were less severe than in bvFTD (Santillo et al., 2016) . The Middelheim Frontality Score: a behavioural assessment scale that discriminates frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease cache = ./cache/cord-322377-0o9ru8zz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322377-0o9ru8zz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author = Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title = A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14056 sentences = 775 flesch = 49 summary = For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine's PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. cache = ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321993-uazc3lyg author = Hedrick, Stephen M. title = The Imperative to Vaccinate date = 2018-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4188 sentences = 239 flesch = 54 summary = A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults. cache = ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author = Ruiz, Sara I. title = Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 28834 sentences = 1797 flesch = 46 summary = An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. cache = ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315825-ckg8mf8t author = B, Liu title = Decrease of respiratory diseases in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province during COVID-19 date = 2020-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2698 sentences = 147 flesch = 47 summary = In order to resist the epidemic of COVID-19 outbreak, this welfare institute actively responded to government exhortation and carefully planned many urgent measures according to 'Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia Epidemic in New Corona virus Infections in Service Organizations of Children's Welfare (First Edition)' released by the O ce of the Ministry of Civil A airs, 7 for examples, disinfection and sterilization, isolation and age-based partitioned management, as well as monitoring body temperature. According to the data analysis of the same time period from 2018 to 2020, the anti-epidemic measures lead to that the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases reduced significantly among children of the social children welfare institute in 2020 compared with 2018 and 2019. Based on the survey analysis, we can clearly conclude that the actions taken during the epidemic of COVID-19 have strikingly resulted in the prevalence rate transform of respiratory diseases for the children, which suggests that the disinfection and management in welfare institutions administration should be strengthened daily. cache = ./cache/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author = Williamson, E. D. title = Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date = 2019-04-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6218 sentences = 267 flesch = 42 summary = However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. While approval of vaccines for diseases caused by such pathogens would Clinical and Experimental Immunology REvIEw ARtIClE Series Editor: E Diane williamson make a significant impact on disease outbreaks, taking niche vaccines into clinical development, including Phase III clinical trials for efficacy, requires a large investment in time and money. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or an alternative status in the United States, Canada and European Union (EU) making use of a considerable number of alternative regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing, so that the products are deployable at the first indications of a disease outbreak. cache = ./cache/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324875-04s0ysih author = Honigsbaum, Mark title = Introduction: microbes, networks, knowledge—disease ecology and emerging infectious diseases in time of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4043 sentences = 148 flesch = 40 summary = More than twenty years ago, historian of science and medicine Andrew Mendelsohn asked, "Where did the modern, ecological understanding of epidemic disease come from?" Moving beyond Mendelsohn's answer, this collection of new essays considers the global history of disease ecology in the past century and shows how epidemics and pandemics have made "microbes complex". Adding to the complexities about the multiple intellectual origins of this nonreductionist perspective, terms such as "virulence," "pathogen," and "infection" have been historically defined in different ways in biology and medicine, creating semantic confusion about the nature of biological processes in host-parasite interactions (Méthot and Dentinger 2016) . In so doing, it could not help but provoke deep philosophical questions about what the French bacteriologist Charles Nicolle (1930) termed the "birth, life and death of infectious diseases" and the waxing and waning of epidemics in different historical epochs (see Méthot 2019a, this issue) , and what the Rockefeller researcher René Dubos called the "symbiosis between humankind and earth" (see Honigsbaum 2017a, b) . cache = ./cache/cord-324875-04s0ysih.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324875-04s0ysih.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322069-ys9s7l6e author = Gaspari, Valeria title = COVID‐19: how it can look on the skin. Clinical and pathological features in twenty COVID‐19 patients observed in Bologna, northeastern Italy date = 2020-06-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 831 sentences = 63 flesch = 56 summary = Global public health is currently dealing with the explosive spread of the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] . More than 80% of patients have asymptomatic to moderate disease, but about 15% get severe pneumonia and 5% develope a multi-organ failure [2] . There are only a few reports concerning the skin manifestations in COVID 19 patients. Of the twenty patients observed, eighteen of the cases were related to the disease, and two to the devices used for the ventilation assistance, one developing a severe sebopsoriasis of the face, and one a facial herpes. The clinical patterns of the rashes described in COVID-19 patients till now include urticaria, acral ischemia, morbilliform, livedo reticularis, vesicular, and petechial [5;7-9] . We are presenting this paper to share our cases of skin involvement during the coronavirus disease. Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) Situation Report -29 A Case of COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Young Male with Full Body Rash as a Presenting Symptom. cache = ./cache/cord-322069-ys9s7l6e.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322069-ys9s7l6e.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318683-1yxurnev author = Green, Manfred S title = Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies date = 2018-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8025 sentences = 464 flesch = 39 summary = • Personal protective equipment should be improved to become more user friendly • Improved surge capacity (the ability to rapidly gear up the health system to cope with a sudden, large increase in patients with a serious, contagious disease) is required, particularly in peripheral areas • The capacity of general and reference laboratories should be increased, to keep developing faster, more reliable diagnostic tests • New and improved vaccines (pre-exposure and post-exposure) and treatment regimens should be developed • Clinical and environmental surveillance needs to increase • Syndromic surveillance systems can be maintained to register suspicious or confirmed cases reported by physicians, and the data can be used to improve risk communication programmes and to monitor the progress of an outbreak • An adequate stockpile of vaccines and medications should be maintained, both nationally and internationally • To improve preparedness for natural and bioterrorist outbreaks, international cooperation should include joint exercises involving multiple countries and constant improvement in the exchange of information on potential bioterrorism threats and management cache = ./cache/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323703-fsj736dg author = Patterson, Grace T. title = Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems date = 2020-08-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6361 sentences = 276 flesch = 42 summary = Lack of genetic diversity has become commonplace in our global food systems, within both livestock and crop production (Bennett et al., 2018; Khoury et al., 2014) , and is a risk factor for heightened susceptibility to outbreaks of plant and animal disease. Zoonotic and non-zoonotic disease outbreaks and our responses to the presence or risk of these pathogens can destabilize food systems, leading to increased food insecurity and downstream health and economic effects. Evidence-based health-agri-food policies that support access and uptake of healthy diet and exercise, particularly in communities with high inequality, can help reverse the growing trend towards obesity and minimize morbidity and mortality from infectious disease. Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic the international community had been aware of the increasing threat from emerging zoonotic pathogens, the 'dual burden' imposed by endemic zoonoses on livestock productivity and human health, the biological and chemical hazards present in our food and the looming spectre of a post-antibiotic world. cache = ./cache/cord-323703-fsj736dg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323703-fsj736dg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319463-erdwejd2 author = Diaz, J. H. title = Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date = 2011-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4963 sentences = 197 flesch = 37 summary = The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Accessible airline connections now permit infected individuals to travel anywhere in the world in less than 24 h, delivering human reservoirs of malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Chikungunya fever to new temperate areas for autochthonous or local transmission by new and adaptable mosquito vectors, often recent air or sea arrivals themselves. Although the relationships among infected vector importation, index case immigration, reclaimed disease ecosystems, and malaria transmission are complex, future attempts to control and eradicate airport and imported malaria should be based on an understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and an appreciation that climate and ecosystem changes can support reemerging local mosquito-borne infectious diseases, especially malaria, dengue, Chikungunya fever, and West Nile virus (Table 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328655-55ebve2k author = Rohr, Jason R. title = Frontiers in climate change–disease research date = 2011-04-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5726 sentences = 292 flesch = 39 summary = We suggest that forecasts of climate-change impacts on disease can be improved by more interdisciplinary collaborations, better linking of data and models, addressing confounding variables and context dependencies, and applying metabolic theory to host–parasite systems with consideration of community-level interactions and functional traits. We suggest that forecasts of climate-change impacts on disease can be improved by more interdisciplinary collaborations, better linking of data and models, addressing confounding variables and context dependencies, and applying metabolic theory to host-parasite systems with consideration of community-level interactions and functional traits. Third, the emphasis of metabolic theory has been on effects of mean temperature, but changes in other climatic components, such as precipitation and climatic variability, also could impact species interactions (Figure 2 ), especially for parasites with life stages outside the host. cache = ./cache/cord-328655-55ebve2k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328655-55ebve2k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325700-f102uk2m author = Fraser, Douglas D. title = Metabolomics Profiling of Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: Identification of Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers date = 2020-10-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5674 sentences = 297 flesch = 40 summary = Feature selection identified the top-performing metabolites for identifying coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients from healthy control subjects and was dominated by increased kynurenine and decreased arginine, sarcosine, and lysophosphatidylcholines. Feature selection identified the top-performing metabolites for identifying coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients from healthy control subjects and was dominated by increased kynurenine and decreased arginine, sarcosine, and lysophosphatidylcholines. Metabolomics profiling of critically ill COVID19 patients over the first 10 days of their ICU stay was the overall aim of this exploratory study, thereby identifying potential metabolite candidates and/or combinations as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. Figure 1A shows a t-SNE plot illustrating that the ICU day 1 COVID19+ patient metabolome was distinct and easily separable from age-and sex-matched healthy control subjects. Our exploratory data indicate the presence of a unique COVID19 plasma metabolome dominated by changes in kynurenine, arginine, sarcosine, and LysoPCs. Additionally, we identify that either creatinine alone or a creatinine/arginine ratio predicted ICU mortality with 100% accuracy. cache = ./cache/cord-325700-f102uk2m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325700-f102uk2m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319121-et957lfl author = Mifflin, Lauren title = Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) as a therapeutic target date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12596 sentences = 633 flesch = 34 summary = However, as researchers continued to delve into the mechanisms governed by RIPK1, it has become apparent that RIPK1 inhibitors may offer key therapeutic options that anti-TNF therapies do not: first, RIPK1 inhibitors are safe in the central nervous system (CNS) as RIPK1 kinase does not signal through TNFR2 which has a protective role in the CNS 7 ; second, RIPK1 participates in a broader set of pro-inflammatory activities than those restricted to TNF 8 ; third, RIPK1 is regulated by a distinct set of signalling molecules that are genetically implicated in human autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, as discussed below, and thus patient stratification may be important in conducting clinical trials of RIPK1 inhibitors. Mouse models with cell lineage-specific A20 deficiency phenocopy different human inflammatory diseases, suggesting an important role for A20 in restricting RIPK1 activation in multiple tissues ( showed increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1β and IL-6, and demonstrated clinical improvement after treatment with anti-TNF or anti-IL-1β therapy. cache = ./cache/cord-319121-et957lfl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319121-et957lfl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325148-oe3yv69y author = Dutta, Ritaban title = Replacement Management in Cattle: Health Management date = 2015-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3970 sentences = 195 flesch = 48 summary = Greater attention must be paid to animal and environmental biosecurity to prevent introduction of diseases into the herd and to digestive disorders such as diarrhea, internal parasites and appropriate vaccination programs for the calves. Continual video monitoring of the herd, modern thermal infrared imaging of the dry cows and calves body parts to identify early symptoms, and overall animal health and biosecurity risk analysis could achieve a sustainable and efficient replacement management practice in cattle industry. Focusing on improving health management of replacements will yield tremendous returns through decreased losses of animals with the greatest genetic potential on the dairy, decreased costs of medication, improved growth rates, improved feed efficiency and earlier entry into the milking herd. Focusing on improving health management of replacements will yield tremendous returns through decreased losses of animals with the greatest genetic potential on the dairy, decreased costs of medication, improved growth rates, improved feed efficiency and earlier entry into the milking herd. cache = ./cache/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324775-3x5os79m author = Crowe, J.E. title = Human Respiratory Viruses date = 2008-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5716 sentences = 300 flesch = 43 summary = Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen, with hMPV, PIV-3, influenza viruses, and rhinoviruses accounting for the majority of the remainder of acute viral respiratory infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), adenoviruses, and influenza viruses were identified initially as the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children. These patients also suffer more frequent and more severe disease including mortality with common respiratory viruses, including RSV, hMPV, PIV, influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, and adenoviruses. Enterovirus infections occur most commonly in the summer months in temperate areas, which differs from the season of many of the other most common respiratory viruses such as paramyxoviruses and influenza virus. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory tract disease. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory tract disease. cache = ./cache/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322087-gj5mfzxz author = de Sanctis, Vincenzo title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adolescents: An update on current clinical and diagnostic characteristics date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4581 sentences = 244 flesch = 48 summary = This paper summarises the current findings (April 3,2020) from a systematic literature review on the current knowledge of COVID-19 in adolescents (10-19 years according to the WHO definition) and reports the preliminary epidemiological data stated by the Italian National Institute of Health. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was also detected in stool specimens but according to WHO-China report, fecal-oral transmission did not appear to be a significant factor in the spread of infection (Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-2019. Detailed epidemiological information based on a larger sample of COVID-19 patients is needed to determine the infectious period of SARS-CoV-2, as well as whether transmission can occur from asymptomatic individuals during the incubation period ("pre-symptomatic" period). In a small number of case reports and studies, a familial cluster of infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported, indicating possible personto-person transmission during the incubation period (18, 19) . cache = ./cache/cord-322087-gj5mfzxz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322087-gj5mfzxz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326788-qzm3b3xy author = Liew, Jean W. title = Patient‐reported Disease Activity in an Axial Spondyloarthritis Cohort during the COVID‐19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3849 sentences = 210 flesch = 51 summary = We included questions about job status changes, exercise, medication use, disease activity (by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI]), and psychological factors (stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety). • In April 2020, during the peak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States, we surveyed patients with axSpA from a single center cohort regarding changes in job status, exercise, medication use, disease activity, and psychological factors including perceived stress and anxiety. • These findings highlight stress and anxiety as independent predictors of patient-reported disease activity among individuals with axSpA during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly while shelterin-place measures were in effect. Our survey-based study of an axSpA cohort at a single US center found that stress and anxiety were significantly associated with patient-reported disease activity, independent of confounding factors. cache = ./cache/cord-326788-qzm3b3xy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326788-qzm3b3xy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322728-10m3xscs author = Severance, Emily G. title = Chapter 29 Role of Immune and Autoimmune Dysfunction in Schizophrenia date = 2016-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8336 sentences = 379 flesch = 34 summary = Because schizophrenia is thought to originate as a result of aberrant neurodevelopment, it is important to note that for a number of these classic immune factors, including complement, MHC, Toll-like receptors, and pentraxins, additional functions in the developing brain are continuously being identified (Benoit & Tenner, 2011; Bialas & Stevens, 2013; Boulanger, 2009; Fourgeaud & Boulanger, 2007; Frodl & Amico, 2014; Garate et al., 2013; Nagyoszi et al., 2010; Pribiag & Stellwagen, 2014; Stephan et al., 2013; Stevens et al., 2007; Trotta, Porro, Calvello, & Panaro, 2014) . Here, we present the case of complement C1q as an example of an immune molecule that is highly active in the developing brain and that is also implicated in schizophrenia-associated gene and environmental studies. cache = ./cache/cord-322728-10m3xscs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322728-10m3xscs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315598-qwh72inx author = Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini title = ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 69640 sentences = 6489 flesch = 54 summary = De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400). cache = ./cache/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329244-z28twpb1 author = McAloose, Denise title = Wildlife cancer: a conservation perspective date = 2009 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8473 sentences = 399 flesch = 34 summary = However, over the past few decades wildlife health monitoring has increased and we are now gaining an improved -and occasionally alarming -perspective about the presence and impact of cancer in endangered species, such as the Tasmanian devil, western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville) and Attwater's prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido Attwateri), and non-endangered species, such as the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). However, with the identification of Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease, sea turtle fibropapillomatosis and sea lion genital carcinoma, it has become apparent that neoplasia can be highly prevalent and have considerable effects on some species. However, with the identification of Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease, sea turtle fibropapillomatosis and sea lion genital carcinoma, it has become apparent that neoplasia can be highly prevalent and have considerable effects on some species. cache = ./cache/cord-329244-z28twpb1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329244-z28twpb1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331401-bhl729up author = Rantsios, A.T. title = Zoonoses date = 2015-09-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3338 sentences = 184 flesch = 42 summary = Risk Table 3 The most important zoonoses in terms of human health impact, livestock impact, amenability to agricultural interventions, severity of disease, and emergence Data from the WHO and authoritative literature: when there are several authoritative estimates, the midpoint is given. -Responsible services to systematically search for potential sources of human infection from animal sources and the environment -Joint efforts and coordination among public health authorities and related professionals, both public and private -Risk communication and information sharing among responsible health services and close coordination to manage risks related to the movement and trade of livestock -Concerted actions for ○ good practices in the efficient implementation of biosecurity measures in farms and at border or territory crossings; ○ continuously reminding and training people, who work with livestock and in slaughterhouses, for the significant importance of personal hygiene practices; ○ the implementation of the One Health concept Zoonotic diseases are strongly influenced by social and economic practices. cache = ./cache/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325077-j77wbcr3 author = Prado-Gascó, Vicente title = Stay at Home and Teach: A Comparative Study of Psychosocial Risks Between Spain and Mexico During the Pandemic date = 2020-09-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8225 sentences = 374 flesch = 54 summary = Psychosocial risks arise from poor work design, organization, and management, as well as a poor social context of work, and they may result in negative psychological, physical, and social outcomes such as work-related stress, burnout, or depression (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d). Considering that teachers are vulnerable to burnout and job stress (Zapf et al., 1999; Jennings and Greenberg, 2009; Kaur and Singh, 2014; Yerdelen et al., 2016; Travers, 2017; Makhdoom et al., 2019; Martínez-Monteagudo et al., 2019; McLean et al., 2019b; Schonfeld et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2020) , and therefore the negative consequences these can have on their health and professional performance (Bergh et al., 2018; Fornell et al., 2018; Junne et al., 2018; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d) , it is essential to study how psychosocial risks affect this group at a time of such vulnerability and general demand as the present. cache = ./cache/cord-325077-j77wbcr3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325077-j77wbcr3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330830-x2swoy4d author = Kobayashi, Nobumichi title = Impact of Emerging, Re-Emerging and Zoonotic Viral Infectious Diseases, in a Virologist’s Perspective date = 2018-08-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 921 sentences = 59 flesch = 43 summary = Factors related to humans and society are the most responsible for emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The number of infectious diseases outbreaks increased globally about 4 times from the 1980s to 2010, associated with an evident increase of zoonosis as well as vector-borne disease, compared with human-specific infections [4] . Increase of zoonosis and vector-borne diseases is related to global changes in environment and ecosystem which may be caused by climate change associated with global warming. Phylogenetic analysis combined with chronological tracing indicated that recent global spread of Chikungunya was caused synergistically by factors of humans, environment, vectors, and viruses [5] . A mutation in the envelope protein conferred increased viral growth in mosquito, which facilitated spread of this vector-born disease. Thus, spread of emerging viral diseases is considered to be caused by multifactorial mechanisms. The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. Global rise in human infectious disease outbreaks cache = ./cache/cord-330830-x2swoy4d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330830-x2swoy4d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327109-2fh004df author = Polyzos, Stergios A. title = Making progress in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as we are transitioning from the era of NAFLD to dys-metabolism associated fatty liver disease (DAFLD) date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3964 sentences = 176 flesch = 39 summary = This special issue of "Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental" is dedicated to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disease closely linked with the insulin resistance (IR) syndrome or metabolic syndrome (MetS) [1] and its related comorbidities, including obesity [2] , type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [3] , dyslipidemia [4] and cardiovascular disease [5] . While the compilation of this special issue was ongoing, two position articles on the nomenclature of the disease were published, proposing the change of the terminology from NAFLD to metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) [28, 29] . Risk of severe illness from COVID-19 in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and increased fibrosis scores Letter to the Editor: Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease Letter to the Editor: Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease cache = ./cache/cord-327109-2fh004df.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327109-2fh004df.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325433-a2fynm75 author = Riggs, Shannon M. title = CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS date = 2009-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8873 sentences = 566 flesch = 52 summary = The oral cavity of the guinea pig is very narrow with a small opening, making visualization diffi cult ( Figure 17 -5) . Because guinea pigs have stocky builds with short limbs, and because they resent aggressive restraint, sedation or anesthesia is helpful in obtaining diagnostic radiographs as well as in reducing the patient's stress ( Figure 17 -11). Ultrasound is another imaging modality that is very useful in the diagnosis of common guinea pig disease processes, such as ovarian cysts (Figure 17 -12) and urinary tract calculi. 9 As guinea pig owners continue to demand high-quality care for their pets, these imaging techniques will likely become more commonplace in small mammal practice for these patients. Urolithiasis occurs commonly in pet guinea pigs, and the common clinical signs associated with the disease include stranguria and pollakiuria, vocalizing when urinating, and hematuria. 15 Many guinea pigs are carriers of the organism, which will cause clinical disease if the animal is stressed. cache = ./cache/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332270-fusfdkjw author = Lukiw, Walter J. title = Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and the Application of Precision Medicine date = 2020-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5193 sentences = 198 flesch = 29 summary = The ongoing search for valid biomarkers for AD is being carried out globally in at least a dozen major geriatric, bioinformatic, neurobiological, neuro-genetic and neurological bioscience arenas: (i) those involving the age, gender, and geriatrics of the 'prospectiveAD patient'; (ii) in the genetics and epigenetics of the AD patient including messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) signaling patterns, complexity and genomic methylation research; (iii) in multiple biofluids from AD patients including the blood (plasma/serum) of the systemic circulation, the glymphatic system, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or urine; (iv); through the detailed analysis of molecular cargos from both biofluids and tissue-compartmentalized exosomes and extracellular microvesicles (EXs and EMVs); (v) throughout the peripheral nervous system (PNS; typically using skin biopsies); (vi) via clinically-based geriatric, psychiatric, and neurological assessment and testing; (vii) via advances in neuro-radiological labeling techniques and neuroimaging technologies including CAT, PET, PET-SN, MRI, fMRI; UHF-MRI, DOT, MEG, SPECT, cranial ultrasound, functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging, and immunohistochemistry involving confocal laser scanning microscopy and other advanced microscopic and neuroimaging techniques; (viii) from the quantitation and characterization of the load of microbial and microbial-derived components in the AD-affected brain; (ix) via the identification, quantitation, and characterization of AD-specific lesions including amyloid peptide-enriched SPs and NFTs; (x) after post-mortem examination and biopsies of AD cases, again matched up against those same biomarkers in age-and gender-matched neurologically normal controls to corroborate the prospective diagnosis of AD; (xi) via the comprehensive analysis of the potential contribution of overlapping progressive, age-related neurological disorders to AD-type change; and lastly (xii), through the assessment of the socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors of the 'prospectiveAD patient' ( Table 1 ). cache = ./cache/cord-332270-fusfdkjw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332270-fusfdkjw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331268-kzy33hdb author = Lynch, Sharon G. title = Multiple sclerosis date = 1996-01-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 13844 sentences = 885 flesch = 47 summary = Abnormalities in the cerebral hemispheres are frequently periventricular in distribution and only occasionally correlate with specific symptoms or signs.6,7 The accumulation of lesions in the frontal lobes is associated with a decline in memory.8 In addition, a change in the number of lesions on cranial MR images correlates with a change in overall clinical status as measured with standard scales.g Observations made with MRI are having a marked impact on both our basic knowledge of MS and on therapeutic trialsJo MRI studies will provide considerable insight into the natural history of the disease and will be an excellent independent variable in future clinical trials. Signs and symptoms that commonly occur as MS progresses include vertigo, tremor, incoordination, increasing spasticity, depression, mood swings, cognitive abnormalities, impotence or other sexual dysfunction, weakness, Lhermitte's sign, gait abnormalities, constipation, urinary incontinence, optic nerve pallor, fatigue, quadriparesis, dysarthria, loss of upper extremity coordination, and dysesthetic pain (Table 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-331268-kzy33hdb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331268-kzy33hdb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329881-9vnz5zzg author = Garcia, Sònia title = Pandemics and Traditional Plant-Based Remedies. A Historical-Botanical Review in the Era of COVID19 date = 2020-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6221 sentences = 265 flesch = 49 summary = I will revisit the Middle Ages black death, in which a plant-based lotion (the four thieves vinegar) showed some effectiveness; the smallpox, a viral disease that lead to the discovery of vaccination but for which the native Americans had a plant ally, an interesting carnivorous plant species; tuberculosis and the use of garlic; the Spanish flu and the widespread recommendation of eating onions, among other plant-based treatments; and malaria, whose first effective treatment, quinine, came from the bark of a Peruvian tree, properties already known by the Quechua people. Here I present a non-systematic review with a historical-botanical perspective on some of the most important pandemics that humanity has faced, and in some cases is still facing, and how certain plants or plantbased remedies have been used, and may continue being used, to treat these diseases, possibly including COVID19. cache = ./cache/cord-329881-9vnz5zzg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329881-9vnz5zzg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325112-7ie23c7f author = Heimer, Carol A. title = The uses of disorder in negotiated information orders: information leveraging and changing norms in global public health governance date = 2018-10-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10440 sentences = 448 flesch = 43 summary = Using SARS and the International Health Regulations (IHR) as a starting point, this article examines negotiated information orders in global public health governance and the irregularities in the supply of data that underlie them. Negotiated information orders within and among the organizations in a field (here, e.g., the World Health Organization, member states, government agencies, and international non‐governmental organizations) spell out relationships among different categories of knowledge and non‐knowledge – what is known, acknowledged to be known, and available for use in decision making versus what might be known but cannot be acknowledged or officially used. Thus although the long silence of the Chinese government was not technically a violation of the IHR, it nevertheless appeared dishonest and inappropriate to the international community, undermining rather than supporting emerging cooperative norms and in fact harming global public health by allowing the new disease to spread beyond China's borders. cache = ./cache/cord-325112-7ie23c7f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325112-7ie23c7f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331605-h1qf96oh author = Brown, Keith D. title = Precision medicine in kidney disease: the patient’s view date = 2020-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2897 sentences = 128 flesch = 47 summary = One of the goals of these research efforts is to inform and enable the implementation of precision medicine, whereby patient management is tailored to the individual according to the mechanisms underlying their disease to increase the chances of therapeutic success. One of the goals of these research efforts is to inform and enable the implementation of precision medicine, whereby patient management is tailored to the individual according to the mechanisms underlying their disease to increase the chances of therapeutic success. Participating in the Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP) consortium as a patient with CKD and being involved in community engagement and education have provided me with a basic understanding of the origins of my CKD -I have a family history of type 2 diabetes and hypertension, kidney transplants in the short term. cache = ./cache/cord-331605-h1qf96oh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331605-h1qf96oh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331584-z43ifmr3 author = Mahy, B.W.J. title = Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date = 2008-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3984 sentences = 160 flesch = 49 summary = The threat of a new pandemic of influenza virus in the human population stresses the need for development of better methods for detection, surveillance, and control of emerging virus diseases. Although it is still important to isolate viruses in cell culture for their complete characterization, it is now possible directly to detect viruses in diseased tissues by PCR, then, by sequencing the amplicon, to determine whether a new virus has emerged to cause the disease. For example, when hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, caused by a bunyavirus of rodents, Sin Nombre virus, was initially detected in 1993 in the Four Corners region of Western USA, it was found that rodents inside a house where people had been infected carried a virus identical in sequence to virus isolated from human cases. Then, in 1993, a new hantavirus emerged in the Four Corners region of Southwestern USA as the cause of a severe acute respiratory disease syndrome, with a fatality rate close to 40%, and named Sin Nombre virus. cache = ./cache/cord-331584-z43ifmr3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331584-z43ifmr3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-324107-1u5cskii author = Nembaware, Victoria title = The Sickle Cell Disease Ontology: Enabling Collaborative Research and Co-Designing of New Planetary Health Applications date = 2020-10-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4822 sentences = 232 flesch = 41 summary = This was facilitated by a web-based platform onto which participants uploaded data elements from previous or ongoing SCD-relevant research studies before the workshop, making multisite collaborative research studies based on existing SCD data possible, including multisite cohort, SCD global clinical trials, and SCD community engagement approaches. This expert review presents the highlights and the lessons learned from the fourth SCDO workshop that marked the beginning of applications toward planetary health impact, and with an eye to empower and cultivate multisite SCD collaborative research. This expert review presents the highlights and the lessons learned from the fourth SCDO workshop that marked the beginning of applications toward planetary health impact, and with an eye to empower and cultivate multisite SCD collaborative research. The key aim of the workshop was to enable multisite SCD cohort collaborative research and clinical trials by using the SCDO to harmonize existing data elements from multiple sites. cache = ./cache/cord-324107-1u5cskii.txt txt = ./txt/cord-324107-1u5cskii.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321984-qjfkvu6n author = Tang, Lu title = A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models date = 2020-08-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 21853 sentences = 1094 flesch = 48 summary = Despite relying on a valid infectious diseases mechanism, deterministic approaches have several drawbacks: (i) the actual population in each compartment at a given time is never accurately measured because we only obtain an observation around the mean; (ii) the nature of disease transmission and recovery is stochastic on the individual level and thus never certain; and (iii) without random component in the model, it is neither possible to learn model parameters (e.g. R 0 ) from available data nor to assess prediction uncertainty. In an early stage of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the daily infection and death counts reported by health agencies are highly influenced by the availability of testing kits, reporting delays, reporting and attribution schemes, and under-ascertainment of mild cases in public health surveillance databases (see discussions in Angelopoulos et al., 2020; Banerjee et al., 2020) ; both disease transmission rate and time to recovery or death are also highly uncertain and vary by population density, demographic composition, regional contact network structure and non-uniform mitigation schemes (Ray et al., 2020) . cache = ./cache/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author = Kahn, R. E. title = 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date = 2012-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 19161 sentences = 802 flesch = 41 summary = The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. cache = ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331255-t85yioyl author = Rohr, Jason R. title = Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date = 2019-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9087 sentences = 395 flesch = 31 summary = Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Meeting the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal, to "eradicate hunger" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/) for this expanding human population will necessitate a large increase in food supplies, with major changes to agricultural production and distribution systems, infrastructure and social protection programmes 6 (Fig. 3) . As livestock and aquaculture production expand to address growing food demands, it is likely that current antibiotics and anthelmintics will become less effective because of evolved resistance, and thus infectious diseases of domesticated animals and humans will be more difficult to treat 75 . cache = ./cache/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327442-e02y93f6 author = Kastritis, Efstathios title = Systemic autoimmune diseases, anti-rheumatic therapies, COVID-19 infection risk and patient outcomes date = 2020-07-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4041 sentences = 173 flesch = 36 summary = Thus far there is no convincing evidence that any disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (conventional synthetic, biologic or targeted synthetic) including hydroxychloroquine, may protect against severe COVID-19 infection; answers about their possible usefulness in the management of the cytokine storm associated with severe COVID-9 infection will only arise from ongoing randomized controlled trials. In such cases, a dysregulated immune response has been described, usually during the 2nd week of infection, characterized more often by T cell lymphopenia (both CD4 and CD8 cells) [5] , enhanced production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), IL-1 and G-CSF [5] [6] [7] 18] , decreased production of antiviral type I and III interferons [17] and T cell exhaustion [17] .This "hyperinflammatory state" which is being referred to as "cytokine storm" shares certain clinical (high fever), laboratory (increased C-reactive protein-CRP, ferritin, serum IL-6 and D-dimer levels) and immunological (macrophage and T cell activation) features with the macrophage activation syndrome or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) seen in a subset of patients with infections (bacterial or viral), auto-immune or auto-inflammatory diseases (such as systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult Still's disease and systemic lupus erythematosus) and after CART cell therapy in patients with leukemia or lymphoma [19] [20] [21] . cache = ./cache/cord-327442-e02y93f6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327442-e02y93f6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325906-2k2g5khw author = Tresker, Steven title = A typology of clinical conditions date = 2020-05-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7590 sentences = 333 flesch = 45 summary = By attending to the types of clinical conditions possible on the basis of these key factors (symptomaticity, dysfunction, and the meeting of diagnostic criteria), I draw attention to how diseases and other clinical conditions as currently classified can be better categorized, highlighting the issues pertaining to certain typology categories. As Christopher Boorse wrote in 1977 (564-565) , "The distinction between normal variation and underlying disease is one of the most important features of medical theory, though in practice it is often hard to draw because so much clinical evidence is gross output." Given that most clinical evidence is indeed gross output (blood glucose levels, for example), whereby laboratory tests at most only offer a proxy for or rough indication of the dysfunction present (e.g., defects in pancreatic beta cells, adipose tissue, the incretin system), ascertaining the presence of disease is not always as straightforward as it may seem. A risk-based condition could thus be defined as a clinical condition for which a person could meet diagnostic criteria for a "disease" yet for which in some cases no dysfunction is present (it is not a disease by the BST). cache = ./cache/cord-325906-2k2g5khw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325906-2k2g5khw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330148-yltc6wpv author = Lessler, Justin title = Trends in the Mechanistic and Dynamic Modeling of Infectious Diseases date = 2016-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5911 sentences = 247 flesch = 34 summary = Uncertainty was largely addressed through scenario-based approaches (e.g., different future epidemic trajectories were presented for different plausible sets of parameters), and for the most part, different aspects of the transmission dynamics were derived from independent studies, with only the growth rate (i.e., doubling time) estimated from incidence data. These recent attempts to quickly characterize the properties of emerging diseases are emblematic of an increasing focus on developing statistical methods, grounded in dynamical models, to estimate key epidemic parameters based on diverse data sources. High-resolution geographic data can gain additional power when paired with mechanistic models that capture changes in disease risk, as in recent analyses that accounted for the effect of birth, natural infection, and vaccine disruptions driving increases in measles susceptibility and epidemic risk in the wake of the Ebola outbreak [63] . The formal statistical integration of population genetic and epidemic models allows us to estimate the critical epidemiological parameters such as the basic reproductive number directly from pathogen sequence data [75] [76] [77] . cache = ./cache/cord-330148-yltc6wpv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330148-yltc6wpv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330701-k68b0wqe author = Gerc, Vjekoslav title = Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in COVID-19 Pandemic Era date = 2020-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5521 sentences = 282 flesch = 48 summary = AIM: The aim of this study is to retreive published papers about COVID-19 infection deposited in PubMed data base and analyzed current results of investigations regarding morbidity and mortality rates as consequences of COVID-19 infection and opinions of experts about treatment of afected patients with COVID-19 who have Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). COVID-19 infection is caused by a new beta-coronavirus, which the WHO has called (SARS-CoV-2) -Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Initially, the main complications of COVID-19 were thought to be lung-related, then it was quickly observed that COVID-19 is attacking many organs, including the heart muscle, vascular endothelium and the cardiovascular system in general, increasing morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with other cardiovascular risk factors presented (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cerebrovascular and renal disease). In Wuhan, according to reports of Chinese physicians, in patients infected with COVID-19 and with acute coronary syndrome, the complete clinical picture was very severe and associated with high mortality (9) . cache = ./cache/cord-330701-k68b0wqe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330701-k68b0wqe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332610-t99l3zii author = Mayer, J.D. title = Emerging Diseases: Overview date = 2008-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9596 sentences = 469 flesch = 52 summary = The potential for new diseases to emerge in the United States was there, and it took just a few years until this happened, catching the medical and public health communities by surprise. The issue at the time was whether legionnaires disease and toxic shock syndrome were anomalies, whether the assumption of the conquest of infectious diseases had clearly been erroneous, or whether these two outbreaks were harbingers of a new stage in 'epidemiologic history'a historical period during which emerging infections would become common and would catch the attention of the public, the public health community, the medical community, and government agencies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) proved to be of great import in both the public awareness of emerging infectious diseases and in the testing and real-time construction of both domestic and international systems of public health surveillance and response. cache = ./cache/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331853-qun1kyvw author = Pourbohloul, Babak title = Modeling Control Strategies of Respiratory Pathogens date = 2005-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4295 sentences = 212 flesch = 44 summary = We used contact network epidemiology to predict the effect of various control policies for a mildly contagious disease, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, and a moderately contagious disease, such as smallpox. We use contact network epidemiology to compare intervention strategies for airborne 2 infectious diseases, including emerging diseases such as SARS, for which epidemiologic data are limited. For communities with extensive heterogeneity in contact patterns, however, network models more explicitly capture patterns of disease transmission and thus enable more accurate and detailed predictions of the effect of control measures on the magnitude and distributions of outbreaks. Public health interventions aim to reduce the number of new infected cases, ideally decreasing the effective reproductive number of the disease below the epidemic threshold, R eff <1. We mathematically assess the effect of such strategies by deleting edges and vertexes from the contact network and predicting the new probability of an epidemic and expected distribution of cases within the community. cache = ./cache/cord-331853-qun1kyvw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331853-qun1kyvw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328287-3qgzulgj author = Moni, Mohammad Ali title = Network-based analysis of comorbidities risk during an infection: SARS and HIV case studies date = 2014-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10643 sentences = 547 flesch = 43 summary = Then based on the gene expression, PPI and signalling pathways data, we investigate the comorbidity association of these 2 infective pathologies with other 7 diseases (heart failure, kidney disorder, breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, bone diseases, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes). The differential gene expression profiling strongly suggests that the response of SARS affected patients seems to be mainly an innate inflammatory response and statistically dysregulates a large number of genes, pathways and PPIs subnetworks in different pathologies such as chronic heart failure (21 genes), breast cancer (16 genes) and bone diseases (11 genes). To observe the association of SARS and HIV infections with other 7 important diseases (chronic heart failure, kidney disorders, breast cancer, parkinson, osteoporosis, type 1 and type 2 diabetes), we have collected mRNA microarray raw data associated with each disease from the Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) accession numbers are GSE9006, GSE9128, GSE15072, GSE7158, GSE8977 and GSE7621 [59] . cache = ./cache/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326785-le2t1l8g author = nan title = Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 163rd meeting, 3–5 July 1991 date = 2005-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 22752 sentences = 2108 flesch = 42 summary = The lesions (usually multlpleand each 5 mm orless m diameter) were identified in lung parenchymaat a distance from the tumour and consisted of thickened alveolar walls lined by prominent, distinctly atypical cells morphologically Slmllar to type I 1 pneumacytes and cytologically different to the associated turnour Reactive changes 8" lung involved by obstrmtive pneumonitis were not included !n thts Sews All of the associated tumwra were peripheral adenocarcinamas and all showed a pattern of alveolar wall spread at the tumour periphery Clinically 7 of the patients were female and all were smokers or ex-smokers The slgnlflcance of this lesion in the histogenesis of primary pulmonary ademcarcinoma IS. cache = ./cache/cord-326785-le2t1l8g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326785-le2t1l8g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333405-ji58jbct author = Morens, David M. title = The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date = 2004-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6421 sentences = 315 flesch = 41 summary = Of the 'newly emerging' and 're-emerging/resurging' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world's population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. cache = ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325300-wawui0fd author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = 4 Communicable Diseases date = 2000-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 31276 sentences = 1672 flesch = 47 summary = No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. cache = ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332093-iluqwwxs author = Lessler, Justin title = Mechanistic Models of Infectious Disease and Their Impact on Public Health date = 2016-02-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5501 sentences = 231 flesch = 38 summary = Though never published by Reed and Frost (versions of the model were eventually published by their students (3, 4) ), their model was one of the first mechanistic models of infectious disease transmission, and at a time long before digital computing, they may have been the first to use simulation methods to understand the epidemic process. Perhaps the first mechanistic model of infectious disease transmission used in assessing intervention strategies was a mathematical model of malaria transmission developed and refined by Ronald Ross in a series of papers published between 1908 and 1921 (9) (10) (11) , pre-dating the work of Reed and Frost by decades. The aforementioned work, particularly that of the World Health Organization Ebola Response Team, also characterized important aspects of Ebola's natural history and epidemiology, including its basic reproductive number (R 0 ), the decline in R over the course of the epidemic, the incubation period, and the serial interval, properties of the disease that will be important to understand should it re-emerge. cache = ./cache/cord-332093-iluqwwxs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332093-iluqwwxs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336142-jmetfa6x author = MacDougall, Heather title = Toronto’s Health Department in Action: Influenza in 1918 and SARS in 2003 date = 2006-10-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10366 sentences = 520 flesch = 55 summary = This article compares the Toronto Health Department's role in controlling the 1918 influenza epidemic with its activities during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and concludes that local health departments are the foundation for successful disease containment, provided that there is effective coordination, communication, and capacity. 3 By comparing and contrasting the way in which public health authorities in Toronto managed the 1918 influenza pandemic and SARS in 2003, we can see how a century of medical advances had conditioned the public and health care professionals to expect prompt control of communicable diseases, speedy development of a prophylactic vaccine, and effective exchange of information at the provincial, national, and international levels. For Toronto's medical officer and its Local Board of Health (LBH), this presented a challenge, because influenza was not a reportable disease under the 1912 Ontario Public Health Act, and most doctors were hoping that the outbreak would be similar to the one in 1889-90 that had attacked primarily the elderly and apparently provided some immunity to those who survived. cache = ./cache/cord-336142-jmetfa6x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336142-jmetfa6x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332658-548402bb author = Brownstein, John S title = Surveillance Sans Frontières: Internet-Based Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence and the HealthMap Project date = 2008-07-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3108 sentences = 160 flesch = 39 summary = sources can play an important role in early event detection and support situational awareness by providing current, highly local information about outbreaks, even from areas relatively invisible to traditional global public health efforts. and other nontraditional sources of surveillance data can facilitate early outbreak detection, increase public awareness of disease outbreaks prior to their formal recognition, and provide an integrated and contextualized view of global health information. With the aim of creating an integrated global view of emerging infections based not only on traditional public health datasets but rather on all available information sources, we developed HealthMap, a freely accessible, automated electronic information system for organizing data on outbreaks according to geography, time, and infectious disease agent [16] ( Figure 1 ). Ultimately, the monitoring of diverse media-based sources will augment epidemic intelligence with information derived outside the traditional public health infrastructure, yielding a more comprehensive and timely global view of emerging infectious disease threats. cache = ./cache/cord-332658-548402bb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332658-548402bb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332038-icyut3xa author = Pillaiyar, Thanigaimalai title = A medicinal chemistry perspective of drug repositioning: Recent advances and challenges in drug discovery date = 2020-04-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11250 sentences = 560 flesch = 40 summary = Recently, it emerges as an alternative approach for the rapid identification and development of new pharmaceuticals for various rare and complex diseases for which lack the effective drug treatments. While numerous studies suggest the potent anticancer activities of drug 20, the overall benefit is limited as it is associated with serious side effects including the gastrointestinal and renal toxicities. The recent phase 3 clinical trial studies using the occurrence of colorectal adenomas as a biomarker for cancer as a primary endpoint at 1 year after intervention revealed that metformin reduced both occurrence and number of adenomas/polyps in the patients at low dosage level. Out of the approved drugs, data for bexarotene have provided proof of concept as potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease as noted above, whereas acitretin (93, Figure 7) , which is known to penetrate tissues including brain may also be a promising candidate for AD [177] . cache = ./cache/cord-332038-icyut3xa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332038-icyut3xa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335250-se7gdpna author = Jesus, Isley title = Promising effects of exercise on the cardiovascular, metabolic and immune system during COVID-19 period date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1581 sentences = 75 flesch = 24 summary = In many chronic disorders and diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, cardiovascular and immune beneficial effects of exercise interventions should be reminded. In many chronic disorders and diseases including T2DM and hypertension, cardiovascular, metabolic and immune, beneficial effects of exercise interventions have been reported [2, 3] . At the opposite, moderate acute and chronic exercise-induced immune changes have been involved in the beneficial effects of physical activity to prevent cancer and cardiovascular diseases development [2, 3, 9] . Inflammation and oxidative stress are increased by viral infection, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and physical inactivity enacted by lockdown. Moderate exercise interventions stimulate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant response, and prevent many chronic diseases development and comorbidity. In this context, chronic moderate and adapted exercise may be doubly beneficial in T2DM and cardiovascular diseases for preventing inflammation and viral respiratory infection, including coronavirus infection (Fig. 1 ). cache = ./cache/cord-335250-se7gdpna.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335250-se7gdpna.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326017-qw4qynqv author = Laskar, Partha title = “Tomorrow Never Dies”: Recent Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Modalities against Coronavirus (COVID-19) amid Controversies date = 2020-08-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14797 sentences = 760 flesch = 42 summary = Considering this, we have summarized diverse research areas covering the current known biological properties of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tools for detection, therapeutic measurements for possible treatment, and prevention techniques to stop further spreading of this pandemic. Considering this, we have summarized diverse research areas covering the current known biological properties of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tools for detection, therapeutic measurements for possible treatment, and prevention techniques to stop further spreading of this pandemic. Overall, real-time RT-PCR based method enables developing a high-throughput testing for rapid, on-demand, low-cost, reliable, quantitative detection technique against COVID-19 in clinical settings [39] . Another newly developed method, SARS-CoV-2 DNA Endonuclease-Targeted CRISPR Trans Reporter (DETECTR), was found to perform simultaneous reverse transcription and isothermal amplification by (i) RT-LAMP for RNA extracted (for nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs), (ii) Cas12 detection of predefined coronavirus sequences, and (iii) cleavage of a reporter molecule confirms, which detects the virus [56] . cache = ./cache/cord-326017-qw4qynqv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326017-qw4qynqv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330716-hbhtbgzd author = Hui, Zhang title = An analysis of the current status of hospital emergency preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks in Beijing, China date = 2007-02-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3681 sentences = 189 flesch = 42 summary = Data related to hospital demographic information and their emergency plans, laboratory diagnosis capacity, medical treatment procedures for infectious diseases, stockpiles of drugs and personal protective equipment, and staff training were collected. Approximately 93.3% of the hospitals surveyed reported that they had an emergency plan, and none of those reported that their laboratories were able to isolate and identify all 8 kinds of common pathogens of infectious diseases: 22.4% of the hospitals had medical treatment procedures for all these infectious diseases, 23.1% had stored specific drugs for treatment, 2.2% had all personal protective equipment, and 30.6% reported that their health care staff had been trained in hospital emergency preparedness for infectious diseases. 4, 5 All hospitals should have emergency plans; prepare beds, drugs, and equipment; and educate and train staff in advance to respond to a large scale infectious disease outbreak or other public health emergency. cache = ./cache/cord-330716-hbhtbgzd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330716-hbhtbgzd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335839-wgdqu1s1 author = Singh, Meharban title = Pediatrics in 21(st) Century and Beyond date = 2016-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4423 sentences = 218 flesch = 47 summary = Availability of totipotent stem cells and developments in transplant technology are likely to revolutionize the management of a variety of hematologic cancers and life-threatening genetic disorders. Availability of totipotent stem cells and developments in transplant technology are likely to revolutionize the management of a variety of hematologic cancers and life-threatening genetic disorders. The availability of newer vaccines by recombinant technology for emerging infective and for non-infective lifestyle diseases is likely to improve survival and quality of life. The availability of newer vaccines by recombinant technology for emerging infective and for non-infective lifestyle diseases is likely to improve survival and quality of life. There is going to be a greater focus on the Bpatient^having the disease rather than Bdisease^per se by practicing holistic pediatrics by effective utilization of alternative or complementary strategies for health care. The concept of functional foods is being increasingly exploited to prevent illness, promote health and improve quality of life. cache = ./cache/cord-335839-wgdqu1s1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335839-wgdqu1s1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336822-cw37jrt2 author = Dennison Himmelfarb, Cheryl R. title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Implications for Cardiovascular and Socially At-risk Populations date = 2020-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2261 sentences = 139 flesch = 45 summary = Dennison Himmelfarb and Baptiste discuss the implications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for cardiovascular and socially at-risk populations COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the newly discovered pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, a novel RNA-dependent RNA polymerase betacoronavirus that is thought to derive from bats At this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19 The best way to prevent and slow transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it spreads There is substantial concern that socially at-risk persons and those with cardiovascular conditions could experience delays in seeking healthcare as a result of self-isolation, low health and digital literacy, or lack of a primary care medical home. As information about COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, it is imperative that healthcare providers reinforce the general prevention guidelines in addition to recommendations for persons with cardiovascular disease by the American Heart Association, Heart Failure Society of America, and American College of Cardiology. cache = ./cache/cord-336822-cw37jrt2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336822-cw37jrt2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-332298-ig1j5z07 author = Couetil, Laurent title = Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions date = 2020-07-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15554 sentences = 664 flesch = 36 summary = In the last few years, the terminology has further evolved with the term equine asthma (EA) now being recommended to describe horses with chronic respiratory signs ranging in severity from mild to severe that were previously referred as inflammatory airway disease and recurrent airway obstruction, respectively (3) . The future development of new portable and sensitive devices for measuring the lung function of horses (forced oscillation or flow interruption techniques), or the discovery of blood biomarkers for EA would help not only to facilitate the diagnosis of mild and moderate forms of EA in clinical practice, but also to possibly identify new phenotypes for these conditions. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured focus group discussions designed to capture current practices and opinions relating to the diagnosis and treatment of lower airway inflammation, as well as familiarity with and views on the most recent ACVIM consensus statement (3), in which the term "mild-moderate equine asthma" was recommended. cache = ./cache/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt txt = ./txt/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335382-fk4um9nw author = Farver, Carol F. title = Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease date = 2012-08-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 32320 sentences = 1613 flesch = 40 summary = When lung cancer is suspected, evaluation of the patient includes a thorough clinical, radiologic, and laboratory assessment, with collection of tissue or cytology samples to establish a pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and to classify the tumor type. Development of lung cancer occurs with multiple, complex, stepwise genetic and epigenetic changes involving allelic losses, chromosomal instability and imbalance, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and dominant oncogenes, epigenetic gene silencing through promoter hypermethylation, and aberrant expression of genes participating in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis [7] . In recent years, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) has been recognized as a precursor lesion for peripheral pulmonary ACs. This lesion is defined as "a localized proliferation of mild to moderately atypical cells lining involved alveoli and, sometimes, respiratory bronchioles, resulting in focal lesions in peripheral Part IV Molecular Pathology of Human Disease alveolated lung, usually less than 5 mm in diameter and generally in the absence of underlying interstitial inflammation and fibrosis" (Figure 18 .8) [36] . cache = ./cache/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336464-eslgz1ka author = Chomel, Bruno B. title = Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date = 2007-01-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3475 sentences = 166 flesch = 43 summary = The outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Malaysia during 1998-1999, which caused 265 human cases of viral encephalitis and a 38% mortality rate, was also the result of several major ecologic and environmental changes associated with deforestation and expansion of nonindustrial pig farming in association with production of fruit-bearing trees (16) . Wildlife may become new reservoirs of infection and may recontaminate domestic animals; examples include bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom associated with Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (Meles meles) (18) and brucellosis in outdoor-reared swine in Europe that resulted from spillover from the wild boar brucellosis (Brucella suis biovar 2) reservoir (19) . Another risk factor related to the emergence of zoonotic diseases from wildlife has been the considerable increase in consumption of bushmeat in many parts of the world, especially Central Africa and the Amazon Basin, where 1-3.4 million tons and 67-164 million kilograms, respectively, are consumed each year (7) . cache = ./cache/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338145-al2m9lou author = Wolka, Eskinder title = Awareness Towards Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) and Its Prevention Methods in Selected Sites in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Quick, Exploratory, Operational Assessment date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4995 sentences = 267 flesch = 55 summary = The government of Ethiopia has taken several measures such as shutting down of schools including universities, restricting the movement of people under a State of Emergency (stay at home), introducing chains of training programs for health workers, identifying isolation areas and hospitalization sites, starting screening tests at Bole International Airport and different engagement in mobilizing resources including equipment, supplies, food, money and educating the people about the disease and preventive methods, and so on. Hand washing, avoiding hand shaking, wearing masks and gloves, using sanitizer, physical distancing, general personal hygiene, holy water, consuming hot drinks, chili papers, garlic and ginger were identified as prevention methods of the disease by participants of in-depth interview. Participants noted challenges like consistent availability of water, affordability of materials used to keep hygiene for the rural poor, keeping physical distancing in funeral area and markets, lack of awareness (particularly in rural areas), difficulty of avoiding usual trend of greetings like hand shaking in rural areas, not obeying rules and instructions, misunderstanding on lifting of some of the restrictions like allowing motorbike movement, stigmatizing people with cough. cache = ./cache/cord-338145-al2m9lou.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338145-al2m9lou.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336115-7ykvl3u6 author = Binns, Colin title = The COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health and Epidemiology date = 2020-05-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3560 sentences = 227 flesch = 59 summary = The history of public health contains a number of examples of infectious diseases that were initially thought to have had a very high CFR only for it to be revised downward later. 11 A disease that has a high transmission rate and is very severe is the greatest public health risk. COVID-19 has a high transmission rate, and the CFR appears to be greater than for influenza epidemics, and it is, therefore, potentially a major public health threat. In February, the CFR for COVID-19 infection was estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be 2%, much lower than for MERS and SARS, but estimates of the CFR have changed over time as the criteria for counting the number of cases in the denominator has changed to include very mild or even asymptomatic infections. Modeling of the role of contact tracing and case isolation suggest that these are effective in the control of epidemics such as COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-336115-7ykvl3u6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336115-7ykvl3u6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336045-8qcj5uiy author = Langlois, Isabelle title = Viral diseases of ferrets date = 2005-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7196 sentences = 424 flesch = 41 summary = A tentative diagnosis of canine distemper is based on the presence of typical clinical signs, severe leukopenia, a history of potential exposure to the virus, and questionable vaccination. The severity of disease depends on the origin (mink or ferret) of the ADV strain that is involved as well as the immune status and genotype of the infected individual [25] . Ferrets are used extensively as an animal model for influenza virus pathogenesis and immunity studies because their biologic response to influenza infection is similar to that of humans [53, 54] . Neurologic symptoms, including ataxia, hind-limb paresis, and torticollis, were reported in ferrets that were infected experimentally with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses that were isolated from the 1997 outbreaks of disease in domestic poultry markets in Hong Kong [50, 65] . Detection of Aleutian disease virus DNA in tissues of naturally infected mink cache = ./cache/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-336447-hpnkou41 author = Pitlik, Silvio Daniel title = COVID-19 Compared to Other Pandemic Diseases date = 2020-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6148 sentences = 396 flesch = 49 summary = Despite multiple publications and increasing knowledge regarding the biological secrets of SARS-CoV-2, as of the writing of this paper, there is neither an approved vaccine nor medication to prevent infection or cure for this highly infectious disease. 7, 8 This paper reviews the microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as its socio-economic impact. In the early days of the pandemic great effort was invested into understanding the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, 9 so as to provide a basis for discovery of an effective vaccine to prevent COVID-19 and/or a safe and efficacious drug to cure it, or at the least, to ameliorate its symptoms, shorten its duration, and/ or block its mechanism of transmission. 59 Unfortunately, to date, no human genetic markers predisposing to SARS-CoV-2 infection, nor the severity of COVID-19, have been found-although recent isolated exceptions to this statement can be found. cache = ./cache/cord-336447-hpnkou41.txt txt = ./txt/cord-336447-hpnkou41.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339341-c2o42b5j author = Matibag, Gino C. title = Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date = 2005-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5855 sentences = 317 flesch = 44 summary = This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. cache = ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337659-x4oywbrj author = Wilson, Brenda A. title = Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world date = 2008-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10626 sentences = 469 flesch = 45 summary = Although one might argue that the principal difference in the infectious disease threat today versus say 10, 25, or 50 years ago is bioterrorism, the resources spend on preparing for a bioterror attack is viewed by most scientists as grossly exorbitant [6] , particularly considering the small numbers of individuals who have been or could be affected by this type of attack and considering the relatively low medical relevance or prevalence of the diseases caused by the limited number of highpriority bioterror bioagents, the socalled ''category A select agents.'' And, while admittedly the preparedness and surveillance measures put in place for one has certainly helped to protect against the other (the improved global response to and curtailment of SARS coming after the anthrax bioterrorist attacks is a prime example of this), most scientists feel that the limited resources available from an already overburdened system should instead be used for studying and preparing against the looming and potentially more devastating infectious disease threats from natural or accidental exposure [7] , which could affect millions of people and animals and could have huge health and economic consequences. cache = ./cache/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335373-17tcikxl author = Paul, Elisabeth title = COVID-19: time for paradigm shift in the nexus between local, national and global health date = 2020-04-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3703 sentences = 229 flesch = 54 summary = ► The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented measures worldwide, which have often been adopted in an 'emergency' mode and are largely reactionary ► Alternatively, COVID-19 needs to be appraised as part of a much bigger health picture, adopting a "systems approach" that enables interactions with other acknowledged and preventable health conditions, which often receive disproportionately low attention ► To do so requires a paradigm shift in global health governance, from a specific reactional paradigm to a systemic, coordinated and preventive paradigm ► It is necessary to adopt a holistic approach to health reflecting both a security approach and a health development approach, tackling upstream causes and determinants, aimed at helping populations reduce their individual risk factors and augment their natural immunity ► Such preventive health policies must be tailored to local specificities and local environments, and health systems must be strengthened at the local level so as to be able to respond to population needs and expectations ► The current crisis calls for a paradigm shift in public and global health policies; and in the in the nexus between local, national and global health policies and systems cache = ./cache/cord-335373-17tcikxl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335373-17tcikxl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334446-yf8vynqe author = Agrawal, Gaurav title = Putting Crohn’s on the MAP: Five Common Questions on the Contribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis to the Pathophysiology of Crohn’s Disease date = 2020-10-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6541 sentences = 310 flesch = 38 summary = Further factors include the pathogenicity of the bacteria and strain varieties, host immune-microbe interaction, macrophage functioning, the influence of the gut microbiome, optimal testing and protocols, treatment trials, and appropriate antibiotic combination chemotherapy. Low cure rates MAP has been cultured and grown in human blood but took 18 months to do so Can create dysbiosis of the local (gut) microbiome leading to inflammatory cascades Disease is a result of host-microbe interaction and immune susceptibility of the host Infection does not mean disease is expressed but may result in colonization/persistence/latency Table 2 Koch's Postulates Hence, if Crohn's disease is similarly the result of a mycobacterial infection, such as MAP, then there should be similar clinical deterioration instead of a positive response in a cohort of patients to anti-TNF therapy. Involvement of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in TNF-α production from macrophage: possible link between MAP and immune response in Crohn's disease cache = ./cache/cord-334446-yf8vynqe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334446-yf8vynqe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-335960-biwnqa3f author = Luke, Anthony title = Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date = 2007-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6813 sentences = 373 flesch = 45 summary = The authors discuss the preventive strategies for infectious disease in sport, including (1) a review of immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, (2) improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, (3) insect-borne disease precautions, and (4) prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sports medicine physicians need to consider the following indications for immunizations (Tables 1 and 2) : (1) routine health maintenance; (2) catch-up immunizations for failed or missed immunizations; (3) immunizations of high risk groups (ie, splenectomy, chronic disease, immunocompromised); (4) travel to an endemic area; (5) close contact with an infected individual, or (6) recent potential exposure to an infectious agent. When athletes are known to be infected with hepatitis B, secondary prevention includes education on personal hygiene, appropriate management of open wounds, proper use of protective equipment, safe sex practices using a condom, and avoidance of intravenous blood transmission (eg, through needle sharing and illicit drug use). cache = ./cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339188-apgdzgfz author = Lewis, Thomas J title = Reduction in Chronic Disease Risk and Burden in a 70-Individual Cohort Through Modification of Health Behaviors date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11375 sentences = 518 flesch = 46 summary = Validated data on severe respiratory viral diseases and the correlation between mortality, immunocompromised status and existing chronic conditions in infected individuals indicate that a broad set of blood-based biomarkers may best serve to stratify risk and to set policy on containment strategies in populations [7] . What separates bad, good, and great programs is "a combination of good design built on behavior change theory, effective implementation using evidence-based practices, and credible measurement and evaluation." To further support the need for more thorough risk assessment, in a global study of 84 risks, the authors concluded "Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the relative risks for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends [9] . cache = ./cache/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339763-2wt5z9r1 author = Porcelli, Brunetta title = Celiac and non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a review on the association with schizophrenia and mood disorders date = 2014-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4822 sentences = 235 flesch = 42 summary = The association between mood disorders and gluten-related disorders, especially celiac disease, has only been studied for depression, often coupled with anxiety, and very recently for bipolar disorder. However, since antitissue transglutaminase antibodies (a-tTG) and anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) were not investigated, this result cannot exclude gluten sensitivity in this group of patients, as suggested by increasing evidence that GS is frequent in schizophrenia [8, 30] . In 2011, the association of bipolar disorder with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity was investigated for the first time by Dickerson et al. A recent study [32] tested response to a glutenfree diet in a group of SCZ patients who were previously considered to have celiac disease or gluten sensitivity on the basis of antibody assessment. Regarding the association between schizophrenia and gluten sensitivity, most recent studies agree on the involvement of gluten sensitivity rather than celiac disease in a subgroup of SCZ patients [8, 9, 30, 50, 51] . cache = ./cache/cord-339763-2wt5z9r1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339763-2wt5z9r1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343205-zjw4fbfd author = Bhaskar, Sonu title = Telemedicine as the New Outpatient Clinic Gone Digital: Position Paper From the Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) International Consortium (Part 2) date = 2020-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9169 sentences = 440 flesch = 34 summary = Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the American College of Cardiology urgently updated its guidance on "Telehealth: Rapid Implementation for Your Cardiology Clinic, " in which it encouraged remote monitoring and virtual visits of patients with cardiac problems (16) . A program developed in Germany known as TRANSIT-stroke, in which rural hospitals established a telemedicine network, saw an improvement in patient outcomes as neurological assessment was made faster, treatments were issued within the required timeframe, and 24 h neurologist access was enabled (27) . The rapid move by various bodies, associations, and providers to use telemedicine in maintaining patient continuity while limiting COVID-19 risks of exposure to patients and healthcare workers will have a long-term impact well-beyond the current pandemic. Key Strategies for clinical management and improvement of healthcare services for cardiovascular disease and diabetes patients in the coronavirus (COVID-19) settings: recommendations from the REPROGRAM consortium cache = ./cache/cord-343205-zjw4fbfd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343205-zjw4fbfd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-339475-okw6la2b author = nan title = Chapter 11 Health effects date = 2005-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3084 sentences = 193 flesch = 46 summary = As an indication of their effectiveness, about one half of all 3-~tm particles inhaled through the mouth deposit in the alveolar region. As an indication of their effectiveness, about one half of all 3-~tm particles inhaled through the mouth deposit in the alveolar region. The diseases resulting from exposure to ambient aerosols include pulmonary emphysema, bronchitis, and, perhaps, lung cancer. However, none of the harmful components mentioned above exists in ambient particles at sufficiently high concentration levels to cause a specific disease. Complexity in chemical characteristics of ambient particles has led to considerable difficulty in identifying the components responsible for adverse health effects. Aerosol particles can serve as an effective carrier for ambient peroxides and reactive oxygen species to reach the alveolar region. When these reactive species are adsorbed on particle surfaces, they can easily reach the alveolar region and thereby lead to an adverse effect greater than in tracheobronchial airways. Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles cache = ./cache/cord-339475-okw6la2b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-339475-okw6la2b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337487-1lbopaso author = Hansildaar, Romy title = Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and gout date = 2020-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9481 sentences = 480 flesch = 34 summary = The underlying pathophysiology of increased cardiovascular risk relevant to inflammatory arthritis, as well as the observed effect of antiinflammatory and disease modifying treatments such as uratelowering therapies in gout, will be reviewed and discussed. Postulated shared mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis and gout are systemic inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS)induced oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which lead to atherosclerosis (figure 2). 59 Another study found an increased prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which correlated primarily with disease activity and with antiinflammatory treat ments (ie, conventional synthetic DMARDs and biological DMARDs). Rheumatoid arthritis and gout-two inflammatory joint diseases with different underlying causes-are associated with about a 50-70% increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population. Diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study cache = ./cache/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337315-qv8ycdhe author = Miller, Maureen title = Integrated biological–behavioural surveillance in pandemic-threat warning systems date = 2017-01-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4629 sentences = 267 flesch = 40 summary = 13 Similar surveillance could help identify behavioural risk factors and high-risk subgroups for zoonotic infections such as Ebola -potentially before diseases of pandemic potential are identified in clinical settings or major outbreaks occur in communities. When designed according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria, integrated surveillance requires that both behavioural risk factors -i.e. exposure variables -and disease-indicator outcome variables be measured in behavioural surveys. 22 In the development of pandemic-threat warning systems, integrated biological-behavioural surveillance can be tightly focused on specific viral families in the high-risk population subgroups that live in identified hotspots and are environmentally or occupationally exposed to animals. The remainder of this article presents an overview of issues relevant to the design of rigorous behavioural surveys to assess the spillover of emerging zoonotic disease and the associated transmission risk factors, which is the first step in designing effective integrated surveillance. cache = ./cache/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338484-a8jmc8lq author = Wu, Tong title = Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review date = 2016-08-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6672 sentences = 354 flesch = 51 summary = Assessment of the risks posed by zoonotic diseases requires an understanding of how socioeconomic, and ecological conditions affect two phenomena: emergence (the irruption of a pathogen originating in wildlife or livestock into human populations) and spread (the transmission of disease among both animals and people). In particular, the emergence of HPAI strains has become more likely in southern China, where the growth of an increasingly affluent urban population has driven an increase in poultry production and land-use changes that brings humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife into closer contact (Davis 2005; Wallace et al. The global infectious disease risks created by China's trade growth stem from the fact that international markets facilitate the movement of pathogens around the world as freely as commodities and people (Perrings et al. Mitigating the infectious disease risks of climate change-both for vectorborne and directly transmissible zoonoses-requires a deeper understanding of how it interacts with urbanization and globalization to alter the vulnerability of human populations (Tong et al. cache = ./cache/cord-338484-a8jmc8lq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338484-a8jmc8lq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338582-o976nab9 author = Dahlhausen, Bob title = Future Veterinary Diagnostics date = 2010-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9199 sentences = 511 flesch = 35 summary = Genome sequencing has allowed efficient, sensitive, and specific diagnostic assays to be developed based on the detection of nucleic acids. PCR uses the highly specific molecular recognition ability of Watson-Crick base pairing to provide the selectivity needed for a nucleic acid probe to bind to a targeted DNA sequence and allow for its exponential amplification. It has been used to develop rapid diagnostic tests for several pathogenic viruses with singlestranded RNA genomes, including influenza A, 13 footand-mouth disease virus, 14 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus. DNA microarrays also permit relatively rapid interrogation of a clinical sample against thousands of genetic targets, allowing for simultaneous detection and discrimination among hundreds of pathogenic agents of veterinary interest. Unlike PCR technology where the target agent must be known to use specific test primers, microarrays can allow for the rapid diagnosis of multiple pathogenic agents in disease outbreaks and epidemics of unknown etiology. cache = ./cache/cord-338582-o976nab9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338582-o976nab9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341879-vubszdp2 author = Li, Lucy M title = Genomic analysis of emerging pathogens: methods, application and future trends date = 2014-11-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5029 sentences = 253 flesch = 36 summary = In this review, we evaluate methods that exploit pathogen sequences and the contribution of genomic analysis to understand the epidemiology of recently emerged infectious diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of recent developments in genomic methods in the context of infectious diseases, evaluate integrative methods that incorporate genetic data in epidemiological analysis, and discuss the application of these methods to EIDs. Over the last two decades, sequence data have increased in quality, length and volume due to improvements in the underlying technology and decreasing costs. In recent cases of EIDs, genomic data have helped to classify and characterize the pathogen, uncover the population history of the disease, and produce estimates of epidemiological parameters. Just as compartmental models can be fitted to surveillance data to infer the epidemiological dynamics of an infectious disease (Box 1), the coalescent framework allows inference of population history from pathogen sequences. cache = ./cache/cord-341879-vubszdp2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341879-vubszdp2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341445-0e759ijp author = Zhang, Ke title = Threat of infectious disease during an outbreak: Influence on tourists' emotional responses to disadvantaged price inequality() date = 2020-07-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6623 sentences = 340 flesch = 48 summary = Despite the documented negative impacts of diseases on tourism demand and people's perceived health risk, researchers have seldom examined the psychological responses of tourists travelling during an infectious disease outbreak. We therefore conducted three studies to examine this key aspect, and our findings indicate that tourists have a strong negative emotional reaction towards disadvantaged tourism-related prices in response to a high (vs low) infectious disease threat. In Study 2B, we manipulated the disease threat and showed that a higher disease threat led tourists to be more risk averse, which in turn magnified their negative emotional reaction to a disadvantaged price inequality. Next, in Study 2B, we investigated the causal effect of the disease threat on the participants' emotional reactions to disadvantaged price inequality while directly measuring risk aversion as the underlying mechanism. This showed that risk aversion mediated the effect of the disease threat on the tourists' negative emotional reactions to the disadvantaged price inequality. cache = ./cache/cord-341445-0e759ijp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341445-0e759ijp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342588-berrojmq author = Burri, Christian title = Sleeping Sickness at the Crossroads date = 2020-04-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5879 sentences = 240 flesch = 46 summary = The development of this orally active compound is described in detail in the papers of Neau et al., and Dickie et al., Fexinidazole received a positive scientific opinion from the European Medicines Agency for treatment of Gambiense HAT in late 2018, it was approved by the drug regulatory authority of the DRC and added to the WHO list of essential medicines in 2019, and the first official application in the DRC happened at the end of January 2020 on World NTD day in a public ceremony. In 2012, the World Health Organization, which has played an instrumental role in the control, set the goal for the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT), as a public health problem for 2020 and for the total interruption of transmission to humans for 2030. cache = ./cache/cord-342588-berrojmq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342588-berrojmq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340285-mq9x12nw author = Blagosklonny, Mikhail V. title = From causes of aging to death from COVID-19 date = 2020-06-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5963 sentences = 391 flesch = 43 summary = In contrast, as we will discuss in the next section, it is hyper-functional immune response that leads to death from COVID-19 in the elderly by causing cytokine storm. It is driven by nutrient/hormone/cytokinesensing and growth-promoting signaling pathways such as Target of Rapamycin (TOR; mTOR), which are involved in developmental growth and later cause hyperfunctional aging and its diseases [24, 26] . Nutrients and obesity activate growth-promoting pathways (e.g., mTOR), thus accelerating development of quasi-programmed (age-related) diseases. Continuous use of rapamycin is expected to improve health, decrease age-related diseases and extend healthy lifespan, rendering individuals less vulnerable, when infected with the virus. As we discussed in the section "Cytokine storm is a hyperfunction", cytokine storm and hyper-inflammation is a main cause of death in COVID-19 pneumonia [36-40, 42, 45, 135, 141-143] Rapamycin, an antiinflammatory agent, inhibits hyper-functions, cellular senescence and decrease secretion of cytokines ( [74, 81, 144] . cache = ./cache/cord-340285-mq9x12nw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340285-mq9x12nw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343347-guciupc8 author = Hajj Hussein, Inaya title = Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health date = 2015-11-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12280 sentences = 573 flesch = 47 summary = Consequently, this work tried to put together the major achievements through history stressing the importance, continuous vital role, and the need for immunization for health prevention and protection as well as its impact on human experience. A few years later, word of his success circulated among the public, and Jenner wrote "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in some of the Western Counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of CowPox, " after adding several cases to his initial achievement with the boy Phipps. Takahashi was able to make this remarkable advance at a time when very few viruses had been attenuated to produce efficacious live-virus vaccines including yellow fever, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella as previously mentioned. As a result of these successful trials, the live varicella virus vaccine (Varivax) was licensed in 1995 for the active immunization of persons 12 months of age and older (51) . cache = ./cache/cord-343347-guciupc8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343347-guciupc8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342412-azkamnpa author = Ecker, David J title = The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents date = 2005-04-25 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7206 sentences = 409 flesch = 42 summary = This paper focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains an ever-changing list of notifiable diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) lists agents with potential for use in bioterrorist attacks, and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) maintains a list of critical human pathogens. This article focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. It provides a compilation of lists, taken from the database, of important and/or regulated biological agents from a number of agencies including HHS, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), the NIAID, and other sources. cache = ./cache/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343365-4y9fedcr author = Chang, Christopher title = Unmet Needs in Respiratory Diseases: “You Can’t Know Where You Are Going Until You Know Where You Have Been”—Anonymous date = 2013-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7295 sentences = 407 flesch = 50 summary = The promise of gene therapy as a cure for the disease has fizzled out, and while new antimicrobials and other pharmaceuticals promise improved longevity and better quality of life, the average life span of a patient with cystic fibrosis is still at about 35 years. Several significant challenge areas include the diagnosis and treatment of certain specific infectious lung diseases, including viral lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, coronovirus, and enterovirus. The search for a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been ongoing for many years, but like the previous case of gene therapy in cystic fibrosis, this also has been a challenge to achieve. The current global strategies for the development of an RSV vaccine now target four areas: infants <6 months of age; infants >6 months of age and young children; pregnant women for whom passive immunization can be implemented; and the elderly, in whom RSV can also have significant morbidity [52] [53] [54] . cache = ./cache/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346339-y7z1sa8y author = Baumgärtner, Wolfgang title = Re-emergence of neuroinfectiology date = 2016-01-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1749 sentences = 87 flesch = 33 summary = Neuroinfectiology represents an emerging multidisciplinary field which centers on the complex interactions between CNS and pathogen-associated cellular and molecular processes, inflammation, immune responses, degeneration, stem cell homeostasis as well as tissue repair and regeneration. New molecular detection systems will improve our ability to rapidly diagnose and recognize emerging and re-emerging pathogens and the host genetic factors involved in disease susceptibility, but the development of new strategies for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of neurological disorders will only be efficiently addressed by an interdisciplinary approach bridging the fields of neuroscience and infection medicine. Future studies in neuroinfectiology will address questions relating to the mechanisms of direct and indirect as well as acute, delayed and long-term damage, the role of misdirected immune responses in lesion initiation and the progression as well as prevention of CNS infection by developing appropriate intervention strategies and potential beneficial approaches for tissue regeneration. cache = ./cache/cord-346339-y7z1sa8y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346339-y7z1sa8y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345402-brhvfsgy author = Miller, Ryan S. title = Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date = 2013-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8147 sentences = 437 flesch = 42 summary = Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. Thirteen (62%) of these actively managed diseases have a wildlife component and at least 6 (bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick [vector control]) have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication due to continued spillover to domestic populations. cache = ./cache/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345370-44z28cm8 author = Zou, Kelly H. title = Harnessing real-world evidence to reduce the burden of noncommunicable disease: health information technology and innovation to generate insights date = 2020-11-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4411 sentences = 210 flesch = 40 summary = RWE is essential to understand the epidemiology of NCDs, quantify NCD burdens, assist with the early detection of vulnerable populations at high risk of NCDs by identifying the most influential risk factors, and evaluate the effectiveness and cost-benefits of treatments, programs, and public policies for NCDs. To realize the potential power of RWD and RWE, challenges related to data integration, access, interoperability, standardization of analytical methods, quality control, security, privacy protection, and ethical standards for data use must be addressed. Finally, partnerships between academic centers, governments, pharmaceutical companies, and other stakeholders aimed at improving the utilization of RWE can have a substantial beneficial impact in preventing and managing NCDs. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of mortality globally and a major global health challenge that affects people in all countries, regardless of their socioeconomic status (World Health Organization 2018; GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators 2018) . cache = ./cache/cord-345370-44z28cm8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345370-44z28cm8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344408-4ko557n1 author = Cunningham, Andrew A. title = One Health, emerging infectious diseases and wildlife: two decades of progress? date = 2017-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5977 sentences = 278 flesch = 43 summary = Around this time, emerging diseases were identified in a series of well-reported die-offs in wildlife, including canine distemper in African lions (Panthera leo) in the Serengeti, chytridiomycosis in amphibians globally, pilchard herpesvirus disease in Australasia and West Nile virus in corvids and other birds in New York [10 -13] . There are likely to be multiple causes of novel disease emergence, but the human-mediated transport of pathogens (often in infected hosts) or vectors across geographical or ecological boundaries, a process termed 'pathogen pollution', has been identified as a major driver of this in wildlife [64] and also in plants [65] . salamandrivorans as a novel lethal fungus infecting and killing captive and wild salamanders in Europe [67, 85, 86] Challenges remain to understanding the wildlife origins of zoonotic EIDs. It is often difficult, time-consuming, logistically challenging and very expensive to identify the origins of newly emerged pathogens of humans. cache = ./cache/cord-344408-4ko557n1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344408-4ko557n1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346866-90w4zepx author = Bassareo, Pier Paolo title = Learning from the past in the COVID-19 era: rediscovery of quarantine, previous pandemics, origin of hospitals and national healthcare systems, and ethics in medicine date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5572 sentences = 342 flesch = 62 summary = title: Learning from the past in the COVID-19 era: rediscovery of quarantine, previous pandemics, origin of hospitals and national healthcare systems, and ethics in medicine In that book, the procedure of separating infected from healthy people to prevent leprosy from spreading, according to Mosaic Law was described, (if the shiny spot on the skin is white but does not appear to be more than skin deep and the hair in it has not turned white, the priest is to isolate the affected person for seven days. 15 Since disease was considered as a divine punishment for sinners, the biblical 40-day period of purification had crossed over into health practices and the term 'quarantine' had great symbolic and religious significance to medieval Christians. 19 20 According to current knowledge, the bubonic plague has an averaged 37-day period from infection to death; therefore, the European quarantines would be highly successful in determining the health of crews from potential trading and supply ships. cache = ./cache/cord-346866-90w4zepx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346866-90w4zepx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342786-dl8vjwfn author = Sattar, Yasar title = COVID-19 Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Cellular Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations and Management date = 2020-07-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5268 sentences = 349 flesch = 37 summary = Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing global pandemic that may present with a variety of cardiac manifestations including, but not limited to, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, shock, thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing global pandemic that may present with a variety of cardiac manifestations including, but not limited to, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, shock, thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest. The infected patients may also present with cardiovascular disease (CVD) like acute coronary syndrome(ACS) and congestive cardiac failure(CHF) [6] . The systemic inflammation in COVID-19 may also dysregulate the post-translational modification of cardiac ion channels resulting in arrhythmia [25, 26] It is also noteworthy that viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2, ORF3 and ORF8, activate NLRP3 inflammasomes which inturn promotes atrial fibrillation [27, 28] . cache = ./cache/cord-342786-dl8vjwfn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342786-dl8vjwfn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343421-k1dqe4lk author = Hoelzer, Karin title = Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 2: new approaches and potential solutions date = 2018-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9639 sentences = 428 flesch = 34 summary = Promising breakthroughs to overcome these limitations include new biotechnology techniques, new oral vaccine approaches, novel adjuvants, new delivery strategies based on bacterial spores, and live recombinant vectors; they also include new vaccination strategies in-ovo, and strategies that simultaneously protect against multiple pathogens. Oral vectored vaccines have also been developed for several other veterinary applications, including some economically important diseases of food-producing animals that are associated with considerable antibiotic use such as porcine circovirus type-2 (PCV-2); in some cases, the vaccine vector is a chimera containing parts of multiple microorganisms-for instance, an attenuated live vaccine may be used as the vector-and the resulting vaccine simultaneously confers protection against multiple diseases, for instance Marek's disease and infectious bursal disease or Newcastle disease and avian influenza [63, 64] . perfringens strains in the gut of broilers is a promising approach, but the vaccine delivery strategy still needs to be optimized to achieve optimal antigen presentation to the mucosal immune system and provide improved protection. cache = ./cache/cord-343421-k1dqe4lk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343421-k1dqe4lk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347289-3yi5tz04 author = Poon, L. . C. title = ISUOG Interim Guidance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals – an update date = 2020-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8036 sentences = 413 flesch = 42 summary = American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG): https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/phys ician-faqs/covid-19-faqs-for-ob-gyns-obstetrics Centers for Disease Control , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global public health emergency. A case series of 12 pregnant women with SARS-CoV in Hong Kong, China, reported three maternal deaths, that four of seven patients who presented in the first trimester had spontaneous miscarriage, four of five patients who presented after 24 weeks had preterm birth and two mothers recovered without delivery but their ongoing pregnancies were complicated by FGR 8 . In two studies, with a combined total of 10 pregnant women with COVID-19 in the third trimester, amniotic fluid, cord blood and neonatal throat swab samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, suggesting there was no evidence of vertical transmission in women who developed COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy 26, 76 . An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes cache = ./cache/cord-347289-3yi5tz04.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347289-3yi5tz04.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346276-1dcp05rd author = Bonfá, Eloisa title = How COVID-19 is changing rheumatology clinical practice date = 2020-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4809 sentences = 228 flesch = 50 summary = The emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020 led to unprecedented changes to rheumatology clinical practice worldwide, including the closure of research laboratories, the restructuring of hospitals and the rapid transition to virtual care. Abstract | The emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020 led to unprecedented changes to rheumatology clinical practice worldwide, including the closure of research laboratories, the restructuring of hospitals and the rapid transition to virtual care. Zhanguo Li. As a rheumatologist practicing at Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, the biggest challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic has been how to manage patients with rheumatic diseases remotely using online systems, social media platforms (such as WeChat) or telephone calls, because the patients simply could not physically attend the hospital. www.nature.com/nrrheum Zhanguo Li. To adapt to the totally unexpected changes to clinical practice, one option in my department of the People's Hospital was to set up a consultant team consisting of 26 rheumatologists to provide medical service free to patients with rheumatic diseases, supported technically by an internet company. cache = ./cache/cord-346276-1dcp05rd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346276-1dcp05rd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345086-vq4ei1do author = Johnston, Marjorie C. title = Physical Disease and Resilient Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Resilience Definitions and Study Methods date = 2015-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5324 sentences = 364 flesch = 49 summary = title: Physical Disease and Resilient Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Resilience Definitions and Study Methods 10 MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews were searched from inception to March 17, 2013 Studies in which physical disease was assessed for its association with resilient outcomes were included. The sample size restriction was applied for pragmatic reasons, as our early work demonstrated that studies of physical disease and resilient outcomes often involved complex analyses with multiple variables and that analyses with smaller populations were often underpowered. Bonanno (2004) defined adult resilience as "the ability of adults in otherwise normal circumstances who are exposed to an isolated and potentially highly disruptive event such as the death of a close relation or a violent or lifethreatening situation to maintain relatively stable, healthy levels of psychological and physical functioning …as well as the capacity for generative experiences and positive emotions. cache = ./cache/cord-345086-vq4ei1do.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345086-vq4ei1do.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346496-crhv0gnt author = Sun, Ying title = Characteristics and prognostic factors of disease severity in patients with COVID-19: The Beijing experience date = 2020-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3402 sentences = 178 flesch = 51 summary = Peripheral CD4(+), CD8(+) T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes were significantly decreased in severe and critically ill patients, but there was only a non-statistically significant downward trend in NK cell numbers with severity. Natural killer (NK) cells, a key component of innate immunity against infection [7] , trended lower with increasing severity, but there was no statistically significant difference among the four groups. Though there was no statistically significant difference in these four different clinical classifications, the levels of creatine phosphokinase in the severe and critically ill groups were much higher than in the mild and moderate patients. The following variables showed significant positive correlation to the disease severity (p<0.01): advanced age, sputum production, shortness of breath, and higher neutrophil count, AST level (p<0.05), LDH level, GGT level, CRP level, ESR level, serum ferritin level, interleukin-6. Our findings indicated that C-reactive protein level, CD8 T lymphocyte count, and D-dimer were independent predictors of disease severity in Beijing COVID-19 patients. cache = ./cache/cord-346496-crhv0gnt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346496-crhv0gnt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347872-naz24vct author = Rostal, Melinda K. title = Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages date = 2012-11-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10049 sentences = 479 flesch = 47 summary = In the first attempt to classify the underlying drivers of disease emergence, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified six factors including: human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; microbial adaptation and change; and breakdown of public health measures (Lederberg et al. Wildlife health surveillance can be used to better understand the pool of pathogens that may spillover into people or domestic animals; it can also be used to track the spread of wildlife diseases through populations. As zoonotic disease surveillance in wildlife clearly represents a great challenge (i.e., there are 5,000+ mammal species globally), predictive modeling and known patterns in host range can be used to focus the effort on the species and pathogens that pose the greatest risk of zoonotic emergence. cache = ./cache/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346964-9afuen7k author = Ensari, A. title = The Malabsorption Syndrome and Its Causes and Consequences date = 2014-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9909 sentences = 529 flesch = 36 summary = Depending upon the underlying condition, morphological abnormalities are seen in malabsorption range from normal mucosa with increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (gluten-sensitive enteropathy, viral gastroenteritis, food allergies, etc.), villous shortening with crypt hyperplasia (celiac disease (CD), treated CD, tropical sprue, and bacterial overgrowth), to completely flat mucosa (CD, refractory sprue, enteropathy-induced T-cell lymphoma, and autoimmune enteropathy). Celiac disease Celiac disease (CD), also known as celiac sprue, nontropical sprue, gluten-induced enteropathy, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE), is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine induced by a T-cell-mediated immune response and characterized by malabsorption after ingestion of wheat gluten or related proteins in rye (secalins) and barley (hordeins) in individuals with a certain genetic background. Diseases often associated with this phase include À enterokinase and trypsinogen deficiencies that can lead to protein malabsorption, À impaired micelle formation that can cause problems in fat stabilization and the resulting fat malabsorption due to deconjugation of bile salts, À stasis of intestinal content due to a variety of factors (motor and anatomical abnormalities and small bowel contamination from enterocolonic fistulas) that can cause bacterial overgrowth. cache = ./cache/cord-346964-9afuen7k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346964-9afuen7k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347449-mey7e8gd author = Albers, Heidi J. title = Disease Risk from Human–Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy date = 2020-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7021 sentences = 301 flesch = 36 summary = Here, we review how these economic frameworks capture-or do not capture-drivers and characteristics of the human-environment interaction, while reflecting the natural and socio-institutional settings of LMICs. We then propose how modeling frameworks can be expanded to incorporate the disease risk posed by that interaction to inform needed socio-enviro-epidemiological research and policy analysis, using an iterative process of data collection and modelling in an interdisciplinary setting. To address how humans influence zoonotic disease risk borne from environmental interactions, these hotspot maps can be combined with economic decision models at fine resolution that specify markets and institutions, landscape patterns, and resource use in LMICs, and thereby illustrate the decisions behind where and how people overlap with pathogen hosts, which influences their pathogen exposure. Empirical analysis that defines correlations but is not specific to people's decisions does not provide information about how human-environment interactions affect conservation or disease spread, which implies that policy levers are difficult to identify below generalities, such as "slow deforestation," "limit fragmentation," and "close wildlife markets." cache = ./cache/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345843-yz0buegp author = Gushulak, BD title = Migrants and emerging public health issues in a globalized world: threats, risks and challenges, an evidence-based framework date = 2010-03-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7626 sentences = 382 flesch = 34 summary = The thesis that human population mobility is itself a major determinant of global public health is supported in this article by review of the published literature from the perspective of determinants of health (such as genetics/biology, behavior, environment, and socioeconomics), population-based disease prevalence differences, existing national and international health policies and regulations, as well as inter-regional shifts in population demographics and health outcomes. In migration health, threat and risk identification, assessment and management rarely occur 'pre-event.' Examples of poorly studied health threats of potential societal and public health importance include domestic violence against migrant women in destination locations, 42,43 long-term impact of dietary changes 44,45 on the incidence of cardiovascular disease, 46 diabetes, 47 and certain forms of cancer in foreignborn migrants and their locally born offspring, 48 or the importation of health services or pharmaceutical products 49 from less-regulated environments, representing traditional but often unregulated or unmonitored patterns of self-care. cache = ./cache/cord-345843-yz0buegp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345843-yz0buegp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347884-zpzncgiv author = Galimberti, Andrea title = Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5473 sentences = 234 flesch = 39 summary = Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. cache = ./cache/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344486-iu5flbcl author = Chiotos, Kathleen title = Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8595 sentences = 416 flesch = 37 summary = In the few months since this initial publication, new evidence has emerged demonstrating the efficacy of the antiviral medication remdesivir in shortening time to clinical recovery in adults with COVID-19, while several other studies have shown ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . Further, additional observational studies have provided insight into the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in children, demonstrating that while most young patients experience mild illness, a small proportion develop severe illness associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and mortality (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) . Nevertheless, the panel recognizes that pediatric clinicians are likely to consider comorbidities when weighing the risks and benefits of antiviral therapy on a case-bycase basis, and in making these decisions may consider: 1) the available, albeit limited, pediatric COVID-19 literature; 2) risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 in adults; and 3) pre-existing medical conditions in children associated with worse clinical outcomes for other viral infections. cache = ./cache/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346389-gbmnoo84 author = Callender, Lauren A. title = The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19 date = 2020-08-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10042 sentences = 514 flesch = 40 summary = Here, we review immune dysfunction in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact of pre-existing comorbidities on the development of COVID-19. Furthermore, cardiovascular complications such as thromboembolic events, myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, arrythmia, cardiogenic shock and heat failure, have been documented in COVID-19 patients without prior cardiovascular disease (71), demonstrating a significant impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the heart. As infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in an acute respiratory disease that can progress to ARDS, respiratory failure and potentially even death, it is reasonable to speculate that patients with pre-existing respiratory disease would be at increased risk of severe COVID-19. Consequently, it has been proposed that liver damage associated with severe COVID-19 patients is due to dysregulated innate immunity against SARS-CoV-2, or hepatoxicity in response to treatments, rather than pre-existing liver disease. Therefore, the underlying pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease may increase vulnerability to hyperinflammation and cytokine storm upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in severe COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-346389-gbmnoo84.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346389-gbmnoo84.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349066-546ozkly author = Walker, D.H. title = Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases date = 2014-08-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2943 sentences = 137 flesch = 34 summary = The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. Visualization of an agent in infected tissue can provide a diagnosis based on specific morphological characteristics or identify the category of organism, for example, gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium or virus (e.g., eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons in rabies virus infection). Specific diagnoses require isolation of the agent in culture, microscopic visualization of the pathogen in tissue lesions, and/or detection of a specific host immune response to the organism. Identification of fungi has been accelerated greatly in microbiology laboratories by performing either hybridization tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on media growing a fungus that is not identifiable by conventional morphological techniques such as blood culture bottles that contain yeast growth. cache = ./cache/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345381-9cckppk2 author = Klimek, Ludger title = Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date = 2020-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6146 sentences = 332 flesch = 43 summary = title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontaneous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontane-ous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. cache = ./cache/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348423-zq86ms8w author = Louvardi, Maya title = Mental health in chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece date = 2020-06-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3660 sentences = 177 flesch = 44 summary = OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the time spent on quarantine on distress, anxiety, depression, and somatization of chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece and the differences in these parameters between healthy individuals and chronic disease patients. Concerning the outbreak of COVID-19 and related quarantine measures, a recent study in Spain during March 11-15, 2020 found that chronic disease patients had higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression compared with healthy individuals (Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020) . This study aimed to investigate the correlation between time spent on quarantine and the 4DSQ subscales in chronic disease patients in contrast to the relevant correlation in healthy individuals, as well as to search for differences in the scores of these subscales based on the disease status of the participants. This study investigated the effect of massive quarantine during COVID-19 in Greece on distress, anxiety, depression, and somatization of patients with chronic diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-348423-zq86ms8w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348423-zq86ms8w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-347885-fbl7jjb3 author = Cassini, Alessandro title = Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013 date = 2018-04-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6266 sentences = 284 flesch = 42 summary = title: Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013 The study promotes an evidence-based approach to describing population health and assessing surveillance data availability and quality, and provides information for the planning and prioritisation of limited resources in infectious disease prevention and control. average annual estimate of the EU/EEA burden of selected infectious diseases surveyed by ECDC and measured in DALYs. The methodological framework of the BCoDE 2009-2013 study was based on the BCoDE project [19, 20] . This study presents the estimation of the burden of 31 selected infectious diseases in the EU/EEA in DALYs, adopting an incidence-and pathogen-based methodology and a consistent approach to surveillance and outcome data assessment. cache = ./cache/cord-347885-fbl7jjb3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-347885-fbl7jjb3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348141-eskefcwk author = Herrington, CS title = Viruses and disease: emerging concepts for prevention, diagnosis and treatment date = 2014-12-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2120 sentences = 93 flesch = 41 summary = Articles on emerging diseases caused by Ebola virus, Marburg virus, coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS, Nipah virus and noroviruses are followed by reviews of enteroviruses, HIV infection, measles, mumps, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). The issue concludes with a series of articles reviewing the relationship between viruses and cancer, including the role played by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and carcinoma; how human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the development of skin cancer; the involvement of hepatitis B virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma; and the mechanisms by which Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) leads to Kaposi's sarcoma. Nevertheless, in this new era, pathology will continue to be a vital component of identifying the true relationships between viruses and human disease, and we hope that this Annual Review Issue will serve as a blueprint for future studies in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of virus-related conditions through an improved understanding of the processes involved. cache = ./cache/cord-348141-eskefcwk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348141-eskefcwk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352049-68op3d8t author = Wang, Xingyuan title = Model of epidemic control based on quarantine and message delivery date = 2016-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4429 sentences = 307 flesch = 60 summary = Experiments show that the increasing of isolating rates in invasion period, as long as over 0.5, contributes little to the preventing of epidemic; the improvement of isolation rate in latent period is key to control the disease spreading. In Section 2, we first describe the characteristics of epidemic, then the SIQM models are developed, which contain the disease prevention measures based on quarantine and message delivery. There is a particular conclusion: the increasing of isolation rate in invasion period, as long as over 0.5, contributes little to the preventing of epidemic; the improvement of isolation rate in latent period is the key to control the spreading of disease. Second, several valuable results are obtained by simulating the model in scale-free and small-world networks: (i) The increasing of isolation rate in invasion period, as long as over 0.5, contributes little to the prevention of epidemic; the improvement of isolation rate in latent period is key to control the spread of disease. cache = ./cache/cord-352049-68op3d8t.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352049-68op3d8t.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352781-aqh9zxgh author = El Homsi, Maria title = Review of Chest CT Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3801 sentences = 237 flesch = 48 summary = Here, we review the pertinent clinical findings and the current published data describing chest CT findings in COVID-19 pneumonia, the diagnostic performance of CT for diagnosis, including differential diagnosis, as well the evolving role of imaging in this disease. In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American College of Radiology (ACR), the Society of Thoracic Radiology (STR), and the American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER) issued their position statements recommending against the use of CT for widespread screening and diagnosis of COVID-19, instead reserving CT for those cases with clinical suspicion for complications like abscess or empyema [76] [77] [78] . Clinical Features and Chest CT Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Single-Center Study in Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases cache = ./cache/cord-352781-aqh9zxgh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352781-aqh9zxgh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348567-rvwxysvc author = Panfili, F. M. title = Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population date = 2020-06-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5375 sentences = 229 flesch = 36 summary = CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we suggest that vitamin D supplementation might play a role in the prevention and/or treatment to SARS-CoV-2 infection disease, by modulating the immune response to the virus both in the adult and pediatric population. Although the effect of normal to high levels of vitamin D on increasing CD4+ count is still unclear, a recent review proved that vitamin D plays an important role in reducing the immune activation of HIV-infected patients. In this autoimmune disease using calcitriol supplementation reduces serum levels of antibodies and slows the progression of β cell destruction down in the early stages of the disease [38] , Interestingly, it has also been demonstrated that in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) [39] the VDR could act as a negative regulator of TGF-β/ Hydroxyproline, col1a1, col3a1 and alfa-SMA mRNAs ↓ Prevention of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in a murine model [48] Smad signaling, thus making vitamin D a putative antifibrotic treatment in the early stages of the disease. cache = ./cache/cord-348567-rvwxysvc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348567-rvwxysvc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author = Bartlett, John G. title = Why Infectious Diseases date = 2014-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5505 sentences = 276 flesch = 43 summary = The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. cache = ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349451-vak2p7ac author = Rocha, Francisco Airton Castro title = Microbes, Helminths and Rheumatic Diseases date = 2020-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7465 sentences = 355 flesch = 33 summary = Studies suggest the billions of germs that compose the gut microbiota influence one's innate and adaptive immune responses at the intestinal level, but these microorganisms may also impact rheumatic diseases. Evidence indicates that changes in the gut microbiome alter the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis but also of other disorders like atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis. The pathogenesis of Chlamydia-related arthritis can be considered distinct from that associated with enteric bacteria since it involves metabolically active organisms residing long-term within monocytic cells in synovial tissues, after resolution of the primary genital infection and migration of the cells to the joint, a process that is known as persistence [56, [61] [62] [63] . Studies indicate inflammatory bowel disease, or, at least, intestinal inflammation, is more prevalent in SpA patients (AS or others) and some genes associated with AS are also associated with IBD [83, 85] , including genes related to gut physiology and immunology. cache = ./cache/cord-349451-vak2p7ac.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349451-vak2p7ac.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350565-mejd7blb author = Lewnard, Joseph A title = Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2019-03-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6614 sentences = 289 flesch = 29 summary = We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. Although serosurveys have bolstered recent efforts to understand the geographic range and clinical spectrum of EBOV and Zika virus infections (47, 48) , the enhancement of dengue hemorrhagic fever risk by prior exposure (49) , and the role of immunologic history in influenza susceptibility and vaccine response (50) , there remain few examples of public health programs undertaking serological studies for routine surveillance, at least in civilian populations (51) . cache = ./cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350443-ca5avyjf author = Zhang, Lei title = Trends in Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China: Implications for Surveillance and Population Health Policy date = 2012-02-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7958 sentences = 383 flesch = 49 summary = This study reviews trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China, in their historical context, discusses the current epidemiological state of these infections and their implications for disease surveillance and public health interventions. The total number of diagnosed and death cases were estimated by multiplying morbidity and mortality rates by the overall Chinese population in the study years. In 2008, the three most frequently reported disease types included viral hepatitis (38.3%), bacterial infections (33.3%) and STIs and HIV (9.8%), which account for 5.4, 4.8 and 1.4 million diagnosed cases respectively during the period 2005-2008 (Table 1) . Second, the rapid rise in the number of notified cases of STIs, especially HIV infection, and viral hepatitis in China is associated with growth of the sex industry, increasingly frequent risky sexual behaviours and an increasing number of sexual partners in the general Chinese population. cache = ./cache/cord-350443-ca5avyjf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350443-ca5avyjf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350235-yoy3hj3j author = Sansonetti, Philippe J title = COVID‐19, chronicle of an expected pandemic date = 2020-05-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2988 sentences = 152 flesch = 56 summary = Philippe Sansonetti, Infectious disease specialist and Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine, explains why the fate of the epidemic is in our hands.[Image: see text] Philippe Sansonetti, Infectious Disease Specialist and Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine, explains why the fate of the epidemic is in our hands. Beta-coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2 (the official name of COVID-19 virus) on the other hand are well adapted to their reservoir, the bat, but not to humans, which explains why human infections are so damaging. Molecular diagnosis has revolutionized this field, and despite the initial delays in communicating about this epidemic, Chinese doctors and biologists quickly reported the first evidence for SARS-CoV-2, and provided the first sequences, clearing the way for the global scientific community to further develop diagnostic tools and engage in a race to discover dedicated drugs and vaccines. cache = ./cache/cord-350235-yoy3hj3j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350235-yoy3hj3j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350408-rqlkwoya author = Rajewsky, Nikolaus title = LifeTime and improving European healthcare through cell-based interceptive medicine date = 2020-09-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8067 sentences = 316 flesch = 29 summary = Central to LifeTime's vision and approach is the development and integration of new technologies, such as single-cell multi-omics, high-content imaging, artificial intelligence (AI) and patient-derived experimental disease models. Handling these large molecular datasets will require sophisticated and distributed computational and bioinformatics infrastructures (see 'Implementation and infrastructure'), as well as the development of tools to integrate and ensure the interoperability of different data types, including single-cell multi-omics, medical information and electronic health records. The LifeTime disease roadmaps can be divided broadly into three phases 7 : first, immediate research into the identified medical challenges using established, scaled single-cell technologies, computational tools and disease models; second, the development of new technologies that are required to address specific medical challenges, including the development of spatial multi-omics and imaging approaches and advanced patient-derived model systems for longitudinal analyses; and finally, the application of these next-generation technologies to the longitudinal analyses of patient samples, or patient-derived models, combined with machine learning to generate patient trajectories and predictive models of disease. cache = ./cache/cord-350408-rqlkwoya.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350408-rqlkwoya.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352546-w3catjj3 author = Degeling, Chris title = Implementing a One Health approach to emerging infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political, ethical and legal dimensions date = 2015-12-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7688 sentences = 355 flesch = 42 summary = The effective control and prevention of EIDs therefore requires: (i) social science research to improve understanding of how EID threats and responses play out; (ii) the development of an analytic framework that catalogues case experiences with EIDs, reflects their dynamic nature and promotes inter-sectoral collaboration and knowledge synthesis; (iii) genuine public engagement processes that promote transparency, education and capture people's preferences; (iv) a set of practical principles and values that integrate ethics into decision-making procedures, against which policies and public health responses can be assessed; (v) integration of the analytic framework and the statement of principles and values outlined above; and (vi) a focus on genuine reform rather than rhetoric. In particular we focused on materials pertaining to the social, political and ethical consequences of responses to the risks posed to human health and wellbeing by Hendra virus [HeV], Nipah virus [NiV] and Rabies virus [RbV] in Australasia, and compared them with international responses to canonical examples of pandemic and food borne zoonoses severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [17] and bovine spongiform encephalitis/variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (BSE/vCJD), respectively. cache = ./cache/cord-352546-w3catjj3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352546-w3catjj3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352962-burm9nxm author = Eckmanns, Tim title = Digital epidemiology and global health security; an interdisciplinary conversation date = 2019-03-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6365 sentences = 261 flesch = 36 summary = However, with increasingly digitalized (algorithmic) global public health surveillance systems and related data-driven epidemiological analyses (e.g., Digital Epidemiology and other research methodologies), there seem to emerge epistemological shifts, as well as methodological ambivalences and diverse social and political effects. You, Henning and Stephen, both work from a social (or rather political) science perspective on the societal implications of Digital Epidemiology, which is shaped by multiple imperatives, e.g., of 'global health security' as well the potentials of big data. As components in an emergent socio-technological apparatus of security for the strengthening of global health governmentalities, it is also crucial to consider the ways in which these expanding digital syndromic surveillance systems re-contour previous understandings of the temporalities, form and practice of preemption in the identification of forthcoming pandemics. cache = ./cache/cord-352962-burm9nxm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352962-burm9nxm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 author = Sabroe, Ian title = Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research date = 2007 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5307 sentences = 229 flesch = 39 summary = The quality of our scientific output (perceived as a change in disease incidence and/or the development of a therapy) is largely dependent on the quality of the input data and the methods for their processing and interpretation, although the process of generating effective translational science is not as linear (that is, from molecules to models to humans) as is often thought. These revolve around our understanding of the nature of the translational process, the integration of the outputs of different technological approaches to disease, the use of models, access to tissues and appropriate materials, and the need for support in increasingly complex areas such as ethics and bioinformatics. Such debates might facilitate the comparison of data between laboratories and between species, and might highlight the components of specific diseases that are ripe for the development of new in vivo models and protocols (for example, there remains a great need to more effectively model the role of the innate immune system in acute and chronic asthma), broadening the number of disease processes or phenotypes that are modelled in pathology. cache = ./cache/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352798-rb2ggonx author = Chaber, Anne-Lise title = The Era of Human-Induced Diseases date = 2017-11-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1995 sentences = 103 flesch = 41 summary = Human-Induced Disease as the label for diseases-both infectious and non-infectious-caused by human activities and their environmental impact emphasizes the role of the human in disease transmission and could serve reshaping our approach to disease management and prevention. Humans share most of the viruses, bacteria, and fungus with the rest of the animal kingdom, and thus it should come as no surprise that zoonotic pathogens were the cause of more than 65% of emergent infectious disease events in the last 60 years, with 75% of these originating in wild fauna (Keusch et al. Anthropogenic environmental change leads to the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife (Daszak et al. It estimated that the annual economic cost of illness and premature mortality linked to air pollution is $3600 billion (OECD 2014)-a figure that is 85% of the world's annual public budget for human health. Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife cache = ./cache/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-352532-xqphom6x author = Papanikolaou, Ilias C title = 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date = 2013-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3341 sentences = 207 flesch = 41 summary = The following are the common tropical pulmonary conditions: l pneumonia: typical and atypical l eosinophilic pneumonias and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia l bronchiectasis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) l pleural effusion l nontuberculous granulomatous lung disease l occupational lung diseases. A reasonable approach to the patient with lung disease in the tropic starts with age, occupational exposure, physical examination, HIV status, chest x-ray and blood tests. • If wheezing (even if it disappeared after rapidly acting bronchodilator) give an inhaled bronchodilator for 5 days* • Soothe the throat and relieve the cough with a safe remedy • If coughing for more than 3 weeks or if having recurrent wheezing, refer for assessment for TB or asthma • Advise the mother when to return immediately • Follow-up in 5 days if not improving A blood count usually reveals leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia, leukopenia in viral infection, and eosinophilia in parasitic infestation. cache = ./cache/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353633-a4pu6rlu author = Perakakis, Nikolaos title = The role of omics in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease date = 2020-07-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14722 sentences = 701 flesch = 32 summary = Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder, whose spectrum covers clinical, histological and pathophysiological developments ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis, potentially evolving into cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. The disease is characterized initially by hepatic lipid accumulation (nonalcoholic fatty liver; NAFL), that can often progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, as outlined in detail elsewhere in this special issue [1] . Several studies have assessed the impact of epigenetic modifications in the development and progress of NAFLD ( Figure 2 ) as well as in the association of NAFLD with other metabolic diseases by focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA expression profiles that can significantly affect transcriptional activity. Proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins between subjects with metabolic healthy obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease cache = ./cache/cord-353633-a4pu6rlu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353633-a4pu6rlu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354608-1me3nopu author = Rabinowicz, Shira title = COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date = 2020-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5426 sentences = 298 flesch = 42 summary = By mid-August 2020, the World Health Organization reported over 23 million confirmed cases of infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), resulting in more than 710,000 death worldwide [1] . We review the current evidence of epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and indirect health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on children. In reports from countries that were severely affected early in course of the pandemic, children comprise 1-2% the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, underrepresented compared with other age groups [3, [13] [14] [15] . In summary, children at any age may be infected with SARS-CoV-2, with reduced frequency and severity compared with adults, although clear epidemiologic data is still missing. Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in COVID-19. cache = ./cache/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355001-audh5qa7 author = Novick, Tessa K. title = COVID-19 and Kidney Disease Disparities in the United States date = 2020-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3574 sentences = 236 flesch = 50 summary = Older adults, people experiencing unstable housing, racial and ethnic minorities and immigrants are potentially at increased risk for infection and severe complications from COVID-19. In the context of the viral pandemic, here we describe many disparities and additional struggles of patient populations with kidney disease, including those faced by the aging and homeless, and among racial and ethnic minorities, immigrants, and refugees. A study in San Francisco found that chronic kidney disease patients experiencing homelessness have higher acute care utilization than stably housed counterparts, and greater exposure to hospitals increases COVID-19 exposure. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, a study in Baltimore found that chronic kidney disease patients experiencing housing insecurity were 59% more likely to post-pone needed medical care. 54 Without insurance, undocumented immigrants do not have consistent access to primary care, and undiagnosed or poorly controlled chronic conditions increase their risk for severe complications from COVID-19 if infected. cache = ./cache/cord-355001-audh5qa7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355001-audh5qa7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353609-no3mbg5d author = Vandegrift, Kurt J. title = An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses date = 2011-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6925 sentences = 350 flesch = 42 summary = Conducting viral surveillance in animal reservoirs and invertebrate vectors can help explain circulation within host species; observed patterns of zoonotic transmission; and even allow for the prediction of periods of increased risk of zoonotic transmission (e.g., Rift valley fever and rainfall [25] ; West Nile virus (WNV) and American robin (Turdus turdus) migration [26] ; as well as hantavirus in mice [27, 28] ). Globalization, host ecology, host-virus dynamics, climate change, and anthropogenic landscape changes all contribute to the complexity of zoonotic viral emergence and disease, and create significant conservation and public health challenges. While the lasting efficacy of wildlife vaccination efforts has yet to be demonstrated with either endangered species or in breaking the transmission cycle of human pathogens, an increasing number of researchers are drawing attention to systems where it seems feasible [99, 103] ; demonstrating that intricate knowledge of host and virus ecology can greatly reduce the amount of vaccine coverage that is necessary to control these viruses. cache = ./cache/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354656-9ao33rq8 author = Cossart, Yvonne E title = The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014 date = 2014-07-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3345 sentences = 209 flesch = 45 summary = 2 The success of rat extermination in controlling plague in Sydney 3 provided a triumphant validation of new microbiological theories; Joseph Lister's carbolic spray was adopted by local surgeons; 4 Emil von Behring's antitoxin treatment reduced mortality from diphtheria; 5 and Paul Ehrlich's vision of a magic bullet to cure all infections was given credibility by the effi cacy of Salvarsan (arsphenamine, an arsenic-containing compound) against syphilis. 9,10 9,10 During World War II (WWII), intensive screening of Australian troops by miniature x-ray was followed up with bacteriological testing to identify patients with active infection, for whom treatment was compulsory. Tests were developed to screen donated blood and it soon became apparent that injecting drug use had silently amplifi ed prevalence of hepatitis C infection in young people in Western countries. cache = ./cache/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354677-duxm9u8v author = Sweileh, Waleed M. title = Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on climate change and human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases date = 2020-05-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6920 sentences = 408 flesch = 48 summary = title: Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on climate change and human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases The objective of the current study was to assess research activity on climate change and health with an emphasis on infectious diseases. Therefore, in the current study, the research activity of climate change on human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases was investigated. In the current study, the authors developed an extensive and comprehensive search query to retrieve all potential documents focusing on climate change and human health. Analysis of author keywords in infection-related literature indicated that malaria (112 occurrences), dengue (76 occurrences), and arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) (33 occurrences) were the most frequent infectious diseases/pathogens encountered ( (Table 3 ). In the infection-related literature, the top ten cited documents discussed water-, vector-, and mosquito-borne diseases as well as general effects of climate change on infectious diseases, particularly malaria and dengue [75] [76] [77] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] . cache = ./cache/cord-354677-duxm9u8v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354677-duxm9u8v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354953-q1imoe7k author = Zhong, ShaoBo title = Simulation of the spread of infectious diseases in a geographical environment date = 2009-02-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5218 sentences = 307 flesch = 57 summary = Given the fact that most existing models cannot comprehensively depict heterogeneities (e.g., the population heterogeneity and the distribution heterogeneity) and complex contagion patterns (which are mostly caused by the human interaction induced by modern transportation) in the real world, a theoretical model of the spread of infectious diseases is proposed. It employs geo-entity based cellular automata to simulate the spread of infectious diseases in a geographical environment. Through defining suitable spatial weighting functions, the model is applied to simulate the spread of the infectious diseases with not only local contagion but also global contagion. In the following cases of simulation, we will examine the spatial dynamics of infectious diseases with the local contagion and the global contagion, and the effect of two typical interventions (isolation and quarantine) on the spread of infectious diseases. cache = ./cache/cord-354953-q1imoe7k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354953-q1imoe7k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355024-v5lahyw4 author = van Seventer, Jean Maguire title = Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control date = 2016-10-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10079 sentences = 458 flesch = 37 summary = An infectious disease can be defined as an illness due to a pathogen or its toxic product, which arises through transmission from an infected person, an infected animal, or a contaminated inanimate object to a susceptible host. The outcome of exposure to an infectious agent depends, in part, upon multiple host factors that determine individual susceptibility to infection and disease. The goal of secondary prevention is to halt the progress of an infection during its early, often asymptomatic stages so as to prevent disease development or limit its severity; steps important for not only improving the prognosis of individual cases but also preventing infectious agent transmission. Broadly, public health efforts to control infectious diseases focus on primary and secondary prevention activities that reduce the potential for exposure to an infectious agent and increase host resistance to infection. A susceptible host is an individual who is at risk of infection and disease following exposure to an infectious agent. cache = ./cache/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354651-bxm9yxjm author = Zeng, Yawen title = Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date = 2020-03-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15969 sentences = 788 flesch = 42 summary = Chronic consumption of barley β-glucans can decrease fatty liver by increasing small intestinal contents viscosity and improving glucose, lower glycated hemoglobin and relative kidney weights [129] , strengthen the angiogenic ability of ROS-exposed endothelial cells for preventive heart disease [123] , and accelerate the wound closure by promoting the migration and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts [133] . Therefore, functional ingredients in barley grass and grains are essential for the health contribution of modern human (Homo sapiens), Neanderthals, and early hominids staple food to prevent and treat human chronic diseases. In particular, the healthy effects of functional components of barley grains and grass are the result of longterm continuous evolution of early hominids (fruits/vegetables and leaves rich in polyphenols, K-Ca, and vitamins), Neanderthals (mushrooms and nuts rich in polysaccharides, phytosterols, and linoleic acids), and Homo sapiens (grasses and seeds rich in GABA, enzymes, and resistant starch), which associate with modern humans originating in the progenitor of African Homo sapiens with cognitive hominin, especially after interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals that took place in the Middle East. cache = ./cache/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355267-ndzgxk0k author = Kassa, Semu M. title = Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19: from mathematical modelling perspective date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8616 sentences = 451 flesch = 54 summary = Whereas knowledge of the virus dynamics and host response are essential for formulating strategies for antiviral treatment, vaccination, and epidemiological control of COVID-19, estimation of changes in transmission over time can provide insights into the epidemiological situation and help to identify whether public health control measures are having a measurable effect [5, 39] . Applying the above described set of assumptions in the bounds for some of the parameters, we optimized the model output to fit the daily new cases data reported from the Hubei province, China. Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19 Figure 11 : Dynamics of the disease with at most 10% of the population in the class and at least 50% of the class are detected and quarantined just after Phase 1 period, with strict social distancing rule imposed for 11 weeks. cache = ./cache/cord-355267-ndzgxk0k.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355267-ndzgxk0k.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355635-fan0sf48 author = Thacker, Stephen B. title = Epidemic Assistance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Role of the Epidemic Intelligence Service, 1946–2005 date = 2011-12-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6492 sentences = 282 flesch = 44 summary = Since 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has responded to urgent requests from US states, federal agencies, and international organizations through epidemic-assistance investigations (Epi-Aids). Although the CDC (now the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) works with health agencies throughout the world in multiple ways, the term Epi-Aid refers to investigations of serious and urgent public health problems in response to formal requests for rapid assistance from states, federal agencies (e.g., the Indian Health Service, the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the US Department of Defense), international organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization), and ministries of health from other countries. An investigation led by an EISO assigned to the state health department documented the transmission of cryptosporidium infection through the public water supply in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that led to an outbreak of disease affecting more than 400,000 residents and subsequent modifications of water quality standards (5) . cache = ./cache/cord-355635-fan0sf48.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355635-fan0sf48.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005453-4057qib7 author = nan title = The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session date = 2019-07-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 275771 sentences = 16876 flesch = 56 summary = To compare the safety and efficacy of prophylactic DLI for prevention of relapse after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from haploidentical donors (HID-SCT) and matched-sibling donors (MSD-SCT) in patients with very high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we performed a retrospective, observational cohort study enrolled in 21 HID-SCT and 13 MSD-SCT recipients. The aim of this study is to identify the prognostic impact of pre-transplant TIM3 levels on early and late transplant related complications as well as post-transplant relapse and survival Methods: A total of 177 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients with an initial diagnosis of acute leukemia [median age: 36(16-66) years; male/ female: 111/66] were included in the study. cache = ./cache/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-008147-lyfh0ixi cord-000843-e1bn79ui cord-001221-due9tloa cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 cord-023239-06a03o14 cord-035030-ig4nwtmi cord-029332-yn603pvb cord-103797-aowe4kyl cord-258777-9jxvngvz cord-262205-ax3i3d7f cord-269505-7g8lio9l cord-272147-itdx3wqi cord-275602-cog4nma0 cord-282783-ps5jyjkl cord-283380-l60yyr6l cord-297669-22fctxk4 cord-296208-uy1r6lt2 cord-307803-rlvk6bcx cord-328655-55ebve2k cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-338484-a8jmc8lq cord-349451-vak2p7ac Creating transaction Updating adr 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cord-354651-bxm9yxjm cord-015324-y44sfr0c cord-005453-4057qib7 Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-005453-4057qib7 cord-009997-oecpqf1j cord-015324-y44sfr0c cord-303165-ikepr2p2 cord-325300-wawui0fd cord-263667-5g51n27e number of items: 605 sum of words: 7,321,215 average size in words: 12,263 average readability score: 43 nouns: disease; patients; diseases; infection; cells; treatment; virus; health; cell; cases; study; risk; data; diagnosis; time; years; blood; results; studies; infections; age; response; therapy; children; patient; analysis; use; syndrome; population; case; system; number; dogs; animals; control; development; liver; factors; role; lung; levels; transmission; group; protein; days; model; cats; care; gene; effects verbs: use; including; increasing; associated; caused; showed; developed; occurred; based; reported; followed; found; identified; seen; provide; reduce; leads; requiring; resulted; affects; compare; related; consider; make; suggests; treated; induced; described; presented; perform; give; involve; know; infecting; became; detect; improved; emerging; receives; demonstrating; need; remains; determines; decreased; observed; evaluate; producing; take; prevent; indicates adjectives: clinical; human; infectious; high; severe; acute; respiratory; chronic; new; common; many; important; different; specific; immune; normal; pulmonary; viral; first; significant; inflammatory; non; low; small; early; large; renal; public; several; higher; primary; genetic; medical; present; available; possible; positive; diagnostic; major; effective; multiple; global; similar; potential; recent; bacterial; long; negative; anti; lower adverbs: also; however; well; often; usually; even; significantly; therefore; especially; still; respectively; highly; particularly; commonly; now; recently; less; previously; frequently; currently; generally; approximately; typically; first; clinically; later; rapidly; rather; furthermore; prior; potentially; mainly; relatively; directly; primarily; finally; already; much; yet; together; always; almost; far; rarely; moreover; probably; widely; sometimes; initially; alone pronouns: it; we; their; they; its; our; i; he; them; his; she; one; her; us; itself; themselves; you; my; your; me; him; ourselves; himself; s; oneself; o139; myself; iga1; herself; u; mg; itma; em; 's; yourself; thy; ya; theirs; mutationtaster3; mrnas; a-1-antitrypsin; tecpr2; o103; n40np; il-1β; il-12r1; cgvh; c5-derived; a129;  proper nouns: COVID-19; SARS; Health; mg; •; China; United; Disease; T; CT; States; HIV; HSCT; PCR; Fig; el; CoV-2; Ebola; MRI; US; C; B; Africa; RNA; COPD; A; kg; C.; World; II; Europe; University; IV; National; los; Table; AIDS; GVHD; West; PD; S.; Alzheimer; M.; New; America; CMV; Hospital; HLA; Asia; Control keywords: disease; patient; health; covid-19; virus; sars; human; infection; cell; animal; hiv; study; united; cause; infectious; case; model; china; clinical; treatment; ebola; vaccine; pcr; dna; states; africa; lung; rna; respiratory; risk; result; population; cat; sign; diagnosis; copd; university; increase; europe; cns; pulmonary; datum; child; surveillance; outbreak; lesion; hospital; gene; coronavirus; tnf one topic; one dimension: disease file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723410/ titles(s): Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens three topics; one dimension: disease; may; patients file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187950/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158198/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091813/ titles(s): Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks | Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System | The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session five topics; three dimensions: disease health diseases; patients disease cells; may disease dogs; patients cell cells; virus disease infection file(s): https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124157668000021, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-019-0036-1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271179/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091813/, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.05.006 titles(s): Expanding the Concept of Public Health | Lysosomes as a therapeutic target | Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae | The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session | Future Veterinary Diagnostics Type: cord title: keyword-disease-cord date: 2021-05-24 time: 23:22 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:disease ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-258052-y9pzsoqa author: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Biothreat Agents and Emerging Infectious Disease in the Emergency Department date: 2018-09-06 words: 4208.0 sentences: 238.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258052-y9pzsoqa.txt summary: A key method for detecting the presence of an emerging infectious disease syndrome or a biological weapons exposure in an ED patient is to develop a general approach that seeks out key historical and physical examination clues. Any suspicion of smallpox should prompt infectious disease consultation, airborne isolation procedures, and notification of local, state, and national public health authorities. Any suspicion of a VHF should prompt immediate consultation with an infectious disease physician and state and local health authorities. 20 There are several experimental treatments and vaccines (which can be used for postexposure prophylaxis) that are available for filovirus infections and arenavirus infections that would likely be used in any domestic VHF cases caused by these groups of viruses. 22 MERS should be suspected in individuals with upper or lower respiratory infection after travel to the Middle East in the prior 2 weeks, and confirmatory molecular testing can be done in conjunction with state and local health authorities. abstract: The challenges faced by the emergency physician with recognizing and treating category A biothreat agents and emerging infectious disease are summarized and reviewed. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0733862718300634 doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.06.011 id: cord-312461-5qzpo6l1 author: Adalja, Amesh A. title: Characteristics of Microbes Most Likely to Cause Pandemics and Global Catastrophes date: 2019-08-30 words: 6830.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312461-5qzpo6l1.txt summary: A substantial proportion of pandemic and biological threat preparedness activities have focused on list-based approaches that were in part based on pandemic influenzas of the past, historical biological weapon development programs, or recent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases (e.g., SARS, MERS, Ebola) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2017; Casadevall and Relman 2010) . Cultivating and maintaining expertise in the epidemiology, surveillance, and pathogenicity of all classes of microbes, with explicit incorporation of a One Health approach-which incorporates and integrates information from infectious diseases of plants, amphibians, and reptiles-will help foster the broad capacities needed for emerging pandemic and global catastrophic biological risks. Pathogen-based lists, both USA and global, based on influenza precedents, historical biological weapon programs, and emerging infectious diseases were responsible for galvanizing early activities in the field of pandemic preparedness and have helped drive many important contributions. abstract: Predicting which pathogen will confer the highest global catastrophic biological risk (GCBR) of a pandemic is a difficult task. Many approaches are retrospective and premised on prior pandemics; however, such an approach may fail to appreciate novel threats that do not have exact historical precedent. In this paper, based on a study and project we undertook, a new paradigm for pandemic preparedness is presented. This paradigm seeks to root pandemic risk in actual attributes possessed by specific classes of microbial organisms and leads to specific recommendations to augment preparedness activities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31463536/ doi: 10.1007/82_2019_176 id: cord-104486-syirijql author: Adiga, Aniruddha title: Data-driven modeling for different stages of pandemic response date: 2020-09-21 words: 7175.0 sentences: 346.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-104486-syirijql.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104486-syirijql.txt summary: Governments have been forced to respond to the rapidly changing dynamics of the pandemic, and are becoming increasingly reliant on different modeling and analytical techniques to understand, forecast, plan and respond; this includes statistical methods and decision support methods using multi-agent models, such as: (i) forecasting epidemic outcomes (e.g., case counts, mortality and hospital demands), using a diverse set of data-driven methods e.g., ARIMA type time series forecasting, Bayesian techniques and deep learning, e.g., [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] , (ii) disease surveillance, e.g., [6, 7] , and (iii) counter-factual analysis of epidemics using multi-agent models, e.g., [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] ; indeed, the results of [11, 14] were very influential in the early decisions for lockdowns in a number of countries. abstract: Some of the key questions of interest during the COVID-19 pandemic (and all outbreaks) include: where did the disease start, how is it spreading, who is at risk, and how to control the spread. There are a large number of complex factors driving the spread of pandemics, and, as a result, multiple modeling techniques play an increasingly important role in shaping public policy and decision making. As different countries and regions go through phases of the pandemic, the questions and data availability also changes. Especially of interest is aligning model development and data collection to support response efforts at each stage of the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has been unprecedented in terms of real-time collection and dissemination of a number of diverse datasets, ranging from disease outcomes, to mobility, behaviors, and socio-economic factors. The data sets have been critical from the perspective of disease modeling and analytics to support policymakers in real-time. In this overview article, we survey the data landscape around COVID-19, with a focus on how such datasets have aided modeling and response through different stages so far in the pandemic. We also discuss some of the current challenges and the needs that will arise as we plan our way out of the pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7523119/ doi: nan id: cord-312366-8qg1fn8f author: Adiga, Aniruddha title: Mathematical Models for COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Analysis date: 2020-10-30 words: 8797.0 sentences: 472.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312366-8qg1fn8f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312366-8qg1fn8f.txt summary: As the pandemic takes hold, researchers begin investigating: (i) various intervention and control strategies; usually pharmaceutical interventions do not work in the event of a pandemic and thus nonpharmaceutical interventions are most appropriate, (ii) forecasting the epidemic incidence rate, hospitalization rate and mortality rate, (iii) efficiently allocating scarce medical resources to treat the patients and (iv) understanding the change in individual and collective behavior and adherence to public policies. Like projection approaches, models for epidemic forecasting can be broadly classified into two broad groups: (i) statistical and machine learning-based data-driven models, (ii) causal or mechanistic models-see 29, 30, 2, 31, 32, 6, 33 and the references therein for the current state of the art in this rapidly evolving field. In the context of COVID-19 case count modeling and forecasting, a multitude of models have been developed based on different assumptions that capture specific aspects of the disease dynamics (reproduction number evolution, contact network construction, etc.). abstract: COVID-19 pandemic represents an unprecedented global health crisis in the last 100 years. Its economic, social and health impact continues to grow and is likely to end up as one of the worst global disasters since the 1918 pandemic and the World Wars. Mathematical models have played an important role in the ongoing crisis; they have been used to inform public policies and have been instrumental in many of the social distancing measures that were instituted worldwide. In this article, we review some of the important mathematical models used to support the ongoing planning and response efforts. These models differ in their use, their mathematical form and their scope. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41745-020-00200-6 doi: 10.1007/s41745-020-00200-6 id: cord-334446-yf8vynqe author: Agrawal, Gaurav title: Putting Crohn’s on the MAP: Five Common Questions on the Contribution of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis to the Pathophysiology of Crohn’s Disease date: 2020-10-22 words: 6541.0 sentences: 310.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-334446-yf8vynqe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334446-yf8vynqe.txt summary: Further factors include the pathogenicity of the bacteria and strain varieties, host immune-microbe interaction, macrophage functioning, the influence of the gut microbiome, optimal testing and protocols, treatment trials, and appropriate antibiotic combination chemotherapy. Low cure rates MAP has been cultured and grown in human blood but took 18 months to do so Can create dysbiosis of the local (gut) microbiome leading to inflammatory cascades Disease is a result of host-microbe interaction and immune susceptibility of the host Infection does not mean disease is expressed but may result in colonization/persistence/latency Table 2 Koch''s Postulates Hence, if Crohn''s disease is similarly the result of a mycobacterial infection, such as MAP, then there should be similar clinical deterioration instead of a positive response in a cohort of patients to anti-TNF therapy. Involvement of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in TNF-α production from macrophage: possible link between MAP and immune response in Crohn''s disease abstract: For decades, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) has been linked to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. Despite many investigations and research efforts, there remains no clear unifying explanation of its pathogenicity to humans. Proponents argue Crohn’s disease shares many identical features with a granulomatous infection in ruminants termed Johne’s disease and similarities with ileo-cecal tuberculosis. Both are caused by species within the Mycobacterium genus. Sceptics assert that since MAP is found in individuals diagnosed with Crohn’s disease as well as in healthy population controls, any association with CD is coincidental. This view is supported by the uncertain response of patients to antimicrobial therapy. This report aims to address the controversial aspects of this proposition with information and knowledge gathered from several disciplines, including microbiology and veterinary medicine. The authors hope that this discussion will stimulate further research aimed at confirming or refuting the contribution of MAP to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease and ultimately lead to advanced targeted clinical therapies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33089484/ doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06653-0 id: cord-324788-echu0zmf author: Aich, Palok title: Modern approaches to understanding stress and disease susceptibility: A review with special emphasis on respiratory disease date: 2009-07-30 words: 7667.0 sentences: 396.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324788-echu0zmf.txt summary: The current review focuses on (a) the effects of psychological stressors in humans and animals, (b) various methodologies employed to understand stress responses and their outcomes, and (c) the current status of the attempts to correlate stress and disease with respiratory disease as model system. While many genes and environmental factors contribute to susceptibility and resistance to autoimmune/infl ammatory diseases, a full understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which a combination of neuropeptides, neurohormones and neurotransmitters can modulate immune responses is essential for effective design of future interventions. We conducted bovine microarray analyses of RNA isolated from blood mononuclear cells to determine if changes in gene expression correlated with either stress or the severity of BRD infection; results support the conclusion that differential regulation of pro-infl ammatory responses is a major mechanism contributing to increased disease susceptibility. abstract: Studies in animals and humans link both physical and psychological stress with an increased incidence and severity of respiratory infections. For this manuscript we define stress as the physiological responses an individual undergoes while adjusting to a continually changing environment. It is known that stressors of various types (psychological/physical) can alter the physiological levels of certain hormones, chemokines and cytokines. These alterations send information to the central nervous system to take necessary action which then sends messages to appropriate organs/tissues/cells to respond. These messages can either activate or suppress the immune system as needed and failure to compensate for this by the body can lead to serious health-related problems. Little is known how stress affects disease susceptibility, yet understanding this mechanism is important for developing effective treatments, and for improving health and food quality. The current review focuses on (a) the effects of psychological stressors in humans and animals, (b) various methodologies employed to understand stress responses and their outcomes, and (c) the current status of the attempts to correlate stress and disease with respiratory disease as model system. The methodologies included in this review span traditional epidemiological, behavioral and immunological studies to current high throughput genomic, proteomic, metabolomic/metabonomic approaches. With the advent of various newer omics and bioinformatics methodologies we postulate that it will become feasible to understand the mechanisms through which stress can influence disease onset. Although the literature in this area is limited because of the infancy of this research area, the objective of this review is to illustrate the power of new approaches to address complex biological questions. These new approaches will also aid in our understanding how these processes are related to the dynamics and kinetics of changes in expression of multiple genes at various levels. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20360883/ doi: nan id: cord-002095-47dbqu2r author: Al-Helou, Georges title: When the Illness Goes Off Script—An Exercise in Clinical Reasoning date: 2016-03-14 words: 2844.0 sentences: 184.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002095-47dbqu2r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002095-47dbqu2r.txt summary: The clinician triggers the illness scripts of familiar diseases such as viral or bacterial respiratory infections and tick-borne infections to compare to his problem representation. While disseminated endemic fungal infections can cause fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and pulmonary disease, an acute presentation with widespread skin lesions would be more likely in an immunocompromised patient. The problem representation is now fever, hypotension (resolved), diffuse pulmonary infiltrates, widespread lymphadenopathy, disseminated rash (resolved), leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, DIC, severe AKI, and mild hepatitis with no evident infection. It is the mismatch between common illness scripts (pleural) 5 and a patient''s presentation that prompts diagnosticians to consider rare diseases. Rare diseases such as HLH were considered only after the discussant found irreconcilable mismatches with the illness scripts of more common conditions. When clinicians know the illness scripts of common diseases well enough to recognize telltale deviations from the norm, they can trigger the consideration of rare conditions and request help from colleagues and other resources that will ultimately lead to a diagnosis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4907950/ doi: 10.1007/s11606-016-3632-3 id: cord-347449-mey7e8gd author: Albers, Heidi J. title: Disease Risk from Human–Environment Interactions: Environment and Development Economics for Joint Conservation-Health Policy date: 2020-07-09 words: 7021.0 sentences: 301.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347449-mey7e8gd.txt summary: Here, we review how these economic frameworks capture-or do not capture-drivers and characteristics of the human-environment interaction, while reflecting the natural and socio-institutional settings of LMICs. We then propose how modeling frameworks can be expanded to incorporate the disease risk posed by that interaction to inform needed socio-enviro-epidemiological research and policy analysis, using an iterative process of data collection and modelling in an interdisciplinary setting. To address how humans influence zoonotic disease risk borne from environmental interactions, these hotspot maps can be combined with economic decision models at fine resolution that specify markets and institutions, landscape patterns, and resource use in LMICs, and thereby illustrate the decisions behind where and how people overlap with pathogen hosts, which influences their pathogen exposure. Empirical analysis that defines correlations but is not specific to people''s decisions does not provide information about how human-environment interactions affect conservation or disease spread, which implies that policy levers are difficult to identify below generalities, such as "slow deforestation," "limit fragmentation," and "close wildlife markets." abstract: Emergence of COVID-19 joins a collection of evidence that local and global health are influenced by human interactions with the natural environment. Frameworks that simultaneously model decisions to interact with natural systems and environmental mechanisms of zoonotic disease spread allow for identification of policy levers to mitigate disease risk and promote conservation. Here, we highlight opportunities to broaden existing conservation economics frameworks that represent human behavior to include disease transmission in order to inform conservation-disease risk policy. Using examples from wildlife markets and forest extraction, we call for environment, resource, and development economists to develop and analyze empirically-grounded models of people’s decisions about interacting with the environment, with particular attention to LMIC settings and ecological-epidemiological risk factors. Integrating the decisions that drive human–environment interactions with ecological and epidemiological research in an interdisciplinary approach to understanding pathogen transmission will inform policy needed to improve both conservation and disease spread outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836831/ doi: 10.1007/s10640-020-00449-6 id: cord-308658-38f8ftmh author: Aleta, Alberto title: Evaluation of the potential incidence of COVID-19 and effectiveness of contention measures in Spain: a data-driven approach date: 2020-03-06 words: 4779.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308658-38f8ftmh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308658-38f8ftmh.txt summary: Our results are in line with the most recent recommendations from the World Health Organization, namely, that the best strategy is the early detection and isolation of individuals with symptoms, followed by interventions and public recommendations aimed at reducing the transmissibility of the disease, which although not efficacious for disease eradication, would produce as a second-order effect a delay of several days in the raise of the number of infected cases Here, we follow the modeling path and analyze, through a data-driven stochastic SEIR-metapopulation model, the temporal and spatial transmission of the COVID-19 disease in Spain as well as the expected impact of possible and customary contention measures. Figure 4 shows the expected hitting time for each province when the disease starts from 5 different locations, as well as one case with seeds in multiple places, as obtained from the SEIR metapopulation model. abstract: Our society is currently experiencing an unprecedented challenge, managing and containing an outbreak of a new coronavirus disease known as COVID-19. While China - were the outbreak started - seems to have been able to contain the growth of the epidemic, different outbreaks are nowadays being detected in multiple countries. Much is currently unknown about the natural history of the disease, such as a possible asymptomatic spreading or the role of age in both the susceptibility and mortality of the disease. Nonetheless, authorities have to take action and implement contention measures, even if not everything is known. To facilitate this task, we have studied the effect of different containment strategies that can be put into effect. Our work specifically refers to the situation in Spain as of February 28th, 2020, where a few dozens of cases have been detected. We implemented an SEIR-metapopulation model that allows tracing explicitly the spatial spread of the disease through data-driven stochastic simulations. Our results are in line with the most recent recommendations from the World Health Organization, namely, that the best strategy is the early detection and isolation of individuals with symptoms, followed by interventions and public recommendations aimed at reducing the transmissibility of the disease, which although not efficacious for disease eradication, would produce as a second-order effect a delay of several days in the raise of the number of infected cases url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.01.20029801 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.01.20029801 id: cord-288023-6uflg5oc author: Allen,, Koya C. title: Tracking the Traveler Without a Passport: Perspective on Surveillance of Imported Disease date: 2014-08-25 words: 1258.0 sentences: 82.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288023-6uflg5oc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288023-6uflg5oc.txt summary: This would allow researchers and practitioners to extend prevention strategies beyond endemic regions and the individuals therein, and consider international travel behavior a significant facet of imported disease risk. 2 Travel health needs a fresh perspective and alternative concept for understanding risk and the intricate link that exists between perceptions, behavior, and the role they play in our capabilities for successful prevention and response to imported diseases. One strategy could be the use of the concept of "Cultural Embeddedness" (CE), which could aid our understanding of the relationship between travel behavior and imported disease risk. Admittedly, not every country has the capability to develop programs following broad-based recommendations for prevention and control of diseases such as dengue and chikungunya; however, collaboration between countries and organizations and the use of surveillance tools and networks, such as Health-map, Geo-Sentinel, Pro-med, and other more sophisticated aggregate surveillance systems, make it possible for not only outbreak detection but also outbreak prediction. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25155926/ doi: 10.1111/jtm.12143 id: cord-310557-d33ll0ka author: Alotaibi, Badriah M. title: Strengthening health security at the Hajj mass gatherings: characteristics of the infectious diseases surveillance systems operational during the 2015 Hajj date: 2017-02-26 words: 4299.0 sentences: 194.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310557-d33ll0ka.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310557-d33ll0ka.txt summary: Method: We reviewed documents, including guidelines and reports from the Saudi Ministry of Health''s database, to describe the characteristics of the infectious diseases surveillance systems that were operational during the 2015 Hajj, highlighting best practices and gaps and proposing strategies for strengthening and improvement. During Hajj, enhanced indicator-based notifiable diseases surveillance systems complement the existing surveillance tool to ensure timely reporting of event information for appropriate action by public health officials. 10 The use of appropriate surveillance systems during mass gatherings ensures the timely collection, analysis and interpretation of health data for effective planning and response to infectious diseases threats. 14 Furthermore, there is need to sustain the enhanced surveillance system and other public health interventions at key locations in the Kingdom, including the points of entry, after the Hajj, as a prevention and control strategy for the international spread of diseases during other mass gatherings with international dimensions, principally the Umrah pilgrimage. abstract: Background: Hajj is one of the largest and the most ethnically and culturally diverse mass gatherings worldwide. The use of appropriate surveillance systems ensures timely information management for effective planning and response to infectious diseases threats during the pilgrimage. The literature describes infectious diseases prevention and control strategies for Hajj but with limited information on the operations and characteristics of the existing Hajj infectious diseases surveillance systems. Method: We reviewed documents, including guidelines and reports from the Saudi Ministry of Health’s database, to describe the characteristics of the infectious diseases surveillance systems that were operational during the 2015 Hajj, highlighting best practices and gaps and proposing strategies for strengthening and improvement. Using Pubmed and Embase online search engines and a combination of search terms including, ‘mass gatherings’ ‘Olympics’ ‘surveillance’ ‘Hajj’ ‘health security’, we explored the existing literature and highlighted some lessons learnt from other international mass gatherings. Results: A regular indicator-based infectious disease surveillance system generates routine reports from health facilities within the Kingdom to the regional and central public health directorates all year round. During Hajj, enhanced indicator-based notifiable diseases surveillance systems complement the existing surveillance tool to ensure timely reporting of event information for appropriate action by public health officials. Conclusion: There is need to integrate the existing Hajj surveillance data management systems and to implement syndromic surveillance as an early warning system for infectious disease control during Hajj. International engagement is important to strengthen Hajj infectious diseases surveillance and to prevent disease transmission and globalization of infectious agents which could undermine global health security. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taw087 doi: 10.1093/jtm/taw087 id: cord-253638-5f9ofdsc author: Alsaied, Tarek title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Pandemic Implications in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease date: 2020-06-10 words: 5683.0 sentences: 339.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253638-5f9ofdsc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253638-5f9ofdsc.txt summary: Given the increased risk for severe COVID‐19 observed in adults with underlying cardiac involvement, there is concern that patients with pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) may likewise be at increased risk for severe infection. In this review, we describe the effects of COVID‐19 in the pediatric and young adult population and review the cardiovascular involvement in COVID‐19 focusing on implications for patients with congenital heart disease in particular. 4-Cardiac care team members are at risk for acquiring COVID-19 and may play a role in spreading the disease between patients and in the society at large. It is important to know that 3.8% of the cases reported from China were of healthcare team members suggesting that health care providers are at a significantly increased risk of contracting COVID-19 11, 83 . abstract: The corona virus disease ‐2019 (COVID‐19) is a recently described infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 with significant cardiovascular implications. Given the increased risk for severe COVID‐19 observed in adults with underlying cardiac involvement, there is concern that patients with pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) may likewise be at increased risk for severe infection. The cardiac manifestations of COVID‐19 include myocarditis, arrhythmia and myocardial infarction. Importantly, the pandemic has stretched health care systems and many care team members are at risk for contracting and possibly transmitting the disease which may further impact the care of patients with cardiovascular disease. In this review, we describe the effects of COVID‐19 in the pediatric and young adult population and review the cardiovascular involvement in COVID‐19 focusing on implications for patients with congenital heart disease in particular. url: https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.017224 doi: 10.1161/jaha.120.017224 id: cord-009820-fi54s0x7 author: Andries, K. title: Pathogenicity of Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis (Vomiting and Wasting Disease) Virus of Pigs, using Different Routes of Inoculation date: 2010-05-13 words: 3845.0 sentences: 289.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009820-fi54s0x7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009820-fi54s0x7.txt summary: SUMMARY: Forty‐eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus. The present studies were primarily designed to determine whether a virus isolate, obtained from pigs with the vomiting and wasting syndrome only, could produce clinical signs after inoculation by different routes. When sick, pigs were killed at time intervals varying from one to five days after the appearance of clinical signs and different tissues were collected for virus isolation. From the pigs killed at different time intervals after inoculation, the following tissues were collected for virus isolation : nasal mucosa, tonsils, lungs (apical and cardiac lobes), pyloric region of the stomach, pons and medulla combined, cerebrum, cerebellum and blood clot. Forty-eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus. abstract: SUMMARY: Forty‐eight pigs were inoculated by different routes with the VW 572 isolate of the hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (vomiting and wasting disease) virus. All piglets inoculated by the combined oral — nasal route (16) or into the infraorbital nerve (3) became sick after an incubation period of 5 days. Six of the 7 pigs inoculated into the stomach wall, 6 of the 8 pigs inoculated intramuscularly and 3 of the 5 pigs inoculated intracerebrally became ill after an incubation period of 3–3.5 days. None of the pigs inoculated either intravenously or into the abdominal cavity or into the stomach lumen became sick. All diseased pigs showed the vomiting and wasting syndrome. In oronasally inoculated pigs, killed during the early stages of disease, the virus was reisolated consistently from the tonsils and respiratory tract but irregularly from the pons + medulla and the stomach wall. Pigs inoculated by other routes were positive for virus when sick. All except one of the pigs which remained healthy had seroconverted. The site of virus replication which gives rise to the vomition could not be determined. It was concluded from the present studies that virus spread within the body occurs along nerve pathways. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Die Pathogenität von hämagglutinierendem Enzephalomyelitis‐Virus (Kümmern und Erbrechen) bei Shweinen nach Infektion über vershiedene Inokulationswege Achtundvierzig Schweine wurden übegr verschiedene Inokulationswege mit dem VW 572‐Isolat des hämagglutinierendtn Enzephalomyelitis‐Virus (Kümmern und Erbrechen) infiziert. Alle Schweine, die entweder kombiniert oro‐nasal (16) oder über den Infraorbitalnerv (3) infiziert wurden, erkrankten nach einer Inkubationszeit von 5 Tagen. Sechs der sieben über die Magenwand inokulierten, 6 oder 8 intramuskulär und 3 der 5 intrazerebral infizierten Tiere wurden nach einer Inkubationszeit von 3–3,5 Tagen krank. Bei den Schweinen, die intravenös oder in die Bauchhöhle bzw. direkt in den Magen inokuliert wurden, kamen Erkrankungsfälle nicht vor. Alle erkrankten Schweine zeigten das Syndrom des Kümmerns und Erbrechens. Von oro‐nasal infizierten Schweinen, die während des Frühstadiums der Erkrankung getötet wurden, konnte das Virus regelmäßig von den Tonsillen und dem Respirationstrakt und gelegentlich vom Gewebe des Pons‐Medulla‐Bereiches sowie aus der Magenwand reisoliert werden. Von Schweinen, die nach Infektion über andere Routen erkrankten, ließ sich immer Virus isolieren. Alle Tiere, die nicht erkrankten (mit Ausnahme eines Ferkels) bildeten jedoch Antikörper. Der Ort der Virusvermehrung, mit dem das Erbrechen zusammenhängt, ließ sich nicht ermitteln. Die Ergebnisse der vorgelegten Untersuchungen lassen den Schluß zu, daß die Virusausbreitung im Körper über die Nervenbahnen erfolgt. RÉSUMÉ: Pathogénicité du virus hémagglutinant de l'encéphalomyélite du porc (dépérissement et vomissement) après infection par différents modes d'inoculation 48 porcs ont été infectés selon différents procédés d'inoculation avec l'isolement VW 572 du virus hémagglutinant de l'encéphalomyélite (dépérissement et vomissement). Tous les porcs infectés soit par la voie combinée oronasale (16) soit par le nerf infraorbital (3) tombèrent malades après une incubation de 5 jours. 6 des 7 animaux infectés par la paroi stomacale, 6 des 8 par voie intramusculaire et 3 des 5 intracérébralement tombèrent malades après un temps d'incubation de 3–3,5 jours. Il n'y a pas eu de maladie chez les porcs inoculés par voie intraveineuse, dans l'abdomen ou directement dans l'estomac. Tous les porcs malades ont présenté le syndrome de dépérissement et de vomissement. Chez les animaux infectés par voie oro‐nasale et sacrifiés au début de la maladie, on a pu régulièrement réisoler le virus à partir des amygdales et de l'appareil respiratoire, parfois du tissu de la région «Pons‐Medulla» et de la paroi stomacale. Le virus a toujours été isolé chez les porcs tombés malades après un mode d'infection différent. Tous les animaux qui ne furent pas malades (à l'exception d'un porcelet) formèrent des anticorps. L'endroit de multiplication du virus lié au syndrome de vomissement n'a pas été déterminé. Les résultats de ces essais permettent de conclure que la propagation du virus dans le corps se fait par voie nerveuse. RESUMEN: La patogeneidad del virus hemoaglutinante de la encéfalomielitis (hipotrepsia y vómitos) en el cerdo tras infección a través de vías diversas de inoculación Se infectaron cuarenta y ocho cerdos a través de diferentes vías de inoculación con el aislamiento VW 572 del virus hemoaglutinante de la encéfalomielitis (hipotrepsia y vómitos). Todos los cerdos infectados bien con arreglo al procedimiento combinado buco‐nasal (16) o bien a través del nervio infraorbitario (3) enfermaron tras un tiempo de incubación de 5 días. Seis de siete animales inoculados a través de la pared gástrica, 6 de 8 por vía intramuscular y 3 de 5 por vía intracerebral enfermaron tras un tiempo de incubación de 3–3,5 días. No se registraron casos de enfermedad en los cerdos inoculados por vía intravenosa o en la cavidad abdominal resp. directamente en el estómago. Todos los cerdos que enfermaron presentaban el síndrome de hipotrepsia y vómitos. De los cerdos infectados por vía buco‐nasal, que se sacrificaron durante el estadio precoz de la enfermedad, se pudo reaislar el virus con regularidad de las tonsilas y del tracto respiratorio y, en ocasiones, del tejido correspondiente al ámbito puente de Varolio‐medula, así como de la pared gástrica. Se logró siempre aislar virus de cerdos que enfermaron tras infección por otras vías. Sin embargo, todos los animales que no enfermaron (excepción hecha por un lechón) produjeron anticuerpos. No se logró descubrir el lugar en donde se multiplicaba el virus, hecho relacionado con los vómitos. Los resultados de los estudios presentados permiten llegar a la conclusión de que la propagación del virus en el organismo acontece a través de las vías nerviosas. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7165786/ doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb00754.x id: cord-306707-dde4nlhh author: Antabe, Roger title: Diseases, Emerging and Infectious date: 2019-12-04 words: 2399.0 sentences: 110.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306707-dde4nlhh.txt summary: Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are largely preventable, and yet with their profound impact and increasing prevalence, they remain a threat to global health, which must be addressed. The SDGs posit that through increased surveillance and allocating more resources and funding to this health issue, diagnostic and treatment programs will be improved, and the epidemic of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases will once again begin to decline. Therefore, a global network of specialist and experts is key in designing future responses to EIDs. The introduction of vaccines led to the eradication of major infectious disease such as Smallpox and Measles that plagued earlier centuries as leading causes of death. In view of the disproportionate global burden of infectious diseases where some regions are more prone relative to others, a key consideration in eradicating EIDs may be the reallocation of resources, including expertise and clinical technology to areas that are most impacted. abstract: Emerging and infectious diseases have persisted as leading causes of global morbidity and mortality. Caused by pathogens including bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, they are known to pose serious health threats to the world's population dating back to ancient Egypt. In the 14th Century alone, infectious diseases were responsible for decimating 20–45% of the world's population. The discovery of vaccines, coupled with improved sanitation, hygiene, and health care, witnessed the eradication of several infectious diseases, although some have resurfaced or are resurfacing since the latter part of the 20th Century. While geography partly define hotspots for emerging and infectious diseases, low socioeconomic development, poverty, and underfunded health care systems remain driving forces for the reoccurrence of these diseases among vulnerable populations who experience material deprivation. To eradicate infectious diseases, a global response will have to prioritize the allocation of resources by way of expertise and technology to areas that are most affected. Furthermore, an effective surveillance system, and a rigorous vaccine deployment regime targeting vulnerable persons and regions is desirable in mitigating the impacts of these diseases. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780081022955104391 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-102295-5.10439-1 id: cord-300969-a3zcggf2 author: Antolin, Michael F. title: EVOLUTION AND MEDICINE IN UNDERGRADUATE EDUCATION: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ALL BIOLOGY STUDENTS date: 2012-02-06 words: 10212.0 sentences: 470.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300969-a3zcggf2.txt summary: The interface between evolutionary biology and the biomedical sciences promises to advance understanding of the origins of genetic and infectious diseases in humans, potentially leading to improved medical diagnostics, therapies, and public health practices. Williams'' writings on the evolution of senescence and life histories provided fundamental conceptual developments in evolutionary biology (Williams 1957) , as did his thoughts on the role of natural selection in adaptive evolution on multiple levels from genes to individuals to groups of organisms (Williams 1966) . This dynamic view of disease accounts for the variability in human-adapted pathogens such as influenza viruses and malaria, where evolutionary escape hinders development of vaccines with long-lasting protection and results in multidrug resistance. Currently, few medical schools teach evolutionary topics beyond human genetic variation, drug resistance, pathogen virulence, and adaptation by natural selection (Nesse and Schiffman 2003; Downie 2004; Childs et al. abstract: The interface between evolutionary biology and the biomedical sciences promises to advance understanding of the origins of genetic and infectious diseases in humans, potentially leading to improved medical diagnostics, therapies, and public health practices. The biomedical sciences also provide unparalleled examples for evolutionary biologists to explore. However, gaps persist between evolution and medicine, for historical reasons and because they are often perceived as having disparate goals. Evolutionary biologists have a role in building a bridge between the disciplines by presenting evolutionary biology in the context of human health and medical practice to undergraduates, including premedical and preprofessional students. We suggest that students will find medical examples of evolution engaging. By making the connections between evolution and medicine clear at the undergraduate level, the stage is set for future health providers and biomedical scientists to work productively in this synthetic area. Here, we frame key evolutionary concepts in terms of human health, so that biomedical examples may be more easily incorporated into evolution courses or more specialized courses on evolutionary medicine. Our goal is to aid in building the scientific foundation in evolutionary biology for all students, and to encourage evolutionary biologists to join in the integration of evolution and medicine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22671563/ doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01552.x id: cord-016826-oatjcmy0 author: Arata, Andrew A. title: Old and New Pestilences date: 2005 words: 7127.0 sentences: 338.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016826-oatjcmy0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016826-oatjcmy0.txt summary: At the time of this writing, two such pathogens are active, warranting such concern: a) cases of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, caused by a coronavirus) appeared in China in November, 2002, and has spread to Western and Central Europe and North America; b) a strain of Avian Influenza Virus (N5H1), first identified in Hong Kong in 1997, reemerged in 2002 in Southeast Asia. Dengue, and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), have spread globally, infecting vast new areas, especially urban areas where the human living conditions are substandard, but readily suited for vector breeding. A good example is the recent outbreak of West Nile encephilitis in the U.S. In 1999 and 2000, the virus was isolated from/around New York City from large numbers of dead birds (especially crows and jays): 21 human cases and two deaths were confirmed. abstract: a. “Any fatal epidemic disease, affecting man or beast, and destroying many victims.” The Oxford Universal Dictionary, 3(rd) edition, 1955, Oxford Press, 2515 pp. b. “A contagious or infectious epidemic disease that is virulent and devastating.” Webster’s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary, 1965. G. & C. Merriam Co., Springfield, Mass., 1221 pp. Accordingly, a pestilence should be an infectious disease, devastating (killing) a large number of people (or animals). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121237/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-24103-5_3 id: cord-280348-vrnxucye author: Argano, Christiano title: Pattern of comorbidities and 1-year mortality in elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in internal medicine wards: data from the RePoSI Registry date: 2020-07-27 words: 4641.0 sentences: 257.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280348-vrnxucye.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280348-vrnxucye.txt summary: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents an important leading cause of morbidity and mortality with high economic and social costs: according to the WHO, COPD is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide, and it is estimated to be the third by 2020; furthermore, the global burden of COPD is expected to increase in the coming years, due to the prevalence of smoking and aging of the world population [1] . The following clinical characteristics were evaluated: respiratory and non-respiratory disease distribution at hospital admission (according to International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision); cognitive status and mood disorders (by the Short-Blessed-Test [SBT] [9] and the Geriatric-Depression-Scale [GDS] [10] ,respectively; performance in activities of daily living at hospital admission (measured by means of the Barthel Index [BI] [11] ; severity and comorbidity index(assessed by the Cumulative-Illness-Rating-Scale CIRS-s and CIRS-c, respectively) [12] , glomerular filtration rate (using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration-formula [13] ), length of hospital stay, drugs prescriptions (at admission, discharge, at 3 and 12 months follow-up), destination at discharge, in-hospital and 3-month and 1-year mortality rate. abstract: Currently, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents the fourth cause of death worldwide with significant economic burden. Comorbidities increase in number and severity with age and are identified as important determinants that influence the prognosis. In this observational study, we retrospectively analyzed data collected from the RePoSI register. We aimed to investigate comorbidities and outcomes in a cohort of hospitalized elderly patients with the clinical diagnosis of COPD. Socio-demographic, clinical characteristics and laboratory findings were considered. The association between variables and in-hospital, 3-month and 1-year follow-up were analyzed. Among 4696 in-patients, 932 (19.8%) had a diagnosis of COPD. Patients with COPD had more hospitalization, a significant overt cognitive impairment, a clinically significant disability and more depression in comparison with non-COPD subjects. COPD patients took more drugs, both at admission, in-hospital stay, discharge and 3-month and 1-year follow-up. 14 comorbidities were more frequent in COPD patients. Cerebrovascular disease was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. At 3-month follow-up, male sex and hepatic cirrhosis were independently associated with mortality. ICS-LABA therapy was predictor of mortality at in-hospital, 3-month and 1-year follow-up. This analysis showed the severity of impact of COPD and its comorbidities in the real life of internal medicine and geriatric wards. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11739-020-02412-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32720248/ doi: 10.1007/s11739-020-02412-1 id: cord-293622-gdplbrsf author: Arget, Michael title: Successful Treatment of Legionnaires’ Disease with Tigecycline in an Immunocompromised Man with a Legion of Antibiotic Allergies date: 2019-04-30 words: 1944.0 sentences: 99.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293622-gdplbrsf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293622-gdplbrsf.txt summary: We describe an immunocompromised and severely ill patient with Legionnaires'' disease and who also has allergies to both fluoroquinolones and macrolides; he was successfully treated using tigecycline, a third generation glycylcycline, indicating that tigecycline may serve as a safe and effective alternative therapeutic option for treatment of Legionnaires'' disease in select cases. A recently published case series describes eight patients with Legionnaires'' disease who were switched to tigecycline, often due to worsening sepsis and/or respiratory status, following initial exposure to macrolide and/or fluoroquinolone therapy (median of three days) [8] . While the integrated results of these two randomized controlled trials support the early use of tigecycline as empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, one of these trials permitted switching to oral levofloxacin following at least three days of intravenous therapy if evidence of clinical improvement. abstract: Legionella species are Gram-negative bacilli that are relatively rare causes of community-acquired pneumonia but can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality if unrecognized or improperly treated. Limited data exist regarding the use of tigecycline, a third generation glycylcycline, in the treatment of Legionnaires' disease. We present an immunocompromised patient with Legionnaires' disease and allergies to both fluoroquinolones and macrolides, which are first-line treatment options for Legionnaires' disease. He was successfully treated using tigecycline, a third generation glycylcycline, indicating that tigecycline may serve as a safe and effective alternative therapeuticl option for treatment of Legionnaires’ disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31281760/ doi: 10.7759/cureus.4577 id: cord-292623-mxdlii77 author: Arji, Goli title: Fuzzy logic approach for infectious disease diagnosis: A methodical evaluation, literature and classification date: 2019-09-26 words: 6116.0 sentences: 402.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292623-mxdlii77.txt summary: So, the major objective of the current study is to examine the researches in which fuzzy logic techniques have been applied in infectious diseases so to determining its trends and methods, through the processes of conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). In this methodical review, the studies related to the employment of the fuzzy logic techniques in an infectious disease were assessed, and depending on the acquired outcomes, we can notice an interest amongst the researchers regarding this specific field of research. 40 studies were scrutinized and the main conclusions can be briefed as follows: (1) the key application field of the fuzzy logic in an infectious disease was related to dengue fever, hepatitis and tuberculosis, (2) amongst the fuzzy logic techniques fuzzy inference system, rule-based fuzzy logic, ANFIS and fuzzy cognitive map are commonly used in many studies, and (3) the major performance evaluation indicators such as the sensitivity, specificity, and the accuracy the ROC curve is employed. abstract: This paper presents a systematic review of the literature and the classification of fuzzy logic application in an infectious disease. Although the emergence of infectious diseases and their subsequent spread have a significant impact on global health and economics, a comprehensive literature evaluation of this topic has yet to be carried out. Thus, the current study encompasses the first systematic, identifiable and comprehensive academic literature evaluation and classification of the fuzzy logic methods in infectious diseases. 40 papers on this topic, which have been published from 2005 to 2019 and related to the human infectious diseases were evaluated and analyzed. The findings of this evaluation clearly show that the fuzzy logic methods are vastly used for diagnosis of diseases such as dengue fever, hepatitis and tuberculosis. The key fuzzy logic methods used for the infectious disease are the fuzzy inference system; the rule-based fuzzy logic, Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and fuzzy cognitive map. Furthermore, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve were universally applied for a performance evaluation of the fuzzy logic techniques. This thesis will also address the various needs between the different industries, practitioners and researchers to encourage more research regarding the more overlooked areas, and it will conclude with several suggestions for the future infectious disease researches. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbe.2019.09.004 doi: 10.1016/j.bbe.2019.09.004 id: cord-266809-3gl8km98 author: Ather, Amber title: Reply to: "Coronavirus Disease 2019: Implications for Clinical Dental Care" date: 2020-08-15 words: 414.0 sentences: 35.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266809-3gl8km98.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266809-3gl8km98.txt summary: We would like to thank Drs. Jadhav and Mittal for their letter to the editor in which they have put forward their concerns and suggestions regarding the manuscript titled ''Coronavirus Disease 19 : Implications for Clinical Dental Care'' (1). We strongly agree with the concerns expressed by the authors regarding asymptomatic carriers of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) and the potential transmission to dental health care professionals. However, it is noteworthy that pulse oximeter detects hypoxemia in contrast to "hypoxia" as mentioned by the authors. In agreement with the authors, oxygen saturation measurements are a vital screening tool to identify potential asymptomatic patients and should be incorporated into routine dental clinical practice. Notably, the potential importance of silent hypoxemia in COVID-19 patients has become evident only more recently (3) . We appreciate the authors for elaborating on the outline and basic design considerations for negative-pressure rooms/ airborne infection isolation rooms for dental practices. COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32810475/ doi: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.08.005 id: cord-315825-ckg8mf8t author: B, Liu title: Decrease of respiratory diseases in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province during COVID-19 date: 2020-09-02 words: 2698.0 sentences: 147.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315825-ckg8mf8t.txt summary: In order to resist the epidemic of COVID-19 outbreak, this welfare institute actively responded to government exhortation and carefully planned many urgent measures according to ''Guidelines on the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia Epidemic in New Corona virus Infections in Service Organizations of Children''s Welfare (First Edition)'' released by the O ce of the Ministry of Civil A airs, 7 for examples, disinfection and sterilization, isolation and age-based partitioned management, as well as monitoring body temperature. According to the data analysis of the same time period from 2018 to 2020, the anti-epidemic measures lead to that the prevalence rate of respiratory diseases reduced significantly among children of the social children welfare institute in 2020 compared with 2018 and 2019. Based on the survey analysis, we can clearly conclude that the actions taken during the epidemic of COVID-19 have strikingly resulted in the prevalence rate transform of respiratory diseases for the children, which suggests that the disinfection and management in welfare institutions administration should be strengthened daily. abstract: BACKGROUND: To assess the impact of disinfection measures on the incidence of common diseases in children welfare institute during the epidemic of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), and provide a basis for the daily disinfection management of children welfare institute. METHODS: This study surveyed and analyzed common diseases among children under the age of 14 in one social children welfare institute in Shanxi Province from January to May in 2018–2020 by the year-on-year method. RESULTS: The prevalence rate of respiratory diseases in 2020 was a significantly negative growth compared with 2018 and 2019. There was no obvious pattern of changes in digestive diseases group. CONCLUSION: In view of the above anti-epidemic measures, it indicates that the children gathering institutions should strengthen effective personal protection and public health management to reduce infectious disease among children. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876673/ doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa150 id: cord-307899-427a7i3h author: BITTLE, JAMES L. title: Vaccines Produced by Conventional Means to Control Major Infectious Diseases of Man and Animals date: 1989-12-31 words: 17476.0 sentences: 1073.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307899-427a7i3h.txt summary: Adenoviruses cause significant disease in dogs, foxes, and man, but have also been isolated from cattle, swine, goats, sheep, horses, turkeys, and chickens, where they produce mild infections, mainly associated with the respiratory and intestinal tracts. The latter modified the virus by serial passage in porcine and canine tissue cultures; the resulting vaccine immunized dogs and did not produce clinical signs of infection except for occasional corneal opacity similar to that caused by natural infection. The immunity produced by the attenuated live-virus CAV-1 vaccines is long lasting and has drastically reduced the incidence of the canine disease. The exception is human hepatitis A virus, which causes a serious disease and has one serotype; the development of both inactivated virus and attenuated live-virus vaccines is in progress (Hilleman et al., 1982; Provost et al., 1983) . An attenuated live-virus yellow fever vaccine was developed by passage of the virulent Asibi strain in mouse brain and cell culture until it had lost its pathogenicity for monkeys and man (Theiler, 1951) . abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the development of some of vaccines and their use in controlling such major diseases as diphtheria, rinderpest, Newcastle disease, smallpox, pertussis, yellow fever, rabies, etc. Park–Williams Number 8 (PW8) strain is used to make diphtherial toxoid for vaccines. As a source of toxin, it is rendered nontoxic by incubation with formalin under alkaline conditions. The product's retention of antigenicity, enabling it to induce antitoxin antibodies, makes it an excellent pediatric vaccine. Vaccine against Rinderpest Virus was developed by Koch in 1897 by administering bile from infected cattle. Animals that survived were permanently immune. Formalin- and chloroform-inactivated vaccines were developed using tissues from the infected animals. For the control of Newcastle disease, a number of attenuated live-virus vaccines have been developed which are widely used to control the disease. The Bl strain, the LaSota strain, and the F strain are used to immunize birds of all ages by different routes, including by addition to drinking water and by spraying. Protection against rabies correlates with SN antibody, which can be assessed by a number of tests. Pasteur's classical vaccine, developed from infected spinal cord tissue dried at room temperature for 3–14 days, was given in a series of 21–28 inoculations beginning with material dried the longest and progressing through material dried for only 3 days. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780120392339500056 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039233-9.50005-6 id: cord-302277-c66xm2n4 author: Bakaletz, Lauren O. title: Developing animal models for polymicrobial diseases date: 2004 words: 10910.0 sentences: 537.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302277-c66xm2n4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302277-c66xm2n4.txt summary: Briefly, viral infection compromises the protective functions of the Eustachian tube, alters respiratory-tract secretions, damages the mucosal epithelial lining, interferes with antibiotic efficacy, modulates the immune response and enhances bacterial adherence 77 and colonization 78 to predispose the host to bacterial OM. In otitis media, which is a middle ear infection, a synergistic interaction that results in disease owing to co-infection with an upper respiratory tract virus and three bacterial species -Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) and Moraxella catarrhalis -is well documented. It seems likely that the transient suppression of RDC migration and the delayed development of an effective adaptive immune response to a second infection might be another mechanism by which influenza virus predisposes the host to bacterial co-infection. Using this criterion, a mouse model of polymicrobial-induced osteoclastogenesis, bacterial penetration, leukocyte recruitment and softtissue necrosis has been developed to clarify the role of cytokines in periodontal disease. abstract: Polymicrobial diseases involve two or more microorganisms that act synergistically, or in succession, to mediate complex disease processes. Although polymicrobial diseases in animals and humans can be caused by similar organisms, these diseases are often also caused by organisms from different kingdoms, genera, species, strains, substrains and even by phenotypic variants of a single species. Animal models are often required to understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and to develop therapies and prevention regimes. However, reproducing polymicrobial diseases of humans in animal hosts presents significant challenges. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15197391/ doi: 10.1038/nrmicro928 id: cord-006508-rje9bnph author: Ballas, Samir K. title: Sickle Cell Anaemia: Progress in Pathogenesis and Treatment date: 2012-10-10 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: The phenotypic expression of sickle cell anaemia varies greatly among patients and longitudinally in the same patient. It influences all aspects of the life of affected individuals including social interactions, intimate relationships, family relations, peer interactions, education, employment, spirituality and religiosity. The clinical manifestations of sickle cell anaemia are protean and fall into three major categories: (i) anaemia and its sequelae; (ii) pain and related issues; and (iii) organ failure including infection. Recent studies on the pathogenesis of sickle cell anaemia have centred on the sequence of events that occur between polymerisation of deoxy haemoglobin (Hb) S and vaso-occlusion. Cellular dehydration, inflammatory response and reperfusion injury seem to be important pathophysiological mechanisms. Management of sickle cell anaemia continues to be primarily palliative in nature, including supportive, symptomatic and preventative approaches to therapy. Empowerment and education are the major aspects of supportive care. Symptomatic management includes pain management, blood transfusion and treatment of organ failure. Pain managment should follow certain priniciples that include assessment, individualisation of therapy and proper utilisation of opioid and non-opioid analgesics in order to acheive adequate pain relief. Blood selected for transfusion should be leuko-reduced and phenotypically matched for the C, E and Kell antigens. Exchange transfusion is indicated in patients who are transfused chronically in order to prevent or delay the onset of iron-overload. Acute chest syndrome is the most common form of organ failure and its management should be agressive, including adequate ventilation, multiple antibacterials and simple or exchange blood transfusion depending on its severity. Preventitive therapy includes prophylactic penicillin in infants and children, blood transfusion (preferably exchange transfusion) in patients with stroke, and hydroxyurea in patients with frequent acute painful episodes. Bone marrow and cord blood transplantation have been successful modalities of curative therapy in selected children with sickle cell anaemia. Newer approaches to preventative therapy include cellular rehydration with agents that inhibit the Gardos channel or the KCl co-transport channel. Curative gene therapy continues to be investigational at the level of the test tube and transgenic mouse models. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101942/ doi: 10.2165/00003495-200262080-00003 id: cord-307803-rlvk6bcx author: Balloux, Francois title: Q&A: What are pathogens, and what have they done to and for us? date: 2017-10-19 words: 3847.0 sentences: 183.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307803-rlvk6bcx.txt summary: Infectious diseases have historically represented the most common cause of death in humans until recently, exceeding by far the toll taken by wars or famines. Conversely, Yersinia pestis, another intracellular obligate bacterium and the agent of plague, has a natural life cycle involving alternating infections of rodents and fleas, but can infect essentially any mammalian host. Apart from a few putative ancestral pathogens, including Helicobacter pylori [15] , that might have co-speciated with their human host, the infectious diseases afflicting us were acquired through host jumps from other wild or domesticated animal hosts or sometimes from the wider environment. We might also speculate that the evolutionary potential and high genetic diversity of most pathogens limits our ability to detect protective variants in the human genome, particularly so if these were only effective against a subset of lineages within a pathogenic species. abstract: Microbes are found on us, within us and around us. They inhabit virtually every environment on the planet and the bacteria carried by an average human, mostly in their gut, outnumber human cells. The vast majority of microbes are harmless to us, and many play essential roles in plant, animal and human health. Others, however, are either obligate or facultative pathogens exerting a spectrum of deleterious effects on their hosts. Infectious diseases have historically represented the most common cause of death in humans until recently, exceeding by far the toll taken by wars or famines. From the dawn of humanity and throughout history, infectious diseases have shaped human evolution, demography, migrations and history. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-017-0433-z doi: 10.1186/s12915-017-0433-z id: cord-259724-pbxd67tt author: Bamias, Giorgos title: Balkan Nephropathy: Evolution of Our Knowledge date: 2008-08-23 words: 5456.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259724-pbxd67tt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259724-pbxd67tt.txt summary: Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), originally described in the late 1950s as a chronic tubulointerstitial kidney disease, is identified by its unique epidemiological features. The quest for the responsible environmental factor has been long and diverse, and although no definitive answer has been provided to date, converging lines of evidence support the theory that long-term consumption of food contaminated with aristolochic acid underlies the pathogenesis of BEN. Finally, if somebody were to solve the mystery of BEN, he or she should use information from both animal models of interstitial nephropathy and the recognized effects of the candidate environmental factors in human health and disease. Recently, work by Grollman et al 42, 54 expanded these results by showing that aristolochic acidspecific adducts were present in the renal cortex of 5 patients with BEN from an endemic region in Croatia, but not in 5 patients with other forms of chronic renal disease or 5 patients with upper urinary tract transitional cell cancer living in a nonendemic area of Croatia. abstract: Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN), originally described in the late 1950s as a chronic tubulointerstitial kidney disease, is identified by its unique epidemiological features. The most remarkable characteristic of BEN is the focal topographical nature that characterizes its occurrence at the global, national, and even household level. BEN affects only certain endemic rural foci along tributaries of the Danube River in the Balkan countries of Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, and Serbia. The spatial distribution has remained astonishingly unchanged with time because the disease affects the same endemic clusters as 50 years ago. The natural course of the disease is characterized by universal development of end-stage renal disease and the frequent development of upper urinary tract tumors, posing a substantial disease burden to the afflicted areas. The greatest challenge in the study of BEN has been the elucidation of its cause. The unique features of the disease, in particular its endemic nature and the long incubation period required for the disease to develop, have led to the proposal that BEN represents a unique environmental disease. The quest for the responsible environmental factor has been long and diverse, and although no definitive answer has been provided to date, converging lines of evidence support the theory that long-term consumption of food contaminated with aristolochic acid underlies the pathogenesis of BEN. The present review describes the evolution of our knowledge of BEN in relation to the development of the main theories for its pathogenesis. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272638608009931 doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.05.024 id: cord-301117-egd1gxby author: Barh, Debmalya title: In Silico Models: From Simple Networks to Complex Diseases date: 2013-11-15 words: 13765.0 sentences: 670.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301117-egd1gxby.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301117-egd1gxby.txt summary: Bioinformatics deals with methods for storing, retrieving, and analyzing biological data and protein sequences, structures, functions, pathways, and networks, and recently, in silico disease modeling and simulation using systems biology. Bioinformatics is the computational data management discipline that helps us gather, analyze, and represent this information in order to educate ourselves, understand biological processes in healthy and diseased states, and to facilitate discovery of better animal products. The development of such computational modeling techniques to include diverse types of molecular biological information clearly supports the gene regulatory network inference process and enables the modeling of the dynamics of gene regulatory systems. Understanding the complexity of the disease and its biological significance in health can be achieved by integrating data from the different functional genomics experiments with medical, physiological, and environmental factor information, and computing mathematically. abstract: In this chapter, we consider in silico modeling of diseases starting from some simple to some complex (and mathematical) concepts. Examples and applications of in silico modeling for some important categories of diseases (such as for cancers, infectious diseases, and neuronal diseases) are also given. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124160026000213 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416002-6.00021-3 id: cord-311795-kvv3fx2n author: Barratt, Ruth title: Clinician perceptions of respiratory infection risk; a rationale for research into mask use in routine practice date: 2019-08-31 words: 5295.0 sentences: 235.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311795-kvv3fx2n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311795-kvv3fx2n.txt summary: An important area of infection prevention and control (IPC) is the optimal use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers (HCWs), including masks for protection against respiratory pathogens. An important area of infection prevention and control (IPC) is the optimal use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers (HCWs), including masks for protection against respiratory pathogens. Respiratory infectious diseases are transmitted via contact, droplet and/or airborne modes, necessitating healthcare worker (HCW) use of surgical masks or respirators and other personal protective equipment (PPE) together with appropriate hand hygiene. During periods of high-risk for respiratory infectious disease, such as the annual influenza season or a novel influenza pandemic, health departments have, and may, encourage or mandate the use of a protective respiratory mask by the general public to minimise the transmission from symptomatic people to others [49] . abstract: Abstract Outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases are global threats to society. Planning for, and responses to, such events must include healthcare and other measures based on current evidence. An important area of infection prevention and control (IPC) is the optimal use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by healthcare workers (HCWs), including masks for protection against respiratory pathogens. Appropriate mask use during routine care is a forerunner to best practice in the event of an outbreak. However, little is known about the influences on decisions and behaviours of HCWs with respect to protective mask use when providing routine care. In this paper we argue that there is a need for more research to provide a better understanding of the decision-making and risk-taking behaviours of HCWs in respect of their use of masks for infectious disease prevention. Our argument is based on the ongoing threat of emerging infectious diseases; a need to strengthen workforce capability, capacity and education; the financial costs of healthcare and outbreaks; and the importance of social responsibility and supportive legislation in planning for global security. Future research should examine HCWs' practices and constructs of risk to provide new information to inform policy and pandemic planning. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2019.01.003 doi: 10.1016/j.idh.2019.01.003 id: cord-255519-tcobane8 author: Bartels, Matthew N. title: Acute Medical Conditions: Cardiopulmonary Disease, Medical Frailty, and Renal Failure date: 2020-10-02 words: 19990.0 sentences: 1027.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255519-tcobane8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255519-tcobane8.txt summary: The population of patients who benefit from both cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation is increasing as the population ages and heart disease remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Many patients with stroke, vascular disease, or other conditions can be included in active cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation programs or benefit from the application of cardiopulmonary rehabilitation principles to their rehabilitation. For secondary prevention in patients with known cardiopulmonary disease, exercise should be at a safe level at 60% or more of the maximum heart rate to achieve a training effect. 82 Rehabilitation is focused on a program that resembles exercise for patients with heart failure, with the addition of close monitoring of oxygen saturation and the use of appropriate levels of supplemental oxygen to prevent hypoxemia. Individuals who are disabled tend to have lower activity levels, which puts them at increased risk of cardiac and pulmonary disease and may present obstacles for a standard rehabilitation program for a person who is newly disabled and who has preexisting cardiopulmonary limitations. abstract: Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation includes essential interventions that help patients maximize functional potential due to progressive deconditioning or acute decompensation following an acute medical event. The population of patients who benefit from both cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation is increasing as the population ages and heart disease remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. The principles of exercise physiology when applied to this population can reverse deconditioning, build cardiopulmonary reserve, and ultimately reduce morbidity and mortality in these populations. The physically disabled also benefit from exercise conditioning. The model of cardiac rehabilitation can also be applied to improve functional status of stroke patients, and this is an emerging area of interest supported by the shared pathophysiology and risk factors of cardiovascular conditions. The benefits of supervised exercise can also be extended to patients with clinically recognized frailty and post-transplant decline in function. Frailty is a complex diagnosis with multiple tools and approaches used to describe this syndrome. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323625395000278 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-62539-5.00027-8 id: cord-266988-72uvawth author: Barth, Rolf F. title: The spectrum of pathological findings in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-07-14 words: 2504.0 sentences: 115.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266988-72uvawth.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266988-72uvawth.txt summary: title: The spectrum of pathological findings in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 disease is caused by a novel coronavirus, which has been named "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)" [2] . Our current understanding of the pathology and the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease and SARS-CoV-2 transmission is at an early stage and much still remains to be learned [5, 6] . Therefore, the total number of autopsies performed is miniscule compared to the number of deaths, but nevertheless they are both very revealing and important in order to better understand the multi-organ involvement associated with COVID-19 infection and for the development of better treatment strategies [1, 3] . The autopsy reports that already have been published provide a solid base for a better understanding of the consequences of COVID-19 infection but much more remains to be learned about this complex disease in order to develop better treatment strategies. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32665025/ doi: 10.1186/s13000-020-00999-9 id: cord-351231-aoz5jbf1 author: Bartlett, John G. title: Why Infectious Diseases date: 2014-09-15 words: 5505.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351231-aoz5jbf1.txt summary: The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. The point is that epidemics are the domain of infectious diseases and public health, with the expectation for management or prevention of outbreaks with requirements for detection, reporting, isolation, and case management. This began with a patient transferred from a New York City hospital with a KPC infection and became the source of an institutional outbreak that required extraordinary efforts to control, including a wall constructed to isolate cases, removal of plumbing (as a possible source), use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) molecular diagnostics to detect cases and carriers, hydrogen peroxide room aerosols, and "whole house" surveillance cultures. The new healthcare system should value infectious disease expertise based on its important role in addressing resistance and costs associated with nosocomial infections. abstract: Infectious diseases is a broad discipline that is almost unique in contemporary medicine with its ability to cure and prevent disease, to identify specific disease causes (microbes), and to deal with diverse, sometimes massive outbreaks. The value of the infectious disease practitioner is now magnified by the crisis of antibiotic resistance, the expanding consequences of international travel, the introduction of completely new pathogen diagnostics, and healthcare reform with emphasis on infection prevention and cost in dollars and lives. Infectious disease careers have great personal rewards to the practitioner based on these observations. It is unfortunate that we have been so effective in our work, but relatively ineffective in convincing the healthcare system of this value. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu441 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu441 id: cord-027870-cuvfy4pj author: Baselga, Eulalia title: Inflammatory and Purpuric Eruptions date: 2020-06-22 words: 18207.0 sentences: 1269.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027870-cuvfy4pj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027870-cuvfy4pj.txt summary: Other annular erythemas known to be a manifestation of well-defi ned diseases (e.g. neonatal lupus) or with distinctive clinical or histologic features (e.g. erythema multiforme, erythema chronicum migrans, erythema marginatum rheumaticum, and erythema gyratum repens) are not considered under this heading. Differential diagnosis includes other eruptions with ringlike lesions, such as neonatal lupus, erythema multiforme, urticaria, urticarial lesions of pemphigoid, fungal infections, erythema chronicum migrans, and congenital Lyme disease. [98] [99] [100] This type of reaction may be seen in infants with an unknown or presumably viral etiology ( Fig. 19-9) Hypersensitivity syndrome reaction is a serious drug reaction characterized by fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, and internal organ involvement, especially of the liver. Sweet syndrome, or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a benign disease characterized by tender, raised erythematous plaques, fever, peripheral leukocytosis, histologic fi ndings of a dense dermal infi ltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and a rapid response to systemic corticosteroids. 412 Congenital erythropoietic porphyria and transient elevated porphyrin levels in neonates with hemolytic disease may also cause photosensitivity. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315339/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3432-2.50022-4 id: cord-346866-90w4zepx author: Bassareo, Pier Paolo title: Learning from the past in the COVID-19 era: rediscovery of quarantine, previous pandemics, origin of hospitals and national healthcare systems, and ethics in medicine date: 2020-08-20 words: 5572.0 sentences: 342.0 pages: flesch: 62.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346866-90w4zepx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346866-90w4zepx.txt summary: title: Learning from the past in the COVID-19 era: rediscovery of quarantine, previous pandemics, origin of hospitals and national healthcare systems, and ethics in medicine In that book, the procedure of separating infected from healthy people to prevent leprosy from spreading, according to Mosaic Law was described, (if the shiny spot on the skin is white but does not appear to be more than skin deep and the hair in it has not turned white, the priest is to isolate the affected person for seven days. 15 Since disease was considered as a divine punishment for sinners, the biblical 40-day period of purification had crossed over into health practices and the term ''quarantine'' had great symbolic and religious significance to medieval Christians. 19 20 According to current knowledge, the bubonic plague has an averaged 37-day period from infection to death; therefore, the European quarantines would be highly successful in determining the health of crews from potential trading and supply ships. abstract: After the dramatic coronavirus outbreak at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, on 11 March 2020, a pandemic was declared by the WHO. Most countries worldwide imposed a quarantine or lockdown to their citizens, in an attempt to prevent uncontrolled infection from spreading. Historically, quarantine is the 40-day period of forced isolation to prevent the spread of an infectious disease. In this educational paper, a historical overview from the sacred temples of ancient Greece—the cradle of medicine—to modern hospitals, along with the conceive of healthcare systems, is provided. A few foods for thought as to the conflict between ethics in medicine and shortage of personnel and financial resources in the coronavirus disease 2019 era are offered as well. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32907877/ doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138370 id: cord-276855-j10tvmvd author: Batsukh, Zayat title: One Health in Mongolia date: 2012-10-14 words: 5651.0 sentences: 247.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276855-j10tvmvd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276855-j10tvmvd.txt summary: An intersectoral coordination mechanism established between the veterinary and public health sectors has expanded its function to incorporate more work on food safety, emergency management, and effects of climate change on zoonotic diseases. mechanism established between the veterinary and public health sectors has expanded its function to incorporate more work on food safety, emergency management, and effects of climate change on zoonotic diseases. The Coordination Committee has responsibility for developing joint policy on the prevention and control of priority zoonotic diseases; for approving action plans produced by a technical working group; for making recommendations on risk assessment, early warning and response activities during outbreaks; for reviewing and revising zoonotic diseases standard operational procedures (SOPs) and guidelines to reflect intersectoral collaboration; for providing methodological assistance to improve the capacity of professional institutions at the national and subnational level; for coordinating cooperation among different sectors in carrying out early detection and response functions; and for monitoring and evaluating overall zoonotic disease prevention and control. abstract: The Asia Pacific Strategy for Emerging Diseases (APSED) requires collaboration, consensus, and partnership across all the different actors and sectors involved in different aspects of emerging disease. Guided by APSED, Mongolia has established a functional coordination mechanism between the animal and human health sectors. Surveillance, information exchange and risk assessment, risk reduction, and coordinated response capacity and collaborative research have been identified as the four pillars of the zoonoses framework. Intersectoral collaboration has been clearly shown to be a crucial tool in the prevention and control of emerging zoonotic diseases. A “One Health” strategy has been implemented under the concept of ‘Healthy animal-Healthy food-Healthy people’. An intersectoral coordination mechanism established between the veterinary and public health sectors has expanded its function to incorporate more work on food safety, emergency management, and effects of climate change on zoonotic diseases. Its membership includes the human health sector, the veterinary sector, the national emergency management agency, the environment sector, emergency management and inspection authorities, and the World Health Organization (WHO). The main outputs of the coordination mechanism have been strengthened surveillance and response activities and laboratory capacities. The coordination mechanism has also strengthened the surveillance and response capacity of neglected zoonotic diseases, such as brucellosis, anthrax, and tick-borne diseases. Through regular meetings and brainstorming sessions, both sectors have developed joint operational plans, a long-term risk reduction plan 2011–2015, initiated a prioritization exercise and risk assessment for 29 zoonotic diseases, and reviewed and revised standards, procedures, and communication strategies. In 2011, a list of experts on major zoonoses were identified from different sectors and formed into a taskforce to identify the focal points for rabies, brucellosis, and vector-borne diseases. As a result, disease control strategies are now linked to scientific research and epidemiological expertise. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23065105/ doi: 10.1007/82_2012_253 id: cord-346339-y7z1sa8y author: Baumgärtner, Wolfgang title: Re-emergence of neuroinfectiology date: 2016-01-11 words: 1749.0 sentences: 87.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346339-y7z1sa8y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346339-y7z1sa8y.txt summary: Neuroinfectiology represents an emerging multidisciplinary field which centers on the complex interactions between CNS and pathogen-associated cellular and molecular processes, inflammation, immune responses, degeneration, stem cell homeostasis as well as tissue repair and regeneration. New molecular detection systems will improve our ability to rapidly diagnose and recognize emerging and re-emerging pathogens and the host genetic factors involved in disease susceptibility, but the development of new strategies for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of neurological disorders will only be efficiently addressed by an interdisciplinary approach bridging the fields of neuroscience and infection medicine. Future studies in neuroinfectiology will address questions relating to the mechanisms of direct and indirect as well as acute, delayed and long-term damage, the role of misdirected immune responses in lesion initiation and the progression as well as prevention of CNS infection by developing appropriate intervention strategies and potential beneficial approaches for tissue regeneration. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26754640/ doi: 10.1007/s00401-016-1535-3 id: cord-273602-cq276tj8 author: Bavishi, Chirag title: Acute myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection: A review date: 2020-06-06 words: 2116.0 sentences: 123.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273602-cq276tj8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273602-cq276tj8.txt summary: Randomized trials are urgently needed to investigate treatment modalities to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with COVID-19 related acute myocardial injury. In this concise review, we will focus on acute myocardial injury in COVID-19 infection, its prevalence, plausible pathophysiologic mechanisms, guidance on the use of cardiac biomarkers, and general management strategies. In a prospective cohort study by Du et al(11) of 179 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, troponin I ≥0.05 ng/mL was independently associated with mortality in addition to age ≥65 years, pre-existing cardiovascular (CV) or cerebrovascular diseases and CD3+CD8+ Tcells ≤75 cells/μL. Epidemiological studies and randomized trials are urgently needed to investigate treatment modalities regulating immune function and inhibiting inflammatory responses to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with COVID-19 related acute myocardial injury. Association of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) With Myocardial Injury and Mortality abstract: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now a global pandemic with millions affected and millions more at risk for contracting the infection. The COVID-19 virus, SARS-CoV-2, affects multiple organ systems particularly the lungs and heart. Elevation of cardiac biomarkers, particularly high-sensitivity troponin and/or creatine kinase MB, is common in patients with COVID-19 infection. In our review of clinical studies, we found that in 26 studies including 11,685 patients, the weighted pooled prevalence of acute myocardial injury was 20% (ranged from 5% to 38% depending on the criteria used). The plausible mechanisms of myocardial injury include, 1) hyperinflammation and cytokine storm mediated through pathologic T-cells and monocytes leading to myocarditis, 2) respiratory failure and hypoxemia resulting in damage to cardiac myocytes, 3) down regulation of ACE2 expression and subsequent protective signaling pathways in cardiac myocytes, 4) hypercoagulability and development of coronary microvascular thrombosis, 5) diffuse endothelial injury and ‘endotheliitis’ in several organs including heart, and, 6) inflammation and/or stress causing coronary plaque rupture or supply-demand mismatch leading to myocardial ischemia/infarction. Cardiac biomarkers can be used to aid in diagnosis as well as risk stratification. In patients with elevated hs-troponin, clinical context is important and myocarditis as well as stress induced cardiomyopathy should be considered in the differential, along with type I and type II myocardial infarction. Irrespective of etiology, patients with acute myocardial injury should be prioritized for treatment. Clinical decisions including interventions should be individualized and carefully tailored after thorough review of risks/benefits. Given the complex interplay of SARS-CoV-2 with the cardiovascular system, further investigation into potential mechanisms is needed to guide effective therapies. Randomized trials are urgently needed to investigate treatment modalities to reduce the incidence and mortality associated with COVID-19 related acute myocardial injury. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033062020301237?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.05.013 id: cord-281437-cb3u1s7s author: Bedford, Juliet title: A new twenty-first century science for effective epidemic response date: 2019-11-06 words: 6857.0 sentences: 283.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281437-cb3u1s7s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281437-cb3u1s7s.txt summary: The science of epidemiology has described patterns of disease in human populations, investigated the causes of those diseases, evaluated attempts to control them 7 and has been the foundation for public health responses to epidemic infections for over 100 years. The vulnerability of populations to outbreaks of zoonotic diseases such as Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and Nipah has increased, the rise and spread of drug-resistant infections, marked shifts in the ecology of known vectors (for example, the expanding range of Aedes mosquitoes) and massive amplification of transmission through globally connected, high-density urban areas (particularly relevant to Ebola, dengue, influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus SARS-CoV). Preparing for epidemics, therefore, requires global health, economic and political systems to be integrated just as much as infectious disease epidemiology, translational research and development, and community engagement. abstract: With rapidly changing ecology, urbanization, climate change, increased travel and fragile public health systems, epidemics will become more frequent, more complex and harder to prevent and contain. Here we argue that our concept of epidemics must evolve from crisis response during discrete outbreaks to an integrated cycle of preparation, response and recovery. This is an opportunity to combine knowledge and skills from all over the world—especially at-risk and affected communities. Many disciplines need to be integrated, including not only epidemiology but also social sciences, research and development, diplomacy, logistics and crisis management. This requires a new approach to training tomorrow’s leaders in epidemic prevention and response. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31695207/ doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1717-y id: cord-018619-aknktp6d author: Bello-Orgaz, Gema title: A Survey of Social Web Mining Applications for Disease Outbreak Detection date: 2015 words: 3253.0 sentences: 158.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018619-aknktp6d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018619-aknktp6d.txt summary: Recently, the research on artificial intelligence techniques applied to develop technologies allowing monitoring web data sources for detecting public health events has been emerged as a new relevant discipline called Epidemic Intelligence (EI). Recently, the research on artificial intelligence techniques applied to develop technologies allowing monitoring web data sources for detecting public health events has been emerged as a new relevant discipline called Epidemic Intelligence (EI). It is a secure web-based multilingual warning tool that is continuously monitoring and analysing global media data sources to identify information about disease outbreaks and other events related to public healthcare. Once the data have been extracted from the social media sites (RSS feeds, WWW, social networks, ProMED-mail, search engines, etc...), the next stage is to perform the text analysis methods for the trend detection, identifying potential sources of disease outbreaks. abstract: Social Web Media is one of the most important sources of big data to extract and acquire new knowledge. Social Networks have become an important environment where users provide information of their preferences and relationships. This information can be used to measure the influence of ideas and the society opinions in real time, being very useful on several fields and research areas such as marketing campaigns, financial prediction or public healthcare among others. Recently, the research on artificial intelligence techniques applied to develop technologies allowing monitoring web data sources for detecting public health events has emerged as a new relevant discipline called Epidemic Intelligence. Epidemic Intelligence Systems are nowadays widely used by public health organizations like monitoring mechanisms for early detection of disease outbreaks to reduce the impact of epidemics. This paper presents a survey on current data mining applications and web systems based on web data for public healthcare over the last years. It tries to take special attention to machine learning and data mining techniques and how they have been applied to these web data to extract collective knowledge from Twitter. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123540/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-10422-5_36 id: cord-277703-sxt9lw0l author: Belz, Katie title: Rabbit hemorrhagic disease date: 2004-04-30 words: 1902.0 sentences: 134.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277703-sxt9lw0l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277703-sxt9lw0l.txt summary: Abstract Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a rapidly lethal infectious viral disease of the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) characterized by high mortality rates, acute hepatic necrosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. [1] [2] [3] [4] Disease RHD is caused by the Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV). In this form of the disease, rabbits die suddenly, exhibiting no or very few signs. The acute form of the RHD is seen in rabbit populations where the disease is enzootic. In a sudden outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease, the duration of signs in rabbits before death is usually less than a day (Photograph kindly provided by Elizabeth Morales Salinas). The Americas were free of RHD until December of 1988 when it is thought that a shipment of -This is the most common disease seen in clinical practice. Outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in domestic lagomorphs Viral hemorrhagic disease of rabbits and human health abstract: Abstract Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD) is a rapidly lethal infectious viral disease of the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) characterized by high mortality rates, acute hepatic necrosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Although this disease is considered enzootic in Europe and parts of Asia, it is rarely seen in the Western Hemisphere since its eradication from Mexico in 1992. In recent years, three cases of RHD have been identified in the United States. Due to the quick action of veterinarians these cases were confined and controlled before the disease could spread. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055937X04000088 doi: 10.1053/j.saep.2004.01.006 id: cord-016960-xhzvp35g author: Berencsi, György title: Fetal and Neonatal Illnesses Caused or Influenced by Maternal Transplacental IgG and/or Therapeutic Antibodies Applied During Pregnancy date: 2012-03-08 words: 17693.0 sentences: 1045.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016960-xhzvp35g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016960-xhzvp35g.txt summary: The importance of maternal anti-idiotypic antibodies are believed to prime the fetal immune system with epitopes of etiologic agents infected the mother during her whole life before pregnancy and delivery. Neonatal lupus is a model of passively acquired autoimmunity in which a mother-, who may have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or Sj€ ogren''s syndrome (SS) or may be entirely asymptomatic-synthesizes antibodies to SSA/Ro and/or SSB/ La ribonucleoproteins that enter the fetal circulation via trophoblast FcRn receptors and presumably cause tissue injury (Lee 1990 ) as mentioned above. Teplizumab (CD3-specific, hOKT3g1-Ala-Ala), a humanized Fc mutated anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody induced tolerance, on the progression of type 1 diabetes in patients with recent-onset disease even 2 years after the first diagnosis (Herold et al. Clinical and immune responses in resected colon cancer patients treated with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody vaccine that mimics the carcinoembryonic antigen Clinical use of anti-CD25 antibody daclizumab to enhance immune responses to tumor antigen vaccination by targeting regulatory T cells abstract: The human fetus is protected by the mother’s antibodies. At the end of the pregnancy, the concentration of maternal antibodies is higher in the cord blood, than in the maternal circulation. Simultaneously, the immune system of the fetus begins to work and from the second trimester, fetal IgM is produced by the fetal immune system specific to microorganisms and antigens passing the maternal-fetal barrier. The same time the fetal immune system has to cope and develop tolerance and T(REG) cells to the maternal microchimeric cells, latent virus-carrier maternal cells and microorganisms transported through the maternal-fetal barrier. The maternal phenotypic inheritance may hide risks for the newborn, too. Antibody mediated enhancement results in dengue shock syndrome in the first 8 month of age of the baby. A series of pathologic maternal antibodies may elicit neonatal illnesses upon birth usually recovering during the first months of the life of the offspring. Certain antibodies, however, may impair the fetal or neonatal tissues or organs resulting prolonged recovery or initiating prolonged pathological processes of the children. The importance of maternal anti-idiotypic antibodies are believed to prime the fetal immune system with epitopes of etiologic agents infected the mother during her whole life before pregnancy and delivery. The chemotherapeutical and biological substances used for the therapy of the mother will be transcytosed into the fetal body during the last two trimesters of pregnancy. The long series of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and conjugates has not been tested systematically yet. The available data are summarised in this chapter. The innate immunity plays an important role in fetal defence. The concentration of interferon is relative high in the placenta. This is probably one reason, why the therapeutic interferon treatment of the mother does not impair the fetal development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121401/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4216-1_9 id: cord-283310-5wam14aa author: Bevova, M. R. title: The New Coronavirus COVID-19 Infection date: 2020-09-09 words: 4812.0 sentences: 248.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283310-5wam14aa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283310-5wam14aa.txt summary: Later, the pneumonia was associated with a new coronavirus; in February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus causing it. In February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus. The estimation of the case-fatality rate (portion of deaths divided by the total number of cases) for the disease varies from 1 to 7% [24, 25] depending on the sex and age composition of the population; strategies of testing, diagnostics, and treatment; bureaucratic peculiarities of healthcare in a particular country; and congestion of healthcare systems. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China abstract: In December 2019, the first cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology were found in Wuhan (China). Later, the pneumonia was associated with a new coronavirus; in February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) gave the name COVID-19 to the new disease, while the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) gave the name SARS-CoV-2 to the virus causing it. By March 11, 2020, when the virus had spread to 114 countries, the number of diagnosed patients had reached 118 thousand and the number of deaths was 4000, the WHO declared the outbreak of the disease a pandemic. In this review, we summarize the relevant information about the origin and spread of SARS-CoV-2, its epidemiology and diagnostics, and the clinical course and treatment of COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32929302/ doi: 10.3103/s0891416820020044 id: cord-343205-zjw4fbfd author: Bhaskar, Sonu title: Telemedicine as the New Outpatient Clinic Gone Digital: Position Paper From the Pandemic Health System REsilience PROGRAM (REPROGRAM) International Consortium (Part 2) date: 2020-09-07 words: 9169.0 sentences: 440.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343205-zjw4fbfd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343205-zjw4fbfd.txt summary: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the American College of Cardiology urgently updated its guidance on "Telehealth: Rapid Implementation for Your Cardiology Clinic, " in which it encouraged remote monitoring and virtual visits of patients with cardiac problems (16) . A program developed in Germany known as TRANSIT-stroke, in which rural hospitals established a telemedicine network, saw an improvement in patient outcomes as neurological assessment was made faster, treatments were issued within the required timeframe, and 24 h neurologist access was enabled (27) . The rapid move by various bodies, associations, and providers to use telemedicine in maintaining patient continuity while limiting COVID-19 risks of exposure to patients and healthcare workers will have a long-term impact well-beyond the current pandemic. Key Strategies for clinical management and improvement of healthcare services for cardiovascular disease and diabetes patients in the coronavirus (COVID-19) settings: recommendations from the REPROGRAM consortium abstract: Technology has acted as a great enabler of patient continuity through remote consultation, ongoing monitoring, and patient education using telephone and videoconferencing in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era. The devastating impact of COVID-19 is bound to prevail beyond its current reign. The vulnerable sections of our community, including the elderly, those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, those with multiple comorbidities, and immunocompromised patients, endure a relatively higher burden of a pandemic such as COVID-19. The rapid adoption of different technologies across countries, driven by the need to provide continued medical care in the era of social distancing, has catalyzed the penetration of telemedicine. Limiting the exposure of patients, healthcare workers, and systems is critical in controlling the viral spread. Telemedicine offers an opportunity to improve health systems delivery, access, and efficiency. This article critically examines the current telemedicine landscape and challenges in its adoption, toward remote/tele-delivery of care, across various medical specialties. The current consortium provides a roadmap and/or framework, along with recommendations, for telemedicine uptake and implementation in clinical practice during and beyond COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00410 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00410 id: cord-254419-qw83atrx author: Bhattacharyya, Rajat title: The Interplay Between Coagulation and Inflammation Pathways in COVID-19-Associated Respiratory Failure: A Narrative Review date: 2020-08-25 words: 5900.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254419-qw83atrx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254419-qw83atrx.txt summary: This narrative review aims to summarize the current available evidence on the interplay between hypercoagulability, thrombo-inflammation, and pulmonary microvascular thrombosis in COVID-19 infection resulting in respiratory failure and how this information can be used to design clinical trials to optimize patient outcomes. ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, CRP C-reactive protein, ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, NETS neutrophil extracellular traps, SARS-COV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, TMPRSS2 transmembrane protease serine 2 shown to be at higher risk of worse outcomes [13] [14] [15] (Fig. 2) . CHD chronic heart disease, CLD chronic lung disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, DOACS direct oral anticoagulants, FDPs fibrinogen degradation products, HTN hypertension, IFN interferon, JAK Janus kinase, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, LMWH low molecular weight heparin, NSAIDS nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, PT prothrombin time, TNF tumor necrosis factor, VW Ag Von Willebrand antigen and microvascular thrombosis appears to be responsible for the clinical picture that leads to progressive multi-organ failure in a small percentage of patients, ultimately causing fatalities. abstract: The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an unprecedented worldwide socio-economic and health impact. There is increasing evidence that a combination of inflammation and hypercoagulable state are the main mechanisms of respiratory failure in these patients. This narrative review aims to summarize currently available evidence on the complex interplay of immune dysregulation, hypercoagulability, and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of respiratory failure in COVID-19 disease. In addition, we will describe the experience of anticoagulation and anti-inflammatory strategies that have been tested. Profound suppression of the adaptive and hyperactivity of innate immune systems with macrophage activation appears to be a prominent feature in this infection. Immune dysregulation together with endotheliitis and severe hypercoagulability results in thromboinflammation and microvascular thrombosis in the pulmonary vasculature leading to severe respiratory distress. Currently, some guidelines recommend the use of prophylactic low molecular weight heparin in all hospitalized patients, with intermediate dose prophylaxis in those needing intensive care, and the use of therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with proven or suspected thrombosis. Strong recommendations cannot be made until this approach is validated by trial results. To target the inflammatory cascade, low-dose dexamethasone appears to be helpful in moderate to severe cases and trials with anti-interleukin agents (e.g., tocilizumab, anakinra, siltuximab) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are showing early promising results. Potential newer agents (e.g., Janus kinase inhibitor such as ruxolitinib, baricitinib, fedratinib) are likely to be investigated in clinical trials. Unfortunately, current trials are mostly examining these agents in isolation and there may be a significant delay before evidence-based practice can be implemented. It is plausible that a combination of anti-viral drugs together with anti-inflammatory and anti-coagulation medicines will be the most successful strategy in managing severely affected patients with COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41030-020-00126-5 doi: 10.1007/s41030-020-00126-5 id: cord-283316-a8jewy2h author: Bianchini, Juana title: Prioritization of livestock transboundary diseases in Belgium using a multicriteria decision analysis tool based on drivers of emergence date: 2019-10-09 words: 6671.0 sentences: 397.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283316-a8jewy2h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283316-a8jewy2h.txt summary: Score 2 Low: increased (il)legal imports of animal subproducts such as skin, meat and edible products from EU member states have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 0 Score 1 Negligible: increased (il)legal imports of NON-animal products such as tires, wood, furniture from EU member states have a negligible influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 2 Low: increased (il)legal imports of NON-animal products such as tires, wood, furniture from EU member states have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 2 Low: Increased imports of animal subproducts such as skin, meat and edible products from Third countries have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. Score 2 Low: increased (il)legal imports of NON-animal products such as tires, wood, furniture from Third countries have a low influence on the pathogen/disease (re)emergence in Belgium. abstract: During the past decade, livestock diseases have (re‐)emerged in areas where they had been previously eradicated or never been recorded before. Drivers (i.e. factors of (re‐)emergence) have been identified. Livestock diseases spread irrespective of borders, and therefore, reliable methods are required to help decision‐makers to identify potential threats and try stopping their (re‐)emergence. Ranking methods and multicriteria approaches are cost‐effective tools for such purpose and were applied to prioritize a list of selected diseases (N = 29 including 6 zoonoses) based on the opinion of 62 experts in accordance with 50 drivers‐related criteria. Diseases appearing in the upper ranking were porcine epidemic diarrhoea, foot‐and‐mouth disease, low pathogenic avian influenza, African horse sickness and highly pathogenic avian influenza. The tool proposed uses a multicriteria decision analysis approach to prioritize pathogens according to drivers and can be applied to other countries or diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13356 doi: 10.1111/tbed.13356 id: cord-336115-7ykvl3u6 author: Binns, Colin title: The COVID-19 Pandemic: Public Health and Epidemiology date: 2020-05-19 words: 3560.0 sentences: 227.0 pages: flesch: 59.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336115-7ykvl3u6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336115-7ykvl3u6.txt summary: The history of public health contains a number of examples of infectious diseases that were initially thought to have had a very high CFR only for it to be revised downward later. 11 A disease that has a high transmission rate and is very severe is the greatest public health risk. COVID-19 has a high transmission rate, and the CFR appears to be greater than for influenza epidemics, and it is, therefore, potentially a major public health threat. In February, the CFR for COVID-19 infection was estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) to be 2%, much lower than for MERS and SARS, but estimates of the CFR have changed over time as the criteria for counting the number of cases in the denominator has changed to include very mild or even asymptomatic infections. Modeling of the role of contact tracing and case isolation suggest that these are effective in the control of epidemics such as COVID-19. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32429675/ doi: 10.1177/1010539520929223 id: cord-340285-mq9x12nw author: Blagosklonny, Mikhail V. title: From causes of aging to death from COVID-19 date: 2020-06-12 words: 5963.0 sentences: 391.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-340285-mq9x12nw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340285-mq9x12nw.txt summary: In contrast, as we will discuss in the next section, it is hyper-functional immune response that leads to death from COVID-19 in the elderly by causing cytokine storm. It is driven by nutrient/hormone/cytokinesensing and growth-promoting signaling pathways such as Target of Rapamycin (TOR; mTOR), which are involved in developmental growth and later cause hyperfunctional aging and its diseases [24, 26] . Nutrients and obesity activate growth-promoting pathways (e.g., mTOR), thus accelerating development of quasi-programmed (age-related) diseases. Continuous use of rapamycin is expected to improve health, decrease age-related diseases and extend healthy lifespan, rendering individuals less vulnerable, when infected with the virus. As we discussed in the section "Cytokine storm is a hyperfunction", cytokine storm and hyper-inflammation is a main cause of death in COVID-19 pneumonia [36-40, 42, 45, 135, 141-143] Rapamycin, an antiinflammatory agent, inhibits hyper-functions, cellular senescence and decrease secretion of cytokines ( [74, 81, 144] . abstract: COVID-19 is not deadly early in life, but mortality increases exponentially with age, which is the strongest predictor of mortality. Mortality is higher in men than in women, because men age faster, and it is especially high in patients with age-related diseases, such as diabetes and hypertension, because these diseases are manifestations of aging and a measure of biological age. At its deepest level, aging (a program-like continuation of developmental growth) is driven by inappropriately high cellular functioning. The hyperfunction theory of quasi-programmed aging explains why COVID-19 vulnerability (lethality) is an age-dependent syndrome, linking it to other age-related diseases. It also explains inflammaging and immunosenescence, hyperinflammation, hyperthrombosis, and cytokine storms, all of which are associated with COVID-19 vulnerability. Anti-aging interventions, such as rapamycin, may slow aging and age-related diseases, potentially decreasing COVID-19 vulnerability. url: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103493 doi: 10.18632/aging.103493 id: cord-016657-w30hed7w author: Blatt, Amy J. title: Geographic Medicine date: 2014-09-29 words: 3208.0 sentences: 151.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016657-w30hed7w.txt summary: By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, this chapter examines how public health communities can use information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs and clinical care. Studies have shown that the ability to identify the sources (origins) and sinks (destinations) of imported infections due to human travel and locating the high-risk sites of parasite importation could greatly improve the control and prevention programs [ 3 , 4 ] . Indeed, vector-borne diseases place an enormous burden on public health and require effi cient control strategies that are developed through an understanding of the origin (or sources) of infections and the relative importance of human movement at different scales. By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, public health communities can use this valuable information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs. abstract: This chapter uses a sub-discipline of medicine, known as geographic medicine, to describe how human movements contribute to the transmission of parasites on spatial scales that exceed the limits of its natural habitat. Traditionally, public health programs have focused on the health of populations, whereas the practice of medicine has focused on the health of individuals. It should be noted, however, that the population health management owes much to the effective delivery of clinical care. This chapter demonstrates how public health is intimately linked to patient care through human movement. Nearly a century ago, people typically did not develop a disease where it is contracted or even close to that place. Today, daily travel is a common way of life in modern metropolitan areas. Large, localized mosquito populations in areas that people visit regularly may be both reservoirs and hubs of infection, even if people only pass through those locations briefly. By examining of the role of human movement across different scales, this chapter examines how public health communities can use information on pathogen transmission to increase the effectiveness of disease prevention programs and clinical care. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121014/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-12003-4_8 id: cord-022561-rv5j1201 author: Boes, Katie M. title: Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System date: 2017-02-17 words: 52276.0 sentences: 2784.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022561-rv5j1201.txt summary: Mechanisms contributing to glucocorticoid-mediated neutrophilia include the following: • Increased release of mature neutrophils from the bone marrow storage pool • Decreased margination of neutrophils within the vasculature, with a resulting increase in the circulating pool • Decreased migration of neutrophils from the bloodstream into tissues The magnitude of neutrophilia tends to be species dependent, with dogs having the most pronounced response (up to 35,000 cells/µL) and in decreasing order of responsiveness, cats (30,000 cells/µL), horses (20,000 cells/µL), and cattle (15,000 cells/µL) having less marked responses. As a result, animals with Chédiak-Higashi 746.e1 CHAPTER 13 Bone Marrow, Blood Cells, and the Lymphoid/Lymphatic System von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common canine hereditary bleeding disorder and has also been described in many other domestic species. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158316/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00013-8 id: cord-268326-sbz3uk5h author: Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy title: Lysosomes as a therapeutic target date: 2019-09-02 words: 17899.0 sentences: 839.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268326-sbz3uk5h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268326-sbz3uk5h.txt summary: With a focus on lysosomal dysfunction in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases — including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease — this Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs. Alterations in lysosomal functions, either in the fusion processes involved in the general pathways mentioned above or related to the function of lyso somal enzymes and non enzymatic proteins, can result in broad detrimental effects, including failure to clear potentially toxic cellular waste, inflammation, apopto sis and dysregulation of cellular signalling 8 . abstract: Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles with roles in processes involved in degrading and recycling cellular waste, cellular signalling and energy metabolism. Defects in genes encoding lysosomal proteins cause lysosomal storage disorders, in which enzyme replacement therapy has proved successful. Growing evidence also implicates roles for lysosomal dysfunction in more common diseases including inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and metabolic disorders. With a focus on lysosomal dysfunction in autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases — including lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease — this Review critically analyses progress and opportunities for therapeutically targeting lysosomal proteins and processes, particularly with small molecules and peptide drugs. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-019-0036-1 doi: 10.1038/s41573-019-0036-1 id: cord-346276-1dcp05rd author: Bonfá, Eloisa title: How COVID-19 is changing rheumatology clinical practice date: 2020-11-02 words: 4809.0 sentences: 228.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346276-1dcp05rd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346276-1dcp05rd.txt summary: The emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020 led to unprecedented changes to rheumatology clinical practice worldwide, including the closure of research laboratories, the restructuring of hospitals and the rapid transition to virtual care. Abstract | The emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020 led to unprecedented changes to rheumatology clinical practice worldwide, including the closure of research laboratories, the restructuring of hospitals and the rapid transition to virtual care. Zhanguo Li. As a rheumatologist practicing at Peking University People''s Hospital, Beijing, the biggest challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic has been how to manage patients with rheumatic diseases remotely using online systems, social media platforms (such as WeChat) or telephone calls, because the patients simply could not physically attend the hospital. www.nature.com/nrrheum Zhanguo Li. To adapt to the totally unexpected changes to clinical practice, one option in my department of the People''s Hospital was to set up a consultant team consisting of 26 rheumatologists to provide medical service free to patients with rheumatic diseases, supported technically by an internet company. abstract: The emergence of COVID-19 in early 2020 led to unprecedented changes to rheumatology clinical practice worldwide, including the closure of research laboratories, the restructuring of hospitals and the rapid transition to virtual care. As governments sought to slow and contain the spread of the disease, rheumatologists were presented with the difficult task of managing risks, to their patients as well as to themselves, while learning and implementing new systems for remote health care. Consequently, the COVID-19 pandemic led to a transformation in health infrastructures and telemedicine that could become powerful tools for rheumatologists, despite having some limitations. In this Viewpoint, five experts from different regions discuss their experiences of the pandemic, including the most challenging aspects of this unexpected transition, the advantages and limitations of virtual visits, and potential opportunities going forward. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-020-00527-5 doi: 10.1038/s41584-020-00527-5 id: cord-021261-budyph2u author: Bonnaud, Laure title: Serge Morand and Muriel Figuié (eds), 2016, Emergence de maladies infectieuses. Risques et enjeux de société (The emergence of infectious diseases. Societal risks and stakes): Paris, Quae, 136 p date: 2017-04-10 words: 1365.0 sentences: 66.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021261-budyph2u.txt summary: In the case of influenza, national experts-virologists in particular-also became lobbyists for this public issue, linking it to other problems (by presenting it as a model for preparations against bioterrorism) and suggesting solutions, such as mass vaccination. In the French case, the authors analyse the mechanism for countering H1N1 flu and look at different ways of shaping the public problem, depending on whether the pandemic is deemed to be a public health issue, a stake of collective security, or a global problem affecting contemporary societies. Muriel Figuié takes a critical state-of-the-art look at the implementation of international public action in relation to animal health and more particularly at epidemiological surveillance and vaccination. Finally, epidemiological surveillance networks aside, the book pays little attention to the implementation of other devices or policies to fight against emerging infectious diseases. The next step towards understanding emerging diseases might therefore be to compare this new global health model with existing devices, in both the northern and southern countries. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149209/ doi: 10.1007/s41130-017-0042-9 id: cord-317952-4oa9hfb4 author: Bourgonje, Arno R. title: Angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2), SARS‐CoV‐2 and pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) date: 2020-05-17 words: 12082.0 sentences: 664.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317952-4oa9hfb4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317952-4oa9hfb4.txt summary: ACE2 was highly expressed on lung alveolar epithelial cells and small intestinal epithelial cells, consistent with potential routes of viral transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as both respiratory and gastrointestinal systems share interfaces with the external environment. ACE2 expression in the lungs and SARS-CoV-2 viral load have been suggested to increase with age, which might provide an explanation to the higher disease severity observed in older patients with COVID-19 [35] . Both SARS-CoV-2 infection, directly mediated by ACE2 expression and activity, and superimposed disease triggers may be responsible for the observed pathological findings. Additionally, another study reported purpura and livedo racemosa in several severely affected COVID-19 patients with small vessel thrombosis with co-localization of complement and SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins on histopathology [148] .This indicates direct viral infection of the small skin vessels. Circulating plasma concentrations of ACE2 in men and women with heart failure and effects of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-inhibitors: Potential implications for coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infected patients abstract: Angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐2 (ACE2) has been established as the functional host receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the virus responsible for the current devastating worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). ACE2 is abundantly expressed in a variety of cells residing in many different human organs. In human physiology, ACE2 is a pivotal counter‐regulatory enzyme to ACE by the breakdown of angiotensin II, the central player in the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) and the main substrate of ACE2. Many factors have been associated with both altered ACE2 expression and COVID‐19 severity and progression, including age, sex, ethnicity, medication and several co‐morbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Although ACE2 is widely distributed in various human tissues and many of its determinants have been well recognised, ACE2‐expressing organs do not equally participate in COVID‐19 pathophysiology, implying that other mechanisms are involved in orchestrating cellular infection resulting in tissue damage. Reports of pathologic findings in tissue specimens of COVID‐19 patients are rapidly emerging and confirm the established role of ACE2 expression and activity in disease pathogenesis. Identifying pathologic changes caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is crucially important as it has major implications for understanding COVID‐19 pathophysiology and the development of evidence‐based treatment strategies. Currently, many interventional strategies are being explored in ongoing clinical trials, encompassing many drug classes and strategies, including antiviral drugs, biological response modifiers and RAAS inhibitors. Ultimately, prevention is key to combat COVID‐19 and appropriate measures are being taken accordingly, including development of effective vaccines. In this review, we describe the role of ACE2 in COVID‐19 pathophysiology, including factors influencing ACE2 expression and activity in relation to COVID‐19 severity. In addition, we discuss the relevant pathological changes resulting from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Finally, we highlight a selection of potential treatment modalities for COVID‐19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/path.5471 doi: 10.1002/path.5471 id: cord-018761-vm86d4mj author: Bradt, David A. title: Technical Annexes date: 2017-11-08 words: 10430.0 sentences: 805.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018761-vm86d4mj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018761-vm86d4mj.txt summary: abstract: This chapter provides guidance on technical issues in the health sector. The annexes contain selective compilations of frequently used reference information. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123725/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-69871-7_8 id: cord-020544-kc52thr8 author: Bradt, David A. title: Technical Annexes date: 2019-12-03 words: 6170.0 sentences: 471.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-020544-kc52thr8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-020544-kc52thr8.txt summary: However, if Dukoral is readily available and staff are properly trained in its use according to the guidelines that come with the vaccine, the COTS program PERMITS Dukoral''s use (ideally before an outbreak) in the following high-risk populations: refugee populations in which cholera is present, health care workers managing cholera cases, and communities in which the incidence rate is greater than 1 in 1000 annually." [2] Epidemiological Surveillance (specific to cholera) abstract: 7.1 Humanitarian Programs 141; 7.2 Security Sector 153; 7.3 Health Sector 158: Core Disciplines in Disaster Health 161. Primary Health Care Programs 162. Disease Prevention 162. Clinical Facilities 164. Reproductive Health 165. Water and Sanitation 166. Food and Nutrition 171. Chemical Weapons 181. Epi Methods 184; 7.4 Tropical Medicine 187: Tropical Infectious Diseases—Vector-borne and Zoonotic 196. Tropical Infectious Diseases—Non-vector-borne 215; 7.5 Epidemic Preparedness and Response 239; 7.6 Communicable Disease Control 242: Diarrhea 244. Influenza 257. Malaria 263. Measles 267. Meningitis 269. Viral Hemorrhagic Fever 272; 7.7 Diagnostic Laboratory 275: Indications, Laboratory Tests, and Expected Availability 276. Specimen Handling 278; 7.8 Acronyms 282; url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7138430/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-04801-3_7 id: cord-102530-wetqqt2i author: Brandell, Ellen E. title: The rise of disease ecology date: 2020-07-17 words: 2707.0 sentences: 171.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-102530-wetqqt2i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-102530-wetqqt2i.txt summary: The steady increase in topics such as climate change, and emerging infectious diseases, superspreaders indicate that disease ecology as a field of research will continue advancing our understanding of complex host-pathogen interactions and forms a critical and adaptable component of the global response to emergent health and environmental threats. In addition 164 to topics that emerged from the literature, we also generated and assessed our own topic lists based on key research areas, such as climate change, dilution effect, superspreaders, network 166 analysis, EIDs, bovine tuberculosis, infectious diseases in bats and rodents, and chytrid fungus 167 ( Fig. 4) . Using key term searches, we next explored select topic trends: climate change, emerging 293 infectious diseases (EIDs), the dilution effect, superspreaders, network analysis, pathogens in 294 rodents and bats, bovine tuberculosis, and chytrid fungus in amphibians (Fig. 4B) . abstract: Disease ecology is an interdisciplinary field that has recently rapidly grown in size and influence. We described the composition and educational experiences of disease ecology practitioners and identified changes in research foci. We combined a global survey with a literature synthesis involving machine-learning topic detection. Disease ecology practitioners have diversified in the last decade in terms of gender identity and institution, with weaker diversification in terms of race and ethnicity. Topic detection analysis of over 18,500 research articles revealed research foci that have declined (e.g., HIV), increased (e.g., infectious disease in bats), and have remained common (e.g., malaria ecology, influenza). The steady increase in topics such as climate change, and emerging infectious diseases, superspreaders indicate that disease ecology as a field of research will continue advancing our understanding of complex host-pathogen interactions and forms a critical and adaptable component of the global response to emergent health and environmental threats. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.16.207100 doi: 10.1101/2020.07.16.207100 id: cord-018899-tbfg0vmd author: Brauer, Fred title: Epidemic Models date: 2011-10-03 words: 19642.0 sentences: 1293.0 pages: flesch: 65.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018899-tbfg0vmd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018899-tbfg0vmd.txt summary: For example, one of the fundamental results in mathematical epidemiology is that most mathematical epidemic models, including those that include a high degree of heterogeneity, usually exhibit "threshold" behavior, which in epidemiological terms can be stated as follows: If the average number of secondary infections caused by an average infective is less than one, a disease will die out, while if it exceeds one there will be an epidemic. [Technically, the attack rate should be called an attack ratio, since it is dimensionless and is not a rate.] The final size relation (9.3) can be generalized to epidemic models with more complicated compartmental structure than the simple SIR model (9.2), including models with exposed periods, treatment models, and models including quarantine of suspected individuals and isolation of diagnosed infectives. Compartmental models for epidemics are not suitable for describing the beginning of a disease outbreak because they assume that all members of a population are equally likely to make contact with a very small number of infectives. abstract: Communicable diseases such as measles, influenza, and tuberculosis are a fact of life. We will be concerned with both epidemics, which are sudden outbreaks of a disease, and endemic situations, in which a disease is always present. The AIDS epidemic, the recent SARS epidemic, recurring influenza pandemics, and outbursts of diseases such as the Ebola virus are events of concern and interest to many people. The prevalence and effects of many diseases in less-developed countries are probably not as well known but may be of even more importance. Every year millions, of people die of measles, respiratory infections, diarrhea, and other diseases that are easily treated and not considered dangerous in the Western world. Diseases such as malaria, typhus, cholera, schistosomiasis, and sleeping sickness are endemic in many parts of the world. The effects of high disease mortality on mean life span and of disease debilitation and mortality on the economy in afflicted countries are considerable. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123900/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1686-9_9 id: cord-271814-a2vlkwce author: Brough, Helen A. title: Managing childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies during respiratory virus epidemics – The 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic: A statement from the EAACI‐section on pediatrics date: 2020-05-31 words: 2929.0 sentences: 172.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271814-a2vlkwce.txt summary: In addition, there is no evidence that currently available asthma and allergy treatments, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators, increase the risk of severe disease from COVID‐19. allergy, asthma, biologics, children, coronavirus, corticosteroids, COVID-19, immunodeficiency, SARS-CoV-2, treatment clinically diagnosed, but not virologically confirmed. The care of children with allergies or immune conditions is being adapted to the current situation, with more remote working and providing guidance to children to reduce likelihood of infection in children who would be deemed at higher risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Evaluating asthma and allergy more specifically as potential risk factors, a retrospective study based on electronic medical records from 140 hospitalized COVID-19 adult patients investigated pre-existing asthma or allergic diseases. As a joint project, questionThe current COVID-19 pandemic might also pose a risk to pediatric patients with secondary immunodeficiencies, such as patients on immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune or severe allergic diseases. abstract: While the world is facing an unprecedented pandemic with COVID‐19, patients with chronic diseases need special attention and if warranted adaptation of their regular treatment plan. In children, allergy and asthma are among the most prevalent non‐communicable chronic diseases, and healthcare providers taking care of these patients need guidance. At the current stage of knowledge, children have less severe symptoms of COVID‐19, and severe asthma and immunodeficiency are classified as risk factors. In addition, there is no evidence that currently available asthma and allergy treatments, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, and bronchodilators, increase the risk of severe disease from COVID‐19. Most countries affected by COVID‐19 have opted for nationwide confinement, which means that communication with the primary clinician is often performed by telemedicine. Optimal disease control of allergic, asthmatic, and immunodeficient children should be sought according to usual treatment guidelines. This statement of the EAACI Section on Pediatrics puts forward six recommendations for the management of childhood allergies and immunodeficiencies based on six underlying facts and existing evidence. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13262 doi: 10.1111/pai.13262 id: cord-297125-la20vi9j author: Brower, Jennifer L. title: The Threat and Response to Infectious Diseases (Revised) date: 2016-08-01 words: 12334.0 sentences: 579.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297125-la20vi9j.txt summary: In just the past year, the United States has been bombarded with headlines on the dangers of infectious diseases: "HIV ''Epidemic'' Triggered by Needle-Sharing Hits Scott County, Indiana [1] ;" "American with Ebola Now in Critical Condition [2] ;" "Seasonal Flu Vaccine Even Less Effective than Thought: CDC [3] ;" "''Superbug'' Outbreak at California Hospital, more than 160 Exposed [4] ;" "Deadly CRE Bugs Linked to Hard to Clean Medical Scopes [5] ;" "Painful Virus [Chikungunya] Sweeps Central America, Gains a Toehold in U.S. Many factors have reduced the number of new antibiotics approved in the United States each year as well as reduced domestic production including demanding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, the cost and time to market of development, the consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, and the lack of financial impetus to produce and distribute antibiotics, which are generally used on a one-off basis versus drugs used to treat chronic conditions such as statins, Viagra, and allergy medications. abstract: The threat from microorganisms is complex, and the approaches for reducing the challenges the world is facing are also multifaceted, but a combination approach including several simple steps can make a difference and reduce morbidity and mortality and the economic cost of fighting infectious diseases. This paper discusses the continually evolving infectious disease landscape, contributing factors in the rise of the threat, reasons for optimism, and the policies, technologies, actions, and institutions that might be harnessed to further reduce the dangers introduced by pathogens. It builds upon and updates the work of other authors that have recognized the dangers of emerging and re-emerging pathogens and have explored and documented potential solutions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27480226/ doi: 10.1007/s00248-016-0806-9 id: cord-331605-h1qf96oh author: Brown, Keith D. title: Precision medicine in kidney disease: the patient’s view date: 2020-08-05 words: 2897.0 sentences: 128.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331605-h1qf96oh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331605-h1qf96oh.txt summary: One of the goals of these research efforts is to inform and enable the implementation of precision medicine, whereby patient management is tailored to the individual according to the mechanisms underlying their disease to increase the chances of therapeutic success. One of the goals of these research efforts is to inform and enable the implementation of precision medicine, whereby patient management is tailored to the individual according to the mechanisms underlying their disease to increase the chances of therapeutic success. Participating in the Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP) consortium as a patient with CKD and being involved in community engagement and education have provided me with a basic understanding of the origins of my CKD -I have a family history of type 2 diabetes and hypertension, kidney transplants in the short term. abstract: Research in the field of nephrology continues to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that promote and drive kidney disease, including how human genetic variation might affect disease predisposition and progression. One of the goals of these research efforts is to inform and enable the implementation of precision medicine, whereby patient management is tailored to the individual according to the mechanisms underlying their disease to increase the chances of therapeutic success. To achieve this goal, we need a clearer understanding of the molecular pathways that underlie the many different causes of kidney failure. These research insights are being increasingly translated and implemented into clinical practice. In this Viewpoint, we asked three individuals who have been affected by kidney failure for their views on the importance of understanding the drivers of kidney disease and, on a personal level, what they hope might be achieved with this information. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-020-0319-0 doi: 10.1038/s41581-020-0319-0 id: cord-268564-5qhumjas author: Brown, Lisa title: Examining the relationship between infectious diseases and flooding in Europe: A systematic literature review and summary of possible public health interventions date: 2013-04-01 words: 6490.0 sentences: 466.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268564-5qhumjas.txt summary: This systematic literature review aimed to identify and examine the relationship between infectious disease incidence and flooding in order to gain a better understanding of: OUTCOMe (COMBiNeD wiTH OR) amoebiasis, bacillary dysentery, burul*, campylo*, chikungunya, cholera, communicable disease*, contamination, crypto*, dengue, dengue virus, dermatitis, diarrhea*, diarrhea*, disease*, disease vector*, disease outbreak*, epidemic*, enteric fever, Escherichia coli, gastrointestinal, giardia*, hanta virus infections, health, health effect*, health impact*, hemorrhagic fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis e, illness, infectio*, infectious disease*, Japanese encephalitis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, lyme disease, lymphatic filariasis, malaria, morbidity, mosquito*, norovirus, naeg*, outbreak*, onchocerciasis, physical health, plague, pollut*, public health, q fever, risk factor*, rodent*, rodentborne, rodent-borne, rodent related, rodent-related, salmonellosis, sars virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, shigellosis, schistosomiasis, tick*, tick-borne encephalitis, tularaemia, tularemia, typhoid, water, waterborne, water-borne, water related, water-related, west nile fever, vector*, vectorborne, vector-borne, vector related, vector-related, yellow fever, yersini* risk, rising temperatures, overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor health care, poverty, and an abundance of rats and other animal reservoirs. abstract: Introduction Many infectious diseases are sensitive to climatic changes; specifically, flooding. This systematic literature review aimed to strengthen the quality and completeness of evidence on infectious diseases following flooding, relevant to Europe. Methods A systematic literature review from 2004–2012 was performed. Focused searches of the following databases were conducted: Medline, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Evidence Aid. Personal communications with key informants were also reviewed. Results Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Evidence suggested that water-borne, rodent-borne, and vector-borne diseases have been associated with flooding in Europe, although at a lower incidence than developing countries. Conclusion Disease surveillance and early warning systems, coupled with effective prevention and response capabilities, can reduce current and future vulnerability to infectious diseases following flooding. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28228994/ doi: 10.4161/dish.25216 id: cord-332658-548402bb author: Brownstein, John S title: Surveillance Sans Frontières: Internet-Based Emerging Infectious Disease Intelligence and the HealthMap Project date: 2008-07-08 words: 3108.0 sentences: 160.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332658-548402bb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332658-548402bb.txt summary: sources can play an important role in early event detection and support situational awareness by providing current, highly local information about outbreaks, even from areas relatively invisible to traditional global public health efforts. and other nontraditional sources of surveillance data can facilitate early outbreak detection, increase public awareness of disease outbreaks prior to their formal recognition, and provide an integrated and contextualized view of global health information. With the aim of creating an integrated global view of emerging infections based not only on traditional public health datasets but rather on all available information sources, we developed HealthMap, a freely accessible, automated electronic information system for organizing data on outbreaks according to geography, time, and infectious disease agent [16] ( Figure 1 ). Ultimately, the monitoring of diverse media-based sources will augment epidemic intelligence with information derived outside the traditional public health infrastructure, yielding a more comprehensive and timely global view of emerging infectious disease threats. abstract: John Brownstein and colleagues discuss HealthMap, an automated real-time system that monitors and disseminates online information about emerging infectious diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050151 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050151 id: cord-023584-yaxawqhj author: Bucknall, R.A. title: The Continuing Search for Antiviral Drugs date: 2008-04-10 words: 8497.0 sentences: 339.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023584-yaxawqhj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023584-yaxawqhj.txt summary: Of course, if wide-spectrum leads appear, the choice of test virus may be irrelevant, but the antiviral compounds (as distinct from interferon inducers) known at present are characterized by their relatively limited spectrum of activity, e.g., methisazone is active only against poxviruses (Bauer and Sadler, 1960) and possibly adenoviruses (Bauer and Apostolov, 1966) ; l-aminoadamantane is active only against influenza A1 and As and not against other myxo-or paramyxoviruses (Davies et al., 1964) ; guanidine and a-hydroxybenzyl benzimidazole are active only against picornaviruses and not against other small ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses (Eggers and Tamm, 1961) . In summary, a tissue culture screen should be able to proccss large numbers of tcst compounds, using viruses as relevant as possible to the diseases for which a drug is required, and should employ normal rather than neoplastic cells. abstract: This chapter discusses the continuing search for antiviral drugs. Many virus diseases, both of humans and animals, have been successfully controlled by vaccines. These successes have naturally led to improvements in the spectrum and duration of protection offered by vaccines until, at present it is difficult to see how antiviral drugs could compete with vaccines in the control of many virus diseases. One may cite smallpox, yellow fever, polio, and recently measles among human diseases, Newcastle disease, Marek's disease, and infectious bronchitis among poultry diseases—an area of veterinary disease control where vaccines have been particularly important. Research into the treatment of virus diseases by drugs is at present directed toward three general areas: (1) attempts to stimulate the defense mechanism of the host animal, (2) large screening programs to find drugs which directly block some virus-specific process, and (3) alleviation of the symptoms of the disease. The treatment of the symptoms, rather than the cause of a disease, has been the mainstay of medical practice from time immemorial, and this is still the case with most virus disease. The short incubation period of many virus diseases will inevitably restrict the therapeutic use of antiviral drugs and in cases where symptoms have already appeared. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172480/ doi: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60460-3 id: cord-016136-vxjyjql6 author: Burge, Harriet A. title: Airplanes and Infectious Disease date: 2005-08-08 words: 3296.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016136-vxjyjql6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016136-vxjyjql6.txt summary: The risk of contracting such diseases depends on the presence of an infected person who is shedding infectious particles and sufficient exposure of a sensitive person to achieve an adequate dose to cause disease. However, because of the distances that can be traversed in a relatively short time, the crowded conditions on most commercial aircraft, and the inability to "escape", concern regarding the risk of contracting infectious disease during air travel has become significant [3, 4] . The risk of disease transmission is related to the probability that one or more individuals infected with the agent will be present in the environment. Given that some very common upper respiratory infections are airborne, and others produce copious droplets that could easily infect adjacent passengers, it is likely that such disease transmission does occur routinely on aircraft as it does in any other crowded environment. abstract: Air travel is associated with crowded conditions that can facilitate the transmission of airborne infectious diseases. The risk of contracting such diseases depends on the presence of an infected person who is shedding infectious particles and sufficient exposure of a sensitive person to achieve an adequate dose to cause disease. Proximity to the infectious person and the length of time spent near the person are the most important risks for contracting a disease. Ventilation patterns play a lesser role in disease transmission. Well-documented outbreaks of influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and tuberculosis have occurred. Other common respiratory illnesses have probably also been spread via aircraft, but outbreaks remain unrecognized. Research on the spread of infectious disease in aircraft has focused on sampling for microorganisms in air (which has little relevance), and on the development of models to predict the risks for specific diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120329/ doi: 10.1007/b107241 id: cord-261058-yu2qw02l author: Burgner, David title: Kawasaki disease: What is the epidemiology telling us about the etiology? date: 2005-06-03 words: 5144.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261058-yu2qw02l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261058-yu2qw02l.txt summary: Thus in genetically susceptible children, acute infections such as those causing fever and rash, may result in unrecognised damage to the cardiovascular system that later manifests itself as adult cardiovascular disease. 3 The consensus view is that KD results from a widely distributed infectious agent (or possibly agents) that causes the clinical syndrome in genetically susceptible children. Kawasaki disease is more common in boys (male:female ratio 1.6:1) 1 a feature observed in many infectious diseases 30, 31 and also in coronary atherosclerosis, where sex differences in immune responses are suggested to mediate susceptibility. A recent report of an association between the presence of genetic material from a novel coronavirus and Kawasaki disease in a handful of cases 48 remains unproven and may reflect an epiphenomenon; the putative etiological agent is a relatively common viral pathogen in young children and it is unclear how long the DNA persists. abstract: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an important and common inflammatory vasculitis of early childhood with a striking predilection for the coronary arteries. It is the predominant cause of paediatric acquired heart disease in developed countries. Despite 40 years of research, the aetiology of KD remains unknown and consequently there is no diagnostic test and treatment is non-specific and sub-optimal. The consensus is that KD is due to one or more widely distributed infectious agent(s), which evoke an abnormal immunological response in genetically susceptible individuals. The epidemiology of KD has been extensively investigated in many populations and provides much of the supporting evidence for the consensus regarding etiology. These epidemiological data are reviewed here, in the context of the etiopathogenesis. It is suggested that these data provide additional clues regarding the cause of KD and may account for some of the continuing controversies in the field. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15936970/ doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2005.03.002 id: cord-342588-berrojmq author: Burri, Christian title: Sleeping Sickness at the Crossroads date: 2020-04-08 words: 5879.0 sentences: 240.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342588-berrojmq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342588-berrojmq.txt summary: The development of this orally active compound is described in detail in the papers of Neau et al., and Dickie et al., Fexinidazole received a positive scientific opinion from the European Medicines Agency for treatment of Gambiense HAT in late 2018, it was approved by the drug regulatory authority of the DRC and added to the WHO list of essential medicines in 2019, and the first official application in the DRC happened at the end of January 2020 on World NTD day in a public ceremony. In 2012, the World Health Organization, which has played an instrumental role in the control, set the goal for the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT), as a public health problem for 2020 and for the total interruption of transmission to humans for 2030. abstract: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT; sleeping sickness) is a disease with truly historic dimensions [...]. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32276514/ doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020057 id: cord-013486-hg87xsyr author: Buttery, Philip C. title: Gene and Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson’s Disease: Where Are We? date: 2020-10-30 words: 16105.0 sentences: 637.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-013486-hg87xsyr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-013486-hg87xsyr.txt summary: As such, these recombinant GF protein therapies are probably best considered as preparing the ground both for the more tractable genetic approach of GF GTs. Despite earlier work using LV-mediated GDNF delivery in animal models, the first GF to come to the clinic in the format of a GT was actually NRTN rather than GDNF, and used an AAV2 vector, rather than LVs. AAV2-NRTN was manufactured by the Californian biotech company Ceregene, with their product CERE-120 providing neuronal expression of NRTN as a pure protein without viral coding sequences [111] . This sort of regulation would require additional gene regulatory sequences and might be difficult to achieve within the restrictive payload of AAVs. This issue might drive a move to use LVs for GF therapy in due course, as these vectors can facilitate regulatable expression in different cells systems including the delivery of GFs to the striatum [131] . Phase 1 trial of convection-enhanced delivery of adeno-associated virus encoding glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with advanced Parkinson''s disease abstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that carries large health and socioeconomic burdens. Current therapies for PD are ultimately inadequate, both in terms of symptom control and in modification of disease progression. Deep brain stimulation and infusion therapies are the current mainstay for treatment of motor complications of advanced disease, but these have very significant drawbacks and offer no element of disease modification. In fact, there are currently no agents that are established to modify the course of the disease in clinical use for PD. Gene and cell therapies for PD are now being trialled in the clinic. These treatments are diverse and may have a range of niches in the management of PD. They hold great promise for improved treatment of symptoms as well as possibly slowing progression of the disease in the right patient group. Here, we review the current state of the art for these therapies and look to future strategies in this fast-moving field. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13311-020-00940-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7598241/ doi: 10.1007/s13311-020-00940-4 id: cord-258139-x4js9vqe author: Callan, Robert J title: Biosecurity and bovine respiratory disease date: 2005-03-04 words: 7688.0 sentences: 405.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258139-x4js9vqe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258139-x4js9vqe.txt summary: Alternatively, when the causative pathogens are endemic in a population and individual susceptibility is dependent on numerous interrelated factors, the management of animal resistance and risk factors may be proportionally more important for disease prevention than biosecurity practices. The authors emphasize five areas of biosecurity management that should be more rigorously applied for the reduction of respiratory disease prevalence in cattle, including (1) strategic vaccination, (2) calf biosecurity, (3) housing ventilation, (4) commingling and animal contact, and (5) bovine viral diarrhea virus control. Airborne pathogen concentration is a function of many factors, including animal type, housing system, stocking rate, bedding, humidity, dust particle density and size, and finally, elimination through ventilation. Because the pathogens involved in bovine respiratory disease are enzootic in the general cattle population, biosecurity practices aimed at the complete elimination of exposure are currently impractical. Because the pathogens involved in bovine respiratory disease are enzootic in the general cattle population, biosecurity practices aimed at the complete elimination of exposure are currently impractical. abstract: Although biosecurity practices play a role in minimizing respiratory disease in cattle, they must be used in combination with other management strategies that address the many other risk factors. Because the pathogens involved in bovine respiratory disease are enzootic in the general cattle population, biosecurity practices aimed at the complete elimination of exposure are currently impractical. Several animal husbandry and production management practices can be used to minimize pathogen shedding, exposure, and transmission within a given population, however. Various combinations of these control measures can be applied to individual farms to help decrease the morbidity and mortality attributed to respiratory disease. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S074907200200004X doi: 10.1016/s0749-0720(02)00004-x id: cord-346389-gbmnoo84 author: Callender, Lauren A. title: The Impact of Pre-existing Comorbidities and Therapeutic Interventions on COVID-19 date: 2020-08-11 words: 10042.0 sentences: 514.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346389-gbmnoo84.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346389-gbmnoo84.txt summary: Here, we review immune dysfunction in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact of pre-existing comorbidities on the development of COVID-19. Furthermore, cardiovascular complications such as thromboembolic events, myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, arrythmia, cardiogenic shock and heat failure, have been documented in COVID-19 patients without prior cardiovascular disease (71), demonstrating a significant impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the heart. As infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in an acute respiratory disease that can progress to ARDS, respiratory failure and potentially even death, it is reasonable to speculate that patients with pre-existing respiratory disease would be at increased risk of severe COVID-19. Consequently, it has been proposed that liver damage associated with severe COVID-19 patients is due to dysregulated innate immunity against SARS-CoV-2, or hepatoxicity in response to treatments, rather than pre-existing liver disease. Therefore, the underlying pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease may increase vulnerability to hyperinflammation and cytokine storm upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in severe COVID-19. abstract: Evidence from the global outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has clearly demonstrated that individuals with pre-existing comorbidities are at a much greater risk of dying from COVID-19. This is of great concern for individuals living with these conditions, and a major challenge for global healthcare systems and biomedical research. Not all comorbidities confer the same risk, however, many affect the function of the immune system, which in turn directly impacts the response to COVID-19. Furthermore, the myriad of drugs prescribed for these comorbidities can also influence the progression of COVID-19 and limit additional treatment options available for COVID-19. Here, we review immune dysfunction in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact of pre-existing comorbidities on the development of COVID-19. We explore how underlying disease etiologies and common therapies used to treat these conditions exacerbate COVID-19 progression. Moreover, we discuss the long-term challenges associated with the use of both novel and repurposed therapies for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with pre-existing comorbidities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32903476/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01991 id: cord-001427-qw1e5cof author: Cantas, Leon title: Review: The Important Bacterial Zoonoses in “One Health” Concept date: 2014-10-14 words: 5812.0 sentences: 313.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001427-qw1e5cof.txt summary: Bacterial zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans in many ways (4): (i) The transfer may occur through animal bites and scratches (5) ; (ii) zoonotic bacteria originating from food animals can reach people through direct fecal oral route, contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, and inadequate cooking (6) (7) (8) ; (iii) farmers and animal health workers (i.e., veterinarians) are at increased risk of exposure to certain zoonotic pathogens and they may catch zoonotic bacteria; they could also become carriers of the zoonotic bacteria that can be spread to other humans in the community (9) ; (iv) vectors, frequently arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice can actively or passively transmit bacterial zoonotic diseases to humans. Almost 100 years ago, prior to application of hygiene rules and discovery of neither vaccines nor antibiotics, some bacterial zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of human deaths. abstract: An infectious disease that is transmitted from animals to humans, sometimes by a vector, is called zoonosis. The focus of this review article is on the most common emerging and re-emerging bacterial zoonotic diseases. The role of “One Health” approach, public health education, and some measures that can be taken to prevent zoonotic bacterial infections are discussed. Key points: A zoonotic bacterial disease is a disease that can be very commonly transmitted between animals and humans. Global climate changes, overuse of antimicrobials in medicine, more intensified farm settings, and closer interactions with animals facilitate emergence or re-emergence of bacterial zoonotic infections. The global “One Health” approach, which requires interdisciplinary collaborations and communications in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment, will support public health in general. New strategies for continuous dissemination of multidisciplinary research findings related to zoonotic bacterial diseases are hence needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4196475/ doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00144 id: cord-293819-tbdsr5iw author: Carvalho, C.L. title: Tularaemia: A challenging zoonosis date: 2014-01-13 words: 7827.0 sentences: 412.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293819-tbdsr5iw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293819-tbdsr5iw.txt summary: In recent years, several emerging zoonotic vector-borne infections with potential impact on human health have been identified in Europe, including tularaemia, caused by Francisella tularensis. Recent outbreaks of tularaemia have occurred in several European countries, presented in Table 1 , including the Czech Republic, Kosovo, Bulgaria, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Spain, Turkey, France and Norway [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] . The transmission of tularaemia to humans can occur either by direct contact with infected animals or indirectly due to arthropod vector bites, the ingestion of contaminated water, food or aerosols inhalation. Type A tularaemia is more commonly associated with the terrestrial cycle of the disease, with wild lagomorphs such as rabbits and hares acting as vertebrate hosts in which amplification of the agent occurs and where arthropods are disease-disseminating vectors [6, 22, 54, 57] . Tularemia in Denmark: identification of a Francisella tularensis subsp., holarctica strain by real time PCR and high-resolution typing by multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis abstract: In recent years, several emerging zoonotic vector-borne infections with potential impact on human health have been identified in Europe, including tularaemia, caused by Francisella tularensis. This remarkable pathogen, one of the most virulent microorganisms currently known, has been detected in increasingly new settings and in a wide range of wild species, including lagomorphs, rodents, carnivores, fish and invertebrate arthropods. Also, a renewed concern has arisen with regard to F. tularensis: its potential use by bioterrorists. Based on the information published concerning the latest outbreaks, the aim of this paper is to review the main features of the agent, its biology, immunology and epidemiology. Moreover, special focus will be given to zoonotic aspects of the disease, as tularaemia outbreaks in human populations have been frequently associated with disease in animals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24480622/ doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2014.01.002 id: cord-347885-fbl7jjb3 author: Cassini, Alessandro title: Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013 date: 2018-04-19 words: 6266.0 sentences: 284.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347885-fbl7jjb3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347885-fbl7jjb3.txt summary: title: Impact of infectious diseases on population health using incidence-based disability-adjusted life years (DALYs): results from the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe study, European Union and European Economic Area countries, 2009 to 2013 The study promotes an evidence-based approach to describing population health and assessing surveillance data availability and quality, and provides information for the planning and prioritisation of limited resources in infectious disease prevention and control. average annual estimate of the EU/EEA burden of selected infectious diseases surveyed by ECDC and measured in DALYs. The methodological framework of the BCoDE 2009-2013 study was based on the BCoDE project [19, 20] . This study presents the estimation of the burden of 31 selected infectious diseases in the EU/EEA in DALYs, adopting an incidence-and pathogen-based methodology and a consistent approach to surveillance and outcome data assessment. abstract: The Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe (BCoDE) study aimed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 31 selected diseases in the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA). Methods: DALYs were estimated using an incidence-based and pathogen-based approach. Incidence was estimated through assessment of data availability and quality, and a correction was applied for under-estimation. Calculation of DALYs was performed with the BCoDE software toolkit without applying time discounting and age-weighting. Results: We estimated that one in 14 inhabitants experienced an infectious disease episode for a total burden of 1.38 million DALYs (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 1.25–1.5) between 2009 and 2013; 76% of which was related to the acute phase of the infection and its short-term complications. Influenza had the highest burden (30% of the total burden), followed by tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/AIDS and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Men had the highest burden measured in DALYs (60% of the total), adults 65 years of age and over had 24% and children less than 5 years of age had 11%. Age group-specific burden showed that infants (less than 1 year of age) and elderly people (80 years of age and over) experienced the highest burden. Conclusions: These results provide baseline estimates for evaluating infectious disease prevention and control strategies. The study promotes an evidence-based approach to describing population health and assessing surveillance data availability and quality, and provides information for the planning and prioritisation of limited resources in infectious disease prevention and control. url: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.16.17-00454 doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.16.17-00454 id: cord-352798-rb2ggonx author: Chaber, Anne-Lise title: The Era of Human-Induced Diseases date: 2017-11-21 words: 1995.0 sentences: 103.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352798-rb2ggonx.txt summary: Human-Induced Disease as the label for diseases-both infectious and non-infectious-caused by human activities and their environmental impact emphasizes the role of the human in disease transmission and could serve reshaping our approach to disease management and prevention. Humans share most of the viruses, bacteria, and fungus with the rest of the animal kingdom, and thus it should come as no surprise that zoonotic pathogens were the cause of more than 65% of emergent infectious disease events in the last 60 years, with 75% of these originating in wild fauna (Keusch et al. Anthropogenic environmental change leads to the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife (Daszak et al. It estimated that the annual economic cost of illness and premature mortality linked to air pollution is $3600 billion (OECD 2014)-a figure that is 85% of the world''s annual public budget for human health. Anthropogenic environmental change and the emergence of infectious diseases in wildlife abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1299-9 doi: 10.1007/s10393-017-1299-9 id: cord-273941-gu6nnv9d author: Chandran, Uma title: Chapter 5 Network Pharmacology date: 2017-12-31 words: 10240.0 sentences: 503.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273941-gu6nnv9d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273941-gu6nnv9d.txt summary: This is referred to as "polypharmacology." The concept of network biology was used to integrate data from DrugBank (Re and Valentini, 2013) and OMIM (Hamosh et al., 2005) , an online catalog of human genes and genetic disorders to understand the industry trends, the properties of drug targets, and to study how drug targets are related to disease-gene products. NP coupled to sophisticated spectroscopical analysis such as ultra-performance liquid chromatographyÀelectrospray, ionizationÀtandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) is a useful approach to study the absolute molecular mechanism of action of botanical formulations based on their constituent bioactives (Xu et al., 2014a) . A network pharmacology approach to understanding the mechanisms of action of traditional medicine: bushenhuoxue formula for treatment of chronic kidney disease A network-based analysis of the types of coronary artery disease from traditional Chinese medicine perspective: potential for therapeutics and drug discovery abstract: Abstract The one-drug/one-target/one-disease approach to drug discovery is presently facing many challenges of safety, efficacy, and sustainability. Network biology and polypharmacology approaches gained appreciation recently as methods for omics data integration and multitarget drug development, respectively. The combination of these two approaches created a novel paradigm called network pharmacology (NP) that looks at the effect of drugs on both the interactome and the diseasome level. Ayurveda, the traditional system of Indian medicine, uses intelligent formulations containing multiple ingredients and multiple bioactive compounds; however, the scientific rationale and mechanisms remain largely unexplored. NP approaches can serve as a valuable tool for evidence-based Ayurveda to understand the medicines’ putative actions, indications, and mechanisms. This chapter discusses NP and its potential to explore traditional medicine systems to overcome the drug discovery impasse. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128018149000052 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801814-9.00005-2 id: cord-343365-4y9fedcr author: Chang, Christopher title: Unmet Needs in Respiratory Diseases: “You Can’t Know Where You Are Going Until You Know Where You Have Been”—Anonymous date: 2013-11-30 words: 7295.0 sentences: 407.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343365-4y9fedcr.txt summary: The promise of gene therapy as a cure for the disease has fizzled out, and while new antimicrobials and other pharmaceuticals promise improved longevity and better quality of life, the average life span of a patient with cystic fibrosis is still at about 35 years. Several significant challenge areas include the diagnosis and treatment of certain specific infectious lung diseases, including viral lower respiratory infections caused by respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, metapneumovirus, coronovirus, and enterovirus. The search for a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been ongoing for many years, but like the previous case of gene therapy in cystic fibrosis, this also has been a challenge to achieve. The current global strategies for the development of an RSV vaccine now target four areas: infants <6 months of age; infants >6 months of age and young children; pregnant women for whom passive immunization can be implemented; and the elderly, in whom RSV can also have significant morbidity [52] [53] [54] . abstract: The care of patients with respiratory diseases has improved vastly in the past 50 years. In spite of that, there are still massive challenges that have not been resolved. Although the incidence of tuberculosis has decreased in the developed world, it is still a significant public health problem in the rest of the world. There are still over 2 million deaths annually from tuberculosis, with most of these occurring in the developing world. Even with the development of new pharmaceuticals to treat tuberculosis, there is no indication that the disease will be eradicated. Respiratory syncytial virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and pertussis are other respiratory infectious diseases with special problems of their own, from vaccine development to vaccine coverage. Asthma, one of the most common chronic diseases in children, still accounts for significant mortality and morbidity, as well as high health care costs worldwide. Even in developed countries such as the USA, there are over 4,000 deaths per year. Severe asthma presents a special problem, but the question is whether there can be one treatment pathway for all patients with severe asthma. Severe asthma is a heterogeneous disease with many phenotypes and endotypes. The gene for cystic fibrosis was discovered over 24 years ago. The promise of gene therapy as a cure for the disease has fizzled out, and while new antimicrobials and other pharmaceuticals promise improved longevity and better quality of life, the average life span of a patient with cystic fibrosis is still at about 35 years. What are the prospects for gene therapy in the twenty-first century? Autoimmune diseases of the lung pose a different set of challenges, including the development of biomarkers to diagnose and monitor the disease and biological modulators to treat the disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24293395/ doi: 10.1007/s12016-013-8399-2 id: cord-268324-86a0n0dc author: Charitos, Ioannis A title: Special features of SARS-CoV-2 in daily practice date: 2020-09-26 words: 6117.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268324-86a0n0dc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268324-86a0n0dc.txt summary: The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (commonly known as SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus (designated as 2019-nCoV), which was isolated for the first time after the Chinese health authorities reported a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The clinical picture of critical patients with severe inflammatory-induced lung disease and with sepsis or septic shock needing intensive care support and mechanical ventilation is characterized by a wide range of signs and symptoms of life-threatening multiorgan dysfunction or failure, including dyspnoea, tachypnoea (respiratory rate of > 30/min), tachycardia, chest pain or tightness, hypoxemia, virus-induced distributive shock, cardiac dysfunction, elevations in multiple inflammatory cytokines, renal impairment with oliguria, altered mental status, functional alterations of organs expressed as laboratory data of hyperbilirubinemia, acidosis [serum lactate level > 2 mmol/L (18 mg/dL)], coagulopathy, and thrombocytopenia. abstract: The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (commonly known as SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus (designated as 2019-nCoV), which was isolated for the first time after the Chinese health authorities reported a cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Optimal management of the Coronavirus Disease-2019 disease is evolving quickly and treatment guidelines, based on scientific evidence and experts’ opinions with clinical experience, are constantly being updated. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern". The total lack of immune protection brought about a severe spread of the contagion all over the world. For this reason, diagnostic tools, patient management and therapeutic approaches have been tested along the way, in the desperate race to break free from the widespread infection and its fatal respiratory complications. Current medical knowledge and research on severe and critical patients’ management and experimental treatments are still evolving, but several protocols on minimizing risk of infection among the general population, patients and healthcare workers have been approved and diffused by International Health Authorities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33024749/ doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i18.3920 id: cord-267055-xscwk74r author: Chassagnon, Guillaume title: AI-Driven quantification, staging and outcome prediction of COVID-19 pneumonia date: 2020-10-15 words: 5146.0 sentences: 248.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267055-xscwk74r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267055-xscwk74r.txt summary: Our approach relies on automatic deep learning-based disease quantification using an ensemble of architectures, and a data-driven consensus for the staging and outcome prediction of the patients fusing imaging biomarkers with clinical and biological attributes. • A Covid-19-specific holistic, highly compact multi-omics signature integrating imaging/clinical/ biological data and associated comorbidities for automatic patient staging is presented and evaluated. Our approach relies on automatic deep learning-based disease quantification using an ensemble of architectures, and a datadriven consensus for the staging and outcome prediction of the patients fusing imaging biomarkers with clinical and biological attributes. In this study, we investigated an automatic method ( To the best of our knowledge this is among a few systematic efforts to quantify disease extent, to discover low dimensional and interpretable imaging biomarkers and to integrate them to clinical variables into short and long term prognosis of COVID-19 patients. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in 2019 and disseminated around the world rapidly. Computed tomography (CT) imaging has been proven to be an important tool for screening, disease quantification and staging. The latter is of extreme importance for organizational anticipation (availability of intensive care unit beds, patient management planning) as well as to accelerate drug development through rapid, reproducible and quantified assessment of treatment response. Even if currently there are no specific guidelines for the staging of the patients, CT together with some clinical and biological biomarkers are used. In this study, we collected a multi-center cohort and we investigated the use of medical imaging and artificial intelligence for disease quantification, staging and outcome prediction. Our approach relies on automatic deep learning-based disease quantification using an ensemble of architectures, and a data-driven consensus for the staging and outcome prediction of the patients fusing imaging biomarkers with clinical and biological attributes. Highly promising results on multiple external/independent evaluation cohorts as well as comparisons with expert human readers demonstrate the potentials of our approach. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361841520302243?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.media.2020.101860 id: cord-256688-yy7abob9 author: Chavez, Summer title: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A primer for emergency physicians date: 2020-03-24 words: 6416.0 sentences: 374.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256688-yy7abob9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256688-yy7abob9.txt summary: DISCUSSION: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19, is primarily transmitted from person-to-person through close contact (approximately 6 ft) by respiratory droplets. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), previously referred to as 2019-nCoV, is the virus responsible for causing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . An emergency medicine approach to COVID-19 should focus on identifying and isolating patients at risk for infection, informing hospital infection prevention and local public health authorities, and engaging infectious disease and other specialists early in care. Emergency physicians should obtain a detailed travel history from all patients and suspect COVID-19 in patients presenting with symptoms of an acute upper respiratory illness and fever. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Home care for patients with suspected novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection presenting with mild symptoms and management of contacts abstract: INTRODUCTION: Rapid worldwide spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a global pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This review article provides emergency physicians with an overview of the most current understanding of COVID-19 and recommendations on the evaluation and management of patients with suspected COVID-19. DISCUSSION: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19, is primarily transmitted from person-to-person through close contact (approximately 6 ft) by respiratory droplets. Symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to other viral upper respiratory illnesses. Three major trajectories include mild disease with upper respiratory symptoms, non-severe pneumonia, and severe pneumonia complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Emergency physicians should focus on identifying patients at risk, isolating suspected patients, and informing hospital infection prevention and public health authorities. Patients with suspected COVID-19 should be asked to wear a facemask. Respiratory etiquette, hand washing, and personal protective equipment are recommended for all healthcare personnel caring for suspected cases. Disposition depends on patient symptoms, hemodynamic status, and patient ability to self-quarantine. CONCLUSION: This narrative review provides clinicians with an updated approach to the evaluation and management of patients presenting to the emergency department with suspected COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32265065/ doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.03.036 id: cord-024134-ym7ce5ux author: Chawla, Sonam title: Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-04-30 words: 6803.0 sentences: 379.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024134-ym7ce5ux.txt summary: From a bird''s eye view, the COVID-19 pandemic management relies on revolutionizing the disease surveillance by incorporating artificial intelligence and data analytics, boosting the response strategies—extensive testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing—and promoting awareness and access to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, which are discussed in the present chapter. MeSH database defines pandemics as-"Epidemics of infectious disease that have spread to many countries, often more than one continent, and usually affecting a large number of people." Such emergencies compromise human health, society, economics, and politics-a case in point: the COVID-19 pandemic is forecasted to cost the global economy one trillion US dollars (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/? • Healthcare workers and essential service providers • Groups at high risk of death and severe complications requiring hospitalization • Individuals (adults and children aged more than 6 months) in the community who have chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or renal disease, or are immunocompromised • Persons without risk factors for complications (https://www.who.int/csr/ resources/publications/influenza/11_29_01_A.pdf) abstract: COVID-19, arising from novel, zoonotic coronavirus-2, has gripped the world in a pandemic. The present chapter discusses the current internationally implemented pandemic preparedness strategies succeeding/recommended to curb the COVID-19 threat to humankind. The updated phase-wise categorization of a pandemic as recommended by the WHO is described, and associated innovations in surveillance, response, and medical measures/advisory in practice across the globe are elaborated. From a bird’s eye view, the COVID-19 pandemic management relies on revolutionizing the disease surveillance by incorporating artificial intelligence and data analytics, boosting the response strategies—extensive testing, case isolation, contact tracing, and social distancing—and promoting awareness and access to pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, which are discussed in the present chapter. We also preview the economic bearing of the COVID-19 pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7189398/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_14 id: cord-103797-aowe4kyl author: Chen, Li title: Phase transitions and hysteresis of cooperative contagion processes date: 2016-03-30 words: 4283.0 sentences: 245.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-103797-aowe4kyl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103797-aowe4kyl.txt summary: We show that, generically, cooperative coinfection exhibits discontinuous transitions from the disease free to high prevalence state when a critical transmission rate is crossed. We show that, generically, cooperative coinfection exhibits discontinuous transitions from the disease free to high prevalence state when a critical transmission rate is crossed. To understand the general behavior of the system and identify the nature of phase transitions, we investigated the dynamics on 2d square lattices and random networks while monitoring the fraction of non-susceptible nodes, 1 − ρ S in equilibrium, i.e. the fraction of nodes that are either infected by A or B or both, as a function of transmission rate parameters p and q. When p increases beyond the critical point p o c ≈ 0.181, the system exhibits a discontinuous jump to a large endemic state, see Fig. 2a , contrary to the single disease case (conventional SIS dynamics with a threshold p c ). abstract: We investigate the effects of cooperation between two interacting infectious diseases that spread and stabilize in a host population. We propose a model in which individuals that are infected with one disease are more likely to acquire the second disease, both diseases following the susceptible-infected-susceptible reaction scheme. We analyze cooperative coinfection in stochastic network models as well as the idealized, well-mixed mean field system and show that cooperative mechanisms dramatically change the nature of phase transitions compared to single disease dynamics. We show that, generically, cooperative coinfection exhibits discontinuous transitions from the disease free to high prevalence state when a critical transmission rate is crossed. Furthermore, cooperative coinfection exhibits two distinct critical points, one for outbreaks the second one for eradication that can be substantially lower. This implies that cooperative coinfection exhibits hysteresis in its response to changing effective transmission rates or equivalently the basic reproduction number. We compute these critical parameters as a function of a cooperativity coefficient in the well-mixed mean field system. We finally investigate a spatially extended version of the model and show that cooperative interactions between diseases change the general wave propagation properties of conventional spreading phenomena of single diseases. The presented work may serve as a starting and reference point for a more comprehensive understanding of interacting diseases that spread in populations. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.09082v1.pdf doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/aa8bd2 id: cord-016241-qom2rokn author: Chen, Long title: Post-Newborn: A New Concept of Period in Early Life date: 2013-12-06 words: 3167.0 sentences: 161.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016241-qom2rokn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016241-qom2rokn.txt summary: With the development of perinatal medicine, mortality rate of diseases in neonates such as premature infants, asphyxia, infectious diseases have decreased significantly, and consequently, issues of the quality of life for these survivors have aroused widespread concerns. However, a few surviving infants suffered from different kinds complications in the post-newborn, such as recurrent respiratory infections, physical retardation, cerebral palsy, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy, and congenital heart disease requiring early surgical treatment [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] . How to further promote the growth and development and correct the complications and sequelae at the post-neonatal period, make the ill infants reach the level of normal infant development as early as possible, and reduce the incidence of adult-related diseases has become an important issue. abstract: Post-newborn infants refer to infants from >28 days to <100 days after birth. During this period, infants are still completely dependent on breast milk or/and formula milk for feeding. Up to now, the concept of post-newborn has not been mentioned in classic textbooks. With the development of perinatal medicine, mortality rate of diseases in neonates such as premature infants, asphyxia, infectious diseases have decreased significantly, and consequently, issues of the quality of life for these survivors have aroused widespread concerns. The post-newborn infants have some important characteristics differing from both newborn infants and infants after the period: (1) different fatal diseases and mortality rate; (2) the diseases inherited from newborn period requiring early and prompt treatments; (3) some peculiar diseases during this period requiring much attention; (4) either similar or different immune function; (5) rapid growth and uneven development of organ systems. Establishment of the new concept of post-newborn will further reveal the nature of life, reduce the mortality rate of infants, and improve the quality of life. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120469/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7618-0_143 id: cord-266211-cz7m1iqk author: Cheng, Tsung O. title: The current state of cardiology in China date: 2004-03-25 words: 5995.0 sentences: 311.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266211-cz7m1iqk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266211-cz7m1iqk.txt summary: As was recently reported from the Fu Wai Hospital and Cardiovascular Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing [52] , where I performed China''s first selective cine coronary arteriogram in 1973 [6] , in an analysis of 9196 cases from October 1987 to December 2000, death, myocardial infarction, stroke, serious arrhythmias, peripheral vascular complications, and allergic reactions to the contrast media were 0.02%, 0.01%, 0.01%, 0.29%, 0.26%, and 0.04%, respectively, as compared to 0.10%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.47%, 0.46%, and 0.23% in an analysis of 222,553 cases between 1984 and 1987 from the Registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions [53] . abstract: Cardiology in China has shown significant changes in the last decade or so. Interventional cardiology, in particular, has shown remarkable advances, especially in the management of coronary artery disease, which, unfortunately, has shown a disconcerting increase in incidence in a country traditionally known for very low incidence of coronary artery disease. Important contributing factors include increasing affluence, westernization of dietary habit and lifestyle, and rampant cigarette smoking. At present, the Chinese population has an annual coronary mortality of one sixth of that reported in the West, an incidence of acute myocardial infarction of one tenth to one eighth, and a mortality of acute myocardial infarction of one eighth. The prevalence of coronary artery disease among the general Chinese population (3–7%) is roughly one quarter of that among the Caucasians in the West, but this will get worse for sure. China still has a lot of catching up to do to reach full modernization. There is a price that every developing country must pay for modernization. However, let the price the Chinese pay not exceed the benefits derived from modernization. Can we achieve a utopian stage in the 21st century in which the modern Chinese retain their ancestral low rates of coronary artery disease while adapting the positive aspects of a modern western lifestyle? url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0167527303004893 doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.10.011 id: cord-283719-zmizyx7e author: Cheng, Yuan-Yang title: Rehabilitation Programs for Patients with COronaVIrus Disease 2019: Consensus Statements of Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation date: 2020-08-17 words: 2815.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283719-zmizyx7e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283719-zmizyx7e.txt summary: An online consensus meeting of an expert panel comprising members of the Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation was held to provide recommendations for rehabilitation protocols in each of the five COVID-19 stages, namely (1) outpatients with mild disease and no risk factors, (2) outpatients with mild disease and epidemiological risk factors, (3) hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease, (4) ventilator-supported patients with clear cognitive function, and (5) ventilator-supported patients with impaired cognitive function. For patients with advanced disease severity, a well-designed rehabilitation program is even more crucial to improve pulmonary secretion clearance, ameliorates side-effects related to a prolonged bedridden state, and even prevents intensive care unit-acquired weakness. 8 Altogether, potentially significant risk factors for severe COVID-19 that should be identified and considered when designing rehabilitation programs include old age, male gender, hypertension, diabetes, respiratory disease, and CVD. 29 Chest physiotherapy strategies that promote airway clearance include the following: Another important issue in the rehabilitation of patients with moderate to severe disease is preventing deconditioning due to acute illness. abstract: Abstract The COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which developed into a pandemic in 2020, has become a major healthcare challenge for governments and healthcare workers worldwide. Despite several medical treatment protocols having been established, a comprehensive rehabilitation program that can promote functional recovery is still frequently ignored. An online consensus meeting of an expert panel comprising members of the Taiwan Academy of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation was held to provide recommendations for rehabilitation protocols in each of the five COVID-19 stages, namely (1) outpatients with mild disease and no risk factors, (2) outpatients with mild disease and epidemiological risk factors, (3) hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease, (4) ventilator-supported patients with clear cognitive function, and (5) ventilator-supported patients with impaired cognitive function. Apart from medications and life support care, a proper rehabilitation protocol that facilitates recovery from COVID-19 needs to be established and emphasized in clinical practice. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0929664620303892?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.08.015 id: cord-308066-lrbi5198 author: Childs, James E. title: Pre-spillover Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases: What Are the Targets and What Are the Tools? date: 2007 words: 15698.0 sentences: 714.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308066-lrbi5198.txt summary: The uneven standards of surveillance, humanor animal-based, for zoonotic diseases or pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H R s, or even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent even within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has a long and enviable history. Following an outbreak of human monkeypox in several US states (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2003a; see the chapter by Regnery, this volume), local populations of indigenous North American rodents were captured and examined for infection from areas around animal-holding facilities housing African rodents imported for the pet-trade and implicated as the source of monkeypox virus (Cunha 2004; Check 2004) . National institutions charged with strategic planning for emerging diseases or intentional releases of zoonotic agents have emphasized improving diagnostic capabilities for detecting human infections, modifying the immune status of human or domestic animals through vaccines, producing better antiviral or antibacterial drugs, and enhancing human-based surveillance as an early warning system (Fauchi 2002 ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998). abstract: The uneven standards of surveillance, human- or animal-based, for zoonotic diseases or pathogens maintained and transmitted by wildlife H R s, or even domestic species, is a global problem, readily apparent even within the United States, where investment in public health, including surveillance systems, has a long and enviable history. As of 2006, there appears to be little scientific, social, or political consensus that animalbased surveillance for zoonoses merits investment in international infrastructure, other than the fledgling efforts with avian influenza, or targeted nontraditional avenues of surveillance and research. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848073/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-70962-6_16 id: cord-344486-iu5flbcl author: Chiotos, Kathleen title: Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date: 2020-09-12 words: 8595.0 sentences: 416.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344486-iu5flbcl.txt summary: In the few months since this initial publication, new evidence has emerged demonstrating the efficacy of the antiviral medication remdesivir in shortening time to clinical recovery in adults with COVID-19, while several other studies have shown ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . Further, additional observational studies have provided insight into the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in children, demonstrating that while most young patients experience mild illness, a small proportion develop severe illness associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and mortality (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) . Nevertheless, the panel recognizes that pediatric clinicians are likely to consider comorbidities when weighing the risks and benefits of antiviral therapy on a case-bycase basis, and in making these decisions may consider: 1) the available, albeit limited, pediatric COVID-19 literature; 2) risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 in adults; and 3) pre-existing medical conditions in children associated with worse clinical outcomes for other viral infections. abstract: BACKGROUND: Although Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a mild infection in most children, a small proportion develop severe or critical illness. Data evaluating agents with potential antiviral activity continue to expand, such that updated guidance is needed regarding use of these agents in children. METHODS: A panel of pediatric infectious diseases physicians and pharmacists from 20 geographically diverse North American institutions was convened. Through a series of teleconferences and web-based surveys, a set of guidance statements was developed and refined based on review of the best available evidence and expert opinion. RESULTS: Given the typically mild course of COVID-19 in children, supportive care alone is suggested for most cases. For children with severe illness, defined as a supplemental oxygen requirement without need for non-invasive or invasive mechanical ventilation or extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), remdesivir is suggested, preferably as part of a clinical trial if available. Remdesivir should also be considered for critically ill children requiring invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO. A duration of 5 days is appropriate for most patients. The panel recommends against the use of hydroxychloroquine or lopinavir-ritonavir (or other protease inhibitors) for COVID-19 in children. CONCLUSIONS: Antiviral therapy for COVID-19 is not necessary for the great majority of pediatric patients. For children with severe or critical disease, this guidance offers an approach for decision-making regarding use of remdesivir. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32918548/ doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa115 id: cord-336464-eslgz1ka author: Chomel, Bruno B. title: Wildlife, Exotic Pets, and Emerging Zoonoses date: 2007-01-17 words: 3475.0 sentences: 166.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336464-eslgz1ka.txt summary: The outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Malaysia during 1998-1999, which caused 265 human cases of viral encephalitis and a 38% mortality rate, was also the result of several major ecologic and environmental changes associated with deforestation and expansion of nonindustrial pig farming in association with production of fruit-bearing trees (16) . Wildlife may become new reservoirs of infection and may recontaminate domestic animals; examples include bovine tuberculosis in the United Kingdom associated with Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (Meles meles) (18) and brucellosis in outdoor-reared swine in Europe that resulted from spillover from the wild boar brucellosis (Brucella suis biovar 2) reservoir (19) . Another risk factor related to the emergence of zoonotic diseases from wildlife has been the considerable increase in consumption of bushmeat in many parts of the world, especially Central Africa and the Amazon Basin, where 1-3.4 million tons and 67-164 million kilograms, respectively, are consumed each year (7) . abstract: Most emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic; wildlife constitutes a large and often unknown reservoir. Wildlife can also be a source for reemergence of previously controlled zoonoses. Although the discovery of such zoonoses is often related to better diagnostic tools, the leading causes of their emergence are human behavior and modifications to natural habitats (expansion of human populations and their encroachment on wildlife habitat), changes in agricultural practices, and globalization of trade. However, other factors include wildlife trade and translocation, live animal and bushmeat markets, consumption of exotic foods, development of ecotourism, access to petting zoos, and ownership of exotic pets. To reduce risk for emerging zoonoses, the public should be educated about the risks associated with wildlife, bushmeat, and exotic pet trades; and proper surveillance systems should be implemented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17370509/ doi: 10.3201/eid1301.060480 id: cord-003062-qm8kalyt author: Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi title: The association between temperature, rainfall and humidity with common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in Bangladesh date: 2018-06-21 words: 4997.0 sentences: 274.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003062-qm8kalyt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003062-qm8kalyt.txt summary: This observational study examined the association of temperature, humidity and rainfall with six common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in adults (malaria, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, encephalitis, pneumonia and bacterial meningitis) in northeastern Bangladesh. Unfortunately, very few studies on the relationship between various environmental variables and trends of infectious disease incidence have been performed so far in Bangladesh, although there are reports of some infections increasing sporadically in different regions of the country [17] [18] [19] . This study examined six infectious diseases based on clinical syndromes and laboratory support (malaria, enteric fever, encephalitis, diarrheal disease, pneumonia and meningitis) to offer a broader scope on the trend of these infectious diseases and their possible relation to climate change in Bangladesh. W.H.O reported dengue, viral encephalitis, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, pneumonia and meningitis as most sensitive to climate factors, and predicted a huge rise of cases in tropical countries [25] . abstract: Bangladesh is one of the world’s most vulnerable countries for climate change. This observational study examined the association of temperature, humidity and rainfall with six common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in adults (malaria, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, encephalitis, pneumonia and bacterial meningitis) in northeastern Bangladesh. Subjects admitted to the adult medicine ward of a tertiary referral hospital in Sylhet, Bangladesh from 2008 to 2012 with a diagnosis of one of the six chosen climate-sensitive infectious diseases were enrolled in the study. Climate-related data were collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Institute. Disease incidence was then analyzed against mean temperature, humidity and average rainfall for the Sylhet region. Statistical significance was determined using Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test and ANOVA testing. 5033 patients were enrolled (58% male, 42% female, ratio 1.3:1). All six diseases showed highly significant (p = 0.01) rises in incidence between the study years 2008 (540 cases) and 2012 (1330 cases), compared with no significant rise in overall all-cause hospital admissions in the same period (p = 0.19). The highest number of malaria (135), diarrhea (266) and pneumonia (371) cases occurred during the rainy season. On the other hand, the maximum number of enteric fever (408), encephalitis (183) and meningitis (151) cases occurred during autumn, which follows the rainy season. A positive (P = 0.01) correlation was observed between increased temperature and the incidence of malaria, enteric fever and diarrhea, and a negative correlation with encephalitis, meningitis and pneumonia. Higher humidity correlated (P = 0.01) with a higher number of cases of malaria and diarrhea, but inversely correlated with meningitis and encephalitis. Higher incidences of encephalitis and meningitis occurred while there was low rainfall. Incidences of diarrhea, malaria and enteric fever, increased with rainfall, and then gradually decreased. The findings support a relationship between weather patterns and disease incidence, and provide essential baseline data for future large prospective studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6013221/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199579 id: cord-284125-35ghtmhu author: Chua, Kaw Bing title: Perspectives of public health laboratories in emerging infectious diseases date: 2013-06-26 words: 3610.0 sentences: 161.0 pages: flesch: 28.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284125-35ghtmhu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284125-35ghtmhu.txt summary: 6 Emerging novel viruses are a major public health concern with the potential of causing high health and socioeconomic impacts, as has occurred with progressive pandemic infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), the recent pandemic caused by the novel quadruple re-assortment strain of influenza A virus (H1N1), and more transient events such as the outbreaks of Nipah virus in 1998/1999 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in 2003. To minimize the health and socioeconomic impacts of emerging epidemic infectious diseases, major challenges must be overcome in the national and international capacity for early detection, rapid and accurate etiological identification (especially those caused by novel pathogens), rapid response and effective control (Figure 1 ). However, to develop and establish such an effective national public health capacity, especially the laboratory component to support infectious disease surveillance, outbreak investigation and early response, a good understanding of the concepts of emerging infectious diseases and an integrated country and regional public health laboratory system in accordance with the nature and type of emerging pathogens, especially novel ones, are highly recommended. abstract: The world has experienced an increased incidence and transboundary spread of emerging infectious diseases over the last four decades. We divided emerging infectious diseases into four categories, with subcategories in categories 1 and 4. The categorization was based on the nature and characteristics of pathogens or infectious agents causing the emerging infections, which are directly related to the mechanisms and patterns of infectious disease emergence. The factors or combinations of factors contributing to the emergence of these pathogens vary within each category. We also classified public health laboratories into three types based on function, namely, research, reference and analytical diagnostic laboratories, with the last category being subclassified into primary (community-based) public health and clinical (medical) analytical diagnostic laboratories. The frontline/leading and/or supportive roles to be adopted by each type of public health laboratory for optimal performance to establish the correct etiological agents causing the diseases or outbreaks vary with respect to each category of emerging infectious diseases. We emphasize the need, especially for an outbreak investigation, to establish a harmonized and coordinated national public health laboratory system that integrates different categories of public health laboratories within a country and that is closely linked to the national public health delivery system and regional and international high-end laboratories. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26038473/ doi: 10.1038/emi.2013.34 id: cord-000254-bufbjdmw author: Clement, Annick title: Interstitial lung diseases in children date: 2010-08-20 words: 15049.0 sentences: 819.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000254-bufbjdmw.txt summary: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children represents a heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality (around 15%) [1, 2] . These disorders, more prevalent in young children, include diffuse developmental disorders, lung growth abnormalities, neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis, surfactant dysfunction disorders, disorders related to systemic diseases, disorders of immunocompromised host, and disorders of normal host caused by various insults such as aspiration syndrome or infections [8] . Several studies in the adult literature have reported an increased incidence of EBV and CMV infection in patients with pulmonary fibrosis, associated with virus DNA-positive lung tissue biopsies in several cases [147] . abstract: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) in infants and children comprises a large spectrum of rare respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. These disorders are characterized by inflammatory and fibrotic changes that affect alveolar walls. Typical features of ILD include dyspnea, diffuse infiltrates on chest radiographs, and abnormal pulmonary function tests with restrictive ventilatory defect and/or impaired gas exchange. Many pathological situations can impair gas exchange and, therefore, may contribute to progressive lung damage and ILD. Consequently, diagnosis approach needs to be structured with a clinical evaluation requiring a careful history paying attention to exposures and systemic diseases. Several classifications for ILD have been proposed but none is entirely satisfactory especially in children. The present article reviews current concepts of pathophysiological mechanisms, etiology and diagnostic approaches, as well as therapeutic strategies. The following diagnostic grouping is used to discuss the various causes of pediatric ILD: 1) exposure-related ILD; 2) systemic disease-associated ILD; 3) alveolar structure disorder-associated ILD; and 4) ILD specific to infancy. Therapeutic options include mainly anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and/or anti-fibrotic drugs. The outcome is highly variable with a mortality rate around 15%. An overall favorable response to corticosteroid therapy is observed in around 50% of cases, often associated with sequelae such as limited exercise tolerance or the need for long-term oxygen therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2939531/ doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-22 id: cord-300301-7amiljnm author: Clements, Bruce W. title: Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease Threats date: 2016-03-04 words: 6536.0 sentences: 383.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300301-7amiljnm.txt summary: Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. By April 26, a public health emergency, the first in the history of the United States, was declared to allow for the rapid development of a vaccine, mobilization of antiviral medications through the federally resourced Strategic National Stockpile, and enhanced surveillance through reporting and testing. While it may not be possible to predict which pathogens may emerge or reemerge, it is possible to build infrastructure and take general steps to make populations and public health systems better prepared for the next novel infectious disease outbreak. abstract: This chapter describes the potential public health impact of emerging and reemerging disease. Factors contributing to the emergence of diseases include increasing international travel and commerce, changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and industry, microbial adaptation and the breakdown of public health systems. Of emerging diseases, 60% are zoonotic, making the human–animal biome interaction critical. Preparedness for an emerging disease relies on strong biosurveillance systems for early detection. Control measures to prevent transmission must be implemented early. These include: rapid epidemiologic surveillance and investigations to characterize the disease; transmission prevention through containment and control measures; development and deployment of medical countermeasures; and emergency public information and warning. Recovery after the outbreak of an emerging disease can result in a “new normal” with persistent endemic infection in the community. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128019801000106 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801980-1.00010-6 id: cord-023509-tvqpv6fp author: Corrin, Bryan title: Occupational, environmental and iatrogenic lung disease date: 2011-03-02 words: 42576.0 sentences: 2457.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023509-tvqpv6fp.txt summary: As a general rule, exposure to silica dust extends over many years, often 20 or more, before the symptoms of silicosis first appear: by the time the disease becomes overt clinically, much irreparable damage has been inflicted on the lungs. Confusingly, the term ''acute silicosis'' has since been applied to a further effect of heavy dust exposure in tunnellers, sand blasters and silica flour workers, namely pulmonary alveolar lipoproteinosis (see below), 71, 72 whilst the terms ''accelerated silicosis'' or ''cellular phase silicosis'' have been substituted for ''acute silicosis'' in referring to the rapid development of early cellular lesions. Asbestosis is defined as diffuse interstitial fibrosis of the lung caused by exposure to asbestos dust. The finely divided fume of several metals is highly toxic to the lungs and capable of producing severe acute and chronic damage to both the conductive airways and the alveoli, resulting in acute tracheobronchitis and bronchiolitis, diffuse alveolar damage, obliterative bronchiolitis and pulmonary fibrosis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170212/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3369-8.00007-0 id: cord-354656-9ao33rq8 author: Cossart, Yvonne E title: The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014 date: 2014-07-07 words: 3345.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354656-9ao33rq8.txt summary: 2 The success of rat extermination in controlling plague in Sydney 3 provided a triumphant validation of new microbiological theories; Joseph Lister''s carbolic spray was adopted by local surgeons; 4 Emil von Behring''s antitoxin treatment reduced mortality from diphtheria; 5 and Paul Ehrlich''s vision of a magic bullet to cure all infections was given credibility by the effi cacy of Salvarsan (arsphenamine, an arsenic-containing compound) against syphilis. 9,10 9,10 During World War II (WWII), intensive screening of Australian troops by miniature x-ray was followed up with bacteriological testing to identify patients with active infection, for whom treatment was compulsory. Tests were developed to screen donated blood and it soon became apparent that injecting drug use had silently amplifi ed prevalence of hepatitis C infection in young people in Western countries. abstract: Australia has been fortunate in its experience with infectious diseases over the past century. By the 1960s, many communicable diseases were controlled through a combination of high living standards, progressive adoption of vaccines and antimicrobial treatment. Australian medical scientists have made substantial contributions to the understanding of many historically significant communicable diseases and global initiatives for control. New challenges have emerged as previously unrecognised viral infections have emerged, and microbial resistance to antibiotics has developed in many old pathogens. Ongoing evolutionary forces, both environmental and social, change the balance between humans and microbes. The effects of these forces are most sorely felt in poor countries and communities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25047768/ doi: 10.5694/mja14.00112 id: cord-332298-ig1j5z07 author: Couetil, Laurent title: Equine Asthma: Current Understanding and Future Directions date: 2020-07-30 words: 15554.0 sentences: 664.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332298-ig1j5z07.txt summary: In the last few years, the terminology has further evolved with the term equine asthma (EA) now being recommended to describe horses with chronic respiratory signs ranging in severity from mild to severe that were previously referred as inflammatory airway disease and recurrent airway obstruction, respectively (3) . The future development of new portable and sensitive devices for measuring the lung function of horses (forced oscillation or flow interruption techniques), or the discovery of blood biomarkers for EA would help not only to facilitate the diagnosis of mild and moderate forms of EA in clinical practice, but also to possibly identify new phenotypes for these conditions. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured focus group discussions designed to capture current practices and opinions relating to the diagnosis and treatment of lower airway inflammation, as well as familiarity with and views on the most recent ACVIM consensus statement (3), in which the term "mild-moderate equine asthma" was recommended. abstract: The 2019 Havemeyer Workshop brought together researchers and clinicians to discuss the latest information on Equine Asthma and provide future research directions. Current clinical and molecular asthma phenotypes and endotypes in humans were discussed and compared to asthma phenotypes in horses. The role of infectious and non-infectious causes of equine asthma, genetic factors and proposed disease pathophysiology were reviewed. Diagnostic limitations were evident by the limited number of tests and biomarkers available to field practitioners. The participants emphasized the need for more accessible, standardized diagnostics that would help identify specific phenotypes and endotypes in order to create more targeted treatments or management strategies. One important outcome of the workshop was the creation of the Equine Asthma Group that will facilitate communication between veterinary practice and research communities through published and easily accessible guidelines and foster research collaboration. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32903600/ doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00450 id: cord-264660-tfktgy57 author: Creech, C Buddy title: It’s True Even in a Pandemic: Children are Not Merely Little Adults date: 2020-05-30 words: 980.0 sentences: 64.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264660-tfktgy57.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264660-tfktgy57.txt summary: In this issue of CID, Mehta et al (CID PAPER) provide a systematic review of pediatric COVID-19, evaluating the available literature to date to glean characteristics of disease and transmission. The authors report that children represent only 5% or less of diagnosed COVID cases and the data available at the time of review suggest that children are less likely to develop either severe pneumonia or the laboratory alterations commonly associated with severe disease, such as lymphopenia and elevated inflammatory markers. The authors also report that intrauterine transmission appears to be extremely uncommon and that newborns born to infected mothers are likely to experience either asymptomatic disease or mild disease. Taken together, it would appear that children experience a very different response to SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults and raises the hypothesis that dysregulated host responses may be the primary driver of disease severity. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa680 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa680 id: cord-324775-3x5os79m author: Crowe, J.E. title: Human Respiratory Viruses date: 2008-07-30 words: 5716.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324775-3x5os79m.txt summary: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen, with hMPV, PIV-3, influenza viruses, and rhinoviruses accounting for the majority of the remainder of acute viral respiratory infections. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), adenoviruses, and influenza viruses were identified initially as the most common causes of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants and children. These patients also suffer more frequent and more severe disease including mortality with common respiratory viruses, including RSV, hMPV, PIV, influenza viruses, rhinoviruses, and adenoviruses. Enterovirus infections occur most commonly in the summer months in temperate areas, which differs from the season of many of the other most common respiratory viruses such as paramyxoviruses and influenza virus. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory tract disease. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory tract disease. abstract: Viruses are the leading causes of acute lower respiratory-tract infection in infancy. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common pathogen, with hMPV, PIV-3, influenza viruses, and rhinoviruses accounting for the majority of the remainder of acute viral respiratory infections. Humans generally do not develop lifelong immunity to reinfection with these viruses; rather, specific immunity protects against severe and lower respiratory-tract disease. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012374410400488X doi: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00488-x id: cord-344408-4ko557n1 author: Cunningham, Andrew A. title: One Health, emerging infectious diseases and wildlife: two decades of progress? date: 2017-07-19 words: 5977.0 sentences: 278.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-344408-4ko557n1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344408-4ko557n1.txt summary: Around this time, emerging diseases were identified in a series of well-reported die-offs in wildlife, including canine distemper in African lions (Panthera leo) in the Serengeti, chytridiomycosis in amphibians globally, pilchard herpesvirus disease in Australasia and West Nile virus in corvids and other birds in New York [10 -13] . There are likely to be multiple causes of novel disease emergence, but the human-mediated transport of pathogens (often in infected hosts) or vectors across geographical or ecological boundaries, a process termed ''pathogen pollution'', has been identified as a major driver of this in wildlife [64] and also in plants [65] . salamandrivorans as a novel lethal fungus infecting and killing captive and wild salamanders in Europe [67, 85, 86] Challenges remain to understanding the wildlife origins of zoonotic EIDs. It is often difficult, time-consuming, logistically challenging and very expensive to identify the origins of newly emerged pathogens of humans. abstract: Infectious diseases affect people, domestic animals and wildlife alike, with many pathogens being able to infect multiple species. Fifty years ago, following the wide-scale manufacture and use of antibiotics and vaccines, it seemed that the battle against infections was being won for the human population. Since then, however, and in addition to increasing antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens, there has been an increase in the emergence of, mostly viral, zoonotic diseases from wildlife, sometimes causing fatal outbreaks of epidemic proportions. Concurrently, infectious disease has been identified as an increasing threat to wildlife conservation. A synthesis published in 2000 showed common anthropogenic drivers of disease threats to biodiversity and human health, including encroachment and destruction of wildlife habitat and the human-assisted spread of pathogens. Almost two decades later, the situation has not changed and, despite improved knowledge of the underlying causes, little has been done at the policy level to address these threats. For the sake of public health and wellbeing, human-kind needs to work better to conserve nature and preserve the ecosystem services, including disease regulation, that biodiversity provides while also understanding and mitigating activities which lead to disease emergence. We consider that holistic, One Health approaches to the management and mitigation of the risks of emerging infectious diseases have the greatest chance of success. This article is part of the themed issue ‘One Health for a changing world: zoonoses, ecosystems and human well-being’. url: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0167 doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0167 id: cord-338582-o976nab9 author: Dahlhausen, Bob title: Future Veterinary Diagnostics date: 2010-09-19 words: 9199.0 sentences: 511.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338582-o976nab9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338582-o976nab9.txt summary: Genome sequencing has allowed efficient, sensitive, and specific diagnostic assays to be developed based on the detection of nucleic acids. PCR uses the highly specific molecular recognition ability of Watson-Crick base pairing to provide the selectivity needed for a nucleic acid probe to bind to a targeted DNA sequence and allow for its exponential amplification. It has been used to develop rapid diagnostic tests for several pathogenic viruses with singlestranded RNA genomes, including influenza A, 13 footand-mouth disease virus, 14 and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus. DNA microarrays also permit relatively rapid interrogation of a clinical sample against thousands of genetic targets, allowing for simultaneous detection and discrimination among hundreds of pathogenic agents of veterinary interest. Unlike PCR technology where the target agent must be known to use specific test primers, microarrays can allow for the rapid diagnosis of multiple pathogenic agents in disease outbreaks and epidemics of unknown etiology. abstract: The development of rapid, accurate, and sensitive diagnostic methods for detecting pathogens is the basis for treating, controlling, and eradicating infectious diseases of veterinary importance. Scientific and technological advancements have revolutionized the field of veterinary diagnostics. Genome sequencing has allowed efficient, sensitive, and specific diagnostic assays to be developed based on the detection of nucleic acids. The integration of advances in biochemistry, proteomics, engineering, and medicine offers enormous potential for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of viral, microbial, genetic, and metabolic disease. In the future, polymerase chain reaction assays, microarray testing, genomic analysis, and metabolic profiling will be accomplished in a rapid, portable, sensitive, and cost-efficient manner. url: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2010.05.006 doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2010.05.006 id: cord-006819-sxz1s6kz author: Daniel Givens, M. title: Infectious causes of embryonic and fetal mortality date: 2008-05-27 words: 7666.0 sentences: 538.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006819-sxz1s6kz.txt summary: The clinical presentations of disease due to reproductive pathogens are emphasized, with a focus on assisting development of complete lists of causes that result in abortion and infertility in these species. Fetal maceration results when abortion or parturition fails to occur following fetal death and CL regression (occasionally in bovine www.theriojournal.com Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Theriogenology 70 (2008) 270-285 Table 1 Infectious causes of infertility and abortion in domestic animals Infected animals can experience signs of infertility due to early embryonic death and abortion between 4 and 7 months of gestation. Transmission occurs via contact with materials contaminated by infected respiratory or vaginal discharges; the bacteria then spread hematogenously to the fetus. Affected animals might have no clinical signs of disease, but serve as a source of infection, or they can abort late in gestation and have stillbirths. abstract: The purpose of this review is to summarize bacterial, fungal, protozoan, and viral causes of reproductive dysgenesis in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, dogs, and cats. The clinical presentations of disease due to reproductive pathogens are emphasized, with a focus on assisting development of complete lists of causes that result in abortion and infertility in these species. Clinicians are encouraged to assess clinical presentation, create complete lists of differential diagnoses, obtain appropriate diagnostic samples, maximize diagnostic laboratory support, and avoid zoonotic infections resulting from reproductive pathogens of animals. The foundation of an accurate diagnosis of reproductive loss due to infectious pathogens facilitates the prudent use of immunization and biosecurity to minimize reproductive losses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103133/ doi: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.018 id: cord-276616-odmnvv7m author: Darcel, C. title: Reflections on scrapie and related disorders, with consideration of the possibility of a viral aetiology date: 1995 words: 10478.0 sentences: 494.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276616-odmnvv7m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276616-odmnvv7m.txt summary: Conclusions drawn from the vaccination trials and transmission experiments were that ~crapie, given by subcutaneous inoculation, had a latent period of 2 years and longer; that the infective agent was resistant to 0.35% formalin; that the disease appeared more quickly and in a higher percentage of recipients following intracerebral than following~subcutaneous injection; and that the causative agent was probably a filtrable virus. There are many difficulties in studying either the natural or experimentally induced diseases: the animals involved, the incubation period required for the emergence of the disease, the innate resistance of a proportion of the population seen as an expression of genetic influences, the differing behaviour of strains of agents isolated from a given species, the symptomatology, the pathology, the uncertain nature of the agent and its means of transmission, the perceived ''lack'' of an immunological response or changes in the immune system, and the biological hazards involved in conducting experiments. abstract: The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies of domesticated animals, scrapie in-sheep and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and transmissible mink encephalopathy are more than a scientific curiosity; under certain circumstances their impact on commercial activities can be calamitous. Knowledge of their causation and pathogenesis is still rudimentary, but many consider than an unconventional agent, the prion (a brain protein, PrP), that is not associated with nucleic acid is involved in both. Others believe that conventional viruses, which replicate by virtue of their nucleic acid-defined genes, are involved in the causation and progression of the encephalopathies but that technical problems have prevented their identification. Others postulate even more exotic causative agents. While this paper will particularly address the possibility of a viral aetiology for these diseases, it is also emphasized that our knowledge of the state of the immune system in animals with encephalopathy needs broadening. There are remarkable gaps in our knowledge of the histopathology of these diseases, particularly the nature of the characteristic vacuoles. Much further work is needed on the biochemical changes in the brain and the serum, particularly of the latter as it could lead to an additional means of recognizing clinical cases without waiting for the animal to die with subsequent examination of the brain for characteristic lesions and the presence of protease-K-resistant PrP. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7571397/ doi: 10.1007/bf01839302 id: cord-313118-dv5xq2k4 author: Davis, Eric M. title: Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease: Sleep Disorders date: 2020-08-06 words: 6170.0 sentences: 318.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313118-dv5xq2k4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313118-dv5xq2k4.txt summary: RECENT FINDINGS: Spanning the categories of endocrinologic disorders, metabolic/toxic disturbances, renal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, malignancy, and critical illness, the review highlights the prevalent coexisting pathology of sleep across the spectrum of systemic disorders. Sleep disorders affect high proportions of those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM): surveys of patients with DM compared with those of controls show a nearly 2-fold propensity for insomnia, fourfold higher use of sedative-hypnotics, and a 10-fold higher rate of hypersomnolence [16] . Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) spanning the broad spectrum of sleep disorders including hypersomnia, insomnia, sleep-related breathing, and RLS. In practice, these authors often pursue CPAP treatment for patients with OSA and cardiovascular risk factors (even in the absence of sleepiness) at least for a trial period to assess adherence to treatment and to determine if there are subjective and objective improvements to sleep quality. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sleep is intimately involved in overall health and wellbeing. We provide a comprehensive report on the interplay between systemic diseases and sleep to optimize the outcomes of systemic disorders. RECENT FINDINGS: Spanning the categories of endocrinologic disorders, metabolic/toxic disturbances, renal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, malignancy, and critical illness, the review highlights the prevalent coexisting pathology of sleep across the spectrum of systemic disorders. Although it is rare that treating a sleep symptom can cure disease, attention to sleep may improve quality of life and may mitigate or improve the underlying disorder. Recent controversies in assessing the cardiovascular relationship with sleep have called into question some of the benefits of treating comorbid sleep disorders, thereby highlighting the need for an ongoing rigorous investigation into how sleep interplays with systemic diseases. SUMMARY: Systemic diseases often have sleep manifestations and this report will help the clinician identify key risk factors linking sleep disorders to systemic diseases so as to optimize the overall care of the patient. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-020-00639-z doi: 10.1007/s11940-020-00639-z id: cord-258626-p469ysi8 author: Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title: 2013 Update on Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date: 2014-02-26 words: 10938.0 sentences: 543.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258626-p469ysi8.txt summary: Criteria for assigning vaccines into these categories, and a third category, "generally not recommended," are based on: (1) morbidity and mortality associated with the specific disease (does the organism cause serious illness or does it cause a mild, transient disease that may pose only minimal risk to the individual or population?); (2) the prevalence and/or incidence rate of the disease (although a specific disease may not commonly be seen, the organism is ubiquitous in the environment and therefore poses risk to the individual or population); (3) the risk of the individual for exposure to the disease (indoor-only animal vs free-roaming individual, regional variations of occurrence); (4) the efficacy of the vaccine (does the vaccine prevent infection or simply ameliorate some signs or length of disease?); (5) the risks associated with administering the vaccine (are the risks associated with that vaccine greater than the risk of the disease?); (6) the potential for zoonotic disease; (7) the route of infection or transmissibility. 9, 13 The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II modified live virus product, as it stimulates the immune system to protect against both CAV-I and CAV-II, without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine. abstract: Vaccines remain one of the practitioner’s greatest tools in preventing disease and maintaining individual and population health. This article is an update to “Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens” published in Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practitioner, in May 2006. There are now comprehensive guidelines readily available for small animal practitioners regarding canine and feline pediatric (and adult) vaccination recommendations. Perhaps more importantly, there is an increased dialogue regarding all aspects of preventive medicine, of which vaccination is only a small, yet significant portion; and an increased drive to provide scientific evidence for developing vaccination recommendations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24580989/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.11.006 id: cord-275538-c44gmu22 author: Davis-Wurzler, Gina M. title: Current Vaccination Strategies in Puppies and Kittens date: 2006-03-24 words: 10385.0 sentences: 472.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275538-c44gmu22.txt summary: The current recommendation is to use the CAV-II MLV because it stimulates the immune system to protect against CAV-I and CAV-II without the associated adverse reaction caused by the type I vaccine [4, 14, 20] . There is a killed vaccine available; however, vaccination against this agent is typically not recommended, because most animals are not at risk to contract the parasite, the vaccine does not prevent infection (it may ameliorate clinical signs and decrease cyst shedding), and the disease is readily amenable to therapy (fenbendazole, albendazole, and metronidazole are off-label uses but commonly accepted as standard of care). Because the vaccine does not fully prevent infection and carries an association with adverse events that may be greater than the actual disease, routine vaccination of household pets with this product is generally not recommended. abstract: Motivation in writing this article stems from many things: a lack of time spent in the veterinary curriculum discussing vaccines, a growing concern(by the general public and the veterinary community) regarding adverse reactions associated with vaccines, and a desire to prevent a recurrence of preventable infectious diseases resulting from a fear-driven cessation of vaccine administration. The objectives of this article are to present a basic review of immunology as related to vaccines, to discuss general guidelines for pediatric vaccines in canine and feline patients,and to offer suggestions as to how we can most positively influence our patients' health from the first visit. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564416/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.12.003 id: cord-020769-elzkwyz0 author: Day, Brennan title: The new normal: lessons learned from SARS for corporations operating in emerging markets date: 2004-07-01 words: 6422.0 sentences: 312.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-020769-elzkwyz0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-020769-elzkwyz0.txt summary: This paper uses the recent SARS epidemic as a background to highlight the importance of crisis planning, particularly in emerging economies, and suggests how organizations can address these concerns. This paper will start by presenting background information on the SARS epidemic and the impact on organizations, especially those operating in emerging markets. Since emerging markets are increasingly important to the world economy and are at the same time susceptible to outbreaks of infectious diseases, we need to understand how we are linked together on an interdependent global level. If just three of the Asian emerging economies -China, India, and Indonesia -are able to maintain this growth rate of 6 percent per year, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has estimated that by 2010 approximately 700 million people in those countries will have an average income equivalent to that of Spain today. abstract: The modern industrialized world was completely caught off guard by the recent SARS outbreak. Fortunately, for most organizations, the impact has been short lived, but management has been provided with a reminder of the impact of the external environment in a world of ever increasing globalization. As seen with the SARS outbreak, a lack of preparedness can have devastating effects on business and warrant inclusion in a business definition of a crisis. This paper uses the recent SARS epidemic as a background to highlight the importance of crisis planning, particularly in emerging economies, and suggests how organizations can address these concerns. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147509/ doi: 10.1108/00251740410542357 id: cord-260750-utbuj5iz author: Dear, Jonathan D. title: Bacterial Pneumonia in Dogs and Cats date: 2013-11-21 words: 5225.0 sentences: 287.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260750-utbuj5iz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260750-utbuj5iz.txt summary: 3 Often, such diseases are acute and self-limiting, but in a subset of dogs inflammation associated with these organisms immobilizes the host''s immune defenses and predisposes infection with other (often bacterial) respiratory pathogens. Young animals are especially prone to the development of bacterial pneumonia because of their naive immune systems, and when coupled with alterations to the innate immune system, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or complement deficiency, the risk of life-threatening infection increases greatly (see Veterinary Clinics of North America 2007;37(5):845-60 for a comprehensive review of respiratory defenses in health and disease). 4, [11] [12] [13] DIAGNOSIS Bacterial pneumonia implies sepsis of the lower airway and lungs, so the diagnosis is confirmed by showing septic suppurative inflammation on airway cytology obtained through bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) or tracheal wash, along with a positive microbiology culture. abstract: Bacterial pneumonia is a common clinical diagnosis in dogs but seems to occur less commonly in cats. Underlying causes include viral infection, aspiration injury, and foreign body inhalation. Identification of the organisms involved in disease, appropriate use of antibiotics and adjunct therapy, and control of risk factors for pneumonia improve management. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24268339/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2013.09.003 id: cord-352546-w3catjj3 author: Degeling, Chris title: Implementing a One Health approach to emerging infectious disease: reflections on the socio-political, ethical and legal dimensions date: 2015-12-29 words: 7688.0 sentences: 355.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352546-w3catjj3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352546-w3catjj3.txt summary: The effective control and prevention of EIDs therefore requires: (i) social science research to improve understanding of how EID threats and responses play out; (ii) the development of an analytic framework that catalogues case experiences with EIDs, reflects their dynamic nature and promotes inter-sectoral collaboration and knowledge synthesis; (iii) genuine public engagement processes that promote transparency, education and capture people''s preferences; (iv) a set of practical principles and values that integrate ethics into decision-making procedures, against which policies and public health responses can be assessed; (v) integration of the analytic framework and the statement of principles and values outlined above; and (vi) a focus on genuine reform rather than rhetoric. In particular we focused on materials pertaining to the social, political and ethical consequences of responses to the risks posed to human health and wellbeing by Hendra virus [HeV], Nipah virus [NiV] and Rabies virus [RbV] in Australasia, and compared them with international responses to canonical examples of pandemic and food borne zoonoses severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [17] and bovine spongiform encephalitis/variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (BSE/vCJD), respectively. abstract: BACKGROUND: ‘One Health’ represents a call for health researchers and practitioners at the human, animal and environmental interfaces to work together to mitigate the risks of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). A One Health approach emphasizing inter-disciplinary co-operation is increasingly seen as necessary for effective EID control and prevention. There are, however, socio-political, ethical and legal challenges, which must be met by such a One Health approach. DISCUSSION: Based on the philosophical review and critical analysis of scholarship around the theory and practice of One Health it is clear that EID events are not simply about pathogens jumping species barriers; they are comprised of complex and contingent sets of relations that involve socioeconomic and socio-political drivers and consequences with the latter extending beyond the impact of the disease. Therefore, the effectiveness of policies based on One Health depends on their implementation and alignment with or modification of public values. SUMMARY: Despite its strong motivating rationale, implementing a One Health approach in an integrated and considered manner can be challenging, especially in the face of a perceived crisis. The effective control and prevention of EIDs therefore requires: (i) social science research to improve understanding of how EID threats and responses play out; (ii) the development of an analytic framework that catalogues case experiences with EIDs, reflects their dynamic nature and promotes inter-sectoral collaboration and knowledge synthesis; (iii) genuine public engagement processes that promote transparency, education and capture people’s preferences; (iv) a set of practical principles and values that integrate ethics into decision-making procedures, against which policies and public health responses can be assessed; (v) integration of the analytic framework and the statement of principles and values outlined above; and (vi) a focus on genuine reform rather than rhetoric. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2617-1 doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2617-1 id: cord-022505-17khcmta author: Delaney, Martha A. title: Rodentia date: 2018-10-26 words: 10529.0 sentences: 731.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022505-17khcmta.txt summary: Common microscopic findings in rodents that may be misinterpreted as lesions include: multinucleated, karyomegalic, and cytomegalic hepatocytes are common in several rodent species and can increase with age ( Fig. 20 .1); hepatocellular intranuclear cytoplasmic invaginations (pseudoinclusions) (Fig. 20 .1); eosinophilic cytoplasmic spherical inclusions in renal tubular epithelial cells and hepatocytes seen predominantly male mice, rats, and hamsters; splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis, which is very common in healthy rodents of all ages (Fig. 20 .2); hemosiderin, lipofuscin, ceroid, and melanin (in dark or black coated animals) are commonly detected in various tissues, such as spleen, liver, kidney, and adrenal glands; cardiac muscle in the tunica of pulmonary veins in the lung is a normal finding in mice; male rodents may have refluxed seminal coagula in the urinary bladder and urethra that is thought to occur peri mortem; and adrenal X-zone vacuolation in female mice. abstract: This chapter includes diseases of animals in the order Rodentia, in which there are over 2000 species representing 40% of all mammals. This incredibly diverse order includes members inhabiting every continent, either naturally or in human-made environments. While rodents have been the cause or implicated in disease transmission that has lead to human pandemics, such as the Black Death, and the decimation of certain animal species, like island-dwelling birds; genetically modified rodents have contributed significantly to the advancement of biomedical research and human health. There are more than 50 species of endangered rats, mice, voles, squirrels, and marmots. The recent extinction of the Bramble Cay melomys represents the first human-induced rodent extinction linked to climate change. Rodents are the reservoir host of several human and domestic pathogens of concern listed by OIE. Herein, we highlight those diseases of rodents that lead to clinically important gross and microscopic lesions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158172/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805306-5.00020-1 id: cord-021555-rrverrsj author: Delano, Margaret L. title: Biology and Diseases of Ruminants: Sheep, Goats, and Cattle date: 2007-09-02 words: 71765.0 sentences: 5075.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021555-rrverrsj.txt summary: These references also provide information regarding vaccination products licensed for use in ruminants and typical herd and flock vaccination parasite control schedules ("Current Veterinary Therapy," 1986 , 1999 "Council report," 1994; "Large Animal Internal Medicine," 1996; Smith and Sherman, 1994) When designing a vaccination program during qualification of a source or at the research facility, it is important to evaluate the local disease incidence and the potential for exposure. Clinical signs in chronic cases in older animals, such as adult goats, include soft stools, weight loss, anorexia, depression, and severe diarrhea, sometimes with mucus and blood. This pathogen does present a complication due to the carrier status of some animals, the likelihood of herd outbreaks, the severity of disease in younger animals, and the morbidity, possible progression to uveitis, and time and treatment costs associated with infections. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150219/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50017-x id: cord-279215-qwk0jkqm author: Delmage, D. A. title: Auricular chondritis in a cat date: 2008-06-28 words: 1910.0 sentences: 132.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279215-qwk0jkqm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279215-qwk0jkqm.txt summary: In humans, histologically similar lesions may involve the pinnae, nose, trachea, joints, eyes and heart, and the disease is termed relapsing polychondritis. A four-year-old male neutered domestic shorthaired cat was presented with thickening and intense erythema of the inner surfaces of both pinnae; the ear flap edges were thickened, slightly curled, distorted and painful (Fig 1) . The case described here is interesting because it is similar to that described by Bunge and others (1992) ; both cats had evidence of ocular and cardiac changes in addition to the pinna! Although the disease in cats has been designated relapsing polychondritis, the authors prefer the description of auricular chondritis in their patient, since they have no evidence of involvement of other cartilaginous tissues, nor does the benign clinical course in this case warrant the use of the qualifier ''relapsing''. abstract: A four‐year‐old male neutered domestic shorthaired cat developed bilateral thickening of the pinnae, with slight curling, intense erythema and pain. No ear canal disease was present. The cat was negative for feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukaemia virus and feline coronavirus. Biopsy of the ear lesion revealed auricular chondritis. In humans, histologically similar lesions may involve the pinnae, nose, trachea, joints, eyes and heart, and the disease is termed relapsing polychondritis. The cat reported had a history of corneal damage, resulting in corneal vascularisation and opacity, eyelid distortion, necessitating an entropion operation, and radiological evidence of mild cardiac enlargement. The ear disease responded rapidly to treatment with prednisolone and, apart from slight thickening and curling of the pinnae, the cat remained normal and pain‐free. After two years, the prednisolone was withdrawn, and there was no recurrence of the condition in a follow‐up period of 14 months. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11688526/ doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02457.x id: cord-336822-cw37jrt2 author: Dennison Himmelfarb, Cheryl R. title: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Implications for Cardiovascular and Socially At-risk Populations date: 2020-05-06 words: 2261.0 sentences: 139.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336822-cw37jrt2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336822-cw37jrt2.txt summary: Dennison Himmelfarb and Baptiste discuss the implications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for cardiovascular and socially at-risk populations COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the newly discovered pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, a novel RNA-dependent RNA polymerase betacoronavirus that is thought to derive from bats At this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19 The best way to prevent and slow transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it spreads There is substantial concern that socially at-risk persons and those with cardiovascular conditions could experience delays in seeking healthcare as a result of self-isolation, low health and digital literacy, or lack of a primary care medical home. As information about COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, it is imperative that healthcare providers reinforce the general prevention guidelines in addition to recommendations for persons with cardiovascular disease by the American Heart Association, Heart Failure Society of America, and American College of Cardiology. abstract: Dennison Himmelfarb and Baptiste discuss the implications of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for cardiovascular and socially at-risk populations COVID-19 is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the newly discovered pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, a novel RNA-dependent RNA polymerase betacoronavirus that is thought to derive from bats At this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19 The best way to prevent and slow transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it spreads url: https://doi.org/10.1097/jcn.0000000000000710 doi: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000710 id: cord-290591-yi6yjjne author: Desai, Angel N. title: Bending the epidemic curve: advancements and opportunities to reduce the threat of emerging pathogens date: 2019-04-03 words: 939.0 sentences: 57.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290591-yi6yjjne.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290591-yi6yjjne.txt summary: This invited editorial introduces a special issue of Epidemiology & Infection while also discussing advances in emerging infectious diseases. Although many of these diseases have the potential to cause public health emergencies, a lack of timely surveillance and effective interventions continue to hamper preparedness efforts [2] . review the recent Nipah virus outbreaks in Bangladesh and India, shedding light on transmission patterns of this emerging pathogen while also highlighting the importance of ongoing surveillance [6] . Lessons learned from the WHO response to the recent 2017 pneumonic plague outbreak in Madagascar are presented by Heitzinger et al., who highlight specifically the challenges of implementing rapid infection prevention and control measures in epidemic settings [7] . It is also crucial to encourage research during outbreaks through rapid data sharing to facilitate rapid response efforts, as is promoted through organisations such as the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) [9] . abstract: This invited editorial introduces a special issue of Epidemiology & Infection while also discussing advances in emerging infectious diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026881900058x doi: 10.1017/s095026881900058x id: cord-309795-2kozsv4z author: Dewidar, Bedair title: Metabolic liver disease in diabetes – from mechanisms to clinical trials date: 2020-06-20 words: 8642.0 sentences: 421.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309795-2kozsv4z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309795-2kozsv4z.txt summary: NAFLD, which affects about 25% of the population [3] , comprises a broad range of abnormalities ranging from simple fatty liver (steatosis) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammation, necrosis, and hepatocellular ballooning, and progression to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [2] . In general, both hyperglycemia and toxic lipids such as ceramides, DAG, FFA, and cholesterol can induce deleterious effects on liver cells (glucolipotoxicity), which might initiate NAFLD progression from simple steatosis to NASH and fibrosis via various mechanisms, including cell death, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitochondrial disorders [46] . BL, baseline; CCR2/5, C-C chemokine receptors type 2 and type 5; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; HbA 1c , glycated haemoglobin; LXR, Liver X receptor; MPC, mitochondrial pyruvate carrier; NA, data not available; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NFS, NAFLD fibrosis score; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; SCD, stearoyl-CoA desaturase; SGLT, sodium-glucose cotransporter; THR, thyroid hormone receptor; T2DM, type 2 diabetes. Potential Nexus of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin Resistance Between Hepatic and Peripheral Tissues abstract: Abstract Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises fatty liver (steatosis), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis/cirrhosis and may lead to end-stage liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is tightly associated with the most frequent metabolic disorders, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Both multisystem diseases share several common mechanisms. Alterations of tissue communications include excessive lipid and later cytokine release by dysfunctional adipose tissue, intestinal dysbiosis and ectopic fat deposition in skeletal muscle. On the hepatocellular level, this leads to insulin resistance due to abnormal lipid handling and mitochondrial function. Over time, cellular oxidative stress and activation of inflammatory pathways, again supported by multiorgan crosstalk, determine NAFLD progression. Recent studies show that particularly the severe insulin resistant diabetes (SIRD) subgroup (cluster) associates with NAFLD and its accelerated progression and increases the risk of diabetes-related cardiovascular and kidney diseases, underpinning the critical role of insulin resistance. Consequently, lifestyle modification and certain drug classes used to treat T2DM have demonstrated effectiveness for treating NAFLD, but also some novel therapeutic concepts may be beneficial for both NAFLD and T2DM. This review addresses the bidirectional relationship between mechanisms underlying T2DM and NAFLD, the relevance of novel biomarkers for improving the diagnostic modalities and the identification of subgroups at specific risk of disease progression. Also, the role of metabolism-related drugs in NAFLD is discussed in light of the recent clinical trials. Finally, this review highlights some challenges to be addressed by future studies on NAFLD in the context of T2DM. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026049520301633?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154299 id: cord-281703-6xwcxe8l author: Di Altobrando, Ambra title: Should SARS‐CoV‐2 influence immunosuppressive therapy for autoimmune blistering diseases? date: 2020-04-17 words: 999.0 sentences: 56.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281703-6xwcxe8l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281703-6xwcxe8l.txt summary: In this dramatic period where the whole world is affected by the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19), scientific data relating to the causative virus SARS‐CoV‐2 as well as the subsequent therapeutic repercussions on the management of other diseases should be divulged in order to share as much information as possible among experts in a timely manner. In particular, we asked whether patients in immunosuppressive therapy Among possible trigger factors of autoimmune blistering diseases, immunization and viral infections are mentioned in the literature, although the underlying immunological mechanism is still unclear. 10 We hypothesize that the interruption of immunosuppressive therapy in autoimmune blistering disease patients may determine a dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines that not only exacerbates the bullous disease itself but may also be involved in the pathogenesis of the viral infection. abstract: In this dramatic period where the whole world is affected by the outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19), scientific data relating to the causative virus SARS‐CoV‐2 as well as the subsequent therapeutic repercussions on the management of other diseases should be divulged in order to share as much information as possible among experts in a timely manner. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302437/ doi: 10.1111/jdv.16491 id: cord-319463-erdwejd2 author: Diaz, J. H. title: Global Climate Changes and International Trade and Travel: Effects on Human Health Outcomes date: 2011-12-31 words: 4963.0 sentences: 197.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319463-erdwejd2.txt summary: The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Accessible airline connections now permit infected individuals to travel anywhere in the world in less than 24 h, delivering human reservoirs of malaria, dengue, West Nile virus, and Chikungunya fever to new temperate areas for autochthonous or local transmission by new and adaptable mosquito vectors, often recent air or sea arrivals themselves. Although the relationships among infected vector importation, index case immigration, reclaimed disease ecosystems, and malaria transmission are complex, future attempts to control and eradicate airport and imported malaria should be based on an understanding of disease transmission mechanisms and an appreciation that climate and ecosystem changes can support reemerging local mosquito-borne infectious diseases, especially malaria, dengue, Chikungunya fever, and West Nile virus (Table 1) . abstract: There is now near-unanimous scientific agreement that greenhouse gas emissions generated by human activities have increased global temperatures and changed the earth's climate. There is, however, no universal agreement on how rapidly, regionally, or asymmetrically the earth will warm; or on the true impact of global warming on infectious disease outbreaks and natural disasters and their inevitable public health outcomes. In addition, many other factors influence the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases in a changing environment including international trade and travel, exotic eating habits, lifestyle and residential choices, host susceptibility, and microbial adaptation. The ultimate effects of climate changes and the increased distribution of pathogens by international trade and travel will not be limited to infectious disease outbreaks in immunologically naïve populations but will also impact world food production and quality, air quality, drinking water availability and quality, immigration, urban relocation, and civil unrest. Despite the uncertainties in outcomes and their magnitudes, the active responses to climate changes in a global economy must include combinations of environmental, political, regulatory, socioeconomic, and public health measures. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444522726005274 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00527-4 id: cord-022581-awivedxp author: Diaz, James H. title: Ticks, Including Tick Paralysis date: 2014-10-31 words: 10453.0 sentences: 494.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022581-awivedxp.txt summary: SHORT VIEW SUMMARY KEYWORDS anaplasmosis; argasid ticks; Babesia; babesiosis; Borrelia; borreliosis; ehrlichiosis; Francisella; ixodid ticks; Lyme disease; rickettsialpox; Rocky Mountain spotted fever; tick paralysis; tick-borne coltiviruses; tick-borne encephalitis viruses; tick-borne hemorrhagic fever viruses; tick-borne relapsing fever viruses; tick-borne rickettsioses; ticks; tularemia By the 1980s and 1990s, the causative agents of the ehrlichioses were stratified as newly emerging, Rickettsia-like species, and later (2001) were completely reorganized into separate genera, Ehrlichia and Anaplasma. africae causing African tick-bite fever); and regional clusters and epidemic cycles of more severe SFs worldwide (RMSF in the United States, Mediterranean SF [MSF] in Europe, and Queensland tick typhus [QTT] in Australia).* The reasons for such changes in rickettsial SF epidemiology are unclear and may include warming temperatures and increasing humidity, more frequent drought-rain cycles, residential development in preferred tick ecosystems, more competent tick vectors given competitive advantages by environmental and and there have been no long-term sequelae reported in STARI cases, some have questioned whether antibiotic therapy is indicated in STARI. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158346/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00298-8 id: cord-016403-id6fjgye author: Djikeng, Appolinaire title: Implications of Human Microbiome Research for the Developing World date: 2011-10-11 words: 8148.0 sentences: 350.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016403-id6fjgye.txt summary: New high-throughput sequencing and data analysis approaches (Costello et al., 2009; Turnbaugh et al., 2009) , along with novel diversity screens and even more intrinsic single cell approaches to isolating new species (Lasken, 2009) , have presented the sciences with a unique opportunity to investigate and interrogate the microorganisms that are associated with the human body, all at a greater depth than previously appreciated. Global human microbiome studies using metagenomics analysis of known and unknown microorganisms provide unique but powerful opportunities to uncover the near-complete composition of the microbial content of an individual or a population at any given time, thus setting the stage for a comprehensive inventory of the genetic characteristics of potential human pathogens. Another example of the potential to come from using human metagenomic research and approaches in the developing world relates to another emerging infectious pathogen that causes Leptospirosis. abstract: The human microbiome refers to all of the species that inhabit the human body, residing both on and in it. Over the past several years, there has been a significantly increased interest directed to the understanding of the microorganisms that reside on and in the human body. These studies of the human microbiome promise to reveal all these species and increase our understanding of the normal inhabitants, those that trigger disease and those that vary in response to disease conditions. It is anticipated that these directed research efforts, coupled with new technological advances, will ultimately allow one to gain a greater understanding of the relationships of these species with their human hosts. The various chapters in this book present a range of aspects of human microbiome research, explain the scientific and technological rationale, and highlight the significant potential that the results from these studies hold. In this chapter, we begin to address the potential and long-term implications of the knowledge gained from human microbiome research (which currently is centered in the developed world) for the developing world, which has often lagged behind in the benefits of these new technologies and their implications to new research areas. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120668/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7089-3_16 id: cord-017324-l3d3t4wh author: DjukanoviĆ, Ljubica title: Balkan nephropathy date: 2008 words: 6838.0 sentences: 425.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017324-l3d3t4wh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017324-l3d3t4wh.txt summary: Balkan nephropathy does not spread beyond its already defined foci; the disease is distributed mosaically : non-endemic villages exist in the most affected regions, and there are spared families and households in the most affected settlements. Optic microscopic, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies of renal biopsies in children aged 5-15 from affected families in endemic regions failed to detect any Balkan nephropathy related changes [79] . The diagnosis of Balkan nephropathy is now established according to the first two criteria (residence in endemic village and positive family history) suggested by Danilović [106] , presence of tubular proteinuria and ruling out other renal diseases. Although no specific indicators of Balkan nephropathy have been recognized, epidemiological data, familial history as well as clinical characteristics of the disease enable differential diagnosis. However, recent studies indicated that patients with Balkan nephropathy are at increased risk for the development of upper urothelial tumors in both native and transplanted kidneys [117] . abstract: Balkan (or endemic) nephropathy is a chronic tubulointerstitial disease of unknown, presumably exotoxic etiology. It has been shown to exist only in some parts of the southeastern Europe. While there have been many meetings and papers [1, 2] concerning both cause and treatment of Balkan nephropathy, sociopolitical turmoil, including wars, and economical hardship prevented any meaningful research on the problem during the 1990’s. Thus, despite numerous proceedings and a large number of publications on the subject, many features of Balkan nephropathy, its etiology and natural history in particular, remained nearly as mysterious as when described in the mid-fifties. Meetings organized by international organizations [3-7] had a key role in informing the international scientific community on the disease. A recent source of information is a bilingual (in English and Serbian) monograph published in 2000 [8]. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121851/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-84843-3_38 id: cord-265179-l5w1nkdo author: Dobbs, R. John title: Helicobacter Hypothesis for Idiopathic Parkinsonism: Before and Beyond date: 2008-08-13 words: 6489.0 sentences: 428.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265179-l5w1nkdo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265179-l5w1nkdo.txt summary: As a collateral hypothesis (Table 2) , we described the epidemiologic fit of Helicobacter infection to IP (including familial clusters, evidence for early acquisition, long prodrome and association with water source) and proposed an autoimmune basis [21] . Irrespective of evidence for current Helicobacter infection, the serum immunoblot antibody profile predicts not just the presence and severity of IP, but also the progression over 4 years [27] . e Clinically-relevant association between index and measures of disease facets and their progression in IP, despite potentially confounding effect of anti-parkinsonian medication. pylori immunoblot profile with abnormal bowel function within IP [28] , and with seborrheic dermatitis (frequent accompaniment of IP [64] ) in subjects without parkinsonism [72] , further implicates Helicobacter. Gastric Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of idiopathic Parkinson''s disease and non-arteric anterior optic ischaemic neuropathy Part 2: Response of facets of clinical idiopathic parkinsonism to Helicobacter pylori eradication. abstract: We challenge the concept of idiopathic parkinsonism (IP) as inevitably progressive neurodegeneration, proposing a natural history of sequential microbial insults with predisposing host response. Proof‐of‐principle that infection can contribute to IP was provided by case studies and a placebo‐controlled efficacy study of Helicobacter eradication. “Malignant” IP appears converted to “benign”, but marked deterioration accompanies failure. Similar benefit on brady/hypokinesia from eradicating “low‐density” infection favors autoimmunity. Although a minority of UK probands are urea breath test positive for Helicobacter, the predicted probability of having the parkinsonian label depends on the serum H. pylori antibody profile, with clinically relevant gradients between this “discriminant index” and disease burden and progression. In IP, H. pylori antibodies discriminate for persistently abnormal bowel function, and specific abnormal duodenal enterocyte mitochondrial morphology is described in relation to H. pylori infection. Slow intestinal transit manifests as constipation from the prodrome. Diarrhea may flag secondary small‐intestinal bacterial overgrowth. This, coupled with genetically determined intense inflammatory response, might explain evolution from brady/hypokinetic to rigidity‐predominant parkinsonism. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00622.x doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00622.x id: cord-301856-71syce4n author: Domínguez-Andrés, Jorge title: Impact of Historic Migrations and Evolutionary Processes on Human Immunity date: 2019-11-27 words: 8191.0 sentences: 335.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301856-71syce4n.txt summary: With the burst of next-generation sequencing and the development of cutting-edge technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and systems biology, we are starting to witness the great impact of evolutionary processes on human immunity and how the interactions between microorganisms and humans that took place millennia ago might play a fundamental role not only in the response against modern pathogenic threats, but also in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations worldwide. Specific genetic variants selected throughout different periods of human history may have influenced immune responses of present-day populations against pathogenic microorganisms and may have played a role in the development of certain inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Patients with African ancestry present a higher frequency of MTB-related genetic variants than individuals from other populations, including variants in the gene encoding for Toll-like receptor 6 (TLR6), mediating cellular responses to bacterial Malaria is one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in the history of humanity. abstract: The evolution of mankind has constantly been influenced by the pathogens encountered. The various populations of modern humans that ventured out of Africa adapted to different environments and faced a large variety of infectious agents, resulting in local adaptations of the immune system for these populations. The functional variation of immune genes as a result of evolution is relevant in the responses against infection, as well as in the emergence of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases observed in modern populations. Understanding how host–pathogen interactions have influenced the human immune system from an evolutionary perspective might contribute to unveiling the causes behind different immune-mediated disorders and promote the development of new strategies to detect and control such diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2019.10.001 doi: 10.1016/j.it.2019.10.001 id: cord-273789-sbppgkza author: Donohoe, Holly title: Lyme disease: Current issues, implications, and recommendations for tourism management date: 2014-08-20 words: 10268.0 sentences: 409.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273789-sbppgkza.txt summary: One study from the United States reported the results of a survey of workers regarding their knowledge of Lyme disease and their behaviour regarding tick-bite prevention and one article provided a comprehensive review of the occupational risks (Piacentino & Schwartz, 2002) . Early case studies in the United States failed to show a significant increase in risk associated with outdoor recreation (e.g. Bowen et al., 1984; Ciesielski et al., 1989; Falco & Fish, 1989) but Smith et al.''s (1988) research found that persons who had spent more than 30 h per week in outdoor activities in endemic areas were 2.5 times more likely to test positive for Lyme disease. abstract: Lyme disease is a bacterial infection spread through the bite of an infected tick. In the last few decades, the number and spatial reach of new cases has increased globally and in the United States, Lyme disease is now the most commonly reported vector-borne disease. Despite this evolving public health crisis, there has been little-to-no discussion of the implications for tourism supply and demand. This paper reviews the scientific literature to identify Lyme disease risk factors and the implications for tourism management are discussed. The major contribution of this paper is a set of recommendations for tourism managers who may be tasked with mitigating the risks for visitors and employees as well as the potential impacts of Lyme disease on destination sustainability. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287743/ doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.07.006 id: cord-022203-t2f0vr1w author: Dowers, Kristy L title: The pyrexic cat date: 2009-05-15 words: 8910.0 sentences: 761.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022203-t2f0vr1w.txt summary: Clinical signs are often non-specific and include fever, anorexia and weight loss. Gastrointestinal signs are uncommon in cats compared to dogs, and include chronic diarrhea, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and anorexia. • Dysfunction of any organ system may result from granuloma formation within the tissue of that organ, e.g., liver, kidney, spleen, intestines, lungs, etc., however, organ failure producing clinical signs only rarely occurs, and most dysfunction is only detected on biochemical tests. Clinical signs in the acute, fatal form of extraintestinal disease are caused primarily by tissue damage from the rapidly dividing tachyzoites. • Young kittens are more likely to have gastrointestinal signs, although mild clinical disease has been reported in adult cats as well. Systemic signs, which are not present in all cats, include fever, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea and lymphadenopathy. Systemic signs such as fever, anorexia and depression are commonly reported (44% of cats) and can be seen with skin lesions. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155435/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-2488-7.50024-7 id: cord-325148-oe3yv69y author: Dutta, Ritaban title: Replacement Management in Cattle: Health Management date: 2015-11-30 words: 3970.0 sentences: 195.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt summary: Greater attention must be paid to animal and environmental biosecurity to prevent introduction of diseases into the herd and to digestive disorders such as diarrhea, internal parasites and appropriate vaccination programs for the calves. Continual video monitoring of the herd, modern thermal infrared imaging of the dry cows and calves body parts to identify early symptoms, and overall animal health and biosecurity risk analysis could achieve a sustainable and efficient replacement management practice in cattle industry. Focusing on improving health management of replacements will yield tremendous returns through decreased losses of animals with the greatest genetic potential on the dairy, decreased costs of medication, improved growth rates, improved feed efficiency and earlier entry into the milking herd. Focusing on improving health management of replacements will yield tremendous returns through decreased losses of animals with the greatest genetic potential on the dairy, decreased costs of medication, improved growth rates, improved feed efficiency and earlier entry into the milking herd. abstract: Replacements are the future of the dairy industry. Focusing on improving health management of replacements will yield tremendous returns through decreased losses of animals with the greatest genetic potential on the dairy, decreased costs of medication, improved growth rates, improved feed efficiency and earlier entry into the milking herd. Health management begins before replacements are born with attention to the nutrition of lactating and dry cows, the vaccination of lactating and dry cows, control of length of the dry period and both control of the disease status of the dams and the cleanliness of the calving environment. Greater attention must be paid to animal and environmental biosecurity to prevent introduction of diseases into the herd and to digestive disorders such as diarrhea, internal parasites and appropriate vaccination programs for the calves. Health management of replacements is often overlooked because producers do not see the immediate returns for their efforts. Common sense management in cattle, historical facts, experience based practice cultural and social aspects, combined with research, would depict that having adequately optimised balanced diets for the replacements, without producing excessive body conditions, could achieve a production of healthy replacements with superior levels of milk production. Continual video monitoring of the herd, modern thermal infrared imaging of the dry cows and calves body parts to identify early symptoms, and overall animal health and biosecurity risk analysis could achieve a sustainable and efficient replacement management practice in cattle industry. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780081005965010350 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.01035-0 id: cord-021453-vf8xbaug author: Dysko, Robert C. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2007-09-02 words: 41994.0 sentences: 2688.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021453-vf8xbaug.txt summary: The use of dogs continued as biomedical research advanced, and they were featured in many noteworthy studies, including those by Pavlov to observe and document the conditioned reflex response and by Banting and Best to identify the role of insulin in diabetes mellitus. Especially noted in this chapter are infectious diseases associated with the use of random-source dogs that have unknown vaccination history and have had intensive contact with other similar animals at pounds and/or shelters, or conditions seen frequently in the beagle, the most common breed used in biomedical research. Culture requires selective isolation media, and growth is favored by reduced oxygen tension and a temperature of 42~ Any disorder that can cause diarrhea in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis, including canine parvovirus, coronavirus, distemper virus, Giardia, and Salmonella infections; helminth infestations; and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149775/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50014-4 id: cord-022393-s26d54ew author: E. Newcomer, Christian title: Zoonoses and Other Human Health Hazards date: 2007-09-02 words: 17040.0 sentences: 872.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022393-s26d54ew.txt summary: Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated implications in the New World serocomplex group are present among the wild rodents endemic to the United States such as Neotoma spp. Many published reports of human LCM infection are associated with laboratory animal and pet contact, particularly mice and hamsters, and these studies now span many decades (Armstrong and Lillie 1934; Bowen et al. The apparent ease with which LCMV is transmitted to humans also occurs in a variety of other laboratory animal species; hamsters, guinea pigs, swine, dogs, and nonhuman primates, especially callitrichids, which readily sustain natural infections. akari infections depend on the prevention of wild mice and the mite vector from entering laboratory animal facilities and human dwellings. abstract: Zoonoses refers to the infectious diseases and infestations that are transmissible directly from an animal host to humans. The biomedical literature contains numerous reports of zoonotic diseases and parasitic infestations from laboratory mice and their wild counterparts. The extended maintenance of the laboratory mouse over a number of generations under controlled and increasingly sophisticated laboratory animal housing conditions with veterinary oversight and effective infection control measures has markedly reduced the likelihood that zoonotic agents would be encountered in a modem animal care and use environment. Wild caught mice that are maintained in naturalistic housing environments in the laboratory, laboratory mice that have contact with wild or feral mice, and mice kept as pets in the home environment are examples of animal management conditions that would be conducive to the expression and transmission of zoonotic diseases and other mouse-associated hazards. In addition to the zoonoses, mice are capable of inflicting bites on inadequately trained personnel and are a rich source of allergens for a substantial number of persons predisposed to develop mouse-associated allergic sensitivities. This chapter discusses the mouse-associated zoonotic diseases and other health hazards and explains the strategies that are helpful for reducing or eliminating the risk of personnel exposure to these conditions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155645/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012369454-6/50054-6 id: cord-342412-azkamnpa author: Ecker, David J title: The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents date: 2005-04-25 words: 7206.0 sentences: 409.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342412-azkamnpa.txt summary: This paper focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. For example, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains an ever-changing list of notifiable diseases, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) lists agents with potential for use in bioterrorist attacks, and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) maintains a list of critical human pathogens. This article focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. It provides a compilation of lists, taken from the database, of important and/or regulated biological agents from a number of agencies including HHS, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO), the NIAID, and other sources. abstract: BACKGROUND: Thousands of different microorganisms affect the health, safety, and economic stability of populations. Many different medical and governmental organizations have created lists of the pathogenic microorganisms relevant to their missions; however, the nomenclature for biological agents on these lists and pathogens described in the literature is inexact. This ambiguity can be a significant block to effective communication among the diverse communities that must deal with epidemics or bioterrorist attacks. RESULTS: We have developed a database known as the Microbial Rosetta Stone. The database relates microorganism names, taxonomic classifications, diseases, specific detection and treatment protocols, and relevant literature. The database structure facilitates linkage to public genomic databases. This paper focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents. CONCLUSION: The Microbial Rosetta Stone is available at . The database provides public access to up-to-date taxonomic classifications of organisms that cause human diseases, improves the consistency of nomenclature in disease reporting, and provides useful links between different public genomic and public health databases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15850481/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-5-19 id: cord-352962-burm9nxm author: Eckmanns, Tim title: Digital epidemiology and global health security; an interdisciplinary conversation date: 2019-03-19 words: 6365.0 sentences: 261.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352962-burm9nxm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352962-burm9nxm.txt summary: However, with increasingly digitalized (algorithmic) global public health surveillance systems and related data-driven epidemiological analyses (e.g., Digital Epidemiology and other research methodologies), there seem to emerge epistemological shifts, as well as methodological ambivalences and diverse social and political effects. You, Henning and Stephen, both work from a social (or rather political) science perspective on the societal implications of Digital Epidemiology, which is shaped by multiple imperatives, e.g., of ''global health security'' as well the potentials of big data. As components in an emergent socio-technological apparatus of security for the strengthening of global health governmentalities, it is also crucial to consider the ways in which these expanding digital syndromic surveillance systems re-contour previous understandings of the temporalities, form and practice of preemption in the identification of forthcoming pandemics. abstract: Contemporary infectious disease surveillance systems aim to employ the speed and scope of big data in an attempt to provide global health security. Both shifts - the perception of health problems through the framework of global health security and the corresponding technological approaches – imply epistemological changes, methodological ambivalences as well as manifold societal effects. Bringing current findings from social sciences and public health praxis into a dialogue, this conversation style contribution points out several broader implications of changing disease surveillance. The conversation covers epidemiological issues such as the shift from expert knowledge to algorithmic knowledge, the securitization of global health, and the construction of new kinds of threats. Those developments are detailed and discussed in their impacts for health provision in a broader sense. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40504-019-0091-8 doi: 10.1186/s40504-019-0091-8 id: cord-016413-lvb79oxo author: Efthimiou, Petros title: Adult-Onset Still’s Disease date: 2018-07-14 words: 6126.0 sentences: 315.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016413-lvb79oxo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016413-lvb79oxo.txt summary: Adult-onset Still''s disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic, autoinflammatory disorder that often presents in adolescence and early adulthood with fever, rash, and polyarthritis. Mutation of perforin and the MUNC13-4 genes have been seen in patients with macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), a known severe, life-threatening complication of AOSD [3] . Patients who have the chronic articular disease pattern can present with joint erosions making the differential diagnosis from RA problematic, especially in the absence of systemic signs and symptoms. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra) treatment in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis or adult onset Still disease: preliminary experience in France Effectiveness of first-line treatment with recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in steroid-naive patients with new-onset systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results of a prospective cohort study Clinical manifestations of adult-onset Still''s disease presenting with erosive arthritis: association with low levels of ferritin and Interleukin-18 abstract: Adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic, autoinflammatory disorder that often presents in adolescence and early adulthood with fever, rash, and polyarthritis. There are significant genetic and clinical similarities with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) with a different chronological disease onset. The disease can have many protean characteristics leading to delays in diagnosis. Treatment includes corticosteroids; traditional immunomodulators, such as methotrexate; and targeted biologic treatments that include IL-1 and IL-6 inhibitors. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120682/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96929-9_19 id: cord-352781-aqh9zxgh author: El Homsi, Maria title: Review of Chest CT Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection date: 2020-06-07 words: 3801.0 sentences: 237.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352781-aqh9zxgh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352781-aqh9zxgh.txt summary: Here, we review the pertinent clinical findings and the current published data describing chest CT findings in COVID-19 pneumonia, the diagnostic performance of CT for diagnosis, including differential diagnosis, as well the evolving role of imaging in this disease. In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American College of Radiology (ACR), the Society of Thoracic Radiology (STR), and the American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER) issued their position statements recommending against the use of CT for widespread screening and diagnosis of COVID-19, instead reserving CT for those cases with clinical suspicion for complications like abscess or empyema [76] [77] [78] . Clinical Features and Chest CT Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Single-Center Study in Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases abstract: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a viral pandemic that started in China and has rapidly expanded worldwide. Typical clinical manifestations include fever, cough and dyspnea after an incubation period of 2-14 days. The diagnosis is based on RT-PCR test through a nasopharyngeal swab. Because of the pulmonary tropism of the virus, pneumonia is often encountered in symptomatic patients. Here, we review the pertinent clinical findings and the current published data describing chest CT findings in COVID-19 pneumonia, the diagnostic performance of CT for diagnosis, including differential diagnosis, as well the evolving role of imaging in this disease. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2352047720300289 doi: 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100239 id: cord-021527-1etvgoxc author: Ellis, Christine title: Ferrets date: 2009-05-15 words: 22562.0 sentences: 2007.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021527-1etvgoxc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021527-1etvgoxc.txt summary: • Diagnosis is based on the medical history, the physical examination findings, and a complete diagnostic work-up that includes a CBC, reticulocyte count, serum biochemical analysis, whole-body radiographs, and bone marrow cytology if indicated. M Key Point Base a presumptive diagnosis of insulinoma on the history, clinical signs, and repeated evidence of hypoglycemia in the presence of normal or elevated blood insulin levels. Lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) is common in ferrets of all ages, and is similar in presentation to the disease in cats and dogs (see Chapter 27). • Differential diagnoses include the early stages of adrenal gland disease; however, hair loss on the body typically occurs as well when this condition is present. • Ferrets with congestive heart failure (CHF) may present with clinical signs that resemble symptoms associated with other disease entities, such as anorexia, ascites, coughing, dehydration, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, generalized weakness, hindlimb weakness, hypothermia, lethargy, tachypnea, and weight loss. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150118/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160422-6/50177-7 id: cord-346964-9afuen7k author: Ensari, A. title: The Malabsorption Syndrome and Its Causes and Consequences date: 2014-08-21 words: 9909.0 sentences: 529.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346964-9afuen7k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346964-9afuen7k.txt summary: Depending upon the underlying condition, morphological abnormalities are seen in malabsorption range from normal mucosa with increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (gluten-sensitive enteropathy, viral gastroenteritis, food allergies, etc.), villous shortening with crypt hyperplasia (celiac disease (CD), treated CD, tropical sprue, and bacterial overgrowth), to completely flat mucosa (CD, refractory sprue, enteropathy-induced T-cell lymphoma, and autoimmune enteropathy). Celiac disease Celiac disease (CD), also known as celiac sprue, nontropical sprue, gluten-induced enteropathy, or gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE), is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine induced by a T-cell-mediated immune response and characterized by malabsorption after ingestion of wheat gluten or related proteins in rye (secalins) and barley (hordeins) in individuals with a certain genetic background. Diseases often associated with this phase include À enterokinase and trypsinogen deficiencies that can lead to protein malabsorption, À impaired micelle formation that can cause problems in fat stabilization and the resulting fat malabsorption due to deconjugation of bile salts, À stasis of intestinal content due to a variety of factors (motor and anatomical abnormalities and small bowel contamination from enterocolonic fistulas) that can cause bacterial overgrowth. abstract: The indication for a small intestinal biopsy is usually the work-up of malabsorption, a clinicopathologic picture caused by a number of infectious and noninfectious inflammatory conditions. The biopsy is generally taken through an endoscope, by either forceps or suction, from the duodenum or proximal jejunum. Depending upon the underlying condition, morphological abnormalities are seen in malabsorption range from normal mucosa with increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (gluten-sensitive enteropathy, viral gastroenteritis, food allergies, etc.), villous shortening with crypt hyperplasia (celiac disease (CD), treated CD, tropical sprue, and bacterial overgrowth), to completely flat mucosa (CD, refractory sprue, enteropathy-induced T-cell lymphoma, and autoimmune enteropathy). Infectious agents that affect gastrointestinal tract can be grouped as food-borne and water-borne bacteria, opportunistic infections (bacterial, fungal, and viral), viral infections (extremely rarely biopsied), and parasitic and helminthic infections. The majority of these infections are, however, self-limited. Although biopsy is more invasive, the use of this procedure allows detection of other causes, including Whipple's disease, other protozoan forms of diarrhea (e.g., cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, or cyclosporiasis), Crohn's disease, or lymphoma that may also present as diarrhea and malabsorption. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123864567038041 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.03804-1 id: cord-272547-ld1bux2h author: Eslick, Guy D. title: Future Perspectives on Infections Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases date: 2010-10-09 words: 1103.0 sentences: 72.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272547-ld1bux2h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272547-ld1bux2h.txt summary: title: Future Perspectives on Infections Associated with Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases There are a vast number of infectious agents that are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases. Advances in technology should provide novel methods for identifying and diagnosing these organisms and the relationship they have with a specific digestive disease. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] In conjunction with this increasing incidence of digestive diseases are the re-emergence of certain infectious agents (Box 1) (eg, cholera) and the identification of new agents (eg, H pylori, Laribacter, Campylobacter concisus), which are associated with GI tract diseases. One of the main issues associated with infections and disease is determining the relationship of the cause and effect. 14 Although these technologies are increasing the understanding of the gut microflora, there remains large gaps of knowledge regarding the metabolic functions of these organisms and the relationship they have with human GI disease. Emerging infections of the gastrointestinal tract abstract: There are a vast number of infectious agents that are associated with gastrointestinal (GI) tract diseases. The epidemiology of GI diseases is changing, with a greater number of conditions increasing in incidence. Challenges exist with establishing cause-and-effect relationships because of the ubiquitous nature of these organisms and the milieu in which they exist. Advances in technology should provide novel methods for identifying and diagnosing these organisms and the relationship they have with a specific digestive disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2010.08.002 doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2010.08.002 id: cord-286607-5i406twr author: Esposito, Susanna title: The Gut Microbiota-Host Partnership as a Potential Driver of Kawasaki Syndrome date: 2019-04-05 words: 6223.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 30.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286607-5i406twr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286607-5i406twr.txt summary: Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is a necrotizing vasculitis of smalland medium-sized vessels mostly affecting children under 5 years of age; a host of clinical and epidemiological data supports the notion that KS might result from an infectious disease. All studies available to date have confirmed that an imbalance in the gut microbiota might indirectly interfere with the normal function of innate and adaptive immunity, and that variable microbiota interactions with environmental factors, mainly infectious agents, might selectively drive the development of KS in genetically susceptible children. The microbiota, a microbial community of trillions of microorganisms and at least 1,000 different bacterial species, some eukaryotic fungi and viruses, and which covers every surface of the human body, plays a contributory role in many infections, immune-mediated disorders, rheumatologic diseases, and disorders of the nervous system. abstract: Kawasaki syndrome (KS) is a necrotizing vasculitis of small- and medium-sized vessels mostly affecting children under 5 years of age; a host of clinical and epidemiological data supports the notion that KS might result from an infectious disease. However, many efforts have failed to identify a potentially universal trigger of KS. The contribution of the intestinal microbial community—called the “microbiota”—to KS has been evaluated by an increasing number of studies, though limited to small cohorts of patients. Differences in the microbiota composition were found in children with KS, both its acute and non-acute phase, with abnormal colonization by Streptococcus species in the intestinal tract and a wider presence of Gram-positive cocci in jejunal biopsies. In particular, a higher number of Gram-positive cocci (of the genera Streptococcus and Staphylococcus), Eubacterium, Peptostreptococcus, and HSP60-producing Gram-negative microbes have been found in the stools of KS children, and their effects on the antigenic repertoire of specific T cells and Vβ2 T cell expansion have been assessed. Conversely, Lactobacilli were lacking in most children with KS compared with other febrile illnesses and healthy controls. All studies available to date have confirmed that an imbalance in the gut microbiota might indirectly interfere with the normal function of innate and adaptive immunity, and that variable microbiota interactions with environmental factors, mainly infectious agents, might selectively drive the development of KS in genetically susceptible children. Further investigations of the intestinal microflora in larger cohorts of KS patients will provide clues to disentangle the pathogenesis of this disease and probably indicate disease-modifying agents or more rational KS-specific therapies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31024869/ doi: 10.3389/fped.2019.00124 id: cord-009380-5uptbat3 author: Evermann, James F. title: Diagnostic Medicine: The Challenge of Differentiating Infection from Disease and Making Sense for the Veterinary Clinician date: 2007-09-28 words: 2922.0 sentences: 173.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009380-5uptbat3.txt summary: Diagnostic medicine has taken on a new, broader meaning in the 1990s and reflects an expansion of clinical investigation from the diagnosis of disease to include detection of infection (Evermann, 1998) . Disease diagnosis has customarily used diagnostic assays for early recognition of disease and rapid implementation of therapy in an individual animal basis, and when appropriate use of corrective management (segregation, culling, vaccination, etc.) on a population basis. With a combination of more sensitive diagnostic assays, the veterinarian''s concern to know the state of the preclinical infection, economic incentives to minimize disease by effectively controlling the infection, and concern over potential zoonotic diseases, laboratory diagnosis has taken on a different strategy. However, with early testing the problems of detecting cross-reacting viruses (feline enteric coronaviruses) increases, as does the question of whether the preclinical result accurately identifies an animal that is just infected or will progress onto disease (Evermann et al., 1995; Foley et al., 1997) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149316/ doi: 10.1016/s0065-3519(99)80006-8 id: cord-308089-q2w9fb0i author: Ewald, Paul W. title: Evolution of virulence date: 2005-03-01 words: 5406.0 sentences: 239.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308089-q2w9fb0i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308089-q2w9fb0i.txt summary: This new germ theory is emphasizing how environments and human activities influence the characteristics of infectious agents and the broader role of infection as a cause of chronic diseases. The association between vector-borne transmission and virulence explains why diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, sleeping sickness, and visceral leishmaniasis are so severe, whereas most of the respiratory-tract pathogens of humans are relatively benign. Evolutionary management of the virulence of vector-borne diseases requires interventions that elevate the immobilization of hosts more costly to the infecting pathogens. Although sexually transmitted pathogens are molded by natural selection to be benign over the short run, this long-term persistence within hosts raises the possibility of long-term damage, even though there is low probability of severe damage during any small period of time during the first years of infection. The theoretical framework for understanding the evolution of virulence of sexually transmitted pathogens provides clues about which infectious agents are the most likely causes of these illnesses. abstract: At the close of the 19th century, the germ theory had generated a new understanding of the causes of acute infectious diseases and revealed new directions for study. This understanding contributed to the greatest improvements in health in the history of medicine. At the end of the 20th century, the second stage of this disciplinary development is occurring. The old germ theory is being expanded into a new germ theory, which, by integrated the full spectrum of biologic disciplines. This new germ theory is emphasizing how environments and human activities influence the characteristics of infectious agents and the broader role of infection as a cause of chronic diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15081500/ doi: 10.1016/s0891-5520(03)00099-0 id: cord-029030-3p0yieqv author: Fan, Chunyan title: Inferring Candidate CircRNA-Disease Associations by Bi-random Walk Based on CircRNA Regulatory Similarity date: 2020-06-22 words: 2360.0 sentences: 153.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029030-3p0yieqv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029030-3p0yieqv.txt summary: In this study, we proposed a novel method named BWHCDA, which applied bi-random walk algorithm on the heterogeneous network for predicting circRNA-disease associations. Subsequently, the bi-random walk algorithm is implemented on the heterogeneous network to predict circRNA-disease associations. Finally, we utilize leave-one-out cross validation and 10-fold cross validation frameworks to evaluate the prediction performance of BWHCDA method and obtain AUC of 0.9334 and 0.8764 ± 0.0038, respectively. In this study, we developed a novel framework for forecasting circRNA-disease associations named BWHCDA, which integrated multiple similarity measures and implemented bi-random walk algorithm (Fig. 1) . First, circRNA regulatory similarity is effective measured based on circRNAs may play essential roles in regulating miRNA function in disease occurrence and progression. Then, circular bigraph (CBG) patterns are introduced in bi-random walk algorithm to predict the missing associations based on the heterogeneous network. Prediction of CircRNA-disease associations using KATZ model based on heterogeneous networks Predicting circRNA-disease associations based on circRNA expression similarity and functional similarity abstract: Identification of associations between circular RNAs (circRNA) and diseases has become a hot topic, which is beneficial for researchers to understand the disease mechanism. However, traditional biological experiments are expensive and time-consuming. In this study, we proposed a novel method named BWHCDA, which applied bi-random walk algorithm on the heterogeneous network for predicting circRNA-disease associations. First, circRNA regulatory similarity is measured based on circRNA-miRNA interactions, and circRNA similarity is calculated by the average of circRNA regulatory similarity and Gaussian interaction profiles (GIP) kernel similarity for circRNAs. Similarly, disease similarity is the mean of disease semantic similarity and GIP kernel similarity for diseases. Then, the heterogeneous network is constructed by integrating circRNA network, disease network via circRNA-disease associations. Subsequently, the bi-random walk algorithm is implemented on the heterogeneous network to predict circRNA-disease associations. Finally, we utilize leave-one-out cross validation and 10-fold cross validation frameworks to evaluate the prediction performance of BWHCDA method and obtain AUC of 0.9334 and 0.8764 ± 0.0038, respectively. Moreover, the predicted hsa_circ_0000519-gastric cancer association is analyzed. Results show that BWHCDA could be an effective resource for clinical experimental guidance. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7354774/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-53956-6_44 id: cord-253182-s60vzf3q author: Fang, Evandro F. title: A research agenda for ageing in China in the 21st century (2nd edition): Focusing on basic and translational research, long-term care, policy and social networks date: 2020-09-21 words: 23329.0 sentences: 1031.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253182-s60vzf3q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253182-s60vzf3q.txt summary: Major healthcare challenges involved with caring for the elderly in China include the management of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs), physical frailty, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, with emerging challenges such as providing sufficient dental care, combating the rising prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among nursing home communities, providing support for increased incidences of immune diseases, and the growing necessity to provide palliative care for the elderly. The research agenda in response to rapid population ageing in China has been broad, covering areas including the study of the ageing process itself in laboratory and animal studies, to clinical-level studies of drugs or other treatments for common chronic diseases, and finally policy-level research for the care of the elderly in hospital, community and residential care settings, and its influence on health and social care policies . Major risk factors of the high prevalence of dental diseases in the elderly in China include the scarcity of dental health knowledge in the general population, low frequency of daily oral hygiene practices, insufficiency of dental care services, and unhealthy diet habits. abstract: One of the key issues facing public healthcare is the global trend of an increasingly ageing society which continues to present policy makers and caregivers with formidable healthcare and socio-economic challenges. Ageing is the primary contributor to a broad spectrum of chronic disorders all associated with a lower quality of life in the elderly. In 2019, the Chinese population constituted 18 % of the world population, with 164.5 million Chinese citizens aged 65 and above (65+), and 26 million aged 80 or above (80+). China has become an ageing society, and as it continues to age it will continue to exacerbate the burden borne by current family and public healthcare systems. Major healthcare challenges involved with caring for the elderly in China include the management of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs), physical frailty, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, with emerging challenges such as providing sufficient dental care, combating the rising prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among nursing home communities, providing support for increased incidences of immune diseases, and the growing necessity to provide palliative care for the elderly. At the governmental level, it is necessary to make long-term strategic plans to respond to the pressures of an ageing society, especially to establish a nationwide, affordable, annual health check system to facilitate early diagnosis and provide access to affordable treatments. China has begun work on several activities to address these issues including the recent completion of the of the Ten-year Health-Care Reform project, the implementation of the Healthy China 2030 Action Plan, and the opening of the National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders. There are also societal challenges, namely the shift from an extended family system in which the younger provide home care for their elderly family members, to the current trend in which young people are increasingly migrating towards major cities for work, increasing reliance on nursing homes to compensate, especially following the outcomes of the ‘one child policy’ and the ‘empty-nest elderly’ phenomenon. At the individual level, it is important to provide avenues for people to seek and improve their own knowledge of health and disease, to encourage them to seek medical check-ups to prevent/manage illness, and to find ways to promote modifiable health-related behaviors (social activity, exercise, healthy diets, reasonable diet supplements) to enable healthier, happier, longer, and more productive lives in the elderly. Finally, at the technological or treatment level, there is a focus on modern technologies to counteract the negative effects of ageing. Researchers are striving to produce drugs that can mimic the effects of ‘exercising more, eating less’, while other anti-ageing molecules from molecular gerontologists could help to improve ‘healthspan’ in the elderly. Machine learning, ‘Big Data’, and other novel technologies can also be used to monitor disease patterns at the population level and may be used to inform policy design in the future. Collectively, synergies across disciplines on policies, geriatric care, drug development, personal awareness, the use of big data, machine learning and personalized medicine will transform China into a country that enables the most for its elderly, maximizing and celebrating their longevity in the coming decades. This is the 2nd edition of the review paper (Fang EF et al., Ageing Re. Rev. 2015). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32971255/ doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101174 id: cord-335382-fk4um9nw author: Farver, Carol F. title: Molecular Basis of Pulmonary Disease date: 2012-08-10 words: 32320.0 sentences: 1613.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335382-fk4um9nw.txt summary: When lung cancer is suspected, evaluation of the patient includes a thorough clinical, radiologic, and laboratory assessment, with collection of tissue or cytology samples to establish a pathologic diagnosis of malignancy and to classify the tumor type. Development of lung cancer occurs with multiple, complex, stepwise genetic and epigenetic changes involving allelic losses, chromosomal instability and imbalance, mutations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and dominant oncogenes, epigenetic gene silencing through promoter hypermethylation, and aberrant expression of genes participating in control of cell proliferation and apoptosis [7] . In recent years, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) has been recognized as a precursor lesion for peripheral pulmonary ACs. This lesion is defined as "a localized proliferation of mild to moderately atypical cells lining involved alveoli and, sometimes, respiratory bronchioles, resulting in focal lesions in peripheral Part IV Molecular Pathology of Human Disease alveolated lung, usually less than 5 mm in diameter and generally in the absence of underlying interstitial inflammation and fibrosis" (Figure 18 .8) [36] . abstract: Pulmonary pathology includes a large spectrum of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases that affect the lung. Many of these are a result of the unusual relationship of the lung with the outside world. Every breath that a human takes brings the outside world into the body in the form of infectious agents, organic and inorganic particles, and noxious agents of all types. Although the lung has many defense mechanisms to protect itself from these insults, these are not infallible; therefore, lung pathology arises. Damage to the lung is particularly important given the role of the lung in the survival of the organism. Any impairment of lung function has widespread effects throughout the body, since all organs depend on the lungs for the oxygen they need. Pulmonary pathology catalogs the changes in the lung tissues and the mechanisms through which these occur. This chapter presents a review of lung pathology and the current state of knowledge about the pathogenesis of each disease. It suggests that a clear understanding of both morphology and mechanism is required for the development of new therapies and preventive measures. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123744197000184 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374419-7.00018-4 id: cord-017249-la5sum39 author: Feldblyum, Tamara V. title: Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Surveillance and Disease Severity date: 2015-05-12 words: 11430.0 sentences: 516.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017249-la5sum39.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017249-la5sum39.txt summary: With the growing focus of the US health care system on the meaningful use of electronic medical records, one of the practical applications is expanding biosurveillance and preparedness capabilities, such as surveillance of infl uenza severity and associated risk factors during seasonal epidemics and pandemics [ 18 , 22 ] . EHR-based surveillance systems such as Electronic Medical Record Support for Public Health (ESP) implemented in Ohio and Massachusetts and BioSense were successfully used for analyzing ICD-9 diagnosis codes, reporting notifi able disease cases, surveillance of ILI, identifi cation of infl uenza or upper respiratory infection risk factors among hospitalized patients, and for monitoring diabetes prevalence, risk factors, and disease severity [ 13 , 19 ] . Pregnancy has been reported as a risk factor for seasonal and pandemic infl uenza infections and severe disease outcomes using historical and current data. abstract: Continuous investments in influenza research, surveillance, and prevention efforts are critical to mitigate the consequences of annual influenza epidemics and pandemics. New influenza viruses emerge due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift evading human immune system and causing annual epidemics and pandemics. Three pandemics with varying disease severity occurred in the last 100 years. The disease burden and determinants of influenza severity depend on circulating viral strains and individual demographic and clinical factors. Surveillance is the most effective strategy for appropriate public health response. Active and passive surveillance methods are utilized to monitor influenza epidemics and emergence of novel viruses. Meaningful use of electronic health records could be a cost-effective approach to improved influenza surveillance url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121762/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2410-3_29 id: cord-264994-j8iawzp8 author: Fitzpatrick, Meagan C. title: Modelling microbial infection to address global health challenges date: 2019-09-20 words: 7105.0 sentences: 345.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264994-j8iawzp8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264994-j8iawzp8.txt summary: Epidemiological modelling is a tool that can be used to mitigate this risk by predicting disease spread or quantifying the impact of different intervention strategies on disease transmission dynamics. Epidemiological modelling is a tool that can be used to mitigate this risk by predicting disease spread or quantifying the impact of different intervention strategies on disease transmission dynamics. We illustrate how four decades of methodological advances and improved data quality have facilitated the contribution of modelling to address global health challenges, exemplified by models for the HIV crisis, emerging pathogens and pandemic preparedness. We illustrate how four decades of methodological advances and improved data quality have facilitated the contribution of modelling to address global health challenges, exemplified by models for the HIV crisis, emerging pathogens and pandemic preparedness. Compartmental models analysing the interplay between vaccine uptake and disease dynamics confirmed the hypothesis that increases in vaccination were a response to the pertussis infection risk 61 , and showed that incorporating this interplay can improve epidemiological forecasts. abstract: The continued growth of the world’s population and increased interconnectivity heighten the risk that infectious diseases pose for human health worldwide. Epidemiological modelling is a tool that can be used to mitigate this risk by predicting disease spread or quantifying the impact of different intervention strategies on disease transmission dynamics. We illustrate how four decades of methodological advances and improved data quality have facilitated the contribution of modelling to address global health challenges, exemplified by models for the HIV crisis, emerging pathogens and pandemic preparedness. Throughout, we discuss the importance of designing a model that is appropriate to the research question and the available data. We highlight pitfalls that can arise in model development, validation and interpretation. Close collaboration between empiricists and modellers continues to improve the accuracy of predictions and the optimization of models for public health decision-making. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0565-8 doi: 10.1038/s41564-019-0565-8 id: cord-017841-57rm046y author: Flower, Darren R. title: Immunomic Discovery of Adjuvants, Delivery Systems, and Candidate Subunit Vaccines: A Brief Introduction date: 2012-09-28 words: 4995.0 sentences: 230.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017841-57rm046y.txt summary: What the pharmaceutical industry needs is the capacity to apply the same systematic, automated, high-technology approaches used to identify new small-molecule drugs to the discovery and development of vaccines. Just over a decade ago, Rino Rappuoli used the expression "reverse vaccinology" to describe development of vaccines using a genomic-based approach, rather than the ponderous empirical methods favoured then, and still in use today. This book looks in turn at reverse vaccinology and the identification of putative candidate antigens, at the discovery of a wide range of different types of adjuvants, and finally at the development of sophisticated new delivery mechanisms, such as liposomes and other applications of nanotechnology. They also highlight how advances in genome-based techniques and in so-called next-generation sequencing approaches and technologies will help to enhance reverse vaccinology, enabling timely identification of novel candidate antigens for new, emerging, or recrudescent infectious diseases. abstract: Mass vaccination, when coupled to profound improvements in general sanitation, has given rise to the most remarkable transformation in public health in human history. Yet the development of vaccines remains largely trapped in the past, a hostage to the methodology of Pasteur. Infectious disease continues to threaten humanity, with new and renascent diseases emerging continually. The last two decades have seen a breath-taking revival in the commercial market for vaccines and the simultaneous emergence of a whole tranche of new technologies that promise to free vaccine development from the muddle of empirical thinking. In this short introduction, we set the scene for this renaissance, and explore how the combination of computational and experimental techniques promise so much for the future development of vaccines and the science of vaccinology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122516/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5070-2_1 id: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu author: Foreman, Stephen title: Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration date: 2011-10-08 words: 47663.0 sentences: 2231.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt summary: So while there has been no shortage of effort paid to improving Medicare, the one common theme in all of the recent initiatives is that dental care has been conspicuously 1 A new study by Hedlund, Jeffcoat, Genco and Tanna funded by CIGNA of patients with Type II diabetes and periodontal disease found that medical costs of patients who received maintenance therapy were $2483.51 per year lower than patients who did not. Examples of integrated care models do exist, such as that presented by (Heuer 2007 ) involving school-linked and school-based clinics with an "innovative health infrastructure." According to Heuer, "Neighborhood Outreach Action for Health (NOAH)" is staffed by two nurse practitioners and a part-time physician to provide "primary medical services to more than 3,200 uninsured patients each year" in Scottsdale, Arizona. abstract: Dental health insurance coverage in the United States is either nonexistent (Medicare and the uninsured), spotty (Medicaid) and limited (most employer-based private benefit plans). Perhaps as a result, dental health in the United States is not good. What public policy makers may not appreciate is that this may well be impacting medical care costs in a way that improved dental benefits would produce a substantial return to investment in expanded dental insurance coverage. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177026/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2185-5_4 id: cord-034243-iz2alys0 author: Francis, John G. title: Fairness in the Use of Information About Carriers of Resistant Infections date: 2020-04-06 words: 6171.0 sentences: 283.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034243-iz2alys0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034243-iz2alys0.txt summary: One standard menu of approaches to the prevalence of anti-microbial resistance diseases is to enhance surveillance, fund research to develop new antimicrobials, and educate providers and patients to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use. Moreover, in today''s world of investment in drug discovery, "creating an environment in which data exchange and knowledge sharing are the status quo will be difficult given proprietary concerns and the variety of information types and formats, which may range from historical data to new findings produced as part of this research effort." The Pew consensus is that the following forms of information sharing are needed: a review of what is known about compounds that effectively penetrate gram-negative bacteria, a searchable catalogue of chemical matter including an ongoing list of promising antibacterial compounds, information on screening assays and conditions tested, and an informational database of available biological and physicochemical data. These four aspects of fairness-who is included in the play, what opportunities they have, how these opportunities are balanced, and whether there are elements of reciprocity-can be used to set vector and victim perspectives into context in addressing the gathering and use of information about antimicrobial resistance. abstract: One standard menu of approaches to the prevalence of anti-microbial resistance diseases is to enhance surveillance, fund research to develop new antimicrobials, and educate providers and patients to reduce unnecessary antimicrobial use. The primarily utilitarian reasoning behind this menu is unstable, however, if it fails to take fairness into account. This chapter develops an account of the fair uses of information gained in public health surveillance. We begin by sketching information needs and gaps in surveillance. We then demonstrate how analysis of information uses is incomplete if viewed from the perspectives of likely vectors of disease who may be subjects of fear and stigma and likely victims who may be coerced into isolation or quarantine. Next, we consider aspects of fairness in the use of information in non-ideal circumstances: inclusive participation in decisions about information use, resource plans for those needing services, and assurances of reciprocal support. Fairness in information use recognizes the ineluctable twinning of victims and vectors in the face of serious pandemic disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7586433/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-27874-8_15 id: cord-325700-f102uk2m author: Fraser, Douglas D. title: Metabolomics Profiling of Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: Identification of Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers date: 2020-10-21 words: 5674.0 sentences: 297.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325700-f102uk2m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325700-f102uk2m.txt summary: Feature selection identified the top-performing metabolites for identifying coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients from healthy control subjects and was dominated by increased kynurenine and decreased arginine, sarcosine, and lysophosphatidylcholines. Feature selection identified the top-performing metabolites for identifying coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients from healthy control subjects and was dominated by increased kynurenine and decreased arginine, sarcosine, and lysophosphatidylcholines. Metabolomics profiling of critically ill COVID19 patients over the first 10 days of their ICU stay was the overall aim of this exploratory study, thereby identifying potential metabolite candidates and/or combinations as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. Figure 1A shows a t-SNE plot illustrating that the ICU day 1 COVID19+ patient metabolome was distinct and easily separable from age-and sex-matched healthy control subjects. Our exploratory data indicate the presence of a unique COVID19 plasma metabolome dominated by changes in kynurenine, arginine, sarcosine, and LysoPCs. Additionally, we identify that either creatinine alone or a creatinine/arginine ratio predicted ICU mortality with 100% accuracy. abstract: OBJECTIVES: Coronavirus disease 2019 continues to spread rapidly with high mortality. We performed metabolomics profiling of critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients to understand better the underlying pathologic processes and pathways, and to identify potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers. DESIGN: Blood was collected at predetermined ICU days to measure the plasma concentrations of 162 metabolites using both direct injection-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. SETTING: Tertiary-care ICU and academic laboratory. SUBJECTS: Patients admitted to the ICU suspected of being infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, using standardized hospital screening methodologies, had blood samples collected until either testing was confirmed negative on ICU day 3 (coronavirus disease 2019 negative) or until ICU day 10 if the patient tested positive (coronavirus disease 2019 positive). INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Age- and sex-matched healthy controls and ICU patients that were either coronavirus disease 2019 positive or coronavirus disease 2019 negative were enrolled. Cohorts were well balanced with the exception that coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients suffered bilateral pneumonia more frequently than coronavirus disease 2019 negative patients. Mortality rate for coronavirus disease 2019 positive ICU patients was 40%. Feature selection identified the top-performing metabolites for identifying coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients from healthy control subjects and was dominated by increased kynurenine and decreased arginine, sarcosine, and lysophosphatidylcholines. Arginine/kynurenine ratio alone provided 100% classification accuracy between coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients and healthy control subjects (p = 0.0002). When comparing the metabolomes between coronavirus disease 2019 positive and coronavirus disease 2019 negative patients, kynurenine was the dominant metabolite and the arginine/kynurenine ratio provided 98% classification accuracy (p = 0.005). Feature selection identified creatinine as the top metabolite for predicting coronavirus disease 2019-associated mortality on both ICU days 1 and 3, and both creatinine and creatinine/arginine ratio accurately predicted coronavirus disease 2019-associated death with 100% accuracy (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolomics profiling with feature classification easily distinguished both healthy control subjects and coronavirus disease 2019 negative patients from coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients. Arginine/kynurenine ratio accurately identified coronavirus disease 2019 status, whereas creatinine/arginine ratio accurately predicted coronavirus disease 2019-associated death. Administration of tryptophan (kynurenine precursor), arginine, sarcosine, and/or lysophosphatidylcholines may be considered as potential adjunctive therapies. url: https://doi.org/10.1097/cce.0000000000000272 doi: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000272 id: cord-274189-mrrctuxt author: Freeman, Hugh James title: REVIEW: Adult Celiac Disease and the Severe “Flat” Small Bowel Biopsy Lesion date: 2004 words: 5330.0 sentences: 274.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274189-mrrctuxt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274189-mrrctuxt.txt summary: Even a normal small bowel biopsy may be useful, in most instances, to exclude structural small bowel causes of diarrhea, particularly those with diffuse and severe changes in the proximal small intestine, such as classic celiac disease. Repeated biopsies from the same proximal small intestinal sites after only a few weeks on a strict gluten-free diet may not be sufficient to show a convincing histologic response, even if the patient is clinically improved (i.e., resolution of diarrhea and weight gain). Recently, even strongly positive tissue transglutaminase antibody assays were recorded using a commercially available test kit in patients with no other disease detected and entirely normal small bowel biopsies (17) as well as in a patient with a severe flat lesion not histologically responsive to gluten restriction (17) . Demonstration of histologic improvement in these gluten-induced changes in the small intestinal mucosa with a gluten-free diet in patients with latent celiac disease was also documented (23, 47) . abstract: Classification of architectural changes in the small intestinal biopsy may be clinically useful to define the cause of diarrhea or suspected malabsorption, especially in adults. Pathologic changes may include severe (flat) or variably severe (mild or moderate) abnormalities. For some disorders, small bowel biopsy findings may be very distinctive and lead to a specific diagnosis. For others, like adult celiac disease, biopsy changes are less specific. Indeed, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that several conditions can produce similar histopathologic changes. Serological assays, including endomysial antibodies and tissue transglutaminase antibodies, may be very useful tools for screening and case finding in clinical practice. However, demonstration of characteristic changes in the small intestinal biopsy is critical, along with a gluten-free diet response. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15185854/ doi: 10.1023/b:ddas.0000026295.64670.d1 id: cord-310902-cfci8lef author: Freites Nuñez, Dalifer D title: Risk factors for hospital admissions related to COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases date: 2020-08-07 words: 3986.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310902-cfci8lef.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310902-cfci8lef.txt summary: 1 Since the confirmation of the first patient infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Spain in January 2020, the current COVID-19 outbreak has had a considerable impact, especially in the Madrid region, where the highest incidence of COVID-19 cases has been recorded, with more than 41 304 patients admitted to the hospital until the first week of May. 2 The incidence and severity of COVID-19 disease seem to be higher in patients with risk factors, such as advanced age and associated comorbidities, mainly hypertension, diabetes, heart disease and previous respiratory diseases. ► Patients with an autoimmune systemic condition have a higher risk of hospital admission related to COVID-19 compared with those with chronic inflammatory arthritis. Older age, systemic autoimmune conditions (vs chronic inflammatory arthritis) (OR: 2.65; 95% CI 1.22-5.7, p=0.014), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, lung disease, heart disease and glucocorticoids were associated with statistically significant greater risk of admission to the hospital. abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRD) who had COVID-19 disease; to compare patients who required hospital admission with those who did not and assess risk factors for hospital admission related to COVID-19. METHODS: An observational longitudinal study was conducted during the pandemic peak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (1 March 2020 to 24 April). All patients attended at the rheumatology outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Madrid, Spain with a medical diagnosis of AIRD and with symptomatic COVID-19 were included. The main outcome was hospital admission related to COVID-19. The covariates were sociodemographic, clinical and treatments. We ran a multivariable logistic regression model to assess risk factors for the hospital admission. RESULTS: The study population included 123 patients with AIRD and COVID-19. Of these, 54 patients required hospital admission related to COVID-19. The mean age on admission was 69.7 (15.7) years, and the median time from onset of symptoms to hospital admission was 5 (3–10) days. The median length of stay was 9 (6–14) days. A total of 12 patients died (22%) during admission. Compared with outpatients, the factors independently associated with hospital admission were older age (OR: 1.08; p=0.00) and autoimmune systemic condition (vs chronic inflammatory arthritis) (OR: 3.55; p=0.01). No statistically significant findings for exposure to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs were found in the final model. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that age and having a systemic autoimmune condition increased the risk of hospital admission, whereas disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs were not associated with hospital admission. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32769150/ doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217984 id: cord-306076-ygfnkgqp author: Fujita, Yu title: RNAi Therapeutic Platforms for Lung Diseases date: 2013-02-06 words: 8419.0 sentences: 495.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306076-ygfnkgqp.txt summary: Although the success in delivering siRNAs intranasally in rodents cannot be completely extrapolated to human use because of the significant differences in lung anatomy [37] , this approach has potential for the clinical application of siRNAs. Phase II clinical trials have been initiated for the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, making use of intranasal application of naked chemically modified siRNA molecules that target viral gene products [17, 38] (see Section 3.1.1. The simultaneously inhibition of several genes would also minimize the risk of drug resistance normally encountered with small molecule-based therapies, involving siRNAs and miRNAs. There have already been significant improvements in siRNAs for primary or metastatic lung cancer treatment by targeting oncogenes such as Akt1 [9] , Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) [12] , overexpressed genes such as the insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1R) [77] , NUPR1 [53] and EZH2 [78] . abstract: RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA molecules, i.e. small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), are central to RNAi. Drug discovery studies and novel treatments of siRNAs are currently targeting a wide range of diseases, including various viral infections and cancers. Lung diseases in general are attractive targets for siRNA therapeutics because of their lethality and prevalence. In addition, the lung is anatomically accessible to therapeutic agents via the intrapulmonary route. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that miRNAs play an important role in lung abnormalities, such as inflammation and oncogenesis. Therefore, miRNAs are being targeted for therapeutic purposes. In this review, we present strategies for RNAi delivery and discuss the current state-of-the-art RNAi-based therapeutics for various lung diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ph6020223 doi: 10.3390/ph6020223 id: cord-021494-9glqvzfx author: Funkhouser, William K. title: Pathology: The Clinical Description of Human Disease date: 2012-07-27 words: 2798.0 sentences: 151.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021494-9glqvzfx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021494-9glqvzfx.txt summary: The mental construct of etiology (cause), pathogenesis (progression), natural history (clinical outcome), and response to therapy is the standard approach for pathologists thinking about a disease. Diagnostic pathology will continue to use morphology and complementary data from protein (immunohistochemical) and nucleic acid (cytogenetics, in situ hybridization, DNA sequence, and RNA abundance) screening assays. It is possible that each new neoplasm will be promptly defined as to ploidy, translocations, gene copy number differences, DNA mutations, and RNA expression cluster subset, allowing residual disease screening as well as individualized therapy. Pathologists diagnose disease by generating a differential diagnosis, then finding the best fit for the clinical presentation, the radiographic appearance, and the pathologic (both clinical lab and morphologic) findings. Pathologists diagnose disease by generating a differential diagnosis, then finding the best fit for the clinical presentation, the radiographic appearance, and the pathologic (both clinical lab and morphologic) findings. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150024/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374418-0.00011-6 id: cord-253295-82ydczid author: Funkhouser, William K. title: Pathology: the clinical description of human disease date: 2020-07-24 words: 8864.0 sentences: 396.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253295-82ydczid.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253295-82ydczid.txt summary: Patient workup uses present illness history with reference to past medical history, review of other organ systems for other abnormalities, review of family history, physical examination, radiographic studies, clinical laboratory studies (for example, peripheral blood or CSF specimens), and anatomic pathology laboratory studies (for example, tissue biopsy or pleural fluid cytology specimens). Obviously, arrival at the correct diagnosis is a function of the examining physician and pathologist (fund of knowledge, experience, alertness), the prevalence of the disease in question in the particular patient (age, race, sex, site), and the sensitivity/ specificity of the screening tests used (physical exam, vital signs, blood solutes, tissue stains, genetic assays). However, understanding the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of a disease allows development of screening methods to determine risk for clinically unaffected individuals, as well as mechanistic approaches to specific therapy. abstract: Pathology is that field of science and medicine concerned with the study of diseases, specifically their initial causes (etiologies), their step-wise progressions (pathogenesis), and their effects on normal structure and function. This chapter will consider the history of relevant discoveries and technologies that have led to our current understanding of diseases, as well as the Pathologist’s current role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of response of human diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128132579000115 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813257-9.00011-5 id: cord-305501-srq1bo2v author: Fèvre, Eric M. title: Animal movements and the spread of infectious diseases date: 2006-02-07 words: 4939.0 sentences: 222.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305501-srq1bo2v.txt summary: In addition to the well-recognized threat that animal translocations and invasions into new geographic areas pose for species extinctions and biodiversity, the large wildlife trade clearly poses great dangers for the emergence of human and animal pathogens. A recent risk analysis [37] showed that the movement of pet animals between Hokkaido and the rest of Japan is likely to result in Review further geographical spread of the parasite, particularly because there are few movement controls or programmes for screening and treatment. The importance of contact networks in the spread of infectious diseases of livestock in the UK has been clearly highlighted [47] ; in addition, a small proportion (20%) of farm holdings contributes to the majority (80%) of movements. Movements can result in the introduction of exotic animal diseases or human pathogens, which might themselves have important economic and/or public health impacts. abstract: Domestic and wild animal population movements are important in the spread of disease. There are many recent examples of disease spread that have occurred as a result of intentional movements of livestock or wildlife. Understanding the volume of these movements and the risks associated with them is fundamental in elucidating the epidemiology of these diseases, some of which might entail zoonotic risks. The importance of the worldwide animal trade is reviewed and the role of the unregulated trade in animals is highlighted. A range of key examples are discussed in which animal movements have resulted in the introduction of pathogens to previously disease-free areas. Measures based on heightened surveillance are proposed that mitigate the risks of new pathogen introductions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16460942/ doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2006.01.004 id: cord-311220-3pn04u32 author: Gaddy, Hampton Gray title: Using local knowledge in emerging infectious disease research date: 2020-06-13 words: 3585.0 sentences: 204.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311220-3pn04u32.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311220-3pn04u32.txt summary: The best research protocol to date on predicting and preventing infectious disease emergence states that urgent research must commence to identify unknown human and animal pathogens. A study of local knowledge in Ghana about Buruli ulcers, a poorly understood, necrotic infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, revealed information that is likely useful for understanding the etiology and life cycle of the disease (Tschakert et al., 2016) . But, I found no studies of local health knowledge that engaged with the possibility that locally-situated communities might know of human infectious diseases, animal diseases, or zoonoses that are still unknown to science. I propose that much of this local knowledge may be useful for identifying potential EIDs. A third case study comes from camel-herding pastoralists in Somalia and Northern Kenya. Case studies show that local knowledge can be a useful source of new information about human diseases (e.g. Buruli ulcers), animal diseases (e.g. camel respiratory infections), and potential zoonoses (e.g. blackleg and heartwater). abstract: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are a growing global health threat. The best research protocol to date on predicting and preventing infectious disease emergence states that urgent research must commence to identify unknown human and animal pathogens. This short communication proposes that the ethnobiological knowledge of indigenous and impoverished communities can be a source of information about some of those unknown pathogens. I present the ecological and anthropological theory behind this proposal, as well as a few case studies that serve as a limited proof of concept. This paper also serves as a call to arms for the medical anthropology community. It gives a brief primer on the EID crisis and how anthropology research may be vital to limiting its havoc on global health. Local knowledge is not likely to play a major role in EID research initiatives, but the use of the incorporation of EID awareness into standard medical anthropological practice would have myriad benefits, even if no EIDs were discovered this way. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953620303269?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113107 id: cord-347884-zpzncgiv author: Galimberti, Andrea title: Rethinking Urban and Food Policies to Improve Citizens Safety After COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-10-08 words: 5473.0 sentences: 234.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347884-zpzncgiv.txt summary: Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. abstract: The ongoing pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is literally changing the world. From December 2019 to date, more than 22 million cases have been reported worldwide and global health institutions are acting to slow down the virus transmission and are looking for possible prevention strategies in case of a new outbreak. As in other endemic or pandemic phenomena, the issues mostly covered by scientific and media attention are related to the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of COVID-19. However, a still neglected issue regards the adoption of a more systemic approach considering the close connection among the infection, the environment, and human behaviors, including the role of diet and urban management. To shed light on this issue, we brought together a faculty group involving experts in environment and biodiversity, food safety, human nutrition, and behavior, bioprospecting, as well as medical doctors having a deep knowledge of the complex historical relationship between humanity and vector-borne infections. Two main aspects emerged from the integrative overview of the current COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the scientific community should start sharing social actions and policy advocacy based on the assumption that human health strongly depends upon a sustainable exploitation of natural resources in populated areas; (ii) the specific strategic role of the cities in developing sustainable food systems and promoting healthy dietary patterns. Definitely, some priority issues should be addressed to achieve these goals, such as global efforts to increase food safety and security, which would benefit from urban and peri-urban agriculture enhancement, smallholder food producers support, and ecosystem services and local biodiversity maintenance. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.569542 doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.569542 id: cord-307885-butuv3n1 author: Galvani, Alison P. title: Emerging Infections: What Have We Learned from SARS? date: 2004-07-17 words: 1195.0 sentences: 71.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307885-butuv3n1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307885-butuv3n1.txt summary: As is typical of an emerging disease, no vaccines or drugs to combat SARS existed, making quarantine, patient isolation, travel restrictions, and contact precautions the only means of limiting transmission. Previously, similar models had guided public health policy, for example, in halting an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in the United Kingdom in 2001 (5, 6) . The case-fatality rate is a key determinant of the public health impact of an emerging disease and was high for SARS at approximately 15% (11) . The success with which WHO coordinated the global collaboration in containing SARS galvanized the World Health Assembly to grant WHO greater authority to verify outbreaks, conduct investigations of outbreak severity, and evaluate the adequacy of control measures. Transmission dynamics of the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong: the impact of public health interventions Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15338569/ doi: 10.3201/eid1007.040166 id: cord-017702-v46ye328 author: Ganguly, Nirmal Kumar title: Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine for Infectious Diseases date: 2013-06-11 words: 16564.0 sentences: 798.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017702-v46ye328.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017702-v46ye328.txt summary: Deciphering the pathogen virulence factors, host susceptibility genes, and the molecular programs involved in the pathogenesis of disease has paved the way for discovery of new molecular targets for drugs, diagnostic markers, and vaccines. The pathogen genome on one hand gives us the information about the important genes conferring disease pathogenesis as well as drug resistance, while the genome of the host on the other hand will reveal the susceptibility genes, and the further knowledge of polymorphisms in genes of the host metabolic and immune system will lead to the new vaccine strategies, drugs targets, and also their treatment outcomes. Several fi eld studies have further suggested that there is a need for calibration of isoniazid dosage as per the individual tuberculosis patient''s age, acetylator status, and disease process for an effective antimicrobial outcome of drug treatment (Jeena et al. abstract: Humans have been plagued by the scourge of invasion by pathogens leading to infectious diseases from the time in memoriam and are still the cause of morbidity and mortality among millions of individuals. Trying to understand the disease mechanisms and finding the remedial measures have been the quest of humankind. The susceptibility to disease of an individual in a given population is determined by ones genetic buildup. Response to treatment and the disease prognosis also depends upon individual’s genetic predisposition. The environmental stress induces mutations and is leading to the emergence of ever-increasing more dreaded infectious pathogens, and now we are in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance that has thrown up a challenge to find new treatment regimes. Discoveries in the science of high-throughput sequencing and array technologies have shown new hope and are bringing a revolution in human health. The information gained from sequencing of both human and pathogen genomes is a way forward in deciphering host-pathogen interactions. Deciphering the pathogen virulence factors, host susceptibility genes, and the molecular programs involved in the pathogenesis of disease has paved the way for discovery of new molecular targets for drugs, diagnostic markers, and vaccines. The genomic diversity in the human population leads to differences in host responses to drugs and vaccines and is the cause of poor response to treatment as well as adverse reactions. The study of pharmacogenomics of infectious diseases is still at an early stage of development, and many intricacies of the host-pathogen interaction are yet to be understood in full measure. However, progress has been made over the decades of research in some of the important infectious diseases revealing how the host genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters affect the bioavailability of the drugs which further determine the efficacy and toxicology of the drugs used for treatment. Further, the field of structural biology and chemistry has intertwined to give rise to medical structural genomics leading the way to the discovery of new drug targets against infectious diseases. This chapter explores how the advent of “omics” technologies is making a beginning in bringing about a change in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatments of the infectious diseases and hence paving way for personalized medicine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122342/ doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-1184-6_27 id: cord-329881-9vnz5zzg author: Garcia, Sònia title: Pandemics and Traditional Plant-Based Remedies. A Historical-Botanical Review in the Era of COVID19 date: 2020-08-28 words: 6221.0 sentences: 265.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329881-9vnz5zzg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329881-9vnz5zzg.txt summary: I will revisit the Middle Ages black death, in which a plant-based lotion (the four thieves vinegar) showed some effectiveness; the smallpox, a viral disease that lead to the discovery of vaccination but for which the native Americans had a plant ally, an interesting carnivorous plant species; tuberculosis and the use of garlic; the Spanish flu and the widespread recommendation of eating onions, among other plant-based treatments; and malaria, whose first effective treatment, quinine, came from the bark of a Peruvian tree, properties already known by the Quechua people. Here I present a non-systematic review with a historical-botanical perspective on some of the most important pandemics that humanity has faced, and in some cases is still facing, and how certain plants or plantbased remedies have been used, and may continue being used, to treat these diseases, possibly including COVID19. abstract: Pandemics are as old as humanity and since ancient times we have turned to plants to find solutions to health-related problems. Traditional medicines based mostly on plants are still the only therapeutic possibility in many developing countries, but even in the richest ones, herbal formulation currently receives increased attention. Plants are natural laboratories whose complex secondary metabolism produces a wealth of chemical compounds, leading to drug discovery – 25% of widespread use drugs are indeed of plant origin. Their therapeutic potential is even bigger: although many plant-based compounds show inhibitory effects against a myriad of pathogens, few reach the stage of clinical trials. Their mechanism of action is often unknown, yet traditional plant-based remedies have the advantage of a long-term experience in their use, usually of hundreds to thousands of years, and thus a precious experience on their safety and effects. Here I am providing a non-systematic historical-botanical review of some of the most devastating pandemics that humanity has faced, with a focus on plant therapeutic uses. I will revisit the Middle Ages black death, in which a plant-based lotion (the four thieves vinegar) showed some effectiveness; the smallpox, a viral disease that lead to the discovery of vaccination but for which the native Americans had a plant ally, an interesting carnivorous plant species; tuberculosis and the use of garlic; the Spanish flu and the widespread recommendation of eating onions, among other plant-based treatments; and malaria, whose first effective treatment, quinine, came from the bark of a Peruvian tree, properties already known by the Quechua people. Synthetic analogues of quinine such as chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine are now being revisited for the treatment of COVID19 symptoms, as they are artemisinin and derivatives, other plant-based compounds effective against malaria. Finally, I will give some hints on another facet of plants to aid us in the prevention of infectious diseases: the production of biotechnological plant-based vaccines. Altogether, my aim is to stress the significant role of plants in global health (past, present and future) and the need of enhancing and protecting the botanical knowledge, from systematics to conservation, from ecology to ethnobotany. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.571042 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.571042 id: cord-322069-ys9s7l6e author: Gaspari, Valeria title: COVID‐19: how it can look on the skin. Clinical and pathological features in twenty COVID‐19 patients observed in Bologna, northeastern Italy date: 2020-06-03 words: 831.0 sentences: 63.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322069-ys9s7l6e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322069-ys9s7l6e.txt summary: Global public health is currently dealing with the explosive spread of the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1] . More than 80% of patients have asymptomatic to moderate disease, but about 15% get severe pneumonia and 5% develope a multi-organ failure [2] . There are only a few reports concerning the skin manifestations in COVID 19 patients. Of the twenty patients observed, eighteen of the cases were related to the disease, and two to the devices used for the ventilation assistance, one developing a severe sebopsoriasis of the face, and one a facial herpes. The clinical patterns of the rashes described in COVID-19 patients till now include urticaria, acral ischemia, morbilliform, livedo reticularis, vesicular, and petechial [5;7-9] . We are presenting this paper to share our cases of skin involvement during the coronavirus disease. Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) Situation Report -29 A Case of COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Young Male with Full Body Rash as a Presenting Symptom. abstract: Global public health is currently dealing with the explosive spread of the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) [1]. This new type of viral pneumonia, spread from its first focus in Wuhan (Hubei, China) to across all the world, until a pandemic condition was declared. Clinically. the most common symptoms of the disease are cough and fever. More than 80% of patients have asymptomatic to moderate disease, but about 15% get severe pneumonia and 5% develope a multi‐organ failure [2]. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32491223/ doi: 10.1111/jdv.16693 id: cord-253891-d1ei287l author: Geddes, Duncan title: The history of respiratory disease management date: 2016-04-23 words: 2191.0 sentences: 128.0 pages: flesch: 61.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253891-d1ei287l.txt summary: Advances in treatment have been dramatic, the most important being drugs (antibiotics, cortisone, β(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists), ventilatory support (from iron lung to nasal positive-pressure ventilation), inhaled therapy (metered dose inhalers, nebulizers) and lung surgery (resections, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, transplantation). Over the past 150 years: C Infections have declined but returned while asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer have surged C Scientific advances, especially in imaging and microbiology, have improved diagnosis C New targeted treatments with antibiotics, corticosteroids, ventilatory support and lung surgery have revolutionized management C Delivery of care has shifted from inefficient remedies for the rich to specialized treatment for all Duncan Geddes MD FRCP CBE is an Honorary Consultant at the Royal Brompton Hospital, London and Professor of Respiratory Medicine at Imperial College, London, UK. Delivery of care Lung medicine was a major part of the general doctor''s workload in the 19th century until the 1850s sanatorium movement e well The Rack e and this specialization led on to chest clinics. abstract: Lung diseases have shifted from infections – tuberculosis, pneumonia – to diseases of dirty air – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and lung cancer. New diseases have emerged from industrial pollution and HIV, while better imaging has revealed others previously unrecognized. Scientific advances in microbiology, imaging and clinical measurement have improved diagnosis and allowed better targeted treatment. Advances in treatment have been dramatic, the most important being drugs (antibiotics, cortisone, β(2)-adrenoreceptor agonists), ventilatory support (from iron lung to nasal positive-pressure ventilation), inhaled therapy (metered dose inhalers, nebulizers) and lung surgery (resections, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, transplantation). Delivery of care has shifted from sanatoria for the rich but nothing at all for the poor, to hospitals and universal coverage. Generalists have turned into super-specialists and doctors have been joined by growing numbers of professions allied to medicine (PAMs). Management of lung disease has vastly improved but the impact of disease remains. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357303916300068 doi: 10.1016/j.mpmed.2016.03.006 id: cord-269389-x8i5x62v author: Gensini, Gian Franco title: The concept of quarantine in history: from plague to SARS date: 2004-04-12 words: 3195.0 sentences: 158.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269389-x8i5x62v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269389-x8i5x62v.txt summary: Measures analogous to those employed against the plague have been adopted to fight against the disease termed the Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in recent times various countries have set up official entities for the identification and control of infections. The concept of (modern) preventive quarantine is strictly related to plague and dates back to 1377, when the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa, today called Dubrovnik (Croatia), officially issued the socalled ''trentina'' (an Italian word derived from ''trenta'', that is, the number 30), a 30-day isolation period. 10 More recently (2003) the proposal of the constitution of a new European monitoring, regulatory and research institution was made, since the already available system of surveillance, set up in Europe to control the onset of epidemics, came up against an enormous challenge in the global emergency of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). abstract: The concept of ‘quarantine’ is embedded in health practices, attracting heightened interest during episodes of epidemics. The term is strictly related to plague and dates back to 1377, when the Rector of the seaport of Ragusa (then belonging to the Venetian Republic) officially issued a 30-day isolation period for ships, that became 40 days for land travellers. During the next 100 years similar laws were introduced in Italian and in French ports, and they gradually acquired other connotations with respect to their original implementation. Measures analogous to those employed against the plague have been adopted to fight against the disease termed the Great White Plague, i.e. tuberculosis, and in recent times various countries have set up official entities for the identification and control of infections. Even more recently (2003) the proposal of the constitution of a new European monitoring, regulatory and research institution has been made, since the already available system of surveillance has found an enormous challenge in the global emergency of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). In the absence of a targeted vaccine, general preventive interventions have to be relied upon, including high healthcare surveillance and public information. Quarantine has, therefore, had a rebound of celebrity and updated evidence strongly suggests that its basic concept is still fully valid. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15474622/ doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.03.002 id: cord-017469-dnnkor2o author: Georgiev, Vassil St. title: Tick-Borne Bacterial, Rickettsial, Spirochetal, and Protozoal Diseases date: 2009 words: 16529.0 sentences: 746.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017469-dnnkor2o.txt summary: Infections transmitted by the Ixodidae family (hard ticks) include (i) Lyme disease (borreliosis); (ii) human ehrlichiosis; (iii) Rocky Mountain spotted fever; (iv) tularemia; Other developments of NIAID-supported Lyme borreliosis and tick-borne rickettsial disease research include: r The transmission of Lyme disease r Diagnostic procedures r Co-infection r Antibiotic therapy r The role of autoimmune reactivity r Vaccine production Lack of Evidence of Borrelia Involvement in Alzheimer''s Disease. Because fatigue, which is a nonspecific symptom, was the only primary outcome measure affected and because the treatment examined was associated with adverse events, the results of the SUNY study do not support the use of additional antibiotic therapy with parenteral ceftriaxone in posttreatment, persistently fatigued PTCLD patients (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme). burgdorferi often carry-and simultaneously transmit-other emerging pathogens, such as Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) species, the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), and Babesia microti, which causes babesiosis (http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/research/topics/lyme/ research/co-infection/). abstract: Approximately 900 tick species exist worldwide, parasitizing a broad array of mammals, including humans, and thereby playing a significant role in the transmission of infectious diseases (1). In the United States, tick-borne diseases are generally seasonal and geographically distributed. They occur mostly during the spring and summer but can occur throughout the year. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122040/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_22 id: cord-330701-k68b0wqe author: Gerc, Vjekoslav title: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in COVID-19 Pandemic Era date: 2020-06-17 words: 5521.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330701-k68b0wqe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330701-k68b0wqe.txt summary: AIM: The aim of this study is to retreive published papers about COVID-19 infection deposited in PubMed data base and analyzed current results of investigations regarding morbidity and mortality rates as consequences of COVID-19 infection and opinions of experts about treatment of afected patients with COVID-19 who have Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). COVID-19 infection is caused by a new beta-coronavirus, which the WHO has called (SARS-CoV-2) -Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. Initially, the main complications of COVID-19 were thought to be lung-related, then it was quickly observed that COVID-19 is attacking many organs, including the heart muscle, vascular endothelium and the cardiovascular system in general, increasing morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with other cardiovascular risk factors presented (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, cerebrovascular and renal disease). In Wuhan, according to reports of Chinese physicians, in patients infected with COVID-19 and with acute coronary syndrome, the complete clinical picture was very severe and associated with high mortality (9) . abstract: INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 is the disease caused by an infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, previously known as 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) respiratory disease. World Health Organization (WHO) declared the official name as COVID-19 in February 2020 and in 11(th) March 2020 declared COVID-19 as Global Pandemic. In June 6(th) 2020, over 7 million cases registered in the world, recovered 3.4 million and death over 402.000. AIM: The aim of this study is to retreive published papers about COVID-19 infection deposited in PubMed data base and analyzed current results of investigations regarding morbidity and mortality rates as consequences of COVID-19 infection and opinions of experts about treatment of afected patients with COVID-19 who have Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). METHODS: It’s used method of descriptive analysis of the published papers with described studies about Corona virus connected with CVDs. RESULTS: After searching current scientific literature (on PubMed till today is deposited more than 1.000 papers about COVID-19 with consequences in almost every medical disciplines), we have acknowledged that till today not any Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) study in the world. Also, there are no unique proposed ways of treatments and drugs to protect patients, especially people over 65 years old, who are very risk group to be affected with COVID-19, including patients with CVDs. Vaccine against COVID-19 is already produced and being in phases of testing in praxis in treatment of COVID-19 at affected patients, but the opinions of experts and common people whole over the world about vaccination are full of controversis. CONCLUSION: Frequent hand washing, avoiding crowds and contact with sick people, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can help prevent coronavirus infections are the main proposal of WHO experts in current Guidelines, artefacts stored on a web site. Those preventive measures at least can help to everybody, including also the patients who have evidenced CVDs in their histories of illness. Authors analyzed most important dilemmas about all aspects of CVDs, including etipathogenesis, treatment with current drugs and use of potential discovered vaccines against COVID-19 infection, described in scientific papers deposited in PubMed data base. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32843866/ doi: 10.5455/msm.2020.32.158-164 id: cord-257344-d13at1y5 author: Ghasemiyeh, Parisa title: COVID-19 Outbreak: Challenges in Pharmacotherapy Based on Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Aspects of Drug Therapy in Patients with Moderate to Severe Infection date: 2020-09-18 words: 5683.0 sentences: 297.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257344-d13at1y5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257344-d13at1y5.txt summary: Patients with predisposing diseases are highly prone to COVID-19 and manifesting severe infection especially with organ function damage such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury, septic shock, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and death. Patients with underlying diseases are highly prone to present with severe infection especially with organ function damage such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney injury (AKI), septic shock, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 10, 13 . Results of another systematic review and meta-analysis on 53 randomized clinical trials on administration of hydroxychloroquine in COVID-19 management revealed that hydroxychloroquine administration (case group) was significantly associated with higher incidence of total adverse effects in comparison to placebo or no treatment (control group) in overall population of patients with COVID-19 45 . Almost all of the potential drugs in COVID-19 treatment containing chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ribavirin, and lopinavir/ritonavir have hepatic metabolism. abstract: The new coronavirus (COVID-19) was first detected in Wuhan city of China in December 2019. Most patients infected with COVID-19 had clinical presentations of dry cough, fever, dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue and malaise, pneumonia, and bilateral infiltration in chest CT. Soon COVID-19 was spread around the world and became a pandemic. Now many patients around the world are suffering from this disease. Patients with predisposing diseases are highly prone to COVID-19 and manifesting severe infection especially with organ function damage such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury, septic shock, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and death. Till now many drugs have been considered in the treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia, but pharmacotherapy in elderly patients and patients with pre-existing comorbidities is highly challenging. In this review, different potential drugs which have been considered in COVID-19 treatment have been discussed in detail. Also, challenges in the pharmacotherapy of COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with the underlying disease have been considered based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of these drugs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32980626/ doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.08.025 id: cord-278339-6ddsj014 author: Gianfrancesco, Milena title: Characteristics associated with hospitalisation for COVID-19 in people with rheumatic disease: data from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registry date: 2020-05-29 words: 5376.0 sentences: 298.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278339-6ddsj014.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278339-6ddsj014.txt summary: The independent associations between demographic and disease-specific features with the odds of COVID-19 hospitalisation were estimated using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression and reported as OR and 95% CIs; covariates included in the model were age group (<65 years vs >65 years), sex, rheumatic disease (rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) or other spondyloarthritis, vasculitis and other), key comorbidities (hypertension, lung disease, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and chronic renal insufficiency/end-stage renal disease), smoking status (ever vs never), physician-reported disease activity (remission, minimal/low disease activity, moderate disease activity or severe/high disease activity; or as a binary variable: remission and minimal/low disease activity vs moderate and severe/high disease activity), DMARD type (no DMARD, csDMARD only, b/tsDMARD only, csDMARD and b/tsDMARD combination therapy), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) use (yes vs no) and prednisone-equivalent glucocorticoid use (0 mg/ day, 1-9 mg/day, ≥10 mg/day). abstract: OBJECTIVES: COVID-19 outcomes in people with rheumatic diseases remain poorly understood. The aim was to examine demographic and clinical factors associated with COVID-19 hospitalisation status in people with rheumatic disease. METHODS: Case series of individuals with rheumatic disease and COVID-19 from the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance registry: 24 March 2020 to 20 April 2020. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate ORs and 95% CIs of hospitalisation. Age, sex, smoking status, rheumatic disease diagnosis, comorbidities and rheumatic disease medications taken immediately prior to infection were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 600 cases from 40 countries were included. Nearly half of the cases were hospitalised (277, 46%) and 55 (9%) died. In multivariable-adjusted models, prednisone dose ≥10 mg/day was associated with higher odds of hospitalisation (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.96). Use of conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) alone or in combination with biologics/Janus Kinase inhibitors was not associated with hospitalisation (OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.70 to 2.17 and OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.46, respectively). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use was not associated with hospitalisation status (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.39 to 1.06). Tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (anti-TNF) use was associated with a reduced odds of hospitalisation (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.81), while no association with antimalarial use (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.57) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: We found that glucocorticoid exposure of ≥10 mg/day is associated with a higher odds of hospitalisation and anti-TNF with a decreased odds of hospitalisation in patients with rheumatic disease. Neither exposure to DMARDs nor NSAIDs were associated with increased odds of hospitalisation. url: https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871 doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-217871 id: cord-278136-ol2buwld author: Gonzales, Natalia M. title: 29th International Mammalian Genome Conference meeting report date: 2016-05-02 words: 4685.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278136-ol2buwld.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278136-ol2buwld.txt summary: The session showcased tools such as recombinant inbred lines (RILs), outbred populations, classic crosses, and ENU mutagenesis to yield new understanding and identify candidate genes for disease susceptibility, while knockout and patient-derived xenograft mice enabled further mechanistic insight. Other features of this session included a GWAS of aerobic capacity in rats segregated on running ability by Yu Wang German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Tuebingen) conducted a massive forward genetic screen using human exome data, followed by systematic RNAi screens in worms, flies, and human cell lines to identify genes and pathways involved in Parkinson''s disease. This plenary session encompassed the use of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), gene expression analysis, and recent advances in genome engineering to address fundamental questions about development and degenerative disease. A common approach featured at the IMGC each year is the use of the mouse as a model for understanding how biological processes influence and respond to changes in the mammalian genomic landscape. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-016-9640-0 doi: 10.1007/s00335-016-9640-0 id: cord-305327-hayhbs5u author: Gonzalez, Jean-Paul title: Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics date: 2017-09-19 words: 10210.0 sentences: 424.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305327-hayhbs5u.txt summary: Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Emergence from a sporadic case to an outbreak, to an epidemic, and ultimately to a pandemic depends upon effective transmission among nonimmune hosts, host availability (density), characteristics of the vector (natural or human made) that would enable it to circumvent distances, and the pathogen infectiousness. Although MARV expansion appears to be limited to a few countries in Africa, the recent emergence (estimated at a few decades ago) of a second human pathogenic marburgvirus known as Ravn virus, and the widely distributed Old World rousette fruit bats (Rousettus spp.) serving as reservoir for both viruses [45] , are two factors that favor pandemic risk. abstract: As successive epidemics have swept the world, the scientific community has quickly learned from them about the emergence and transmission of communicable diseases. Epidemics usually occur when health systems are unprepared. During an unexpected epidemic, health authorities engage in damage control, fear drives action, and the desire to understand the threat is greatest. As humanity recovers, policy-makers seek scientific expertise to improve their “preparedness” to face future events. Global spread of disease is exemplified by the spread of yellow fever from Africa to the Americas, by the spread of dengue fever through transcontinental migration of mosquitos, by the relentless influenza virus pandemics, and, most recently, by the unexpected emergence of Ebola virus, spread by motorbike and long haul carriers. Other pathogens that are remarkable for their epidemic expansions include the arenavirus hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus diseases carried by rodents over great geographic distances and the arthropod-borne viruses (West Nile, chikungunya and Zika) enabled by ecology and vector adaptations. Did we learn from the past epidemics? Are we prepared for the worst? The ultimate goal is to develop a resilient global health infrastructure. Besides acquiring treatments, vaccines, and other preventive medicine, bio-surveillance is critical to preventing disease emergence and to counteracting its spread. So far, only the western hemisphere has a large and established monitoring system; however, diseases continue to emerge sporadically, in particular in Southeast Asia and South America, illuminating the imperfections of our surveillance. Epidemics destabilize fragile governments, ravage the most vulnerable populations, and threaten the global community. Pandemic risk calculations employ new technologies like computerized maintenance of geographical and historical datasets, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Next Generation sequencing, and Metagenomics to trace the molecular changes in pathogens during their emergence, and mathematical models to assess risk. Predictions help to pinpoint the hot spots of emergence, the populations at risk, and the pathogens under genetic evolution. Preparedness anticipates the risks, the needs of the population, the capacities of infrastructure, the sources of emergency funding, and finally, the international partnerships needed to manage a disaster before it occurs. At present, the world is in an intermediate phase of trying to reduce health disparities despite exponential population growth, political conflicts, migration, global trade, urbanization, and major environmental changes due to global warming. For the sake of humanity, we must focus on developing the necessary capacities for health surveillance, epidemic preparedness, and pandemic response. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_1 doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_1 id: cord-278684-txlvla0j author: Gonzalez–Dunia, Daniel title: Borna Disease Virus and the Brain date: 1998-01-30 words: 13952.0 sentences: 784.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278684-txlvla0j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278684-txlvla0j.txt summary: The BDV paradigm is amenable to study virus–cell interactions in the CNS that can lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, immune-mediated damage, as well as alterations in cell differentiated functions that affect brain homeostasis. Evidence provided by epidemiological and clinical data, together with virological studies, have led to the hypothesis that chronic viral infections of the CNS contribute to human mental disorders of unknown etiology. Therefore, neuronal damage seen in BD appears to be mediated by the cytotoxic activity of CD8 ϩ T-cells present in the brain parenchyma of BDV-infected rats. Studies on PTI-NB rats may provide valuable information regarding the contribution of CNS resident cells to disturbances in cytokine gene expression caused by BDV. Borna disease virus replicates in astrocytes, Schwann cells and ependymal cells in persistently infected rats: Location of viral genomic and messenger RNAs by in situ hybridization Expression of tissue factor is increased in astrocytes within the central nervous system during persistent infection with Borna disease virus abstract: Viruses with the ability to establish persistent infection in the central nervous system (CNS) can induce progressive neurologic disorders associated with diverse pathological manifestations. Clinical, epidemiological, and virological evidence supports the hypothesis that viruses contribute to human mental diseases whose etiology remains elusive. Therefore, the investigation of the mechanisms whereby viruses persist in the CNS and disturb normal brain function represents an area of research relevant to clinical and basic neurosciences. Borna disease virus (BDV) causes CNS disease in several vertebrate species characterized by behavioral abnormalities. Based on its unique features, BDV represents the prototype of a new virus family. BDV provides an important model for the investigation of the mechanisms and consequences of viral persistence in the CNS. The BDV paradigm is amenable to study virus–cell interactions in the CNS that can lead to neurodevelopmental abnormalities, immune-mediated damage, as well as alterations in cell differentiated functions that affect brain homeostasis. Moreover, seroepidemiological data and recent molecular studies indicate that BDV is associated with certain neuropsychiatric diseases. The potential role of BDV and of other yet to be uncovered BDV-related viruses in human mental health provides additional impetus for the investigation of this novel neurotropic infectious agent. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0361923097002761 doi: 10.1016/s0361-9230(97)00276-1 id: cord-018911-tpm2594i author: Goodin, Douglas G. title: Integrating Landscape Hierarchies in the Discovery and Modeling of Ecological Drivers of Zoonotically Transmitted Disease from Wildlife date: 2018-04-28 words: 6442.0 sentences: 328.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018911-tpm2594i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018911-tpm2594i.txt summary: (2006) used coarse resolution vegetation index data to model and predict the continental-scale relationship between climate-driven landscape change and Lyme disease. Like all zoonotic disease, the ecology of each species of Hantavirus is closely related to that of its host organism; thus, generalization of virus-landscape relationships cannot be made without considering the habitat characteristics of the reservoir host. A regional-scale analysis of rodent reservoirs of hantaviruses in Paraguay showed that the host species do indeed show patterns of land cover preference, even when land cover is mapped into very general categories. For example, mathematical models for hantavirus infection in rodents have been studied in the context of multiple host species, spatial spread, and environmental variability (Abramson and Kenkre 2002; Abramson et al. Many challenges remain in model formulation, analysis, and simulation of zoonotic disease dynamics that relate to landscape and climate and the wide range of temporal and spatial scales (Allen et al. abstract: Changes in landscape and land use can drive the emergence of zoonoses, and hence, there has been great interest in understanding how land cover change and the cascade of ecological effect associated with it are associated with emerging infectious diseases. In this chapter, we review how a spatially hierarchical approach can be used to guide research into the links between landscape properties and zoonotic diseases. Methodological advances have played a role in the revival of landscape epidemiology and we introduce the role of methodologies such as geospatial analysis and mathematical modeling. Importantly, we discuss cross-scale analysis and how this would provide a richer perspective of the ecology of zoonotic diseases. Finally, we will provide an overview of how hierarchical research strategies and modeling might be generally used in analyses of infectious zoonoses originating in wildlife. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123913/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-92373-4_9 id: cord-283380-l60yyr6l author: Grabbe, Stephan title: Systemic immunosuppression in times of COVID‐19: Do we need to rethink our standards? date: 2020-08-02 words: 2577.0 sentences: 123.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283380-l60yyr6l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283380-l60yyr6l.txt summary: However, it is also currently under discussion whether patients under immunosuppressive therapy also have a higher risk of suffering a severe course of the COVID-19 disease. However, in clinical practice, long-term therapeutic use of hydroxychloroquine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus does not appear to protect against covid-19 disease or a severe course of the disease [30, 31] . Therefore, the authors recommend that this therapy option should be considered especially in patients with other risk factors for a severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Essentially, there is currently no data available for a general reduction or pause of immunosuppression in patients with autoimmune diseases, since the risk of an insufficient therapy of these mostly severe diseases is clearly higher than that of an aggravated course of COVID-19 disease. Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial abstract: The current SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic particularly endangers older people with pre‐existing cardiopulmonary and metabolic conditions. However, it is also currently under discussion whether patients under immunosuppressive therapy also have a higher risk of suffering a severe course of the COVID‐19 disease. In principle though, there is currently no data available for a general reduction or pause of immunosuppression in patients with autoimmune diseases because of the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic. However, since there is currently neither an effective therapy nor corresponding vaccination protection, the indication for a prolonged immunosuppressive therapy should be made with special care. In particular, immunotherapeutic agents that produce long‐term effects (e.g., rituximab) should be used with special caution. In contrast, immunomodulating substances that do not suppress antiviral immunity (e.g. systemic immunoglobulins, doxycycline), or that have intrinsic effects on SARS‐CoV‐2 (calcineurin inhibitors, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine) may be useful alternatives. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32743938/ doi: 10.1111/ddg.14194 id: cord-293852-r72c6584 author: Greco, S. title: Noncoding RNAs implication in cardiovascular diseases in the COVID-19 era date: 2020-10-31 words: 8163.0 sentences: 468.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293852-r72c6584.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293852-r72c6584.txt summary: Different studies found that the values of cardiac Troponins were increased in COVID-19 patients with more severe disease [4, 5, [68] [69] [70] , indicating an association of SARS-CoV-2 with myocardial damage. Moreover, the single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) approach has been used to profile the SARS-CoV-2 host-response in the PBMCs of COVID-19 patients, and to comprehensively characterize the immunological changes [124] [125] [126] [127] [128] [129] [130] . However, SARS-CoV-2 infection of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) induced cytotoxic effects and RNA-seq findings highlighted significant transcriptional changes in gene pathways related to cellular metabolism and immune response [131] [132] [133] . This analysis also revealed several host-derived lncRNAs differentially expressed in COVID-19 patient-derived lung tissue, and in SARS-CoV-2 infected epithelial cells, including MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) and NEAT1 (nuclear-enriched autosomal transcript 1) [151] (Fig. 5) . abstract: COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although the main clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are respiratory, many patients also display acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. Understanding both direct and indirect damage caused to the heart and the vascular system by SARS-CoV-2 infection is necessary to identify optimal clinical care strategies. The homeostasis of the cardiovascular system requires a tight regulation of the gene expression, which is controlled by multiple types of RNA molecules, including RNA encoding proteins (messenger RNAs) (mRNAs) and those lacking protein-coding potential, the noncoding-RNAs. In the last few years, dysregulation of noncoding-RNAs has emerged as a crucial component in the pathophysiology of virtually all cardiovascular diseases. Here we will discuss the potential role of noncoding RNAs in COVID-19 disease mechanisms and their possible use as biomarkers of clinical use. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33129318/ doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02582-8 id: cord-318683-1yxurnev author: Green, Manfred S title: Confronting the threat of bioterrorism: realities, challenges, and defensive strategies date: 2018-10-16 words: 8025.0 sentences: 464.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318683-1yxurnev.txt summary: • Personal protective equipment should be improved to become more user friendly • Improved surge capacity (the ability to rapidly gear up the health system to cope with a sudden, large increase in patients with a serious, contagious disease) is required, particularly in peripheral areas • The capacity of general and reference laboratories should be increased, to keep developing faster, more reliable diagnostic tests • New and improved vaccines (pre-exposure and post-exposure) and treatment regimens should be developed • Clinical and environmental surveillance needs to increase • Syndromic surveillance systems can be maintained to register suspicious or confirmed cases reported by physicians, and the data can be used to improve risk communication programmes and to monitor the progress of an outbreak • An adequate stockpile of vaccines and medications should be maintained, both nationally and internationally • To improve preparedness for natural and bioterrorist outbreaks, international cooperation should include joint exercises involving multiple countries and constant improvement in the exchange of information on potential bioterrorism threats and management abstract: Global terrorism is a rapidly growing threat to world security, and increases the risk of bioterrorism. In this Review, we discuss the potential threat of bioterrorism, agents that could be exploited, and recent developments in technologies and policy for detecting and controlling epidemics that have been initiated intentionally. The local and international response to infectious disease epidemics, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome and west African Ebola virus epidemic, revealed serious shortcomings which bioterrorists might exploit when intentionally initiating an epidemic. Development of new vaccines and antimicrobial therapies remains a priority, including the need to expedite clinical trials using new methodologies. Better means to protect health-care workers operating in dangerous environments are also needed, particularly in areas with poor infrastructure. New and improved approaches should be developed for surveillance, early detection, response, effective isolation of patients, control of the movement of potentially infected people, and risk communication. Access to dangerous pathogens should be appropriately regulated, without reducing progress in the development of countermeasures. We conclude that preparedness for intentional outbreaks has the important added value of strengthening preparedness for natural epidemics, and vice versa. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30340981/ doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30298-6 id: cord-296208-uy1r6lt2 author: Greenspan, Hayit title: Position paper on COVID-19 imaging and AI: from the clinical needs and technological challenges to initial AI solutions at the lab and national level towards a new era for AI in healthcare date: 2020-08-19 words: 8008.0 sentences: 395.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296208-uy1r6lt2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296208-uy1r6lt2.txt summary: We focus on three specific use-cases for which AI systems can be built: early disease detection, management in a hospital setting, and building patient-specific predictive models that require the combination of imaging with additional clinical data. Many studies have emerged in the last several months from the medical imaging community with many research groups as well as companies introducing deep learning based solutions to tackle the various tasks: mostly in detection of the disease (vs normal), and more recently also for staging disease severity. In Section 2 of this paper we focus on three specific use-cases for which AI systems can be built: detection, patient management, and predictive models in which the imaging is combined with additional clinical features. Rapid ai development cycle for the coronavirus (covid-19) pandemic: Initial results for automated detection and patient monitoring using deep learning ct image analysis abstract: In this position paper, we provide a collection of views on the role of AI in the COVID-19 pandemic, from clinical requirements to the design of AI-based systems, to the translation of the developed tools to the clinic. We highlight key factors in designing system solutions - per specific task; as well as design issues in managing the disease at the national level. We focus on three specific use-cases for which AI systems can be built: early disease detection, management in a hospital setting, and building patient-specific predictive models that require the combination of imaging with additional clinical data. Infrastructure considerations and population modeling in two European countries will be described. This pandemic has made the practical and scientific challenges of making AI solutions very explicit. A discussion concludes this paper, with a list of challenges facing the community in the AI road ahead. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32890777/ doi: 10.1016/j.media.2020.101800 id: cord-022506-fkddo12n author: Griffin, Brenda title: Population Wellness: Keeping Cats Physically and Behaviorally Healthy date: 2011-12-05 words: 23797.0 sentences: 1308.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022506-fkddo12n.txt summary: Aside from informally "getting to know" cats during their initial acclimation period in a facility, a systematic â�¢ The ability to create different functional areas in the living environments for elimination, resting, and eating â�¢ The ability to hide in a secure place â�¢ The ability to rest/sleep without being disturbed â�¢ The ability to change locations within the environment, including using vertical space for perching â�¢ The ability to regulate body temperature by moving to warmer or cooler surfaces in the environment â�¢ The ability to scratch (which is necessary for claw health and stretching, as well as visual and scent marking) â�¢ The ability to play and exercise at will â�¢ The ability to acquire mental stimulation Because these needs will vary depending upon such factors as life stage, personality, and prior socialization and experience, facilities should maintain a variety of housing styles in order to meet the individual needs of different cats in the population (Figure 46-11) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158173/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00046-6 id: cord-316201-08pyx98r author: Grout, Andrea title: Guidelines, law, and governance: disconnects in the global control of airline-associated infectious diseases date: 2017-02-01 words: 3437.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-316201-08pyx98r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316201-08pyx98r.txt summary: 2 Aircraft can now travel to almost any part of the world within 24 h, and can enable spread of infection either by inflight infection transmission or by transporting infectious passengers or vectors-eg, malaria-infected mosquitoes-from endemic to non-endemic regions, thus putting populations in destination countries at risk. 5 To reduce the risk of on-board disease transmission, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides cabin crews with information on general infection control measures and guidelines to identify ill and potentially infectious passengers. 4 Management of the risk of transporting infected passengers requires knowledge of transmission dynamics and the potential effectiveness of airport entry and exit screening measures, the ability to appropriately isolate or quarantine individual passengers on an aircraft, and adequately trained aircrew who are able to identify signs of infection and take appropriate measures. abstract: International air travel is increasingly affecting the epidemiology of infectious diseases. A particular public health, economic, and political concern is the role of air travel in bringing infectious passengers or vectors to previously non-endemic areas. Yet, little research has been done to investigate either the infection risks associated with air travel or the empirical evidence for the effectiveness of infection control measures on aircraft and at borders. We briefly review the interface between international and national legislation, policy, and guidelines in the context of existing infection risks and possible scenarios. We have found that public health guidance and legislation, which airlines are required to follow, are often contradictory and confusing. Infection control measures for air travel need to be underpinned by coherent and enforceable national and international legislation that is based on solid epidemiological evidence. We recommend further research investment into more effective on-board vector control, health screening, and risk communications strategies, and the development of enforceable and harmonised international legislation. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30476-5 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30476-5 id: cord-265472-b1s4stvz author: Guimarães, Luísa Eça title: Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date: 2015-10-31 words: 14633.0 sentences: 821.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt summary: In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia) abstract: Abstract Vaccines and autoimmunity are linked fields. Vaccine efficacy is based on whether host immune response against an antigen can elicit a memory T-cell response over time. Although the described side effects thus far have been mostly transient and acute, vaccines are able to elicit the immune system towards an autoimmune reaction. The diagnosis of a definite autoimmune disease and the occurrence of fatal outcome post-vaccination have been less frequently reported. Since vaccines are given to previously healthy hosts, who may have never developed the disease had they not been immunized, adverse events should be carefully accessed and evaluated even if they represent a limited number of occurrences. In this review of the literature, there is evidence of vaccine-induced autoimmunity and adjuvant-induced autoimmunity in both experimental models as well as human patients. Adjuvants and infectious agents may exert their immune-enhancing effects through various functional activities, encompassed by the adjuvant effect. These mechanisms are shared by different conditions triggered by adjuvants leading to the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome). In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. Despite this, efforts to unveil the connection between the triggering of the immune system by adjuvants and the development of autoimmune conditions should be undertaken. Vaccinomics is a field that may bring to light novel customized, personalized treatment approaches in the future. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1043661815001711 doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003 id: cord-018760-blwguyl4 author: Guleria, Randeep title: Health Effects of Changing Environment date: 2019-03-22 words: 4788.0 sentences: 262.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018760-blwguyl4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018760-blwguyl4.txt summary: Last two centuries have witnessed changes in global environmental factors such as rise in temperature leading to global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone layer, loss of biodiversity and marked degradation in air and water quality due to atmospheric pollution, thereby causing upsurge in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Similarly, in India there is strong evidence linking lower respiratory tract infection to indoor air pollution caused by the use of solid fuels in household. Air pollution and occupational exposure may cause a variety of negative health outcomes, including reduced lung function in children as well as increased susceptibility to infections, airway inflammation and cardiovascular diseases. There should be general awareness of how changes in climate and environment lead to significant acute and chronic effects on human health. abstract: Environment plays a crucial role in our economic, social and cultural behaviour as well as on health. However, since the beginning of industrialization era, focus on economic development has caused detrimental effects on the environment. Last two centuries have witnessed changes in global environmental factors such as rise in temperature leading to global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone layer, loss of biodiversity and marked degradation in air and water quality due to atmospheric pollution, thereby causing upsurge in infectious and non-infectious diseases. Environmental health has emerged as an important part of medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 24% of global disease burden and 23% of all deaths can be attributed to environmental factors. Deaths from heart disease, cancer, respiratory disorders and many vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, chikungunya and cholera have increased due to changes in climate, especially in developing countries. Besides limited attention to sanitation, hygiene, as well as quality of food and drinking water, factors such as deforestation, increasing vehicular traffic, migration from rural to urban areas, decreasing water resources and inadequate drainage systems contribute to increase incidence of diseases. The need of the hour is to sensitize ourselves about the way our ecology is being degraded and the health effects it is causing. A holistic view is needed to address the problem of environmental health where agriculture, animal husbandry, public health, water safety and air pollution need to be looked at in a combined manner for education, planning and resource allocation. Therefore, a close association between scientists, public health professionals and administrators is needed for integrated design and development of framework to attain harmony between man and nature. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123724/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-99768-1_6 id: cord-009420-k3fq0b6m author: Gunderman, Richard B. title: Medical Valor in Plague Time: Dr. Benjamin Rush date: 2020-04-13 words: 1583.0 sentences: 86.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009420-k3fq0b6m.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009420-k3fq0b6m.txt summary: One of the most prominent mental health reformers in US history, in 1812 Rush published his "Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind." 2 He deplored the conditions under which many psychiatric patients were kept and lobbied for more humane care. 5 Rush, who had lived through another outbreak of the disease in 1762, recognized what was happening and immediately alerted officials to the return of a "highly contagious as well as mortal re-mitting yellow fever." Citizens were warned to avoid habits they thought might promote the disease, such as excessive exertion, and the city''s streets were cleaned. As a physician with vast political experience and a deep belief in the power of institutions to improve human life, Rush naturally sought to engage existing organizations in the cause and played a prominent role in founding new ones. Rush''s response to the yellow fever epidemic of 1793 serves as an inspiring example to radiology learners and educators confronting crises of their own. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152860/ doi: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.04.014 id: cord-280691-nzc8ir0n author: Guo, Sun-Wei title: China’s “Gene War of the Century” and Its Aftermath: The Contest Goes On date: 2013-08-30 words: 12487.0 sentences: 563.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280691-nzc8ir0n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280691-nzc8ir0n.txt summary: Around 1997, and amid the talks of Hong Kong''s upcoming return to China and later the Asian financial crisis, a recurring topic in the Chinese media was the so-called ''''gene war of the century'''': the lopsided condemnation of foreign scientists coming purportedly to pilfer China''s vast genetic resources for a profit. Despite his repeated proclamation as a staunch and unwavering patriot loyal to his beloved motherland and dedicated to the advancement of China''s science and technology, he nonetheless later became embroiled in an avalanche of controversies surrounding the ''''gene war.'''' He effectively became a lightning rod for all the controversy on genetic resources, intellectual rights, informed consent, and the protection of human research subjects. (2) Chinese scientists should immediately grasp the opportunity to find disease genes and patent them; (3) We should educate the people, and raise the awareness and importance of protection of our genetic resources; (4) We welcome all international collaborations based on fairness and mutual benefits; (5) Through various avenues, the Chinese scientists should be vocal about certain views deemed to be harmful to China''s genetic research (Xiao et al. abstract: Following the successful cloning of genes for mostly rare genetic diseases in the early 1990s, there was a nearly universal enthusiasm that similar approaches could be employed to hunt down genes predisposing people to complex diseases. Around 1996, several well-funded international gene-hunting teams, enticed by the low cost of collecting biological samples and China’s enormous population, and ushered in by some well-connected Chinese intermediaries, came to China to hunt down disease susceptibility genes. This alarmed and, in some cases, enraged many poorly funded Chinese scientists, who perceived them as formidable competitors. Some depicted foreign gene-hunters as greedy pilferers of the vast Chinese genetic gold mine, comparing it to the plundering of national treasures from China by invaders in the past, and called upon the government and their fellow countrymen to rise up and protect China’s genetic gold mine. Media uproar ensued, proclaiming the imminent “gene war of the century.” This article chronicles the key events surrounding this “war” and its aftermath, exposes some inherent complexities in identifying susceptibility genes for complex diseases, highlights some issues obscured or completely overlooked in the passionate and patriotic rhetoric, and debunks some misconceptions embedded in this conflict. In addition, it argues that during the entire course of this “war,” the public’s interest went conspicuously unmentioned. Finally, it articulates several lessons that can be learned from this conflict, and outlines challenges facing human genetics researchers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214463/ doi: 10.1007/s11024-013-9237-7 id: cord-313222-a1rd7kas author: Guo, Zuiyuan title: Early warning of some notifiable infectious diseases in China by the artificial neural network date: 2020-02-19 words: 3864.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313222-a1rd7kas.txt summary: The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. In this study, we used real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) to perform early warning research on four types of respiratory infectious diseases (measles, influenza, rubella and mumps) and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases (hepatitis A, hepatitis E, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, and bacterial and amoebic dysentery) that have higher incidence rates among notifiable infectious diseases in China. Figure 4 shows the time distribution of the numbers of cases of the four types of respiratory infectious diseases in the same historical period when the early warning signal was issued. abstract: In order to accurately grasp the timing for the prevention and control of diseases, we established an artificial neural network model to issue early warning signals. The real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) and extended Kalman filter (EKF) methods were performed to analyse four types of respiratory infectious diseases and four types of digestive tract infectious diseases in China to comprehensively determine the epidemic intensities and whether to issue early warning signals. The numbers of new confirmed cases per month between January 2004 and December 2017 were used as the training set; the data from 2018 were used as the test set. The results of RTRL showed that the number of new confirmed cases of respiratory infectious diseases in September 2018 increased abnormally. The results of the EKF showed that the number of new confirmed cases of respiratory infectious diseases increased abnormally in January and February of 2018. The results of these two algorithms showed that the number of new confirmed cases of digestive tract infectious diseases in the test set did not have any abnormal increases. The neural network and machine learning can further enrich and develop the early warning theory. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32257314/ doi: 10.1098/rsos.191420 id: cord-345843-yz0buegp author: Gushulak, BD title: Migrants and emerging public health issues in a globalized world: threats, risks and challenges, an evidence-based framework date: 2010-03-31 words: 7626.0 sentences: 382.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345843-yz0buegp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345843-yz0buegp.txt summary: The thesis that human population mobility is itself a major determinant of global public health is supported in this article by review of the published literature from the perspective of determinants of health (such as genetics/biology, behavior, environment, and socioeconomics), population-based disease prevalence differences, existing national and international health policies and regulations, as well as inter-regional shifts in population demographics and health outcomes. In migration health, threat and risk identification, assessment and management rarely occur ''pre-event.'' Examples of poorly studied health threats of potential societal and public health importance include domestic violence against migrant women in destination locations, 42,43 long-term impact of dietary changes 44,45 on the incidence of cardiovascular disease, 46 diabetes, 47 and certain forms of cancer in foreignborn migrants and their locally born offspring, 48 or the importation of health services or pharmaceutical products 49 from less-regulated environments, representing traditional but often unregulated or unmonitored patterns of self-care. abstract: International population mobility is an underlying factor in the emergence of public health threats and risks that must be managed globally. These risks are often related, but not limited, to transmissible pathogens. Mobile populations can link zones of disease emergence to lowprevalence or nonendemic areas through rapid or high-volume international movements, or both. Against this background of human movement, other global processes such as economics, trade, transportation, environment and climate change, as well as civil security influence the health impacts of disease emergence. Concurrently, global information systems, together with regulatory frameworks for disease surveillance and reporting, affect organizational and public awareness of events of potential public health significance. International regulations directed at disease mitigation and control have not kept pace with the growing challenges associated with the volume, speed, diversity, and disparity of modern patterns of human movement. The thesis that human population mobility is itself a major determinant of global public health is supported in this article by review of the published literature from the perspective of determinants of health (such as genetics/biology, behavior, environment, and socioeconomics), population-based disease prevalence differences, existing national and international health policies and regulations, as well as inter-regional shifts in population demographics and health outcomes. This paper highlights some of the emerging threats and risks to public health, identifies gaps in existing frameworks to manage health issues associated with migration, and suggests changes in approach to population mobility, globalization, and public health. The proposed integrated approach includes a broad spectrum of stakeholders ranging from individual health-care providers to policy makers and international organizations that are primarily involved in global health management, or are influenced by global health events. url: https://doi.org/10.3134/ehtj.09.010 doi: 10.3134/ehtj.09.010 id: cord-343347-guciupc8 author: Hajj Hussein, Inaya title: Vaccines Through Centuries: Major Cornerstones of Global Health date: 2015-11-26 words: 12280.0 sentences: 573.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343347-guciupc8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343347-guciupc8.txt summary: Consequently, this work tried to put together the major achievements through history stressing the importance, continuous vital role, and the need for immunization for health prevention and protection as well as its impact on human experience. A few years later, word of his success circulated among the public, and Jenner wrote "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, a Disease Discovered in some of the Western Counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire and Known by the Name of CowPox, " after adding several cases to his initial achievement with the boy Phipps. Takahashi was able to make this remarkable advance at a time when very few viruses had been attenuated to produce efficacious live-virus vaccines including yellow fever, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella as previously mentioned. As a result of these successful trials, the live varicella virus vaccine (Varivax) was licensed in 1995 for the active immunization of persons 12 months of age and older (51) . abstract: Multiple cornerstones have shaped the history of vaccines, which may contain live-attenuated viruses, inactivated organisms/viruses, inactivated toxins, or merely segments of the pathogen that could elicit an immune response. The story began with Hippocrates 400 B.C. with his description of mumps and diphtheria. No further discoveries were recorded until 1100 A.D. when the smallpox vaccine was described. During the eighteenth century, vaccines for cholera and yellow fever were reported and Edward Jenner, the father of vaccination and immunology, published his work on smallpox. The nineteenth century was a major landmark, with the “Germ Theory of disease” of Louis Pasteur, the discovery of the germ tubercle bacillus for tuberculosis by Robert Koch, and the isolation of pneumococcus organism by George Miller Sternberg. Another landmark was the discovery of diphtheria toxin by Emile Roux and its serological treatment by Emil Von Behring and Paul Ehrlih. In addition, Pasteur was able to generate the first live-attenuated viral vaccine against rabies. Typhoid vaccines were then developed, followed by the plague vaccine of Yersin. At the beginning of World War I, the tetanus toxoid was introduced, followed in 1915 by the pertussis vaccine. In 1974, The Expanded Program of Immunization was established within the WHO for bacille Calmette–Guerin, Polio, DTP, measles, yellow fever, and hepatitis B. The year 1996 witnessed the launching of the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative. In 1988, the WHO passed a resolution to eradicate polio by the year 2000 and in 2006; the first vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was developed. In 2010, “The Decade of vaccines” was launched, and on April 1st 2012, the United Nations launched the “shot@Life” campaign. In brief, the armamentarium of vaccines continues to grow with more emphasis on safety, availability, and accessibility. This mini review highlights the major historical events and pioneers in the course of development of vaccines, which have eradicated so many life-threatening diseases, despite the vaccination attitudes and waves appearing through history. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00269 id: cord-315131-4yb2b70g author: Hammerschmidt, Sven title: Threat of infection: Microbes of high pathogenic potential – strategies for detection, control and eradication date: 2005-06-28 words: 7177.0 sentences: 343.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315131-4yb2b70g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315131-4yb2b70g.txt summary: This report highlights some of the lectures that were presented during the international symposium ''Threat of infection: Microbes of high potential -strategies for detection, control and eradication'' in July 2004 in Wu¨rzburg (Germany). E. Kaufmann (Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology (MPI), Berlin) suggested that the following vaccination strategies against intracellular bacteria deserve consideration: (i) attenuated viable strains, (ii) naked DNA encoding protective antigens and (iii) protective antigens expressed by recombinant viable vectors (bacteria or viruses). Based on the initial finding that several live-attenuated PrV vaccine strains lack a major surface antigen (glycoprotein E, gE) which is invariably present in all field strains (Mettenleiter et al., 1985) , a simple ELISA system has been developed that is able to specifically detect the presence or absence of anti-gE antibodies in the animal (van Oirschot et al., 1986) . abstract: Abstract Infectious diseases due to microbes of high pathogenic potential remain a constant and variable threat for human and animal health. The emergence of new diseases or the re-emergence of diseases that were previously under control complicates the situation to date. Infectious disease research, which has undergone a dramatic progress in understanding disease mechanisms such as host–pathogen interactions, is now focusing increasingly on new strategies for prevention and therapy. Significant progress has been achieved in the development of delivery systems for protective heterologous protein antigens and in veterinary vaccinology. A landmark of infectious diseases research is the chemical synthesis of genomes, a major new field of research referred to as “synthetic biology”, that to date has resulted in the chemical synthesis of the poliovirus and of phage φX174 genomes and their expression as infectious viruses. On the molecular level the evolution of pathogens and mechanisms of genome flexibility, which account for several pathogenic properties of infectious agents, have received increased attention. Bacterial toxins are an additional threat to human health and their interference with host cells and cellular functions is receiving more attention. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422105000457 doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2005.03.004 id: cord-292575-vsswxwdi author: Hammou, Rahma Ait title: Chapter 7 Scientific Advances in the Diagnosis of Emerging and Reemerging Viral Human Pathogens date: 2020-12-31 words: 8496.0 sentences: 402.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292575-vsswxwdi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292575-vsswxwdi.txt summary: It is in this context that this chapter aims to discuss the various scientific advances, particularly molecular, in terms of diagnosis of these diseases; the new discoveries in the role of nanotechnologies and nanobiosensors; and also the implication of biomarkers, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), since it was reported that a single miRNA has the ultimate capacity to target multiple genes simultaneously. The availability of nucleic acidÀbased technology, such as real-time PCR, along with conventional staining and culture methods and immunoassays, can provide laboratories of many sizes with a comprehensive and responsible approach for the detection of both commonly encountered and emerging or reemerging pathogens. As is the case for SARS, agents of bioterrorism, and the other pathogens, rapid diagnostic methods, such as real-time PCR, and microarray will likely play a major role in the early and sensitive detection of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases encountered in the future. abstract: Abstract Despite scientific advances, the diagnosis of infectious diseases is primarily possible through vaccination and later by antibiotics. Emerging and reemerging pathologies are still considered to be dangerous to humanity because of the unique nature of these diseases: it is the encounter between two living organisms that have coexisted for millions of years within the people on the same planet without being previously recognized. These infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, pose no threat to humans. In fact, only a few hundred are able to inflict damage to the human host. In addition, the spectrum of human disease caused by a particular pathogen varies considerably depending on the factors related to the ecological agent, the host, and the infectious agents. Several emerging or reemerging infectious agents are organisms that could be used in biological control. The differentiation of a natural epidemic from a bioterrorian event is based on several epidemiological indices as well as on the molecular characterization of the pathogen(s) involved. The role of pathologists is indeed very important. It is in this context that this chapter aims to discuss the various scientific advances, particularly molecular, in terms of diagnosis of these diseases; the new discoveries in the role of nanotechnologies and nanobiosensors; and also the implication of biomarkers, especially microRNAs (miRNAs), since it was reported that a single miRNA has the ultimate capacity to target multiple genes simultaneously. In a viral infection context, miRNAs have been connected with the interplay between host and pathogen and occupy a major role in the host–parasite interaction and pathogenesis. It is in this context that various molecular and nanomethods for the detection of emerging viruses and experimental validation of miRNAs during quelling viruses target transcripts will be discussed in this chapter. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012814966900007X doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-814966-9.00007-x id: cord-258093-6fn8ei9f author: Hanania, Nicola A. title: Asthma in the elderly: Current understanding and future research needs—a report of a National Institute on Aging (NIA) workshop date: 2011-08-25 words: 17044.0 sentences: 940.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258093-6fn8ei9f.txt summary: The aging lung Large, longitudinal, and more complete studies to determine the effects of aging on the function of the respiratory system Improved knowledge about lung structure-function relationships in older age using techniques of imaging and measures of lung function not requiring effort (eg, high-resolution computed tomographic scanning and forced oscillation) Improved assessment of lung processes underlying airflow limitation attributable to aging versus COPD or asthma, especially in asthmatic patients who smoke Studies to examine the effects of aging in ethnic groups and the role of gender Epidemiology, effect, diagnosis, and management Determine the true prevalence and cost of asthma in the older population Develop a uniform definition of asthma to be applied to health care records that will distinguish asthma from COPD and mixed asthma/COPD Evaluate evidence-based treatment algorithms for older asthmatic patients, such as those developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and Global Initiative For Asthma guidelines 7 Assess the effect of asthma treatment, including direct medical costs of care, indirect costs of care, and value of treatment in improving quality of life 8, 9 Assess the effect of comorbid conditions, especially COPD and congestive heart failure, on asthma 9 Characterize phenotypes of elderly asthma with regard to responses to therapy and long-term outcomes based on age of onset, duration of disease, and environmental triggers Develop algorithms for electronic medical record systems that are asthma-specific Evaluate effects of current asthma medications in older patients compared with younger patients Identify pharmacogenetic determinants of response to asthma medications in older adults Identify simpler and safer drug delivery systems and schedules for older adults Develop simple methods to differentiate COPD from asthma exacerbations in older adults abstract: Asthma in the elderly is underdiagnosed and undertreated, and there is a paucity of knowledge on the subject. The National Institute on Aging convened this workshop to identify what is known and what gaps in knowledge remain and suggest research directions needed to improve the understanding and care of asthma in the elderly. Asthma presenting at an advanced age often has similar clinical and physiologic consequences as seen with younger patients, but comorbid illnesses and the psychosocial effects of aging might affect the diagnosis, clinical presentation, and care of asthma in this population. At least 2 phenotypes exist among elderly patients with asthma; those with longstanding asthma have more severe airflow limitation and less complete reversibility than those with late-onset asthma. Many challenges exist in the recognition and treatment of asthma in the elderly. Furthermore, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of asthma in the elderly are likely to be different from those seen in young asthmatic patients, and these differences might influence the clinical course and outcomes of asthma in this population. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21872730/ doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.048 id: cord-337487-1lbopaso author: Hansildaar, Romy title: Cardiovascular risk in inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis and gout date: 2020-09-01 words: 9481.0 sentences: 480.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337487-1lbopaso.txt summary: The underlying pathophysiology of increased cardiovascular risk relevant to inflammatory arthritis, as well as the observed effect of antiinflammatory and disease modifying treatments such as uratelowering therapies in gout, will be reviewed and discussed. Postulated shared mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis and gout are systemic inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS)induced oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which lead to atherosclerosis (figure 2). 59 Another study found an increased prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, which correlated primarily with disease activity and with antiinflammatory treat ments (ie, conventional synthetic DMARDs and biological DMARDs). Rheumatoid arthritis and gout-two inflammatory joint diseases with different underlying causes-are associated with about a 50-70% increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population. Diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study abstract: The increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis and gout has been increasingly acknowledged in past decades, with accumulating evidence that gout, just as with rheumatoid arthritis, is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Although both diseases have a completely different pathogenesis, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in systemic inflammation overlap to some extent. Following the recognition that systemic inflammation has an important causative role in cardiovascular disease, anti-inflammatory therapy in both conditions and urate-lowering therapies in gout are expected to lower the cardiovascular burden of patients. Unfortunately, much of the existing data showing that urate-lowering therapy has consistent beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with gout are of low quality and contradictory. We will discuss the latest evidence in this respect. Cardiovascular disease risk management for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and gout is essential. Clinical guidelines and implementation of cardiovascular risk management in daily clinical practice, as well as unmet needs and areas for further investigation, will be discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30221-6 doi: 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30221-6 id: cord-312580-r57rkrya author: Harcourt-Brown, Frances title: Chapter 6 Clinical pathology date: 2002-12-31 words: 12627.0 sentences: 822.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312580-r57rkrya.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312580-r57rkrya.txt summary: (1982) analysed the haematolog-• Rabbit blood clots quickly and haemolyses easily • Food deprivation does not guarantee a fasting blood sample as rabbits ingest caecotrophs • Stress associated with transport or handling can affect parameters such as blood glucose and the distribution of neutrophils and lymphocytes • Pregnancy, anaesthesia, blood collection techniques and intravenous fluid therapy will influence some blood results • Time of day can influence blood results as many parameters follow a duirnal rhythm in common with many physiological processes in rabbits • Laboratory reference ranges are often derived from animals of the same breed and strain. In two studies by Krueger (1988, 1989) controlled experimental infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans resulted in fever, increased plasma cortisol concentrations, neutrophilia and lymphopaenia but no significant increase in total white blood cell count. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780750640022500096 doi: 10.1016/b978-075064002-2.50009-6 id: cord-007437-mktbkn1u author: Harris, Mallory J. title: Early warning signals of malaria resurgence in Kericho, Kenya date: 2020-03-18 words: 3309.0 sentences: 154.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007437-mktbkn1u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007437-mktbkn1u.txt summary: Nine of the statistics increased as predicted and variance, the first difference of variance, autocovariance, lag-1 autocorrelation and decay time returned early warning signals of critical slowing down based on permutation tests. Here, we show the evidence of critical slowing down in a time series of monthly Plasmodium falciparum malaria case incidence leading up to a resurgence in Kericho, Kenya. Our conclusion is that the statistical signatures of critical slowing down may be detected in ordinary surveillance data prior to disease resurgence and therefore should be incorporated into monitoring programmes and decision support for proactive response. A related problem is that the models of the disease system approaching a critical transition used to identify potential early warning signals consider the total number of infectious individuals, whereas reported data (such as studied here) reflect the number of cases reported in a sampling interval (here, monthly hospital reports) [16, 26] . abstract: Campaigns to eliminate infectious diseases could be greatly aided by methods for providing early warning signals of resurgence. Theory predicts that as a disease transmission system undergoes a transition from stability at the disease-free equilibrium to sustained transmission, it will exhibit characteristic behaviours known as critical slowing down, referring to the speed at which fluctuations in the number of cases are dampened, for instance the extinction of a local transmission chain after infection from an imported case. These phenomena include increases in several summary statistics, including lag-1 autocorrelation, variance and the first difference of variance. Here, we report the first empirical test of this prediction during the resurgence of malaria in Kericho, Kenya. For 10 summary statistics, we measured the approach to criticality in a rolling window to quantify the size of effect and directions. Nine of the statistics increased as predicted and variance, the first difference of variance, autocovariance, lag-1 autocorrelation and decay time returned early warning signals of critical slowing down based on permutation tests. These results show that time series of disease incidence collected through ordinary surveillance activities may exhibit characteristic signatures prior to an outbreak, a phenomenon that may be quite general among infectious disease systems. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115183/ doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0713 id: cord-262281-56tbrl8a author: Hawkes, C. H. title: Parkinson''s disease: a dual‐hit hypothesis date: 2007-10-24 words: 8191.0 sentences: 387.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262281-56tbrl8a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262281-56tbrl8a.txt summary: Accumulating evidence suggests that sporadic Parkinson''s disease has a long prodromal period during which several non‐motor features develop, in particular, impairment of olfaction, vagal dysfunction and sleep disorder. Additional studies not only have corroborated the initial involvement of anterior olfactory structures, but also have pointed to an early involvement of the enteric nerve cell plexuses as well as of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the intermediate reticular zone in the lower brainstem [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . The next sizeable investigations using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) showed that age-matched olfactory dysfunction did not relate to odour type, was independent of disease duration, and did not correspond with motor function, tremor or cognition [31, 32] . Daniel and Hawkes [102] examined olfactory bulbs and tracts in eight controls as well as eight patients with a clinical and pathological diagnosis of PD taken from the United Kingdom Parkinson''s Disease Brain Bank. abstract: Accumulating evidence suggests that sporadic Parkinson's disease has a long prodromal period during which several non‐motor features develop, in particular, impairment of olfaction, vagal dysfunction and sleep disorder. Early sites of Lewy pathology are the olfactory bulb and enteric plexus of the stomach. We propose that a neurotropic pathogen, probably viral, enters the brain via two routes: (i) nasal, with anterograde progression into the temporal lobe; and (ii) gastric, secondary to swallowing of nasal secretions in saliva. These secretions might contain a neurotropic pathogen that, after penetration of the epithelial lining, could enter axons of the Meissner's plexus and, via transsynaptic transmission, reach the preganglionic parasympathetic motor neurones of the vagus nerve. This would allow retrograde transport into the medulla and, from here, into the pons and midbrain until the substantia nigra is reached and typical aspects of disease commence. Evidence for this theory from the perspective of olfactory and autonomic dysfunction is reviewed, and the possible routes of pathogenic invasion are considered. It is concluded that the most parsimonious explanation for the initial events of sporadic Parkinson's disease is pathogenic access to the brain through the stomach and nose – hence the term ‘dual‐hit’. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17961138/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00874.x id: cord-018116-99z6ykb2 author: Healing, Tim title: Surveillance and Control of Communicable Disease in Conflicts and Disasters date: 2009 words: 8922.0 sentences: 479.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018116-99z6ykb2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018116-99z6ykb2.txt summary: They must be able to • assess the health status of the population affected and identify the main health priorities • monitor the development and determine the severity of any health emergency that develops (including monitoring the incidence of and case fatality rates from diseases, receiving early warning of epidemics and monitoring responses) At first sight, undertaking public health activities in emergencies, especially in conflicts, may seem to be difficult or impossible. In other types of disaster public health activities may be expected to be less affected by the security situation than in a war (although aid workers may be at risk if populations are severely deprived of resources such as food, shelter, water, or cash), and with limited access and damage to communication systems and other parts of the infrastructure assessment, surveillance and control activities can be severely restricted. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122909/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-84800-352-1_13 id: cord-321993-uazc3lyg author: Hedrick, Stephen M. title: The Imperative to Vaccinate date: 2018-10-31 words: 4188.0 sentences: 239.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321993-uazc3lyg.txt summary: A simplified version is that diffuse or small host populations cannot sustain an acutely infectious agent, meaning one in which infection is followed by clearance and long-term immunity. So, in addition to the endless parade of cold viruses that circulate among us, we acquired a great many deadly infectious agents, such as those that cause diphtheria, influenza, measles, meningitis, mumps, plague, rubella, smallpox, typhus, whooping cough, and others. Smallpox eradication was our first and thus far only complete victory over a human disease-causing agent, made possible by universal, global vaccination, and intensive surveillance. Vaccination effectively reduces the number and density of the disease-susceptible people, making acutely infectious agents unsustainable in the population. The risk of disease for any individual is thus most importantly dependent on the collective immunity of the population, especially those most susceptible to infection, usually the youngest children and oldest adults. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0022347618308667 doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.041 id: cord-021259-spteznv7 author: Heikkilä, Jaakko title: Anything left for animal disease insurance? A choice experiment approach date: 2016-07-07 words: 7994.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021259-spteznv7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021259-spteznv7.txt summary: In this study, we undertook a farm survey in Finland employing a choice experiment to study the willingness to pay for animal disease insurance products. The above topics were studied through a choice experiment, where Finnish pig and poultry producers indicated their willingness to buy different kinds of insurance products. A questionnaire was sent to all commercial pig and poultry producers in Finland, enquiring for instance their disease history (information on previous disease outbreaks at the farm), current insurance cover (all types of insurance) and the biosecurity measures used on their farm. More specifically, the questionnaire included a list of 24 different biosecurity measures, such as whether the production facilities are compartmentalised, whether the farm employs all-in-all-outprinciple, whether there is protective clothing available for visitors, whether the producers participate in disease-related training and so on. The negative and highly significant coefficients of compensated damages suggest that regardless of the attribute levels, many respondents preferred to choose the no buy option, i.e. not to purchase insurance. abstract: Animal disease insurance plays only a minor role in public activities related to animal diseases in animal production in Europe, and the current situation is likely to persist as long as producers place strong faith on public compensation schemes. In this study, we undertook a farm survey in Finland employing a choice experiment to study the willingness to pay for animal disease insurance products. We found that producers’ willingness to pay for animal disease insurance is relatively low, even if consequential losses are covered. However, attributes of the insurance products which increased the likelihood of the producer wishing to purchase the product in a statistically significant manner were identified. The most important attribute was a low deductible. Using latent class analysis, four classes of producers were identified, those who were (1) not interested, (2) weakly interested or (3) strongly interested in insurance, and additionally, (4) a group who emphasised biosecurity measures but was not willing to purchase insurance. Those primarily interested in insurance were typically young, well-educated producers from large farms, and they already had a good level of biosecurity on their farms. However, the majority of the respondents preferred not to purchase insurance. The analysis suggests that commercial production animal disease insurance may need to be subsidised or otherwise made more attractive to producers, and even so, many producers might consider it unnecessary. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149207/ doi: 10.1007/s41130-016-0021-6 id: cord-325112-7ie23c7f author: Heimer, Carol A. title: The uses of disorder in negotiated information orders: information leveraging and changing norms in global public health governance date: 2018-10-04 words: 10440.0 sentences: 448.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325112-7ie23c7f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325112-7ie23c7f.txt summary: Using SARS and the International Health Regulations (IHR) as a starting point, this article examines negotiated information orders in global public health governance and the irregularities in the supply of data that underlie them. Negotiated information orders within and among the organizations in a field (here, e.g., the World Health Organization, member states, government agencies, and international non‐governmental organizations) spell out relationships among different categories of knowledge and non‐knowledge – what is known, acknowledged to be known, and available for use in decision making versus what might be known but cannot be acknowledged or officially used. Thus although the long silence of the Chinese government was not technically a violation of the IHR, it nevertheless appeared dishonest and inappropriate to the international community, undermining rather than supporting emerging cooperative norms and in fact harming global public health by allowing the new disease to spread beyond China''s borders. abstract: The SARS epidemic that broke out in late 2002 in China’s Guangdong Province highlighted the difficulties of reliance on state‐provided information when states have incentives to conceal discrediting information about public health threats. Using SARS and the International Health Regulations (IHR) as a starting point, this article examines negotiated information orders in global public health governance and the irregularities in the supply of data that underlie them. Negotiated information orders within and among the organizations in a field (here, e.g., the World Health Organization, member states, government agencies, and international non‐governmental organizations) spell out relationships among different categories of knowledge and non‐knowledge – what is known, acknowledged to be known, and available for use in decision making versus what might be known but cannot be acknowledged or officially used. Through information leveraging, technically sufficient information then becomes socially sufficient information. Thus it is especially information initially categorized as non‐knowledge – including suppressed data, rumour, unverified evidence, and unofficial information – that creates pressure for the renegotiation of information orders. The argument and evidence of the article also address broader issues about how international law and global norms are realigned, how global norms change, and how social groups manage risk. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30288737/ doi: 10.1111/1468-4446.12495 id: cord-017012-yl0vanuh author: Herberg, Jethro title: Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date: 2009 words: 23980.0 sentences: 1301.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017012-yl0vanuh.txt summary: Renal involvement in infectious diseases may occur by a variety of mechanisms: direct microbial invasion of the renal tissues or collecting system may take place in conditions such as staphylococcal abscess of the kidney as a result of septicemic spread of the organism or as a consequence of ascending infection; damage to the kidney may be caused by the systemic release of endotoxin or other toxins and activation of the inflammatory cascade during septicemia or by a focus of infection distant from the kidney; ischemic damage may result from inadequate perfusion induced by septic shock; the kidney may be damaged by activation of the immunologic pathways or by immune complexes resulting from the infectious process. However, in addition to this post-infection immunologically mediated disorder, in recent years there have been increasing reports of GAS causing acute renal failure as part of an invasive infection with many features of the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (28) . abstract: The kidney is involved in a wide range of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic diseases. In most systemic infections, renal involvement is a minor component of the illness, but in some, renal failure may be the presenting feature and the major problem in management. Although individual infectious processes may have a predilection to involve the renal vasculature, glomeruli, interstitium, or collecting systems, a purely anatomic approach to the classification of infectious diseases affecting the kidney is rarely helpful because most infections may involve several different aspects of renal function. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121468/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-76341-3_52 id: cord-348141-eskefcwk author: Herrington, CS title: Viruses and disease: emerging concepts for prevention, diagnosis and treatment date: 2014-12-11 words: 2120.0 sentences: 93.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348141-eskefcwk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348141-eskefcwk.txt summary: Articles on emerging diseases caused by Ebola virus, Marburg virus, coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS, Nipah virus and noroviruses are followed by reviews of enteroviruses, HIV infection, measles, mumps, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). The issue concludes with a series of articles reviewing the relationship between viruses and cancer, including the role played by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and carcinoma; how human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the development of skin cancer; the involvement of hepatitis B virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma; and the mechanisms by which Kaposi''s sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) leads to Kaposi''s sarcoma. Nevertheless, in this new era, pathology will continue to be a vital component of identifying the true relationships between viruses and human disease, and we hope that this Annual Review Issue will serve as a blueprint for future studies in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of virus-related conditions through an improved understanding of the processes involved. abstract: Viruses cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from acute self‐resolving conditions to acute fatal diseases. Effects that arise long after the primary infection can also increase the propensity for chronic conditions or lead to the development of cancer. Recent advances in the fields of virology and pathology have been fundamental in improving our understanding of viral pathogenesis, in providing improved vaccination strategies and in developing newer, more effective treatments for patients worldwide. The reviews assembled here focus on the interface between virology and pathology and encompass aspects of both the clinical pathology of viral disease and the underlying disease mechanisms. Articles on emerging diseases caused by Ebola virus, Marburg virus, coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS, Nipah virus and noroviruses are followed by reviews of enteroviruses, HIV infection, measles, mumps, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). The issue concludes with a series of articles reviewing the relationship between viruses and cancer, including the role played by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and carcinoma; how human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the development of skin cancer; the involvement of hepatitis B virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma; and the mechanisms by which Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV) leads to Kaposi's sarcoma. We hope that this collection of articles will be of interest to a wide range of scientists and clinicians at a time when there is a renaissance in the appreciation of the power of pathology as virologists dissect the processes of disease. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25366544/ doi: 10.1002/path.4476 id: cord-315462-u2dj79yw author: Hewitt, Judith A. title: ACTIVating Resources for the COVID-19 Pandemic: In vivo Models for Vaccines and Therapeutics date: 2020-10-01 words: 8953.0 sentences: 469.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315462-u2dj79yw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315462-u2dj79yw.txt summary: The selection of appropriate animal models of infection, disease manifestation, and efficacy measurements is important for vaccines and therapeutics to be compared under ACTIV''s umbrella using Master Protocols with standardized endpoints and assay readouts. Models of SARS-CoV-2 infection include mice (ACE2 transgenic strains, mouse adapted virus, and AAV transduced ACE2 mice), hamsters, rats, ferrets and non-human primates (NHPs). Following infection by the intranasal route, golden Syrian Hamsters demonstrate clinical features, viral kinetics, histopathological changes, and immune responses that closely mimic the mild to moderate disease described in human COVID-19 patients (Chan et al., 2020b; Imai et al., 2020; Sia et al., 2020) . In an initial study of SARS-CoV-2 infection of hACE2-hamsters, clinical signs were observed including elevated body temperatures, slow or reduced mobility, weight loss and mortality (1 out of 4 animals). Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 transgenic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop severe and fatal respiratory disease. abstract: The Preclinical Working Group of Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV), a public-private partnership spearheaded by the National Institutes of Health, was charged with identifying, prioritizing, and communicating SARS-CoV-2 preclinical resources. Reviewing SARS-CoV-2 animal model data facilitates standardization and harmonization and informs knowledge gaps and prioritization of limited resources. To date, mouse, hamster, ferret, guinea pig, and non-human primates have been investigated. Several species are permissive for SARS-CoV-2 replication, often exhibiting mild disease with resolution, reflecting most human COVID-19 cases. More severe disease develops in a few models, some associated with advanced age, a risk factor for human disease. This review provides a snapshot that recommends the suitability of models for testing vaccines and therapeutics, which may evolve as our understanding of COVID-19 disease biology improves. COVID-19 is a complex disease and individual models recapitulate certain aspects of disease; therefore, the coordination and assessment of animal models is imperative. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312820305217?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.09.016 id: cord-021491-x8czsmyd author: Hoefer, Heidi L. title: Gastrointestinal Diseases date: 2009-05-18 words: 10306.0 sentences: 678.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021491-x8czsmyd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021491-x8czsmyd.txt summary: Differential diagnosis includes the presence of an esophageal or GI foreign body, gastritis, influenza, and respiratory diseases. Causes of GI ulceration include foreign body or toxin ingestion, Helicobacter mustelae infection, treatment with ulcerogenic drugs, GI neoplasia, and azotemia caused by renal disease. H. mustelae infection in ferrets is associated with varying degrees of gastritis, with or without duodenitis, and it can result in ulcer formation. mustelae gastritis may be a diagnosis of exclusion of other common disorders, such as the presence of a GI foreign body; treatment for H. Antacid therapy may not be helpful in the early treatment of Helicobacter infection because affected ferrets usually develop hypochlorhydria. The most common noninfectious causes of diarrhea include dietary indiscretion, foreign body ingestion, trichobezoar, and inflammatory bowel disease. mustelae gastritis, PBD, and eosinophilic gastroenteritis all cause diarrhea and wasting in ferrets. Severe gastritis may be evident in gastric biopsy samples from ferrets showing no signs of clinical disease. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150005/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-169377-6/50005-8 id: cord-343421-k1dqe4lk author: Hoelzer, Karin title: Vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics for food producing animals. Part 2: new approaches and potential solutions date: 2018-07-31 words: 9639.0 sentences: 428.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343421-k1dqe4lk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343421-k1dqe4lk.txt summary: Promising breakthroughs to overcome these limitations include new biotechnology techniques, new oral vaccine approaches, novel adjuvants, new delivery strategies based on bacterial spores, and live recombinant vectors; they also include new vaccination strategies in-ovo, and strategies that simultaneously protect against multiple pathogens. Oral vectored vaccines have also been developed for several other veterinary applications, including some economically important diseases of food-producing animals that are associated with considerable antibiotic use such as porcine circovirus type-2 (PCV-2); in some cases, the vaccine vector is a chimera containing parts of multiple microorganisms-for instance, an attenuated live vaccine may be used as the vector-and the resulting vaccine simultaneously confers protection against multiple diseases, for instance Marek''s disease and infectious bursal disease or Newcastle disease and avian influenza [63, 64] . perfringens strains in the gut of broilers is a promising approach, but the vaccine delivery strategy still needs to be optimized to achieve optimal antigen presentation to the mucosal immune system and provide improved protection. abstract: Vaccines and other alternative products are central to the future success of animal agriculture because they can help minimize the need for antibiotics by preventing and controlling infectious diseases in animal populations. To assess scientific advancements related to alternatives to antibiotics and provide actionable strategies to support their development, the United States Department of Agriculture, with support from the World Organisation for Animal Health, organized the second International Symposium on Alternatives to Antibiotics. It focused on six key areas: vaccines; microbial-derived products; non-nutritive phytochemicals; immune-related products; chemicals, enzymes, and innovative drugs; and regulatory pathways to enable the development and licensure of alternatives to antibiotics. This article, the second part in a two-part series, highlights new approaches and potential solutions for the development of vaccines as alternatives to antibiotics in food producing animals; opportunities, challenges and needs for the development of such vaccines are discussed in the first part of this series. As discussed in part 1 of this manuscript, many current vaccines fall short of ideal vaccines in one or more respects. Promising breakthroughs to overcome these limitations include new biotechnology techniques, new oral vaccine approaches, novel adjuvants, new delivery strategies based on bacterial spores, and live recombinant vectors; they also include new vaccination strategies in-ovo, and strategies that simultaneously protect against multiple pathogens. However, translating this research into commercial vaccines that effectively reduce the need for antibiotics will require close collaboration among stakeholders, for instance through public–private partnerships. Targeted research and development investments and concerted efforts by all affected are needed to realize the potential of vaccines to improve animal health, safeguard agricultural productivity, and reduce antibiotic consumption and resulting resistance risks. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-018-0561-7 doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0561-7 id: cord-304549-e8q8mck4 author: Holgate, Stephen T. title: Genetic and environmental interaction in allergy and asthma()() date: 2005-11-02 words: 4691.0 sentences: 252.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304549-e8q8mck4.txt summary: Abnormal signaling between the epithelium, which is in contact with the environment, and the underlying (myo)fibroblasts and dendritic cells indicating reactivation of the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit, which is involved in fetal lung development and branching, provide a basis for asthma that encapsulates both T(H)2 polarization and airway wall remodeling. Asthma is a complex disorder involving a combination of genetic and environmental interactions that culminate in a specific type of inflammation involving mast cells, eosinophils, and macrophages and polarization of T cell-mediated immunity toward enhanced production of cytokines encoded in a cluster on the long arm of chromosome 5. Two fundamental approaches are being used to discover susceptibility genes in asthma and atopy: linkage analysis with functional cloning and association analysis for mutations of "candidate" genes thought to be involved in disease pathogenesis. 55 In susceptible mice genetic linkage has shown that ozone-induced lung inflammation is directed by genes encoded on chromosome 17, including the strong candidate TNF-α, a pleiotropic cytokine generated during oxidant-induced cell injury. abstract: Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airways involving coordinate up-regulation of T(H)2-type cytokines encoded in a cluster on chromosome 5q(31-33) on T cells and inflammatory cells. There is also a requirement for local airway susceptibility factors that, together with T(H)2 polarization, results in hyperresponsiveness, variable airflow obstruction, and, over time, remodeling of the airway wall. Asthma has strong genetic and environmental components that interact both in the induction and subsequent expression of the disease phenotypes. Multiple genes are involved and probably interact. Whole genome screens are beginning to identify gene-rich regions of special relevance to asthma and atopy, although a novel disease-related gene has yet to be discovered from these. By contrast, there are a plethora of candidate genes whose function in relation to disease pathophysiologic mechanisms and response to treatment are known. Two examples are polymorphisms involving IL-4 receptors and the enzymes controlling cysteinyl leukotriene production. Abnormal signaling between the epithelium, which is in contact with the environment, and the underlying (myo)fibroblasts and dendritic cells indicating reactivation of the epithelial mesenchymal trophic unit, which is involved in fetal lung development and branching, provide a basis for asthma that encapsulates both T(H)2 polarization and airway wall remodeling. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:1139-46.) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10588993/ doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70005-9 id: cord-315180-itvc86cv author: Hollingsworth, T Déirdre title: Counting Down the 2020 Goals for 9 Neglected Tropical Diseases: What Have We Learned From Quantitative Analysis and Transmission Modeling? date: 2018-06-15 words: 4494.0 sentences: 193.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315180-itvc86cv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315180-itvc86cv.txt summary: In 2012, the World Health Organization set ambitious targets for eliminating many of these diseases as a public health problem by 2020, an aspiration that was supported by donations of treatments, intervention materials, and funding committed by a broad partnership of stakeholders in the London Declaration on NTDs. Alongside these efforts, there has been an increasing role for quantitative analysis and modeling to support the achievement of these goals through evaluation of the likely impact of interventions, the factors that could undermine these achievements, and the role of new diagnostics and treatments in reducing transmission. This article acts as an introduction for a special issue that aims to increase the accessibility of the results so far by summarizing insights from NTD models and identifying key themes for the control of these diseases. The modeling summarized in this issue highlights the value of vector control in reducing the infectiousness of all infected individuals, as well as the value of increasing diagnosis rates (Table 1) . abstract: The control of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) has received huge investment in recent years, leading to large reductions in morbidity. In 2012, the World Health Organization set ambitious targets for eliminating many of these diseases as a public health problem by 2020, an aspiration that was supported by donations of treatments, intervention materials, and funding committed by a broad partnership of stakeholders in the London Declaration on NTDs. Alongside these efforts, there has been an increasing role for quantitative analysis and modeling to support the achievement of these goals through evaluation of the likely impact of interventions, the factors that could undermine these achievements, and the role of new diagnostics and treatments in reducing transmission. In this special issue, we aim to summarize those insights in an accessible way. This article acts as an introduction to the special issue, outlining key concepts in NTDs and insights from modeling as we approach 2020. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy284 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy284 id: cord-324875-04s0ysih author: Honigsbaum, Mark title: Introduction: microbes, networks, knowledge—disease ecology and emerging infectious diseases in time of COVID-19 date: 2020-06-23 words: 4043.0 sentences: 148.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324875-04s0ysih.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324875-04s0ysih.txt summary: More than twenty years ago, historian of science and medicine Andrew Mendelsohn asked, "Where did the modern, ecological understanding of epidemic disease come from?" Moving beyond Mendelsohn''s answer, this collection of new essays considers the global history of disease ecology in the past century and shows how epidemics and pandemics have made "microbes complex". Adding to the complexities about the multiple intellectual origins of this nonreductionist perspective, terms such as "virulence," "pathogen," and "infection" have been historically defined in different ways in biology and medicine, creating semantic confusion about the nature of biological processes in host-parasite interactions (Méthot and Dentinger 2016) . In so doing, it could not help but provoke deep philosophical questions about what the French bacteriologist Charles Nicolle (1930) termed the "birth, life and death of infectious diseases" and the waxing and waning of epidemics in different historical epochs (see Méthot 2019a, this issue) , and what the Rockefeller researcher René Dubos called the "symbiosis between humankind and earth" (see Honigsbaum 2017a, b) . abstract: This is an introduction to the topical collection Microbes, Networks, Knowledge: Disease Ecology in the twentieth Century, based on a workshop held at Queen Mary, University London on July 6–7 2016. More than twenty years ago, historian of science and medicine Andrew Mendelsohn asked, “Where did the modern, ecological understanding of epidemic disease come from?” Moving beyond Mendelsohn’s answer, this collection of new essays considers the global history of disease ecology in the past century and shows how epidemics and pandemics have made “microbes complex”. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40656-020-00318-x doi: 10.1007/s40656-020-00318-x id: cord-268378-tcuv255v author: Hood, Ernie title: Evolutionary Medicine: A Powerful Tool for Improving Human Health date: 2008-02-13 words: 4588.0 sentences: 231.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268378-tcuv255v.txt summary: Evolution has not traditionally been considered to be an important aspect of medicine, and medical practitioners and researchers have not traditionally approached their work from the perspective offered by evolutionary biology. An evolutionary viewpoint pushes the focus out farther to look at long-term ecological relationships, including symbiotic bacteria, parasites and pathogens, historical lifestyles, and the genetics of populations. Evolution is providing clues about puzzling medical results, and studies of human health are giving us new information about the rate and driving forces of evolution. The group proposes to look for microevolutionary changes in the study population and to use the extensive medical data to correlate differences in genomic inheritance and phenotypic outcomes. Combined with the development of new technologies that have given us entire genomes and the tools with which to study them, these vast data sets have the potential to launch an evolutionary medicine revolution. abstract: Modern evolutionary research has much to contribute to medical research and health care practices. Conversely, evolutionary biologists are tapping into the rapidly expanding databases of medical genomic information to further their research. These two fields, which have historically functioned in almost complete isolation, are finding mutual benefit in the exchange of information. The long-term benefits of this synthesis of two major areas of research include improved health care. Recently, efforts to catalyze this relationship have brought together evolutionary biologists, medical practitioners, anthropologists, and ethicists to lay the groundwork for further collaboration and exploration. The range of overlap is surprisingly broad and potentially invaluable. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32218883/ doi: 10.1007/s12052-008-0036-9 id: cord-021825-4tkc61yq author: Hooks, John J. title: Infections Associated with Retinal Autoimmunity date: 2007-05-09 words: 4977.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021825-4tkc61yq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021825-4tkc61yq.txt summary: We will highlight two human diseases triggered by Onchocerca volvulus or Toxoplasma gondii and an experimental model referred to as experimental coronavirus retinopathy (ECOR), triggered by the murine coronavims, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV). During the early phase of the disease (day 1-8) the virus infects and replicates within the retina of both BALB/c and CD-1 mouse stains [9] . Initial studies in the ECOR system, showed that inoculation of this JHM strain into the vitreous or anterior chamber of BALB/c mice resulted in retinal tissue damage [7, 8] . Analysis of pooled retinal mRNAs from untreated, mock-injected and virus infected BALB/ c mice revealed the presence of IL-6, IFN-y and TNF-~ mRNAs in virus infected retinas isolated during the acute disease, day 4 and day 8 PI. We therefore, evaluated the development of a retinal degenerative disease and the development of antiretinal autoantibodies in these two strains of mice after inoculation with JHM virus [11] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152073/ doi: 10.1016/b978-044451271-0.50054-5 id: cord-018917-7px75s3c author: Hopkins, Richard S. title: Informatics in Disease Prevention and Epidemiology date: 2013-07-29 words: 7517.0 sentences: 337.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018917-7px75s3c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018917-7px75s3c.txt summary: This chapter provides a description of the components of disease prevention and control programs, and then focuses on information systems designed to support public health surveillance, epidemiologic investigation of cases and outbreaks, and case management. Public health surveillance systems may be based on data capture from a variety of sources, including case reports, population-based surveys, sentinel providers, electronic health records (including laboratory information management systems for ELR and emergency department records for syndromic surveillance), or administrative data (like hospital or physician claims for reimbursement). Information systems to support reportable disease surveillance contain records representing case reports that currently are, for the most part, entered manually into an application by public health staff, based on information received from doctors, infection control practitioners, hospitals, and laboratories. abstract: This chapter provides a description of the components of disease prevention and control programs, and then focuses on information systems designed to support public health surveillance, epidemiologic investigation of cases and outbreaks, and case management. For each such system, we describe sources used to acquire necessary data for use by public health agencies, and the technology used to clean, manage, organize, and display the information. We discuss challenges and successes in sharing information among these various systems, and opportunities presented by emerging technologies. Systems to support public health surveillance may support traditional passive case-reporting, as enhanced by electronic laboratory reporting and (emerging) direct reporting from electronic health records, and also a wide variety of different surveillance systems. We address syndromic surveillance and other novel approaches including registries for reporting and follow-up of cases of cancer, birth defects, lead poisoning, hepatitis B, etc., and population-based surveys (such as BRFSS or PRAMS). Systems to support epidemiologic investigation of outbreaks and clusters include generic tools such as Excel, SAS, SPSS, and R, and specialized tool-kits for epidemiologic analysis such as Epi-Info. In addition to supporting outbreak investigation, agencies also need systems to collect and manage summary information about outbreaks, investigations, and responses. Systems to support case management, contact tracing, and case-based disease control interventions are often integrated to some degree with surveillance systems. We focus on opportunities and choices in the design and implementation of these systems. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123923/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-4237-9_14 id: cord-016292-o4cw5ufy author: Horby, Peter W. title: Drivers of Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases date: 2014-07-19 words: 4012.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016292-o4cw5ufy.txt summary: However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. Whilst high animal host and pathogen species diversity may be associated with a high burden of infectious diseases and an increased risk of disease emergence, biodiversity loss may, perhaps counter-intuitively, be associated with increased disease transmission. Whilst there remains some debate about the overall impact of these findings on human health, it is clear that the continued use of non-therapeutic antibiotics in an agriculture industry that is rapidly increasing in scale and intensity, has potential for becoming a very real threat through the inability to prevent/cure disease in production animals and the consequences for human food security as well as the transmission, for example, of resistant food-borne bacterial pathogens to humans. abstract: This chapter discusses drivers of emerging infectious diseases (EID) of humans that have an origin in other vertebrate animals (zoonoses). This is a broad topic, worthy of a book in its own right. This chapter will therefore provide only an overview of key concepts of drivers of the emergence of zoonotic diseases, and particularly infectious diseases with a major disease burden in humans. As the authors mainly work in Asia, the focus of this chapter is Asia, but many of the lessons learned in this region are likely to apply elsewhere. More than 60 % of the world population live in Asia, a region with some of the fastest developing economies in the world. Yet, despite tremendous advances, infectious diseases still remain a major burden for the human population in Asia. Of the estimated 2.1 million deaths in children aged less than 5 years in Southeast Asia in 2010, 47 % are attributable to infectious causes (Liu et al., Lancet 379:2151–2161, 2012). As such, Asia is both vulnerable to imported EIDs and a global focus of major social and environmental change that may facilitate the emergence and dissemination of new pathogens. However, it would be too simplistic to present the extensive changes in Asia as inevitably increasing the risk of EIDs. Some aspects of socio-economic change might serve to reduce the overall risk of infectious disease emergence, but all ecosystem changes have the potential to provide new opportunities for microorganisms to spill-over into human populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120534/ doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_2 id: cord-264996-og3sg0qw author: Howell, Gareth J. title: Cell Biology of Membrane Trafficking in Human Disease date: 2006-09-17 words: 20320.0 sentences: 1072.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264996-og3sg0qw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264996-og3sg0qw.txt summary: Many of these transport intermediates or vesicles, whether derived from the ER, other internal organelles, or the plasma membrane, are ''''coated'''' with unique protein complexes, tethering factors, and regulatory factors that ensure correct targeting to an acceptor compartment. Breast cancer Caveolin-1 Deletion or dominant negative mutation of caveolin-1 promotes tumor progression Breast cancer (Bouras et al., 2004; Williams and Lisanti, 2005) (Hayasaka et al., 1993; Matsuyama et al., 2002) Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) CHS1/Lyst Lyst involved in regulation of protein secretion from lysosomes -enlarged lysosomes Partial albinism, recurrent bacterial infections, impaired chemotaxis and abnormal natural killer cell function (Shiflett et al., 2002; Ward et al., 2003) 214500 Choroideremia (CHM) Rab Escort Protein 1 (REP1) RAB27a remains cytosolic due to defective geranylgeranyl modification in CHM lymphoblasts X-linked form of retinal degeneration 303100 Various mechanisms control the traYcking of proteins from the TGN by the formation and delivery of membrane-derived transport vesicles to the plasma membrane, endosomes, or lysosomal structures (Ponnambalam and Baldwin, 2003) . abstract: Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying membrane traffic pathways is crucial to the treatment and cure of human disease. Various human diseases caused by changes in cellular homeostasis arise through a single gene mutation(s) resulting in compromised membrane trafficking. Many pathogenic agents such as viruses, bacteria, or parasites have evolved mechanisms to subvert the host cell response to infection, or have hijacked cellular mechanisms to proliferate and ensure pathogen survival. Understanding the consequence of genetic mutations or pathogenic infection on membrane traffic has also enabled greater understanding of the interactions between organisms and the surrounding environment. This review focuses on human genetic defects and molecular mechanisms that underlie eukaryote exocytosis and endocytosis and current and future prospects for alleviation of a variety of human diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16984815/ doi: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)52005-4 id: cord-259395-ytj21cit author: Hoyo, Javier Del title: Implementing Telemedicine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: is COVID-19 the definitive trigger? date: 2020-05-15 words: 1093.0 sentences: 60.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-259395-ytj21cit.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259395-ytj21cit.txt summary: the pandemic, we already lived times of overwhelmed consultations with financial constraints, and the promise of telemedicine for improving access to better health services at lower costs drew attention to its use. Moreover, the efficacy of telemedicine on health outcomes is inconsistent across different programs used in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and their value is difficult to establish when only few economic data are available. In a previous pilot trial, TECCU showed to be a safe strategy to improve health outcomes of complex IBD patients [3] , with a high probability of being more cost-effective in the short term compared to standard care and telephone care [4] . Maybe the pandemic has reduced reluctance amongst physicians to use telemedicine, but funders, policy-makers, providers and patients need to align their interests to implement remote healthcare successfully. In spite of the use of telephone and e-mail in many centers, the development of mature telemedicine programs integrated with electronic health records requires further collaborative efforts between different investigators. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0210570520301370 doi: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.05.002 id: cord-007713-611sp7uo author: Hughes, J. M. title: Emerging infectious diseases: the public’s view of the problem and what should be expected from the public health community date: 2005 words: 2683.0 sentences: 135.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007713-611sp7uo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007713-611sp7uo.txt summary: In 2003 alone, a newly recognized coronavirus spread across five continents sickening more than 8,000 people and causing 774 deaths from a new disease designated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [4] , the exotic animal trade resulted in the first cases of human monkeypox in the Western hemisphere [5] , and highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza virus killed humans and devastated the poultry industry in parts of Asia [6] -further heightening fears of pandemic influenza. Improving preparedness and response: lessons learned from recent outbreaks -Strengthening existing and developing new national and international partnerships -Training and educating a multidisciplinary workforce -Ensuring "full use" of investments -Encouraging transparency and political will -Fostering a global commitment to address inequities -Developing and implementing preparedness plans and research agendas -Proactively communicating with health professionals, the media, and the public While the first line of defense in controlling an outbreak remains strong national surveillance systems that can readily detect outbreaks, the SARS experience highlighted the importance of global disease detection efforts [13] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121075/ doi: 10.1007/3-211-29981-5_17 id: cord-330716-hbhtbgzd author: Hui, Zhang title: An analysis of the current status of hospital emergency preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks in Beijing, China date: 2007-02-28 words: 3681.0 sentences: 189.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330716-hbhtbgzd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330716-hbhtbgzd.txt summary: Data related to hospital demographic information and their emergency plans, laboratory diagnosis capacity, medical treatment procedures for infectious diseases, stockpiles of drugs and personal protective equipment, and staff training were collected. Approximately 93.3% of the hospitals surveyed reported that they had an emergency plan, and none of those reported that their laboratories were able to isolate and identify all 8 kinds of common pathogens of infectious diseases: 22.4% of the hospitals had medical treatment procedures for all these infectious diseases, 23.1% had stored specific drugs for treatment, 2.2% had all personal protective equipment, and 30.6% reported that their health care staff had been trained in hospital emergency preparedness for infectious diseases. 4, 5 All hospitals should have emergency plans; prepare beds, drugs, and equipment; and educate and train staff in advance to respond to a large scale infectious disease outbreak or other public health emergency. abstract: Background In the event of a large-scale infectious disease outbreak, hospitals will play a critical role. The objective of our study is to understand the current status of hospitals preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks in Beijing and to provide basic information for infectious disease prevention and control in hospitals. Methods One hundred fifty-two secondary and tertiary care hospitals in Beijing were surveyed by a standardized questionnaire. Data related to hospital demographic information and their emergency plans, laboratory diagnosis capacity, medical treatment procedures for infectious diseases, stockpiles of drugs and personal protective equipment, and staff training were collected. Results Responses were received from 134 (88.2%) of the 152 hospitals surveyed. Overall, hospitals reported that the number of physicians and nurses in infectious disease accounted for only 1.8% of the total physicians and 2.5% of the total nurses, and surgery beds accounted for 8.5% of all the fixed beds. Approximately 93.3% of the hospitals surveyed reported that they had an emergency plan, and none of those reported that their laboratories were able to isolate and identify all 8 kinds of common pathogens of infectious diseases: 22.4% of the hospitals had medical treatment procedures for all these infectious diseases, 23.1% had stored specific drugs for treatment, 2.2% had all personal protective equipment, and 30.6% reported that their health care staff had been trained in hospital emergency preparedness for infectious diseases. In general, emergency preparedness for infectious diseases in tertiary care hospitals was better than that in secondary care hospitals; the preparedness at general hospitals was better than that at specialized hospitals; and that at teaching hospitals was better than that at nonteaching hospitals. Conclusion Emergency preparedness for infectious disease at hospitals in Beijing was in an early stage of development during this survey. Comprehensive measures should be developed and implemented to enhance their capacity for infectious disease emergency. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655306005244 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.03.014 id: cord-008147-lyfh0ixi author: Hutber, Marcus title: The use of vaccines to control disease is not a simple matter date: 2006-09-07 words: 831.0 sentences: 52.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-008147-lyfh0ixi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-008147-lyfh0ixi.txt summary: The use of vaccines to control disease is not a simple matter The paper by Hägglund et al. Firstly, it presents empirical data, with rationales that are subsequently open to useful debate; secondly, the authors raise some valuable generic questions concerning the effectiveness of vaccination against a variety of infectious diseases. As the time period from vaccine administration to a protective boost of antibody levels can take several days, culling can be more effective as a control when disease transmission is rapid. However, in practical terms, the use of vaccines is complex and they can be less effective for disease control than other measures. (2006) indirectly highlights both quarantine and the restriction of livestock movements as effective measures for disease control and questions whether such biosecurity could enhance the impact of subsequent vaccinations presumably by maintaining and maximizing a clean susceptible pool. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129216/ doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.07.010 id: cord-307464-66eqh79t author: Hwang, Grace M. title: A model-based tool to predict the propagation of infectious disease via airports date: 2012-01-13 words: 5981.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307464-66eqh79t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307464-66eqh79t.txt summary: Influenza transmission; Susceptible-exposedinfectious-recovered (SEIR) disease-spread modeling; Public health aviation screening; Pandemic response; Points of entry Summary Epidemics of novel or re-emerging infectious diseases have quickly spread globally via air travel, as highlighted by pandemic H1N1 influenza in 2009 (pH1N1). We used a traditional Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model 20, 21 and an illustrative scheduled-flight dataset, to demonstrate how public health authorities could prioritize the allocation of responseresources in the U.S. at point of entry in response to a novel disease that was spreading rapidly outside of North America. To characterize possible patterns and rates of spread for an emerging infectious disease that could enter North America from various geographic points of origin, a prototypical novel pandemic influenza virus was simulated as an example of a human-to-human transmissible disease that is known to spread rapidly via air travel. abstract: Epidemics of novel or re-emerging infectious diseases have quickly spread globally via air travel, as highlighted by pandemic H1N1 influenza in 2009 (pH1N1). Federal, state, and local public health responders must be able to plan for and respond to these events at aviation points of entry. The emergence of a novel influenza virus and its spread to the United States were simulated for February 2009 from 55 international metropolitan areas using three basic reproduction numbers (R(0)): 1.53, 1.70, and 1.90. Empirical data from the pH1N1 virus were used to validate our SEIR model. Time to entry to the U.S. during the early stages of a prototypical novel communicable disease was predicted based on the aviation network patterns and the epidemiology of the disease. For example, approximately 96% of origins (R(0) of 1.53) propagated a disease into the U.S. in under 75 days, 90% of these origins propagated a disease in under 50 days. An R(0) of 1.53 reproduced the pH1NI observations. The ability to anticipate the rate and location of disease introduction into the U.S. provides greater opportunity to plan responses based on the scenario as it is unfolding. This simulation tool can aid public health officials to assess risk and leverage resources efficiently. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22245113/ doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2011.12.003 id: cord-293221-gf9wy4a9 author: Idowu, Abiodun Benjamin title: Ebola virus disease in the eyes of a rural, agrarian community in Western Nigeria: a mixed method study date: 2020-08-31 words: 4435.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293221-gf9wy4a9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293221-gf9wy4a9.txt summary: It is on this basis that this study was conducted to (assess) the knowledge, perceptions, beliefs and preventive practices against EVD in a predominantly agrarian rural community in Southwest Nigeria. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Igbogila town, Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria in the latter part of 2014 during the EVD outbreak. However, a closer look at past EVD outbreaks revealed that they often originated from rural agrarian communities where there are many misconceptions about the disease, refusal of early isolation and quarantine, and unsafe burial rites practices which aggravate epidemics [8, 9] . No case of EVD was recorded in the study area during the outbreak, nevertheless the limited data provides relevant information useful to researchers and other public health stakeholders in infectious disease prevention and control. Study on public knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to Ebola virus disease prevention and medical care in Sierra Leone abstract: BACKGROUND: Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe hemorrhagic disease caused by Ebola virus. Several outbreaks have been reported in Africa and often originated from remote agrarian communities where there are enormous misconceptions of the disease, refusal of early isolation and quarantine, and unsafe burial rites practices which aggravates the epidemics. It is on this basis that this study was conducted to (assess) the knowledge, perceptions, beliefs and preventive practices against EVD in a predominantly agrarian rural community in Southwest Nigeria. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Igbogila town, Yewa North Local Government Area of Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria in the latter part of 2014 during the EVD outbreak. Mixed methods were used for data collection. Quantitative data collection was done using a pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. Four hundred and seven respondents selected by multi-stage sampling technique were interviewed. Descriptive and inferential statistics were done, and the level of significance was set at 0.05. Qualitative data collection involved four focus group discussions a year after the epidemic was declared over in the country. The discussions were recorded, transcribed and analyzed along major themes. RESULTS: All respondents were aware of EVD with radio and television being the major sources of information. Knowledge of the disease was however very poor with many misconceptions and it was significantly influenced by educational level of respondent. EVD survivors will be welcomed back into the community by few residents (36.8%) and a much fewer proportion (27.2%) will freely entertain a survivor in their house. Most would prefer local herbalists over orthodox medical practitioners to care for their loved one in case they contract EVD. Although respondents knew that burying a victim is dangerous, they opposed cremation. CONCLUSION: There was poor knowledge of EVD with a lot of misconceptions. Community members were not pro-active about prevention with dire consequences in the event of an outbreak. Continuous public education should be done via mass media, traditional institutions and other community-based channels as part of emergency preparedness. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32867755/ doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09441-7 id: cord-293542-o0zspgrk author: Ippolito, G. title: Facing the threat of highly infectious diseases in Europe: the need for a networking approach date: 2014-12-12 words: 2641.0 sentences: 110.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293542-o0zspgrk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293542-o0zspgrk.txt summary: Recently, many global alarms involving infectious diseases-such as the anthrax crisis in the USA, the emergence of SARS, the pandemic threat posed by the highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1), and the cases of imported or autochthonous viral haemorrhagic fever (VHFs) in Europe-have highlighted the need to improve preparedness for these highly infectious diseases (HIDs), also in order to increase certain aspects of what is perceived in many areas as an issue of collective and national security [5] . For these reasons, creating new networks and enhancing those functioning well should be strongly promoted, in order to: 1 ensure a rapid and effective response to health threats deriving from natural infection by or deliberate release of HID agents; 2 stimulate complementarity and prevent duplication; 3 promote international cooperation, exchange of experience, good practice and protocols; 4 support the less prepared countries in the European Community. abstract: In recent years emerging and re-emerging infections, as well as the risk of bioterrorist events, have attracted increasing attention from health authorities because of the epidemic potential that renders some of them a real public health challenge. These highly infectious diseases (HIDs) are occurring more and more frequently in Europe, and despite the many initiatives in place to face them, many unsolved problems remain, and coordinated efforts for dealing with HIDs appear mandatory. Whereas uncoordinated measures would lead to only partial and poor responses to these emerging threats, networking represents a valuable approach to these diseases, in order to: (i) ensure a rapid and effective response; (ii) stimulate complementarity and prevent duplication; (iii) promote international cooperation, exchange of experience, good practice and protocols; and (iv) support the less prepared countries in the European Community. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19486072/ doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02876.x id: cord-262253-3ovqhypt author: Iqbal, Umar H. title: The Use of Antimicrobial and Antiviral Drugs in Alzheimer’s Disease date: 2020-07-12 words: 8832.0 sentences: 461.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262253-3ovqhypt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262253-3ovqhypt.txt summary: The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and tau proteins in the brain have been central characteristics in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer''s disease (AD), making them the focus of most of the research exploring potential therapeutics for this neurodegenerative disease. The present review will highlight the current understanding of amyloid-β, and the role of bacteria and viruses in AD, and will also explore the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs in Alzheimer''s disease. Alzheimer''s Disease Aβ amyloid-β AMP antimicrobial peptide APP amyloid precursor proteins BACE1 B-site ABPP cleaving enzyme BBB blood brain barrier CNS central nervous system HSV-1 herpes simplex virus-1 MBP-1 major basic protein-1 NFTS neurofibrillary tangles Protective Effect of Amyloid-beta Peptides Against Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Infection in a Neuronal Cell Culture Model The Alzheimer''s disease-associated amyloid beta-protein is an antimicrobial peptide Antivirals reduce the formation of key Alzheimer''s disease molecules in cell cultures acutely infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 abstract: The aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β plaques and tau proteins in the brain have been central characteristics in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), making them the focus of most of the research exploring potential therapeutics for this neurodegenerative disease. With success in interventions aimed at depleting amyloid-β peptides being limited at best, a greater understanding of the physiological role of amyloid-β peptides is needed. The development of amyloid-β plaques has been determined to occur 10–20 years prior to AD symptom manifestation, hence earlier interventions might be necessary to address presymptomatic AD. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that amyloid-β peptides may play a role in innate immunity as an antimicrobial peptide. These findings, coupled with the evidence of pathogens such as viruses and bacteria in AD brains, suggests that the buildup of amyloid-β plaques could be a response to the presence of viruses and bacteria. This has led to the foundation of the antimicrobial hypothesis for AD. The present review will highlight the current understanding of amyloid-β, and the role of bacteria and viruses in AD, and will also explore the therapeutic potential of antimicrobial and antiviral drugs in Alzheimer’s disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32664669/ doi: 10.3390/ijms21144920 id: cord-018017-c8myq6bi author: Iversen, Patrick L. title: The Threat from Viruses date: 2018-09-30 words: 11563.0 sentences: 615.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018017-c8myq6bi.txt summary: Numerous emerging infections caused by viral agents have imposed high impact on human survival (Table 3 .3). The apparent success of these viruses is that as they move from reservoir hosts to humans and as humans become immune to the initial infection, the population of diverse genomes offers multiple chances to adapt by finding a "fit" genome version which can propagate until the next transition requiring adaption. Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1) HTLV-1 is a single-stranded RNA retrovirus, defined by their use of reverse transcriptase, a polymerase, that makes a DNA copy of the RNA 7 kb viral genome. If we combine cardiovascular events and neoplasia caused by infection, then infectious disease is the most significant threat to human life and qualifies as the area of greatest impact. Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) is a single stranded DNA virus that infects humans but are not known to cause disease. is a 5229 base double-stranded DNA virus infecting less than 5 percent of the human population. abstract: Infectious disease represent the most significant threat to human health. Significant geologic cataclysmic events have caused the extinction of countless species, but these “Wrath of God” events predate the emergence of Homo sapiens. Pandemic infections have accompanied the rise of human civilization frequently re-occurring leaving a lasting imprint on human history punctuated by profound loss of life. Emerging infections become endemic and are here to stay marking their presence with an annual death toll. Each decade brings a new onslaught of emerging infectious agents. We are surprised again and again but are never prepared. The long-term consequences often remain unrecognized and are always inconvenient including cancer, cardiovascular disease and immune associated diseases that threaten our health. Reliance on clusters of clinical symptoms in the face of diverse and non-descriptive viral infection symptoms is a foolhardy form of crisis management. Viral success is based on rapid replication resulting in large numbers. Single-stranded RNA viruses with their high replication error rate represent a paradigm for resilience. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122756/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-98164-2_3 id: cord-018976-0ndb7rm2 author: Iwasa, Yoh title: Mathematical Studies of Dynamics and Evolution of Infectious Diseases date: 2007 words: 1796.0 sentences: 109.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018976-0ndb7rm2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018976-0ndb7rm2.txt summary: Mathematical modeling of infectious diseases is the most advanced subfield of theoretical studies in biology and the life sciences. The papers included in this volume are for mathematical studies of models on infectious diseases and cancer. This introductory chapter is followed by four papers on infectious disease dynamics, in which the roles of time delay (Chaps. Then, there are two chapters that discuss competition between strains and evolution occurring in the host population (Chap. By considering the appearance of novel strains with different properties from those of the resident population of pathogens, and tracing their abundance, we can discuss the evolutionary dynamics of infectious diseases. Iwasa and his colleagues derive a result that, without cross-immunity among strains, the pathogenicity of the disease tends to increase by any evolutionary changes. Beretta and his colleagues summarize their study of modeling of an immune system dynamics in which time delay is incorporated. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124004/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-34426-1_1 id: cord-022265-7xw8qeku author: JULIAN, RICHARD J. title: The Peritoneum, Retroperitoneum, and Mesentery date: 2012-12-02 words: 10298.0 sentences: 480.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022265-7xw8qeku.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022265-7xw8qeku.txt summary: edentatus larvae cause retroperitoneal lesions in the flank, perirenal fat, and diaphragm, perihepatitis with fibrin tags on the liver capsule, and a chronic diffuse thickening and inflammation in the mesentery, omentum, and hepatorenal ligament, with occasional caseous nodules. The uterus is probably the usual site in adults from which local spread occurs to the peritoneum, the antecedent lesion in most cases either a postpartum septic metritis or so-called blackleg of the fetus; in either event the peritonitis is fibrinosuppurative and hemorrhagic. Corynebacterium pyogenes, Escherichia coli, or a miscellany of organisms are frequently present in these, and in some the extension of the inflammatory process can be traced up the inguinal canals from castration wounds; in other cases of similar type, the peritonitis is localized to the inguinal and pelvic regions, is adhesive, and causes death from intestinal obstruction. A local reaction may occur around these intermediate forms in tissues and in the peritoneal cavity, and ascites may be present. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155504/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391602-0.50010-4 id: cord-016476-78r0rsio author: Jani, Meghna title: Management of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient with Interstitial Lung Disease date: 2017-11-29 words: 15238.0 sentences: 641.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016476-78r0rsio.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016476-78r0rsio.txt summary: Several risk factors of leflunomide-induced pneumonitis have been reported in small numbers of patients in case series and retrospective studies including preexisting lung disease [32, 35, 36] , a prescribed loading dose, smoking, low body weight [32] and increased C-reactive protein, hypoalbuminaemia, hypoxia and lymphopaenia [36] . Whilst experience of using abatacept in the context of pre-existing ILD is limited, a case report of rapid-onset interstitial pneumonia 2 days post initiation of Administration, MHRA medicines and healthcare products regulatory agency, NA data not available, RA rheumatoid arthritis a Includes cases reported as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary toxicity treatment has been described in a Japanese patient [103] . Association of disease activity with acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease during tocilizumab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective, case-control study abstract: The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has undergone considerable changes over the last 15–20 years. With an expansion in the armamentarium of therapies available for RA comes a wider choice in selecting the best treatment in terms of comparative safety in the presence of comorbidities. Clinicians frequently encounter patients with RA-associated interstitial lung disease with uncontrolled joint disease and have to make decisions about the safest treatments in this context with the eventual goal of joint remission. In this chapter, available evidence is reviewed on the comparative pulmonary safety of non-biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (nbDMARDs), biologic DMARDs, biosimilars and targeted synthetic DMARDs in RA-ILD. In addition, the potential role for additional immunosuppression in RA-ILD is reviewed as well as overarching recommendations proposed for patient assessment to guide treatment decisions and management. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120764/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-68888-6_9 id: cord-017428-euzvhtax author: Janssens, Wim title: Vitamin D and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease date: 2012-02-17 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Vitamin D is an important regulator of calcium and bone homeostasis. It is also involved in the regulation of different genes and cellular functions, particularly in the context of inflammation, regeneration and immune control. Conversely, vitamin D deficiency which is often found in chronic, infectious and inflammatory diseases is thought to drive or enhance uncontrolled inflammation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the airways most often because of cigarette smoking. It has been recognized that repetitive airway infections and systemic consequences or co-morbidities also contribute to the progressive nature of COPD. Vitamin D deficiency is known to sneak in from the early stages of COPD, to become highly prevalent at the more severe stages, and may thereby catalyse airway infection, inflammation and systemic consequences. Undoubtedly, vitamin D deficiency enhances bone resorption and osteoporosis in COPD for which appropriate vitamin D supplementation is recommended. However, conflicting evidence has emerged on the extra-calcemic effects of vitamin D in COPD. A recent intervention trial with high-dose supplementation in COPD was only able to reduce exacerbation frequency in the subgroup of patients with lowest baseline vitamin D levels. It confirms that severe vitamin D deficiency is a health hazard but that more clinical and experimental studies are needed to explore how vitamin D deficiency may affect airway biology and systemic effects in the context of smoke-induced lung diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121988/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-61779-888-7_11 id: cord-302435-6nrfipz8 author: Jay, Taylor R. title: TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases date: 2017-08-02 words: 21740.0 sentences: 1041.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302435-6nrfipz8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302435-6nrfipz8.txt summary: Because TREM2 encodes a receptor exclusively expressed on immune cells, identification of these variants conclusively demonstrates that the immune response can play an active role in the pathogenesis of NDDs. These TREM2 variants also confer the highest risk for developing Alzheimer''s disease of any risk factor identified in nearly two decades, suggesting that understanding more about TREM2 function could provide key insights into NDD pathology and provide avenues for novel immune-related NDD biomarkers and therapeutics. The application of whole exome sequencing [5] and GWAS with imputation based on predicted genetic associations [6] to AD led to the identification of relatively rare variants in the gene triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) that are associated with a high risk for developing AD. The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is associated with enhanced inflammation, neuropathological lesions and increased risk for Alzheimer''s dementia abstract: TREM2 variants have been identified as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Because TREM2 encodes a receptor exclusively expressed on immune cells, identification of these variants conclusively demonstrates that the immune response can play an active role in the pathogenesis of NDDs. These TREM2 variants also confer the highest risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease of any risk factor identified in nearly two decades, suggesting that understanding more about TREM2 function could provide key insights into NDD pathology and provide avenues for novel immune-related NDD biomarkers and therapeutics. The expression, signaling and function of TREM2 in NDDs have been extensively investigated in an effort to understand the role of immune function in disease pathogenesis and progression. We provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of TREM2 biology, including new insights into the regulation of TREM2 expression, and TREM2 signaling and function across NDDs. While many open questions remain, the current body of literature provides clarity on several issues. While it is still often cited that TREM2 expression is decreased by pro-inflammatory stimuli, it is now clear that this is true in vitro, but inflammatory stimuli in vivo almost universally increase TREM2 expression. Likewise, while TREM2 function is classically described as promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype, more than half of published studies demonstrate a pro-inflammatory role for TREM2, suggesting that its role in inflammation is much more complex. Finally, these components of TREM2 biology are applied to a discussion of how TREM2 impacts NDD pathologies and the latest assessment of how these findings might be applied to immune-directed clinical biomarkers and therapeutics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28768545/ doi: 10.1186/s13024-017-0197-5 id: cord-280299-1pbem51d author: Jeney, Zs. title: Recent achievements in studies on diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) date: 1995-01-31 words: 8632.0 sentences: 550.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280299-1pbem51d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280299-1pbem51d.txt summary: Abstract Parasitic, fungal, bacterial and viral diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are reviewed. Molt& ( 1980a) observed during studies on carp renal sphaerosporosis that the latter condition was frequently developed by fish with clinical SBI, and he postulated a relationship between the prevalence of SBI, renal sphaerosporosis and the condition caused by the C-blood protozoan originally described by Csaba (1976) . ( 1984) led to the identification of parasites designated as K-protozoa causing swimbladder inflammation in the common carp, with the presporonic developmental stages of the kidney parasite Sphaerospora renicola Dykova and Lom 1982 , a vast amount of knowledge has accumulated on the complex developmental cycle of Sphaerospora-type parasites. Gill necrosis of common carp, caused by unfavourable environmental conditions (ammonia, pH and temperature) and Flexibacter columnaris infection, was suggested to count as a separate disease (Farkas and 01&1,1986) . abstract: Abstract Parasitic, fungal, bacterial and viral diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are reviewed. Besides a general overview of parasites of carp, swimbladder inflammation, caused by Sphaerospora spp., is discussed in detail. Saprolegnia spp. is the most important fungal pathogen. Aeromonas hydrophila and the atypical Aeromonas salmonicida, as well as Flexibacter columnaris, are described as the major bacterial pathogens of carp. Spring viraemia of carp caused by Rhabdovirus carpio is presented as the main viral infection of common carp. Details on methods of treatment and prevention are presented together with a description of the given diseases. The role of environmental stress, including “normal” culture practice and pollution, in the outbreak of diseases of common carp is discussed. Prospective methods to minimize the risk of diseases as well as their limitations are presented. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004484869400283T doi: 10.1016/0044-8486(94)00283-t id: cord-335250-se7gdpna author: Jesus, Isley title: Promising effects of exercise on the cardiovascular, metabolic and immune system during COVID-19 period date: 2020-09-17 words: 1581.0 sentences: 75.0 pages: flesch: 24.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335250-se7gdpna.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335250-se7gdpna.txt summary: In many chronic disorders and diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, cardiovascular and immune beneficial effects of exercise interventions should be reminded. In many chronic disorders and diseases including T2DM and hypertension, cardiovascular, metabolic and immune, beneficial effects of exercise interventions have been reported [2, 3] . At the opposite, moderate acute and chronic exercise-induced immune changes have been involved in the beneficial effects of physical activity to prevent cancer and cardiovascular diseases development [2, 3, 9] . Inflammation and oxidative stress are increased by viral infection, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and physical inactivity enacted by lockdown. Moderate exercise interventions stimulate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant response, and prevent many chronic diseases development and comorbidity. In this context, chronic moderate and adapted exercise may be doubly beneficial in T2DM and cardiovascular diseases for preventing inflammation and viral respiratory infection, including coronavirus infection (Fig. 1 ). abstract: With 4 billion people in lockdown in the world, COVID-19 outbreak may result in excessive sedentary time, especially in the population of vulnerable and disabled subjects. In many chronic disorders and diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension, cardiovascular and immune beneficial effects of exercise interventions should be reminded. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32943741/ doi: 10.1038/s41371-020-00416-0 id: cord-315362-u9slrjmk author: Jiménez, Ma Ángeles title: Membranous glomerulonephritis in the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) date: 2008-01-15 words: 5142.0 sentences: 240.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315362-u9slrjmk.txt summary: Kidney samples from necropsies of 27 Iberian lynxes, wild and captive, were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IgG, IgM, IgA, laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin), electron microscopy (n = 8) and immunogold labelling for IgM, IgG and IgA in one case, in order to characterize the glomerulopathy prevalent in this species. Its situation is critical due to habitat loss and fragmentation, being confined nowadays to two isolated metapopulations in the southwest of Spain (Gaona et al., 1998; Ferreras, 2001; Rodriguez and www.elsevier.com/locate/vetimm Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 121 (2008) [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] Abbreviations: BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CKD, chronic kidney disease; FCV, feline calicivirus; FCoV, feline coronavirus; FeLV, feline leukaemia virus; FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus; ICs, immune complexes; IRIS, International Renal Interest Society; MALT, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; MGN, membranous glomerulonephritis; PAS, periodic acid schiff reagent; PBS, phosphate buffer solution; RT, room temperature; TBS, Tris buffer solution; USG, urine specific gravity. abstract: The Iberian lynx is the most endangered felid species in the world, confined nowadays to two isolated metapopulations in the southwest of Spain, where less than 200 individuals survive. Little is known about the diseases that affect these animals in the wild or in captivity. Kidney samples from necropsies of 27 Iberian lynxes, wild and captive, were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IgG, IgM, IgA, laminin, type IV collagen, and fibronectin), electron microscopy (n = 8) and immunogold labelling for IgM, IgG and IgA in one case, in order to characterize the glomerulopathy prevalent in this species. Urinalyses from records were available for 9 of the necropsied animals and blood and urine samples from 23 free ranging and captive Iberian lynxes were prospectively obtained in order to evaluate the renal function of the living population. A focal, diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) that progressed with age was diagnosed in all but one of the animals in different stages not associated to concurrently known infectious diseases. Positive immunoexpression of IgM and IgG was observed in the glomerular capillary basement membranes and intramembranous electron-dense deposits, compatible with immune complexes (ICs) were seen with electron microscopy. The immunogold labelling was also positive for IgM and IgG in the electron-dense areas. The serum biochemistry and urinalyses also revealed signs of mild chronic kidney disease in 16 of the 23 animals evaluated. In conclusion, the membranous glomerulopathy affecting the Iberian lynx is a progressive disease of immune origin. We postulate a possible genetic predisposition towards the disease, enhanced by inbreeding and a possible connection to an immune-mediated systemic disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931707/ doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.07.018 id: cord-345086-vq4ei1do author: Johnston, Marjorie C. title: Physical Disease and Resilient Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Resilience Definitions and Study Methods date: 2015-04-30 words: 5324.0 sentences: 364.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345086-vq4ei1do.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345086-vq4ei1do.txt summary: title: Physical Disease and Resilient Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Resilience Definitions and Study Methods 10 MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews were searched from inception to March 17, 2013 Studies in which physical disease was assessed for its association with resilient outcomes were included. The sample size restriction was applied for pragmatic reasons, as our early work demonstrated that studies of physical disease and resilient outcomes often involved complex analyses with multiple variables and that analyses with smaller populations were often underpowered. Bonanno (2004) defined adult resilience as "the ability of adults in otherwise normal circumstances who are exposed to an isolated and potentially highly disruptive event such as the death of a close relation or a violent or lifethreatening situation to maintain relatively stable, healthy levels of psychological and physical functioning …as well as the capacity for generative experiences and positive emotions. abstract: Background Findings from physical disease resilience research may be used to develop approaches to reduce the burden of disease. However, there is no consensus on the definition and measurement of resilience in the context of physical disease. Objective The aim was to summarize the range of definitions of physical disease resilience and the approaches taken to study it in studies examining physical disease and its relationship to resilient outcomes. Methods Electronic databases were searched from inception to March 2013 for studies in which physical disease was assessed for its association with resilient outcomes. Article screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were carried out independently by 2 reviewers, with disagreements being resolved by a third reviewer. The results were combined using a narrative technique. Results Of 2280 articles, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 1 was of high quality, 9 were of moderate quality, and 2 were low quality. The common findings were that resilience involves maintaining healthy levels of functioning following adversity and that it is a dynamic process not a personality trait. Studies either assessed resilience based on observed outcomes or via resilience measurement scales. They either considered physical disease as an adversity leading to resilience or as a variable modifying the relationship between adversity and resilience. Conclusion This work begins building consensus as to the approach to take when defining and measuring physical disease resilience. Resilience should be considered as a dynamic process that varies across the life-course and across different domains, therefore the choice of a resilience measure should reflect this. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.005 doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.005 id: cord-022526-j9kg00qf author: Jones, Samuel L. title: Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System date: 2009-05-18 words: 108803.0 sentences: 5988.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022526-j9kg00qf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022526-j9kg00qf.txt summary: Examination of the cardiovascular system (heart, peripheral pulse, and mucous membranes), lungs, and abdomen is essential to detect clinical signs of systemic inflammation from endotoxemia, coagulation disorders, dehydration, ileus, shock, and other abnormalities resulting from injury to the small or large intestine. Several reports suggest the efficacy of cisapride in managing intestinal disease in horses, including the resolution of persistent large colon impaction, treatment of equine grass sickness, and as a preventative for POI in horses after small intestinal surgery (0.1 mg/kg body mass intramuscularly during the postoperative period). 9 Primary role-players in DPJ-associated ileus include peritoneal inflammation, inflammatory cell migration/activation within the muscularis, small intestinal mechanical distention, and effects of endotoxin absorption. Diarrhea probably results from the severe ulceration and inflammation of the large intestine, causing increased secretion of water, electrolytes, and protein and decreased absorption of fluid. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158198/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50015-9 id: cord-299828-fb84rtmx author: Joseph, Maxwell B. title: Taming wildlife disease: bridging the gap between science and management date: 2013-04-16 words: 6623.0 sentences: 334.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299828-fb84rtmx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299828-fb84rtmx.txt summary: Despite the wealth of empirical WDM research, management outcomes can be difficult to predict because system-specific information is lacking for novel pathogens and many theoretical concepts in disease ecology (see Table 1 for a subset) have not been widely tested in the field, leading to uncertainty in their generality. Corridor vaccination can reduce disease in metapopulations; movement controls are unlikely to work for chronic infections Keeling & Eames (2005) Transmission increases with host density Host density reductions may reduce disease transmission, and density thresholds for disease persistence may exist Anderson & May (1979) Transmission increases with disease prevalence independent of host density Transmission associated with sexual interactions is more likely to cause host extinction, and non-selective culling may not reduce transmission Getz & Pickering (1983) Predation as a regulator of host population and disease We use a quantitative, case-based approach to provide a critical retrospective of WDM over the last four decades to: (i) quantify how frequently specific theoretical concepts from disease ecology have been applied in the literature, (ii) identify prevailing management objectives, groups and reported outcomes and (iii) assess taxonomic biases in WDM literature. abstract: 1. Parasites and pathogens of wildlife can threaten biodiversity, infect humans and domestic animals, and cause significant economic losses, providing incentives to manage wildlife diseases. Recent insights from disease ecology have helped transform our understanding of infectious disease dynamics and yielded new strategies to better manage wildlife diseases. Simultaneously, wildlife disease management (WDM) presents opportunities for large‐scale empirical tests of disease ecology theory in diverse natural systems. 2. To assess whether the potential complementarity between WDM and disease ecology theory has been realized, we evaluate the extent to which specific concepts in disease ecology theory have been explicitly applied in peer‐reviewed WDM literature. 3. While only half of WDM articles published in the past decade incorporated disease ecology theory, theory has been incorporated with increasing frequency over the past 40 years. Contrary to expectations, articles authored by academics were no more likely to apply disease ecology theory, but articles that explain unsuccessful management often do so in terms of theory. 4. Some theoretical concepts such as density‐dependent transmission have been commonly applied, whereas emerging concepts such as pathogen evolutionary responses to management, biodiversity–disease relationships and within‐host parasite interactions have not yet been fully integrated as management considerations. 5. Synthesis and applications. Theory‐based disease management can meet the needs of both academics and managers by testing disease ecology theory and improving disease interventions. Theoretical concepts that have received limited attention to date in wildlife disease management could provide a basis for improving management and advancing disease ecology in the future. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12084 doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12084 id: cord-291687-kwu0otpi author: Judson, Gregory L. title: Cardiovascular Implications and Therapeutic Considerations in COVID-19 Infection date: 2020-06-13 words: 5569.0 sentences: 273.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291687-kwu0otpi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291687-kwu0otpi.txt summary: A review of 44,672 confirmed COVID-19 cases from Wuhan, China, demonstrated increased mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease (10.5%), diabetes (7.3%), and hypertension (6%), which was significantly higher than the overall case-fatality rate of 2.3% [22] . These initial cases series have shown a similar relationship between underlying cardiac comorbidities with a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity in patients requiring mechanical ventilation [24] . Early studies reported a prevalence of acute cardiac injury of 12% in the entire cohort as defined by either high sensitivity troponin (Hs Tn) or the MB fraction of creatinine kinase (CK-MB) [ 99 th percentile or new echocardiographic or electrocardiographic abnormalities with greater elevations in cardiac biomarkers among patients requiring ICU care [1, 20] . Case cohort studies included data in patients for whom the outcome and illness course helped further elucidate the role of cardiac injury in COVID-19 disease. abstract: The ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has profoundly impacted all fields of medicine. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting coronavirus of 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome has multiorgan effects. The pandemic has united researchers from bench to bedside in attempts to understand the pathophysiology of the disease and define optimal treatment strategies. Cardiovascular disease is highly prevalent and a leading cause of death across gender, race, and ethnic groups. As the pandemic spreads, there is increasing concern about the cardiovascular effects of the viral infection and the interaction of infection with existing cardiovascular disease. Additionally, there are concerns about the cardiac effects of the numerous treatment agents under study. It will be essential for cardiologists to understand the interplay between underlying cardiac comorbidities, acute cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 disease, and adverse effects of new treatments. Here we describe emerging evidence of the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and underlying cardiovascular disease, the evidence for direct myocardial injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection, the specific presentations of cardiovascular involvement by SARS-CoV-2, and the cardiac effects of emerging treatments. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40119-020-00184-5 doi: 10.1007/s40119-020-00184-5 id: cord-264355-9quf59td author: Jung, Sung-mok title: Epidemiological Identification of A Novel Pathogen in Real Time: Analysis of the Atypical Pneumonia Outbreak in Wuhan, China, 2019–2020 date: 2020-02-27 words: 4220.0 sentences: 174.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264355-9quf59td.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264355-9quf59td.txt summary: Because the only information on 30 December 2019 was that cases had symptoms of atypical pneumonia, the distances between the ongoing outbreak and the eleven known pathogens were all zero; thus, all eleven candidate pathogens initially showed an identical probability of 8.3% (i.e., 1/12, when the possibility of Disease X is accounted for). Because the only information on 30 December 2019 was that cases had symptoms of atypical pneumonia, the distances between the ongoing outbreak and the eleven known pathogens were all zero; thus, all eleven candidate pathogens initially showed an identical probability of 8.3% (i.e., 1/12, when the possibility of Disease X is accounted for). Real-time estimation of the probability that the ongoing pneumonia outbreak is driven by each candidate pathogen, given available information on different days. Real-time estimation of the probability that the ongoing pneumonia outbreak is driven by each candidate pathogen, given available information on different days. abstract: Virological tests have now shown conclusively that a novel coronavirus is causing the 2019–2020 atypical pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China. We demonstrate that non-virological descriptive characteristics could have determined that the outbreak is caused by a novel pathogen in advance of virological testing. Characteristics of the ongoing outbreak were collected in real time from two medical social media sites. These were compared against characteristics of eleven pathogens that have previously caused cases of atypical pneumonia. The probability that the current outbreak is due to “Disease X” (i.e., previously unknown etiology) as opposed to one of the known pathogens was inferred, and this estimate was updated as the outbreak continued. The probability (expressed as a percentage) that Disease X is driving the outbreak was assessed as over 29% on 31 December 2019, one week before virus identification. After some specific pathogens were ruled out by laboratory tests on 5 January 2020, the inferred probability of Disease X was over 49%. We showed quantitatively that the emerging outbreak of atypical pneumonia cases is consistent with causation by a novel pathogen. The proposed approach, which uses only routinely observed non-virological data, can aid ongoing risk assessments in advance of virological test results becoming available. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030637 doi: 10.3390/jcm9030637 id: cord-323311-xl2fv0qx author: Kahn, R. E. title: 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses date: 2012-09-07 words: 19161.0 sentences: 802.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323311-xl2fv0qx.txt summary: The three key characteristics of this integrated approach to so many infectious diseases are as follows: (i) to use cell culture, primary cells, nonhuman primate and human clinical models to study viral infection; (ii) to combine traditional histopathological, virological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology (Haagmans et al., 2009); and (iii) to obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, viral evasion and pathogenesis (Casadevaill et al., 2011) . The unity of human, animal and ecosystem health outlined by Professor Aguirre, as well as the interactions among multiple tick-borne pathogens in a natural reservoir host set out by Professor Fish and his research team, both summarized in Topic 1 above, highlight the necessity of cross-disciplinary collaboration in studying zoonotic bacterial diseases (Daszak et al., 2007, pp. abstract: The 6th International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses, held at Cancun, Mexico, 24–27 February 2011, offered 84 participants from 18 countries, a snapshot of current research in numerous zoonoses caused by viruses, bacteria or prions. Co‐chaired by Professors Heinz Feldmann and Jürgen Richt, the conference explored 10 topics: (i) The ecology of emerging zoonotic diseases; (ii) The role of wildlife in emerging zoonoses; (iii) Cross‐species transmission of zoonotic pathogens; (iv) Emerging and neglected influenza viruses; (v) Haemorrhagic fever viruses; (vi) Emerging bacterial diseases; (vii) Outbreak responses to zoonotic diseases; (viii) Food‐borne zoonotic diseases; (ix) Prion diseases; and (x) Modelling and prediction of emergence of zoonoses. Human medicine, veterinary medicine and environmental challenges are viewed as a unity, which must be considered under the umbrella of ‘One Health’. Several presentations attempted to integrate the insights gained from field data with mathematical models in the search for effective control measures of specific zoonoses. The overriding objective of the research presentations was to create, improve and use the tools essential to address the risk of contagions in a globalized society. In seeking to fulfil this objective, a three‐step approach has often been applied: (i) use cultured cells, model and natural animal hosts and human clinical models to study infection; (ii) combine traditional histopathological and biochemical approaches with functional genomics, proteomics and computational biology; and (iii) obtain signatures of virulence and insights into mechanisms of host defense response, immune evasion and pathogenesis. This meeting review summarizes 39 of the conference presentations and mentions briefly the 16 articles in this Special Supplement, most of which were presented at the conference in earlier versions. The full affiliations of all presenters and many colleagues have been included to facilitate further inquiries from readers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22958247/ doi: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01539.x id: cord-269170-9f460xbq author: Kaneko, Kazunari title: Our Evolving Understanding of Kawasaki Disease Pathogenesis: Role of the Gut Microbiota date: 2020-07-24 words: 4597.0 sentences: 248.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269170-9f460xbq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269170-9f460xbq.txt summary: The disease seems to result from the interplay of genetic and environmental susceptibility factors with infectious triggers, followed by a subsequent abnormal immune response characterized by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during the acute phase. Recent advances in culture-independent techniques for detection and identification of intestinal commensal bacteria enabled the discovery that Th17 and Treg differentiation are regulated by short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in particular butyrate, produced by the gut microbiota. This perspective is illustrated in Figure 1 and can be explained as follows: [1] various factors during the in utero and postnatal period drive dysbiosis in young children; [2] dysbiosis results in reduced intestinal production of SCFAs including butyrate; [3] reduced levels of SCFAs in the gut cause an imbalance of Th17s/Tregs; and [4] individuals with Th17/Treg imbalances develop hypercytokinemia triggered by ubiquitous infectious agents(s), followed by KD (Figure 1) . abstract: Kawasaki disease (KD) was first described by Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki in 1967. The etiology of KD has been studied comprehensively but remains largely unknown. The disease seems to result from the interplay of genetic and environmental susceptibility factors with infectious triggers, followed by a subsequent abnormal immune response characterized by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines during the acute phase. Evidence has mounted to suggest that an imbalance between T helper 17 cells (Th17s) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) is associated with aberrant immune responses in KD. Recent advances in culture-independent techniques for detection and identification of intestinal commensal bacteria enabled the discovery that Th17 and Treg differentiation are regulated by short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in particular butyrate, produced by the gut microbiota. This finding provided a mechanistic link between dysbiosis, defined as changes in the composition of the gut microbiota, and various inflammatory diseases. On this basis, we propose that dysbiosis, with reduced production of SCFAs leading to imbalances of Th17s/Tregs, could be involved in the etiology of KD. A pilot study supported this hypothesis, as only fecal concentrations of butyrate were significantly reduced in KD patients among SCFAs. This evolving perspective prompted us to undertake metagenomic analyses of bacterial DNA from the feces of KD patients who were antibiotic-naïve at diagnosis. Simultaneous measurements of Th17s/Tregs in peripheral blood and SCFA concentrations in feces would provide valuable information regarding the association between dysbiosis and dysregulated immune responses in KD. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32793240/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01616 id: cord-003686-1pfk4qve author: Kaneko, Naoe title: The role of interleukin-1 in general pathology date: 2019-06-06 words: 9464.0 sentences: 514.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003686-1pfk4qve.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003686-1pfk4qve.txt summary: The majority of NOD-like receptors such as NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP6, and NLRP12 can interact with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC) and caspase-1, and the resulting complex is a sensor of cell injury called "inflammasome", an interleukin (IL)-1β-processing platform that plays a crucial role in IL-1β maturation and secretion from cells. NLRP3 inflammasomes have also been reported to be involved in low-grade subclinical inflammation induced by chronic exposure to high levels of free fatty acids and glucose, leading to increased apoptosis and impaired insulin secretion of β-cells in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) patients [102] [103] [104] . Canakinumab and anakinra were also effective for patients with Schnitzler syndrome, an adult-onset autoinflammatory disease characterized by focal urticaria and systemic inflammation including fever with bone and muscle pain, in the first placebo-controlled study, and several clinical trials are currently ongoing [186] [187] [188] [189] . abstract: Interleukin-1, an inflammatory cytokine, is considered to have diverse physiological functions and pathological significances and play an important role in health and disease. In this decade, interleukin-1 family members have been expanding and evidence is accumulating that highlights the importance of interleukin-1 in linking innate immunity with a broad spectrum of diseases beyond inflammatory diseases. In this review, we look back on the definition of “inflammation” in traditional general pathology and discuss new insights into interleukin-1 in view of its history and the molecular bases of diseases, as well as current progress in therapeutics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6551897/ doi: 10.1186/s41232-019-0101-5 id: cord-294478-3ickafd3 author: Kapil, Sanjay title: Diagnostic Investigation of Emerging Viruses of Companion Animals date: 2008-05-22 words: 7330.0 sentences: 328.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294478-3ickafd3.txt summary: Variants of a known virus that has gained enhanced virulence or that is able to infect completely vaccinated animals A known virus that has reappeared in the population after a decline in incidence Novel or previously unidentified viral agents detected for the first time because of improved diagnostic capabilities ''''Mystery diseases'''' with large numbers of naive animals involved that are caused by previously uncharacterized viruses Spread of an emerging virus among small companion animals is multifactorial and includes animal health and sanitation practices; migration of a pathogen from a wild reservoir to domestic animals because of changes in populations, trade, climate, land use, and the introduction of invasive species (eg, plant, animal, insect); and, finally, globalization, as was the case with West Nile virus (WNV). Detecting emerging viral diseases of companion animals requires interaction and discussion among clinicians, pathologists, and virologists, and practicing small animal veterinarians must stay engaged in communication with these specialists through their state diagnostic laboratories or nearby colleges of veterinary medicine. abstract: In this article, the authors are specifically concerned with the timely and accurate detection of emerging diseases of small animals that are viral in origin. Veterinarians are bound to encounter emerging viruses in their practice. The problem is unavoidable, because viruses are highly mutagenic. Even the immune response dictates the nature of virus that evolves in a host. If the clinical signs and diagnostic methods fail to correlate, the veterinarian should work with the diagnostic laboratory to solve the diagnostic puzzle. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501276/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2008.02.009 id: cord-262205-ax3i3d7f author: Karampourian, Arezou title: Exploring challenges of health system preparedness for communicable diseases in Arbaeen mass gathering: a qualitative study date: 2018-09-11 words: 6698.0 sentences: 309.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262205-ax3i3d7f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262205-ax3i3d7f.txt summary: The aim of this study is to explore stakeholders'' experiences on the health system''s preparedness and challenges, and to provide suggestions for preventing infectious diseases during the Arbaeen mass gathering. Health infrastructure defects in Iraq has three sub-themes (health abandonment in Iraq, the weaknesses in health culture and problems related to the health system); poor control of the causative factors of infectious diseases has three sub-themes (the underlying factors of the prevalence of contagious diseases, health system response to communicable diseases and ignoring the risks of the Arbaeen ceremony); the low perception of risk in pilgrims has three sub-themes (lack of awareness in pilgrims, fatalism in pilgrims and unhygienic belief in pilgrims); and the ineffectiveness of health education has two sub-themes (training shortage in the targeted group and educational content problems) that shows participant''s experiences of the health system''s challenges for coping with infectious diseases during the Arbaeen ceremony. abstract: Background: Infectious diseases are common problems in mass gatherings, especially when there is a lack of health system preparedness. Since Iran is one of the most important countries on the walking path of Arbaeen and has a vital role in providing health services to pilgrims, the experiences of health challenges by participants is of key importance. The aim of this study is to explore stakeholders’ experiences on the health system's preparedness and challenges, and to provide suggestions for preventing infectious diseases during the Arbaeen mass gathering. Methods: A qualitative research method was used with a conventional content analysis approach. The number of participants was 17, including 13 executive managers and 4 health policymakers who entered the study among participants. Semi-structured interviews were used to generate the data. Interviews were analyzed by means of content analysis after face-to-face interviews. Results: Data analysis resulted in the extraction of four main themes and 11 sub-themes. Health infrastructure defects in Iraq has three sub-themes (health abandonment in Iraq, the weaknesses in health culture and problems related to the health system); poor control of the causative factors of infectious diseases has three sub-themes (the underlying factors of the prevalence of contagious diseases, health system response to communicable diseases and ignoring the risks of the Arbaeen ceremony); the low perception of risk in pilgrims has three sub-themes (lack of awareness in pilgrims, fatalism in pilgrims and unhygienic belief in pilgrims); and the ineffectiveness of health education has two sub-themes (training shortage in the targeted group and educational content problems) that shows participant’s experiences of the health system's challenges for coping with infectious diseases during the Arbaeen ceremony. Conclusion: Pilgrim-based training, planning and controlling other challenges may change these threats to opportunities and improve the health of participants of the mass gathering of Arbaeen in the region. url: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15290.1 doi: 10.12688/f1000research.15290.1 id: cord-269640-0u3e1493 author: Kasai, Takeshi title: Research and control of parasitic diseases in Japan: current position and future perspectives date: 2007-03-09 words: 3781.0 sentences: 179.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269640-0u3e1493.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269640-0u3e1493.txt summary: Thereafter, Japan expanded its international cooperation to cover infectious diseases through integrated development programmes to improve health, to alleviate poverty and to help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Thereafter, Japan expanded its international cooperation to cover infectious diseases through integrated development programmes to improve health, to alleviate poverty and to help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. The unique ODA philosophy in Japan, which is based on the overriding concept of self help and human security, contributes to overseas development by exporting its achievements in disease control and in shaping support for disease research and control activities (http:// www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/cooperation/anniv50/pamphlet/ contents.html). One major drawback is that the Japanese experience, whereby parasitic-disease control contributed substantially to overall social development, remains primarily an anecdotal record and is not documented in health-system research terms. abstract: Between 1950 and 1980, Japan eliminated several major parasitic diseases. In 1998, the Japanese Hashimoto Initiative was the first global programme to target parasitic diseases. Thereafter, Japan expanded its international cooperation to cover infectious diseases through integrated development programmes to improve health, to alleviate poverty and to help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations. Parasite control remains a major component of all subsequent operations. Opportunities to build upon past successes in order to improve the situation in the developing world – in addition to tackling emerging national threats – are promising. Substantial challenges remain and Japan has introduced major national reforms to try to overcome them. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492207000578 doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.02.011 id: cord-355267-ndzgxk0k author: Kassa, Semu M. title: Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19: from mathematical modelling perspective date: 2020-06-05 words: 8616.0 sentences: 451.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355267-ndzgxk0k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355267-ndzgxk0k.txt summary: Whereas knowledge of the virus dynamics and host response are essential for formulating strategies for antiviral treatment, vaccination, and epidemiological control of COVID-19, estimation of changes in transmission over time can provide insights into the epidemiological situation and help to identify whether public health control measures are having a measurable effect [5, 39] . Applying the above described set of assumptions in the bounds for some of the parameters, we optimized the model output to fit the daily new cases data reported from the Hubei province, China. Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19 Figure 11 : Dynamics of the disease with at most 10% of the population in the class and at least 50% of the class are detected and quarantined just after Phase 1 period, with strict social distancing rule imposed for 11 weeks. abstract: In this article, a mathematical model for the transmission of COVID-19 disease is formulated and analysed. It is shown that the model exhibits a backward bifurcation at [Formula: see text] when recovered individuals do not develop a permanent immunity for the disease. In the absence of reinfection, it is proved that the model is without backward bifurcation and the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable for [Formula: see text]. By using available data, the model is validated and parameter values are estimated. The sensitivity of the value of [Formula: see text] to changes in any of the parameter values involved in its formula is analysed. Moreover, various mitigation strategies are investigated using the proposed model and it is observed that the asymptomatic infectious group of individuals may play the major role in the re-emergence of the disease in the future. Therefore, it is recommended that in the absence of vaccination, countries need to develop capacities to detect and isolate at least 30% of the asymptomatic infectious group of individuals while treating in isolation at least 50% of symptomatic patients to control the disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32536760/ doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109968 id: cord-327442-e02y93f6 author: Kastritis, Efstathios title: Systemic autoimmune diseases, anti-rheumatic therapies, COVID-19 infection risk and patient outcomes date: 2020-07-11 words: 4041.0 sentences: 173.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327442-e02y93f6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327442-e02y93f6.txt summary: Thus far there is no convincing evidence that any disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (conventional synthetic, biologic or targeted synthetic) including hydroxychloroquine, may protect against severe COVID-19 infection; answers about their possible usefulness in the management of the cytokine storm associated with severe COVID-9 infection will only arise from ongoing randomized controlled trials. In such cases, a dysregulated immune response has been described, usually during the 2nd week of infection, characterized more often by T cell lymphopenia (both CD4 and CD8 cells) [5] , enhanced production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), IL-1 and G-CSF [5] [6] [7] 18] , decreased production of antiviral type I and III interferons [17] and T cell exhaustion [17] .This "hyperinflammatory state" which is being referred to as "cytokine storm" shares certain clinical (high fever), laboratory (increased C-reactive protein-CRP, ferritin, serum IL-6 and D-dimer levels) and immunological (macrophage and T cell activation) features with the macrophage activation syndrome or secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) seen in a subset of patients with infections (bacterial or viral), auto-immune or auto-inflammatory diseases (such as systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, adult Still''s disease and systemic lupus erythematosus) and after CART cell therapy in patients with leukemia or lymphoma [19] [20] [21] . abstract: As of June 10th 2020 about 7.2 million individuals have tested positive for, and more than 410,000 have died due to COVID-19. In this review we outline the pathophysiology that underpins the potential use of anti-rheumatic therapies for severe COVID-19 infection and summarize the current evidence regarding the risk and outcome of COVID-19 in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases. Thus far there is no convincing evidence that any disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (conventional synthetic, biologic or targeted synthetic) including hydroxychloroquine, may protect against severe COVID-19 infection; answers about their possible usefulness in the management of the cytokine storm associated with severe COVID-9 infection will only arise from ongoing randomized controlled trials. Evidence on COVID-19 risk and outcome in patients with systemic autoimmune diseases is extremely limited; thus, any conclusions would be unsafe and should be seen with great caution. At present, the risk and severity (hospitalization, intensive care unit admission and death) of COVID-19 infection in people with autoimmune diseases do not appear particularly dissimilar to the general population, with the possible exception of hospitalization in patients exposed to high glucocorticoid doses. At this stage it is impossible to draw any conclusions for differences in COVID-19 risk and outcome between different autoimmune diseases and between the various immunomodulatory therapies used for them. More research in the field is obviously required, including as a minimum careful and systematic epidemiology and appropriately controlled clinical trials. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04629-x doi: 10.1007/s00296-020-04629-x id: cord-018101-zd4v222b author: Kawashima, Kent title: Disease Outbreaks: Critical Biological Factors and Control Strategies date: 2016-05-31 words: 13128.0 sentences: 624.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018101-zd4v222b.txt summary: We will briefly describe some pathogens that cause human disease and their transmission mechanisms before analyzing the SARS 2002-2003 epidemic as a case study of a modern urban epidemic. In general, fecal-oral and vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted through an environmental (water, food) or a biological (animal) carrier that extends transmission range to large distances, but other routes are also possible depending on the specific pathogen. In the following three subsections, we discuss theoretical results on three important aspect of disease outbreak: (1) the effect of "superspreaders" on the probability of outbreak, (2) the impact of control strategies such as isolation and quarantine, and (3) factors that affect the evolution of pathogen virulence. When the host population has a highly heterogeneously connected network, emergence of disease may be rare, but infections that survive stochastic extinction produce "explosive" epidemics similar to the case of SARS in 2002. abstract: Disease outbreaks remain a major threat to human health and welfare especially in urban areas in both developed and developing countries. A large body of theoretical work has been devoted to modeling disease emergence, and critical factors that predict outbreak occurrence and severity have been proposed. In this chapter, we focus on biological factors that underlie both theoretical models and urban planning. We describe the SARS 2002–2003 pandemic as a case study of epidemic control of a human infectious disease. We then describe theoretical analyses of disease dynamics and control strategies. An important conclusion is that epidemic control will be strongly dependent on particular aspects of pathogen biology including host breadth, virulence, incubation time, and/or mutation rate. The probability, and potential cost, of future outbreaks, may be high and lessons from both past cases and theoretical work should inform urban design and policy. Interdisciplinary collaboration in planning, swiftness of information dissemination and response, and willingness to forgo personal liberties during a crisis may be key factors in resilience to infectious disease outbreaks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122892/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-39812-9_10 id: cord-300187-fr6tme32 author: Kearns, Shawn title: Infectious Hepatopathies in Dogs and Cats date: 2009-11-26 words: 5800.0 sentences: 444.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300187-fr6tme32.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300187-fr6tme32.txt summary: Although bacterial infections are probably the most common cause of infectious hepatitis, the clinician should be aware of other potential organisms and other commonly involved systems. Therefore, this article includes a description of common bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, parasitic, and rickettsial diseases in dogs and cats. Mycobacterial disease is often subclinical in dogs and cats, but signs may be associated with granuloma formation in various organs. 39, 40 Nontuberculous mycobacterium, including those in the Mycobacterium avium complex, are saprophytic opportunistic organisms primarily implicated in disseminated disease in cats [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] and occasionally in dogs. No clear dissemination pattern has been identified because of low case numbers, but affected organs include the internal lymph nodes, liver, lungs, eyes, bone, muscles, and CNS. Infection results in disseminated disease, including protozoal hepatitis. Bacterial culture results from liver, gallbladder, or bile in 248 dogs and cats evaluated for hepatobiliary disease: 1998-2003 abstract: This article serves to review the various infectious diseases that affect the liver primarily or as a part of systemic infection. Although bacterial infections are probably the most common cause of infectious hepatitis, the clinician should be aware of other potential organisms and other commonly involved systems. Therefore, this article includes a description of common bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, parasitic, and rickettsial diseases in dogs and cats. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19945087/ doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2009.06.004 id: cord-269505-7g8lio9l author: Keesing, Felicia title: Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases date: 2010-12-01 words: 5349.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269505-7g8lio9l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269505-7g8lio9l.txt summary: For hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a directly transmitted zoonotic disease, correlational and experimental studies have shown that a lower diversity of small mammals increases the prevalence of hantaviruses in their hosts, thereby increasing risk to humans (Box 2). Diversity has a similar effect for plant diseases, with species losses increasing the transmission of two fungal rust pathogens that infect perennial rye grass and other plant species 10 . This is because field studies like those on West Nile virus, hantaviruses and rye grass have typically not controlled for changes in host density that can result from changes in ''species richness'' (the number of species present in a community, which is a measure of taxonomic diversity). In sum, reducing biodiversity can increase disease transmission when the lost species are either not hosts for the pathogen or are suboptimal ones. In several case studies, the species most likely to be lost from ecological communities as diversity declines are those most likely to reduce pathogen transmission. abstract: Current unprecedented declines in biodiversity reduce the ability of ecological communities to provide many fundamental ecosystem services. Here we evaluate evidence that reduced biodiversity affects the transmission of infectious diseases of humans, other animals and plants. In principle, loss of biodiversity could either increase or decrease disease transmission. However, mounting evidence indicates that biodiversity loss frequently increases disease transmission. In contrast, areas of naturally high biodiversity may serve as a source pool for new pathogens. Overall, despite many remaining questions, current evidence indicates that preserving intact ecosystems and their endemic biodiversity should generally reduce the prevalence of infectious diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature09575) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21124449/ doi: 10.1038/nature09575 id: cord-262544-6q8eg9z4 author: Keller, Mikaela title: Use of Unstructured Event-Based Reports for Global Infectious Disease Surveillance date: 2009-05-17 words: 4007.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262544-6q8eg9z4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262544-6q8eg9z4.txt summary: Free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, such as Internet news and online discussion sites, provide detailed local and near real-time data on disease outbreaks, even in countries that lack traditional public health surveillance. In many countries, free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, including Internet news and online discussion sites (Figure) , could provide detailed local and near real-time data on potential and confi rmed disease outbreaks and other public health events (9, 10, (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) . With a goal of improving public health surveillance and, ultimately, intervention efforts, we (the architects, developers, and methodologists for the information systems described herein) reviewed 3 of the primary active systems that process unstructured (free-text), event-based information on disease outbreaks: The Global Public Health Intelligence Network (GPHIN), the HealthMap system, and the EpiSPIDER project (Semantic Processing and Integration of Distributed Electronic Resources for Epidemics [and disasters]; www.epispider.net). abstract: Free or low-cost sources of unstructured information, such as Internet news and online discussion sites, provide detailed local and near real-time data on disease outbreaks, even in countries that lack traditional public health surveillance. To improve public health surveillance and, ultimately, interventions, we examined 3 primary systems that process event-based outbreak information: Global Public Health Intelligence Network, HealthMap, and EpiSPIDER. Despite similarities among them, these systems are highly complementary because they monitor different data types, rely on varying levels of automation and human analysis, and distribute distinct information. Future development should focus on linking these systems more closely to public health practitioners in the field and establishing collaborative networks for alert verification and dissemination. Such development would further establish event-based monitoring as an invaluable public health resource that provides critical context and an alternative to traditional indicator-based outbreak reporting. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19402953/ doi: 10.3201/eid1505.081114 id: cord-288187-84oj3xtp author: Khan, Ali S. title: Forensic public health: epidemiological and microbiological investigations for biosecurity date: 2019-12-06 words: 8420.0 sentences: 426.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288187-84oj3xtp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288187-84oj3xtp.txt summary: Microbial forensics combines epidemiology with genomic and microbiologic methods, to identify, characterize, and ascribe the cause of an incident resulting from the intentional or unintentional release of a harmful pathogen. The specific objectives of epidemiology (Gordis, 1996) are to (i) determine the extent of disease present in the community; (ii) identify the etiology or cause of a disease and the factors that increase a person''s risk for disease; (iii) study the natural history and prognosis of disease; (iv) evaluate new preventive and therapeutic measures and new modes of healthcare delivery; and (v) provide a foundation for developing public policy and regulations. Microbial forensics combines epidemiology with genomic and microbiologic methods, to identify, characterize, and ascribe the cause of an incident resulting from the intentional or unintentional release of a harmful pathogen (Rasko et al., 2011) . Forensic public health: epidemiological and microbiological investigations for biosecurity stated that genome editing research on pathogens with pandemic potential may pose a national security risk if not regulated. abstract: Deliberate dissemination of a biological agent via several different routes presents the latest challenge to global public health security. Novel pathogens and transmission methods can easily be exploited to cause disease outbreaks. Advancements in molecular biology that make it possible to genetically modify, edit, or disrupt the genome of pathogens increase the disease risk of an accidental or intentional release of pathogens with pandemic potential. The occurrence of a disease at more than an endemic level may stimulate an investigation to determine the source of the disease, who has the disease, when it occurred, and how it spreads. When intentional release of pathogens is suspected, investigators have the additional task of attributing the outbreak not only to a pathogen but also to a human source. The deliberate nature of such dissemination may be obvious. However, some forms of bioterrorism may be more covert, requiring molecular methods to uncover. The field of microbial forensics emerged following the anthrax attack in the United States in 2001 to extend epidemiologic principles to aid in the investigation of bioterrorism incidents. Microbial forensics combines epidemiology with genomic and microbiologic methods, to identify, characterize, and ascribe the cause of an incident resulting from the intentional or unintentional release of a harmful pathogen. Unlike routine epidemiologic investigations, microbial forensic investigations are undertaken when there is a potential crime due to the release of a pathogen with disease-causing potential. The investigation is conducted to attribute cause to a source based on indisputable evidence and is used to support criminal charges against the perpetrator(s). However, because bioterrorism may be unannounced, the initial investigation will start the same as to any public health incident of concern. This chapter discusses how epidemiology integrated with laboratory science can be used to identify the source of diseases caused by microorganisms or toxins—especially for attribution purposes. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128153796000088 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-815379-6.00008-8 id: cord-304343-m7tbdfri author: Khandia, Rekha title: A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy date: 2019-07-03 words: 20281.0 sentences: 1088.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304343-m7tbdfri.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304343-m7tbdfri.txt summary: Similarly, inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway can prevent apoptosis and even enhance necroptosis, whereas starvation, which induces autophagy, protects cells from zVAD-mediated necroptotic death [194] . For instance, autophagy has been demonstrated to be actively involved in the replication of influenza A virus (IAV), which induces autophagosome formation during the early phase of infection and later inhibits autophagosomal maturation by preventing autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion and promoting autophagosomes to accumulate in virus-infected cells [253] . (5) A novel anti-cancer molecule, HA15, which targets HSPA5/BIP was shown to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and increase the unfolded protein response, resulting in cancer cell death through autophagy and apoptosis. (5) A novel anti-cancer molecule, HA15, which targets HSPA5/BIP was shown to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and increase the unfolded protein response, resulting in cancer cell death through autophagy and apoptosis. In addition, the novel anti-cancer molecule HA15, which targets HSPA5/BIP, was shown to induce ER stress and increase the unfolded protein response, resulting in cancer cell death via autophagy and apoptosis [304] . abstract: Autophagy (self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradation process that plays important roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection-mediated stresses. Autophagy dysfunction can have various pathological consequences, including tumor progression, pathogen hyper-virulence, and neurodegeneration. This review describes the mechanisms of autophagy and its associations with other cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and autosis. Autophagy has both positive and negative roles in infection, cancer, neural development, metabolism, cardiovascular health, immunity, and iron homeostasis. Genetic defects in autophagy can have pathological consequences, such as static childhood encephalopathy with neurodegeneration in adulthood, Crohn’s disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis, Danon disease, X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy, and sporadic inclusion body myositis. Further studies on the process of autophagy in different microbial infections could help to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies against important pathogenic microbes. This review on the progress and prospects of autophagy research describes various activators and suppressors, which could be used to design novel intervention strategies against numerous diseases and develop therapeutic drugs to protect human and animal health. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8070674 doi: 10.3390/cells8070674 id: cord-268907-cv0mkpzd author: Kim, Jung Heon title: An Urgent Need for Global Preparedness against the Reemergence of “Forgotten” Infectious Diseases in Korea date: 2018-04-04 words: 681.0 sentences: 45.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268907-cv0mkpzd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268907-cv0mkpzd.txt summary: title: An Urgent Need for Global Preparedness against the Reemergence of "Forgotten" Infectious Diseases in Korea We should not make these infectious diseases as "never-ending stories," and comprehensive global preparedness for preventing outbreaks is needed urgently. According to the report from Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) in 2016, vaccination rates between 0 and 3-year-old children for national essential vaccination were over 90%; BCG 97.8%, HepB 97.3%, DTaP 96.2%, IPV 97.6%, MMR 97.8%, Var 97.5%, JE 92.7%. 2 The vaccination rate in NIP was reported in young ages but there is little nation-wide survey data of their appropriateness of immune formation to prevent infection after vaccination. It is necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of pathogens, hygiene levels, immunity status and changes in each age group, environmental alterations, dietary nutrition, vaccine supply, treatment modalities, international relationship of diseases, so on. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29686596/ doi: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e125 id: cord-345381-9cckppk2 author: Klimek, Ludger title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) date: 2020-09-07 words: 6146.0 sentences: 332.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345381-9cckppk2.txt summary: title: Use of biologicals in allergic and type-2 inflammatory diseases during the current COVID-19 pandemic: Position paper of Ärzteverband Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA)(A), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Klinische Immunologie (DGAKI)(B), Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA)(C), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI)(D), Luxemburgische Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (LGAI)(E), Österreichische Gesellschaft für Pneumologie (ÖGP)(F) in co-operation with the German, Austrian, and Swiss ARIA groups(G), and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI)(H) Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontaneous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontane-ous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. abstract: Background: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the treatment of patients with allergic and atopy-associated diseases has faced major challenges. Recommendations for “social distancing” and the fear of patients becoming infected during a visit to a medical facility have led to a drastic decrease in personal doctor-patient contacts. This affects both acute care and treatment of the chronically ill. The immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection is so far only insufficiently understood and could be altered in a favorable or unfavorable way by therapy with monoclonal antibodies. There is currently no evidence for an increased risk of a severe COVID-19 course in allergic patients. Many patients are under ongoing therapy with biologicals that inhibit type 2 immune responses via various mechanisms. There is uncertainty about possible immunological interactions and potential risks of these biologicals in the case of an infection with SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods: A selective literature search was carried out in PubMed, Livivo, and the internet to cover the past 10 years (May 2010 – April 2020). Additionally, the current German-language publications were analyzed. Based on these data, the present position paper provides recommendations for the biological treatment of patients with allergic and atopy-associated diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: In order to maintain in-office consultation services, a safe treatment environment must be created that is adapted to the pandemic situation. To date, there is a lack of reliable study data on the care for patients with complex respiratory, atopic, and allergic diseases in times of an imminent infection risk from SARS-CoV-2. Type-2-dominant immune reactions, as they are frequently seen in allergic patients, could influence various phases of COVID-19, e.g., by slowing down the immune reactions. Theoretically, this could have an unfavorable effect in the early phase of a SARS-Cov-2 infection, but also a positive effect during a cytokine storm in the later phase of severe courses. However, since there is currently no evidence for this, all data from patients treated with a biological directed against type 2 immune reactions who develop COVID-19 should be collected in registries, and their disease courses documented in order to be able to provide experience-based instructions in the future. Conclusion: The use of biologicals for the treatment of bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and spontaneous urticaria should be continued as usual in patients without suspected infection or proven SARS-CoV-2 infection. If available, it is recommended to prefer a formulation for self-application and to offer telemedical monitoring. Treatment should aim at the best possible control of difficult-to-control allergic and atopic diseases using adequate rescue and add-on therapy and should avoid the need for systemic glucocorticosteroids. If SARS-CoV-2 infection is proven or reasonably suspected, the therapy should be determined by weighing the benefits and risks individually for the patient in question, and the patient should be involved in the decision-making. It should be kept in mind that the potential effects of biologicals on the immune response in COVID-19 are currently not known. Telemedical offers are particularly desirable for the acute consultation needs of suitable patients. url: https://doi.org/10.5414/alx02166e doi: 10.5414/alx02166e id: cord-330830-x2swoy4d author: Kobayashi, Nobumichi title: Impact of Emerging, Re-Emerging and Zoonotic Viral Infectious Diseases, in a Virologist’s Perspective date: 2018-08-31 words: 921.0 sentences: 59.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330830-x2swoy4d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330830-x2swoy4d.txt summary: Factors related to humans and society are the most responsible for emergence and spread of infectious diseases. The number of infectious diseases outbreaks increased globally about 4 times from the 1980s to 2010, associated with an evident increase of zoonosis as well as vector-borne disease, compared with human-specific infections [4] . Increase of zoonosis and vector-borne diseases is related to global changes in environment and ecosystem which may be caused by climate change associated with global warming. Phylogenetic analysis combined with chronological tracing indicated that recent global spread of Chikungunya was caused synergistically by factors of humans, environment, vectors, and viruses [5] . A mutation in the envelope protein conferred increased viral growth in mosquito, which facilitated spread of this vector-born disease. Thus, spread of emerging viral diseases is considered to be caused by multifactorial mechanisms. The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise. Global rise in human infectious disease outbreaks abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30288201/ doi: 10.2174/1874357901812010131 id: cord-298372-4pw1y404 author: Koch, Lionel title: Natural outbreaks and bioterrorism: How to deal with the two sides of the same coin? date: 2020-08-18 words: 6206.0 sentences: 286.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298372-4pw1y404.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298372-4pw1y404.txt summary: The last Ebola outbreak in 2014 in West Africa was regarded as a paradigm of the issues caused by emerging infectious diseases nowadays: this extremely deadly pathogen has naturally emerged in a large new area, and its overwhelming spread has subsequently impacted Europe and the United States [3] . At the same time, some natural outbreaks were caused by naturally altered pathogens like the Escherichia coli O104:H4 in Europe in 2011, a strain that acquired and combined unusual virulence factor and drug resistance genes [25] or in 2003 the new human coronavirus (SARS-CoV) identified with surprise in front of severe acute respiratory syndrome cases [26] . Indeed, even if the substantial remaining risk in the case of an attack is the possibility of secondary actions aiming to maximise damages to the emergency infrastructure [38] , the real challenge for global safety remains the early detection, the accurate characterisation and the establishment of specific measures, whatever the outbreak origin [39, 40] . abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020317 doi: 10.7189/jogh.10.020317 id: cord-301479-dc1oyftd author: Koehlmoos, Tracey Pérez title: Global Health: Chronic Diseases and Other Emergent Issues in Global Health date: 2011-09-30 words: 7336.0 sentences: 338.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-301479-dc1oyftd.txt summary: This article discusses emergent issues in global health related to noncommunicable diseases and conditions, with focus on defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases, mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. Trying to offer an in-depth discussion on such a wide range of issues in just one article is clearly not possible, and therefore focus and emphasis is given to defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. 1, 11 Low-income and middle-income countries have developed their health provision and policies according to a primary care or Alma Ata model, focused on meeting the needs of pregnant women and children younger than 5 years, and developing services for a variety of high-impact communicable diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. abstract: Infectious diseases have had a decisive and rapid impact on shaping and changing health policy. Noncommunicable diseases, while not garnering as much interest or importance over the past 20 years, have been affecting public health around the world in a steady and critical way, becoming the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries. This article discusses emergent issues in global health related to noncommunicable diseases and conditions, with focus on defining the unique epidemiologic features and relevant programmatic, health systems, and policy responses concerning noncommunicable chronic diseases, mental health, accidents and injuries, urbanization, climate change, and disaster preparedness. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21896363/ doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.008 id: cord-022383-pz0htccp author: Kohn, Dennis F. title: Biology and Diseases of Rats date: 2013-11-17 words: 20181.0 sentences: 1195.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022383-pz0htccp.txt summary: The severity and prevalence of clinical disease within an infected colony are associated with environmental conditions that induce stress (e.g., experimental manipulation, overcrowding, fluctuations in ambient temperature and humid ity, and copathogens). Salmonellosis, which was once a major cause of disease in laboratory rat and mouse colonies, is rarely reported in either species today. Mycoplasma pulmonis recently has become recognized as an important pathogen in the female genital tract of rats, and thus is being treated here as a distinct disease rather than as a sequella to MRM. Sendai virus commonly infects laboratory rats, but its clinical significance is less than in mice. Infection is usually diagnosed retrospectively in rats, where pulmonary lesions are observed following seroconversion to PVM in the absence of other respiratory pathogens. This disease, which occurs more fre quently in females, has been reported in numerous strains of rats. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155635/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-263620-2.50010-0 id: cord-015651-yhi83hgq author: Kovács, Katalin title: Social Disparities in the Evolution of an Epidemiological Profile: Transition Processes in Mortality Between 1971 and 2008 in an Industrialized Middle Income Country: The Case of Hungary date: 2014-03-25 words: 11309.0 sentences: 512.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015651-yhi83hgq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015651-yhi83hgq.txt summary: One of main conclusions has been that they have not so far undergone the healthier life style changes that have occurred in Western Europe, and this has resulted in a "reversed epidemiological transition", in which an elevated burden of cardiovascular diseases dominates the pattern of mortality (Vallin and Meslé 2004) . In this paper I shall review recent developments in epidemiological transition theory, and test the applicability of some of these theories to the evolution of cause-and education-specific mortality inequalities in Hungary between 1971 and 2008. Omran, starting from his very first publication, continuously mentioned social disparities in mortality as well as the driving forces listed above but he did not provide a theoretical framework for the application of these in connection with particular mortality or disease patterns specific for single countries or population sub-groups. abstract: The present paper seeks to understand the transformation of mortality patterns in Hungary, by which mortality inequalities by education began to appear in the early 1980s, continued to grow in the following 25 years, and now seem to be stabilising. The first part of this paper overviews the theoretical innovations of the last decades regarding the interpretation of cause-specific mortality dynamics, often referred to as epidemiological transition theories, and their relevance for the analysis of mortality inequalities. The paper then analyses the cause-specific trends of mortality for two educational classes between 1971 and 2008. The trends were corrected for changes in the coding system and divided into linear (stagnating, increasing or decreasing) periods. Causes of death were grouped according to the relationship between the sequences of these periods for the two educational classes. The 57 causes of death were finally clustered into six groups. One group, which is dominated by nutrition-related and cardiovascular diseases, is largely responsible for the onset of mortality inequalities in 1980. The results imply that the quality of nutrition has diverged for the educational classes since 1980, and this fact has left its footprint on the pattern of mortality. The history of food production and availability seems to be in line with nutrition-related mortality, and it is argued that nutrition transition theory provides a very plausible explanatory framework for the growth of mortality inequalities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114985/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-03029-6_4 id: cord-009322-7l7slziv author: Kraetsch, Hans-Georg title: Verlauf und prognostische Parameter bei Still-Syndrom des Erwachsenen: Eigene Erfahrungen und Literaturübersicht date: 1997 words: 2073.0 sentences: 269.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009322-7l7slziv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009322-7l7slziv.txt summary: □ PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients with adult onset of Still''s disease (AOSD) were examined one to nine years after the established diagnosis. 1 971 beschfieb Bywaters 14 erwachsene Patienten mit Symptomen ~ihnlich denen einer juvenilen chronischen Polyarthritis, die frª als ,,Still''s disease" bezeichnet wurde [3] . Rey Words: AOSD 9 Adult onset of Still''s disease 9 Prognostic critefia 9 Course of disease 9 Outcome 9 Review of the literature 9 Case reports Med. Klin Betroffen sind vor allem der Stamm und die proximalen Extremiditen (Abbildung 2, Patient Nr. 8), gelegentlich aber auch das Gesicht [18] . Eine schwere hepatische Beteili~mg trat bei unserem sp~iter verstorbenen Patienten ira P,.ahmen eines hffmophagozytischen Syndroms auf[28], auch dies schon als seltene und lebensbedrohliche Komplikation des AOSD bekannt. Eine Verschmfflerung des Gelenkspaltes in Karpometakarpaloder Interkarpalgelenken mit sp~iterer kn6cherner Ankylosierung gilt als eine ftir das AOSD charakteristische radiologische Verffnderung [1] , die in dieser Forro bei unseren Patienten nicht zu beobachten war. abstract: □ PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten patients with adult onset of Still’s disease (AOSD) were examined one to nine years after the established diagnosis. Clinical symptoms, laboratory parameters and the outcome of the cases are presented and compared to international literature and to Yamagushi’s in 1992 proposed diagnostic criteria. Nine patients were reexamined in our out-patient clinic. The chart of one additional patient, who died 10 month after the initial symptoms was also available for data analysis. Retrospectively, it was investigated whether any parameters were predictive for a chronic or severe form of the disease. □ RESULTS: One patient died 10 month after the diagnosis was established due to a secondary haemophagozytic syndrome. One patient developed a chronic form of the disease, whereas 2 patients had a chronic-remitting form. Six patients presented a self-limiting, shorter than 12 month lasting course of AOSD with a restitutio ad integrum. All patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of Yamagushi et al. Three of 10 patients developed a chronic form of AOSD, compared to up to 70% of the patients reported by others. The patient who died was significantly older (46 years) than the average age (24,9 years) of all patients. Interestingly, he did not present Still’s rash or lymphadenopathy, but rather developed a secondary hemophagocytic syndrome with an excessive hyperferritinaemia. □ CONCLUSION: Predicting parameters for a chronic course of the disease could not be found. Each patient’s diagnosis retrospectively could be confirmed using the Yamagushi’s diagnostic criteria. Thus, these criteria appear helpful in the difficult diagnostic process of this disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146029/ doi: 10.1007/bf03044666 id: cord-027303-20plzyqd author: Krishnan, Gokul S. title: Hybrid Text Feature Modeling for Disease Group Prediction Using Unstructured Physician Notes date: 2020-05-23 words: 3715.0 sentences: 164.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027303-20plzyqd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027303-20plzyqd.txt summary: In this article, we propose a generic ICD9 disease group prediction CDSS built on unstructured physician notes modeled using hybrid word embeddings. In this article, a hybrid feature modeling approach that uses hybrid clinical word embeddings to generate quality features which are used to train and build a deep neural network model to predict ICD9 disease groups is presented. From our experiments, we observed a significant potential in developing prediction based CDSS using unstructured text reports directly, eliminating the dependency on the availability of structured patient data and EHRs. The proposed approach that involves a textual feature modeling and a neural network based prediction model was successful in capturing the rich and latent clinical information available in unstructured physician notes, and using it to effectively learn disease group characteristics for prediction. In this article, a deep neural network based model for predicting ICD9 disease groups from physician notes in the form of unstructured text is discussed. abstract: Existing Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs) largely depend on the availability of structured patient data and Electronic Health Records (EHRs) to aid caregivers. However, in case of hospitals in developing countries, structured patient data formats are not widely adopted, where medical professionals still rely on clinical notes in the form of unstructured text. Such unstructured clinical notes recorded by medical personnel can also be a potential source of rich patient-specific information which can be leveraged to build CDSSs, even for hospitals in developing countries. If such unstructured clinical text can be used, the manual and time-consuming process of EHR generation will no longer be required, with huge person-hours and cost savings. In this article, we propose a generic ICD9 disease group prediction CDSS built on unstructured physician notes modeled using hybrid word embeddings. These word embeddings are used to train a deep neural network for effectively predicting ICD9 disease groups. Experimental evaluation showed that the proposed approach outperformed the state-of-the-art disease group prediction model built on structured EHRs by 15% in terms of AUROC and 40% in terms of AUPRC, thus proving our hypothesis and eliminating dependency on availability of structured patient data. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7303721/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50423-6_24 id: cord-258777-9jxvngvz author: Kunii, Osamu title: The Okinawa Infectious Diseases Initiative date: 2006-12-22 words: 3723.0 sentences: 186.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258777-9jxvngvz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258777-9jxvngvz.txt summary: Japan also mounted major initiatives to eliminate infectious and parasitic diseases nationwide; for example, by linking public health activities with measures to control tuberculosis (TB), Japan substantially reduced the number of TB-related deaths [22] . Through infrastructure and institution building, in addition to provision of technical assistance, Japan supports and facilitates the development of health systems and sector reforms, thereby reinforcing health development planning and programmes, building capacity and helping to ensure sustainability of infectious disease control. Promotion of public health at the community level Japan has paid special attention to the improvement of basic sanitation, clean water, basic education and primary health care within communities, concentrating on interventions that lead to the reduction of infectious diseases. Japan has also been one of the largest donors in controlling Chagas disease in Central America through the provision of equipment and supplies, in addition to technical assistance for programme management and individual interventions, including surveillance, materials for information, education and communication, and insecticide spraying [45] . abstract: At the Kyushu–Okinawa Group of Eight summit in 2000, Japan announced the Okinawa Infectious Diseases Initiative (IDI) and pledged to spend US$3 billion over a five year period to combat infectious and parasitic diseases in developing countries. The IDI has exceeded expectations, spending more than US$4 billion over four years. The IDI is a unique initiative with its own philosophical basis and specifically tailored interventions and measures that helped to initiate worldwide political and financial commitments in the fight against infectious diseases. Notably, it promoted partnerships among stakeholders and emphasized comprehensive and inter-sectoral approaches (i.e. coordination and collaboration between health and other sectors). It helped to create a new vision of what is possible in the global effort against communicable diseases and has been instrumental in shaping the changing environments of development assistance, poverty reduction and other trends to reduce the impact of infectious and parasitic diseases. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471492206003126 doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.12.008 id: cord-010887-qbyk4psh author: Kwon, Somin title: Immunotherapies for Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases—Emerging Perspectives and New Targets date: 2020-04-28 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and vascular dementia (VCID) have no disease-modifying treatments to date and now constitute a dementia crisis that affects 5 million in the USA and over 50 million worldwide. The most common pathological hallmark of these age-related neurodegenerative diseases is the accumulation of specific proteins, including amyloid beta (Aβ), tau, α-synuclein (α-syn), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43), and repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) peptides, in the intra- and extracellular spaces of selected brain regions. Whereas it remains controversial whether these accumulations are pathogenic or merely a byproduct of disease, the majority of therapeutic research has focused on clearing protein aggregates. Immunotherapies have garnered particular attention for their ability to target specific protein strains and conformations as well as promote clearance. Immunotherapies can also be neuroprotective: by neutralizing extracellular protein aggregates, they reduce spread, synaptic damage, and neuroinflammation. This review will briefly examine the current state of research in immunotherapies against the 3 most commonly targeted proteins for age-related neurodegenerative disease: Aβ, tau, and α-syn. The discussion will then turn to combinatorial strategies that enhance the effects of immunotherapy against aggregating protein, followed by new potential targets of immunotherapy such as aging-related processes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13311-020-00853-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222955/ doi: 10.1007/s13311-020-00853-2 id: cord-018364-b06084r1 author: LaBrunda, Michelle title: The Emerging Threat of Ebola date: 2019-06-07 words: 13502.0 sentences: 795.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018364-b06084r1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018364-b06084r1.txt summary: Transmission of Ebola disease is still being studied, but it is known that person-toperson contact is the most common form of spread. One study found the risk of developing EVD for healthcare workers to be 100 times that of the general community during an outbreak of Ebola in Sierra Leone [67] . After the outbreak of SARS in 2003 many countries starting using boarder screening to try to identify possibly ill people in hopes of limiting spread of infectious disease, others jumped on board after the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. An article by the CDC, published around the same time as the article recommending travel restriction for high-risk individuals, concludes that border screens are expensive and not effective in preventing the spread of disease [100] . Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients Under Investigation (PUIs) for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in U abstract: Ebola is one of the deadliest infectious disease of the modern era. Over 50% of those infected die. Prior to 1976, the disease was unknown. No one knows exactly where it came from, but it is postulated that a mutation in an animal virus allowed it to jump species and infect humans. In 1976 simultaneous outbreaks of Ebola occurred in what is now South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). For 20 years, only sporadic cases were seen, but in 1995 a new outbreak occurred killing hundreds in the DRC. Since that time the frequency of these outbreaks has been increasing. It is uncertain why this is occurring, but many associate it with increasing human encroachment into forested areas bringing people and animals into more intimate contact and increased mobility of previously remote population. This chapter will navigate Ebola in the context of global health and security. There are multiple objectives of this chapter. First is to provide a basic understanding of Ebola disease processes and outbreak patterns. Second, is to explore the interplay between social determinants of health and Ebola. The role of technology in spreading Ebola outbreaks will be explained as will Ebola’s potential as a bioweapon. Readers will gain understanding of the link between environmental degradation and Ebola outbreaks. This chapter will be divided into five main sections. These are (1) a case study; (2) Ebola Disease process; (3) Social determinants of health and Ebola; (4) Ebola in the modern era, and (5) the link between Ebola and environmental degradation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123219/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-23491-1_6 id: cord-001654-o2zfilcl author: Laidler, Matthew R. title: Statin Treatment and Mortality: Propensity Score-Matched Analyses of 2007–2008 and 2009–2010 Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations date: 2015-03-04 words: 4004.0 sentences: 179.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001654-o2zfilcl.txt summary: The use of immunomodulatory agents such as statins to target host inflammatory responses in influenza virus infection has been suggested as an adjunct treatment, especially during pandemics, when antiviral quantities are limited or vaccine production can be delayed. We used population-based, influenza hospitalization surveillance data, propensity score-matched analysis, and Cox regression to determine whether there was an association between mortality (within 30 days of a positive influenza test) and statin treatment among hospitalized cohorts from 2 influenza seasons (October 1, 2007 to April 30, 2008 and September 1, 2009 to April 31, 2010). A study by Vandermeer et al [23] , using data from a populationbased influenza surveillance system, found a protective effect of statin use on mortality among patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the 2007-2008 influenza season. We used Cox proportional hazards models with robust standard errors, stratified on matched pairs, to determine the effect of statin treatment on mortality within 30 days of a positive influenza test. abstract: Background. Annual influenza epidemics are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. The use of immunomodulatory agents such as statins to target host inflammatory responses in influenza virus infection has been suggested as an adjunct treatment, especially during pandemics, when antiviral quantities are limited or vaccine production can be delayed. Methods. We used population-based, influenza hospitalization surveillance data, propensity score-matched analysis, and Cox regression to determine whether there was an association between mortality (within 30 days of a positive influenza test) and statin treatment among hospitalized cohorts from 2 influenza seasons (October 1, 2007 to April 30, 2008 and September 1, 2009 to April 31, 2010). Results. Hazard ratios for death within the 30-day follow-up period were 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], .25–.68) for a matched sample from the 2007–2008 season and 0.77 (95% CI, .43–1.36) for a matched sample from the 2009 pandemic. Conclusions. The analysis suggests a protective effect against death from influenza among patients hospitalized in 2007–2008 but not during the pandemic. Sensitivity analysis indicates the findings for 2007–2008 may be influenced by unmeasured confounders. This analysis does not support using statins as an adjunct treatment for preventing death among persons hospitalized for influenza. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4438907/ doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofv028 id: cord-294856-eeh2a0t8 author: Lambert, Paul-Henri title: Consensus Summary Report for CEPI/BC March 12-13, 2020 Meeting: Assessment of Risk of Disease Enhancement with COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-05-25 words: 5236.0 sentences: 251.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294856-eeh2a0t8.txt summary: Therefore, CEPI and the Brighton Collaboration Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC) convened a scientific working meeting https://brightoncollaboration.us/brighton-collaboration-cepi-covid-19-web-conference/) on March 12 and 13, 2020 of experts in the field of vaccine immunology and coronaviruses to discuss current knowledge that could form the basis for the assessment of the risk of enhanced disease during SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. Ferret models of SARS-CoV-1 also demonstrate virus replication in respiratory tracts with induction of a neutralizing antibody response but also demonstrated little evidence of clinical disease [13] . Efficacy of several SARS-CoV-1 vaccines was evaluated in these models with spike (S) protein based vaccines demonstrating neutralizing antibody and protection against pulmonary replication of the challenge virus in mice and hamsters [16] . There is evidence for disease enhancement in vaccinated animals after challenge with live virus in multiple studies with SARS-CoV-1 vaccine candidates as summarized in Table. Chinese macaques immunized with a modified vaccinia virus expressing S protein then challenged with SARS-CoV-1 did not develop clinical disease, but histopathology showed lung injury. abstract: A novel coronavirus (CoV), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China and has since spread as a global pandemic. Safe and effective vaccines are thus urgently needed to reduce the significant morbidity and mortality of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease and ease the major economic impact. There has been an unprecedented rapid response by vaccine developers with now over one hundred vaccine candidates in development and at least six having reached clinical trials. However, a major challenge during rapid development is to avoid safety issues both by thoughtful vaccine design and by thorough evaluation in a timely manner. A syndrome of “disease enhancement” has been reported in the past for a few viral vaccines where those immunized suffered increased severity or death when they later encountered the virus or were found to have an increased frequency of infection. Animal models allowed scientists to determine the underlying mechanism for the former in the case of Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine and have been utilized to design and screen new RSV vaccine candidates. Because some Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and SARS-CoV-1 vaccines have shown evidence of disease enhancement in some animal models, this is a particular concern for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. To address this challenge, the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) and the Brighton Collaboration (BC) Safety Platform for Emergency vACcines (SPEAC) convened a scientific working meeting on March 12 and 13, 2020 of experts in the field of vaccine immunology and coronaviruses to consider what vaccine designs could reduce safety concerns and how animal models and immunological assessments in early clinical trials can help to assess the risk. This report summarizes the evidence presented and provides considerations for safety assessment of COVID-19 vaccine candidates in accelerated vaccine development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32507409/ doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.064 id: cord-315794-se0sq3c3 author: Lamps, L W title: Infective disorders of the gastrointestinal tract date: 2006-12-14 words: 4191.0 sentences: 279.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315794-se0sq3c3.txt summary: Diagnostic histological features of selected enteric infections will be emphasized, including those that mimic other inflammatory conditions of the gut (such as ischaemia or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease), along with available diagnostic methods that can aid in diagnosis. 2 Those producing a non-specific acute self-limited ⁄ infectious colitis (ASLC) pattern (e.g. Campylobacter jejuni); this is one of the most common inflammatory patterns in enteric infections. As these features can also be seen in smoldering Crohn''s disease and lymphocytic colitis, it is important to know the patient''s symptoms and, ideally, culture results as this differential diagnosis may be difficult to resolve on histological grounds alone. Selected specific food-and ⁄ or water-borne gastrointestinal infective disorders Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, Yersinia, Shigella and enteric viruses represent the most common food-borne pathogens worldwide. In addition, many of the food-and water-borne gastrointestinal infective diseases discussed below mimic other entities that are commonly encountered in surgical pathology practice, such as ischaemic colitis or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. abstract: Gastrointestinal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Infectious organisms are often recovered by microbiological methods, but surgical pathologists may play a very valuable role in diagnosis. This review will focus on infective disorders of the gastrointestinal tract with an emphasis on enterocolitides caused by food‐ and water‐borne pathogens. Diagnostic histological features of selected enteric infections will be emphasized, including those that mimic other inflammatory conditions of the gut (such as ischaemia or idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease), along with available diagnostic methods that can aid in diagnosis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17204021/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02544.x id: cord-016171-17ut32bu author: Lane, J. Michael title: Smallpox as a Weapon for Bioterrorism date: 2009 words: 8404.0 sentences: 512.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016171-17ut32bu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016171-17ut32bu.txt summary: Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a) . Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a) . If this algorithm indicates that a patient is high risk to be smallpox, local and national public health authorities should be immediately notified by telephone, and laboratory specimens taken for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electron photomicroscopy (EM), and viral culture. abstract: Smallpox, the only disease ever eradicated, is one of the six pathogens considered a serious threat for biological terrorism (Henderson et al., 1999; Mahy, 2003; Whitley, 2003). Smallpox has several attributes that make it a potential threat. It can be grown in large amounts. It spreads via the respiratory route. It has a 30% mortality rate. The potential for an attack using smallpox motivated President Bush to call for phased vaccination of a substantial number of American health care and public health workers (Grabenstein and Winkenwerder, 2003; Stevenson and Stolberg, 2002). Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a). This chapter summarizes the scientific and theoretical bases for use of smallpox as a bioweapon and options for preparation for defense against it. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120382/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1266-4_5 id: cord-140839-rij8f137 author: Langfeld, Kurt title: Dynamics of epidemic diseases without guaranteed immunity date: 2020-07-31 words: 2287.0 sentences: 140.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-140839-rij8f137.txt txt: ./txt/cord-140839-rij8f137.txt summary: Conventional mathematical models consider cases for which a recovered individual either becomes susceptible again or develops an immunity. In the simplest version, the so-called compartmental models [7, 10] consider the fraction of the population which is either susceptible (S), infected (I) or removed (R) from the disease network. Compartmental models address global quantities such as the fraction of susceptible individuals S and assume that heuristic rate equations can describe the disease dynamics. In these cases, spatial disease spread patterns can be described by a stochastic network model with Monte-Carlo simulations a common choice for the simulation. At each time step (say ''day''), the probability that an individual gets infected (or recovers) depends on the status of the neighbours in the social network. For τ > t th , the peak infection rate is that of the asymptotic state of the corresponding model (i) and, hence, inherits the classification ''pandemic'' or ''response'' phase. abstract: The global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic suggests a novel type of disease spread dynamics. WHO states that there is currently no evidence that people who have recovered from COVID-19 and have antibodies are immune from a second infection [WHO]. Conventional mathematical models consider cases for which a recovered individual either becomes susceptible again or develops an immunity. Here, we study the case where infected agents recover and only develop immunity if they are continuously infected for some time. Otherwise, they become susceptible again. We show that field theory bounds the peak of the infectious rate. Consequently, the theory's phases characterise the disease dynamics: (i) a pandemic phase and (ii) a response regime. The model excellently describes the epidemic spread of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the city of Wuhan, China. We find that only 30% of the recovered agents have developed an immunity. We anticipate our paper to influence the decision making upon balancing the economic impact and the pandemic impact on society. As long as disease controlling measures keep the disease dynamics in the"response regime", a pandemic escalation ('second wave') is ruled out. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.15971v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-336045-8qcj5uiy author: Langlois, Isabelle title: Viral diseases of ferrets date: 2005-03-01 words: 7196.0 sentences: 424.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336045-8qcj5uiy.txt summary: A tentative diagnosis of canine distemper is based on the presence of typical clinical signs, severe leukopenia, a history of potential exposure to the virus, and questionable vaccination. The severity of disease depends on the origin (mink or ferret) of the ADV strain that is involved as well as the immune status and genotype of the infected individual [25] . Ferrets are used extensively as an animal model for influenza virus pathogenesis and immunity studies because their biologic response to influenza infection is similar to that of humans [53, 54] . Neurologic symptoms, including ataxia, hind-limb paresis, and torticollis, were reported in ferrets that were infected experimentally with avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses that were isolated from the 1997 outbreaks of disease in domestic poultry markets in Hong Kong [50, 65] . Detection of Aleutian disease virus DNA in tissues of naturally infected mink abstract: Distemper and rabies vaccination are highly recommended because of the almost invariable fatal outcome of these conditions. Vaccination should constitute an important part of a ferret's preventative medicine program. With the current and anticipated development and licensing of new vaccines, practitioners are invited to gain awareness of the latest vaccine information. Establishment of a practice vaccination protocol with regards to the site of administration of rabies and distemper vaccines is paramount to document any future abnormal tissue reactions. Influenza is the most common zoonotic disease that is seen in ferrets. Although it generally is benign in most ferrets, veterinarians must take this condition seriously. The characteristic continuous antigenic variation of this virus may lead to more virulent strains; the recent emergence of avian influenza virus outbreaks; and the increased susceptibility of elderly, young, and immunosuppressed individuals. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15585193/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2004.09.008 id: cord-025998-1qawjquv author: Lara, R.J. title: Aquatic Ecosystems, Human Health, and Ecohydrology date: 2012-03-23 words: 27055.0 sentences: 1228.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025998-1qawjquv.txt summary: The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agriand aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. • natural biological cycles in which humans can act as hosts of pathogenic microorganisms (protozoans, bacteria, etc.); • consequences of the management of aquatic resources (e.g., wetlands drainage or creation, aquaculture, and dam construction); • effects of water pollution (chemical, microbiological, radio active, and thermal) on man and on the physiology of individual organisms; and • the impact of global changes affecting climate and hydrolo gical cycles (e.g., habitat degradation, warming, increased rainfall, and storms). abstract: This chapter treats two main topics: the relationship between human health, aquatic ecosystems, and water use; and the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches for the development of water management policies and disease control. Main waterborne diseases, mostly affecting developing countries and relevant in terms of water management and changes in land use, such as malaria, schistosomiasis, or cholera, are discussed stressing links to the global water crisis. Also, the role of artificial and natural wetlands in influenza epidemics is treated. The effects of increasing water use and scarcity on human health are discussed considering historical and contemporary incidence of diarrheal diseases in European and South Asian megacities, relationships between dams and on waterborne diseases in Asia and Africa, and intensive agri- and aquaculture resulting in man-made ecotones, fragmented aquatic ecosystems, and pathogen mutations. It is emphasized that the comprehension of the multiple interactions among changes in environmental settings, land use, and human health requires a new synthesis of ecohydrology, biomedical sciences, and water management for surveillance and control of waterborne diseases in basin-based, transboundary health systems. Surveillance systems should monitor changes in water management, ecotones, and hydrological cycles and shifts in, for example, the outbreak timing of strongly seasonal diseases. These indicators would provide criteria for the development of innovative water management policies, combining methods of vector control and the safe creation of water reservoirs, irrigation systems, and wetland habitats. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271162/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374711-2.01015-9 id: cord-326017-qw4qynqv author: Laskar, Partha title: “Tomorrow Never Dies”: Recent Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Modalities against Coronavirus (COVID-19) amid Controversies date: 2020-08-06 words: 14797.0 sentences: 760.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326017-qw4qynqv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326017-qw4qynqv.txt summary: Considering this, we have summarized diverse research areas covering the current known biological properties of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tools for detection, therapeutic measurements for possible treatment, and prevention techniques to stop further spreading of this pandemic. Considering this, we have summarized diverse research areas covering the current known biological properties of SARS-CoV-2, diagnostic tools for detection, therapeutic measurements for possible treatment, and prevention techniques to stop further spreading of this pandemic. Overall, real-time RT-PCR based method enables developing a high-throughput testing for rapid, on-demand, low-cost, reliable, quantitative detection technique against COVID-19 in clinical settings [39] . Another newly developed method, SARS-CoV-2 DNA Endonuclease-Targeted CRISPR Trans Reporter (DETECTR), was found to perform simultaneous reverse transcription and isothermal amplification by (i) RT-LAMP for RNA extracted (for nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs), (ii) Cas12 detection of predefined coronavirus sequences, and (iii) cleavage of a reporter molecule confirms, which detects the virus [56] . abstract: The outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (2019-nCoV or COVID-19) is responsible for severe health emergency throughout the world. The attack of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is found to be responsible for COVID-19. The World Health Organization has declared the ongoing global public health emergency as a pandemic. The whole world fights against this invincible enemy in various capacities to restore economy, lifestyle, and safe life. Enormous amount of scientific research work(s), administrative strategies, and economic measurements are in place to create a successful step against COVID-19. Furthermore, differences in opinion, facts, and implementation methods laid additional layers of complexities in this battle against survival. Thus, a timely overview of the recent, important, and overall inclusive developments against this pandemic is a pressing need for better understanding and dealing with COVID-19. In this review, we have systematically summarized the epidemiological studies, clinical features, biological properties, diagnostic methods, treatment modalities, and preventive measurements related to COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32781617/ doi: 10.3390/diseases8030030 id: cord-274409-4ugdxbmy author: Laskar, Rezwanuzzaman title: Mutational analysis and assessment of its impact on proteins of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from India date: 2020-10-19 words: 3300.0 sentences: 190.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274409-4ugdxbmy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274409-4ugdxbmy.txt summary: title: Mutational analysis and assessment of its impact on proteins of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from India Further, constitution of ''Disease'' mutations in genomes from asymptomatic people was mere 11% but those from deceased patients was over three folds higher at 38% indicating contribution of these mutations to the pathophysiology of the SARS-CoV-2. With a definitive possibility of India becoming the most affected country by SARS-CoV-2 in near future and the demographic burden involved, its pertinent to be analyze the accumulating variations in the genome accounting for possible changes in protein and their potential to alter the virus in any manner. Herein we extend our study using the same congregation of sequences to analyze the nature and composition of the observed mutations and their impact on proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The distribution of Disease and Neutral variants across the different genes of SARS-CoV-2 has been shown in Table 4 and Supplementary file 5. abstract: The ongoing global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 implies a corresponding accumulation of mutations. Herein the mutational status of 611 genomes from India along with their impact on proteins was ascertained. After excluding gaps and ambiguous sequences, a total of 493 variable sites (152 parsimony informative and 341 singleton) were observed. The most prevalent reference nucleotide was C (209) and substituted one was T (293). NSP3 had the highest incidence of 101 sites followed by S protein (74 sites), NSP12b (43 sites) and ORF3a (31 sites). The average number of mutations per sample for males and females was 2.56 and 2.88 respectively suggesting a higher contribution of mutations from females. Non-uniform geographical distribution of mutations implied by Odisha (30 samples, 109 mutations) and Tamil Nadu (31 samples, 40 mutations) suggests that sequences in some regions are mutating faster than others. There were 281 mutations (198 ‘Neutral’ and 83 ‘Disease’) affecting amino acid sequence. NSP13 has a maximum of 14 ‘Disease’ variants followed by S protein and ORF3a with 13 each. Further, constitution of ‘Disease’ mutations in genomes from asymptomatic people was mere 11% but those from deceased patients was over three folds higher at 38% indicating contribution of these mutations to the pathophysiology of the SARS-CoV-2. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.19.345066 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.19.345066 id: cord-016387-ju4130bq author: Last, John title: A Brief History of Advances Toward Health date: 2005 words: 5464.0 sentences: 252.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016387-ju4130bq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016387-ju4130bq.txt summary: From time to time, this steady drain on long life and good health was punctuated by great and terrifying epidemics-smallpox, typhus, influenza, and, most terrible of all, the plague, or the "black death." The causes of these periodic devastations, the contributing reasons to why they happened, were a mystery. After Fracastorius, the pathfinders on the road to health became numerous, but mention here will be made of only a handful of public health heroes: Paracelsus, John Graunt, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Bernardino Ramazzini, James Lind, Edward Jenner, Johann Peter Frank, John Snow, Ignaz Semmelweiss, and Louis Pasteur. Many others belong in their company: The great German pathologist Rudolph Virchow recognized that political action as well as rational science are necessary to initiate effective action to control public health problems; Edwin Chadwick and Lemuel Shattuck reported on the appalling sanitary conditions associated with the unacceptably high infant and child death rates that prevailed in 19 th century industrial towns; William Farr established vital statistics in England as a model for other nations to follow. abstract: Three major discoveries determined the health and history of the human species. The first occurred almost a million years ago, when our hominid precursors discovered how to use fire to cook the meat they had hunted. They found that cooked meat tasted better, it didn’t go bad so quickly, and eating it was less likely to make them ill. Our understanding of nutrition, a basic tenet of public health science, and the art of cooking have been improving ever since. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120648/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-24103-5_1 id: cord-030926-vtids9ns author: Laxminarayan, Ramanan title: Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date: 2016-02-15 words: 5839.0 sentences: 275.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt txt: ./txt/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt summary: Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Other examples of country-level actions with global consequences include inadequate vaccination coverage; slow progress on disease elimination; failure to report and contain pandemic flu, antibiotic resistance, and counterfeit drugs; and climate-related health threats. More recently, campaigns to eliminate smallpox and eradicate malaria have been built on the idea that infectious disease control depends not just on national priorities but also on the priorities of one''s neighbours and trading partners. Current International Health Regulations, which were first enacted in 1951 and most recently revised in 2005, require countries to report disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is often essential to have cooperative financing mechanisms for global health interventions, whether to eradicate disease, encourage appropriate levels of disease surveillance and reporting, or to reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. abstract: Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Here, we review what economic analysis can offer in countering these problems through the design of interventions that modify the behaviour of institutions and nations in the direction of greatest global good. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7448792/ doi: 10.1093/oxrep/grv030 id: cord-290930-438td98a author: Lazcano-Ponce, Eduardo title: The Contribution of International Agencies to the Control of Communicable Diseases date: 2005-10-08 words: 4281.0 sentences: 172.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290930-438td98a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290930-438td98a.txt summary: The principle strategies include: 1) implementation of mechanisms for international epidemiologic surveillance; 2) use of international law to support the control of communicable diseases; 3) international cooperation on health matters; 4) strategies to strengthen primary care services and health systems in general; 5) promotion of the transfer of resources for research and development from the North to the South. The WHO proposal for modernization of the International Health Regulation includes the following: 1) a mission with a stronger focus on control of infectious diseases, 2) emphasis on broader health care coverage and better access to treatment schemes, 3) global surveillance including data from official and non-official sources, 4) strengthening of national public health systems through the establishment of comparable productivity indicators and outcome measurements, 5) giving priority to the protection of human rights, 6) guidelines for good health governance defined as adoption of the principles of impartiality, objectivity and transparency (13). abstract: Although inequality is often measured through three critical indicators—education, income and life expectancy—health-related differences are also essential elements for explaining levels of equality or inequality in modern societies. Investment and investigation in health also involve inequalities at the global level, and this includes insufficient North-South transfer of funds, technology and expertise in the health field, including the specific area of communicable diseases. Globally, epidemics and outbreaks in any geographic region can represent international public health emergencies, and this type of threat requires a global response. Therefore, given the need to strengthen the global capacity for dealing with threats of infectious diseases, a framework is needed for collaboration on alerting the world to epidemics and responding to public health emergencies. This is necessary to guarantee a high level of security against the dissemination of communicable diseases in an ever more globalized world. In response to these needs, international health agencies have put a number of strategies into practice in order to contribute to the control of communicable diseases in poor countries. The principle strategies include: 1) implementation of mechanisms for international epidemiologic surveillance; 2) use of international law to support the control of communicable diseases; 3) international cooperation on health matters; 4) strategies to strengthen primary care services and health systems in general; 5) promotion of the transfer of resources for research and development from the North to the South. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S018844090500278X doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.07.002 id: cord-023488-jf2xl3vl author: Le Duc, James W. title: Emerging Viral Diseases: Why We Need to Worry about Bats, Camels, and Airplanes date: 2016-02-12 words: 9385.0 sentences: 464.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023488-jf2xl3vl.txt summary: On occasion, a virus that is already widespread in a population can emerge as a cause of epidemic or endemic disease, due to an increase in the ratio of cases to infections. Although many zoonotic viruses can be transmitted to humans on occasion, their relative ability to spread from human to human determines whether or not they emerge as significant new virus diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). In the history of modern virology (the last 50 years) there are very few documented instances where zoonotic viruses have established themselves in the human population and emerged as new viral diseases of mankind (Table 2 ). Rarely, as in the case of HIV, SARS coronavirus, and Ebola filovirus, a zoonotic virus becomes established in humans, causing a disease that is truly new to the human species. abstract: The emergence of a new viral disease is one of the most dramatic aspects of virology, which often receives widespread attention from the scientific community and the lay public. Considering that the discipline of animal virology was established over 100 years ago, it may seem surprising that new virus diseases are still being discovered. How this happens is the subject of this chapter. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170184/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800964-2.00016-1 id: cord-256686-fwh926g4 author: Leggio, Loredana title: Extracellular Vesicles as Nanotherapeutics for Parkinson’s Disease date: 2020-09-16 words: 14302.0 sentences: 742.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256686-fwh926g4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256686-fwh926g4.txt summary: Notably, emerging studies on aging mouse models of PD, based on the exposure to the environmental neurotoxins 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), clearly indicate that aged glial cells lose their neuroprotective, pro-neurogenic, and regenerative functions, thereby contributing to the inflammatory and degenerative processes during PD onset and progression [21, 23, [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] . The ReNCell VM immortalized human neural progenitor cell line-opportunely differentiated to assume a DAergic neuronal phenotype-was chosen as model of target cell, for evaluating the potential neuroprotective effects of SHED-derived EVs. To reproduce the parkinsonian/oxidative environment, the neurons were treated with the neurotoxin 6-OHDA [234] . The deriving M2 GDNF-producing macrophages were intravenously injected in the 6-OHDA PD mouse model, where they were able to cross exclusively the BBB of inflamed brains, inducing both neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects with consequent motor function improvements. abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are naturally occurring membranous structures secreted by normal and diseased cells, and carrying a wide range of bioactive molecules. In the central nervous system (CNS), EVs are important in both homeostasis and pathology. Through receptor–ligand interactions, direct fusion, or endocytosis, EVs interact with their target cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that EVs play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), including Parkinson′s disease (PD). PD is the second most common ND, characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons within the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In PD, EVs are secreted by both neurons and glial cells, with either beneficial or detrimental effects, via a complex program of cell-to-cell communication. The functions of EVs in PD range from their etiopathogenetic relevance to their use as diagnostic tools and innovative carriers of therapeutics. Because they can cross the blood–brain barrier, EVs can be engineered to deliver bioactive molecules (e.g., small interfering RNAs, catalase) within the CNS. This review summarizes the latest findings regarding the role played by EVs in PD etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy, with a particular focus on their use as novel PD nanotherapeutics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32948090/ doi: 10.3390/biom10091327 id: cord-006780-l503f86l author: Leitch, A E title: Relevance of granulocyte apoptosis to resolution of inflammation at the respiratory mucosa date: 2008-07-02 words: 9371.0 sentences: 471.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006780-l503f86l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006780-l503f86l.txt summary: It is evident that granulocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation but other cell types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells, and lymphocytes are equally and potentially more influential in subsets of inflammatory respiratory disease. It is not surprising, given the constant exposure of the vast respiratory mucosa to threat, the fine balance of the immune response and the pivotal inflammatory role played by neutrophils, that neutrophil-dominant inflammation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous inflammatory respiratory diseases including pneumonia, COPD, IPF, CF, and ARDS. Elastase, reactive oxygen species, and myeloperoxidase cause further lung damage, and the clearance of inflammatory cells is so poor that Abbreviations: ARDS/ALI, adult respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury; CF, cystic fi brosis; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IPF, idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis. abstract: The respiratory mucosa is responsible for gas exchange and is therefore, of necessity, exposed to airborne pathogens, allergens, and foreign particles. It has evolved a multi-faceted, physical and immune defense system to ensure that in the majority of instances, potentially injurious invaders are repelled. Inflammation, predominantly mediated by effector cells of the granulocyte lineage including neutrophils and eosinophils, is a form of immune defense. Where inflammation proves unable to remove an inciting stimulus, chronic inflammatory disease may supervene because of the potential for tissue damage conferred by the presence of large numbers of frustrated, activated granulocytes. Successful recovery from inflammatory disease and resolution of inflammation rely on the clearance of these cells. Ideally, they should undergo apoptosis prior to phagocytosis by macrophage, dendritic, or epithelial cells. The outcome of inflammation can have serious sequelae for the integrity of the respiratory mucosa leading to disease. Therapeutic strategies to drive resolution of inflammation may be directed at the induction of granulocyte apoptosis and the enhancement of granulocyte clearance. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/mi.2008.31) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102379/ doi: 10.1038/mi.2008.31 id: cord-269190-w74bjtq1 author: Lennox, Angela M. title: Care of the Geriatric Rabbit date: 2010-02-11 words: 3434.0 sentences: 227.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-269190-w74bjtq1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-269190-w74bjtq1.txt summary: This article examines the spectrum of disease that can affect the geriatric rabbit as well as crucial factors concerning the clinical management of the animal up to the end of its life. Though designed for dogs and cats, the author and others have used this product in rabbits with chronic renal failure requiring longer-term at-home subcutaneous administration of fluid (see Hospice and end-oflife issues later in this article) (Fig. 1) . In some cases all teeth are eventually lost, and patients survive with good to excellent quality of life on a diet of liquid Critical Care (Oxbow Animal Health, Murdoch, NE). Causes are varied, and can include chronic renal failure and acquired dental disease. Use is not recommended in humans and tested animal patients that are dehydrated, or have liver or renal disease (due to reduction of blood flow to the kidneys). abstract: The average life span reported in laboratory and lay literature for the domestic rabbit is 5 to 10 years. The author and other veterinarians are now regularly seeing rabbits living to 9 or 10 years, the oldest reported in the author's practice being 14 years. Rabbits are herbivorous prey species with continually growing (elodont) teeth. This feature allows the geriatric rabbit to possess teeth that are essentially “new”, a distinct advantage over geriatric carnivores. Expanded longevity, while generally desirable, necessarily accompanies an increase in geriatric disorders. This article examines the spectrum of disease that can affect the geriatric rabbit as well as crucial factors concerning the clinical management of the animal up to the end of its life. An improved understanding of geriatric disorders in pet rabbits allows early recognition and the opportunity to improve quality of life. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20159546/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2009.09.002 id: cord-016782-aods92rf author: Lessenger, James E. title: Diseases from Animals, Poultry, and Fish date: 2006 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121171/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-30105-4_27 id: cord-330148-yltc6wpv author: Lessler, Justin title: Trends in the Mechanistic and Dynamic Modeling of Infectious Diseases date: 2016-07-02 words: 5911.0 sentences: 247.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-330148-yltc6wpv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330148-yltc6wpv.txt summary: Uncertainty was largely addressed through scenario-based approaches (e.g., different future epidemic trajectories were presented for different plausible sets of parameters), and for the most part, different aspects of the transmission dynamics were derived from independent studies, with only the growth rate (i.e., doubling time) estimated from incidence data. These recent attempts to quickly characterize the properties of emerging diseases are emblematic of an increasing focus on developing statistical methods, grounded in dynamical models, to estimate key epidemic parameters based on diverse data sources. High-resolution geographic data can gain additional power when paired with mechanistic models that capture changes in disease risk, as in recent analyses that accounted for the effect of birth, natural infection, and vaccine disruptions driving increases in measles susceptibility and epidemic risk in the wake of the Ebola outbreak [63] . The formal statistical integration of population genetic and epidemic models allows us to estimate the critical epidemiological parameters such as the basic reproductive number directly from pathogen sequence data [75] [76] [77] . abstract: The dynamics of infectious disease epidemics are driven by interactions between individuals with differing disease status (e.g., susceptible, infected, immune). Mechanistic models that capture the dynamics of such “dependent happenings” are a fundamental tool of infectious disease epidemiology. Recent methodological advances combined with access to new data sources and computational power have resulted in an explosion in the use of dynamic models in the analysis of emerging and established infectious diseases. Increasing use of models to inform practical public health decision making has challenged the field to develop new methods to exploit available data and appropriately characterize the uncertainty in the results. Here, we discuss recent advances and areas of active research in the mechanistic and dynamic modeling of infectious disease. We highlight how a growing emphasis on data and inference, novel forecasting methods, and increasing access to “big data” are changing the field of infectious disease dynamics. We showcase the application of these methods in phylodynamic research, which combines mechanistic models with rich sources of molecular data to tie genetic data to population-level disease dynamics. As dynamics and mechanistic modeling methods mature and are increasingly tied to principled statistical approaches, the historic separation between the infectious disease dynamics and “traditional” epidemiologic methods is beginning to erode; this presents new opportunities for cross pollination between fields and novel applications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226711/ doi: 10.1007/s40471-016-0078-4 id: cord-332093-iluqwwxs author: Lessler, Justin title: Mechanistic Models of Infectious Disease and Their Impact on Public Health date: 2016-02-17 words: 5501.0 sentences: 231.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332093-iluqwwxs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332093-iluqwwxs.txt summary: Though never published by Reed and Frost (versions of the model were eventually published by their students (3, 4) ), their model was one of the first mechanistic models of infectious disease transmission, and at a time long before digital computing, they may have been the first to use simulation methods to understand the epidemic process. Perhaps the first mechanistic model of infectious disease transmission used in assessing intervention strategies was a mathematical model of malaria transmission developed and refined by Ronald Ross in a series of papers published between 1908 and 1921 (9) (10) (11) , pre-dating the work of Reed and Frost by decades. The aforementioned work, particularly that of the World Health Organization Ebola Response Team, also characterized important aspects of Ebola''s natural history and epidemiology, including its basic reproductive number (R 0 ), the decline in R over the course of the epidemic, the incubation period, and the serial interval, properties of the disease that will be important to understand should it re-emerge. abstract: From the 1930s through the 1940s, Lowell Reed and Wade Hampton Frost used mathematical models and mechanical epidemic simulators as research tools and to teach epidemic theory to students at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health (then the School of Hygiene and Public Health). Since that time, modeling has become an integral part of epidemiology and public health. Models have been used for explanatory and inferential purposes, as well as in planning and implementing public health responses. In this article, we review a selection of developments in the history of modeling of infectious disease dynamics over the past 100 years. We also identify trends in model development and use and speculate as to the future use of models in infectious disease dynamics. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww021 doi: 10.1093/aje/kww021 id: cord-339188-apgdzgfz author: Lewis, Thomas J title: Reduction in Chronic Disease Risk and Burden in a 70-Individual Cohort Through Modification of Health Behaviors date: 2020-08-26 words: 11375.0 sentences: 518.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339188-apgdzgfz.txt summary: Validated data on severe respiratory viral diseases and the correlation between mortality, immunocompromised status and existing chronic conditions in infected individuals indicate that a broad set of blood-based biomarkers may best serve to stratify risk and to set policy on containment strategies in populations [7] . What separates bad, good, and great programs is "a combination of good design built on behavior change theory, effective implementation using evidence-based practices, and credible measurement and evaluation." To further support the need for more thorough risk assessment, in a global study of 84 risks, the authors concluded "Increasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the relative risks for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends [9] . abstract: Introduction Health risk factors, including lifestyle risks and health literacy, are known to contribute to the chronic disease epidemic. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic diseases account for 90% of healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality. In the United States, healthcare providers attempt to modulate a limited set of risks. However, chronic diseases continue to proliferate despite expansion of wellness programs and drugs to manage and prevent chronic conditions. Pandemics, exemplified by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), show that people in good health suffer mortality rates at 10% the rate compared to those with pre-existing chronic conditions. Healthcare costs and morbidity rates often parallel mortality rates. New root-cause risk and health tools that accommodate low health literacy and are linked to personalized health improvement care plans are needed to reverse the chronic disease epidemic. Reported here is a study on 70 manufacturing employees in the Midwest US using a personalized and group approach to chronic disease reversal and prevention which may also find utility in pandemic severity and policy decisions. Methods Health, lifestyle, behavior, and motivation data were collected on 70 individuals at the beginning of a nine-month disease reversal and prevention program. The data were updated every two to six months over the period. Inputs included information from a novel health risk assessment, serum biomarkers specific for chronic disease, and traditional medical information. Using all these data we generated robust, personalized, and modifiable care plans that were implemented by the participant and guided by a care team including health coaches and medical providers. Periodic renewal of profile data and biomarkers facilitated adjustment of care plans to optimize the path toward health goals set mutually by the participant and the care team. Results Ninety percent of participants experienced a favorable reduction in chronic disease biomarkers. The reduction in serum biomarkers coincided with a reduction in disease and risk attributes based on medical chart data and before and after interviews. Hemoglobin A1C, for example, lowered in all but one participant concomitant with reported improved energy and reduced need for medications in the majority of participants. Markers of inflammation lowered across the population. Most importantly each individual reported improvement in their overall health. Conclusions This simple, inexpensive, root-cause based risk and health approach generates a “do no harm” action plan that guides a care team, including the participant, on a path to improved health. The data demonstrate that changes in a novel risk calculator score coincide with changes in sensitive biomarkers for chronic disease. When the risks of an individual are reduced, the biomarkers reflect that change with self-reported wellbeing also improved. This program and process may be of value to society plagued with escalating levels of chronic disease and merits further study and implementation. url: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10039 doi: 10.7759/cureus.10039 id: cord-350565-mejd7blb author: Lewnard, Joseph A title: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities in Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2019-03-16 words: 6614.0 sentences: 289.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350565-mejd7blb.txt summary: We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. Although serosurveys have bolstered recent efforts to understand the geographic range and clinical spectrum of EBOV and Zika virus infections (47, 48) , the enhancement of dengue hemorrhagic fever risk by prior exposure (49) , and the role of immunologic history in influenza susceptibility and vaccine response (50) , there remain few examples of public health programs undertaking serological studies for routine surveillance, at least in civilian populations (51) . abstract: Much of the intellectual tradition of modern epidemiology stems from efforts to understand and combat chronic diseases persisting through the 20th century epidemiologic transition of countries such as the United States and United Kingdom. After decades of relative obscurity, infectious disease epidemiology has undergone an intellectual rebirth in recent years amid increasing recognition of the threat posed by both new and familiar pathogens. Here, we review the emerging coalescence of infectious disease epidemiology around a core set of study designs and statistical methods bearing little resemblance to the chronic disease epidemiology toolkit. We offer our outlook on challenges and opportunities facing the field, including the integration of novel molecular and digital information sources into disease surveillance, the assimilation of such data into models of pathogen spread, and the increasing contribution of models to public health practice. We next consider emerging paradigms in causal inference for infectious diseases, ranging from approaches to evaluating vaccines and antimicrobial therapies to the task of ascribing clinical syndromes to etiologic microorganisms, an age-old problem transformed by our increasing ability to characterize human-associated microbiota. These areas represent an increasingly important component of epidemiology training programs for future generations of researchers and practitioners. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy264 doi: 10.1093/aje/kwy264 id: cord-341879-vubszdp2 author: Li, Lucy M title: Genomic analysis of emerging pathogens: methods, application and future trends date: 2014-11-22 words: 5029.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341879-vubszdp2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341879-vubszdp2.txt summary: In this review, we evaluate methods that exploit pathogen sequences and the contribution of genomic analysis to understand the epidemiology of recently emerged infectious diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of recent developments in genomic methods in the context of infectious diseases, evaluate integrative methods that incorporate genetic data in epidemiological analysis, and discuss the application of these methods to EIDs. Over the last two decades, sequence data have increased in quality, length and volume due to improvements in the underlying technology and decreasing costs. In recent cases of EIDs, genomic data have helped to classify and characterize the pathogen, uncover the population history of the disease, and produce estimates of epidemiological parameters. Just as compartmental models can be fitted to surveillance data to infer the epidemiological dynamics of an infectious disease (Box 1), the coalescent framework allows inference of population history from pathogen sequences. abstract: The number of emerging infectious diseases is increasing. Characterizing novel or re-emerging infections is aided by the availability of pathogen genomes. In this review, we evaluate methods that exploit pathogen sequences and the contribution of genomic analysis to understand the epidemiology of recently emerged infectious diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25418281/ doi: 10.1186/s13059-014-0541-9 id: cord-326788-qzm3b3xy author: Liew, Jean W. title: Patient‐reported Disease Activity in an Axial Spondyloarthritis Cohort during the COVID‐19 Pandemic date: 2020-09-06 words: 3849.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326788-qzm3b3xy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326788-qzm3b3xy.txt summary: We included questions about job status changes, exercise, medication use, disease activity (by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI]), and psychological factors (stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety). • In April 2020, during the peak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States, we surveyed patients with axSpA from a single center cohort regarding changes in job status, exercise, medication use, disease activity, and psychological factors including perceived stress and anxiety. • These findings highlight stress and anxiety as independent predictors of patient-reported disease activity among individuals with axSpA during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly while shelterin-place measures were in effect. Our survey-based study of an axSpA cohort at a single US center found that stress and anxiety were significantly associated with patient-reported disease activity, independent of confounding factors. abstract: OBJECTIVE: Response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has resulted in shelter‐in‐place orders and major changes to individuals’ daily lives. The impact of such stressors on disease activity in individuals with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is unclear. The aim of this study is to examine whether stress, anxiety, and depression are associated with patient‐reported disease activity, after accounting for important factors. METHODS: We administered a survey to an axSpA cohort from a single center with well‐defined demographic and disease characteristics. We included questions about job status changes, exercise, medication use, disease activity (by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index [BASDAI]), and psychological factors (stress, depressive symptoms, and anxiety). Separate multivariable linear models examined the associations between perceived stress, anxiety, and depression with the BASDAI. RESULTS: After adjustment for potential confounders, those with higher levels of stress had a statistically significant 0.54‐point higher BASDAI, on average, compared with those with lower levels of stress (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11, 0.97). Those with higher levels of anxiety also had a statistically significant higher BASDAI, on average, compared with those with lower levels of anxiety (β: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.99). The association between depression and BASDAI was not statistically significant. We did not find differences in these associations among subgroups of age, job status, or county of residence. CONCLUSION: Individuals with axSpA with higher levels of stress and anxiety had significantly higher disease activity levels, although with a difference below clinical importance. Further planned studies will evaluate the trajectory of disease activity. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/acr2.11174 doi: 10.1002/acr2.11174 id: cord-262623-lmf2h6oc author: Light, R. Bruce title: Plagues in the ICU: A Brief History of Community-Acquired Epidemic and Endemic Transmissible Infections Leading to Intensive Care Admission date: 2009-01-31 words: 7817.0 sentences: 318.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262623-lmf2h6oc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262623-lmf2h6oc.txt summary: In addition to the HIV pandemic, the smaller epidemic outbreaks of Legionnaire''s disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome, among many others, points out the potential risk associated with a lack of preplanning and preparedness. In the late 1970s, emergency rooms and ICUs throughout North America began to see an increasing number of young menstruating women presenting with a previously little-known syndrome characterized by sudden onset of a high fever, often associated with vomiting and diarrhea, quickly followed by severe hypotension. At the beginning of the epidemic, most patients presenting for care with HIV/AIDS and Pneumocystosis were severely ill with diffuse pneumonia and hypoxemic respiratory failure and many died, 80%-90% in most centers, prompting widespread debate about whether such patients should even be admitted to ICU for mechanical ventilatory support. abstract: The ability to diagnose and treat infectious diseases and handle infectious disease outbreaks continues to improve. For the most part, the major plagues of antiquity remain historical footnotes, yet, despite many advances, there is clear evidence that major pandemic illness is always just one outbreak away. In addition to the HIV pandemic, the smaller epidemic outbreaks of Legionnaire's disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome, among many others, points out the potential risk associated with a lack of preplanning and preparedness. Although pandemic influenza is at the top of the list when discussing possible future major infectious disease outbreaks, the truth is that the identity of the next major pandemic pathogen cannot be predicted with any accuracy. We can only hope that general preparedness and the lessons learned from previous outbreaks suffice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19268795/ doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.11.002 id: cord-257192-4fu922cp author: Ligon, B. Lee title: Outbreak of Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever in Angola: A Review of the History of the Disease and its Biological Aspects date: 2005-07-31 words: 3528.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257192-4fu922cp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257192-4fu922cp.txt summary: Fortunately, the disease, Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF), was limited to a small geographic area, but the devastation of lives was much greater than that of many epidemics and was a warning of the numerous factors, including fear, lack of understanding, and deception, that can exacerbate the spread of disease and hinder implementation of restraints. 13 On March 23, 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that Marburg virus was the causative agent of the outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever in Uige Province in northern Angola. WHO already had established an international network of laboratories, including two portable field laboratories in Angola, to help in the investigation of Marburg and other viral hemorrhagic fevers On April 22, 2005, a report was issued stating that the outbreak of the virus that had claimed 244 lives in Angola had been confined to the province of Uige, as no new cases had been detected outside the northern region. Close contact with case patients with the disease or corpses was identified as a risk factor for secondary transmission of Marburg virus. abstract: Transmission of a dangerous infectious disease threatens not merely a local population but the world at large as the result of immigration and increased and faster travel. Any outbreak elicits considerable concern and demands that various precautionary methods be instituted and that the disease be contained as quickly as possible. Recently, an old disease, one that may have been present for centuries and was identified decades ago, reared its ugly head, killing more than 200 people before it was contained. Fortunately, the disease, Marburg hemorrhagic fever, was limited to a small geographic area, but the devastation of lives was much greater than that of many epidemics and was a warning of the numerous factors, including fear, lack of understanding, and deception, that can exacerbate the spread of disease and hinder implementation of restraints. This article reviews the history of the disease caused by Marburg virus and its biological components. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1045187005000464 doi: 10.1053/j.spid.2005.05.001 id: cord-266516-0ure8256 author: Lim, Tow Keang title: Pneumonia in the tropics date: 2017-08-01 words: 5308.0 sentences: 326.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266516-0ure8256.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266516-0ure8256.txt summary: The complex interplay of climate change, human migration influences and socio‐economic factors lead to changing patterns of respiratory infections in tropical climate but also increasingly in temperate countries. But, as human migration patterns evolve, we expect to see more TB cases in higher income as well as temperate countries, and rise in infections like scrub typhus from ecotourism activities. In this review, we highlight aetiologies of pneumonia seen more commonly in the tropics compared with temperate regions, their disease burden, variable clinical presentations as well as impact on healthcare delivery. Prevalent in poultry and wild birds, animal-to-human transmission occurs to cause a spectrum of pneumonia/ pneumonitis, culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In a series of severe CAP cases in Singapore, patients who had Gram-negative organisms isolated tended to have a worse outcome including a higher mortality, especially for patients with Pseudomonas and Burkholderia pseudomallei infections. abstract: Pneumonia in the tropics poses a heavy disease burden. The complex interplay of climate change, human migration influences and socio‐economic factors lead to changing patterns of respiratory infections in tropical climate but also increasingly in temperate countries. Tropical and poorer countries, especially South East Asia, also bear the brunt of the global tuberculosis (TB) pandemic, accounting for almost one‐third of the burden. But, as human migration patterns evolve, we expect to see more TB cases in higher income as well as temperate countries, and rise in infections like scrub typhus from ecotourism activities. Fuelled by the ease of air travel, novel zoonotic infections originating from the tropics have led to global respiratory pandemics. As such, clinicians worldwide should be aware of these new conditions as well as classical tropical bacterial pneumonias such as melioidosis. Rarer entities such as co‐infections of leptospirosis and chikungunya or dengue will need careful consideration as well. In this review, we highlight aetiologies of pneumonia seen more commonly in the tropics compared with temperate regions, their disease burden, variable clinical presentations as well as impact on healthcare delivery. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28763150/ doi: 10.1111/resp.13137 id: cord-277181-rvjvuxor author: Liu, Chen-Hsuan title: The Role of Comparative Pathology in the Investigation of Zoonoses date: 2007-09-30 words: 1680.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277181-rvjvuxor.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277181-rvjvuxor.txt summary: Anatomic pathologists who are capable of analyzing and interpreting anatomical manifestations of diseases to obtain a definite diagnosis or exclude a wide variety of diseases play an important role in the diagnostic team. This can be seen in retrospective case studies of recent zoonoses such as multinucleated syncytial giant cells in severe acute respiratory syndrome and mouse hepatitis virus infection, syncytial cells in Henipahvirus infection and paramyxovirus, neuronal vacuolation in bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Streptococcus suis type 2 meningitis. Among diagnostic tools, anatomic pathology is effective in recognizing or excluding infectious diseases based on morphological changes in organs in affected species [3] [4] [5] . Retrospective case studies of recently occurring zoonoses reflect the importance of diagnostic pathology with its use of morphologic similarities in disease diagnosis. We believe that comparative pathology will play an important role in the diagnosis, surveillance and control of unpredictable emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. abstract: Abstract Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses have raised great concerns in both human and animal health worldwide in the past 20 years. Rudolph Virchow proposed a “one medicine” discipline and emphasized the importance of cooperation 150 years ago. In the face of emerging threats from unpredictable zoonoses, human medicine and veterinary medicine should not be separate and independent sciences. Anatomic pathologists who are capable of analyzing and interpreting anatomical manifestations of diseases to obtain a definite diagnosis or exclude a wide variety of diseases play an important role in the diagnostic team. Although disease-associated microbes are numerous, morphologic patterns of tissue reaction caused by microbes are limited. Therefore, the interactions between microbes and host determine the histological changes in the target tissues. The contributions of anatomic pathology, with its use of morphologic similarities and special techniques, are important in zoonosis diagnosis. This can be seen in retrospective case studies of recent zoonoses such as multinucleated syncytial giant cells in severe acute respiratory syndrome and mouse hepatitis virus infection, syncytial cells in Henipahvirus infection and paramyxovirus, neuronal vacuolation in bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and Streptococcus suis type 2 meningitis. In Taiwan, the Chinese Society for Comparative Pathology, which was established in 1994, provides for this interaction. Interlaboratory cooperation plays an important role in the diagnosis, surveillance, and control of emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1016319010600043 doi: 10.1016/s1016-3190(10)60004-3 id: cord-273416-332stbjl author: Liu, Tianyuan title: Transcriptional differences for COVID-19 Disease Map genes between males and females indicate a different basal immunophenotype relevant to the disease date: 2020-10-01 words: 2739.0 sentences: 124.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273416-332stbjl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273416-332stbjl.txt summary: We created DeCovid, an R shiny app that combines gene expression data of different human tissue from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and the COVID-19 Disease Map gene collection to explore basal gene expression differences across healthy demographic groups. In this paper, we present the DeCovid app, a Shiny app, to explore basal expression level differences in COVID-19 disease map genes between men and women and different age groups. The DeCovid shiny app combines a selection of human tissue specific GTEx data with the COVID-19 Disease Map database to allow quick exploration of basal gene expression values and differences in the healthy human population for genes described to be important for COVID-19. Here we present the DeCovid app as a resource to explore sex and age differential expression patterns in the healthy population for genes described to be involved in COVID-19 disease pathways. abstract: Worldwide COVID-19 epidemiology data indicate clear differences in disease incidence among sex and age groups. Specifically, male patients are at a higher death risk than females. However, whether this difference is the consequence of a pre-existing sex-bias in immune genes or a differential response to the virus has not been studied yet. We created DeCovid, an R shiny app that combines gene expression data of different human tissue from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project and the COVID-19 Disease Map gene collection to explore basal gene expression differences across healthy demographic groups. We used this app to study differential gene expression between men and women for COVID-19 associated genes. We identified that healthy women present higher levels in the expression of interferon genes and the JAK-STAT pathway leading to cell survival. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.30.321059 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.30.321059 id: cord-016490-yog4sfvi author: Liu, Xiaobo title: Ambient Temperature and Major Infectious Diseases in China date: 2019-06-08 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infectious diseases are a group of diseases which have complex transmission ways and various influencing factors. Clarifying the correlation between ambient temperature and major infectious diseases in China is a crucial step toward the successful control of infectious diseases including vector-borne diseases, water-borne diseases, food-borne diseases, respiratory infectious diseases, etc. and the implementations of climate change adaption strategy and measures in China. However, no study has systematically reviewed the available evidences on the impact of ambient temperature on the incidence of major infectious diseases, and such information is essential for policymakers and stakeholders to take specific actions to control infectious diseases and protect the vulnerable population in the future. In order to fill this gap, we systematically review the current evidence for the effect of ambient temperature on major infectious diseases in China. The findings could provide explicit information for the scientific prevention and control of infectious diseases in China. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120780/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-2583-0_5 id: cord-348423-zq86ms8w author: Louvardi, Maya title: Mental health in chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece date: 2020-06-29 words: 3660.0 sentences: 177.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348423-zq86ms8w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348423-zq86ms8w.txt summary: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the time spent on quarantine on distress, anxiety, depression, and somatization of chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece and the differences in these parameters between healthy individuals and chronic disease patients. Concerning the outbreak of COVID-19 and related quarantine measures, a recent study in Spain during March 11-15, 2020 found that chronic disease patients had higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression compared with healthy individuals (Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020) . This study aimed to investigate the correlation between time spent on quarantine and the 4DSQ subscales in chronic disease patients in contrast to the relevant correlation in healthy individuals, as well as to search for differences in the scores of these subscales based on the disease status of the participants. This study investigated the effect of massive quarantine during COVID-19 in Greece on distress, anxiety, depression, and somatization of patients with chronic diseases. abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the time spent on quarantine on distress, anxiety, depression, and somatization of chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece and the differences in these parameters between healthy individuals and chronic disease patients. METHOD: The sample consisted of 943 healthy individuals and 163 patients (respiratory, autoimmune, cardiovascular, endocrine, patients with other diseases, and patients with more than one disease) completing sociodemographic assessments as well as the 4-Dimensional Symptom Questionnaire (4DSQ) during March 30, 2020 to May 3, 2020. Pearson's correlation was used to search for the association between time spent on quarantine and the 4DSQ subscales (distress, anxiety, depression, and somatization). Independent sample T-test and Glass's Δ were used for differences between healthy individuals and chronic disease patients in these subscales, an analysis also carried out between healthy individuals and all patient subgroups. RESULTS: No statistically significant correlations were noted between the 4DSQ subscales and the quarantine duration, both for the patient and the healthy individuals’ group. Chronic disease patients had significantly higher levels of distress (p = 0.001, Δ = 0.28) and somatization (p = 0.000, Δ = 0.47), but not there were no significant differences in anxiety (p = 0.098, Δ = 0.14) and depression (p = 0.052, Δ = 0.19). Concerning head-to-head comparisons between the healthy individuals’ group and each patient group, significantly higher scores in distress were found only for patients with respiratory diseases (p = 0.028, Δ = 0.42). Regarding somatization, significantly higher scores were noted for the healthy individuals’ group compared with patients with autoimmune diseases (p = 0.010, Δ = 0.62), respiratory diseases (p = 0.027, Δ = 0.42), other diseases (p = 0.003, Δ = 0.55), and more than one disease (p = 0.012, Δ = 0.60). No statistically significant differences were found in anxiety and depression. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: The results of this study indicate that interventional programs for chronic disease patients during quarantine should focus on distress and somatization, not on anxiety and depression. Respiratory patients might have more supportive care needs compared with patients with other diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s1478951520000528 doi: 10.1017/s1478951520000528 id: cord-016312-u47mb2h0 author: Lu, Pu-Xuan title: Introduction of Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2015-07-25 words: 1780.0 sentences: 115.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016312-u47mb2h0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016312-u47mb2h0.txt summary: Due to their uncertainty and unpredictability, EIDs could result in high mortality and great impacts on social stability and economic development as people are unable to react immediately and take specific preventive or control measures. Due to their uncertainty and unpredictability, EIDs could result in high mortality and great impacts on social stability and economic development as people are unable to react immediately and take specifi c preventive or control measures. Cases in point are the epidemics of SARS in 2003 and H7N9 avian infl uenza around 2006, which have eloquently demonstrated their great threats to human health, society, and economy. Such contagious diseases did not exist in the past and newly emerge due to new pathogens such as AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), human infection with highly pathogenic avian infl uenza H5N1, infl uenza A (HlN1), and human infection with avian infl uenza H7N9. revealed that 60.3 % EIDs were zoonotic, with 71.8 % caused by wild animals, such as human avian infl uenza and Ebola virus. abstract: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) refer to contagious diseases newly appeared, or with drug resistance, whose incidences have been rapidly increasing and are likely to further rise in the future. EIDs are usually discovered in three ways. Firstly, some existing diseases are ascertained as EIDs due to the recent discovery of pathogens. Secondly, previously considered noninfectious diseases are identified contagious as a result of new etiological findings. Thirdly, new infectious diseases are incurred by various complicated reasons such as evolution of pathogens. Due to their uncertainty and unpredictability, EIDs could result in high mortality and great impacts on social stability and economic development as people are unable to react immediately and take specific preventive or control measures. Therefore, EIDs have become a major public health problem worldwide. Cases in point are the epidemics of SARS in 2003 and H7N9 avian influenza around 2006, which have eloquently demonstrated their great threats to human health, society, and economy. In the coming twenty-first century, contagious diseases are expected to remain as a crucial public health concern for countries around the world. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120557/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-7363-8_1 id: cord-335960-biwnqa3f author: Luke, Anthony title: Prevention of Infectious Diseases in Athletes date: 2007-07-31 words: 6813.0 sentences: 373.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335960-biwnqa3f.txt summary: The authors discuss the preventive strategies for infectious disease in sport, including (1) a review of immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, (2) improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, (3) insect-borne disease precautions, and (4) prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Sports medicine physicians need to consider the following indications for immunizations (Tables 1 and 2) : (1) routine health maintenance; (2) catch-up immunizations for failed or missed immunizations; (3) immunizations of high risk groups (ie, splenectomy, chronic disease, immunocompromised); (4) travel to an endemic area; (5) close contact with an infected individual, or (6) recent potential exposure to an infectious agent. When athletes are known to be infected with hepatitis B, secondary prevention includes education on personal hygiene, appropriate management of open wounds, proper use of protective equipment, safe sex practices using a condom, and avoidance of intravenous blood transmission (eg, through needle sharing and illicit drug use). abstract: The sports medicine physician may face challenging issues regarding infectious diseases when dealing with teams or highly competitive athletes who have difficulties taking time off to recover. One must treat the individual sick athlete and take the necessary precautions to contain the spread of communicable disease to the surrounding team, staff, relatives, and other contacts. This article reviews preventive strategies for infectious disease in athletes, including immunization recommendations and prophylaxis guidelines, improvements in personal hygiene and prevention of spread of infectious organisms by direct contact, insect-borne disease precautions, and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. A special emphasis on immunizations focuses on pertussis, influenza, and meningococcal prophylaxis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17826187/ doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2007.04.006 id: cord-332270-fusfdkjw author: Lukiw, Walter J. title: Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and the Application of Precision Medicine date: 2020-09-21 words: 5193.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332270-fusfdkjw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332270-fusfdkjw.txt summary: The ongoing search for valid biomarkers for AD is being carried out globally in at least a dozen major geriatric, bioinformatic, neurobiological, neuro-genetic and neurological bioscience arenas: (i) those involving the age, gender, and geriatrics of the ''prospectiveAD patient''; (ii) in the genetics and epigenetics of the AD patient including messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) signaling patterns, complexity and genomic methylation research; (iii) in multiple biofluids from AD patients including the blood (plasma/serum) of the systemic circulation, the glymphatic system, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and/or urine; (iv); through the detailed analysis of molecular cargos from both biofluids and tissue-compartmentalized exosomes and extracellular microvesicles (EXs and EMVs); (v) throughout the peripheral nervous system (PNS; typically using skin biopsies); (vi) via clinically-based geriatric, psychiatric, and neurological assessment and testing; (vii) via advances in neuro-radiological labeling techniques and neuroimaging technologies including CAT, PET, PET-SN, MRI, fMRI; UHF-MRI, DOT, MEG, SPECT, cranial ultrasound, functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging, and immunohistochemistry involving confocal laser scanning microscopy and other advanced microscopic and neuroimaging techniques; (viii) from the quantitation and characterization of the load of microbial and microbial-derived components in the AD-affected brain; (ix) via the identification, quantitation, and characterization of AD-specific lesions including amyloid peptide-enriched SPs and NFTs; (x) after post-mortem examination and biopsies of AD cases, again matched up against those same biomarkers in age-and gender-matched neurologically normal controls to corroborate the prospective diagnosis of AD; (xi) via the comprehensive analysis of the potential contribution of overlapping progressive, age-related neurological disorders to AD-type change; and lastly (xii), through the assessment of the socioeconomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors of the ''prospectiveAD patient'' ( Table 1 ). abstract: An accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) currently stands as one of the most difficult and challenging in all of clinical neurology. AD is typically diagnosed using an integrated knowledge and assessment of multiple biomarkers and interrelated factors. These include the patient’s age, gender and lifestyle, medical and genetic history (both clinical- and family-derived), cognitive, physical, behavioral and geriatric assessment, laboratory examination of multiple AD patient biofluids, especially within the systemic circulation (blood serum) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), multiple neuroimaging-modalities of the brain’s limbic system and/or retina, followed up in many cases by post-mortem neuropathological examination to finally corroborate the diagnosis. More often than not, prospective AD cases are accompanied by other progressive, age-related dementing neuropathologies including, predominantly, a neurovascular and/or cardiovascular component, multiple-infarct dementia (MID), frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and/or strokes or ‘mini-strokes’ often integrated with other age-related neurological and non-neurological disorders including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Especially over the last 40 years, enormous research efforts have been undertaken to discover, characterize, and quantify more effectual and reliable biological markers for AD, especially during the pre-clinical or prodromal stages of AD so that pre-emptive therapeutic treatment strategies may be initiated. While a wealth of genetic, neurobiological, neurochemical, neuropathological, neuroimaging and other diagnostic information obtainable for a single AD patient can be immense: (i) it is currently challenging to integrate and formulate a definitive diagnosis for AD from this multifaceted and multidimensional information; and (ii) these data are unfortunately not directly comparable with the etiopathological patterns of other AD patients even when carefully matched for age, gender, familial genetics, and drug history. Four decades of AD research have repeatedly indicated that diagnostic profiles for AD are reflective of an extremely heterogeneous neurological disorder. This commentary will illuminate the heterogeneity of biomarkers for AD, comment on emerging investigative approaches and discuss why ‘precision medicine’ is emerging as our best paradigm yet for the most accurate and definitive prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis of this insidious and lethal brain disorder. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm10030138 doi: 10.3390/jpm10030138 id: cord-264794-bgygebgx author: Lundgren, A.-L. title: Feline non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis. A clinical and pathological study date: 1992-11-30 words: 4861.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264794-bgygebgx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264794-bgygebgx.txt summary: It has been argued that the syndrome may include several aetiologically unrelated conditions affecting the central nervous system of cats, e.g. toxoplasmosis (Hirth and Nielsen, 1969) and the cerebral form of feline infectious peritonitis (Slauson and Finn, 1972; Kornegay, 1978) . Histopathological examination revealed throughout the central nervous system a non-suppurative inflammation characterized by perivascular mononuclear cuffing, presence of inflammatory nodules and neuronal degeneration in all cats. Neuropathological examination of the cats of the present study showed a marked inflammatory reaction in the cerebral leptomeninges as well as in the grey matter of the brain and spinal cord. Neither the serological results nor the clinical and histopathological findings in the cats with staggering disease indicate a FeLV infection. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) has emerged as an important cause of neurological disease in cats (Dow, Poss and Hoover, 1990; Sparger, 1991) , often in association with clinical syndromes typical of an immunodeficient state (chronic stomatitis, enteritis, dermatitis, etc). abstract: Abstract A spontaneous neurological disease in cats characterized by behavioural and motor disturbances was investigated by clinical, morphological and immunological methods. Neuropathological examination showed a marked inflammatory reaction in the cerebral leptomeninges and the grey matter of the brain. In the white matter, the reaction was moderate. The changes consisted of perivascular cuffing by mononuclear cells and neuronal damage. The brain stem (thalamus, mesencephalon, caudal colliculus) was most severely affected. The spinal cord and its leptomeninges were involved to a lesser degree. The histopathological picture as well as the laboratory findings suggests a viral cause of the disease. The morphology of the disease and serological as well as immunohistochemical results indicate that this disorder is different from previously known feline viral encephalitides. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002199759290015M doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(92)90015-m id: cord-331268-kzy33hdb author: Lynch, Sharon G. title: Multiple sclerosis date: 1996-01-31 words: 13844.0 sentences: 885.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331268-kzy33hdb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331268-kzy33hdb.txt summary: Abnormalities in the cerebral hemispheres are frequently periventricular in distribution and only occasionally correlate with specific symptoms or signs.6,7 The accumulation of lesions in the frontal lobes is associated with a decline in memory.8 In addition, a change in the number of lesions on cranial MR images correlates with a change in overall clinical status as measured with standard scales.g Observations made with MRI are having a marked impact on both our basic knowledge of MS and on therapeutic trialsJo MRI studies will provide considerable insight into the natural history of the disease and will be an excellent independent variable in future clinical trials. Signs and symptoms that commonly occur as MS progresses include vertigo, tremor, incoordination, increasing spasticity, depression, mood swings, cognitive abnormalities, impotence or other sexual dysfunction, weakness, Lhermitte''s sign, gait abnormalities, constipation, urinary incontinence, optic nerve pallor, fatigue, quadriparesis, dysarthria, loss of upper extremity coordination, and dysesthetic pain (Table 1) . abstract: Abstract Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease that begins in late adolescence or adulthood. It is highly variable in its expression and severity. It is believed to be autoimmune in nature. The cause is unknown; both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis. MS generally presents with the acute or subacute onset of neurologic abnormalities that may wax and wane over many years. Diagnosis is generally made by means of observation of the clinical course in conjunction with a neurologic examination and laboratory tests. These tests may include magnetic resonance imaging of the head and spine, lumbar puncture, and evoked potentials. Treatment is based on general supportive care, the use of corticosteroids for relapses, and symptomatic management of ongoing problems. The frequency of relapses can be reduced with interferon-β (Betaseron). Copolymer 1 and interferon-β la are being evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for approval for use for reduction in the frequency of relapses in relapsing-remitting MS. Treatment of chronic progression is often attempted with immunosuppressive agents such as corticosteroids, azathioprine, and cyclophosphamide. Use of other agents is being investigated. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011502996900127 doi: 10.1016/s0011-5029(96)90012-7 id: cord-018151-5su98uan author: Lynteris, Christos title: Introduction: Infectious Animals and Epidemic Blame date: 2019-10-12 words: 8567.0 sentences: 354.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018151-5su98uan.txt summary: Providing original studies of rats, mosquitoes, marmots, dogs and ''bushmeat'', which at different points in the history of modern medicine and public health have come to embody social and scientific concerns about infection, this volume aims to elucidate the impact of framing non-human animals as epidemic villains. Whether it is stray dogs as spreaders of rabies in colonial and contemporary India, bushmeat as the source of Ebola in West Africa, mosquitoes as vectors of malaria, dengue, Zika and yellow fever in the Global South, or rats and marmots as hosts of plague during the third pandemic, this volume shows framings of non-human animals to be entangled in local webs of signification and, at the same time, to be global agents of modern epidemic imaginaries. abstract: The Introduction to the edited volume summarises the chapters of the volume and discusses their contribution in the context of current historical and anthropological studies of zoonotic and vector-borne disease, with a particular focus on how epidemic blame is articulated in different historical, social and political contexts. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122954/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_1 id: cord-026005-f2khcjdy author: López, Alfonso title: Respiratory System, Mediastinum, and Pleurae date: 2017-02-17 words: 57323.0 sentences: 2749.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026005-f2khcjdy.txt summary: Microscopic examination of properly collected, stored, and processed samples may reveal many erythrocytes and siderophages in pulmonary hemorrhage or left-sided heart failure; inclusion bodies or syncytial cells in viral pneumonias; increased number of leukocytes in pulmonary inflammation; abundant mucus in asthma or equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO); the presence of pulmonary pathogens, such as parasites, fungi, and bacteria; or tumor cells in cases of pulmonary neoplasia. The portal of entry for the respiratory form is typically aerogenous, and the disease is generally transient; thus the primary viral-induced lesions in the nasal mucosa and lungs are rarely seen at necropsy unless complicated by secondary bacterial rhinitis, pharyngitis, or bronchopneumonia. Laryngeal edema occurs in pigs with edema disease; in horses with purpura hemorrhagica; in cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia; in cats with systemic anaphylaxis; and in all species as a result of trauma, improper endotracheal tubing, inhalation of irritant gases (e.g., smoke), local inflammation, and animal species is classified as fibrinous, catarrhal, purulent, or granulomatous (Figs. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271179/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35775-3.00009-6 id: cord-022176-hprwqi4n author: Löscher, Thomas title: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2009-07-28 words: 8287.0 sentences: 384.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022176-hprwqi4n.txt summary: Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2). abstract: Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are characterized by a new or an increased occurrence within the last few decades. They include the following categories Emerging diagnosis of infectious diseases: old diseases that are newly classified as infectious diseases because of the discovery of a responsible infectious agent. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153742/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3 id: cord-023711-xz5ftnat author: MORENO-LÓPEZ, J. title: Acute Respiratory Disease in Cattle date: 2013-11-17 words: 1525.0 sentences: 85.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023711-xz5ftnat.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023711-xz5ftnat.txt summary: Acute respiratory disease in cattle is not attributable to a single etiological agent. However, if PI3 virus or BVDV has been isolated, you have diagnosed the infection but not an "acute respiratory/enteric disease", because other viruses and also bacteria might be etiologically involved. At the end of the 1950s, "shipping fever" was described as a disease following massive transports to or from the enormous feedlots of the USA, and PI3 virus was isolated as the first virus of a condition with a multiple viral etiology. The types 4, 5 and 7 have been described each as a single causative agent of acute respiratory-enteric disease in Hungary and Japan, respectively. The isolation of these viruses from apparently healthy cattle as well as from those with acute respiratory-enteric disease indicates that they are widespread. A serosurvey of viruses during outbreaks of acute respiratory and/or enteric disease in Swedish cattle abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173503/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-87312-5.50075-8 id: cord-293026-cq7uzziv author: Ma, Hui title: Military-civilian cooperative emergency response to infectious disease prevention and control in China date: 2016-12-30 words: 2579.0 sentences: 95.0 pages: flesch: 21.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293026-cq7uzziv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293026-cq7uzziv.txt summary: The Chinese government and military forces have paid a great deal of attention to infectious disease prevention and control, and using military-civilian cooperation, they have successfully prevented numerous severe epidemic situations, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1), avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9, and Ebola hemorrhagic fever, while actively maintained public health, economic development, and national construction. The Chinese government and military forces have been highly focused on infectious disease prevention and control, and through militarycivilian cooperation, they have successfully prevented numerous severe epidemic situations, such as sudden acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1), avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9, and Ebola hemorrhagic fever, while actively maintaining public health, economic development, and national construction [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] . abstract: In recent years, the incidence of severe infectious diseases has increased, and the number of emerging infectious diseases continues to increase. The Chinese government and military forces have paid a great deal of attention to infectious disease prevention and control, and using military-civilian cooperation, they have successfully prevented numerous severe epidemic situations, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1), avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9, and Ebola hemorrhagic fever, while actively maintained public health, economic development, and national construction. This paper focuses on the mechanisms of the military-cooperative emergency response to infectious diseases--the joint working mechanism, the information-sharing mechanism, the research collaboration mechanism, and the joint disposal mechanism--and presents a sorted summary of the practices and experiences of cooperative emergency responses to infectious diseases. In the future, the Chinese military and the civilian sector will further strengthen the cooperative joint command system and emergency rescue force and will reinforce their collaborative information-sharing platform and technical equipment system to further improve military-civilian collaborative emergency infectious diseases disposal, advance the level of infectious disease prevention and control, and maintain public health. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-016-0109-y doi: 10.1186/s40779-016-0109-y id: cord-336142-jmetfa6x author: MacDougall, Heather title: Toronto’s Health Department in Action: Influenza in 1918 and SARS in 2003 date: 2006-10-11 words: 10366.0 sentences: 520.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336142-jmetfa6x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336142-jmetfa6x.txt summary: This article compares the Toronto Health Department''s role in controlling the 1918 influenza epidemic with its activities during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and concludes that local health departments are the foundation for successful disease containment, provided that there is effective coordination, communication, and capacity. 3 By comparing and contrasting the way in which public health authorities in Toronto managed the 1918 influenza pandemic and SARS in 2003, we can see how a century of medical advances had conditioned the public and health care professionals to expect prompt control of communicable diseases, speedy development of a prophylactic vaccine, and effective exchange of information at the provincial, national, and international levels. For Toronto''s medical officer and its Local Board of Health (LBH), this presented a challenge, because influenza was not a reportable disease under the 1912 Ontario Public Health Act, and most doctors were hoping that the outbreak would be similar to the one in 1889-90 that had attacked primarily the elderly and apparently provided some immunity to those who survived. abstract: This article compares the Toronto Health Department’s role in controlling the 1918 influenza epidemic with its activities during the SARS outbreak in 2003 and concludes that local health departments are the foundation for successful disease containment, provided that there is effective coordination, communication, and capacity. In 1918, Toronto’s MOH Charles Hastings was the acknowledged leader of efforts to contain the disease, care for the sick, and develop an effective vaccine, because neither a federal health department nor an international body like WHO existed. During the SARS outbreak, Hastings’s successor, Sheela Basrur, discovered that nearly a decade of underfunding and new policy foci such as health promotion had left the department vulnerable when faced with a potential epidemic. Lack of cooperation by provincial and federal authorities added further difficulties to the challenge of organizing contact tracing, quarantine, and isolation for suspected and probable cases and providing information and reassurance to the multi-ethnic population. With growing concern about a flu pandemic, the lessons of the past provide a foundation for future communicable disease control activities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17035296/ doi: 10.1093/jhmas/jrl042 id: cord-015613-ls9qus8y author: Macdonald, David W. title: Infectious disease: Inextricable linkages between human and ecosystem health date: 2006-06-06 words: 6157.0 sentences: 300.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015613-ls9qus8y.txt summary: Several papers, including those on rabies in Ethiopian wolves, Canis simensis (Randall et al., 2006) , and African wild dogs, Lycaon pictus (Vial et al., 2006) , disease in Island foxes, Urocyon littoralis (Clifford et al., 2006) , squirrel parapox virus (SQPV) in red squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris (Gurnell et al., 2006) , and devil facial tumour disease (DFTD) in Tasmanian devils, Sarcophilus harrisii (Hawkins et al., 2006) examine this theme. The importance of reservoir identification is classically illustrated by a range of papers in this Special Issue, for example the ongoing dilemma facing bovine tuberculosis control , the diseases emerging from bats (Breed et al., 2006) , phocine distemper virus (PDV) in northern seal population (Hall et al., 2006) and the canid pathogens threatening Island foxes (Clifford et al., 2006) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7111083/ doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.007 id: cord-279694-25rblhwb author: Mahy, B.W.J title: Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date: 2014-11-28 words: 4322.0 sentences: 177.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279694-25rblhwb.txt summary: Although it is still important to isolate viruses in cell culture for their complete characterization, it is now possible directly to detect viruses in diseased tissues by PCR, then, by sequencing the amplicon, to determine whether a new virus has emerged to cause the disease. For example, when hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, caused by a bunyavirus of rodents, Sin Nombre virus, was initially detected in 1993 in the Four Corners region of Western USA, it was found that rodents inside a house where people had been infected carried a virus identical in sequence to virus isolated from human cases. Then, in 1993, a new hantavirus emerged in the Four Corners region of Southwestern USA as the cause of a severe acute respiratory disease syndrome, with a fatality rate close to 40%, and named Sin Nombre virus. It will be important in the future to detect new viruses before they can emerge to cause disease in the population. abstract: In the last two decades, a large number of new viruses have been discovered, many of which are pathogenic in humans or other vertebrates. Among the more important causes of virus emergence have been changes in human behavior, population, and increases in travel to distant countries. In addition, the application of new molecular technologies has led to the recognition of many viruses that hitherto went undetected. Many of the new, emerging viruses have an RNA genome, and many are zoonoses. The spread of human immunodeficiency virus, causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and the use of immunosuppressive drugs following transplant surgery, have increased the numbers of people in the population that are highly susceptible to emerging virus infections. The threat of a new pandemic of influenza virus in the human population stresses the need for development of better methods for detection, surveillance, and control of emerging virus diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128012383025642 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02564-2 id: cord-331584-z43ifmr3 author: Mahy, B.W.J. title: Emerging and Reemerging Virus Diseases of Vertebrates date: 2008-07-30 words: 3984.0 sentences: 160.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331584-z43ifmr3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331584-z43ifmr3.txt summary: The threat of a new pandemic of influenza virus in the human population stresses the need for development of better methods for detection, surveillance, and control of emerging virus diseases. Although it is still important to isolate viruses in cell culture for their complete characterization, it is now possible directly to detect viruses in diseased tissues by PCR, then, by sequencing the amplicon, to determine whether a new virus has emerged to cause the disease. For example, when hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, caused by a bunyavirus of rodents, Sin Nombre virus, was initially detected in 1993 in the Four Corners region of Western USA, it was found that rodents inside a house where people had been infected carried a virus identical in sequence to virus isolated from human cases. Then, in 1993, a new hantavirus emerged in the Four Corners region of Southwestern USA as the cause of a severe acute respiratory disease syndrome, with a fatality rate close to 40%, and named Sin Nombre virus. abstract: In the last two decades, a large number of new viruses have been discovered, many of which are pathogenic in humans or other vertebrates. Among the more important causes of virus emergence have been changes in human behavior, population, and increases in travel to distant countries. In addition, the application of new molecular technologies has led to the recognition of many viruses that hitherto went undetected. Many of the new, emerging viruses have an RNA genome, and many are zoonoses. The spread of human immunodeficiency virus, causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and the use of immunosuppressive drugs following transplant surgery, have increased the numbers of people in the population that are highly susceptible to emerging virus infections. The threat of a new pandemic of influenza virus in the human population stresses the need for development of better methods for detection, surveillance, and control of emerging virus diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123744104003836 doi: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00383-6 id: cord-277265-p8pns7r9 author: Malik, Yashpal Singh title: Biotechnological innovations in farm and pet animal disease diagnosis date: 2019-09-20 words: 7286.0 sentences: 346.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277265-p8pns7r9.txt summary: However, utilizing the principles of ELISA and PCR, several serological and molecular technologies have been developed to achieve higher sensitivity, rapid, and point-of-care (POC) detection such as lateral flow assays, biosensors, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and molecular platforms for field-level detection of animal pathogens. Since then, biotechnological applications have been making significant contributions in the development of novel powerful diagnostic assays for the efficient diagnosis and control of animal infectious diseases. Presently, molecular detection-based methods such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or its variants, and serological methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are being used worldwide for the accurate diagnosis of many animal diseases. Although, yet not been adopted for animal disease diagnosis, but novel platforms such as smartphonebased diagnosis (which expands nucleic acid-based detection assays toward POCD) like RT-LAMP and fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (already developed for Zika virus and Dengue virus) provide exciting opportunities for veterinary diagnostics in the near future (Rong et al., 2019) . abstract: The application of innovative diagnostic technologies for the detection of animal pathogens at an early stage is essential in restricting the economic loss incurred due to emerging infectious animal diseases. The desirable characteristics of such diagnostic methods are easy to use, cost-effective, highly sensitive, and specific, coupled with the high-throughput detection capabilities. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are still the most common assays used for the detection of animal pathogens across the globe. However, utilizing the principles of ELISA and PCR, several serological and molecular technologies have been developed to achieve higher sensitivity, rapid, and point-of-care (POC) detection such as lateral flow assays, biosensors, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, and molecular platforms for field-level detection of animal pathogens. Furthermore, animal disease diagnostics need to be updated regularly to capture new, emerging and divergent infectious pathogens, and biotechnological innovations are helpful in fulfilling the rising demand for such diagnostics for the welfare of the society. Therefore, this chapter primarily describes and discusses in detail the serological, molecular, novel high-throughput, and POC assays to detect pathogens affecting farm and companion animals. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128163528000138 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00013-8 id: cord-258548-1u7v1nlr author: Mansueto, Gelsomina title: Can COVID 2019 disease induces a specific cardiovascular damage or it exacerbates pre-existing cardiovascular diseases? date: 2020-06-26 words: 5924.0 sentences: 280.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258548-1u7v1nlr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258548-1u7v1nlr.txt summary: Only one case of cardiac tamponade in a 47-year-old man SARS-CoV-2 infected without cardiovascular risk is reported in the literature as a complication of myocarditis and pericarditis (29) . Large and more recent studies have reported that previous myocardial infarction, diabetes, J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f dyslipidaemias, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risk factors can predispose to an acute ischemic event in respiratory virus infections such as recently reported during the pandemic COVID-19 disease (34, 35, 36) . It is known that patients with cardiovascular disease have a higher risk of a thrombo-embolic event as it is known that all viral infections have a potential role in disseminated intravascular coagulation J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f (DIC) The endothelial damage, the blood flow turbulence, and hypercoagulability are the basis of the mechanism. There is no substantial data to say that anti-RAAS, ACE inhibitors, statins increase the risk of cardiovascular damage in COVID patients. abstract: A novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with cardiovascular and multiple organ failure till death. The main mechanisms of virus internalization and interaction with the host are down-regulation or upregulation of the ACE2 receptor, the surface glycoprotein competition mechanism for the binding of porphyrin to iron in heme formation as well as interference with the immune system. The interference on renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) activation, heme formation, and the immune response is responsible for infection diffusion, endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, oxidative damage and releasing of inflammatory mediators. The main pathological findings are bilateral interstitial pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage (DAD). Because ACE receptor is also present in the endothelium of other districts as well as in different cell types, and as porphyrins are transporters in the blood and other biological liquids of iron forming heme, which is important in the assembly of the hemoglobin, myoglobin and the cytochromes, multiorgan damage occurs both primitive and secondary to lung damage. More relevantly, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, thromboembolism, and disseminated intravasal coagulation (DIC) are described as complications in patients with poor outcome. Here, we investigated the role of SARSCoV-2 on the cardiovascular system and in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities, and possible drug interference on the heart. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0344033820314795 doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153086 id: cord-253711-a0prku2k author: Mao, Liang title: Coupling infectious diseases, human preventive behavior, and networks – A conceptual framework for epidemic modeling date: 2011-11-26 words: 5873.0 sentences: 331.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253711-a0prku2k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253711-a0prku2k.txt summary: title: Coupling infectious diseases, human preventive behavior, and networks – A conceptual framework for epidemic modeling Both infectious diseases and preventive behavior diffuse simultaneously through human networks and interact with one another, but few existing models have coupled them together. In the current literature, models of disease transmission and behavioral diffusion have been developed separately for decades, both based on human networks (Deffuant, Huet, & Amblard, 2005; Keeling & Eames, 2005; Valente, 1996; Watts & Strogatz, 1998) . Corresponding to the five assumptions, this article introduces a number of approaches to represent individuals, networks, infectious diseases, and preventive behavior, as four model components, and depicts the relationships between the four. To illustrate the proposed coupled-diffusion model, an influenza epidemic was simulated in a hypothetic population of 5000 individuals (N ¼ 5000), each with characteristics and behaviors as described in Fig. 2 . The key to simulate the diffusion of preventive behavior was to estimate thresholds of infection risk and that of adoption pressure for individuals. abstract: Human-disease interactions involve the transmission of infectious diseases among individuals and the practice of preventive behavior by individuals. Both infectious diseases and preventive behavior diffuse simultaneously through human networks and interact with one another, but few existing models have coupled them together. This article proposes a conceptual framework to fill this knowledge gap and illustrates the model establishment. The conceptual model consists of two networks and two diffusion processes. The two networks include: an infection network that transmits diseases and a communication network that channels inter-personal influence regarding preventive behavior. Both networks are composed of same individuals but different types of interactions. This article further introduces modeling approaches to formulize such a framework, including the individual-based modeling approach, network theory, disease transmission models and behavioral models. An illustrative model was implemented to simulate a coupled-diffusion process during an influenza epidemic. The simulation outcomes suggest that the transmission probability of a disease and the structure of infection network have profound effects on the dynamics of coupled-diffusion. The results imply that current models may underestimate disease transmissibility parameters, because human preventive behavior has not been considered. This issue calls for a new interdisciplinary study that incorporates theories from epidemiology, social science, behavioral science, and health psychology. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953611006551 doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.012 id: cord-268298-25brblfq author: Mao, Liang title: Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network—An agent-based simulation date: 2014-03-04 words: 4989.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268298-25brblfq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268298-25brblfq.txt summary: title: Modeling triple-diffusions of infectious diseases, information, and preventive behaviors through a metropolitan social network—An agent-based simulation The disease could be transmitted through person-to-person contact, the information is circulated by communication channels, and the preventive behavior can spread via the ''social contagion'' process, such as the observational learning. Without a complete model, health policy makers would not be able to systematically evaluate social-network interventions for disease control, such as mass-media campaigns and behavior promotion strategies. First, the event of symptom manifestation will motivate individuals to discuss disease information, and prompt their social contacts to adopt preventive behavior by posing infection risks. The conceptual framework integrates three interactive processes: the diffusion of influenza, the diffusion of information, and that of preventive behavior, upon a human social network. Particularly, since the model explicitly represents the diffusion of information and human preventive behavior, it permits a systematic evaluation of disease control policies that have not been well studied before, such as the mass-media campaigns and behavioral incentive strategies. abstract: A typical epidemic often involves the transmission of a disease, the flow of information regarding the disease, and the spread of human preventive behaviors against the disease. These three processes diffuse simultaneously through human social networks, and interact with one another, forming negative and positive feedback loops in the complex human-disease systems. Few studies, however, have been devoted to coupling all the three diffusions together and representing their interactions. To fill the knowledge gap, this article proposes a spatially explicit agent-based model to simulate a triple-diffusion process in a metropolitan area of 1 million people. The individual-based approach, network model, behavioral theories, and stochastic processes are used to formulate the three diffusions and integrate them together. Compared to the observed facts, the model results reasonably replicate the trends of influenza spread and information propagation. The model thus could be a valid and effective tool to evaluate information/behavior-based intervention strategies. Besides its implications to the public health, the research findings also contribute to network modeling, systems science, and medical geography. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32287519/ doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.02.005 id: cord-003856-05u4t67u author: Mao, Ying title: A descriptive analysis of the Spatio-temporal distribution of intestinal infectious diseases in China date: 2019-09-02 words: 5141.0 sentences: 294.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003856-05u4t67u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003856-05u4t67u.txt summary: In China, eight IIDs are listed as notifiable infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid (TAP), viral Hepatitis A, viral Hepatitis E, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious diarrhoeal diseases (OIDDs). Plots and maps were constructed to visualize the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs. RESULTS: Regarding temporal analysis, the incidence of HFMD and Hepatitis E showed a distinct increasing trend, while the incidence of TAP, dysentery, and Hepatitis A presented decreasing trends over the last decade. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our temporal and spatial analysis of IIDs, we identified the high-risk periods and clusters of regions for the diseases. Eight IIDs are listed in the law, including cholera, poliomyelitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid (TAP), viral Hepatitis A, viral Hepatitis E, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious intestinal diseases (OIIDs). Figure 1 shows the results of the decomposition analysis for all IIDs. Regarding the seasonal variation, the incidence rates of HFMD and dysentery were high in summer. abstract: BACKGROUND: Intestinal infectious diseases (IIDs) have caused numerous deaths worldwide, particularly among children. In China, eight IIDs are listed as notifiable infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid (TAP), viral Hepatitis A, viral Hepatitis E, hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) and other infectious diarrhoeal diseases (OIDDs). The aim of the study is to analyse the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs from 2006 to 2016. METHODS: Data on the incidence of IIDs from 2006 to 2016 were collected from the public health science data centre issued by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This study applied seasonal decomposition analysis, spatial autocorrelation analysis and space-time scan analysis. Plots and maps were constructed to visualize the spatio-temporal distribution of IIDs. RESULTS: Regarding temporal analysis, the incidence of HFMD and Hepatitis E showed a distinct increasing trend, while the incidence of TAP, dysentery, and Hepatitis A presented decreasing trends over the last decade. The incidence of OIID remained steady. Summer is the season with the greatest number of cases of different IIDs. Regarding the spatial distribution, approximately all p values for the global Moran’s I from 2006 to 2016 were less than 0.05, indicating that the incidences of the epidemics were unevenly distributed throughout the country. The high-risk areas for HFMD and OIDD were located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan (BTT) region and south China. The high-risk areas for TAP were located in some parts of southwest China. A higher incidence rates for dysentery and Hepatitis A were observed in the BTT region and some west provincial units. The high-risk areas for Hepatitis E were the BTT region and the Yangtze River Delta area. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our temporal and spatial analysis of IIDs, we identified the high-risk periods and clusters of regions for the diseases. HFMD and OIDD exhibited high incidence rates, which reflected the negligence of Class C diseases by the government. At the same time, the incidence rate of Hepatitis E gradually surpassed Hepatitis A. The authorities should pay more attention to Class C diseases and Hepatitis E. Regardless of the various distribution patterns of IIDs, disease-specific, location-specific, and disease-combined interventions should be established. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4400-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6721277/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4400-x id: cord-253000-nwbmxepi author: Margină, Denisa title: Chronic Inflammation in the Context of Everyday Life: Dietary Changes as Mitigating Factors date: 2020-06-10 words: 8273.0 sentences: 424.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-253000-nwbmxepi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-253000-nwbmxepi.txt summary: Fasting in combination with calorie restriction modulates molecular mechanisms such as m-TOR, FOXO, NRF2, AMPK, and sirtuins, ultimately leads to significantly reduced inflammatory marker levels, as well as improved metabolic markers. It has been found that intermittent fasting can prevent and reverse all aspects of metabolic syndrome in rodents: body fat, inflammation, and blood pressure are reduced; insulin sensitivity is increased; and the functional capacity of the neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems are improved [151] [152] [153] . In another study, which used the same fasting guidelines, improved metabolic markers were observed after periodic fasting, including a decrease in blood glucose levels associated with changes in gut microbiome composition [73] . These changes include increased fiber and polyphenol intake compared to the current western diets, but also well-structured, personalized fasting protocols, which can reduce the risk of metabolic disorders (Figure 3) . abstract: The lifestyle adopted by most people in Western societies has an important impact on the propensity to metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases). This is often accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation, driven by the activation of various molecular pathways such as STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), IKK (IκB kinase), MMP9 (matrix metallopeptidase 9), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases), COX2 (cyclooxigenase 2), and NF-Kβ (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells). Multiple intervention studies have demonstrated that lifestyle changes can lead to reduced inflammation and improved health. This can be linked to the concept of real-life risk simulation, since humans are continuously exposed to dietary factors in small doses and complex combinations (e.g., polyphenols, fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, etc.). Inflammation biomarkers improve in patients who consume a certain amount of fiber per day; some even losing weight. Fasting in combination with calorie restriction modulates molecular mechanisms such as m-TOR, FOXO, NRF2, AMPK, and sirtuins, ultimately leads to significantly reduced inflammatory marker levels, as well as improved metabolic markers. Moving toward healthier dietary habits at the individual level and in publicly-funded institutions, such as schools or hospitals, could help improving public health, reducing healthcare costs and improving community resilience to epidemics (such as COVID-19), which predominantly affects individuals with metabolic diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32531935/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17114135 id: cord-022520-ebj51v9o author: Marini, Robert P. title: Biology and Diseases of Ferrets date: 2007-09-02 words: 19489.0 sentences: 1211.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022520-ebj51v9o.txt summary: Campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative, spirally curved microaerophilic bacterium that is recognized as a significant cause of human enteritis and is as-sociated with diarrheic illness in several animal species, including dogs, cats, cows, goats, pigs, mink, ferrets, and sheep (Carter et al., 1995) . Reports of spontaneous cases in ferrets require diagnostic confirmation and differentiation from cases of proliferative bowel disease and other infectious and noninfectious causes of diarrhea. Systemic infection with the bovine strain in ferrets results in disseminated disease with weight loss, anorexia, lethargy, death, and miliary lesions involving the lungs and other viscera (Fox, 1998a) . Clinical disease may occur in kits as young as 1-4 days old or in older animals up to 6 weeks of age. Other potential etiologies that have been considered include two infectious agents that are known to cause chronic immune stimulation in affected ferrets, the Aleutian disease virus (ADV) and Helicobacter mustelae. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158191/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012263951-7/50016-8 id: cord-018430-u3k8pds6 author: Mason, Jay W. title: Myocarditis date: 2007 words: 21734.0 sentences: 1351.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018430-u3k8pds6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018430-u3k8pds6.txt summary: The classification states that "myocarditis is diagnosed by established histological, immunological and immunohistochemical criteria." The Dallas criteria 5 provide consensus-derived histologic criteria: "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease." However, many have speculated that less pronounced histologic abnormalities may be present and that additional molecular, immunologic, and immunohistochemical diagnostic criteria can be used productively. 330 These criteria define active myocarditis (see also Fig. 59 .7A) as "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease." Furthermore, other causes of inflammation (e.g., connective tissue disorders, infection, drugs) should be excluded. 392 An interesting hypothesis to explain the high frequency of dilated heart muscle disease is the presence of myocarditis in HIV-infected patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The ECG abnormalities suggesting myocardial involvement are present in a high proportion of patients, 414 but clinical evidence of cardiac dysfunction occurs in only 10% to 25% of cases. abstract: Viruses are the most common cause of myocarditis in economically advanced countries. Enteroviruses and adenoviruses are the most common etiologic agents. Viral myocarditis is a triphasic process. Phase 1 is the period of active viral replication in the myocardium during which the symptoms of myocardial damage range from none to cardiogenic shock. If the disease process continues, it enters phase 2, which is characterized by autoimmunity triggered by viral and myocardial proteins. Heart failure often appears for the first time in phase 2. Phase 3, dilated cardiomyopathy, is the end result in some patients. Diagnostic procedures and treatment should be tailored to the phase of disease. Viral myocarditis is a significant cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as proved by the frequent presence of viral genomic material in the myocardium, and by improvement in ventricular function by immunomodulatory therapy. Myocarditis of any etiology usually presents with heart failure, but the second most common presentation is ventricular arrhythmia. As a result, myocarditis is one of the most common causes of sudden death in young people and others without preexisting structural heart disease. Myocarditis can be definitively diagnosed by endomyocardial biopsy. However, it is clear that existing criteria for the histologic diagnosis need to be refined, and that a variety of molecular markers in the myocardium and the circulation can be used to establish the diagnosis. Treatment of myocarditis has been generally disappointing. Accurate staging of the disease will undoubtedly improve treatment in the future. It is clear that immunosuppression and immunomodulation are effective in some patients, especially during phase 2, but may not be as useful in phases 1 and 3. Since myocarditis is often selflimited, bridging and recovery therapy with circulatory assistance may be effective. Prevention by immunization or receptor blocking strategies is under development. Giant cell myocarditis is an unusually fulminant form of the disease that progresses rapidly to heart failure or sudden death. Rapid onset of disease in young people, especially those with other autoimmune manifestations, accompanied by heart failure or ventricular arrhythmias, suggests giant cell myocarditis. Peripartum cardiomyopathy in economically developed countries is usually the result of myocarditis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123303/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_62 id: cord-299741-tbtlnv8b author: Massó Sagüés, Elena title: Risk of Introduction of Infectious Animal Diseases for Europe Based on the Health Situation of North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula date: 2019-09-04 words: 5031.0 sentences: 227.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-299741-tbtlnv8b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299741-tbtlnv8b.txt summary: The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union. The results show that, among the infectious diseases analyzed in this study, avian influenza and Newcastle disease are the ones with a higher risk of entry in the European Union and the wild bird''s migration is the route with greater impact. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union by different pathways. For the study of the possible introduction of vector borne diseases through the drag of Culicoides and/or mosquitoes by wind currents, simulations (Figure 2 ) are made for the estimation of wind and particle''s dispersion trajectories that reached the European territory during the year 2016. abstract: The current growth of the human population, the intensification of animal production, climate change or globalization favors an increase in the transmission of infectious diseases. Risk analysis is the tool that allows the identification of the factors involved in the introduction and the spread of infectious diseases. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the risk of entry of animal infectious zoonotic and non-zoonotic diseases from North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to countries of the European Union. A probabilistic formulation has been developed to obtain the probabilities of introduction of diseases associated with each possible route of entry in the European Union. The results show that, among the infectious diseases analyzed in this study, avian influenza and Newcastle disease are the ones with a higher risk of entry in the European Union and the wild bird's migration is the route with greater impact. It is confirmed a moderate probability of entry of some vector-borne diseases, bluetongue and epizootic haemorrhagic disease, through wind flow from Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Due to the absence of live dromedary movement to Europe, the more likely way of entry of the Middle East respiratory syndrome is through the infected people movement from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and Oman. This study includes different methodologies. A model of vectors dispersion in wind currents has been established to assess the risk of introduction of vector borne diseases. It is applicable both in animal health and public health. A periodical update would be useful to obtain a periodically updated risk analysis and to allow early detection of potential hazard with an increased risk over the previous years. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2019.00293 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00293 id: cord-339341-c2o42b5j author: Matibag, Gino C. title: Advocacy, promotion and e-learning: Supercourse for zoonosis date: 2005-09-01 words: 5855.0 sentences: 317.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339341-c2o42b5j.txt summary: This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The overall goal of the "Supercourse for Zoonosis" is to show the most recent development in the knowledge of SARS and other zoonotic diseases such as avian influenza and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), inter alia, which have significant global impact not only on health but also on the economy. The specific objectives of "Supercourse for Zoonosis" are to develop a set of educational materials for the control of zoonotic diseases, to disseminate them effectively via the Internet, to facilitate their use in the prevention and control of the diseases, and to promote human health while minimizing their economic impact. abstract: This paper discusses the history of emerging infectious diseases, risk communication and perception, and the Supercourse lectures as means to strengthen the concepts and definition of risk management and global governance of zoonosis. The paper begins by outlining some of the key themes and issues in infectious diseases, highlighting the way which historical analysis challenges ideas of the ‘newness’ of some of these developments. It then discusses the role of risk communication to public accountability. The bulk of the paper presents an overview of developments of the Internet-based learning system through the Supercourse lectures that may prove to be a strong arm for the promotion of the latest medical information particularly to developing countries. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02897702 doi: 10.1007/bf02897702 id: cord-332610-t99l3zii author: Mayer, J.D. title: Emerging Diseases: Overview date: 2008-08-26 words: 9596.0 sentences: 469.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt summary: The potential for new diseases to emerge in the United States was there, and it took just a few years until this happened, catching the medical and public health communities by surprise. The issue at the time was whether legionnaires disease and toxic shock syndrome were anomalies, whether the assumption of the conquest of infectious diseases had clearly been erroneous, or whether these two outbreaks were harbingers of a new stage in ''epidemiologic history''a historical period during which emerging infections would become common and would catch the attention of the public, the public health community, the medical community, and government agencies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) proved to be of great import in both the public awareness of emerging infectious diseases and in the testing and real-time construction of both domestic and international systems of public health surveillance and response. abstract: Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that are either new, are newly recognized, or are increasing in prevalence in new areas. Resurgent diseases are also usually grouped in this category, as is antimicrobial resistance. These diseases have been given formal recognition in the past two decades, although a historical outlook demonstrates that the phenomenon has probably been persistent, although largely undetected, through recorded history. Emergence has accelerated recently, driven by factors such as demographic change, land use change, increased rapidity and frequency of intercontinental transportation, and other mostly social trends. Continued infectious disease emergence poses, and will continue to pose, significant challenges for public health and for basic science. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739605004536 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00453-6 id: cord-014790-qp916bdd author: Mayer, Kenneth H. title: Ecological Studies of Diseases: Promise and Praxis date: 2009-03-17 words: 1504.0 sentences: 67.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014790-qp916bdd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014790-qp916bdd.txt summary: Both texts are looking for the fundamental factors in infectious diseases that impact the health of populations, and both seek to describe and explain the complex and active interplay of pathogens and hosts that occur in an everchanging pattern of exposures to new hosts, pathogens, and vectors, and changing physical environments. A myriad of human and animal activities (e.g., moving into new physical niches), plus factors like land and water use, and climate change affect the distribution and dispersal of vector populations which, in turn, influences pathogen prevalence and transmission, and ultimately infectious disease outbreaks in specific human populations. Based on ecological studies of the incidence of Lyme disease in recent years, including a series of manipulative experiments with mammals, it appears that the risk of dissemination of this zoonotic infection to humans has been greater when there is relatively less diversity among potential host reservoirs. There are other examples in this text of how basic ecology helps inform the public health approach to infectious disease outbreaks in humans. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087947/ doi: 10.1007/s10393-009-0212-6 id: cord-317999-i48cwutg author: Mazet, Jonna A. K. title: Joint China-US Call for Employing a Transdisciplinary Approach to Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2015-12-08 words: 2991.0 sentences: 113.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317999-i48cwutg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317999-i48cwutg.txt summary: Unfortunately, despite intensive, high-quality research efforts by a talented cadre of scientists globally, we are still not able to predict which viruses, including specific influenza subtypes, will become pathogenic to people; which will cause new epidemics in animals; nor where and under what circumstances disease will emerge. To further address this challenge, the National Science Foundations of both China and the United States convened a small working group of infectious disease experts with experience in the ecology of microbial pathogens and disease emergence, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), influenza, and a number of other diseases. In addition, both countries are leading global economies; have highly mobile populations that travel extensively for commerce and tourism; face internal disparities in access to healthcare; have had recent experiences with pandemic response; are facing a rapid growth in resources consumption; have major investments in pioneering technological advances and large scientific communities; and are investing heavily in emerging disease investigation and science. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-015-1060-1 doi: 10.1007/s10393-015-1060-1 id: cord-267182-ctvnmjsl author: Mboowa, Gerald title: Human Genomic Loci Important in Common Infectious Diseases: Role of High-Throughput Sequencing and Genome-Wide Association Studies date: 2018-03-20 words: 4737.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267182-ctvnmjsl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267182-ctvnmjsl.txt summary: High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has transformed both the management of infectious diseases and continues to enable large-scale functional characterization of host resistance/susceptibility alleles and loci; a paradigm shift from single candidate gene studies. Human populations are constantly locked in evolutionary arms races with pathogens; therefore, identification of common infectious disease-associated genomic variants/markers is important in therapeutic, vaccine development, and screening susceptible individuals in a population. Malaria, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis are some of the common infectious diseases in which a range of genetic susceptibilities and resistant conferring loci have been identified using both traditional molecular-based approaches and HTS technologies. HTS applied to screening populations of host immune-specific cells and their respective pathogens can highlight the host-pathogen unique genetic signatures important in host-pathogen coevolution, profiling immunological history, pathogen-induced immunodominance genetic patterns, predicting clinical outcomes of common infections (such as HIV/AIDS disease progression phenotypes like long-term nonprogressors and rapid progressors, as well as highly exposed persistently seronegative group), rapid diagnosis plus screening outbreaks involving Risk Group 4 highly infectious pathogens, and genetic characterization of live-attenuated vaccine vectors (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). abstract: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB), and malaria are 3 major global public health threats that undermine development in many resource-poor settings. Recently, the notion that positive selection during epidemics or longer periods of exposure to common infectious diseases may have had a major effect in modifying the constitution of the human genome is being interrogated at a large scale in many populations around the world. This positive selection from infectious diseases increases power to detect associations in genome-wide association studies (GWASs). High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has transformed both the management of infectious diseases and continues to enable large-scale functional characterization of host resistance/susceptibility alleles and loci; a paradigm shift from single candidate gene studies. Application of genome sequencing technologies and genomics has enabled us to interrogate the host-pathogen interface for improving human health. Human populations are constantly locked in evolutionary arms races with pathogens; therefore, identification of common infectious disease-associated genomic variants/markers is important in therapeutic, vaccine development, and screening susceptible individuals in a population. This review describes a range of host-pathogen genomic loci that have been associated with disease susceptibility and resistant patterns in the era of HTS. We further highlight potential opportunities for these genetic markers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29755620/ doi: 10.1155/2018/1875217 id: cord-329244-z28twpb1 author: McAloose, Denise title: Wildlife cancer: a conservation perspective date: 2009 words: 8473.0 sentences: 399.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329244-z28twpb1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329244-z28twpb1.txt summary: However, over the past few decades wildlife health monitoring has increased and we are now gaining an improved -and occasionally alarming -perspective about the presence and impact of cancer in endangered species, such as the Tasmanian devil, western barred bandicoot (Perameles bougainville) and Attwater''s prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido Attwateri), and non-endangered species, such as the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). However, with the identification of Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease, sea turtle fibropapillomatosis and sea lion genital carcinoma, it has become apparent that neoplasia can be highly prevalent and have considerable effects on some species. However, with the identification of Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease, sea turtle fibropapillomatosis and sea lion genital carcinoma, it has become apparent that neoplasia can be highly prevalent and have considerable effects on some species. abstract: Until recently, cancer in wildlife was not considered to be a conservation concern. However, with the identification of Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease, sea turtle fibropapillomatosis and sea lion genital carcinoma, it has become apparent that neoplasia can be highly prevalent and have considerable effects on some species. It is also clear that anthropogenic activities contribute to the development of neoplasia in wildlife species, such as beluga whales and bottom-dwelling fish, making them sensitive sentinels of disturbed environments. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc2665 doi: 10.1038/nrc2665 id: cord-302925-6us88smz author: McFee, Robin B. title: Travel-related illness date: 2013-12-31 words: 1053.0 sentences: 59.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302925-6us88smz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302925-6us88smz.txt summary: Although many of us were taught in medical school and residency training that when you hear hoof beats, think horses, not zebras, such advice must now be called into question, considering global travel, immigration into the United States from countries with endemic illnesses not commonly found in North America, and societal factors (domestic and international) that include poverty, homelessness, institutionalization, overcrowding-in health care facilities as well as domiciles-and lack of access to timely health care, all of which set the stage to create conditions that facilitate the spread of diseases that are from previously unknown, little recognized, or emerging pathogens that are endemic to or novel strains in foreign lands, and which can become very quickly clinical realities and community-wide problems in the U.S. This is one of the reasons obtaining a thorough travel and occupational history from patients who present with an atypical or severe, progressive illness, is critically important, as it may give valuable insights into the origin of the infection, how to access timely information from sources experienced in treating the cascade of symptoms (biodrome) (Fig.) 10 and the etiological pathogen, and allow you to rapidly initiate appropriate, potentially life-saving interventions. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011502913001788 doi: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2013.10.005 id: cord-257418-cyul92w0 author: McGuirk, Sheila M. title: Disease Management of Dairy Calves and Heifers date: 2008-03-31 words: 5723.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt summary: This article focuses on the most important diseases of dairy calves and heifers and presents clinical approaches that can improve detection, diagnosis, and treatment of herd-based problems. As shown in Table 2 , fecal shedding results show evidence of increased exposure to C parvum and Salmonella newport in a herd with calf diarrhea problems in 9-day-old calves. For herd problems of enteric disease in calves, bedding materials from each environment that has housed calves are submitted both for bacterial counts (University of Minnesota Laboratory for Udder Health, Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, St. Paul, MN) and Salmonella spp culture. In investigating a dairy calf or heifer pneumonia problem, the review of records to determine morbidity and mortality data, seasonal patterns, health, management, housing, number of calves at maximum occupancy, nutrition, vaccinations, procedures, case definition, and treatment protocols is important. abstract: This article focuses on the most important diseases of dairy calves and heifers and presents clinical approaches that can improve detection, diagnosis, and treatment of herd-based problems. A systematic herd investigation strategy is pivotal to define the problems, understand important risk factors, develop a plan, and make recommendations for disease management accurately. A review of records, colostrum and feeding routines, housing and bedding management, routine procedures, vaccination, and treatment protocols begins the investigation and determines which diagnostic procedures and testing strategies are most useful. Disease management is most effective when the problem source is well defined and the exposure can be limited, calf immunity can be enhanced, or a combination of both. Screening examinations performed regularly or done at strategic time points improves detection of disease, can be used to monitor treatment outcomes, and can avoid disease outbreaks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18299036/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.003 id: cord-289148-k055coui author: McKeown, Alex title: Health Outcome Prioritization in Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding the Ethical Landscape date: 2020-09-01 words: 8596.0 sentences: 368.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289148-k055coui.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289148-k055coui.txt summary: RESULTS: Eight areas of ethical salience for outcome prioritization emerged: 1) Public health and distributive justice, 2) Scarcity of resources, 3) Heterogeneity and changing circumstances, 4) Knowledge of treatment, 5) Values and circumstances, 6) Conflicting priorities, 7) Communication, autonomy and caregiver issues, and 8) Disclosure of risk. [Ibid.] study insofar as ethical dilemmas over finite resources report shared concerns, for example: negotiating the balance of benefits between pharmacological and lifestyle or social interventions; evaluating the value of early diagnosis in light of its psychological impact in the absence of a cure; how to optimize outcomes for people with advanced dementia at the end of life; and how to also support carers of people with AD as well as people with AD themselves. abstract: BACKGROUND: Dementia has been described as the greatest global health challenge in the 21st Century on account of longevity gains increasing its incidence, escalating health and social care pressures. These pressures highlight ethical, social, and political challenges about healthcare resource allocation, what health improvements matter to patients, and how they are measured. This study highlights the complexity of the ethical landscape, relating particularly to the balances that need to be struck when allocating resources; when measuring and prioritizing outcomes; and when individual preferences are sought. OBJECTIVE: Health outcome prioritization is the ranking in order of desirability or importance of a set of disease-related objectives and their associated cost or risk. We analyze the complex ethical landscape in which this takes place in the most common dementia, Alzheimer’s disease. METHODS: Narrative review of literature published since 2007, incorporating snowball sampling where necessary. We identified, thematized, and discussed key issues of ethical salience. RESULTS: Eight areas of ethical salience for outcome prioritization emerged: 1) Public health and distributive justice, 2) Scarcity of resources, 3) Heterogeneity and changing circumstances, 4) Knowledge of treatment, 5) Values and circumstances, 6) Conflicting priorities, 7) Communication, autonomy and caregiver issues, and 8) Disclosure of risk. CONCLUSION: These areas highlight the difficult balance to be struck when allocating resources, when measuring and prioritizing outcomes, and when individual preferences are sought. We conclude by reflecting on how tools in social sciences and ethics can help address challenges posed by resource allocation, measuring and prioritizing outcomes, and eliciting stakeholder preferences. url: https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-191300 doi: 10.3233/jad-191300 id: cord-017224-naromr0a author: McLeish, Caitriona title: Evolving Biosecurity Frameworks date: 2016-12-06 words: 6005.0 sentences: 257.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017224-naromr0a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017224-naromr0a.txt summary: The relationship between infectious disease and security concerns has undergone an evolution since the end of the Cold War. What was previously seen as two separate domains – public health and national security – have, through various events and disease outbreaks in the last 15 years, become intertwined and as a result biosecurity policies now need to address a spectrum of disease threats that encompass natural outbreaks, accidental releases and the deliberate use of disease as weapons. Calling it niche is not to say that bioterrorism had not been considered a security threat prior to 2001many commentators had noted the potential (see for example Stern, 1993; Tucker, 1996 Tucker, , 2000 Moodie and Roberts, 1997; Smithson and Levy, 2000) ; table top exercises had been conducted, domestic preparedness programmes initiated (Guillemin, 2011, p7) , and in countries such as the US, policy directives had been crafted that gave the highest priority to "developing effective capabilities to detect, prevent, defeat and manage the consequences of nuclear, biological or chemical materials or weapons use by terrorists" (United States, 1995) . abstract: The relationship between infectious disease and security concerns has undergone an evolution since the end of the Cold War. What was previously seen as two separate domains – public health and national security – have, through various events and disease outbreaks in the last 15 years, become intertwined and as a result biosecurity policies now need to address a spectrum of disease threats that encompass natural outbreaks, accidental releases and the deliberate use of disease as weapons. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121729/ doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-53675-4_4 id: cord-261301-8mw2kpmr author: McVey, Scott title: Vaccines in Veterinary Medicine: A Brief Review of History and Technology date: 2010-05-13 words: 4039.0 sentences: 233.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261301-8mw2kpmr.txt summary: Nevertheless, both the effectiveness and imperfections of vaccination lead to the eventual global eradication of smallpox, and was the inspiration for development of the products and programs for immunization against several diseases in humans and animals. Table 1 describes the types of vaccines currently available to companion animal practitioners in most regions of the world 11-14 (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/vet_biologics/ vb_licensed_products.shtml) These vaccines include very traditional inactivated antigen formulations, multiple attenuated agents, and new technologies such as poxvectored vaccines, defined subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines (see Table 1 ). Therefore, a well-differentiated antibody response with isotype switching, affinity maturation to high avidity, and memory requires some effective initial stimulation involving dendritic cells and expansion of regulatory T lymphocytes A claim that it is intended to prevent disease may be made only for products shown to be highly effective in preventing clinical disease in vaccinated and challenged animals. abstract: The use of vaccines in veterinary medicine has progressed from an experimental adventure to a routine and relatively safe practice. The common and aggressive use of efficacious vaccines has been responsible for the control and eradication of several diseases. Despite progress in research technologies, diagnostic capabilities, and manufacturing methods, there remain many infectious diseases for which no effective vaccines exist. Global availability, field compliance, effectiveness, and safety are also significant concerns. This review addresses the history, current practices, and potential future improvements of vaccine use in veterinary medicine. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0195561610000239 doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.02.001 id: cord-273833-yf8kt84e author: Mejia, Rojelio title: Global COVID-19 Efforts as the Platform to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals date: 2020-08-20 words: 2544.0 sentences: 140.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273833-yf8kt84e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273833-yf8kt84e.txt summary: Therefore, and as highlighted by many others, we support the notion that a way forward to eliminate this coronavirus pandemic should include linking COVID-19 control to other tropical or poverty-related diseases. To be successful and achieve the global goals including the control of pandemics such as the one seen from the COVID-19, we must rely on strong leadership leading to impactful public policies and global collaborations, including global COVID-19 vaccinations, and potentially linking them to programs for childhood and adult vaccinations and programs for malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical disease treatments. Accordingly, these virus-related morbidities will add to the many already found in these populations already affected by non-communicable diseases functioning as major risk factors for COVID-19, as well as other infections, including the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The poor living in urban or rural areas of high-income countries and the most impoverished living in LMICs have increased risk for both COVID-19 and tropical diseases. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this commentary, we summarize and put into perspective the recent information that highlights the associations between coronavirus disease and poverty. We also bring attention to another dimension that will most likely exacerbate the severity and long-term sequelae of COVID-19 in impoverished populations, that is, the comorbidities and the presence of tropical infections. RECENT FINDINGS: During this first half of 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has emerged as a poverty-related neglected disease on at least two fronts. First, is its significant impact in low-income neighborhoods in the USA, the epicenter of the pandemic. Second, is its emergence in poor urban areas of South America, and now in Asia and Africa. In both fronts, the pandemic is contributing heavily towards the loss of public health gains that we managed to achieve globally during the last two decades. Specifically, any advances made as part of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (United Nations, 2020) is eroding, and for the first time, the number of people entering extreme poverty is increasing. Adding to this descent into poverty are new disruptions in ongoing disease control programs, routine vaccination strategies, and a reduction of capacity building efforts globally. Therefore, and as highlighted by many others, we support the notion that a way forward to eliminate this coronavirus pandemic should include linking COVID-19 control to other tropical or poverty-related diseases. SUMMARY: COVID-19 is slowing or reversing global health and development gains. To be successful and achieve the global goals including the control of pandemics such as the one seen from the COVID-19, we must rely on strong leadership leading to impactful public policies and global collaborations, including global COVID-19 vaccinations, and potentially linking them to programs for childhood and adult vaccinations and programs for malaria, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and neglected tropical disease treatments. Opportunities also include the creation of unique research opportunities and funding models and increase science engagement for international diplomacy. This can only be done with a better understanding of the relationships between coronavirus disease, poverty, and tropical diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32844081/ doi: 10.1007/s40475-020-00209-y id: cord-312418-e4g5u1nz author: Melillo, Alessandro title: Rabbit Clinical Pathology date: 2007-09-18 words: 6442.0 sentences: 363.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312418-e4g5u1nz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312418-e4g5u1nz.txt summary: There is little information available that describes the effect of clinical disease on the blood parameters of companion rabbits, or on the use of blood tests as diagnostic and prognostic indicators. An intestinal isoenzyme is quite abundant, so serum ALP concentrations are actually the sum of these 3 isoenzymes, which may explain why many reference ranges are vague and wide and why raised ALP levels in clinically healthy animals are a common finding. Azotemia is also indicative of renal disease, usually affecting the rabbit patient in association with hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, hypercalcemia and coexisting hyperphosphatemia, nonregenerative anemia, and isostenuric urine. Blood urea levels below the reference range indicate hepatic insufficiency or muscle mass loss (e.g., dental disease). Hyperphosphatemia usually indicates chronic kidney failure (a loss of more than 80% of nephrons) given that serum phosphorus levels are normalized by compensatory mechanisms in early-onset renal disease. abstract: With rabbit patients, as in other species, analyzing blood and urine samples can be useful and informative, although interpretation of the results is sometimes challenging. This article summarizes the interpretation of laboratory results from rabbits. Hematological parameters can yield information about the red blood cell population and leukocyte response to stress and pathogens. Biochemistry evaluation can be used to investigate liver, kidney, and other organ function, and urinalysis results may yield additional information about kidney function and electrolyte imbalances. Serological tests are available for several pathogens of rabbits, including Encephalitozoon cuniculi, although the significance of positive results and antibody titers is not clear. Serum protein electrophoresis aids the understanding of protein disorders and the immune response to acute and chronic inflammation. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1557506307000857 doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2007.06.002 id: cord-315598-qwh72inx author: Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini title: ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19 date: 2020-10-06 words: 69640.0 sentences: 6489.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315598-qwh72inx.txt summary: De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400). abstract: Antecedentes y objetivos: La enfermedad por coronavirus de 2019 (COVID-19) es una enfermedad ocasionada por el nuevo coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2). Se identificó por primera vez en diciembre de 2019 en la ciudad de Wuhan, en los meses siguientes se expandió rápidamente a todos los continentes y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la reconoció como una pandemia global el 11 de marzo de 2020. La mayoría de los individuos son asintomáticos pero una baja proporción ingresan a cuidados intensivos con una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Este consenso tiene como objetivo actualizar la declaratoria inicial emitida por la Asociación Colombiana de Medicina Crítica (AMCI) para el manejo del paciente críticamente enfermo con COVID-19 dentro de las áreas críticas de las instituciones de salud. Métodos: Este estudio utilizó dos técnicas de consenso formal para construir las recomendaciones finales: Delphi modificada y grupos nominales. Se construyeron preguntas por la estrategia PICO. 10 grupos nominales desarrollaron recomendaciones para cada unidad temática. El producto del consenso fue evaluado y calificado en una ronda Delphi y se discutió de forma virtual por los relatores de cada núcleo y los representantes de sociedades médicas científicas afines al manejo del paciente con COID-19. Resultados: 80 expertos nacionales participaron en la actualización del consenso AMCI, especialistas en Medicina Critica y Cuidados Intensivos, Nefrología, Neurología, Neumología, bioeticistas, Medicina interna, Anestesia, Cirugía General, Cirugía de cabeza y cuello, Cuidados Paliativos, Enfermeras Especialistas en Medicina crítica, Terapeutas respiratorias especialistas en medicina crítica y Fisioterapia, con experiencia clínica en la atención del paciente críticamente enfermo. La declaratoria emite recomendaciones en los ámbitos más relevantes para la atención en salud de los casos de COVID-19 al interior de las unidades de cuidados intensivos en el contexto nacional de Colombia. Conclusiones: un grupo significativo multidisciplinario de profesionales expertos en medicina crítica emiten mediante técnicas de consenso formal recomendaciones sobre la mejor práctica para la atención del paciente críticamente enfermo con COVID-19. Las recomendaciones deben ser adaptadas a las condiciones específicas, administrativas y estructurales de las distintas unidades de cuidados intensivos del país. Background and objectives: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. In the following months it spread quickly to all continents and was recognised as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11th, 2020. Most cases of infection remain asymptomatic, while a low proportion require intensive care, experiencing high morbidity and mortality. This consensus aims to update the initial statement issued by the Colombian Association of Critical Medicine (AMCI) for the management of the critically ill patient with COVID-19 within the critical areas of health institutions. Methods: This study used two formal consensus techniques to construct the final recommendations: modified Delphi and nominal groups. Questions were constructed using the PICO strategy. Recommendations for each thematic unit were developed by 10 nominal groups. The consensus product was evaluated and qualified in a Delphi round, and was discussed virtually by the speaker of each nucleus, as well as the representatives of scientific medical societies related to the management of the patient with COVID-19. Results: A total of 80 national experts participated in the update of the AMCI consensus, all specialists in Critical and Intensive Care Medicine, Nephrologists, Neurologists, Chest physician, bioethicists, Internal medicine specialists, Anaesthetists, General Surgeons, head and neck surgery, palliative care, Nurses Specialised in Critical Medicine, Respiratory therapists specialised in critical medicine and Physiotherapy, with clinical experience in the care of critically ill patients. This update issues recommendations in the most relevant areas for health care of COVID-19 patients within the intensive care units, contextualised for Colombia. Conclusions: A significant multidisciplinary group of professionals, who are experts in critical medicine, reviewed and issued recommendations on best practice for the care of critically ill patients with COVID-19 through formal consensus techniques. Recommendations must be adapted to the specific, administrative, and structural conditions of the different intensive care units in the country. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0122726220300859?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.004 id: cord-016364-80l5mua2 author: Menotti-Raymond, Marilyn title: The Domestic Cat, Felis catus, as a Model of Hereditary and Infectious Disease date: 2008 words: 6905.0 sentences: 380.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016364-80l5mua2.txt summary: Genomics tools developed in the cat, including the recent completion of the 2-fold whole genome sequence of the cat and genome browser, radiation hybrid map of 1793 integrated coding and microsatellite loci, a 5-cM genetic linkage map, arrayed BAC libraries, and flow sorted chromosomes, are providing resources that are being utilized in mapping and characterization of genes of interest. 8 Ninety-six percent of the 1793 cat markers have identifi able orthologues in the canine and human genome sequences, providing a rich comparative tool, which is critical in linkage mapping exercises for the identification of genes controlling feline phenotypes. However, with the availability of a detailed comparative map, and integration with developing GL and RH maps, and the cat 2X whole genome sequence, linkage and association-based mapping techniques have recently identified causative mutations for hereditary disease genes, 33, 34 as well as several feline phenotypes (Table 25-1) . abstract: The domestic cat, currently the most frequent of companion animals, has enjoyed a medical surveillance, as a nonprimate species, second only to the dog. With over 200 hereditary disease pathologies reported in the cat, the clinical and physiological study of these feline hereditary diseases provides a strong comparative medicine opportunity for prevention, diagnostics, and treatment studies in a laboratory setting. Causal mutations have been characterized in 19 felid genes, with the largest representation from lysosomal storage enzyme disorders. Corrective therapeutic strategies for several disorders have been proposed and examined in the cat, including enzyme replacement, heterologous bone marrow transplantation, and substrate reduction therapy. Genomics tools developed in the cat, including the recent completion of the 2-fold whole genome sequence of the cat and genome browser, radiation hybrid map of 1793 integrated coding and microsatellite loci, a 5-cM genetic linkage map, arrayed BAC libraries, and flow sorted chromosomes, are providing resources that are being utilized in mapping and characterization of genes of interest. A recent report of the mapping and characterization of a novel causative gene for feline spinal muscular atrophy marked the first identification of a disease gene purely from positional reasoning. With the development of genomic resources in the cat and the application of complementary comparative tools developed in other species, the domestic cat is emerging as a promising resource of phenotypically defined genetic variation of biomedical significance. Additionally, the cat has provided several useful models for infectious disease. These include feline leukemia and feline sarcoma virus, feline coronavirus, and Type C retroviruses that interact with cellular oncogenes to induce leukemia, lymphoma, and sarcoma. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120622/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-285-4_25 id: cord-319121-et957lfl author: Mifflin, Lauren title: Receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) as a therapeutic target date: 2020-07-15 words: 12596.0 sentences: 633.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319121-et957lfl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319121-et957lfl.txt summary: However, as researchers continued to delve into the mechanisms governed by RIPK1, it has become apparent that RIPK1 inhibitors may offer key therapeutic options that anti-TNF therapies do not: first, RIPK1 inhibitors are safe in the central nervous system (CNS) as RIPK1 kinase does not signal through TNFR2 which has a protective role in the CNS 7 ; second, RIPK1 participates in a broader set of pro-inflammatory activities than those restricted to TNF 8 ; third, RIPK1 is regulated by a distinct set of signalling molecules that are genetically implicated in human autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, as discussed below, and thus patient stratification may be important in conducting clinical trials of RIPK1 inhibitors. Mouse models with cell lineage-specific A20 deficiency phenocopy different human inflammatory diseases, suggesting an important role for A20 in restricting RIPK1 activation in multiple tissues ( showed increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF, IL-1β and IL-6, and demonstrated clinical improvement after treatment with anti-TNF or anti-IL-1β therapy. abstract: Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is a key mediator of cell death and inflammation. The unique hydrophobic pocket in the allosteric regulatory domain of RIPK1 has enabled the development of highly selective small-molecule inhibitors of its kinase activity, which have demonstrated safety in preclinical models and clinical trials. Potential applications of these RIPK1 inhibitors for the treatment of monogenic and polygenic autoimmune, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, ischaemic and acute conditions, such as sepsis, are emerging. This article reviews RIPK1 biology and disease-associated mutations in RIPK1 signalling pathways, highlighting clinical trials of RIPK1 inhibitors and potential strategies to mitigate development challenges. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-0071-y doi: 10.1038/s41573-020-0071-y id: cord-322377-0o9ru8zz author: Migliaccio, Raffaella title: Cognitive and behavioural inhibition deficits in neurodegenerative dementias date: 2020-08-10 words: 11690.0 sentences: 632.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322377-0o9ru8zz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322377-0o9ru8zz.txt summary: We will therefore describe different tests available to assess both behavioural and cognitive disinhibition and summarise different manifestations of disinhibition across several neurodegenerative diseases (behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer''s disease, Parkinson''s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington''s disease). Behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and Alzheimer''s disease (AD) patients perform significantly less well on the Stroop test than controls, but there is a poor differentiation between these two diseases (Perry&Hodges, 2000; Collette et al., 2007) . Finally, in a very recent study, PSP patients performed similarly to controls on the Hayling test, but they presented "positive" disinhibition-related symptoms on the FBI which were less severe than in bvFTD (Santillo et al., 2016) . The Middelheim Frontality Score: a behavioural assessment scale that discriminates frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer''s disease abstract: Disinhibition, mainly caused by damage in frontotemporal brain regions, is one of the major causes of caregiver distress in neurodegenerative dementias. Behavioural inhibition deficits are usually described as a loss of social conduct and impulsivity, whereas cognitive inhibition deficits refer to impairments in the suppression of prepotent verbal responses and resistance to distractor interference. In this review, we aim to discuss inhibition deficits in neurodegenerative dementias through behavioural, cognitive, neuroanatomical and neurophysiological exploration. We also discuss impulsivity and compulsivity behaviours as related to disinhibition. We will therefore describe different tests available to assess both behavioural and cognitive disinhibition and summarise different manifestations of disinhibition across several neurodegenerative diseases (behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington’s disease). Finally, we will present the latest findings about structural, metabolic, functional, neurophysiological and also neuropathological correlates of inhibition impairments. We will briefly conclude by mentioning some of the latest pharmacological treatment options available for disinhibition. Within this framework, we aim to highlight i) the current interests and limits of tests and questionnaires available to assess behavioural and cognitive inhibition in clinical practice and in clinical research; ii) the interpretation of impulsivity and compulsivity within the spectrum of inhibition deficits; and iii) the brain regions and networks involved in such behaviours. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001094522030294X?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.08.001 id: cord-256094-f85xc5uu author: Milinovich, Gabriel J title: Using internet search queries for infectious disease surveillance: screening diseases for suitability date: 2014-12-31 words: 4963.0 sentences: 237.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-256094-f85xc5uu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256094-f85xc5uu.txt summary: This study aims to systematically investigate the potential for developing surveillance and early warning systems using internet search data, for a wide range of infectious diseases. This study, however, did not aim to develop actionable surveillance systems, produce predictive models of infectious disease based on internet-based data or to identify the best search terms for use in these models. Briefly, the time series analysed were monthly case numbers for the 64 infectious diseases monitored by the Australian Government''s National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) and Google Trends monthly search metrics for related internet search terms. To our knowledge, assessments of the use of internet-based surveillance have only been performed for five of the 17 diseases that were demonstrated to have a significant association with internet search terms (influenza [4] , dengue [9, 27] , chickenpox [11, 12] , hepatitis B [14] and cryptosporidiosis [13] the authors of the final study were, however, not able to detect signals from internet search queries). abstract: BACKGROUND: Internet-based surveillance systems provide a novel approach to monitoring infectious diseases. Surveillance systems built on internet data are economically, logistically and epidemiologically appealing and have shown significant promise. The potential for these systems has increased with increased internet availability and shifts in health-related information seeking behaviour. This approach to monitoring infectious diseases has, however, only been applied to single or small groups of select diseases. This study aims to systematically investigate the potential for developing surveillance and early warning systems using internet search data, for a wide range of infectious diseases. METHODS: Official notifications for 64 infectious diseases in Australia were downloaded and correlated with frequencies for 164 internet search terms for the period 2009–13 using Spearman’s rank correlations. Time series cross correlations were performed to assess the potential for search terms to be used in construction of early warning systems. RESULTS: Notifications for 17 infectious diseases (26.6%) were found to be significantly correlated with a selected search term. The use of internet metrics as a means of surveillance has not previously been described for 12 (70.6%) of these diseases. The majority of diseases identified were vaccine-preventable, vector-borne or sexually transmissible; cross correlations, however, indicated that vector-borne and vaccine preventable diseases are best suited for development of early warning systems. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that internet-based surveillance systems have broader applicability to monitoring infectious diseases than has previously been recognised. Furthermore, internet-based surveillance systems have a potential role in forecasting emerging infectious disease events, especially for vaccine-preventable and vector-borne diseases. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0690-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25551277/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-014-0690-1 id: cord-337315-qv8ycdhe author: Miller, Maureen title: Integrated biological–behavioural surveillance in pandemic-threat warning systems date: 2017-01-01 words: 4629.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337315-qv8ycdhe.txt summary: 13 Similar surveillance could help identify behavioural risk factors and high-risk subgroups for zoonotic infections such as Ebola -potentially before diseases of pandemic potential are identified in clinical settings or major outbreaks occur in communities. When designed according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria, integrated surveillance requires that both behavioural risk factors -i.e. exposure variables -and disease-indicator outcome variables be measured in behavioural surveys. 22 In the development of pandemic-threat warning systems, integrated biological-behavioural surveillance can be tightly focused on specific viral families in the high-risk population subgroups that live in identified hotspots and are environmentally or occupationally exposed to animals. The remainder of this article presents an overview of issues relevant to the design of rigorous behavioural surveys to assess the spillover of emerging zoonotic disease and the associated transmission risk factors, which is the first step in designing effective integrated surveillance. abstract: Economically and politically disruptive disease outbreaks are a hallmark of the 21st century. Although pandemics are driven by human behaviours, current surveillance systems for identifying pandemic threats are largely reliant on the monitoring of disease outcomes in clinical settings. Standardized integrated biological–behavioural surveillance could, and should, be used in community settings to complement such clinical monitoring. The usefulness of such an approach has already been demonstrated in studies on human immunodeficiency virus, where integrated surveillance contributed to a biologically based and quantifiable understanding of the behavioural risk factors associated with the transmission dynamics of the virus. When designed according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology criteria, integrated surveillance requires that both behavioural risk factors – i.e. exposure variables – and disease-indicator outcome variables be measured in behavioural surveys. In the field of pandemic threats, biological outcome data could address the weaknesses of self-reported data collected in behavioural surveys. Data from serosurveys of viruses with pandemic potential, collected under non-outbreak conditions, indicate that serosurveillance could be used to predict future outbreaks. When conducted together, behavioural surveys and serosurveys could warn of future pandemics, potentially before the disease appears in clinical settings. Traditional disease-outcome surveillance must be frequent and ongoing to remain useful but behavioural surveillance remains informative even if conducted much less often, since behaviour change occurs slowly over time. Only through knowledge of specific behavioural risk factors can interventions and policies that can prevent the next pandemic be developed. url: https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.16.175984 doi: 10.2471/blt.16.175984 id: cord-345402-brhvfsgy author: Miller, Ryan S. title: Diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface: Status, challenges, and opportunities in the United States date: 2013-06-01 words: 8147.0 sentences: 437.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345402-brhvfsgy.txt summary: Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. Thirteen (62%) of these actively managed diseases have a wildlife component and at least 6 (bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick [vector control]) have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication due to continued spillover to domestic populations. abstract: Abstract In the last half century, significant attention has been given to animal diseases; however, our understanding of disease processes and how to manage them at the livestock–wildlife interface remains limited. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature to evaluate the status of diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface in the United States. Specifically, the goals of the literature review were three fold: first to evaluate domestic animal diseases currently found in the United States where wildlife may play a role; second to identify critical issues faced in managing these diseases at the livestock–wildlife interface; and third to identify potential technical and policy strategies for addressing these issues. We found that of the 86 avian, ruminant, swine, poultry, and lagomorph diseases that are reportable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), 53 are present in the United States; 42 (79%) of these have a putative wildlife component associated with the transmission, maintenance, or life cycle of the pathogen; and 21 (40%) are known to be zoonotic. At least six of these reportable diseases—bovine tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, rabies, and cattle fever tick (vector control)—have a wildlife reservoir that is a recognized impediment to eradication in domestic populations. The complex nature of these systems highlights the need to understand the role of wildlife in the epidemiology, transmission, and maintenance of infectious diseases of livestock. Successful management or eradication of these diseases will require the development of cross-discipline and institutional collaborations. Despite social and policy challenges, there remain opportunities to develop new collaborations and new technologies to mitigate the risks posed at the livestock–wildlife interface. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.11.021 id: cord-022252-9yiuuye3 author: Mims, Cedric A. title: Mechanisms of Cell and Tissue Damage date: 2013-11-17 words: 28864.0 sentences: 1432.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022252-9yiuuye3.txt summary: A few viruses are remarkable because they cause no pathological changes at all in the cell, even during a productive infection in which infectious virus particles are produced. Primary consideration will be given to those substances which are produced under ecologically significant conditions (i.e. in the natural host or relevant animal model) and cause (also in biologically relevant systems) damage to cells or tissues thereby contributing to disease. Here we consider toxins which act on extracellular substances and are responsible for many of the main features of the diseases caused by the infecting organism. Circulating immune complexes are also deposited in the walls of small blood vessels in the skin and elsewhere, where they may induce inflammatory changes.* The prodromal rashes seen in exanthematous virus infections and in hepatitis B are probably caused in this way. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155491/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-498262-8.50015-1 id: cord-018454-sy21cpff author: Mitrovic, Stéphane title: Adult-Onset Still’s Disease date: 2019-10-30 words: 9387.0 sentences: 495.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018454-sy21cpff.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018454-sy21cpff.txt summary: (continued) Identifying the disease subset might orientate the therapeutic strategy c Serum ferritin levels are significantly higher in the systemic subtype [110] , but high ferritin levels after adequate treatment may predict chronic articular course [61] d Calprotectin levels help rule out rheumatoid arthritis, but further studies are needed to validate it as a diagnostic biomarker because of no statistical difference between AoSD and septic patients, although the populations were small [42] e Elevated plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα have been found during AoSD, but the cytokine profile is not specific and cannot differentiate AoSD patients from those with sepsis f S100A12 was found an efficient diagnostic and monitoring biomarker in systemic juvenile arthritis, but further studies are needed for validation in AoSD Procalcitonin, a marker of severe systemic infection, was also found elevated in patients with active AoSD and does not appear relevant to distinguish acute infection from AoSD flare [42, 113] . abstract: Adult-onset Still’s disease (AoSD) is a rare but clinically well-known, polygenic, systemic autoinflammatory disease. It is typically characterized by four main (cardinal) symptoms: spiking fever ≥39 °C, arthralgia or arthritis, skin rash, and hyperleukocytosis (≥10,000 cells/mm(3)). However, many other clinical features are possible, and it can appear in all age groups with potentially severe inflammatory onset accompanied by a broad spectrum of disease manifestation and complications. Hence, it remains a diagnostic challenge, and the clinician should first rule out infectious, tumoral, or inflammatory differential diagnoses. Determination of the total and glycosylated ferritin levels, although not pathognomonic, can help in diagnosis. New biomarkers have recently been described, but they need to be validated. The disease evolution of AoSD can be monocyclic, polycyclic, or chronic. In chronic disease, a joint involvement is often predominant, and erosions are noted in one-third of patients. Many progresses have been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis over the last decades. This chapter provides a comprehensive insight into the complex and heterogeneous nature of AoSD describing the identified cytokine signaling pathways and biomarkers. It also discusses the current evidence for the usage of biologics in AoSD to provide guidance for treatment decisions, taking into account both the efficacy and the safety of the different therapeutic options. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123329/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-19055-2_6 id: cord-022002-6edzmj7n author: Mitruka, Kiren title: Cruise Ship Travel date: 2009-05-15 words: 9683.0 sentences: 537.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022002-6edzmj7n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022002-6edzmj7n.txt summary: Those include the names of the associated cruise lines and cruise ships, sailing dates, illness symptoms, the percentage of passenger and crew affected, control measures, and causative agent, if known. 24 Medical care aboard cruise ship is designed to provide cruise line passengers and crew members with timely access to comprehensive services for minor to severe illness and injury. 34 Clinicians can also play an important role in preventing influenza and other respiratory disease outbreaks aboard ships by â�ª asking travelers to refrain from traveling while ill and if illness develops during the trip, to practice respiratory hygiene and minimize contact with other people, including the cruise staff; and â�ª providing vaccination (or rarely, antiviral medications) as prevention, especially to high-risk populations as well as their close contacts, and those traveling in large tour groups, even if travel occurs during summer. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152329/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-03453-1.10034-3 id: cord-018058-n3majqes author: Modrow, Susanne title: Historical Overview date: 2013-08-12 words: 5376.0 sentences: 262.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018058-n3majqes.txt summary: Many of the steps that characterize a viral infection were first discovered in experiments with bacterial viruses: such processes include attachment and penetration, the reproduction-cycledependent regulation of gene expression that results in early and late synthesized proteins, and lysogeny, which is associated with the existence of prophages. Besides the importance for tumour virus research, these observations aroused interest in the question concerning the basis of the high susceptibility of newborn animals to viral infections, and suggested investigations on the innate resistance of an organism to infections as well as the time and the causes of its formation. Between 1918 and 1920, a pandemic emerging viral disease, Spanish flu, claimed more than 20 million lives, i.e., more than in the First World War. After cultivation of the virus responsible in embryonated chicken eggs in 1933, their haemagglutinating properties were discovered in 1941 (i.e., their ability to agglutinate red blood cells), thereby laying the basis for the development of haemagglutination tests to detect viruses. abstract: “Poisons” were originally considered as the causative agents of illnesses that we know as viral diseases today. At that time, there were no standard methods to detect pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms such as bacteria and protozoa in the supposed “poisonous materials”. Only animal experiments performed by Louis Pasteur at the end of the nineteenth century, in which no dilution of the poisonous properties was achieved even after several passages, suggested that the disease-causing agent was able to multiply in the organism. Therefore, there was talk of a reproducible “virus” (Latin for “poison” or “slime”) in living organisms, and later also in cells. In St. Petersburg in 1892, Dimitri I. Ivanovski demonstrated that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by an “ultrafilterable” agent, whose size is significantly smaller than that of bacteria: tobacco mosaic virus (bacteria filters have a pore size of approximately 0.2 μm, however, most viruses are smaller than 0.1 μm). Soon afterwards, Martinus Willem Beijerinck came to the same conclusion: he developed, for the first time, the notion of a self-replicating, “liquid” agent (contagium vivum fluidum). The discovery of foot-and-mouth disease virus by Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch in Greifswald in 1898 was the first evidence of an animal pathogenic virus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122844/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-20718-1_1 id: cord-302222-9ad0fw6z author: Monath, Thomas P. title: Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm date: 2013-11-04 words: 15722.0 sentences: 669.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302222-9ad0fw6z.txt summary: A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Overall, it remains to be seen which of the many Rift Valley fever vaccines in development progress to regulatory approval and whether an integrated veterinary and human health policy based on the immunization of livestock in Africa together with predictive surveillance, can abort impending outbreaks, and lead to long range control of this important disease. The increasing problem of emerging infections, the majority of which are the result of spill-over from animals to humans, is a compelling reason to consider novel vaccine interventions, and the collaborations between veterinary and human health institutions in the development of the Hendra, West Nile, VEE and Rift Valley fever vaccines described in this review serve as examples of the power of this approach. abstract: Abstract This review focuses on the immunization of animals as a means of preventing human diseases (zoonoses). Three frameworks for the use of vaccines in this context are described, and examples are provided of successes and failures. Framework I vaccines are used for protection of humans and economically valuable animals, where neither plays a role in the transmission cycle. The benefit of collaborations between animal health and human health industries and regulators in developing such products is discussed, and one example (West Nile vaccine) of a single product developed for use in animals and humans is described. Framework II vaccines are indicated for domesticated animals as a means of preventing disease in both animals and humans. The agents of concern are transmitted directly or indirectly (e.g. via arthropod vectors) from animals to humans. A number of examples of the use of Framework II vaccines are provided, e.g. against brucellosis, Escherischia coli O157, rabies, Rift Valley fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, and Hendra virus. Framework III vaccines are used to immunize wild animals as a means of preventing transmission of disease agents to humans and domesticated animals. Examples are reservoir-targeted, oral bait rabies, Mycobacterium bovis and Lyme disease vaccines. Given the speed and lost cost of veterinary vaccine development, some interventions based on the immunization of animals could lead to rapid and relatively inexpensive advances in public health. Opportunities for vaccine-based approaches to preventing zoonotic and emerging diseases that integrate veterinary and human medicine (the One Health paradigm) are emphasized. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.029 id: cord-328287-3qgzulgj author: Moni, Mohammad Ali title: Network-based analysis of comorbidities risk during an infection: SARS and HIV case studies date: 2014-10-24 words: 10643.0 sentences: 547.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328287-3qgzulgj.txt summary: Then based on the gene expression, PPI and signalling pathways data, we investigate the comorbidity association of these 2 infective pathologies with other 7 diseases (heart failure, kidney disorder, breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, bone diseases, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes). The differential gene expression profiling strongly suggests that the response of SARS affected patients seems to be mainly an innate inflammatory response and statistically dysregulates a large number of genes, pathways and PPIs subnetworks in different pathologies such as chronic heart failure (21 genes), breast cancer (16 genes) and bone diseases (11 genes). To observe the association of SARS and HIV infections with other 7 important diseases (chronic heart failure, kidney disorders, breast cancer, parkinson, osteoporosis, type 1 and type 2 diabetes), we have collected mRNA microarray raw data associated with each disease from the Gene Expression Omnibus (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/) accession numbers are GSE9006, GSE9128, GSE15072, GSE7158, GSE8977 and GSE7621 [59] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Infections are often associated to comorbidity that increases the risk of medical conditions which can lead to further morbidity and mortality. SARS is a threat which is similar to MERS virus, but the comorbidity is the key aspect to underline their different impacts. One UK doctor says "I’d rather have HIV than diabetes" as life expectancy among diabetes patients is lower than that of HIV. However, HIV has a comorbidity impact on the diabetes. RESULTS: We present a quantitative framework to compare and explore comorbidity between diseases. By using neighbourhood based benchmark and topological methods, we have built comorbidity relationships network based on the OMIM and our identified significant genes. Then based on the gene expression, PPI and signalling pathways data, we investigate the comorbidity association of these 2 infective pathologies with other 7 diseases (heart failure, kidney disorder, breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, bone diseases, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes). Phenotypic association is measured by calculating both the Relative Risk as the quantified measures of comorbidity tendency of two disease pairs and the ϕ-correlation to measure the robustness of the comorbidity associations. The differential gene expression profiling strongly suggests that the response of SARS affected patients seems to be mainly an innate inflammatory response and statistically dysregulates a large number of genes, pathways and PPIs subnetworks in different pathologies such as chronic heart failure (21 genes), breast cancer (16 genes) and bone diseases (11 genes). HIV-1 induces comorbidities relationship with many other diseases, particularly strong correlation with the neurological, cancer, metabolic and immunological diseases. Similar comorbidities risk is observed from the clinical information. Moreover, SARS and HIV infections dysregulate 4 genes (ANXA3, GNS, HIST1H1C, RASA3) and 3 genes (HBA1, TFRC, GHITM) respectively that affect the ageing process. It is notable that HIV and SARS similarly dysregulated 11 genes and 3 pathways. Only 4 significantly dysregulated genes are common between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, including NFKBIA that is a key regulator of immune responsiveness implicated in susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Our method presents a ripe opportunity to use data-driven approaches for advancing our current knowledge on disease mechanism and predicting disease comorbidities in a quantitative way. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2105-15-333) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-15-333 doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-15-333 id: cord-104128-0gyk9cwx author: Morand, Serge title: The accelerated infectious disease risk in the Anthropocene: more outbreaks and wider global spread date: 2020-04-20 words: 7037.0 sentences: 358.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-104128-0gyk9cwx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104128-0gyk9cwx.txt summary: Countries which are more centrally located within these disease networks tend to be also the more developed and emerging countries with significantly higher GDPs. Therefore, one cost of increased global mobility (which is currently tightly linked to economic growth and globalization, see Discussion below) is the increased risk of disease outbreaks and their faster and wider spread (although we note that the risk per capita may be decreasing, Smith et al., 2014) . Similarly, increasing levels of (1) isolation of infectious hosts, household quarantine and related behavioral changes which reduce transmission rates and (2) air traffic reduction increasingly slowed the global spread of influenza, although the latter control strategy required the almost complete halt of global air traffic (Cooper et al., 2006; Ferguson et al., 2006; Flahault et al., 2006; Hollingsworth et al., 2006; Epstein et al., 2007; Bajardi 11 et al., 2011) . abstract: The greatly accelerated economic growth during the Anthropocene has resulted in astonishing improvements in many aspects of human well-being, but has also caused the acceleration of risks, such as the interlinked biodiversity and climate crisis. Here, we report on another risk: the accelerated infectious disease risk associated with the number and geographic spread of human infectious disease outbreaks. Using the most complete, reliable, and up-to-date database on human infectious disease outbreaks (GIDEON), we show that the number of disease outbreaks, the number of diseases involved in these outbreaks, and the number of countries affected have increased during the entire Anthropocene. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of these outbreaks is becoming more globalized in the sense that the overall modularity of the disease networks across the globe has decreased, meaning disease outbreaks have become increasingly pandemic in their nature. This decrease in modularity is correlated with the increase in air traffic. We finally show that those countries and regions which are most central within these disease networks tend to be countries with higher GDPs. Therefore, one cost of increased global mobility and greater economic growth is the increased risk of disease outbreaks and their faster and wider spread. We briefly discuss three different scenarios which decision-makers might follow in light of our results. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.049866 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.20.049866 id: cord-310509-c8wp2m69 author: Morens, David M. title: Emerging Infectious Diseases: Threats to Human Health and Global Stability date: 2013-07-04 words: 2121.0 sentences: 98.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310509-c8wp2m69.txt summary: The most salient modern example of an emerging infectious disease is HIV/AIDS, which likely emerged a century ago after multiple independent events in which the virus jumped from one primate host to another (chimpanzees to humans) and subsequently, as a result of a complex array of social and demographic factors, spread readily within the human population. It was soon apparent, however, that the disease was not restricted to these groups, and indeed, the bulk of HIV infections globally has resulted from heterosexual transmission that has been heavily weighted within the developing world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa where a number of factors were responsible for this rapid spread; chief among these were human movement along truck routes accompanied by a high level of commercial sex work, inadequate public health infrastructures, poverty, and social inequality. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23853589/ doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003467 id: cord-333405-ji58jbct author: Morens, David M. title: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date: 2004-07-08 words: 6421.0 sentences: 315.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt summary: Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. abstract: Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars and famine as major challenges to human progress and survival. They remain among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Against a constant background of established infections, epidemics of new and old infectious diseases periodically emerge, greatly magnifying the global burden of infections. Studies of these emerging infections reveal the evolutionary properties of pathogenic microorganisms and the dynamic relationships between microorganisms, their hosts and the environment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241422/ doi: 10.1038/nature02759 id: cord-006104-f9000hjy author: Morgan, B. Paul title: Complement, a target for therapy in inflammatory and degenerative diseases date: 2015-10-23 words: 16338.0 sentences: 695.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006104-f9000hjy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006104-f9000hjy.txt summary: Complement provides numerous options for drug development as it is a proteolytic cascade that involves nine specific proteases, unique multimolecular activation and lytic complexes, an arsenal of natural inhibitors, and numerous receptors that bind to activation fragments. The wealth of structural information now available in the field, including snapshots of convertase enzymes and MAC precursor complexes captured in active conformations, unmasks the precise nature of these protein-protein interactions and identifies sites that are key to the interaction that can be targeted with small molecules or biologicals using structure-based drug design 43, 44 . In vitro studies more than 35 years ago showed that modest (around 10% above baseline) increases in the concentrations of the complement regulators FH and FI markedly reduced plasma alternative-pathway activity, provoking the suggestion that augmentation of these proteins might be of therapeutic benefit 74 ; however, large (and probably frequent) doses will be required to substantially alter the levels of these abundant proteins. Design and development of TT30, a novel C3d targeted C3/C5 convertase inhibitor for treatment of human complement alternative pathway-mediated diseases abstract: The complement system is a key innate immune defence against infection and an important driver of inflammation; however, these very properties can also cause harm. Inappropriate or uncontrolled activation of complement can cause local and/or systemic inflammation, tissue damage and disease. Complement provides numerous options for drug development as it is a proteolytic cascade that involves nine specific proteases, unique multimolecular activation and lytic complexes, an arsenal of natural inhibitors, and numerous receptors that bind to activation fragments. Drug design is facilitated by the increasingly detailed structural understanding of the molecules involved in the complement system. Only two anti-complement drugs are currently on the market, but many more are being developed for diseases that include infectious, inflammatory, degenerative, traumatic and neoplastic disorders. In this Review, we describe the history, current landscape and future directions for anti-complement therapies. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nrd4657) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098197/ doi: 10.1038/nrd4657 id: cord-004925-fj068j67 author: Morin, B. R. title: Economic Incentives in the Socially Optimal Management of Infectious Disease: When [Formula: see text] is Not Enough date: 2017-09-29 words: 9300.0 sentences: 471.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt summary: Since private disease risk mitigation efforts reflect the costs of illness and illness avoidance, interventions that change those costs are also among the options available to public health authorities . Of the many intervention options open to public health authorities-quarantine, social distancing measures such as school closures, vaccination campaigns and so on-we focus on instruments that change risk mitigation by changing the private cost of illness. For R 0 (b) [ [0.95, 1.91] , the optimal public health authority intervention involves an increase in the private cost of illness-a ''tax'' on illness that will stimulate higher levels of private disease risk mitigation. For diseases where infectiousness is either very low (R 0 (b) < 0.941) or very high (i.e., R 0 (b) > 1.91), the optimal public health authority intervention involves a reduction in the cost of illness-a ''subsidy'' on illness that lowers private diseaserisk mitigation effort (Fig. 1) . abstract: Does society benefit from encouraging or discouraging private infectious disease-risk mitigation? Private individuals routinely mitigate infectious disease risks through the adoption of a range of precautions, from vaccination to changes in their contact with others. Such precautions have epidemiological consequences. Private disease-risk mitigation generally reduces both peak prevalence of symptomatic infection and the number of people who fall ill. At the same time, however, it can prolong an epidemic. A reduction in prevalence is socially beneficial. Prolongation of an epidemic is not. We find that for a large class of infectious diseases, private risk mitigation is socially suboptimal—either too low or too high. The social optimum requires either more or less private mitigation. Since private mitigation effort depends on the cost of mitigation and the cost of illness, interventions that change either of these costs may be used to alter mitigation decisions. We model the potential for instruments that affect the cost of illness to yield net social benefits. We find that where a disease is not very infectious or the duration of illness is short, it may be socially optimal to promote private mitigation effort by increasing the cost of illness. By contrast, where a disease is highly infectious or long lasting, it may be optimal to discourage private mitigation by reducing the cost of disease. Society would prefer a shorter, more intense, epidemic to a longer, less intense epidemic. There is, however, a region in parameter space where the relationship is more complicated. For moderately infectious diseases with medium infectious periods, the social optimum depends on interactions between prevalence and duration. Basic reproduction numbers are not sufficient to predict the social optimum. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087673/ doi: 10.1007/s10393-017-1270-9 id: cord-289034-yl3emjef author: Moro, Loredana title: Mitochondria at the Crossroads of Physiology and Pathology date: 2020-06-24 words: 3790.0 sentences: 197.0 pages: flesch: 27.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289034-yl3emjef.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289034-yl3emjef.txt summary: Two mitochondria quality control mechanisms are in place to meet the functional needs of any given cell under different physiological and pathological conditions: (a) mitochondrial biogenesis, fusion and fission [4] [5] [6] ; (b) mitophagy [7, 8] . The second mechanism, mitophagy, is a specific form of autophagy that removes damaged mitochondria and reduces the mitochondrial mass upon microenvironmental stresses, such as hypoxia and nutrient starvation, promoting cell survival [11] . In this context, mutations in three TCA cycle enzymes, namely succinate dehydrogenase, fumarate hydratase and isocitrate dehydrogenase, have been shown to play a causal role in carcinogenesis [54, 55] , thus providing compelling evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial metabolic alterations as cancer drivers. Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in several pathological conditions, ranging from neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, to aging, cancer and inflammation. abstract: Mitochondria play a crucial role in cell life and death by regulating bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways. They are able to adapt rapidly to different microenvironmental stressors by accommodating the metabolic and biosynthetic needs of the cell. Mounting evidence places mitochondrial dysfunction at the core of several diseases, notably in the context of pathologies of the cardiovascular and central nervous system. In addition, mutations in some mitochondrial proteins are bona fide cancer drivers. Better understanding of the functions of these multifaceted organelles and their components may finetune our knowledge on the molecular bases of certain diseases and suggest new therapeutic avenues. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061971 doi: 10.3390/jcm9061971 id: cord-024048-xj6245hn author: Moya, Alfonso title: Congenital Peripheral Vestibular Syndrome in a Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo) date: 2014-06-05 words: 3283.0 sentences: 222.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024048-xj6245hn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024048-xj6245hn.txt summary: History, clinical signs, and diagnostic test results indicated that the ferret was suffering from congenital peripheral vestibular syndrome and left-sided deafness. The clinical signs and results of complementary tests were consistent with a diagnosis of peripheral vestibular syndrome, presumably of congenital origin considering the young age of the ferret and early onset of clinical signs, and the presence of left-sided deafness. Both peripheral and central vestibular disease can usually be distinguished by the presence of specific neurologic signs and diagnostic testing. 34 The absence of BAER waves in the left ear of this ferret indicated a sensorineural disease (deafness). The BAER test should be considered when a ferret presents with vestibular disease, and evaluation of inner ear function is required, or to confirm deafness. The use of antivertiginous, neuroprotective, and nootropic drugs could help to improve balance and promote better quality of life in cases of peripheral vestibular diseases in ferrets. abstract: A 3-month-old intact female ferret (Mustela putorius furo) was presented with a 2-month history of ataxia. On physical examination, the ferret had difficulty standing upright. During the neurologic examination, the patient had a left head tilt and positional strabismus, circled to the left, and was ataxic. Results of the complete blood count were consistent with a mild normocytic normochromic anemia. Initial treatment was supportive. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed and revealed an asymmetry of the inner ears. A brainstem auditory evoked response test was also performed. History, clinical signs, and diagnostic test results indicated that the ferret was suffering from congenital peripheral vestibular syndrome and left-sided deafness. Congenital disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of young ferrets with peripheral vestibular syndrome. Supportive care and physiotherapy can improve balance and motor function, leading to an acceptable quality of life. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7185825/ doi: 10.1053/j.jepm.2014.06.006 id: cord-001309-gdc2e40t author: Muramoto, Osamu title: Retrospective diagnosis of a famous historical figure: ontological, epistemic, and ethical considerations date: 2014-05-28 words: 12477.0 sentences: 511.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001309-gdc2e40t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001309-gdc2e40t.txt summary: It discusses ontological and epistemic challenges raised in the humanities and social sciences, and attempts to systematically reply to their criticisms from the viewpoint of clinical medicine, philosophy of medicine, particularly the ontology of disease and the epistemology of diagnosis, and medical ethics. While the term "diagnosis" is used, the main endeavor of these medical historians and paleopathologists is the scientific identification of a historical disease, not so much of diagnosing a particular individual patient by analyzing a complex life-long history of illness. I will show that the critics'' skepticism of retrospective diagnosis regarding the ontological persistence of disease entities and the epistemic non-verification through diagnostic testing originates in the erroneous conflation of the taxonomy Table 1 Different meanings and concepts of "retrospective diagnosis" of diseases (nosology) and the act of diagnosing. abstract: The aim of this essay is to elaborate philosophical and ethical underpinnings of posthumous diagnosis of famous historical figures based on literary and artistic products, or commonly called retrospective diagnosis. It discusses ontological and epistemic challenges raised in the humanities and social sciences, and attempts to systematically reply to their criticisms from the viewpoint of clinical medicine, philosophy of medicine, particularly the ontology of disease and the epistemology of diagnosis, and medical ethics. The ontological challenge focuses on the doubt about the persistence of a disease over historical time, whereas the epistemic challenge disputes the inaccessibility of scientific verification of a diagnosis in the past. I argue that the critics are in error in conflating the taxonomy of disease (nosology) and the act of diagnosing a patient. Medical diagnosis is fundamentally a hypothesis-construction and an explanatory device that can be generated under various degrees of uncertainty and limited amount of information. It is not an apodictic judgment (true or false) as the critics presuppose, but a probabilistic (Bayesian) judgment with varying degrees of plausibility under uncertainty. In order to avoid this confusion, I propose that retrospective diagnosis of a historical figure be syndromic without identifying underlying disease, unless there is justifiable reason for such specification. Moreover it should be evaluated not only from the viewpoint of medical science but also in a larger context of the scholarship of the humanities and social sciences by its overall plausibility and consistency. On the other hand, I will endorse their concerns regarding the ethics and professionalism of retrospective diagnosis, and call for the need for situating such a diagnosis in an interdisciplinary scope and the context of the scholarship of the historical figure. I will then enumerate several important caveats for interdisciplinary retrospective diagnosis using an example of the retrospective diagnosis of Socrates for his life-long intermittent neurologic symptoms. Finally, I will situate the present argument in a larger context of the major debate among the historians of medicine and paleopathologists, and discuss the similarities and differences. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4049481/ doi: 10.1186/1747-5341-9-10 id: cord-314325-nquov2i0 author: Murphy, F.A. title: Epidemiology of Human and Animal Viral Diseases date: 2008-07-30 words: 5495.0 sentences: 245.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314325-nquov2i0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314325-nquov2i0.txt summary: Viral disease epidemiology has come to have a major role in clarifying the etiologic role of particular viruses and viral variants as the cause of specific diseases, in improving our understanding of the overall nature of specific viral diseases, and in determining factors affecting host susceptibility and immunity, in unraveling modes of transmission, in clarifying the interaction of viruses with environmental determinants of disease, in determining the safety, efficacy, and utility of vaccines and antiviral drugs, and especially in alerting and directing disease prevention and control actions. Epidemiology is also effective in (1) clarifying the role of particular viruses and viral variants as the cause of disease, (2) clarifying the interaction of viruses with environmental determinants of disease, (3) determining factors affecting host susceptibility, (4) unraveling modes of transmission, and (5) field testing of vaccines and antiviral drugs. abstract: Viral disease epidemiology is the study of the determinants, dynamics, and distribution of viral diseases in populations. The risk of infection or disease in a population is determined by characteristics of the virus, the host, and the host population, as well as behavioral, environmental, and ecological factors that affect virus transmission from one host to another. Viral disease epidemiology has come to have a major role in clarifying the etiologic role of particular viruses and viral variants as the cause of specific diseases, in improving our understanding of the overall nature of specific viral diseases, and in determining factors affecting host susceptibility and immunity, in unraveling modes of transmission, in clarifying the interaction of viruses with environmental determinants of disease, in determining the safety, efficacy, and utility of vaccines and antiviral drugs, and especially in alerting and directing disease prevention and control actions. Information on incidence, prevalence, and morbidity and mortality rates contributes directly to the establishment of priorities for prevention and control programs, whether this involves vaccine or drug development and delivery, environmental and hygienic improvements, enhancement of nutritional status, personal or community behavior, agricultural and food processing enhancements, reservoir host and vector control, and international cooperation and communication. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123744104003903 doi: 10.1016/b978-012374410-4.00390-3 id: cord-304455-z5n9ys86 author: Murray, Jillian title: Infectious Disease Surveillance date: 2017-12-31 words: 5469.0 sentences: 261.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304455-z5n9ys86.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304455-z5n9ys86.txt summary: For example, as of 2015, the WHOcoordinated Global Invasive Bacterial Vaccine-Preventable Disease (IBVPD) Sentinel Site Surveillance Network is a system of more than 100 hospitals in more than 54 countries that conducts active surveillance for meningitis, pneumonia, and sepsis ( Figure 1 ). A sentinel surveillance site is a single or small number of health facilities that are responsible for collecting data on cases enrolled with the case definition under surveillance including global networks surveying for diarrhea or pneumonia. Sentinel site surveillance provides useful epidemiological information on proportions caused by different pathogens, age distribution, and risk factors and could also be used for monitoring trends of hospitalized cases within a health facility if health-care patterns and population have been stable. In contrast, with population-based surveillance, every appropriate health facility reports on the predefined diseases with the goal of identifying all cases in a specific geographic area. abstract: World Health Organization retains copyright in the manuscript and provides Elsevier the permission to publish the manuscript as a chapter in this book. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128036785005178 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00517-8 id: cord-289626-8oldaa8i author: Murray, Kris A. title: Pathogeography: leveraging the biogeography of human infectious diseases for global health management date: 2018-04-19 words: 10517.0 sentences: 527.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289626-8oldaa8i.txt summary: Indeed, distributional patterns of human infectious diseases are generally far more poorly compiled and characterized (e.g. often at only country or regional level and as coarse presence vs absence data) than many plant and animal species, for which numerous global stock takes, status assessments, occurrence databases and detailed distribution maps exist following a long tradition of biogeographic study (Wallace 1876 , Murray et al. We may represent the challenge of simultaneously understanding patterns and processes of infectious disease systems with respect to a series of interacting elements; including G, the physical geography context (e.g. topography) and E, the abiotic (e.g. climate) and biotic (e.g. habitat) environment; R n and V n , the single or multiple (denoted by superscript n) species of reservoir hosts or vectors; P, the pathogen being transmitted; H, the human population itself; O, the observation effort that may apply to each of the other elements (e.g. surveillance and data collation from existing sources); and M, the management landscape (e.g. interventions). abstract: Biogeography is an implicit and fundamental component of almost every dimension of modern biology, from natural selection and speciation to invasive species and biodiversity management. However, biogeography has rarely been integrated into human or veterinary medicine nor routinely leveraged for global health management. Here we review the theory and application of biogeography to the research and management of human infectious diseases, an integration we refer to as ‘pathogeography’. Pathogeography represents a promising framework for understanding and decomposing the spatial distributions, diversity patterns and emergence risks of human infectious diseases into interpretable components of dynamic socio‐ecological systems. Analytical tools from biogeography are already helping to improve our understanding of individual infectious disease distributions and the processes that shape them in space and time. At higher levels of organization, biogeographical studies of diseases are rarer but increasing, improving our ability to describe and explain patterns that emerge at the level of disease communities (e.g. co‐occurrence, diversity patterns, biogeographic regionalisation). Even in a highly globalized world most human infectious diseases remain constrained in their geographic distributions by ecological barriers to the dispersal or establishment of their causal pathogens, reservoir hosts and/or vectors. These same processes underpin the spatial arrangement of other taxa, such as mammalian biodiversity, providing a strong empirical ‘prior’ with which to assess the potential distributions of infectious diseases when data on their occurrence is unavailable or limited. In the absence of quality data, generalized biogeographic patterns could provide the earliest (and in some cases the only) insights into the potential distributions of many poorly known or emerging, or as‐yet‐unknown, infectious disease risks. Encouraging more community ecologists and biogeographers to collaborate with health professionals (and vice versa) has the potential to improve our understanding of infectious disease systems and identify novel management strategies to improve local, global and planetary health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313369/ doi: 10.1111/ecog.03625 id: cord-010977-fwz7chzf author: Myserlis, Pavlos title: Translational Genomics in Neurocritical Care: a Review date: 2020-02-20 words: 11990.0 sentences: 519.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010977-fwz7chzf.txt summary: In this review, we describe some of the approaches being taken to apply translational genomics to the study of diseases commonly encountered in the neurocritical care setting, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus, utilizing both forward and reverse genomic translational techniques. Termed "reverse translation," this approach starts with humans as the model system, utilizing genomic associations to derive new information about biological mechanisms that can be in turn studied further in vitro and in animal models for target refinement (Fig. 1) . These results highlight the value of reverse genomic translation in first identifying human-relevant genetic risk factors for disease, and using model systems to understand the pathways impacted by their introduction to select rationally-informed modalities for potential treatment. These observations provide vital information about cellular mechanisms impacted by human disease-associated genetic risk factors without requiring the expense and time investment of creating, validating, and studying animal models. abstract: Translational genomics represents a broad field of study that combines genome and transcriptome-wide studies in humans and model systems to refine our understanding of human biology and ultimately identify new ways to treat and prevent disease. The approaches to translational genomics can be broadly grouped into two methodologies, forward and reverse genomic translation. Traditional (forward) genomic translation begins with model systems and aims at using unbiased genetic associations in these models to derive insight into biological mechanisms that may also be relevant in human disease. Reverse genomic translation begins with observations made through human genomic studies and refines these observations through follow-up studies using model systems. The ultimate goal of these approaches is to clarify intervenable processes as targets for therapeutic development. In this review, we describe some of the approaches being taken to apply translational genomics to the study of diseases commonly encountered in the neurocritical care setting, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus, utilizing both forward and reverse genomic translational techniques. Further, we highlight approaches in the field that could be applied in neurocritical care to improve our ability to identify new treatment modalities as well as to provide important information to patients about risk and prognosis. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13311-020-00838-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223188/ doi: 10.1007/s13311-020-00838-1 id: cord-023165-f6o6owg3 author: NAVARRE, CHRISTINE B. title: Diseases of the Gastrointestinal System date: 2009-05-21 words: 24560.0 sentences: 1604.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023165-f6o6owg3.txt summary: The most important reason for examining feces in sheep and goats is to determine the presence and relative number of nematode parasites infesting an animal or flock. Clinical signs of frothy bloat and free gas bloat from either food intake or physical obstruction of the esophagus are usually more severe and immediately life-threatening than bloat seen from rumen wall diseases and systemic influences. Rumen acidosis usually occurs in animals that have been fed predominantly forage-based rations and are suddenly given access to large amounts of highly fermentable concentrates or concentrated forms of energy. Table 4 -2 lists the agents most likely to cause diarrhea in lambs and kids, tissues or other samples required for diagnosis, and commonly employed test methods. Liver abscesses usually occur as a result of chronic rumenitis in cattle, but they are rare in sheep and goats. F. hepatica infestation usually causes acute disease in sheep and goats but can present as a chronic condition. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167521/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-169052-1/50006-5 id: cord-004958-yvh2fzxt author: Nabarro, David title: The Links Between Public and Ecosystem Health in Light of the Recent Ebola Outbreaks and Pandemic Emergence date: 2016-05-11 words: 1797.0 sentences: 92.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004958-yvh2fzxt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004958-yvh2fzxt.txt summary: These drive the emergence of new diseases, while increasing international travel and trade including the transport of live animals, food items, plants; coupled with our own fragile health systems facilitate their spread and increase their impact. Hence the emergence of the One Health approach, which refers to the collaborative multidisciplinary, cross-sectoral work by public and animal health agencies, and the environmental sector to reduce the risk of disease emergence across their interfaces. Efforts to reduce occupational exposure could be targeted in hotspots of emerging infectious diseases at high-risk animal-human interfaces though standard sanitation and biosafety precautions. Responding to outbreaks and pandemics costs lives and livelihoods, and preventative approaches are urgently needed that are built on resilient systems at the human, animal and ecologies interfaces. Collaborative multidisciplinary, cross-sectoral work is needed by environmental, public health and animal health agencies to reduce the risk of diseases at their interfaces. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087793/ doi: 10.1007/s10393-016-1123-y id: cord-286075-yp2ta24o author: Nacul, Luis title: How Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Progresses: The Natural History of ME/CFS date: 2020-08-11 words: 8473.0 sentences: 356.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286075-yp2ta24o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286075-yp2ta24o.txt summary: We propose a framework for understanding and interpreting the pathophysiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) that considers wider determinants of health and long-term temporal variation in pathophysiological features and disease phenotype throughout the natural history of the disease. The lack of progress in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) research has been attributed to a range of factors, including the paucity of large, high quality, hypothesis-driven studies, and controversy around diagnosis. Of note, many of the abnormalities shown in severe injury have also been identified in ME/CFS such as: immune dysfunction, including pro-inflammatory response (especially at early stages of disease) (45, 46); autonomic nervous system (47) (48) (49) ; HPA axis dysfunction (50); hypovolemia (51); nitrosamine and oxidative stress (52); endothelial dysfunction (52); metabolic dysfunction (53-55); dysfunction of membrane transport (56) ; and, tissue hypoxia (57). The UK ME/CFS biobank: a disease-specific biobank for advancing clinical research into myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigu syndrome abstract: We propose a framework for understanding and interpreting the pathophysiology of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) that considers wider determinants of health and long-term temporal variation in pathophysiological features and disease phenotype throughout the natural history of the disease. As in other chronic diseases, ME/CFS evolves through different stages, from asymptomatic predisposition, progressing to a prodromal stage, and then to symptomatic disease. Disease incidence depends on genetic makeup and environment factors, the exposure to singular or repeated insults, and the nature of the host response. In people who develop ME/CFS, normal homeostatic processes in response to adverse insults may be replaced by aberrant responses leading to dysfunctional states. Thus, the predominantly neuro-immune manifestations, underlined by a hyper-metabolic state, that characterize early disease, may be followed by various processes leading to multi-systemic abnormalities and related symptoms. This abnormal state and the effects of a range of mediators such as products of oxidative and nitrosamine stress, may lead to progressive cell and metabolic dysfunction culminating in a hypometabolic state with low energy production. These processes do not seem to happen uniformly; although a spiraling of progressive inter-related and self-sustaining abnormalities may ensue, reversion to states of milder abnormalities is possible if the host is able to restate responses to improve homeostatic equilibrium. With time variation in disease presentation, no single ME/CFS case description, set of diagnostic criteria, or molecular feature is currently representative of all patients at different disease stages. While acknowledging its limitations due to the incomplete research evidence, we suggest the proposed framework may support future research design and health care interventions for people with ME/CFS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32849252/ doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00826 id: cord-018263-cus1sqka author: Nadal, David title: Pediatric infectious diseases — Quo vadis 2015? date: 2007 words: 4004.0 sentences: 174.0 pages: flesch: 26.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018263-cus1sqka.txt summary: Pediatric infectious disease specialists provide important recommendations on the use of microbiological and other diagnostic tests, application of antimicrobial drugs, and measures for infection control, which may substantially differ in children compared to in adults. Specific clinical tasks of the pediatric infectious disease specialist [4] -Integrative discipline -Provision of primary care and consultative services to patients from all pediatric disciplines -Implementation of quality assurance programs in hospitals and other health care settings, e.g., infection control, hospital epidemiology, antimicrobial management programs -Engagement in preventive efforts through implementation of vaccine strategies and other means; play a significant role in public health programs at all political levels -Conduction of research seeking cures for new diseases as well as preventive measures, such as new vaccines -Teaching and leadership in academic health institutions and non-experienced physicians within or outside the hospital. abstract: In modern medicine the discipline pediatric infectious diseases is an essential medical specialty. The challenging and complex tasks in the next years include meticulous consolidation and careful extension of existing activities aiming at conducting high level research, offering high standard teaching, and providing high quality patient management. This can only be accomplished by exquisitely dedicated individuals with extraordinary communication and integrative skills following painstaking continued training and formation. Potential careers in the discipline can be envisioned not only in academics, but also in government, public health, and industry, whilst less likely in private practice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123100/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8099-1_18 id: cord-017142-vx3rgs4r author: Nair, Ranjit title: What the Intensivists Need to Know About Critically Ill Myeloma Patients date: 2019-07-09 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by an increase in aberrant plasma cells in the bone marrow leading to rising monoclonal protein in serum and urine. With the introduction of novel therapies with manageable side effects, this incurable disease has evolved into a chronic disease with an acceptable quality of life for the majority of patients. Accordingly, management of acute complications is fundamental in reducing the morbidity and mortality in MM. MM emergencies include symptoms and signs related directly to the disease and/or to the treatment; many organs may be involved including, but not limited to, renal, cardiovascular, neurologic, hematologic, and infectious complications. This review will focus on the numerous approaches that are aimed at managing these complications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121630/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-74588-6_98 id: cord-263882-s5oxr6es author: Najar Nobar, Niloufar title: Patients with specific skin disorders who are affected by COVID‐19: what do experiences say about management strategies? : A systematic review date: 2020-06-18 words: 2543.0 sentences: 145.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263882-s5oxr6es.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263882-s5oxr6es.txt summary: It seems that in patients with any severe and serious dermatologic disorders, under treatment with systemic agents, if there is not any suspicion about concurrent infection or any high risk exposures, not only it is not recommend to cessation therapy but only emphasize that these drugs could prevent disease flare-up and control cytokine storm that both in a negative direction, affect the COVID-19 course (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) . So in this systematic review we focused on specific patient groups with a dermatologic disorder (usually under therapy) that concomitantly have been infected by the new corona virus and summed up their data in all aspects of underlying and infectious disease course and management. At the time of the COVID-19, the biologic agents were discontinued except for one case (which was treated with Guselkumab) but the patients did not report any severe exacerbation of their underlying dermatologic disease despite treatment discontinuation. abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: In patients with dermatologic disorders who are affected by new corona virus, we know little about course (underlying disease and new onset‐infection) and the most proper management strategies include both issues that are what this systematic review targets. METHOD: Databases of PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Medscape and CEBD coronavirus dermatology resource of Nottingham University searched completely and initial 237 articles selected to further review and finally nine articles (including 12 patients) entered to this study. RESULT: from 12 patients with chronic underlying dermatologic disease treated with systemic therapies, only one patient required ICU admission, the others have been treated for mild‐ moderate symptoms with conventional therapies. The biologic or immunosuppressive/ Immunomodulator agents has been ceased during the course of disease. The course of COVID‐19 its management was as similar as normal populations. Their underlying dermatologic disease was exacerbating from mild to moderate. Their treatment has been continued as before, after the symptoms improved. CONCLUSION: Exacerbation of patients underlying dermatologic disease is mild‐ moderate. Discontinuing the treatment in the acute period of COVID and the restart after recovery may prevent severe recurrence in these patients. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32558193/ doi: 10.1111/dth.13867 id: cord-318407-uy0f7f2o author: Nara, Peter L. title: Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities date: 2008-11-18 words: 12527.0 sentences: 501.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318407-uy0f7f2o.txt summary: For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. abstract: Abstract Vaccination has historically and remains one of the most cost-effective and safest forms of medicine today. Along with basic understanding of germ theory and sanitation, vaccination, over the past 50 years, has transformed lives and economies in both rich and poor countries by its direct impact on human and animal life—resulting in the eradication of small pox, huge reductions in the burden of previously common human and animal diseases such as polio, typhoid, measles in human medicine and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, screwworm and hog cholera and the verge of eradicating brucellosis, tuberculosis, and pseudorabies in veterinary medicine. In addition vaccination along with other animal production changes has provided the ability to produce otherwise unaffordable animal protein and animal health worldwide. The landscape however on which vaccinology was discovered and applied over the past 200 years, even in the past 10 years has and is undergoing continuous change. For vaccination as a public health tool to have its greatest impacts in human and veterinary medicine, these great medical sciences will have to come together, policy-relevant science for sustainable conservation in developing and developed countries needs to become the norm and address poverty (including lack of basic health care) in communities affected by conservation, and to consider costs and benefits (perceived or not) affecting the well-being of all stakeholders, from the local to the multinational. The need to return to and/or develop new education-based models for turning the tide from the heavily return-on-investment therapeutic era of the last century into one where the investment into the preventative sciences and medicine lead to sustainable cultural and cost-effective public health and economic changes of the future is never more evident than today. The new complex problems of the new millennium will require new educational models that train para- and professional people for thinking and solving complex inter-related biological, ecological, public-, political/economic problems. The single profession that is best positioned to impact vaccinology is Veterinary Medicine. It’s melding with human medicine and their role in future comparative and conservation-based programs will be critical to the successful application of vaccines into the 21st century. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X08010268 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.094 id: cord-303700-rrwy3osd author: Neiderud, Carl-Johan title: How urbanization affects the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases date: 2015-06-24 words: 7085.0 sentences: 357.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303700-rrwy3osd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303700-rrwy3osd.txt summary: The lack of a universal definition makes it hard to compare different countries and cities in regard to public health and the burden and impact of infectious diseases (4) . Many of the lower income countries are expected to have a major growth among the urban population, which leads to considerable challenges for the governments and health care to keep up to pace and develop their social services and health care as these regions grow. The environment in urban cities has proven to be favourable for the rat population (Rattus spp.) and close encounters between rats and humans can lead to transmission of zoonotic infectious diseases. LF still has its major impact in rural settings, but the increasing urbanization in the developing world has made LF an infectious disease that also has to be considered elsewhere. abstract: The world is becoming more urban every day, and the process has been ongoing since the industrial revolution in the 18th century. The United Nations now estimates that 3.9 billion people live in urban centres. The rapid influx of residents is however not universal and the developed countries are already urban, but the big rise in urban population in the next 30 years is expected to be in Asia and Africa. Urbanization leads to many challenges for global health and the epidemiology of infectious diseases. New megacities can be incubators for new epidemics, and zoonotic diseases can spread in a more rapid manner and become worldwide threats. Adequate city planning and surveillance can be powerful tools to improve the global health and decrease the burden of communicable diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.3402/iee.v5.27060 doi: 10.3402/iee.v5.27060 id: cord-289439-jrvl0ykn author: Nelson, Martha I. title: Fogarty International Center collaborative networks in infectious disease modeling: Lessons learnt in research and capacity building date: 2018-10-23 words: 8727.0 sentences: 403.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289439-jrvl0ykn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289439-jrvl0ykn.txt summary: Here we reflect on the scientific achievements and lessons learnt from these programs (h-index = 106 for RAPIDD and 79 for MISMS), including the identification of outstanding researchers and fellows; funding flexibility for timely research workshops and working groups (particularly relative to more traditional investigator-based grant programs); emphasis on group activities such as large-scale modeling reviews, model comparisons, forecasting challenges and special journal issues; strong quality control with a light touch on outputs; and prominence of training, data-sharing, and joint publications. These workshops focus on reviewing the state of influenza research and epidemiology in different global regions, and hands-on teaching of time series analysis of contemporary and historical outbreaks, control measures, mathematical transmission models, and phylogenetic approaches (Fig. 1) . abstract: Due to a combination of ecological, political, and demographic factors, the emergence of novel pathogens has been increasingly observed in animals and humans in recent decades. Enhancing global capacity to study and interpret infectious disease surveillance data, and to develop data-driven computational models to guide policy, represents one of the most cost-effective, and yet overlooked, ways to prepare for the next pandemic. Epidemiological and behavioral data from recent pandemics and historic scourges have provided rich opportunities for validation of computational models, while new sequencing technologies and the ‘big data’ revolution present new tools for studying the epidemiology of outbreaks in real time. For the past two decades, the Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies (DIEPS) of the NIH Fogarty International Center has spearheaded two synergistic programs to better understand and devise control strategies for global infectious disease threats. The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS) has strengthened global capacity to study the epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of influenza viruses in 80 countries by organizing international research activities and training workshops. The Research and Policy in Infectious Disease Dynamics (RAPIDD) program and its precursor activities has established a network of global experts in infectious disease modeling operating at the research-policy interface, with collaborators in 78 countries. These activities have provided evidence-based recommendations for disease control, including during large-scale outbreaks of pandemic influenza, Ebola and Zika virus. Together, these programs have coordinated international collaborative networks to advance the study of emerging disease threats and the field of computational epidemic modeling. A global community of researchers and policy-makers have used the tools and trainings developed by these programs to interpret infectious disease patterns in their countries, understand modeling concepts, and inform control policies. Here we reflect on the scientific achievements and lessons learnt from these programs (h-index = 106 for RAPIDD and 79 for MISMS), including the identification of outstanding researchers and fellows; funding flexibility for timely research workshops and working groups (particularly relative to more traditional investigator-based grant programs); emphasis on group activities such as large-scale modeling reviews, model comparisons, forecasting challenges and special journal issues; strong quality control with a light touch on outputs; and prominence of training, data-sharing, and joint publications. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2018.10.004 doi: 10.1016/j.epidem.2018.10.004 id: cord-324107-1u5cskii author: Nembaware, Victoria title: The Sickle Cell Disease Ontology: Enabling Collaborative Research and Co-Designing of New Planetary Health Applications date: 2020-10-01 words: 4822.0 sentences: 232.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324107-1u5cskii.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324107-1u5cskii.txt summary: This was facilitated by a web-based platform onto which participants uploaded data elements from previous or ongoing SCD-relevant research studies before the workshop, making multisite collaborative research studies based on existing SCD data possible, including multisite cohort, SCD global clinical trials, and SCD community engagement approaches. This expert review presents the highlights and the lessons learned from the fourth SCDO workshop that marked the beginning of applications toward planetary health impact, and with an eye to empower and cultivate multisite SCD collaborative research. This expert review presents the highlights and the lessons learned from the fourth SCDO workshop that marked the beginning of applications toward planetary health impact, and with an eye to empower and cultivate multisite SCD collaborative research. The key aim of the workshop was to enable multisite SCD cohort collaborative research and clinical trials by using the SCDO to harmonize existing data elements from multiple sites. abstract: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most common blood disorders impacting planetary health. Over 300,000 newborns are diagnosed with SCD each year globally, with an increasing trend. The sickle cell disease ontology (SCDO) is the most comprehensive multidisciplinary SCD knowledge portal. The SCDO was collaboratively developed by the SCDO working group, which includes experts in SCD and data standards from across the globe. This expert review presents highlights and lessons learned from the fourth SCDO workshop that marked the beginning of applications toward planetary health impact, and with an eye to empower and cultivate multisite SCD collaborative research. The workshop was organized by the Sickle Africa Data Coordinating Center (SADaCC) and attended by 44 participants from 14 countries, with 2 participants connecting remotely. Notably, from the standpoint of democratizing and innovating scientific meeting design, an SCD patient advocate also presented at the workshop, giving a broader real-life perspective on patients' aspirations, needs, and challenges. A major component of the workshop was new approaches to harness SCDO to harmonize data elements used by different studies. This was facilitated by a web-based platform onto which participants uploaded data elements from previous or ongoing SCD-relevant research studies before the workshop, making multisite collaborative research studies based on existing SCD data possible, including multisite cohort, SCD global clinical trials, and SCD community engagement approaches. Trainees presented proposals for systematic literature reviews in key SCD research areas. This expert review emphasizes potential and prospects of SCDO-enabled data standards and harmonization to facilitate large-scale global SCD collaborative initiatives. As the fields of public and global health continue to broaden toward planetary health, the SCDO is well poised to play a prominent role to decipher SCD pathophysiology further, and co-design diagnostics and therapeutics innovation in the field. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33021900/ doi: 10.1089/omi.2020.0153 id: cord-293151-g3758oes author: Nemzek, Jean A. title: Biology and Diseases of Dogs date: 2015-07-10 words: 30297.0 sentences: 1818.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293151-g3758oes.txt summary: This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. Several factors that increase pressure at the site and/or affect the integrity of the skin will predispose an individual to develop pressure sores, including poor hygiene, self-trauma, low-protein diet, preexisting tissue damage, muscle wasting, inadequate bedding, and ill-fitting coaptation devices (Swaim and Angarano, 1990) . Chronic or recurrent corneal ulcers may also be associated with infection or hereditary causes in some breeds of dogs; however, these would be rare in the laboratory setting. Research Complications Treatment of early-stage or low-grade mammary tumors may be rewarding, allowing dogs to continue on study. abstract: Historically, the dog played an important role as a laboratory animal in biomedical research. Although numbers are declining, the use of dogs continues to be common in pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular studies. The normal biology of the dog as both a laboratory and a companion animal has been well studied and reference values are presented here as a clinical and experimental resource. This provides the necessary background to discuss the spontaneous diseases, including infectious and neoplastic conditions, prevalent in purpose bred as well as random source dogs used in biomedical research. In addition, diseases and conditions that arise secondary to the housing and experimental manipulation of dogs is discussed with emphasis on treatment and prevention. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124095274000122 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00012-2 id: cord-282059-sdumq61z author: Nesse, Randolph M title: The great opportunity: Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health date: 2008-02-17 words: 13522.0 sentences: 780.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282059-sdumq61z.txt summary: Understanding the body as a product of natural selection, not design, offers new research questions and a framework for making medical education more coherent. Much of the recent work in evolutionary medicine asks questions about why natural selection has left the body vulnerable to disease (Williams and Nesse 1991; Ewald 1994; Nesse and Williams 1994; Stearns 1998; Trevathan et al. Whatever the answer turns out to be, these Evolutionary applications to medicine and public health Nesse and Stearns ª 2008 The Authors studies have called our attention to the importance of the physiological state of mother and infant for the prevalence of lifestyle diseases later in life, with some well-documented effects delayed by several decades. This research ranges from well-established applications of population genetics and phylogeny to new applications of evolution to specific medical problems such as infectious disease and aging. abstract: Evolutionary biology is an essential basic science for medicine, but few doctors and medical researchers are familiar with its most relevant principles. Most medical schools have geneticists who understand evolution, but few have even one evolutionary biologist to suggest other possible applications. The canyon between evolutionary biology and medicine is wide. The question is whether they offer each other enough to make bridge building worthwhile. What benefits could be expected if evolution were brought fully to bear on the problems of medicine? How would studying medical problems advance evolutionary research? Do doctors need to learn evolution, or is it valuable mainly for researchers? What practical steps will promote the application of evolutionary biology in the areas of medicine where it offers the most? To address these questions, we review current and potential applications of evolutionary biology to medicine and public health. Some evolutionary technologies, such as population genetics, serial transfer production of live vaccines, and phylogenetic analysis, have been widely applied. Other areas, such as infectious disease and aging research, illustrate the dramatic recent progress made possible by evolutionary insights. In still other areas, such as epidemiology, psychiatry, and understanding the regulation of bodily defenses, applying evolutionary principles remains an open opportunity. In addition to the utility of specific applications, an evolutionary perspective fundamentally challenges the prevalent but fundamentally incorrect metaphor of the body as a machine designed by an engineer. Bodies are vulnerable to disease – and remarkably resilient – precisely because they are not machines built from a plan. They are, instead, bundles of compromises shaped by natural selection in small increments to maximize reproduction, not health. Understanding the body as a product of natural selection, not design, offers new research questions and a framework for making medical education more coherent. We conclude with recommendations for actions that would better connect evolutionary biology and medicine in ways that will benefit public health. It is our hope that faculty and students will send this article to their undergraduate and medical school Deans, and that this will initiate discussions about the gap, the great opportunity, and action plans to bring the full power of evolutionary biology to bear on human health problems. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00006.x doi: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2007.00006.x id: cord-321734-ugy0kys5 author: Neulight, Nina title: Children’s Participation in a Virtual Epidemic in the Science Classroom: Making Connections to Natural Infectious Diseases date: 2006-11-23 words: 6503.0 sentences: 306.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321734-ugy0kys5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321734-ugy0kys5.txt summary: Our study investigated the integration of a virtual infectious disease called Whypox within science classroom curriculum and its relationship to students'' understanding of natural infectious diseases. Some of the activities that students participated in as part of their science curriculum included: watching videos about specific diseases and the nature of germs; examining cell structures under the microscope; doing hands-on experiments that simulated the spread of an infectious disease; completing worksheets about cells, bacteria, and viruses; and using online tools to research specific diseases. Video segments of whole-class discussion were examined in order to determine the efforts used by the teacher and the students to connect their Whypox experience with what they had learned about natural infectious diseases. Based on our findings, we learned that having an integrated curriculum around the participatory simulation stimulated teacher-student discussions about the causes and spread of virtual and natural diseases. abstract: This study investigated students’ understanding of a virtual infectious disease in relation to their understanding of natural infectious diseases. Two sixth-grade classrooms of students between the ages of 10 and 12 (46 students) took part in a participatory simulation of a virtual infectious disease, which was integrated into their science curriculum. The results from our analyses reveal that students perceived the simulation as similar to a natural infectious disease and that the immersive components of the simulation afforded students the opportunity to discuss their understandings of natural disease and to compare them to their experiences with the virtual disease. We found that while the virtual disease capitalized on students’ knowledge of natural infectious disease through virtual symptoms, these symptoms may have led students to think of its transfer more as an observable or mechanical event rather than as a biological process. These findings provide helpful indicators to science educators and educational designers interested in creating and integrating online simulations within classroom environments to further students’ conceptual understanding. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214773/ doi: 10.1007/s10956-006-9029-z id: cord-262336-onghrm7y author: Nevarez, Javier title: CHAPTER 6 CROCODILIANS date: 2009-12-31 words: 13284.0 sentences: 806.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262336-onghrm7y.txt summary: The American alligator was considered a threatened species during the 1960s, but a captive rearing program in Louisiana has been successful at maintaining the estimated population at over 1 million animals. However, I have also observed evidence of metabolic bone disease in a subset of captive American alligators being fed a commercial diet with no exposure to UVB light. During the quarantine period, the animals can be examined for any sign of illness, and diagnostic tests (complete blood count [CBC], plasma or serum chemistry, West Nile virus antibodies, etc.) can be performed to assess their overall health status. A thorough history should include information about the number of animals, source, age, most recent introduction, quarantine practices, feed, frequency of feeding, water quality parameters, clinical signs, time since fi rst signs were observed, recent changes in management techniques, and any treatments such as salt, bleach, or antibiotics. West Nile virus (WNV) has been reported to affect various crocodilian species, including the American alligator (A. abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents a general overview of the anatomy, physiology, and treatment methodology for crocodilians. Most crocodilians grow to be larger than other reptile species and, therefore, have significant space requirements. Like most animals requiring an aquatic environment, crocodilians need water that is clean and free of disease. Crocodilians have a true hard palate in the roof of the mouth that ends caudally in a soft palate. This soft palate has a ventral flap which is referred to as the velum palati. The respiratory system of crocodilians consists of well-developed lungs benefiting from a very effective inspiration aided by the intercostal muscles and the septum post hepaticum. Crocodilians have a four-chambered heart as opposed to the three-chambered heart found in other reptiles and amphibians. The temperature and humidity requirements for crocodilians in captivity vary with the species. An understanding of crocodilian biology and natural history is needed to try and duplicate their natural environment. An important consideration is the allowance of circadian variations in light cycle and temperatures to mimic their natural environment. This is not the case in many commercial operations, where they are maintained at a fairly constant temperature and humidity to achieve faster growth. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781416001195500093 doi: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50009-3 id: cord-023367-ujflw19b author: Newcomer, Benjamin W. title: Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic, and lymphatic systems (multisystem diseases) [Image: see text] date: 2020-04-17 words: 33175.0 sentences: 2065.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023367-ujflw19b.txt summary: The cause of transformation is usually unknown; in rare cases, especially in flock outbreaks in sheep, it can be linked to exposure to the bovine leukemia virus, which has occurred experimentally and as a result of the administration of whole blood Anaplasma vaccines. C. perfringens type C in older sheep causes the disease known as "struck." Affected animals usually are found dead or with signs of toxemia. The course of the disease is usually very short (0.5-12 hours), so sudden or spontaneous death is a common clinical sign across affected small ruminant species. Additional evidence of systemic toxemia (metabolic acidosis, azotemia, and increases in liver and muscle enzymes) also may be seen; however, diagnosis of black disease is based on characteristic history (endemic liver fluke areas), clinical signs, and postmortem findings and testing. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169350/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-62463-3.00025-6 id: cord-016293-pyb00pt5 author: Newell-McGloughlin, Martina title: The flowering of the age of Biotechnology 1990–2000 date: 2006 words: 22402.0 sentences: 943.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016293-pyb00pt5.txt summary: In the course of the project, especially in the early years, the plan stated that "much new technology will be developed that will facilitate biomedical and a broad range of biological research, bring down the cost of many experiments (mapping and sequencing), and finding applications in numerous other fields." The plan built upon the 1988 reports of the Office of Technology Assessment and the National Research Council on mapping and sequencing the human genome. These DNA chips have broad commercial applications and are now used in many areas of basic and clinical research including the detection of drug resistance mutations in infectious organisms, direct DNA sequence comparison of large segments of the human genome, the monitoring of multiple human genes for disease associated mutations, the quantitative and parallel measurement of mRNA expression for thousands of human genes, and the physical and genetic mapping of genomes. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120537/ doi: 10.1007/1-4020-5149-2_4 id: cord-300324-95fty9yi author: Ni Lochlainn, M. title: Key predictors of attending hospital with COVID19: An association study from the COVID Symptom Tracker App in 2,618,948 individuals date: 2020-04-29 words: 4271.0 sentences: 247.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300324-95fty9yi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300324-95fty9yi.txt summary: Conclusions: Being older, obese, diabetic or suffering from pre-existing lung, heart or renal disease placed participants at increased risk of visiting hospital with COVID-19. Visit to hospital as outcome were fit to test for association between i) self-reported obesity and ii) chronic lung disease and asthma, heart disease, diabetes and kidney disease in the following groups: 1) self-reported COVID-19 infection with classical symptoms (SR-COVID19); 2) self-reported positive COVID-19 test results (T-COVID19); 3) imputed/predicted COVID-19 infection based on symptomatology (I-COVID19) Imputation for testing positive for COVID was performed using the data at day of maximum sum of symptoms and applying a logistic regression using coefficients defined previously (2) . In this study we found that age, obesity, diabetes and pre-existing lung, renal and cardiac disease, were risk factors for a hospital visit with COVID-19 amongst a large but relatively young, community-based population of app users. abstract: Objectives: We aimed to identify key demographic risk factors for hospital attendance with COVID-19 infection. Design: Community survey Setting: The COVID Symptom Tracker mobile application co-developed by physicians and scientists at Kings College London, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston and Zoe Global Limited was launched in the UK and US on 24th and 29th March 2020 respectively. It captured self-reported information related to COVID-19 symptoms and testing. Participants: 2,618,948 users of the COVID Symptom Tracker App. UK (95.7%) and US (4.3%) population. Data cut-off for this analysis was 21st April 2020. Main outcome measures: Visit to hospital and for those who attended hospital, the need for respiratory support in three subgroups (i) self-reported COVID-19 infection with classical symptoms (SR-COVID-19), (ii) self-reported positive COVID-19 test results (T-COVID-19), and (iii) imputed/predicted COVID-19 infection based on symptomatology (I-COVID-19). Multivariate logistic regressions for each outcome and each subgroup were adjusted for age and gender, with sensitivity analyses adjusted for comorbidities. Classical symptoms were defined as high fever and persistent cough for several days. Results: Older age and all comorbidities tested were found to be associated with increased odds of requiring hospital care for COVID-19. Obesity (BMI >30) predicted hospital care in all models, with odds ratios (OR) varying from 1.20 [1.11; 1.31] to 1.40 [1.23; 1.60] across population groups. Pre-existing lung disease and diabetes were consistently found to be associated with hospital visit with a maximum OR of 1.79 [1.64,1.95] and 1.72 [1.27; 2.31]) respectively. Findings were similar when assessing the need for respiratory support, for which age and male gender played an additional role. Conclusions: Being older, obese, diabetic or suffering from pre-existing lung, heart or renal disease placed participants at increased risk of visiting hospital with COVID-19. It is of utmost importance for governments and the scientific and medical communities to work together to find evidence-based means of protecting those deemed most vulnerable from COVID-19. Trial registration: The App Ethics have been approved by KCL ethics Committee REMAS ID 18210, review reference LRS-19/20-18210 url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.25.20079251v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.25.20079251 id: cord-016704-99v4brjf author: Nicholson, Felicity title: Infectious Diseases: The Role of the Forensic Physician date: 2005 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Infections have plagued doctors for centuries, in both the diagnosis of the specific diseases and the identification and subsequent management of the causative agents. There is a constant need for information as new organisms emerge, existing ones develop resistance to current drugs or vaccines, and changes in epidemiology and prevalence occur. In the 21st century, obtaining this information has never been more important. Population migration and the relatively low cost of flying means that unfamiliar infectious diseases may be brought into industrialized countries. An example of this was an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which was first recognized in 2003. Despite modern technology and a huge input of money, it took months for the agent to be identified, a diagnostic test to be produced, and a strategy for disease reporting and isolation to be established. There is no doubt that other new and fascinating diseases will continue to emerge. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121068/ doi: 10.1385/1-59259-913-3:235 id: cord-324667-wmhdw1qs author: Nishtala, Krishnatej title: Tear biomarkers for keratoconus date: 2016-08-04 words: 4082.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-324667-wmhdw1qs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-324667-wmhdw1qs.txt summary: Advances in technologies such as mass spectrometry and NMR have helped in studying and understanding molecular changes in the tear proteome, lipidome and metabolome relating to an ocular disease condition. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of capillary collected tears in 28 [61] , 30 [62] and 94 [63] patients with keratoconus in three different studies showed elevated levels of inflammatory markers IL-6, TNFα and MMP9. Protein levels of gross cystic disease fluid protein-15/ prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) and zinc-alpha-2glycoprotein have been found to be elevated in tears of 36 patients by proteomic analysis, suggesting their application as prognostic markers for keratoconus [72] ( Table 2 ). A multi-omics approach integrating data from proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics is the need of the hour for studying tear fluid as an important source of biomarkers in keratoconus to lead to effective prognosis and treatment of the disease. abstract: Keratoconus is a progressive corneal thinning, ectatic condition, which affects vision. Recent advances in corneal topography measurements has helped advance proper diagnosis of this condition and increased research and clinical interests in the disease etiopathogenesis. Considerable progress has been achieved in understanding the progression of the disease and tear fluid has played a major role in the progress. This review discusses the importance of tear fluid as a source of biomarker for keratoconus and how advances in technology have helped map the complexity of tears and thereby molecular readouts of the disease. Expanding knowledge of the tear proteome, lipidome and metabolome opened up new avenues to study keratoconus and to identify probable prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers for the disease. A multidimensional approach of analyzing tear fluid of patients layering on proteomics, lipidomics and metabolomics is necessary in effectively decoding keratoconus and thereby identifying targets for its treatment. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40662-016-0051-9 doi: 10.1186/s40662-016-0051-9 id: cord-355001-audh5qa7 author: Novick, Tessa K. title: COVID-19 and Kidney Disease Disparities in the United States date: 2020-06-23 words: 3574.0 sentences: 236.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355001-audh5qa7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355001-audh5qa7.txt summary: Older adults, people experiencing unstable housing, racial and ethnic minorities and immigrants are potentially at increased risk for infection and severe complications from COVID-19. In the context of the viral pandemic, here we describe many disparities and additional struggles of patient populations with kidney disease, including those faced by the aging and homeless, and among racial and ethnic minorities, immigrants, and refugees. A study in San Francisco found that chronic kidney disease patients experiencing homelessness have higher acute care utilization than stably housed counterparts, and greater exposure to hospitals increases COVID-19 exposure. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, a study in Baltimore found that chronic kidney disease patients experiencing housing insecurity were 59% more likely to post-pone needed medical care. 54 Without insurance, undocumented immigrants do not have consistent access to primary care, and undiagnosed or poorly controlled chronic conditions increase their risk for severe complications from COVID-19 if infected. abstract: Abstract Racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, age, and sex-related health disparities in kidney disease are prominent in the United States. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionately affected marginalized populations. Older adults, people experiencing unstable housing, racial and ethnic minorities and immigrants are potentially at increased risk for infection and severe complications from COVID-19. The direct and societal effects of the pandemic may increase risk of incident kidney disease and lead to worse outcomes for those with kidney disease. The rapid transition to telemedicine potentially limits access to care for older adults, immigrants, and people experiencing unstable housing. The economic impact of the pandemic has had a disproportionate effect on women, minorities and immigrants, which may limit their ability to manage kidney disease, and lead to complications or kidney disease progression. We describe the impact of COVID-19 on marginalized populations and highlight how the pandemic may exacerbate existing disparities in kidney disease. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1548559520300938?v=s5 doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2020.06.005 id: cord-022034-o27mh4wz author: OLANO, JUAN P. title: Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism date: 2009-05-15 words: 10720.0 sentences: 642.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022034-o27mh4wz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022034-o27mh4wz.txt summary: They include presence of disease outbreaks of the same illness in noncontiguous areas, disease outbreaks with zoonotic impact, different attack rates in different environments (indoor versus outdoor), presence of large epidemics in small populations, increased number of unexplained deaths, unusually high severity of a disease for a particular pathogen, unusual clinical manifestations owing to route of transmission for a given pathogen, presence of a disease (vector-borne or not) in an area not endemic for that particular disease, multiple epidemics with different diseases in the same population, a case of a disease by an uncommon agent (smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers, inhalational anthrax), unusual strains of microorganisms when compared to conventional strains circulating in the same affected areas, and genetically homogenous organisms isolated from different locations. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152372/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50124-1 id: cord-019001-ralxw4ad author: Oishi, Peter title: Diseases of the Pulmonary Vascular System date: 2008-11-15 words: 12794.0 sentences: 669.0 pages: flesch: 27.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019001-ralxw4ad.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019001-ralxw4ad.txt summary: In addition, physical expansion of the lung results in the release of vasoactive substances, such as PGI 2 , which increases pulmonary blood fl ow and decreases pulmonary vascular resistance in the fetal goat and lamb independent of the changes in oxygen tension [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] . In humans, endothelial dysfunction, including histologic abnormalities of the endothelium, impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, and increased plasma ET-1 concentrations have been described in children with congenital heart defects and pulmonary hypertension before the development of signifi cant vascular remodeling [22, 98, 101] . In addition, neonates with PPHN and adults with advanced pulmonary vascular disease have evidence of endothelial dysfunction, impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation, increased plasma ET-1 concentrations, and decreased prostacyclin production [23, 24, 62, 99] . The oral formulation is currently being investigated for chronic pulmonary hypertensive therapy, and recent short-term studies demonstrate benefi cial effects in children with advanced pulmonary vascular disease [164] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124039/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-84800-925-7_20 id: cord-012462-q8u47hdp author: Olsavszky, Victor title: Time Series Analysis and Forecasting with Automated Machine Learning on a National ICD-10 Database date: 2020-07-10 words: 5247.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-012462-q8u47hdp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-012462-q8u47hdp.txt summary: By using the nation-wide ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) dataset of hospitalized patients of Romania, we have generated time series datasets over the period of 2008–2018 and performed highly accurate AutoTS predictions for the ten deadliest diseases. For this purpose the corresponding ICD-10 codes for ischemic heart diseases, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections, Alzheimer''s disease, lung cancer, diabetes mellitus, road injuries, diarrheal diseases, and tuberculosis (Table S1) were extracted from the whole ICD-10 data set of hospitalized patients in Romania from the period 2008-2018. Another reduction in case counts is observed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, especially in the North East region, when comparing the predicted years to the previous ones ( Figure 4C ). When compared to the current literature, this is the first study on a national ICD-10 database to perform thorough time series forecasting on multiple diseases on a regional level using AutoML to select the most accurate of a multitude of models (Table S5) . abstract: The application of machine learning (ML) for use in generating insights and making predictions on new records continues to expand within the medical community. Despite this progress to date, the application of time series analysis has remained underexplored due to complexity of the underlying techniques. In this study, we have deployed a novel ML, called automated time series (AutoTS) machine learning, to automate data processing and the application of a multitude of models to assess which best forecasts future values. This rapid experimentation allows for and enables the selection of the most accurate model in order to perform time series predictions. By using the nation-wide ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) dataset of hospitalized patients of Romania, we have generated time series datasets over the period of 2008–2018 and performed highly accurate AutoTS predictions for the ten deadliest diseases. Forecast results for the years 2019 and 2020 were generated on a NUTS 2 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) regional level. This is the first study to our knowledge to perform time series forecasting of multiple diseases at a regional level using automated time series machine learning on a national ICD-10 dataset. The deployment of AutoTS technology can help decision makers in implementing targeted national health policies more efficiently. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7400312/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17144979 id: cord-007331-wccmeaep author: Orcutt, Connie J. title: Emergency and Critical Care of Ferrets date: 2017-04-20 words: 9943.0 sentences: 593.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007331-wccmeaep.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007331-wccmeaep.txt summary: Differential diagnoses for the ferret in respiratory distress include pleural effusion (cardiac disease, neoplasia, infection, heartworm disease, hypoproteinemia, metabolic disease); pulmonary edema (cardiac disease, hypoproteinemia, metabolic disease, electrical cord bite); anterior mediastinal mass; pneumonia; pneumothorax; diaphragmatic hernia; tracheal obstruction; metabolic disease (acidosis); and profound weakness (circulatory collapse, hypoglycemia, anemia).21,36 Hyperthermia or pain may also manifest as dyspnea in ferrets. In contrast to the canine patient, diarrhea in the ferret is difficult to classify as being small intestinal or large intestinal in character.26 Differential diagnoses for diarrhea include GI foreign body or trichobezoar, dietary indiscretion, Helicobacter mustelae gastritis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis or other inflammatory bowel disease, neoplasia, metabolic disease (i.e., hepatopathy), clostridial overgrowth subsequent to prolonged antibiotic administration, influenza, rotavirus (usually in very young, unweaned ferrets), eDV (generally accompanied by respiratory signs and a crusting dermatitis), epizootic catarrhal enteritis ("green slime disease"), GI parasitism (i.e., coccidiosis, giardiasis), and proliferative bowel disease. abstract: Ferrets are becoming increasingly popular as pets in the United States. Emergency situations involving ferrets are most often caused by gastrointestinal disease, neoplasia, cardiac disease, or endocrinopathy. Hospitalization and supportive care of the critically ill ferret, emergency treatment techniques, and diagnostic procedures are discussed. Diseases most commonly involved in critical presentations are reviewed along with treatment protocols. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7110464/ doi: 10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30157-3 id: cord-265699-0socw0hp author: Ortega, Miguel Ángel title: Dendrimers and Dendritic Materials: From Laboratory to Medical Practice in Infectious Diseases date: 2020-09-14 words: 11148.0 sentences: 591.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-265699-0socw0hp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265699-0socw0hp.txt summary: This review provides the reader a general overview about the uses of dendrimers and dendritic materials in the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of highly prevalent infectious diseases, and their advantages compared to traditional approaches. Key commercial successes include the Stratus CS Acute Care Diagnostic System (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany), for emergency diagnosis of cardiovascular infarctions; VivaGel ® products (Starpharma, Melbourne, Australia), for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs); Targeted DEP ® and Priostar ® (Starpharma), for the delivery of anticancer drugs and agrochemical products, respectively; or SpheriCal (Polymer Factory, Stockholm, Sweden), as mass spectrometry standards [59] . Key commercial successes include the Stratus CS Acute Care Diagnostic System (Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Erlangen, Germany), for emergency diagnosis of cardiovascular infarctions; VivaGel ® products (Starpharma, Melbourne, Australia), for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs); Targeted DEP ® and Priostar ® (Starpharma), for the delivery of anticancer drugs and agrochemical products, respectively; or SpheriCal (Polymer Factory, Stockholm, Sweden), as mass spectrometry standards [59] . abstract: Infectious diseases are one of the main global public health risks, predominantly caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The control of infections is founded on three main pillars: prevention, treatment, and diagnosis. However, the appearance of microbial resistance has challenged traditional strategies and demands new approaches. Dendrimers are a type of polymeric nanoparticles whose nanometric size, multivalency, biocompatibility, and structural perfection offer boundless possibilities in multiple biomedical applications. This review provides the reader a general overview about the uses of dendrimers and dendritic materials in the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of highly prevalent infectious diseases, and their advantages compared to traditional approaches. Examples of dendrimers as antimicrobial agents per se, as nanocarriers of antimicrobial drugs, as well as their uses in gene transfection, in vaccines or as contrast agents in imaging assays are presented. Despite the need to address some challenges in order to be used in the clinic, dendritic materials appear as an innovative tool with a brilliant future ahead in the clinical management of infectious diseases and many other health issues. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090874 doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090874 id: cord-262119-s6hc7fxs author: Ostaszewski, Marek title: COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms date: 2020-10-27 words: 12332.0 sentences: 742.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-262119-s6hc7fxs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-262119-s6hc7fxs.txt summary: title: COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms The molecular pathophysiology that links SARS-CoV-2 infection to the clinical manifestations and course of COVID-19 is complex and spans multiple biological pathways, cell types and organs [2, 3] . With this goal in mind, we initiated a collaborative effort involving over 230 biocurators, domain experts, modelers and data analysts from 120 institutions in 30 countries to develop the COVID-19 Disease Map, an open-access collection of curated computational diagrams and models of molecular mechanisms implicated in the disease [4] . The COVID-19 Disease Map diagrams, available in layout-aware systems biology formats and integrated with external repositories, are available in several formats allowing a range of computational analyses, including network analysis and Boolean, kinetic or multiscale simulations. COVID-19 Disease Map, building a computational repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms abstract: We hereby describe a large-scale community effort to build an open-access, interoperable, and computable repository of COVID-19 molecular mechanisms - the COVID-19 Disease Map. We discuss the tools, platforms, and guidelines necessary for the distributed development of its contents by a multi-faceted community of biocurators, domain experts, bioinformaticians, and computational biologists. We highlight the role of relevant databases and text mining approaches in enrichment and validation of the curated mechanisms. We describe the contents of the map and their relevance to the molecular pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the analytical and computational modelling approaches that can be applied to the contents of the COVID-19 Disease Map for mechanistic data interpretation and predictions. We conclude by demonstrating concrete applications of our work through several use cases. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.26.356014 doi: 10.1101/2020.10.26.356014 id: cord-318061-xe8lljz0 author: Overgaauw, Paul A.M. title: A One Health Perspective on the Human–Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects date: 2020-05-27 words: 14056.0 sentences: 775.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318061-xe8lljz0.txt summary: For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. A literature search was conducted through 2 March 2020, using the National Library of Medicine''s PubMed for the terms "One Health" and "companion animals"; "pet ownership"; "households" and "pets"; "dogs" or "cats" or "pets" and "mental" or "physical health" or "children"; "animal assisted therapy"; "dogs" or "cats" and "nutritional problems" or "overweight" or "obesity" or "homemade" or "raw meat diets"; "dogs" or "cats" and "behavior problems" or "aggression" or "fear" or "anxiety" or "abnormal repetitive behavior"; "dogs" or "cats" and "breeding" or "genetic problems"; "dogs" or "cats" and "zooanthroponoses"; "pets" and "anthropomorphism"; "dogs" or "cats" or "exotic animals" or "rescue dogs" or "soil" and zoonoses. Anthropomorphism, also resulting in behavioral problems and breeding on appearance rather than health, and trends such as keeping exotic animals and importing rescue dogs may result in an increased risk of contracting zoonotic infections. abstract: Over time the human–animal bond has been changed. For instance, the role of pets has changed from work animals (protecting houses, catching mice) to animals with a social function, giving companionship. Pets can be important for the physical and mental health of their owners but may also transmit zoonotic infections. The One Health initiative is a worldwide strategy for expanding collaborations in all aspects of health care for humans, animals, and the environment. However, in One Health communications the role of particularly dogs and cats is often underestimated. Objective: Evaluation of positive and negative One Health issues of the human–companion animal relationship with a focus on zoonotic aspects of cats and dogs in industrialized countries. Method: Literature review. Results: Pets undoubtedly have a positive effect on human health, while owners are increasing aware of pet’s health and welfare. The changing attitude of humans with regard to pets and their environment can also lead to negative effects such as changes in feeding practices, extreme breeding, and behavioral problems, and anthropozoonoses. For the human, there may be a higher risk of the transmission of zoonotic infections due to trends such as sleeping with pets, allowing pets to lick the face or wounds, bite accidents, keeping exotic animals, the importation of rescue dogs, and soil contact. Conclusions: One Health issues need frequently re-evaluated as the close human–animal relationship with pet animals can totally differ compared to decennia ago. Because of the changed human–companion animal bond, recommendations regarding responsible pet-ownership, including normal hygienic practices, responsible breeding, feeding, housing, and mental and physical challenges conforming the biology of the animal are required. Education can be performed by vets and physicians as part of the One Health concept. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113789 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113789 id: cord-027859-citynr6c author: P. Shetty, Nandini title: Epidemiology of Disease in the Tropics date: 2020-06-22 words: 9147.0 sentences: 466.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-027859-citynr6c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-027859-citynr6c.txt summary: No more than six deadly infectious diseases: pneumonia, tuberculosis, diarrhoeal diseases, malaria, measles and more recently, HIV/AIDS, account for half of all premature deaths, killing mostly children and young adults (Figure 3 .3). 9 In May 2002, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children''s Fund recommended that the formulation of oral rehydration solution (ORS) for treatment of patients with diarrhoea be changed to one with a reduced osmolarity and that safety of the new formulation, particularly development of symptomatic hyponatremia, be monitored. Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children all over the world, and an important public health problem, particularly in developing countries where 600 000 deaths each year are associated with this infection. falciparum causes most of the severe disease and deaths attributable to malaria and is most prevalent in Africa south of the Sahara and in certain areas of South-east Asia and the Western Pacifi c (Figure 3.7) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7315327/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4470-3.50007-0 id: cord-021465-2pj26fmv author: PERDUE, MICHAEL L. title: Impact of Avian Viruses date: 2007-05-09 words: 14076.0 sentences: 696.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021465-2pj26fmv.txt summary: Although there is variation in the economic or ecological impact of various viral groups from year to year and among geographic sites, the "Top Ten" list of virus groups exhibiting routine significant impact on commercial poultry worldwide (not necessarily in order of impact) are paramyxoviruses (Newcastle disease); coronaviruses (infectious bronchitis); herpesviruses (infectious laryngotracheitis; Marek''s disease; duck enteritis); reoviruses (viral arthritis); picornaviruses (avian encephalomyelitis); adenoviruses (egg drop syndrome); retroviruses (lymphoid leukosis); orthomyxoviruses (avian influenza); poxviruses (fowlpox); and birnaviruses (infectious bursal disease). With the recent documented transmission of a lethal avian influenza virus from commercial poultry to humans, these ecological relationships take on new significance. Lymphomas caused by MDV and retroviruses are still the most common viral neoplastic diseases of poultry, and a recent increase in mortality and evolution of more virulent MDV strains indicates that the impact of these viruses will continue to be felt (Witter, 1996) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149826/ doi: 10.1016/b978-012362675-2/50016-1 id: cord-026025-xqj877en author: PETRAS, ROBERT E. title: Large Intestine (Colon) date: 2009-10-30 words: 48309.0 sentences: 3034.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-026025-xqj877en.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026025-xqj877en.txt summary: 27, 28 These guidelines consider colonoscopic polypectomy definitive treatment for a patient with a malignant polyp if the following criteria are fulfilled: (1) the polyp is considered completely excised at endoscopy, (2) the specimen is properly processed by the pathology laboratory, (3) the cancer is not poorly differentiated, (4) no histologic evidence of vascular or lymphatic involvement exists, and (5) the resection margin is not involved by carcinoma. Pathologic features of colorectal cancer that suggest MSI/Lynch''s syndrome include right-sided location, synchronous or metachronous large bowel cancers, large and bulky polypoid tumors with circumscribed pushing margins, tumors showing prominent lymphoid infiltrate, and cancers of poor differentiation (medullary or undifferentiated carcinoma) or mucinous and signet ring cell histologic pattern (Figs. [352] [353] [354] [355] The trauma-type histologic features can be seen in the solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, localized colitis cystica profunda, inflammatory cloacogenic polyp, the mucosa adjacent to orifices of colonic diverticula, 356 and inflammatory cap polyposis 357 and are frequent findings adjacent to neoplasia and in the vicinity of the ileocecal valve. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271214/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3966-2.00023-0 id: cord-011417-a5q15dq1 author: Pace, David title: The epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease and the utility of vaccination in Malta date: 2020-05-16 words: 6666.0 sentences: 273.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011417-a5q15dq1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011417-a5q15dq1.txt summary: Similarly, a strategy using a conjugate MenACWY vaccine targeting 9-month to 4-year-old children to control MenW disease in Chile provided direct protection to the vaccinated group but did not result in a herd immune effect [17] . In European countries, the highest MenB and C disease burden is similarly seen in infants (although the incidence rate reached 5.4/100,000 and 2.1/100,000 infants for MenB and C, respectively, much less when compared with the mean incidence rate of 9.66/100,000 and 6.72/100,000 infants for the corresponding capsular groups in Malta), with children less than 5 years old and adolescents and young adults being more affected than other age groups [1, 31] . Furthermore, a MenB immunization programme consisting of a 2 dose prime and boost MenB infant vaccine schedule in addition to MenB adolescent vaccination at 12 years of age would also be projected to provide direct protection and reduce the incidence of MenB, which is responsible for the highest meningococcal disease burden in Malta. abstract: Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a vaccine-preventable devastating infection that mainly affects infants, children and adolescents. We describe the population epidemiology of IMD in Malta in order to assess the potential utility of a meningococcal vaccination programme. All cases of microbiologically confirmed IMD in the Maltese population from 2000 to 2017 were analysed to quantify the overall and capsular-specific disease burden. Mean overall crude and age-specific meningococcal incidence rates were calculated to identify the target age groups that would benefit from vaccination. Over the 18-year study period, 111 out of the 245 eligible notified cases were confirmed microbiologically of which 70.3% had septicaemia, 21.6% had meningitis, and 6.3% had both. The mean overall crude incidence rate was 1.49/100,000 population with an overall case fatality rate of 12.6%. Meningococcal capsular groups (Men) B followed by C were the most prevalent with W and Y appearing over the last 6 years. Infants had the highest meningococcal incidence rate of 18.9/100,000 followed by 6.1/100,000 in 1–5 year olds and 3.6/100,000 in 11–15 year old adolescents. The introduction of MenACWY and MenB vaccines on the national immunization schedule in Malta would be expected to reduce the disease burden of meningococcal disease in children and adolescents in Malta. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7229431/ doi: 10.1007/s10096-020-03914-8 id: cord-019055-k5wcibdk author: Pacheco, Jorge M. title: Disease Spreading in Time-Evolving Networked Communities date: 2017-10-05 words: 8603.0 sentences: 451.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019055-k5wcibdk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019055-k5wcibdk.txt summary: We show that the effective infectiousness of a disease taking place along the edges of this temporal network depends on the population size, the number of infected individuals in the population and the capacity of healthy individuals to sever contacts with the infected, ultimately dictated by availability of information regarding each individual''s health status. Furthermore, the knowledge an individual has (based on local and/or social media information) about the health status of acquaintances, partners, relatives, etc., combined with individual preventive strategies [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] (such as condoms, vaccination, the use of face masks or prophylactic drugs, avoidance of visiting specific web-pages, staying away from public places, etc.), also leads to changes in the structure and shape of the contact networks that naturally acquire a temporal dimension that one should not overlook. abstract: Human communities are organized in complex webs of contacts that may be represented by a graph or network. In this graph, vertices identify individuals and edges establish the existence of some type of relations between them. In real communities, the possible edges may be active or not for variable periods of time. These so-called temporal networks typically result from an endogenous social dynamics, usually coupled to the process under study taking place in the community. For instance, disease spreading may be affected by local information that makes individuals aware of the health status of their social contacts, allowing them to reconsider maintaining or not their social contacts. Here we investigate the impact of such a dynamical network structure on disease dynamics, where infection occurs along the edges of the network. To this end, we define an endogenous network dynamics coupled with disease spreading. We show that the effective infectiousness of a disease taking place along the edges of this temporal network depends on the population size, the number of infected individuals in the population and the capacity of healthy individuals to sever contacts with the infected, ultimately dictated by availability of information regarding each individual’s health status. Importantly, we also show how dynamical networks strongly decrease the average time required to eradicate a disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124106/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-5287-3_13 id: cord-257943-fippk9p4 author: Palmeiro, Brian S. title: Clinical Approach to Dermatologic Disease in Exotic Animals date: 2013-07-17 words: 4677.0 sentences: 335.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257943-fippk9p4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257943-fippk9p4.txt summary: This article focuses on the clinical approach to skin disease in exotic pets including structure and function of the skin, appropriate diagnostic testing, and differential diagnoses for commonly encountered cutaneous diseases. 12, [14] [15] [16] [17] Dermatologic Examination and Diagnostic Testing A thorough history and dermatologic examination are important when evaluating any case of amphibian skin disease. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of skin swabs [26] [27] [28] [29] Consult laboratory for availability; verification of positive results; type of PCR (conventional, Taqman, real-time, and so forth); use of negative and positive controls; sample collection and swab type; and shipping details Avoid crossSee Table 2 for a review of common differential diagnoses for dermatologic diseases in amphibians. The diagnostic approach to a fish with dermatologic disease should include a complete history, direct observation of the fish in its aquarium or pond, dermatologic examination, complete water quality, skin scrapings, and a gill biopsy. abstract: Skin disease is an extremely common presenting complaint to the exotic animal practitioner. A systematic diagnostic approach is necessary in these cases to achieve a diagnosis and formulate an effective treatment plan. In all exotic species, husbandry plays a central role in the pathogenesis of cutaneous disease, so a thorough evaluation of the husbandry is critical for successful management. The clinical approach to skin disease in exotic animal patients is reviewed with specific focus on structure and function of the skin, diagnostic testing, and differential diagnoses for commonly encountered cutaneous diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1094919413000467 doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2013.05.003 id: cord-348567-rvwxysvc author: Panfili, F. M. title: Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population date: 2020-06-15 words: 5375.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-348567-rvwxysvc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348567-rvwxysvc.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we suggest that vitamin D supplementation might play a role in the prevention and/or treatment to SARS-CoV-2 infection disease, by modulating the immune response to the virus both in the adult and pediatric population. Although the effect of normal to high levels of vitamin D on increasing CD4+ count is still unclear, a recent review proved that vitamin D plays an important role in reducing the immune activation of HIV-infected patients. In this autoimmune disease using calcitriol supplementation reduces serum levels of antibodies and slows the progression of β cell destruction down in the early stages of the disease [38] , Interestingly, it has also been demonstrated that in Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) [39] the VDR could act as a negative regulator of TGF-β/ Hydroxyproline, col1a1, col3a1 and alfa-SMA mRNAs ↓ Prevention of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in a murine model [48] Smad signaling, thus making vitamin D a putative antifibrotic treatment in the early stages of the disease. abstract: PURPOSE: Covid-19 is a pandemic of unprecedented proportion, whose understanding and management is still under way. In the emergency setting new or available therapies to contrast the spread of COVID-19 are urgently needed. Elderly males, especially those affected by previous diseases or with comorbidities, are more prone to develop interstitial pneumonia that can deteriorate evolving to ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) that require hospitalization in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Even children and young patients are not spared by SARS-CoV 2 infection, yet they seem to develop a milder form of disease. In this setting the immunomodulatory role of Vitamin D, should be further investigated. Methods: We reviewed the literature about the immunomodulatory role of Vitamin D collecting data from the databases Medline and Embase. RESULTS: Vitamin D proved to interact both with the innate immune system, by activating Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or increasing the levels of cathelicidins and β-defensins, and adaptive immune system, by reducing immunoglobulin secretion by plasma cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines production, thus modulating T cells function. Promising results have been extensively described as regards the supplementation of vitamin D in respiratory tract infections, autoimmune diseases and even pulmonary fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: In this review, we suggest that vitamin D supplementation might play a role in the prevention and/or treatment to SARS-CoV-2 infection disease, by modulating the immune response to the virus both in the adult and pediatric population. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0 doi: 10.1007/s40618-020-01327-0 id: cord-352532-xqphom6x author: Papanikolaou, Ilias C title: 1 Tropical Lung Diseases date: 2013-12-31 words: 3341.0 sentences: 207.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352532-xqphom6x.txt summary: The following are the common tropical pulmonary conditions: l pneumonia: typical and atypical l eosinophilic pneumonias and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia l bronchiectasis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) l pleural effusion l nontuberculous granulomatous lung disease l occupational lung diseases. A reasonable approach to the patient with lung disease in the tropic starts with age, occupational exposure, physical examination, HIV status, chest x-ray and blood tests. • If wheezing (even if it disappeared after rapidly acting bronchodilator) give an inhaled bronchodilator for 5 days* • Soothe the throat and relieve the cough with a safe remedy • If coughing for more than 3 weeks or if having recurrent wheezing, refer for assessment for TB or asthma • Advise the mother when to return immediately • Follow-up in 5 days if not improving A blood count usually reveals leukocytosis in bacterial pneumonia, leukopenia in viral infection, and eosinophilia in parasitic infestation. abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781416043904000011 doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-4390-4.00001-1 id: cord-314808-ssiggi2z author: Pappas, G. title: Psychosocial consequences of infectious diseases date: 2014-12-12 words: 3182.0 sentences: 137.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-314808-ssiggi2z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314808-ssiggi2z.txt summary: On the other hand, numerous new major threats have emerged during the last three decades; the pandemic of AIDS, the SARS outbreak, the ominous scenarios of an avian influenza pandemic, and the threat of biological weapons are just some examples explaining the concern among health authorities, the media, and the public. The psychological response of both patients and the public to the threat of infection has been evaluated with respect to numerous circumstances in recent years, not only acute outbreaks such as SARS, but also gradually evolving pandemics such as AIDS, threats with marginal risk for humans such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE; mad cow disease), and even threats that are only theoretical such as avian influenza. Mass media is another major factor that shapes the physical and psychological response of the public to an infectious disease threat, as depicted in numerous attack scenarios in the literature [32] [33] [34] . abstract: Historically, there has been an exaggerated fear related to infection compared to other conditions. Infection possesses unique characteristics that account for this disproportionate degree of fear: it is transmitted rapidly and invisibly; historically, it has accounted for major morbidity and mortality; old forms re-emerge and new forms emerge; and both the media and society are often in awe. Because, in an outbreak, the patient is both a victim and a vector, and because there exists the potential for infringement of personal rights in order to control an outbreak, infection may be viewed (and has been depicted in popular culture) as a foreign invasion. During recent outbreaks, fear, denial, stigmatization and loss have been recorded in the implicated individuals. Stigmatization and discrimination may further involve ethical correlations, and attempts to adress these issues through activism may also have unwarranted effects. Public health initiatives can address the public's fears by increasing health literacy, which can contribute to reducing stigmatization. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1198743X14604614 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02947.x id: cord-021082-a1jsbunw author: Parthasarathy, A. title: Training in pediatric infectious disease: Need of the time date: 2013-05-25 words: 714.0 sentences: 47.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021082-a1jsbunw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021082-a1jsbunw.txt summary: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 17% of total mortality in children less than 5 years of age is due to vaccine preventable diseases. This could facilitate clinicians, researchers and academicians to intensely understand and be involved in surveillance, policy making, program implementation on infections that directly contribute to morbidity and mortality in children, including new and emerging infections like SARS, H1N1 influenza, dengue, and infectious diarrhea. Professionally-oriented training and education in pediatric infectious diseases is the ''need of the hour'' and should be implemented on a "war footing" to achieve global health. I therefore, strongly feel that such a course will be useful not only for individuals interested in expanding their knowledge of the techniques available for analyzing and interpreting epidemiological data on infectious diseases, but also for the world and for India to achieve the goal of "health for all". abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149000/ doi: 10.1016/j.pid.2013.04.005 id: cord-032303-8rkemm72 author: Pascual, Isaac title: Mind the gap versus filling the gap. The heart beyond specialties date: 2020-09-18 words: 1930.0 sentences: 117.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032303-8rkemm72.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032303-8rkemm72.txt summary: 6, 7 Assuming the differences that have existed to date between cardiologists and surgeons, which still exist and will most likely exist in the future, simply because of the different views of the 2 specialties on the same problem-for example in structural heart disease-past developments have revealed that different training itineraries end up with the performance of the same procedure. As mentioned, the teaching programs in cardiovascular surgery 3 and cardiology 4 in Spain would need a review of these training itineraries, taking into account the need to converge on the final point that gives meaning to the entire process: the patient and the quality of the care delivered. The structure is based on knowledge of cardiovascular disease, and understanding of the entire spectrum of cardiologists, surgeons and all specialists involved in patient care. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7500272/ doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2020.08.010 id: cord-323703-fsj736dg author: Patterson, Grace T. title: Moving health to the heart of agri-food policies; mitigating risk from our food systems date: 2020-08-30 words: 6361.0 sentences: 276.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323703-fsj736dg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323703-fsj736dg.txt summary: Lack of genetic diversity has become commonplace in our global food systems, within both livestock and crop production (Bennett et al., 2018; Khoury et al., 2014) , and is a risk factor for heightened susceptibility to outbreaks of plant and animal disease. Zoonotic and non-zoonotic disease outbreaks and our responses to the presence or risk of these pathogens can destabilize food systems, leading to increased food insecurity and downstream health and economic effects. Evidence-based health-agri-food policies that support access and uptake of healthy diet and exercise, particularly in communities with high inequality, can help reverse the growing trend towards obesity and minimize morbidity and mortality from infectious disease. Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic the international community had been aware of the increasing threat from emerging zoonotic pathogens, the ''dual burden'' imposed by endemic zoonoses on livestock productivity and human health, the biological and chemical hazards present in our food and the looming spectre of a post-antibiotic world. abstract: Our food systems are progressively more industrialized and consolidated with many modern food value chains involving multiple countries and continents, and as such being associated with changes in risk profile and impacts of emerging and re-emerging diseases. Disease outbreaks that sweep through a single region can have massive impacts on food supply, while severe outbreaks of human pathogens can disrupt agricultural labor supply or demand for products perceived as ‘unsafe’. Market pressures have generally rewarded production of cash crops for fuel and energy dense, low nutrient processed foods over production of fruits and vegetables for local consumption. Climbing rates of food-related NCDs and pre-existing conditions leave the population increasingly susceptible to infectious diseases that are often driven by or arise from the food system. Therefore disease and diet from our food systems cause impacts on human health, and human health issues can impact on the functioning of the food system. The COVID-19 outbreak is the most recent example of food system driven disease emergence and of massive supply and demand shocks in the food system, experienced as a direct and indirect result of this disease. The effects of the food system on disease spread (and vice versa) must be addressed in future plans to prevent and mitigate large scale outbreaks. Health policies must acknowledge the food system as the base of our health system, as must agri-food policy recognize the pre-eminence of human health (directly and indirectly) in decision making. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32904586/ doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100424 id: cord-335373-17tcikxl author: Paul, Elisabeth title: COVID-19: time for paradigm shift in the nexus between local, national and global health date: 2020-04-20 words: 3703.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335373-17tcikxl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335373-17tcikxl.txt summary: ► The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered unprecedented measures worldwide, which have often been adopted in an ''emergency'' mode and are largely reactionary ► Alternatively, COVID-19 needs to be appraised as part of a much bigger health picture, adopting a "systems approach" that enables interactions with other acknowledged and preventable health conditions, which often receive disproportionately low attention ► To do so requires a paradigm shift in global health governance, from a specific reactional paradigm to a systemic, coordinated and preventive paradigm ► It is necessary to adopt a holistic approach to health reflecting both a security approach and a health development approach, tackling upstream causes and determinants, aimed at helping populations reduce their individual risk factors and augment their natural immunity ► Such preventive health policies must be tailored to local specificities and local environments, and health systems must be strengthened at the local level so as to be able to respond to population needs and expectations ► The current crisis calls for a paradigm shift in public and global health policies; and in the in the nexus between local, national and global health policies and systems abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002622 doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002622 id: cord-288982-63ddlh20 author: Peeling, Rosanna W. title: Diagnostics in a digital age: an opportunity to strengthen health systems and improve health outcomes date: 2015-11-09 words: 4391.0 sentences: 216.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288982-63ddlh20.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288982-63ddlh20.txt summary: Rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for infectious diseases can improve access to diagnosis and patient management, but the quality of these tests vary, quality of testing is often not assured and there are few mechanisms to capture test results for surveillance when the testing is so decentralised. In a digital age, it is possible to link data from diagnostic laboratories and POC test readers and devices to provide data on testing coverage, disease trends and timely information for early warning of infectious disease outbreaks to inform design or optimisation of disease control and elimination programmes. In the last decade, rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tests fulfilling the ASSURED criteria (Affordable, Sensitive, Specific, User-friendly, Rapid and robust, Equipment-free and Deliverable) have become commercially available and are widely used for infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV and syphilis. abstract: Diagnostics play a critical role in clinical decision making, and in disease control and prevention. Rapid point-of-care (POC) tests for infectious diseases can improve access to diagnosis and patient management, but the quality of these tests vary, quality of testing is often not assured and there are few mechanisms to capture test results for surveillance when the testing is so decentralised. A new generation of POC molecular tests that are highly sensitive and specific, robust and easy to use are now available for deployment in low resource settings. Decentralisation of testing outside of the laboratory can put tremendous stress on the healthcare system and presents challenges for training and quality assurance. A feature of many of these POC molecular devices is that they are equipped with data transmission capacities. In a digital age, it is possible to link data from diagnostic laboratories and POC test readers and devices to provide data on testing coverage, disease trends and timely information for early warning of infectious disease outbreaks to inform design or optimisation of disease control and elimination programmes. Data connectivity also allows control programmes to monitor the quality of tests and testing, and optimise supply chain management; thus, increasing the efficiency of healthcare systems and improving patient outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26553825/ doi: 10.1093/inthealth/ihv062 id: cord-353633-a4pu6rlu author: Perakakis, Nikolaos title: The role of omics in the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease date: 2020-07-23 words: 14722.0 sentences: 701.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353633-a4pu6rlu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353633-a4pu6rlu.txt summary: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder, whose spectrum covers clinical, histological and pathophysiological developments ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis, potentially evolving into cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. The disease is characterized initially by hepatic lipid accumulation (nonalcoholic fatty liver; NAFL), that can often progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, as outlined in detail elsewhere in this special issue [1] . Several studies have assessed the impact of epigenetic modifications in the development and progress of NAFLD ( Figure 2 ) as well as in the association of NAFLD with other metabolic diseases by focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNA expression profiles that can significantly affect transcriptional activity. Proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins between subjects with metabolic healthy obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease abstract: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder, whose spectrum covers clinical, histological and pathophysiological developments ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis, potentially evolving into cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing NAFLD, while there are no specific treatments. An ever-increasing number of high-throughput Omics investigations on the molecular pathobiology of NAFLD at the cellular, tissue and system levels produce comprehensive biochemical patient snapshots. In the clinical setting, these applications are considerably enhancing our efforts toward obtaining a holistic insight on NAFLD pathophysiology. Omics are also generating non-invasive diagnostic modalities for the distinct stages of NAFLD, that remain though to be validated in multiple, large, heterogenous and independent cohorts, both cross-sectionally as well as prospectively. Finally, they aid in developing novel therapies. By tracing the flow of information from genomics to epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics and glycomics, the chief contributions of these techniques in understanding, diagnosing and treating NAFLD are summarized herein. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154320 doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154320 id: cord-018746-s9knxdne author: Perra, Nicola title: Modeling and Predicting Human Infectious Diseases date: 2015-04-23 words: 9708.0 sentences: 543.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018746-s9knxdne.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018746-s9knxdne.txt summary: Building on these concepts we present two realistic data-driven epidemiological models able to forecast the spreading of infectious diseases at different geographical granularities. The unprecedented amount of data on human dynamics made available by recent advances technology has allowed the development of realistic epidemic models able to capture and predict the unfolding of infectious disease at different geographical scales [59] . The new approach allows for the early detection of disease outbreaks [62] , the real time monitoring of the evolution of a disease with an incredible geographical granularity [63] [64] [65] , the access to health related behaviors, practices and sentiments at large scales [66, 67] , inform data-driven epidemic models [68, 69] , and development of statistical based models with prediction power [67, [70] [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] . abstract: The spreading of infectious diseases has dramatically shaped our history and society. The quest to understand and prevent their spreading dates more than two centuries. Over the years, advances in Medicine, Biology, Mathematics, Physics, Network Science, Computer Science, and Technology in general contributed to the development of modern epidemiology. In this chapter, we present a summary of different mathematical and computational approaches aimed at describing, modeling, and forecasting the diffusion of viruses. We start from the basic concepts and models in an unstructured population and gradually increase the realism by adding the effects of realistic contact structures within a population as well as the effects of human mobility coupling different subpopulations. Building on these concepts we present two realistic data-driven epidemiological models able to forecast the spreading of infectious diseases at different geographical granularities. We conclude by introducing some recent developments in diseases modeling rooted in the big-data revolution. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123706/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-14011-7_4 id: cord-278093-0twnkv93 author: Perveen, Shagufta title: Coronavirus nCOVID-19: A Pandemic Disease and the Saudi precautions date: 2020-06-18 words: 3149.0 sentences: 162.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-278093-0twnkv93.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278093-0twnkv93.txt summary: Recently a novel coronavirus (nCOVID-19) has first emerged in China, causing multiple symptoms in humans and closely related to those caused by SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). In these circumstances, rapid reviews which recommended by WHO (World Health Organization), and these recommendations are very significant, helpful and cover current data with different preventive measures developed by the Saudi CDC (Saudi Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). Taking into consideration the preventive measures by pharmacists as part of health care professions, however, the number of infected people, especially those with close contact with nCOVID-19 patients, are rise day by day and currently seems unstoppable. In comparison to other members of coronaviruses ,which cause humans respiratory infections, SARS-CoV (first then it has spread to 216 different countries and territories all over the world, and it seems more deadly. abstract: Now nCOVID-19 has a foothold in many countries, and the threat of a pandemic situation has risen. Recently a novel coronavirus (nCOVID-19) has first emerged in China, causing multiple symptoms in humans and closely related to those caused by SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). The nCOVID-19 has reported in Wuhan city of China has recently infected over six million people and at least 0.4 million confirmed deaths all over the world, while 2.8 million people has recovered from this deadly virus. Many instances of this respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection have already reported in more than 216 countries and territories. In contrast, the majority of cases reported in the USA, Brazil, Russia, Spain, UK, Italy, France and many more countries. In today's context, the coronavirus is one of the significant issues faced by the world with plenty of cases. In these circumstances, rapid reviews which recommended by WHO (World Health Organization), and these recommendations are very significant, helpful and cover current data with different preventive measures developed by the Saudi CDC (Saudi Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). This review article describes the possible modes of transmission so that proper preventive actions should be taking. Importantly, this work mentioned the animal reservoir through which may infect humans, and it must be identified to break the transmission chain. In additions, this review paper briefly discussed the spread of the coronavirus in the Arabian Peninsula and what precaution measures are in place by each country to limit the spreading of this virus. Taking into consideration the preventive measures by pharmacists as part of health care professions, however, the number of infected people, especially those with close contact with nCOVID-19 patients, are rise day by day and currently seems unstoppable. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.006 doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.06.006 id: cord-257358-uoek1pba author: Peset, José L. title: Plagues and Diseases in History date: 2015-03-12 words: 5047.0 sentences: 217.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257358-uoek1pba.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257358-uoek1pba.txt summary: In spite of the development of the medical science, during the twentieth century, individuals have observed the spread of new or reemerging diseases, from plague, cholera, and flu; measles, cancer, and malaria; to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, West Nile fever, resistant tuberculosis, virus of Ebola, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and others. The study of the transmission of pathogens through animals and human beings (as vectors and hosts), living in a physical, biological, social, and cultural environment, was crucial in bringing about a new history of disease and also much later in fueling the most recent ecological history. Toward the middle of the nineteenth century, the third wave of the disease broke out and, with the exception of Europe, it spread to all countries including Asia, Africa, and paradises like America and Australia, leaving remnants in many places. abstract: In spite of the development of the medical science, during the twentieth century, individuals have observed the spread of new or reemerging diseases, from plague, cholera, and flu; measles, cancer, and malaria; to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, West Nile fever, resistant tuberculosis, virus of Ebola, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and others. As individual illness is rooted in society and the environment, human life is tied up with the history of main endemic and epidemic diseases. Human health is very sensitive and adaptable to changes, so the history of disease and hygiene is the core of the new ecological history. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780080970868620500 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.62050-0 id: cord-297857-ybqj8z1r author: Petagna, L. title: Pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease inflammation and recurrence date: 2020-11-07 words: 6669.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297857-ybqj8z1r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297857-ybqj8z1r.txt summary: Crohn''s disease evolution is mediated by a complex alteration of the inflammatory response which is characterized by alterations of the innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa barrier together with a remodeling of the extracellular matrix through the expression of metalloproteins and increased adhesion molecules expression, such as MAcCAM-1. The pathogenesis is also sustained by the interaction of these cells with integrins, adhesion molecules and multiple chemokines, responsible for the production of elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines, representing the target of immune and non-immune cells and the promotion of mucosal inflammation. A new Antimesenteric functional end-to-end Handsewn anastomosis: surgical prevention of anastomotic recurrence in Crohn''s disease Surgical recurrence at anastomotic site after bowel resection in Crohn''s disease: comparison of Kono-S and end-to-end anastomosis Surgical prevention of anastomotic recurrence by excluding mesentery in Crohn''s disease: the SuPREMe-CD study -a randomized clinical trial Inclusion of the mesentery in Ileocolic resection for Crohn''s disease is associated with reduced surgical recurrence abstract: Chron’s Disease is a chronic inflammatory intestinal disease, first described at the beginning of the last century. The disease is characterized by the alternation of periods of flares and remissions influenced by a complex pathogenesis in which inflammation plays a key role. Crohn’s disease evolution is mediated by a complex alteration of the inflammatory response which is characterized by alterations of the innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa barrier together with a remodeling of the extracellular matrix through the expression of metalloproteins and increased adhesion molecules expression, such as MAcCAM-1. This reshaped microenvironment enhances leucocytes migration in the sites of inflammation, promoting a T(H)1 response, through the production of cytokines such as IL-12 and TNF-α. IL-12 itself and IL-23 have been targeted for the medical treatment of CD. Giving the limited success of medical therapies, the treatment of the disease is invariably surgical. This review will highlight the role of inflammation in CD and describe the surgical approaches for the prevention of the almost inevitable recurrence. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33160400/ doi: 10.1186/s13062-020-00280-5 id: cord-300727-v3spbo5u author: Peterson, A. Townsend title: Biogeography of diseases: a framework for analysis date: 2008-03-05 words: 4423.0 sentences: 203.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300727-v3spbo5u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300727-v3spbo5u.txt summary: The ways in which these differences may influence disease transmission geography are complex; I illustrate their effects by means of worked examples regarding West Nile Virus, plague, filoviruses, and yellow fever. Three example disease systems are illustrated: West Nile Virus, the filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses), and plague: Changes are illustrated as the difference between broken (original) and entire (present) outlines of circles; particular geographic occurrences of the disease are labeled to illustrate points discussed in the text appropriate from both abiotic and biotic perspectives and that are accessible to the species in terms of dispersal. In niche modeling, known occurrences of species (or diseases, in some cases) are related to raster geographic information system (GIS) coverages summarizing relevant environmental parameters in an evolutionary computing environment; the result is a picture of the species'' ecological distribution, which can be projected onto geography to identify a potential distribution for the species (Peterson 2007; Soberón 2007) . abstract: A growing body of literature offers a framework for understanding geographic and ecological distributions of species; a few applications of this framework have treated disease transmission systems and their geography. The general framework focuses on interactions among abiotic requirements, biotic constraints, and dispersal abilities of species as determinants of distributional areas. Disease transmission systems have key differences from other sorts of biological phenomena: Interactions among species are particularly important, interactions may be stable or unstable, abiotic conditions may be relatively less important in shaping disease distributions, and dispersal abilities may be quite variable. The ways in which these differences may influence disease transmission geography are complex; I illustrate their effects by means of worked examples regarding West Nile Virus, plague, filoviruses, and yellow fever. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0352-5 doi: 10.1007/s00114-008-0352-5 id: cord-005874-dgqevs6r author: Piel, S. title: Pulmonale granulomatöse Erkrankungen und pulmonale Manifestationen systemischer Granulomatosen: Inklusive Tuberkulose und nichttuberkulöse Mykobakteriosen date: 2016-09-15 words: 2710.0 sentences: 369.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005874-dgqevs6r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005874-dgqevs6r.txt summary: CLINICAL/METHODICAL ISSUE: Granulomas as signs of specific inflammation of the lungs are found in various diseases with pulmonary manifestations and represent an important imaging finding. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS: The standard imaging modality for the work-up of granulomatous diseases of the lungs is most often thin-slice computed tomography (CT). PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: A thin-slice CT and an interdisciplinary discussion are recommended in many cases with a suspected diagnosis of pulmonary granulomatous disease due to clinical or radiographic findings. Knoten, die nicht mit klinischer oder serologischer Aktivität der Erkrankung korrelieren und größenprogredient sind, sollten aufgrund des 2-fach erhöhten Malignitätsrisikos bei der GPA invasiv abgeklärt werden [18, 19] . Sowohl bei bei GPA als auch viel häufiger bei MPA ist die Entwicklung einer Fibrose mit UIP-Muster, seltener mit NSIP-Muster, möglich und kann anderen klinischen Manifestationen der Vaskulitis vorausgehen [21, 22] . Die pLCH tritt bei Rauchern auf und ist geht mit einer Proliferation der Langerhans-Zellen in den Atemwegen einher. abstract: CLINICAL/METHODICAL ISSUE: Granulomas as signs of specific inflammation of the lungs are found in various diseases with pulmonary manifestations and represent an important imaging finding. STANDARD RADIOLOGICAL METHODS: The standard imaging modality for the work-up of granulomatous diseases of the lungs is most often thin-slice computed tomography (CT). There are a few instances, e. g. tuberculosis, sarcoidosis and silicosis, where a chest radiograph still plays an important role. METHODICAL INNOVATIONS: Further radiological modalities are usually not needed in the routine work-up of granulomatous diseases of the chest. In special cases magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scans play an important role, e. g. detecting cardiac sarcoidosis by cardiac MRI or choline C‑11 PET-CT in diagnosing lung carcinoma in scar tissue after tuberculosis. PERFORMANCE: The accuracy of thin-slice CT is very high for granulomatous diseases. ACHIEVEMENTS: In cases of chronic disease and fibrotic interstitial lung disease it is important to perform thin-slice CT in order to diagnose a specific disease pattern. Thin-slice CT is also highly sensitive in detecting disease complications and comorbidities, such as malignancies. Given these indications thin-slice CT is generally accepted in the routine daily practice. PRACTICAL RECOMMENDATIONS: A thin-slice CT and an interdisciplinary discussion are recommended in many cases with a suspected diagnosis of pulmonary granulomatous disease due to clinical or radiographic findings. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095880/ doi: 10.1007/s00117-016-0165-z id: cord-018638-4pyjhpbk author: Pilania, Rakesh Kumar title: Kawasaki Disease date: 2019-10-30 words: 5674.0 sentences: 378.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018638-4pyjhpbk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018638-4pyjhpbk.txt summary: Acute non-purulent cervical lymphadenopathy Table 4 .2 AHA 2017 diagnostic criteria for KD [28] Diagnosis of classic KD can be proffered in the presence of fever for at least 5 days associated with at least 4 of the 5 following principal clinical features. Cervical lymphadenopathy (>1.5 cm diameter), usually unilateral A careful history may reveal that ≥1 principal clinical features were present during the illness but resolved by the time of presentation Exclusion of other diseases with similar findings (e.g., scarlet fever, viral infections like measles, adenovirus, enterovirus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, drug hypersensitivity reactions, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis) unusual for KD. Perianal desquamation is virtually pathognomonic of KD and is a useful clinical sign for diagnosis of the disease during the acute phase ( Fig. 4 .3c). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease and factors associated with coronary artery abnormalities in East China: nine years experience abstract: Kawasaki disease (KD) is the commonest cause of acquired heart disease in children in the developed world and is increasingly being reported from developing countries. KD has a predilection for the coronary arteries. Etiology of this disorder is remains an enigma. Diagnosis of KD is essentially clinical with the help of set of clinical criteria. Incomplete KD is said to occur when these criteria are not fulfilled. However, incomplete KD should not be considered as a milder form of the disease. 2D-echocardiography remains the imaging modality of choice for evaluation and monitoring of cardiac complications but often needs to be supplemented by CT coronary angiography. Intravenous immunoglobulin along with aspirin is the gold standard therapy of treatment for KD. However, there is no consensus on treatment of resistant forms of KD. Patients with KD should be on long-term follow-up especially if they have developed coronary artery abnormalities during the acute stage. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123566/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-19055-2_4 id: cord-332038-icyut3xa author: Pillaiyar, Thanigaimalai title: A medicinal chemistry perspective of drug repositioning: Recent advances and challenges in drug discovery date: 2020-04-02 words: 11250.0 sentences: 560.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-332038-icyut3xa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-332038-icyut3xa.txt summary: Recently, it emerges as an alternative approach for the rapid identification and development of new pharmaceuticals for various rare and complex diseases for which lack the effective drug treatments. While numerous studies suggest the potent anticancer activities of drug 20, the overall benefit is limited as it is associated with serious side effects including the gastrointestinal and renal toxicities. The recent phase 3 clinical trial studies using the occurrence of colorectal adenomas as a biomarker for cancer as a primary endpoint at 1 year after intervention revealed that metformin reduced both occurrence and number of adenomas/polyps in the patients at low dosage level. Out of the approved drugs, data for bexarotene have provided proof of concept as potential candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer''s disease as noted above, whereas acitretin (93, Figure 7) , which is known to penetrate tissues including brain may also be a promising candidate for AD [177] . abstract: Drug repurposing is a strategy consisting of finding new indications for already known marketed drugs used in various clinical settings or highly characterized compounds despite they can be failed drugs. Recently, it emerges as an alternative approach for the rapid identification and development of new pharmaceuticals for various rare and complex diseases for which lack the effective drug treatments. The success rate of drugs repurposing approach accounts for approximately 30% of new FDA approved drugs and vaccines in recent years. This review focuses on the status of drugs repurposing approach for various diseases including skin diseases, infective, inflammatory, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Efforts have been made to provide structural features and mode of actions of drugs. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0223523420302440?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112275 id: cord-280386-a8qr7nl6 author: Pires, Sara M. title: Aetiology-Specific Estimates of the Global and Regional Incidence and Mortality of Diarrhoeal Diseases Commonly Transmitted through Food date: 2015-12-03 words: 5931.0 sentences: 252.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280386-a8qr7nl6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280386-a8qr7nl6.txt summary: The objective of this study is to provide estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases caused by nine pathogens that are commonly transmitted through foods. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We abstracted data from systematic reviews and, depending on the overall mortality rates of the country, applied either a national incidence estimate approach or a modified Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) approach to estimate the aetiology-specific incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases, by age and region. To identify and prioritize targeted interventions to reduce the public health impact of foodborne diseases, public health policy makers and other stakeholders need aetiology-specific regional and global estimates of the incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases caused by pathogens that are commonly transmitted through foods. While approach 1 analysed national incidence and mortality of disease by pathogens commonly transmitted through foods estimated primarily by correcting surveillance data to account for underreporting and under-diagnosis, approach 2 relied on systematic reviews of studies identifying causative agents in patients with diarrhoea. abstract: BACKGROUND: Diarrhoeal diseases are major contributors to the global burden of disease, particularly in children. However, comprehensive estimates of the incidence and mortality due to specific aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases are not available. The objective of this study is to provide estimates of the global and regional incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases caused by nine pathogens that are commonly transmitted through foods. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We abstracted data from systematic reviews and, depending on the overall mortality rates of the country, applied either a national incidence estimate approach or a modified Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG) approach to estimate the aetiology-specific incidence and mortality of diarrhoeal diseases, by age and region. The nine diarrhoeal diseases assessed caused an estimated 1.8 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.1–3.3 billion) cases and 599,000 (95% UI 472,000–802,000) deaths worldwide in 2010. The largest number of cases were caused by norovirus (677 million; 95% UI 468–1,153 million), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (233 million; 95% UI 154–380 million), Shigella spp. (188 million; 95% UI 94–379 million) and Giardia lamblia (179 million; 95% UI 125–263); the largest number of deaths were caused by norovirus (213,515; 95% UI 171,783–266,561), enteropathogenic E. coli (121,455; 95% UI 103,657–143,348), ETEC (73,041; 95% UI 55,474–96,984) and Shigella (64,993; 95% UI 48,966–92,357). There were marked regional differences in incidence and mortality for these nine diseases. Nearly 40% of cases and 43% of deaths caused by these nine diarrhoeal diseases occurred in children under five years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Diarrhoeal diseases caused by these nine pathogens are responsible for a large disease burden, particularly in children. These aetiology-specific burden estimates can inform efforts to reduce diarrhoeal diseases caused by these nine pathogens commonly transmitted through foods. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142927 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142927 id: cord-309870-l5oecoot author: Pirofski, Liise-anne title: Immunomodulators as an antimicrobial tool date: 2006-08-22 words: 3927.0 sentences: 175.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309870-l5oecoot.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309870-l5oecoot.txt summary: For most of the 20th century, the mechanisms of antibody action that were thought to influence antibody efficacy included their ability to neutralize, promote opsonization and The possible effects of IFN-g therapy in two patients with cryptococcosis in the context of the Damage-response framework. The tolerability and promising effect of this reagent in HIV-infected patients bolsters the prospect that immunotherapeutic interventions have the potential to augment host immune mechanisms in the treatment of infectious diseases in immunocompromised individuals. The rationale for the use of cytokines as adjunctive immunomodulators for infectious diseases is based on the concept that replacement or augmentation of natural mediators of host defense should enhance the antimicrobial effect of host immune mechanisms and/or antimicrobial agents. The rationale for the use of adjunctive pro-inflammatory cytokines and certain antibodies for treating infectious diseases is to enhance the host response. abstract: The spectrum of infectious diseases has shifted in the past 50 years to include those caused by microbes that cause disease predominantly in immunocompromised individuals. This phenomenon has underscored the dependence of microbial virulence on the immune status of the host. The limited efficacy of the available antimicrobial armamentarium in immunocompromised individuals, combined with increasing resistance to these agents, has led to an urgent need for new therapies for infectious diseases. Immunomodulation represents a novel approach to antimicrobial therapy that depends on bolstering host immunity, rather than direct antimicrobial activity. Immunomodulators can be divided into those that are specific to pathogens (pathogen-specific) and those that are not specific to pathogens (non-specific). However, to date only a few immunomodulators have been evaluated for their efficacy as antimicrobial tools. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931122/ doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.08.004 id: cord-336447-hpnkou41 author: Pitlik, Silvio Daniel title: COVID-19 Compared to Other Pandemic Diseases date: 2020-07-31 words: 6148.0 sentences: 396.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-336447-hpnkou41.txt txt: ./txt/cord-336447-hpnkou41.txt summary: Despite multiple publications and increasing knowledge regarding the biological secrets of SARS-CoV-2, as of the writing of this paper, there is neither an approved vaccine nor medication to prevent infection or cure for this highly infectious disease. 7, 8 This paper reviews the microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as its socio-economic impact. In the early days of the pandemic great effort was invested into understanding the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2, 9 so as to provide a basis for discovery of an effective vaccine to prevent COVID-19 and/or a safe and efficacious drug to cure it, or at the least, to ameliorate its symptoms, shorten its duration, and/ or block its mechanism of transmission. 59 Unfortunately, to date, no human genetic markers predisposing to SARS-CoV-2 infection, nor the severity of COVID-19, have been found-although recent isolated exceptions to this statement can be found. abstract: In December 2019, the first cases of a new contagious disease were diagnosed in the city of Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province in China. Within a short period of time the outbreak developed exponentially into a pandemic that infected millions of people, with a global death toll of more than 500,000 during its first 6 months. Eventually, the novel disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and the new virus was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Similar to all known pandemics throughout history, COVID-19 has been accompanied by a large degree of fear, anxiety, uncertainty, and economic disaster worldwide. Despite multiple publications and increasing knowledge regarding the biological secrets of SARS-CoV-2, as of the writing of this paper, there is neither an approved vaccine nor medication to prevent infection or cure for this highly infectious disease. Past pandemics were caused by a wide range of microbes, primarily viruses, but also bacteria. Characteristically, a significant proportion of them originated in different animal species (zoonoses). Since an understanding of the microbial cause of these diseases was unveiled relatively late in human history, past pandemics were often attributed to strange causes including punishment from God, demonic activity, or volatile unspecified substances. Although a high case fatality ratio was common to all pandemic diseases, some striking clinical characteristics of each disease allowed contemporaneous people to clinically diagnose the infection despite null microbiological information. In comparison to past pandemics, SARS-CoV-2 has tricky and complex mechanisms that have facilitated its rapid and catastrophic spread worldwide. url: https://doi.org/10.5041/rmmj.10418 doi: 10.5041/rmmj.10418 id: cord-022575-ybj6lwdb author: Platt, Simon R. title: Vestibular Disorders date: 2009-05-15 words: 9439.0 sentences: 642.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022575-ybj6lwdb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022575-ybj6lwdb.txt summary: 1, 3 Signs of central vestibular syndrome suggest brainstem involvement and are not present in patients with inner ear disease except in cases of direct extension of the disease process, 8 such as can be seen with otitis media/interna 9 and neoplasia. Horner''s syndrome (miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, and protrusion of the third eyelid) of the ipsilateral eye may be present with middle or inner ear disease, causing peripheral vestibular dysfunction ( Figure 56 -11). Peripheral vestibular dysfunction results from disease of the middle and inner ear affecting the receptors in the labyrinth and the vestibular portion of cranial nerve VIII. Seven such cats with otitis media/interna have been documented, in one study, with CNS dysfunction that included central vestibular signs. Peripheral vestibular disease in a cat with middle and inner ear squamous cell carcinoma Tympanic bulla osteotomy for treatment of middle-ear disease in cats: 19 cases (1984-1991) abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158340/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160423-4/50059-7 id: cord-327109-2fh004df author: Polyzos, Stergios A. title: Making progress in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as we are transitioning from the era of NAFLD to dys-metabolism associated fatty liver disease (DAFLD) date: 2020-07-21 words: 3964.0 sentences: 176.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327109-2fh004df.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327109-2fh004df.txt summary: This special issue of "Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental" is dedicated to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a disease closely linked with the insulin resistance (IR) syndrome or metabolic syndrome (MetS) [1] and its related comorbidities, including obesity [2] , type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [3] , dyslipidemia [4] and cardiovascular disease [5] . While the compilation of this special issue was ongoing, two position articles on the nomenclature of the disease were published, proposing the change of the terminology from NAFLD to metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) [28, 29] . Risk of severe illness from COVID-19 in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and increased fibrosis scores Letter to the Editor: Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease Letter to the Editor: Obesity as a risk factor for greater severity of COVID-19 in patients with metabolic associated fatty liver disease abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0026049520301827 doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154318 id: cord-347289-3yi5tz04 author: Poon, L. . C. title: ISUOG Interim Guidance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals – an update date: 2020-06-01 words: 8036.0 sentences: 413.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347289-3yi5tz04.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347289-3yi5tz04.txt summary: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG): https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/phys ician-faqs/covid-19-faqs-for-ob-gyns-obstetrics Centers for Disease Control , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global public health emergency. A case series of 12 pregnant women with SARS-CoV in Hong Kong, China, reported three maternal deaths, that four of seven patients who presented in the first trimester had spontaneous miscarriage, four of five patients who presented after 24 weeks had preterm birth and two mothers recovered without delivery but their ongoing pregnancies were complicated by FGR 8 . In two studies, with a combined total of 10 pregnant women with COVID-19 in the third trimester, amniotic fluid, cord blood and neonatal throat swab samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, suggesting there was no evidence of vertical transmission in women who developed COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy 26, 76 . An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32356590/ doi: 10.1002/uog.22061 id: cord-006653-fy0yg0xh author: Popper, Helmut H. title: Interstitial lung diseases—can pathologists arrive at an etiology-based diagnosis? A critical update date: 2012-12-07 words: 13637.0 sentences: 807.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006653-fy0yg0xh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006653-fy0yg0xh.txt summary: Usual interstitial pneumonia/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis UIP/IPF is a chronic progressive fibrosing disease of the lung, which leads to death of the patient usually within 5-10 years after the diagnosis is made. It affects predominantly patients in their fourth to fifth decade of life; however, lesions may occur much earlier and remain undetected until Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) they will cause impaired lung function by their increasing number-UIP/IPF is seen more often in younger-aged patients, probably due to increased awareness. This is meant by the term "timely heterogeneity." In the author''s experience, a diagnosis of UIP/IPF can be established in some cases even without clinical information when the following features are given: fibroblastic foci, timely heterogeneity (involved and uninvolved peripheral lobules), cystic and fibrotic destruction resulting in honeycombing, and most importantly, the absence of inflammatory infiltrates in areas of fibroblastic foci, absence of granulomas, or features of other interstitial inflammation. abstract: Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) encompass a group of diseases with a wide range of etiologies and a variety of tissue reactions within the lung. In many instances, a careful evaluation of the tissue reactions will result in a specific diagnosis or at least in a narrow range of differentials, which will assist the clinician to arrive at a definite diagnosis, when combining our interpretation with the clinical presentation of the patient and high-resolution computed tomography. In this review, we will exclude granulomatous pneumonias as well as vascular diseases (primary arterial pulmonary hypertension and vasculitis); however, pulmonary hypertension as a complication of interstitial processes will be mentioned. Few entities of pneumoconiosis presenting as an interstitial process will be included, whereas those with granulomatous reactions will be excluded. Drug reactions will be touched on within interstitial pneumonias, but will not be a major focus. In contrast to the present-day preferred descriptive pattern recognition, it is the author’s strong belief that pathologists should always try to dig out the etiology from a tissue specimen and not being satisfied with just a pattern description. It is the difference of sorting tissue reactions into boxes by their main pattern, without recognizing minor or minute reactions, which sometimes will guide one to the correct etiology-oriented interpretation. In the author’s personal perspective, tissue reactions can even be sorted by their timeliness, and therefore, ordered by the time of appearance, providing an insight into the pathogenesis and course of a disease. Also, underlying immune mechanisms will be discussed briefly as far as they are essential to understand the disease. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00428-012-1305-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102182/ doi: 10.1007/s00428-012-1305-0 id: cord-339763-2wt5z9r1 author: Porcelli, Brunetta title: Celiac and non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a review on the association with schizophrenia and mood disorders date: 2014-10-16 words: 4822.0 sentences: 235.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339763-2wt5z9r1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339763-2wt5z9r1.txt summary: The association between mood disorders and gluten-related disorders, especially celiac disease, has only been studied for depression, often coupled with anxiety, and very recently for bipolar disorder. However, since antitissue transglutaminase antibodies (a-tTG) and anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) were not investigated, this result cannot exclude gluten sensitivity in this group of patients, as suggested by increasing evidence that GS is frequent in schizophrenia [8, 30] . In 2011, the association of bipolar disorder with celiac disease and gluten sensitivity was investigated for the first time by Dickerson et al. A recent study [32] tested response to a glutenfree diet in a group of SCZ patients who were previously considered to have celiac disease or gluten sensitivity on the basis of antibody assessment. Regarding the association between schizophrenia and gluten sensitivity, most recent studies agree on the involvement of gluten sensitivity rather than celiac disease in a subgroup of SCZ patients [8, 9, 30, 50, 51] . abstract: An association between many psychiatric and gluten-related disorders has been known for some time. In the case of schizophrenia and mood disorders, the major psychiatric disorders, there is much evidence, not without contradictions, of a possible association between schizophrenia and celiac disease. The association between mood disorders and gluten-related disorders, especially celiac disease, has only been studied for depression, often coupled with anxiety, and very recently for bipolar disorder. Since non-celiac gluten sensitivity is now known to be different from celiac disease, many studies have shown that gluten sensitivity is also associated with major psychiatric disorders. Here we review the literature on the association between schizophrenia/mood disorders and celiac disease/gluten sensitivity, pointing out the differences between these associations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26000156/ doi: 10.1007/s13317-014-0064-0 id: cord-283979-1dn7at6k author: Portillo, Aránzazu title: Arthropods as vectors of transmissible diseases in Spain() date: 2018-12-14 words: 4439.0 sentences: 249.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283979-1dn7at6k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283979-1dn7at6k.txt summary: 23 Spain was an endemic country of malaria until 1964, when WHO declared it a The risk of emergence/re-emergence is calculated based on three factors: (a) presence of cases of the disease in humans in the last 5 years in Europe, Mediterranean, Central and South American countries with a significant relationship with Spain; (b) presence of the vector in Spain; (c) pathogenicity of the virus for humans. Following this meeting, a special article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which stated that the distribution of infectious diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, rickettsiosis or West Nile fever are expanding at the same rate as their AVs. 38 We know that climate variations and extreme weather events have a profound impact on AVBD. In relation to this issue, the epidemiology of Mediterranean spotted fever seems clearly associated with climate change, especially with low rainfall values 47 and it has been shown that warming causes greater aggressiveness in its AVs. Table 4 shows the tick-borne diseases throughout the world, with the prediction of risk for Spain (subjective assessments). abstract: Different aspects related to globalization together with the great capacity of the arthropod vectors to adapt to a changing world favour the emergence and reemergence of numerous infectious diseases transmitted by them. Diptera (mosquitoes and sandflies), ticks, fleas and lice, among others, cause a wide spectrum of diseases with relevance in public health. Herein, arthropod-borne disease are reviewed, with special emphasis on the existing risk to contract them in Spain according to different parameters, such as the presence of arthropod and the circulation or the possible circulation of the causative agents. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2387020618304364 doi: 10.1016/j.medcle.2018.10.008 id: cord-016508-39glgeft author: Possas, Cristina title: Vaccines: Biotechnology Market, Coverage, and Regulatory Challenges for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals date: 2019-06-13 words: 6596.0 sentences: 275.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016508-39glgeft.txt summary: Innovative preventive vaccines against emerging and neglected infectious diseases, such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya, influenza, and HIV/AIDS, are examined here from bioeconomics and global sustainability perspectives, aiming to integrate public health and biotechnology market approaches. This scenario of increasing global demand for vaccines in the next decade is supported by epidemiological indicators: annual burden of new HPV-related cancers worldwide to the tune of 670,000; rise of Zika into a public health emergency with over 86 countries reporting 230,000 cumulative confirmed cases of infection between 2015 and 2018; very high prevalence of HSV which infects approximately 67% of the world population under 50 years of age; continued prevalence of tuberculosis which infects 10 million and takes 1.5 million lives each year despite the progress made toward eliminating the disease; and rise in HIV infections worldwide over 36.9 million (WHO 2018; Global Industry Analysts 2018). abstract: This chapter provides an overview, from bioeconomic and global sustainability perspectives, of the main constraints to the current global vaccine innovation system for achieving Sustainable Development Goals – SDGs. Biotechnology market trends, gaps in vaccine coverage against emerging and neglected diseases, and patent protection and regulation are discussed. A structured long-term “public-return-driven” innovation model to overcome vaccine market failure is proposed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120800/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-9431-7_14 id: cord-331853-qun1kyvw author: Pourbohloul, Babak title: Modeling Control Strategies of Respiratory Pathogens date: 2005-08-17 words: 4295.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331853-qun1kyvw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331853-qun1kyvw.txt summary: We used contact network epidemiology to predict the effect of various control policies for a mildly contagious disease, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, and a moderately contagious disease, such as smallpox. We use contact network epidemiology to compare intervention strategies for airborne 2 infectious diseases, including emerging diseases such as SARS, for which epidemiologic data are limited. For communities with extensive heterogeneity in contact patterns, however, network models more explicitly capture patterns of disease transmission and thus enable more accurate and detailed predictions of the effect of control measures on the magnitude and distributions of outbreaks. Public health interventions aim to reduce the number of new infected cases, ideally decreasing the effective reproductive number of the disease below the epidemic threshold, R eff <1. We mathematically assess the effect of such strategies by deleting edges and vertexes from the contact network and predicting the new probability of an epidemic and expected distribution of cases within the community. abstract: Effectively controlling infectious diseases requires quantitative comparisons of quarantine, infection control precautions, case identification and isolation, and immunization interventions. We used contact network epidemiology to predict the effect of various control policies for a mildly contagious disease, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, and a moderately contagious disease, such as smallpox. The success of an intervention depends on the transmissibility of the disease and the contact pattern between persons within a community. The model predicts that use of face masks and general vaccination will only moderately affect the spread of mildly contagious diseases. In contrast, quarantine and ring vaccination can prevent the spread of a wide spectrum of diseases. Contact network epidemiology can provide valuable quantitative input to public health decisionmaking, even before a pathogen is well characterized. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16102315/ doi: 10.3201/eid1108.040449 id: cord-023942-vrs3je1x author: Powers, Karen S. title: Acute Pulmonary Infections date: 2011-12-16 words: 11273.0 sentences: 673.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023942-vrs3je1x.txt summary: Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis remains the leading cause for hospital admission in infancy and the most frequent cause of acute respiratory failure in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units in North America. In a study of hospitalized infants with congenital heart disease infected with RSV, 33% required intensive care, 19% received mechanical ventilation, and 3.4% died. In the 1990s, fi ve randomized trials involving 225 infants, evaluating the effect of nebulized adrenaline (epinephrine) on bronchiolitis showed clinical improvement, with reductions in oxygen requirement, respiratory rate, wheezing, and decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. High incidence of pulmonary bacterial co-infection in children with severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis abstract: Acute lower respiratory infection is a common cause of morbidity in infants and children, and at times, requires intensive care and mechanical ventilation. Viral bronchiolitis and bacterial pneumonia account for the majority of lower respiratory tract infections that lead to respiratory insufficiency and pediatric intensive care admission. Twenty-seven percent of children who require mechanical ventilation for at least 24 h in pediatric intensive care units are diagnosed with bronchiolitis and 16% have the diagnosis of pneumonia. The median length of time intubated for an acute pulmonary infection leading to respiratory failure is approximately 7 days. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7178869/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-85729-923-9_25 id: cord-325077-j77wbcr3 author: Prado-Gascó, Vicente title: Stay at Home and Teach: A Comparative Study of Psychosocial Risks Between Spain and Mexico During the Pandemic date: 2020-09-30 words: 8225.0 sentences: 374.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325077-j77wbcr3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325077-j77wbcr3.txt summary: Psychosocial risks arise from poor work design, organization, and management, as well as a poor social context of work, and they may result in negative psychological, physical, and social outcomes such as work-related stress, burnout, or depression (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d). Considering that teachers are vulnerable to burnout and job stress (Zapf et al., 1999; Jennings and Greenberg, 2009; Kaur and Singh, 2014; Yerdelen et al., 2016; Travers, 2017; Makhdoom et al., 2019; Martínez-Monteagudo et al., 2019; McLean et al., 2019b; Schonfeld et al., 2019; Gu et al., 2020) , and therefore the negative consequences these can have on their health and professional performance (Bergh et al., 2018; Fornell et al., 2018; Junne et al., 2018; European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020d) , it is essential to study how psychosocial risks affect this group at a time of such vulnerability and general demand as the present. abstract: CONTEXT: The emergency situation caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected different facets of society. Although much of the attention is focused on the health sector, other sectors such as education have also experienced profound transformations and impacts. This sector is usually highly affected by psychosocial risks, and this could be aggravated during the current health emergency. Psychosocial risks may cause health problems, lack of motivation, and a decrease of effectiveness at work, which in turn affect the quality of teaching. Despite their importance, there are hardly any studies that analyze psychosocial risks of non-university teachers during a health emergency such as that caused by COVID-19. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the perception of COVID-19 and the psychosocial risks of non-university teachers comparing Spain and Mexico during the state of alarm caused by COVID-19. METHODS: Data were collected from 421 non-university teachers (80.2% women; 56.3% from Mexico, 43.7% from Spain) aged 24–60 (M = 39.32, SD = 10.21) via a self-completed questionnaire during the pandemic from March to April 2020. RESULTS: Data analysis suggests that inequity is the most important risk, followed by work overload. Teachers appear to be moderately satisfied with the information on COVID-19 and the measures taken, while their satisfaction with the available resources is lower. When comparing the two countries, significant differences can be observed in every risk considered except for social support, with lower levels in Mexican teachers compared to Spanish ones. In the case of the perception of COVID-19 and its impact, the perception in general of levels of information, measures, and resources is better among Mexican teachers than among Spanish ones, who present higher scores of the impact of the health emergency. CONCLUSION: The results underline the importance of the professional’s perception of resources during a health emergency, which could prevent to some extent burnout and possible alterations associated with it. The measures taken by the responsible entities and the provision of information do affect teachers not only directly but also indirectly by making them more vulnerable to psychosocial risks that could affect their health and professional performance, thus affecting students as well. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33101136/ doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566900 id: cord-007749-lt9is0is author: Preston, Nicholas D. title: The Human Environment Interface: Applying Ecosystem Concepts to Health date: 2013-05-01 words: 5760.0 sentences: 302.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007749-lt9is0is.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007749-lt9is0is.txt summary: Despite the fact that most EIDs originate in wildlife, few studies account for the population, community, or ecosystem ecology of the host, reservoir, or vector. The dimensions of ecological approaches to public health that we propose in this chapter are, in essence, networks of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem matrices incorporating concepts of complexity, resilience, and biogeochemical processes. Over the past few decades, ecologists have analyzed data from field observations, laboratory studies, and large-scale field experiments to describe the structure and dynamics of populations, their interactions within communities, and the complexity of ecosystems. Availability of resources, notably nutrients, is related to population dynamics, e.g., the life cycle of organisms, and community structure, such as food webs. In conclusion, the dimensions of ecological approaches to public health that we propose in this chapter are, in essence, networks of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem matrices incorporating concepts of complexity, resilience, and biogeochemical processes. abstract: One Health approaches have tended to focus on closer collaboration among veterinarians and medical professionals, but remain unclear about how ecological approaches could be applied or how they might benefit public health and disease control. In this chapter, we review ecological concepts, and discuss their relevance to health, with an emphasis on emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Despite the fact that most EIDs originate in wildlife, few studies account for the population, community, or ecosystem ecology of the host, reservoir, or vector. The dimensions of ecological approaches to public health that we propose in this chapter are, in essence, networks of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem matrices incorporating concepts of complexity, resilience, and biogeochemical processes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121839/ doi: 10.1007/82_2013_317 id: cord-293714-s6ezxi5r author: Principi, Nicola title: The role of infection in Kawasaki syndrome date: 2013-04-18 words: 6229.0 sentences: 323.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293714-s6ezxi5r.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293714-s6ezxi5r.txt summary: Further findings that strongly support an infectious origin of KS are those of Orenstein et al., who used light microscopy and TEM to study tissue specimens from 32 autopsies, eight heart transplants and an excised coronary aneurysm of patients with KS and identified three different vasculopathic processes: acute self-limited necrotising arteritis (NA), subacute/chronic vasculitis, and luminal myofibroplastic proliferation. More recently, Japanese and Taiwanese groups independently reported a significant association between KS and polymorphisms in the intergenic region on chromosome 8p23-p22 between B lymphoid kinase (BLK ), a tyrosine kinase involved in B-cell receptor signal transduction and FAM167A, a functionally uncharacterized gene. 117 They found that polymorphisms at BLK gene together with genetic abnormalities at CD40, were associated with KS at genomewide significance (p < 5.5  10 À8 ) confirming the role of immune activation and inflammation in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor gene polymorphisms with coronary artery lesions of Kawasaki disease abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyse the evidence suggesting a possible infectious origin of Kawasaki syndrome (KS). METHODS: PubMed was searched for all of the studies published over the last 15 years using the key words “Kawasaki syndrome” or “mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome” and “infectious disease” or “genetics” or “vasculitis” or “pathogenesis”. RESULTS: Various levels of evidence support the hypothesis that KS is a complex disease triggered by an infection due to one or more pathogens. Viruses or bacteria may be the primum movens, although no specific infectious agent can be considered definitely etiological. A number of genetic polymorphisms have been identified in subjects with KS, but none of them can currently be considered a real marker of susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS: Various data suggest that KS is intimately related to infectious diseases and that its clinical expression is influenced by predisposing genetic backgrounds, but our knowledge of the infectious agent(s) involved and the genetic characteristics of susceptible children remains only partial. Further studies are needed to address the many still open questions concerning the disease. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445313000777 doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.04.004 id: cord-282610-zim7nond author: Proal, Amy title: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity date: 2018-12-04 words: 12428.0 sentences: 723.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282610-zim7nond.txt summary: title: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in the Era of the Human Microbiome: Persistent Pathogens Drive Chronic Symptoms by Interfering With Host Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Immunity Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. The gut microbiome can initiate and promote colorectal cancer at all stages of tumorigenesis by acting as an inducer of DNA damage, generating epigenetic changes, regulating cell growth, and modulating host immune responses (80) . If ME/CFS is driven by successive infection, treatments that support or activate the human immune system could improve microbiome health by allowing patients to better target persistent pathogens. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to many of these persistent microbiome pathogens. In ME/CFS, the immune response, metabolism, central nervous system, and human gene expression are all linked by the activity of the microbiome and its associated proteins/metabolites. abstract: The illness ME/CFS has been repeatedly tied to infectious agents such as Epstein Barr Virus. Expanding research on the human microbiome now allows ME/CFS-associated pathogens to be studied as interacting members of human microbiome communities. Humans harbor these vast ecosystems of bacteria, viruses and fungi in nearly all tissue and blood. Most well-studied inflammatory conditions are tied to dysbiosis or imbalance of the human microbiome. While gut microbiome dysbiosis has been identified in ME/CFS, microbes and viruses outside the gut can also contribute to the illness. Pathobionts, and their associated proteins/metabolites, often control human metabolism and gene expression in a manner that pushes the body toward a state of illness. Intracellular pathogens, including many associated with ME/CFS, drive microbiome dysbiosis by directly interfering with human transcription, translation, and DNA repair processes. Molecular mimicry between host and pathogen proteins/metabolites further complicates this interference. Other human pathogens disable mitochondria or dysregulate host nervous system signaling. Antibodies and/or clonal T cells identified in patients with ME/CFS are likely activated in response to these persistent microbiome pathogens. Different human pathogens have evolved similar survival mechanisms to disable the host immune response and host metabolic pathways. The metabolic dysfunction driven by these organisms can result in similar clusters of inflammatory symptoms. ME/CFS may be driven by this pathogen-induced dysfunction, with the nature of dysbiosis and symptom presentation varying based on a patient's unique infectious and environmental history. Under such conditions, patients would benefit from treatments that support the human immune system in an effort to reverse the infectious disease process. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00373 doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00373 id: cord-297669-22fctxk4 author: Proudfoot, Chris title: Genome editing for disease resistance in pigs and chickens date: 2019-06-25 words: 4555.0 sentences: 237.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297669-22fctxk4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297669-22fctxk4.txt summary: The virus was thought to attach to CD169 to be taken up into the cells; however, genome-edited pigs lacking CD169 were not resistant to PRRSV infection (Prather et al., 2013) . Chicken somatic cell lines have been edited to introduce changes to this gene-conferring resistance to avian leucosis virus in vitro (Lee et al., 2017) . However, as the example for avian influenza shows, host genes play an important role in other steps of the pathogen replication cycle and also provide editing targets for disease resilience or resistance. Genome editing allows integration of the disease-resistance trait into a wider selection of pigs, ensuring genetic variability and maintenance of desirable traits. (D) Resistance genes may be identified in laboratory research but not in highly bred lines, making integration into those productive animals only possible using genome editing. She employs genome editing and genetic selection to generate animals genetically resistant to viral disease. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfz013 doi: 10.1093/af/vfz013 id: cord-003372-cpl7zf7f author: Provoost, Judith title: A retrospective study of factors associated with treatment decision for nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease in adults without altered systemic immunity date: 2018-12-14 words: 3386.0 sentences: 173.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003372-cpl7zf7f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003372-cpl7zf7f.txt summary: METHODS: This retrospective, single center study (2013–2016, 45 months) addressed the criteria supporting treatment decision among adults with NTM lung disease without systemic immunodeficiency at our institution, with the assigned goal to harmonize the practice. Patients'' characteristics at diagnosis were collected in order to perform analysis on 146 selected variables: demographics; history of predisposing factors; underlying pulmonary diseases; comorbidities; pulmonary function testing; respiratory bacterial or mycological co-infection(s), which definition was similar to NTM criteria, namely positive culture isolation of the same species from at least two separate expectorated sputum samples or a positive culture result from at least one bronchial wash or lavage; immunologic status; nutritional status; clinical features; microbiologic assessment through identification of NTM species on positive NTM cultures and sample culture conversions; radiologic features on high-resolution CT-scans (fibrocavitary disease or nodular/bronchiectasis disease); prior treatment for NTM lung disease, treatment combination and duration; outcome. abstract: BACKGROUND: Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung diseases are increasingly recognized as chronic opportunistic infections, occurring in individuals with a wide variety of underlying conditions. In the absence of systemic immunodeficiency, decision of NTM lung disease treatment must relies on a careful risk/benefit assessment, given the requirement of long-term administration of multidrug therapies supported by limited evidence. The primary objective was to identify the factors associated with anti-NTM treatment initiation. Clinical and radiological outcome upon treatment were studied. METHODS: This retrospective, single center study (2013–2016, 45 months) addressed the criteria supporting treatment decision among adults with NTM lung disease without systemic immunodeficiency at our institution, with the assigned goal to harmonize the practice. All patients matched the current international definitions of NTM lung disease according to the American Thoracic Society criteria. Factors associated with anti-NTM treatment were investigated by conditional logistic regression. Clinical and radiological outcomes of treated and untreated NTM-disease cases were examined. Mortality rate was assessed. An expert radiologist conducted a blinded computed tomography (CT)-scan review of the treated and untreated patients. RESULTS: Among 51 cases of NTM lung diseases, 25 (49%) received anti-NTM treatment. In univariate analysis, a body mass index (BMI) < 18 kg/m(2) (odds ratio (OR), 4.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–15.2]; p = 0.042), hemoptysis (OR, 11.8 [95% CI 1.35–12.9]; p = 0.026), excavation(s) (OR, 4.8 [95% CI 1.4–16.4], p = 0.012), prior anti-NTM treatment (OR, 5.65 [95% CI 1.06–29.9]; p = 0.042), Aspergillus spp. co-infection (OR, 6.3 [95% CI 1.8–22.2]; p = 0.004) were associated with treatment initiation. In multivariate analysis, Aspergillus spp. co-infection was the only independent determinant of treatment initiation (OR, 5.3 [95% CI 1.1–25.4]; p = 0.036). Twenty-one (81%) patients received ≥3 anti-NTM drugs. Median treatment duration and follow-up were 36.3 (interquartile range [IQR], 13.1–64.4) weeks and 17.1 (IQR, 8.7–27.1) months, respectively. Regarding radiological outcome, 85 CT-scans were reviewed, showing similar rates of regression or stabilization in treated and untreated patients. Overall mortality rate was not different in treated and untreated patients. CONCLUSION: The most relevant variable associated with anti-NTM treatment initiation was Aspergillus spp. co-infection. Radiological regression or stabilization of pulmonary lesions was not different between the treated and untreated patients. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6295085/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3559-x id: cord-354608-1me3nopu author: Rabinowicz, Shira title: COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population—Review and Current Evidence date: 2020-09-19 words: 5426.0 sentences: 298.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354608-1me3nopu.txt summary: By mid-August 2020, the World Health Organization reported over 23 million confirmed cases of infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), resulting in more than 710,000 death worldwide [1] . We review the current evidence of epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and indirect health consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on children. In reports from countries that were severely affected early in course of the pandemic, children comprise 1-2% the diagnosed COVID-19 cases, underrepresented compared with other age groups [3, [13] [14] [15] . In summary, children at any age may be infected with SARS-CoV-2, with reduced frequency and severity compared with adults, although clear epidemiologic data is still missing. Characteristics and outcomes of children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Pediatric Patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 and hyperinflammation in COVID-19. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has major health and economic impacts. We review disease characteristics in children. RECENT FINDINGS: Children comprise 1–2% of the diagnosed cases, and typically suffer mild disease. The median age of infected children is 3.3–11 years, and male/female ratio is 1.15–1.55. Common symptoms in children include upper respiratory symptoms (26–54%), cough (44–54%), fever (32–65%), and gastrointestinal (15–30%) symptoms. Substantial proportion (4–23%) are asymptomatic. Death rates are up to 0.7%. Risk factors associated with severe disease are neonatal age group, male gender, lower respiratory tract disease, and pre-existing medical conditions. Vertical transmission was reported. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS), characterized by fever, multisystem organ involvement, and laboratory markers of inflammation, causes critical illness in > 50% of cases and is increasingly reported from endemic countries. Indirect effects of the coronavirus epidemic include higher rates of psychiatric morbidities, education loss, unhealthy lifestyle changes, and increased child neglect. Vaccines are in clinical trials and immunogenicity has not yet been shown in children. SUMMARY: Overall, COVID-19 has lower incidence and causes milder disease in children compared with adult patients. MIS is a rare severe complication more common in children. More data on the efficacy and safety of antivirals in children are needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32982599/ doi: 10.1007/s11908-020-00739-6 id: cord-024088-020rgz5t author: Radandt, Siegfried title: Governance of Occupational Safety and Health and Environmental Risks date: 2008 words: 39337.0 sentences: 2132.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024088-020rgz5t.txt summary: Depending on the type of hazard, the three topics, namely, safety, health and the environment, may share the common trait that the proper handling of risks, i.e., how to reduce probabilities and/or consequences of unwanted events is not always possible within a risk management system. A number of new occupational health and safety hazards have already arisen or are foreseen, including problems with the ergonomics of video display units, and musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder-neck and arm-hand systems, information overload, psychological stress, and pressure to learn new skills. Both managers and workers often do not see the need to improve occupational safety and health or ergonomic issues and their possibilities and benefits by reducing or eliminating risks at work. The explanations below present the basic procedure for developing safety-relevant arrangements and solutions, i.e. the thinking and decision-making processes, as well as selecting criteria that are significant for the identification of unwelcome events, the risk of an event, the acceptance limits and the adoption of measures. abstract: Occupational safety and health (OSH) activities were started in the industrialized countries already 150 years ago. Separated and specific actions were directed at accident prevention, and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of occupational diseases. As industrialization has advanced, the complexity of safety and health problems and challenges has substantially grown, calling for more comprehensive approaches. Such development has expanded the scope, as well as blurred the borders between specific activities. In the modern world of work, occupational safety and health are part of a complex system that involves innumerable interdependencies and interactions. These are, for instance, safety, health, well-being, aspects of the occupational and general environment, corporate policies and social responsibility, community policies and services, community social environment, workers’ families, their civil life, lifestyles and social networks, cultural and religious environments, and political and media environments. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187950/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8289-4_4 id: cord-277635-e1ih1fkx author: Rahman, Md. Siddikur title: Defending against the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: How Can the Internet of Things (IoT) help to save the World? date: 2020-04-22 words: 1919.0 sentences: 112.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277635-e1ih1fkx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277635-e1ih1fkx.txt summary: • IoT within infectious disease epidemiology is an emerging field of research, however the ubiquitous availability of smart technologies, as well as increased risks of infectious disease spread through the globalization and interconnectedness of the world necessitates its use for predicting, preventing and controlling emerging infectious diseases; • Considering the present situation in China, IoT based smart disease surveillance systems have the potential to be a major breakthrough in efforts to control the current pandemic. A wealth of new technologies in the form of the Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining growing global attention 8 and becoming increasingly available for predicting, preventing and monitoring emerging infectious diseases. Smart disease surveillance systems based on IoT would provide simultaneous reporting and monitoring, end-to-end connectivity and affordability, data assortment and analysis, tracking and alerts, as well as options for remote medical assistance to be adopted, to detect and control zoonotic infectious disease outbreaks in China and other affected countries. abstract: • IoT within infectious disease epidemiology is an emerging field of research, however the ubiquitous availability of smart technologies, as well as increased risks of infectious disease spread through the globalization and interconnectedness of the world necessitates its use for predicting, preventing and controlling emerging infectious diseases; • Considering the present situation in China, IoT based smart disease surveillance systems have the potential to be a major breakthrough in efforts to control the current pandemic. With much of the infrastructure itself in place already (i.e. smartphones, wearable technologies, internet access) the role this technology can have in limiting the spread of the pandemic involves only the collection and analysis of data already gathered. • More research must be carried out for the development of automated and effective alert systems to provide early and timely detection of outbreaks of such diseases in order to reduce morbidity mortality and prevent global spread. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32322475/ doi: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.04.005 id: cord-258399-difauneh author: Rahmani, Amir Masoud title: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) prevention and treatment methods and effective parameters: A systematic literature review date: 2020-10-22 words: 10486.0 sentences: 586.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258399-difauneh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258399-difauneh.txt summary:  Providing a new-of-the-art taxonomy tree for evaluating the issue based on three baseline fields of treatment, and prevention facing methods, and the effective parameters in the COVID-19 outbreak  Providing a systematic literature review based on the proposed taxonomy tree  Covering detection, prediction, and management approaches against the disease according to three heads of treatment, prevention, and effective parameters  Supporting future scopes according to economic damages, treatment''s injuries, and people''s physical and mental damages after recovery and regarding social distancing''s rules in post-pandemic This tree covers the heads of all studies in the domain of the issue to investigate the effective parameters in the virus outbreak (Individual, ethnic, cultural, and social habits and environmental factors), prevention and detection''s role in facing the disease, and various therapies'' impact on improving patients'' with COVID-19 considering the treatment''s injuries. abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak was first identified in Wuhan in December 2019, which was declared a pandemic virus by the world health organization on March 11 in 2020. COVID-19 is an infectious disease and almost leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, the virus epidemic is a big problem for humanity healthy and can lead die in special people with background diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, chronic heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and kidney failure. Different medical, social, and engineering methods have been proposed to face the disease include treatment, detection, prevention, and prediction approaches. METHODS: We propose a taxonomy tree to investigate the disease confronting methods and their negative and positive effects. Our work consists of a case study and systematic literature review (SLR) to evaluate the proposed methods against the virus outbreak and disease epidemic. RESULTS: Our experimental results and observations demonstrate the impact of the proposed medical, prevention, detection, prediction, and social methods for facing the spread of COVID-19 from December 2019 to July 2020. CONCLUSION: Our case study can help people have more information about the disease and its impact on humanity healthy and illustrate effective self-caring methods and therapies. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2210670720307861 doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102568 id: cord-305195-e41yfo89 author: Rainwater-Lovett, Kaitlin title: Viral Epidemiology: Tracking Viruses with Smartphones and Social Media date: 2016-02-12 words: 6159.0 sentences: 269.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305195-e41yfo89.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305195-e41yfo89.txt summary: The discovery of viruses as "filterable agents" in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries greatly enhanced the study of viral epidemiology, allowing the characterization of infected individuals, risk factors for infection and disease, and transmission pathways. Traditional epidemiological methods measure the distribution of viral infections, diseases, and associated risk factors in populations in terms of person, place, and time using standard measures of disease frequency, study designs, and approaches to causal inference. Much can be learned about the epidemiology of viral infections using such traditional methods and many examples could be cited to establish the importance of these approaches, including demonstration of the mode of transmission of viruses by mosquitoes (e.g., yellow fever and West Nile viruses), the causal relationship between maternal viral infection and fetal abnormalities (e.g., rubella virus and cytomegalovirus), and the role of viruses in the etiology of cancer (e.g., Epstein-Barr and human papilloma viruses). The concepts and methods of infectious disease epidemiology provide the tools to understand changes in temporal and spatial patterns of viral infections and the impact of interventions. abstract: The science of epidemiology has been developed over the last 200 years, using traditional methods to describe the distribution of diseases by person, place, and time. However, in the last several decades, a new set of technologies has become available, based on the methods of computer sciences, systems biology, and the extraordinary powers of the Internet. Technological and analytical advances can enhance traditional epidemiological methods to study the emergence, epidemiology, and transmission dynamics of viruses and associated diseases. Social media are increasingly used to detect the emergence and geographic spread of viral disease outbreaks. Large-scale population movement can be estimated using satellite imagery and mobile phone use, and fine-scale population movement can be tracked using global positioning system loggers, allowing estimation of transmission pathways and contact patterns at different spatial scales. Advances in genomic sequencing and bioinformatics permit more accurate determination of viral evolution and the construction of transmission networks, also at different spatial and temporal scales. Phylodynamics links evolutionary and epidemiological processes to better understand viral transmission patterns. More complex and realistic mathematical models of virus transmission within human and animal populations, including detailed agent-based models, are increasingly used to predict transmission patterns and the impact of control interventions such as vaccination and quarantine. In this chapter, we will briefly review traditional epidemiological methods and then describe the new technologies with some examples of their application. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128009642000185 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800964-2.00018-5 id: cord-350408-rqlkwoya author: Rajewsky, Nikolaus title: LifeTime and improving European healthcare through cell-based interceptive medicine date: 2020-09-07 words: 8067.0 sentences: 316.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350408-rqlkwoya.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350408-rqlkwoya.txt summary: Central to LifeTime''s vision and approach is the development and integration of new technologies, such as single-cell multi-omics, high-content imaging, artificial intelligence (AI) and patient-derived experimental disease models. Handling these large molecular datasets will require sophisticated and distributed computational and bioinformatics infrastructures (see ''Implementation and infrastructure''), as well as the development of tools to integrate and ensure the interoperability of different data types, including single-cell multi-omics, medical information and electronic health records. The LifeTime disease roadmaps can be divided broadly into three phases 7 : first, immediate research into the identified medical challenges using established, scaled single-cell technologies, computational tools and disease models; second, the development of new technologies that are required to address specific medical challenges, including the development of spatial multi-omics and imaging approaches and advanced patient-derived model systems for longitudinal analyses; and finally, the application of these next-generation technologies to the longitudinal analyses of patient samples, or patient-derived models, combined with machine learning to generate patient trajectories and predictive models of disease. abstract: Here we describe the LifeTime Initiative, which aims to track, understand and target human cells during the onset and progression of complex diseases, and to analyse their response to therapy at single-cell resolution. This mission will be implemented through the development, integration and application of single-cell multi-omics and imaging, artificial intelligence and patient-derived experimental disease models during the progression from health to disease. The analysis of large molecular and clinical datasets will identify molecular mechanisms, create predictive computational models of disease progression, and reveal new drug targets and therapies. The timely detection and interception of disease embedded in an ethical and patient-centred vision will be achieved through interactions across academia, hospitals, patient associations, health data management systems and industry. The application of this strategy to key medical challenges in cancer, neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, and infectious, chronic inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases at the single-cell level will usher in cell-based interceptive medicine in Europe over the next decade. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2715-9 doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2715-9 id: cord-320463-4nchg95h author: Rampling, Tommy title: International Biological Reference Preparations for Epidemic Infectious Diseases date: 2019-02-17 words: 3946.0 sentences: 176.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320463-4nchg95h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320463-4nchg95h.txt summary: In 2015, WHO launched the Research and Development Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics, a global strategy and preparedness plan that seeks to build upon the successes and address the gaps identified during the 2014 EVD outbreak by focusing on severe, emerging diseases with the potential to create a public health emergency and for which inadequate treatment and preventive options are currently available (8, 9) . Although this accelerated production represents an impressive collaborative feat, the lack of availability of PCR, antigen, and antibody IRPs at the start of this EVD outbreak, and for subsequent outbreaks of infection with MERS-CoV and Zika virus, likely hampered development of accurate diagnostics and vaccines (16) . Although many previous clinical studies of the research and development blueprint priority diseases have resulted in collection and storage of plasma from convalescent patients, several obstacles would largely preclude these samples being repurposed to generate reference materials. abstract: Recent years have seen unprecedented investment in research and development for countermeasures for high-threat pathogens, including specific and ambitious objectives for development of diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines. The inadequate availability of biological reference materials for these pathogens poses a genuine obstacle in pursuit of these objectives, and the lack of a comprehensive and equitable framework for developing reference materials is a weakness. We outline the need for internationally standardized biological materials for high-threat pathogens as a core element of global health security. We also outline the key components of a framework for addressing this deficiency. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30666925/ doi: 10.3201/eid2502.180798 id: cord-018493-q24f86e9 author: Ranjan, Prabhat title: Importance of Natural Proteins in Infectious Diseases date: 2015-08-08 words: 3930.0 sentences: 209.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018493-q24f86e9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018493-q24f86e9.txt summary: Other extracellular proteins like invasive enzymes, e.g., coagulase, contributes to the formation of fibrin walls around staphylococcal lesions [10] ; exotoxins (proteins released extracellularly), like neurotoxin (Tetanus toxin, by Clostridium tetani, Botulinum toxin by Clostridium botulinum) [11] and cytotoxins (Diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium dipthereae) [12, 13] , also known as A-B toxins (consisting of 2 subunits: one binds to cell surface receptor and the other is transferred into the cell to damage the cell) [14] , cytolytic toxins (attacking cell constituents causing lysis) like hemolysins produced by Bordetella pertussis, inducing apoptosis of host cells, super antigen toxins (e.g., superantigen, sized 22KDa produced by 5-25 % of Staphylococcus aureus isolates, causing toxic shock syndrome (TSS) by stimulating the release of large amounts of interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor, etc.) [15] . Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are a group of evolutionarily conserved intracellular proteinaceous PRRs that play a vital role in innate immunity and host physiology, in both plants and animals [30, 31] . Heat shock proteins can be expressed on the surface of infected cells, and this is likely to provide a target for the innate immune response. abstract: Proteins are important biomolecules, extensively involved in almost all biological processes. A number of proteins are also implicated in infectious diseases. Bacterial proteins used in adhesion to host epithelium, bacterial toxins, and viral membrane glycoproteins are some of the proteins involved in infectious diseases. Even components of the host innate immune system like Toll-like receptors and Nod-like receptors and adaptive immune components like immunoglobulins aiding in defense against pathogens are important biological proteins. Chaperones like acid and heat shock proteins provide protection from high temperatures, metabolic poisons, and other stressful conditions. Several natural and artificial proteins are components of vaccines, a key strategy to control fatal diseases, lacking empirical treatment. It is necessary to investigate these proteins, to develop new biomedical tools and technologies, aiding in eradication of various diseases. Thus, further research should be carried out in this field, for saving and improving quality of human lives. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123379/ doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-2491-4_8 id: cord-331401-bhl729up author: Rantsios, A.T. title: Zoonoses date: 2015-09-22 words: 3338.0 sentences: 184.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331401-bhl729up.txt summary: Risk Table 3 The most important zoonoses in terms of human health impact, livestock impact, amenability to agricultural interventions, severity of disease, and emergence Data from the WHO and authoritative literature: when there are several authoritative estimates, the midpoint is given. -Responsible services to systematically search for potential sources of human infection from animal sources and the environment -Joint efforts and coordination among public health authorities and related professionals, both public and private -Risk communication and information sharing among responsible health services and close coordination to manage risks related to the movement and trade of livestock -Concerted actions for ○ good practices in the efficient implementation of biosecurity measures in farms and at border or territory crossings; ○ continuously reminding and training people, who work with livestock and in slaughterhouses, for the significant importance of personal hygiene practices; ○ the implementation of the One Health concept Zoonotic diseases are strongly influenced by social and economic practices. abstract: Zoonoses are “those diseases and infections which are naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and man.” Relevant lists of zoonotic diseases are presented. Factors, including environmental aspects that may influence the manifestation of zoonoses and their significance for public health, are discussed. Foodborne, nonfoodborne, and vector-borne diseases are presented, followed by an article on preventative actions and control measures. Specific reference is made to the ‘One Health’ concept, since, for zoonoses containment, an integrated approach and cooperation between all responsible health professionals, at all levels, is a sine qua non precondition. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123849472007704 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384947-2.00770-4 id: cord-266822-ecq50ye2 author: Rath, Barbara title: Influenza and other respiratory viruses: standardizing disease severity in surveillance and clinical trials date: 2017-05-12 words: 10809.0 sentences: 556.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266822-ecq50ye2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266822-ecq50ye2.txt summary: Disease burden due to influenza and other respiratory viral infections is reported on a population level, but clinical scores measuring individual changes in disease severity are urgently needed. Standardized measures of disease severity are urgently needed for clinical trials of vaccines and antivirals currently in development for ARI caused by influenza (FLU), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus (ADV), or human rhinovirus (HRV) [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Considering the variability in disease presentations and courses of illness with influenza and other respiratory viral infections in children, the ViVI Disease Severity Score is not intended to be validated against future clinical events or outcomes. Our contributions are the following: (A) The design of a hospital-based surveillance program and a unique QM cohort of more than 6000 children, where an independent QM team monitored patients daily using standardized clinical assessments and virology at the National Reference Centre for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. abstract: Introduction: Influenza-Like Illness is a leading cause of hospitalization in children. Disease burden due to influenza and other respiratory viral infections is reported on a population level, but clinical scores measuring individual changes in disease severity are urgently needed. Areas covered: We present a composite clinical score allowing individual patient data analyses of disease severity based on systematic literature review and WHO-criteria for uncomplicated and complicated disease. The 22-item ViVI Disease Severity Score showed a normal distribution in a pediatric cohort of 6073 children aged 0–18 years (mean age 3.13; S.D. 3.89; range: 0 to 18.79). Expert commentary: The ViVI Score was correlated with risk of antibiotic use as well as need for hospitalization and intensive care. The ViVI Score was used to track children with influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human rhinovirus, and adenovirus infections and is fully compliant with regulatory data standards. The ViVI Disease Severity Score mobile application allows physicians to measure disease severity at the point-of care thereby taking clinical trials to the next level. url: https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2017.1295847 doi: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1295847 id: cord-287737-tc4vulou author: Reavill, Drury R. title: Disease Overview of the Urinary Tract in Exotic Companion Mammals and Tips on Clinical Management date: 2019-11-20 words: 6962.0 sentences: 504.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287737-tc4vulou.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287737-tc4vulou.txt summary: Some clinical presentations and diagnostic procedures are described for ferrets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rats, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and sugar gliders, as well as therapies. The most common problems affecting the ferret urinary system described in the literature are Aleutian disease of the kidney, renal tumors, renal cysts, urolithiasis, and bacterial cystitis. In one author''s database (DRR), hydronephrosis, nephritis (all causes), and renal mineralization are the most common lesions of submitted kidneys. Treatment protocols are based on those for traditional pet species, and include fluid diuresis for renal insufficiency and failure, antibiotic therapy for bacterial nephritis, and basic surgical approaches to the kidney. The most common causes of renal disease reported in the literature are Encephalitozoon cuniculi, chronic renal failure in older rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and urolithiasis. One author (DRR) has seen 21 cases in adult guinea pigs (3-7 years of age), all with chronic renal lesions (fibrosing interstitial nephritis) out of 430 case submissions with kidneys (4.8%). abstract: Diseases of the urinary tract are reviewed, covering infectious (bacterial, viral, parasitic), degenerative, congenital, metabolic, nutritional, neoplastic, obstructive, and toxic causes. Some clinical presentations and diagnostic procedures are described for ferrets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, rats, chinchillas, hedgehogs, and sugar gliders, as well as therapies. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1094919419300581 doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2019.09.003 id: cord-312807-8v4r9jij author: Recht, Judith title: Host Diversity and Origin of Zoonoses: The Ancient and the New date: 2020-09-17 words: 5840.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt txt: ./txt/cord-312807-8v4r9jij.txt summary: ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. This disease is an example of human and domestic animal paleopathology studies suggesting brucellosis in ancient bone remains, with most cases involving adult male skeletal individuals showing lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints involved [44] , evidence which combined with ancient DNA analysis by PCR have confirmed the presence of Brucella DNA (reviewed in [45] ). Yellow fever (Table S2) , a reemerging viral zoonotic disease endemic in Africa and South America transmitted from vector mosquitoes, often causes outbreaks in both humans and nonhuman primates in Brazil. abstract: SIMPLE SUMMARY: There is a wide variety of diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are transmitted to humans by different routes from other animals. These diseases, known as zoonoses, represent 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases. There is a considerable impact of these diseases on the economy and health at local and global levels, including zoonotic diseases caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. The wide range of animal species that host these disease-causing organisms include all groups of mammals. Birds are the second significant animal group to act as hosts for zoonoses. Much progress has been made in understanding disease evolution and animal origin, with important contributions from fields such as paleopathology and analysis of DNA, applied to ancient human bone remains. The study of ancient diseases such as brucellosis and tuberculosis benefits from these approaches. More research is needed as new diseases emerge causing pandemics and some previously eradicated reemerge in some regions. Global efforts are focused, based on evidence generated by research, on the prevention of new pandemics. ABSTRACT: Bacterial, viral, and parasitic zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans from a wide variety of animal species that act as reservoir hosts for the causative organisms. Zoonoses contribute an estimated 75% of new or reemerging infectious diseases in humans. All groups of mammals have been shown to act as hosts for transmission of different organisms that cause zoonoses, followed in importance by birds; with both wild and domestic species identified as hosts in specific cases. There has been considerable research progress leading to a better understanding of the host range, animal origin, evolution, and transmission of important zoonoses, including those caused by the ingestion of food and products derived from animals. Paleopathology studies of ancient human bone lesions, in combination with ancient DNA analysis of the causative pathogen, have contributed to our understanding of the origin of zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis and mycobacterial zoonoses. However, there are still knowledge gaps and new confirmed and potential hosts are reported locally with some frequency. Both the economic cost and burden of disease of zoonoses are substantial at local and global levels, as reflected by recent coronavirus pandemics that spread rapidly around the world. Evidence-based prevention strategies are currently a global priority increasingly recognized, especially in zoonoses-affected regions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32957467/ doi: 10.3390/ani10091672 id: cord-003216-5qioku84 author: Rehman, Zaib Ur. title: Pathobiology of Avian avulavirus 1: special focus on waterfowl date: 2018-09-19 words: 5614.0 sentences: 277.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003216-5qioku84.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003216-5qioku84.txt summary: Besides the strong innate immune responses, waterfowl are generally considered long-term carrier of APMV-1 and disease outbreaks have been reported since 1997 [12] [13] [14] , and were confirmed by follow up experimental studies. Host innate immune responses of ducks infected with Newcastle disease viruses of different pathogenicities Pathotypical and genotypical characterization of strains of Newcastle disease virus isolated from outbreaks in chicken and goose flocks in some regions of China during Histopathological alterations in immune organs of chickens and ducks after experimental infection with virulent 9a5b newcastle disease virus Experimental co-infections of domestic ducks with a virulent Newcastle disease virus and low or highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses Phylogenetic diversity among low-virulence newcastle disease viruses from waterfowl and shorebirds and comparison of genotype distributions to those of poultry-origin isolates Genomic characterizations of a Newcastle disease virus isolated from ducks in live bird markets in China abstract: Avian avulaviruses serotype 1 (abbreviated as APMV-1 for the historical name avian paramyxovirus 1) are capable of infecting a wide spectrum of avian species with variable clinical symptoms and outcomes. Ease of transmission has allowed the virus to spread worldwide with varying degrees of virulence depending upon the virus strain and host species. The emergence of new virulent genotypes from global epizootics, and the year-to-year genomic changes in low and high virulence APMV-1 imply that distinct genotypes of APMV-1 are simultaneously evolving at different geographic locations across the globe. This vast genomic diversity may be favoured by large variety of avian species susceptibility to APMV-1 infection, and by the availability of highly mobile wild birds. It has long been considered that waterfowls are not sensitive to APMV-1 and are unable to show any clinical signs, however, outbreaks from the 90′s contradict these concepts. The APMV-1 isolates are increasingly reported from the waterfowl. Waterfowl have strong innate immune responses, which minimize the impact of virus infection, however, are unable to prevent the viral shedding. Numerous APMV-1 are carried by domestic waterfowl intermingling with terrestrial poultry. Therefore, commercial ducks and geese should be vaccinated against APMV-1 to minimize the virus shedding and for the prevention the transmission. Genetic diversity within APMV-1 demonstrates the need for continual monitoring of viral evolution and periodic updates of vaccine seed-strains to achieve efficient control and eradication of APMV-1 in waterfowls. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s13567-018-0587-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6148804/ doi: 10.1186/s13567-018-0587-x id: cord-308535-xe2pkahz author: Reinero, Carol R. title: Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats date: 2019-04-13 words: 4976.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-308535-xe2pkahz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-308535-xe2pkahz.txt summary: This Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine article seeks to define, describe putative causes, and discuss key diagnostic tests for primary and secondary bronchiolar disorders to propose a classification scheme in cats with support from a literature review and case examples. A case series of cats with CT or histopathologic evidence of bronchiolar lesions or both, either as a primary disorder or secondary to extension from large airway disease or interstitial lung disease, will be presented. • Lymphatics extend from respiratory bronchioles tracking back to the hilus of the lung in bronchovascular bundles and are present in the interlobular septa following venules back to the hilus; no lymphatics surround alveoli • Collectively, the cross-sectional area of the bronchioles is larger than the proximal airways; although they provide little resistance to airflow in the normal lung, even mild disease of the small airways can have severe detrimental effects on lung function 8, 9 In cats, there is a lack of a structure analogous to the secondary pulmonary lobule seen in humans. abstract: This Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine article seeks to define, describe putative causes, and discuss key diagnostic tests for primary and secondary bronchiolar disorders to propose a classification scheme in cats with support from a literature review and case examples. The small airways (bronchioles with inner diameters <2 mm), located at the transitional zone between larger conducting airways and the pulmonary acinus, have been overlooked as major contributors to clinical syndromes of respiratory disease in cats. Because the trigger for many bronchiolar disorders is environmental and humans live in a shared environment with similar susceptibility, understanding these diseases in pet cats has relevance to One Health. Thoracic radiography, the major imaging modality used in the diagnostic evaluation of respiratory disease in cats, has low utility in detection of bronchiolar disease. Computed tomography (CT) with paired inspiratory and expiratory scans can detect pathology centered on small airways. In humans, treatment of bronchiolar disorders is not well established because of heterogeneous presentations and often late definitive diagnosis. A review of the human and veterinary medical literature will serve as the basis for a proposed classification scheme in cats. A case series of cats with CT or histopathologic evidence of bronchiolar lesions or both, either as a primary disorder or secondary to extension from large airway disease or interstitial lung disease, will be presented. Future multi‐institutional and multidisciplinary discussions among clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists will help refine and develop this classification scheme to promote early and specific recognition and optimize treatment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30982233/ doi: 10.1111/jvim.15473 id: cord-254446-yxqbe1dj author: Ren, Yunzhao R. title: A Comprehensive Updated Review on SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19 date: 2020-05-29 words: 6723.0 sentences: 426.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-254446-yxqbe1dj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254446-yxqbe1dj.txt summary: The disease name -COVID-19‖ and the associated virus name -SARS-CoV-2‖ were coined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy, respectively, on February 11 1, 2 . Interestingly, pharyngeal swab viral nucleic acid screening results of 2,510 patients between January 23 and February 25 from a hospital fever clinic in Hunan Province (a neighboring province of Hubei) demonstrated that the positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 (1.3%) was lower than that of Influenza A (2.3%) and Influenza B (3.3%) 42 . Clinical characteristics of fatal and recovered cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study Effect of High vs Low Doses of Chloroquine Diphosphate as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial abstract: This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive current summary of the pathogenesis, clinical features, disease course, host immune responses, and current investigational antiviral and immunomodulatory pharmacotherapies, in order to facilitate the development of future therapies and measures for prevention and control. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32469437/ doi: 10.1002/jcph.1673 id: cord-028275-szb45jm2 author: Reza Khorramizadeh, M. title: Animal models for human disease date: 2020-06-26 words: 11604.0 sentences: 616.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-028275-szb45jm2.txt summary: To study the pathogenesis of RA, we explained collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model that reflects a characteristic feature of RA patients. For example, experimental animal models for diseases like rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis have been successfully employed to screen new bioengineered, chemical, or herbal therapeutics that might have the potential for the treatment of human patients. Furthermore, the biopsy analysis of clinically symptomless knee joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis shows active synovitis, highlighting the poor correlation between clinical assessment and disease progression, and the rapid development of polyarticular synovitis. The findings illustrate the consequences of progressive disease and have shown the need for the development of new and more effective therapies based on the therapeutic principles used for oncology; it means that treatment protocols for RA patients require the use of several therapeutic agents from different classes to be used in combination. abstract: This chapter introduces some types of animal models which are used for better understanding the disease mechanisms and its treatment. These experimental models fall into two categories: spontaneous models and induced models. Among the diseases, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as an autoimmune disease was considered. To study the pathogenesis of RA, we explained collagen-induced arthritis as an animal model that reflects a characteristic feature of RA patients. In addition, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) as an experimental model for multiple sclerosis (MS) was explained in detail to represent a standard method to investigate in its mechanism, finding the way for the amelioration of this incurable neurological disorder. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7329115/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00008-2 id: cord-304961-w0pm33fs author: Riad, Abanoub title: The Alarming Burden of Non‐Communicable Diseases in COVID‐19 New Normal: Implications on Oral Health date: 2020-06-18 words: 843.0 sentences: 58.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304961-w0pm33fs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304961-w0pm33fs.txt summary: The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) outbreak has triggered massive debates within dental professional organizations about prioritization of offered services, served groups, and required protective measures.(Volgenant et al., 2020) While navigating through the post‐outbreak era, we aim to demonstrate the importance of continuous global focus on the burden of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) such as oral diseases. Oral diseases are the most prevalent NCDs worldwide consuming one‐fifth of out‐of‐pocket health expenditure and being recognized as the third most expensive condition to treat in Europe.(Peres et al., 2019) The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends prioritizing common risk factor approaches in all interventions targeting NCDs in order to draw attention to the multifaceted relationship between oral diseases and chronic conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancers.(Sheiham & Watt, 2000) (Peres et al., 2019) The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends prioritizing common risk factor approaches in all interventions targeting NCDs in order to draw attention to the multifaceted relationship between oral diseases and chronic conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancers. abstract: The coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) outbreak has triggered massive debates within dental professional organizations about prioritization of offered services, served groups, and required protective measures.(Volgenant et al., 2020) While navigating through the post‐outbreak era, we aim to demonstrate the importance of continuous global focus on the burden of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) such as oral diseases. Oral diseases are the most prevalent NCDs worldwide consuming one‐fifth of out‐of‐pocket health expenditure and being recognized as the third most expensive condition to treat in Europe.(Peres et al., 2019) The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends prioritizing common risk factor approaches in all interventions targeting NCDs in order to draw attention to the multifaceted relationship between oral diseases and chronic conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancers.(Sheiham & Watt, 2000) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32557995/ doi: 10.1111/odi.13491 id: cord-007170-svsfu7fj author: Richt, J. A. title: Infection with Borna Disease Virus: Molecular and Immunobiological Characterization of the Agent date: 1992-06-17 words: 6125.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007170-svsfu7fj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007170-svsfu7fj.txt summary: Studies on BDV may help to illuminate several important areas of neurobiology, including the mechanisms regulating the replication of a new type of RNA virus in the nuclei of neural cells, the neuroinvasiveness and neurotropism of such viruses, their T cell-mediated immunopathology, tolerance in newborn animals to persistent viral infection of the central nervous system, and behavioral diseases and eating disorders induced by such agents. Persistently infected MDCK (Madin-Darby canine kidney) cells are widely used in indirect immunofluorescence assays for the detection of BDV-specific antibodies in serum and CSF of affected animals and humans [18, 20] . The pathological changes in the brain and retina of BDVinfected animals resemble certain types of encephalitis and Most studies on the pathogenesis of BDV infection have involved experimentally inoculated Lewis rats. Although infection of newborn rats resulted in persistent viral replication in the CNS as well as in visceral organs, these animals developed no inflammatory response or signs of Borna disease. abstract: Borna disease virus (BDV), which seems to be distinct from all other known viruses, exhibits a unique mechanism of pathogenesis. This review highlights several aspects of the biology of infection with this virus and summarizes the preliminary characterization of the agent. Studies on BDV may help to illuminate several important areas of neurobiology, including the mechanisms regulating the replication of a new type of RNA virus in the nuclei of neural cells, the neuroinvasiveness and neurotropism of such viruses, their T cell-mediated immunopathology, tolerance in newborn animals to persistent viral infection of the central nervous system, and behavioral diseases and eating disorders induced by such agents. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7109702/ doi: 10.1093/clinids/14.6.1240 id: cord-274019-dao10kx9 author: Rife, Brittany D title: Phylodynamic applications in 21(st) century global infectious disease research date: 2017-05-08 words: 6268.0 sentences: 280.0 pages: flesch: 30.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274019-dao10kx9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274019-dao10kx9.txt summary: These innovative tools have greatly enhanced scientific investigations of the temporal and geographical origins, evolutionary history, and ecological risk factors associated with the growth and spread of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika, and dengue and bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSIONS: Capitalizing on an extensive review of the literature, we discuss the evolution of the field of infectious disease epidemiology and recent accomplishments, highlighting the advancements in phylodynamics, as well as the challenges and limitations currently facing researchers studying emerging pathogen epidemics across the globe. The reliance on phylodynamic methods for estimating a pathogen''s population-level characteristics (e.g., effective population size) and their relationships with epidemiological data suffers from a high costincreasing the number of inference models, and thus parameters associated with these models, requires an even greater increase in the information content, or phylogenetic resolution, of the sequence alignment and associated phenotypic data. abstract: BACKGROUND: Phylodynamics, the study of the interaction between epidemiological and pathogen evolutionary processes within and among populations, was originally defined in the context of rapidly evolving viruses and used to characterize transmission dynamics. The concept of phylodynamics has evolved since the early 21(st) century, extending its reach to slower-evolving pathogens, including bacteria and fungi, and to the identification of influential factors in disease spread and pathogen population dynamics. RESULTS: The phylodynamic approach has now become a fundamental building block for the development of comparative phylogenetic tools capable of incorporating epidemiological surveillance data with molecular sequences into a single statistical framework. These innovative tools have greatly enhanced scientific investigations of the temporal and geographical origins, evolutionary history, and ecological risk factors associated with the growth and spread of viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika, and dengue and bacteria such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. CONCLUSIONS: Capitalizing on an extensive review of the literature, we discuss the evolution of the field of infectious disease epidemiology and recent accomplishments, highlighting the advancements in phylodynamics, as well as the challenges and limitations currently facing researchers studying emerging pathogen epidemics across the globe. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s41256-017-0034-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41256-017-0034-y doi: 10.1186/s41256-017-0034-y id: cord-325433-a2fynm75 author: Riggs, Shannon M. title: CHAPTER 17 GUINEA PIGS date: 2009-12-31 words: 8873.0 sentences: 566.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325433-a2fynm75.txt summary: The oral cavity of the guinea pig is very narrow with a small opening, making visualization diffi cult ( Figure 17 -5) . Because guinea pigs have stocky builds with short limbs, and because they resent aggressive restraint, sedation or anesthesia is helpful in obtaining diagnostic radiographs as well as in reducing the patient''s stress ( Figure 17 -11). Ultrasound is another imaging modality that is very useful in the diagnosis of common guinea pig disease processes, such as ovarian cysts (Figure 17 -12) and urinary tract calculi. 9 As guinea pig owners continue to demand high-quality care for their pets, these imaging techniques will likely become more commonplace in small mammal practice for these patients. Urolithiasis occurs commonly in pet guinea pigs, and the common clinical signs associated with the disease include stranguria and pollakiuria, vocalizing when urinating, and hematuria. 15 Many guinea pigs are carriers of the organism, which will cause clinical disease if the animal is stressed. abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the health and medical care issues of guinea pigs. Guinea pigs have wide bodies with short limbs. They have a short, flat nose, laterally placed eyes, and hairless external pinnae. The dentition of the guinea pig is described as aradicular hypsodont. Guinea pigs are best housed in well-ventilated, wire-sided cages with solid bottoms. If housed indoors, guinea pig enclosures do not require a cover, as these animals do not typically jump or climb. Heavy food containers are recommended to make dumping of the receptacle more difficult. All food containers should be easy to disinfect and should be cleaned regularly, because guinea pigs have a habit of soiling their food bowls. These animals, native to the Andes Mountains, are very susceptible to hyperthermia and should never be housed in temperatures greater than 80°F. High humidity can also exacerbate a guinea pig's sensitivity to elevated temperatures by increasing the heat index. Guinea pigs often do not exhibit clinical signs early in a disease process. Therefore, a thorough physical examination can be extremely useful in determining the overall health status of the animal. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781416001195500202 doi: 10.1016/b978-141600119-5.50020-2 id: cord-287258-m4so4il0 author: Riley, David title: Looking Back, Looking Forward date: 2014-01-01 words: 806.0 sentences: 53.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-287258-m4so4il0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287258-m4so4il0.txt summary: Today, people around the world are spending billions of dollars annually on vitamins and supplements despite limited scientific evidence that regular supplementation is useful for the prevention of disease. In 1900, the annual mortality rate from infectious diseases in the United States was approximately 800 per 100 000, falling to 63 deaths per 100 000 in 1996. A recent randomized trial showed that a Mediterranean diet reduced the risk of diabetes among persons at high risk for cardiovascular disease. 3 Do the new risk prediction algorithms 4 derived from industry-sponsored trials encourage overtreatment 5 at the expense of a healthy diet and lifestyle in the prevention of cardiovascular disease? These efforts encourage increased collaborations among the global science community as convergences in health and medicine support the development of a worldwide research infrastructure. Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th century Statins: new American guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2014.001 doi: 10.7453/gahmj.2014.001 id: cord-304720-0lgup7yj author: Robbins, R.C. title: Swine Diseases and Disorders date: 2014-08-21 words: 12872.0 sentences: 837.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304720-0lgup7yj.txt summary: The industry significance, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, postmortem and histpathologic lesions, diagnostic testing, and generic treatment, control, and prevention are described. Important history to understand from caretakers includes: age of pigs affected, duration of clinical signs, morbidity rate, mortality rate, treatments administered, response to treatments, and any other important information regarding previous diagnoses or disease in the affected group of animals. Records include but are not limited to: where the animals originated from; number in the herd; age; daily mortality; number treated; name of treatment, route of delivery and dose; feed and water usage; high-low temperatures; and vaccinations received or administered. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. Postweaning infections result in a high morbidity but low mortality; most significant economic losses at this time are caused by reduced average daily gain, market weights, and overall system efficiency. abstract: Swine diseases and disorders that are significant in modern, commercial swine production systems are organized by body system; the reader will need to know basic anatomy and physiology. The industry significance, etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, postmortem and histpathologic lesions, diagnostic testing, and generic treatment, control, and prevention are described. Diseases of a particular system are summarized in a differential diagnosis table. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780444525123001340 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52512-3.00134-0 id: cord-004957-erigjz4g author: Robertson, Colin title: Towards a geocomputational landscape epidemiology: surveillance, modelling, and interventions date: 2015-11-30 words: 7677.0 sentences: 349.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004957-erigjz4g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004957-erigjz4g.txt summary: While landscape epidemiology studies have shed light on many aspects of disease distribution and risk differentials across geographies, new computational methods combined with new data sources such as citizen sensors, global spatial datasets, sensor networks, and growing availability and variety of satellite imagery offer opportunities for a more integrated approach to understanding these relationships. In practice, this step of analysis might be used to develop spatial variables that are used in a study aimed at the ''characterize the assemblage'' step, or may be the Fig. 1 Framework for geocomputational landscape epidemiology which moves from lower level complexity of a describing patterns, b describing processes that interact with those patterns, c examining how patterns and processes contribute to disease risk and healthpromoting factors, and d evaluating final information products (maps or other) and link these to research gaps and knowledge uses GeoJournal (2017) 82:397-414 403 objective of analysis. abstract: The ability to explicitly represent infectious disease distributions and their risk factors over massive geographical and temporal scales has transformed how we investigate how environment impacts health. While landscape epidemiology studies have shed light on many aspects of disease distribution and risk differentials across geographies, new computational methods combined with new data sources such as citizen sensors, global spatial datasets, sensor networks, and growing availability and variety of satellite imagery offer opportunities for a more integrated approach to understanding these relationships. Additionally, a large number of new modelling and mapping methods have been developed in recent years to support the adoption of these new tools. The complexity of this research context results in study-dependent solutions and prevents landscape approaches from deeper integration into operational models and tools. In this paper we consider three common research contexts for spatial epidemiology; surveillance, modelling to estimate a spatial risk distribution and the need for intervention, and evaluating interventions and improving healthcare. A framework is proposed and a categorization of existing methods is presented. A case study into leptospirosis in Sri Lanka provides a working example of how the different phases of the framework relate to real research problems. The new framework for geocomputational landscape epidemiology encompasses four key phases: characterizing assemblages, characterizing functions, mapping interdependencies, and examining outcomes. Results from Sri Lanka provide evidence that the framework provides a useful way to structure and interpret analyses. The framework reported here is a new way to structure existing methods and tools of geocomputation that are increasingly relevant to researchers working on spatially explicit disease-landscape studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087791/ doi: 10.1007/s10708-015-9688-5 id: cord-281177-2eycqf8o author: Robertson, Colin title: Review of methods for space–time disease surveillance date: 2010-02-20 words: 8860.0 sentences: 449.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-281177-2eycqf8o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281177-2eycqf8o.txt summary: Surveillance systems serve a variety of public health functions (e.g., outbreak detection, control planning) by integrating data representing human and/or animal health with statistical methods (Diggle, 2003) , visualization tools (Moore et al., 2008) , and increasingly, linkage with other geographic datasets within a GIS (Odiit et al., 2006) . Space-time scan statistics are able to detect and locate clusters of disease, and can condition expected counts for individual sub-regions on population data or on previous case data, making these methods suitable for implementation where data volume is large. At the root of the problem is a conceptual discrepancy between the definition of a disease outbreak (which disease surveillance systems are often interested in detecting) and a disease cluster (defined by spatial proximity) which is common to all statistical testing methods for space-time surveillance (Lawson, 2005) . abstract: A review of some methods for analysis of space–time disease surveillance data is presented. Increasingly, surveillance systems are capturing spatial and temporal data on disease and health outcomes in a variety of public health contexts. A vast and growing suite of methods exists for detection of outbreaks and trends in surveillance data and the selection of appropriate methods in a given surveillance context is not always clear. While most reviews of methods focus on algorithm performance, in practice, a variety of factors determine what methods are appropriate for surveillance. In this review, we focus on the role of contextual factors such as scale, scope, surveillance objective, disease characteristics, and technical issues in relation to commonly used approaches to surveillance. Methods are classified as testing-based or model-based approaches. Reviewing methods in the context of factors other than algorithm performance highlights important aspects of implementing and selecting appropriate disease surveillance methods. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sste.2009.12.001 doi: 10.1016/j.sste.2009.12.001 id: cord-349451-vak2p7ac author: Rocha, Francisco Airton Castro title: Microbes, Helminths and Rheumatic Diseases date: 2020-05-07 words: 7465.0 sentences: 355.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349451-vak2p7ac.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349451-vak2p7ac.txt summary: Studies suggest the billions of germs that compose the gut microbiota influence one''s innate and adaptive immune responses at the intestinal level, but these microorganisms may also impact rheumatic diseases. Evidence indicates that changes in the gut microbiome alter the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis but also of other disorders like atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis. The pathogenesis of Chlamydia-related arthritis can be considered distinct from that associated with enteric bacteria since it involves metabolically active organisms residing long-term within monocytic cells in synovial tissues, after resolution of the primary genital infection and migration of the cells to the joint, a process that is known as persistence [56, [61] [62] [63] . Studies indicate inflammatory bowel disease, or, at least, intestinal inflammation, is more prevalent in SpA patients (AS or others) and some genes associated with AS are also associated with IBD [83, 85] , including genes related to gut physiology and immunology. abstract: There has been a progressive interest on the modifications of the human defense system following insults occurring in the interface between our body and the external environment, as they may provoke or worsen disease states. Studies suggest the billions of germs that compose the gut microbiota influence one’s innate and adaptive immune responses at the intestinal level, but these microorganisms may also impact rheumatic diseases. The microbiota of the skin, respiratory and urinary tracts may also be relevant in rheumatology. Evidence indicates that changes in the gut microbiome alter the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis but also of other disorders like atherosclerosis and osteoarthritis. Therapeutic strategies to modify the microbiota, including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation, have been received with skepticism, which, in turn, has drawn attention back to previously developed interventions such as antibiotics. Helminths adapted to humans over the evolution process, but their role in disease modulation, particularly immune-mediated diseases, remains to be understood. The present review focuses on data concerning modifications of the immune system induced by interactions with microbes and pluricellular organisms, namely helminths, and their impact on rheumatic diseases. Practical aspects, including specific microbiota-targeted therapies, are also discussed. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1521694220300450 doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2020.101528 id: cord-225429-pz9lsaw6 author: Rodrigues, Helena Sofia title: Optimal Control and Numerical Optimization Applied to Epidemiological Models date: 2014-01-29 words: 32061.0 sentences: 2066.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-225429-pz9lsaw6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-225429-pz9lsaw6.txt summary: This PhD thesis is motivated by the study of epidemiological models applied to infectious diseases in an Optimal Control perspective, giving particular relevance to Dengue. Moreover, it is our aim to frame the disease management question into an optimal control problem requiring the maximization/minimization of some objective function that depends on the infected individuals (biological issues) and control costs (economic issues), given some initial conditions. The aim of this section is to present a mathematical model to study the dynamic of the Dengue epidemics, in order to minimize the investments in disease''s control, since financial resources are always scarce. This Assuming that the parameters are fixed, the only variable that can influence this threshold is the control variable c, it has shown that with a steady insecticide campaign it is possible to reduce the number of infected humans and mosquitoes, and can prevent an outbreak that could transform an epidemiological episode to an endemic disease. abstract: The relationship between epidemiology, mathematical modeling and computational tools allows to build and test theories on the development and battling of a disease. This PhD thesis is motivated by the study of epidemiological models applied to infectious diseases in an Optimal Control perspective, giving particular relevance to Dengue. Dengue is a subtropical and tropical disease transmitted by mosquitoes, that affects about 100 million people per year and is considered by the World Health Organization a major concern for public health. The mathematical models developed and tested in this work, are based on ordinary differential equations that describe the dynamics underlying the disease, including the interaction between humans and mosquitoes. An analytical study is made related to equilibrium points, their stability and basic reproduction number. The spreading of Dengue can be attenuated through measures to control the transmission vector, such as the use of specific insecticides and educational campaigns. Since the development of a potential vaccine has been a recent global bet, models based on the simulation of a hypothetical vaccination process in a population are proposed. Based on Optimal Control theory, we have analyzed the optimal strategies for using these controls, and respective impact on the reduction/eradication of the disease during an outbreak in the population, considering a bioeconomic approach. The formulated problems are numerically solved using direct and indirect methods. The first discretize the problem turning it into a nonlinear optimization problem. Indirect methods use the Pontryagin Maximum Principle as a necessary condition to find the optimal curve for the respective control. In these two strategies several numerical software packages are used. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1401.7390v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-293421-0ksn0fc7 author: Rodriguez, J. M. title: Detection of animal pathogens by using the polymerasechain reaction (PCR) date: 1997-05-31 words: 9106.0 sentences: 559.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293421-0ksn0fc7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293421-0ksn0fc7.txt summary: Summary The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a nucleic acid-based technique that enables the rapid and sensitive detection of specific micro-organisms. Althougla PCR has some shortcomings, such as the problems caused by contaminants and inhibitors or the lack of suitable sequences for designing specific primers, the outstanding research effort focused on tiffs technique, together with the remarkable development of molecular biology have minimized the deficiencies and allowed its increased general use as a diagnostic tool. Sensitive studies using reference strains of BVDV fi-om persistently infected carriers have shown that reverse transo-iption (RT)-PCR has greater sensitivity than other tests, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Horner el aL, 1995) ; unfortunately, cost currently makes this technique unsuitahle for large-scale testing but it should be valuahle as a coniirmatm T test in cases where ELISA resuhs are in the ''suspicious range'' or where the viral titre is low, such as in batches of foetal bovine serum. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and virus isolation for detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease in clinical samples from naturally infected deer abstract: Summary The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a nucleic acid-based technique that enables the rapid and sensitive detection of specific micro-organisms. Although this technique is widely used in veterinary research, it has not yet found applications in routine microbiological analysis of veterinary clinical samples. However, advances in sample preparation together with the increasing availability of specific gene sequences will probably lead to the more widespread diagnostic use of PCR in the future. PCR is likely to have a strong impact in the epidemiology, treatment and prevention of animal infectious diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9232118/ doi: 10.1016/s1090-0233(97)80063-9 id: cord-294312-ju6vuywm author: Rohde, Rodney E. title: Common Myths and Legends of Rabies date: 2019-04-19 words: 4488.0 sentences: 281.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294312-ju6vuywm.txt summary: While in fact, today''s treatment regimen is typically only four vaccinations (five for immunocompromised individuals) in the arm, plus a dose of humane rabies immune globulin (HRIG). A viral disease of the central nervous system, rabies transmits between animals, including humans, when saliva containing the virus enters an opening in the skin. Usually, the rabies virus enters through the bite of a rabid animal, but transmission can also occur when infected saliva enters through mucous membranes or a break in the skin. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the first clinical signs and symptoms of rabies may be very similar to those of the flu including general weakness or discomfort, fever, or headache. For the rabies virus to get to the salivary glands, it has to travel first from the site of entry (usually a bite wound) through the animal''s nervous system, then to the brain. abstract: Humankind has somewhat of a dark, yet almost fascinating, supernatural relationship with rabies. Even after Pasteur's rabies vaccine discovery, globally people continue to be stricken with it today. History has carried along the myths and legends that surround this diabolical virus. Some still believe that rabies treatment requires 20 or more shots to the stomach by some monstrously long needle. However, today's treatment regimen is typically only four vaccinations (five for immunocompromised) in the arm, plus human rabies immune globulin. This chapter explores the misunderstood concepts of rabies prevalence, signs and symptoms, exposures, and treatment protocols. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323639798000052 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-63979-8.00005-2 id: cord-328655-55ebve2k author: Rohr, Jason R. title: Frontiers in climate change–disease research date: 2011-04-12 words: 5726.0 sentences: 292.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328655-55ebve2k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328655-55ebve2k.txt summary: We suggest that forecasts of climate-change impacts on disease can be improved by more interdisciplinary collaborations, better linking of data and models, addressing confounding variables and context dependencies, and applying metabolic theory to host–parasite systems with consideration of community-level interactions and functional traits. We suggest that forecasts of climate-change impacts on disease can be improved by more interdisciplinary collaborations, better linking of data and models, addressing confounding variables and context dependencies, and applying metabolic theory to host-parasite systems with consideration of community-level interactions and functional traits. Third, the emphasis of metabolic theory has been on effects of mean temperature, but changes in other climatic components, such as precipitation and climatic variability, also could impact species interactions (Figure 2 ), especially for parasites with life stages outside the host. abstract: The notion that climate change will generally increase human and wildlife diseases has garnered considerable public attention, but remains controversial and seems inconsistent with the expectation that climate change will also cause parasite extinctions. In this review, we highlight the frontiers in climate change–infectious disease research by reviewing knowledge gaps that make this controversy difficult to resolve. We suggest that forecasts of climate-change impacts on disease can be improved by more interdisciplinary collaborations, better linking of data and models, addressing confounding variables and context dependencies, and applying metabolic theory to host–parasite systems with consideration of community-level interactions and functional traits. Finally, although we emphasize host–parasite interactions, we also highlight the applicability of these points to climate-change effects on species interactions in general. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0169534711000711 doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2011.03.002 id: cord-331255-t85yioyl author: Rohr, Jason R. title: Emerging human infectious diseases and the links to global food production date: 2019-06-11 words: 9087.0 sentences: 395.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331255-t85yioyl.txt summary: Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Meeting the United Nations'' Sustainable Development Goal, to "eradicate hunger" (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/) for this expanding human population will necessitate a large increase in food supplies, with major changes to agricultural production and distribution systems, infrastructure and social protection programmes 6 (Fig. 3) . As livestock and aquaculture production expand to address growing food demands, it is likely that current antibiotics and anthelmintics will become less effective because of evolved resistance, and thus infectious diseases of domesticated animals and humans will be more difficult to treat 75 . abstract: Infectious diseases are emerging globally at an unprecedented rate while global food demand is projected to increase sharply by 2100. Here, we synthesize the pathways by which projected agricultural expansion and intensification will influence human infectious diseases and how human infectious diseases might likewise affect food production and distribution. Feeding 11 billion people will require substantial increases in crop and animal production that will expand agricultural use of antibiotics, water, pesticides and fertilizer, and contact rates between humans and both wild and domestic animals, all with consequences for the emergence and spread of infectious agents. Indeed, our synthesis of the literature suggests that, since 1940, agricultural drivers were associated with >25% of all — and >50% of zoonotic — infectious diseases that emerged in humans, proportions that will likely increase as agriculture expands and intensifies. We identify agricultural and disease management and policy actions, and additional research, needed to address the public health challenge posed by feeding 11 billion people. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32219187/ doi: 10.1038/s41893-019-0293-3 id: cord-311834-1vzntckq author: Rondeau, Mark P. title: Hepatitis and Cholangiohepatitis date: 2014-06-25 words: 4027.0 sentences: 258.0 pages: flesch: 31.0 cache: ./cache/cord-311834-1vzntckq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-311834-1vzntckq.txt summary: • Successful treatment of the patient with hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis involves addressing the underlying disease or inciting cause and providing aggressive symptomatic therapy and supportive care. • Successful treatment of the patient with hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis involves addressing the underlying disease or inciting cause and providing aggressive symptomatic therapy and supportive care. This chapter discusses the clinical presentation of animals with hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis and outlines the most commonly recognized clinical syndromes with respect to diagnosis and treatment of the specific disease. Effective treatment of patients with hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis includes specific therapy of any identified inciting cause and aggressive symptomatic and supportive therapy. Lymphocytic cholangitis (LC) is a chronic form of disease that is characterized histologically by a mixed inflammatory infiltrate (typically small lymphocytes, or lymphocytes and plasma cells) within portal areas and is associated with varying degrees of fibrosis and bile duct hyperplasia. abstract: • Hepatitis is defined as any inflammatory cell infiltrate within the hepatic parenchyma; the term cholangiohepatitis describes the extension of that inflammation to include the intrahepatic bile ducts. • Although many causes of hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis have been described in dogs and cats, the cause in many cases remains unknown. • A suspicion of hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis may be based on supportive historical, physical examination, and clinicopathologic findings that are similar for most causes of hepatic disease. A diagnosis of hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis is made ultimately via histopathologic evaluation of hepatic tissue. • The mechanisms of hepatocellular injury in animals with hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis are poorly understood. Elucidation of these mechanisms may provide the basis for future therapeutic options. • Successful treatment of the patient with hepatitis or cholangiohepatitis involves addressing the underlying disease or inciting cause and providing aggressive symptomatic therapy and supportive care. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978145570306700115X doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0306-7.00115-x id: cord-279008-gioqkeda author: Rosenthal, Joshua title: Climate Change and the Geographic Distribution of Infectious Diseases date: 2010-05-25 words: 4045.0 sentences: 187.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-279008-gioqkeda.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279008-gioqkeda.txt summary: Although we are still at an early stage in our ability to make predictions for these extraordinarily complex phenomena, we are beginning to see some general patterns with regard to the important geophysical factors that govern biological basis for distribution change, the role of transport of disease, vectors and hosts, the biotic assemblages that influence establishment, and the socioeconomic conditions that constrain or enhance these dynamics. Underlying most predictions for climate change effects on parasite and pathogen distribution are the physiological factors that regulate survivorship, reproduction, and transmission, and their interaction with extrinsic environmental changes associated with climate: precipitation, humidity, air and water temperature, principally. Based largely on studies of vector and/or parasite development, warming and increases in humidity are predicted to open up new zones for malaria in Africa (Epstein et al., 1998; Martens, 1999) , parasitic nematodes in the Arctic (Kutz et al., 2005) , West Nile Virus (Reisen et al., 2006) , Lyme disease in North America (Ogden et al., 2008) , and Schistosomiasis in China (Zhou et al., 2008) . abstract: Our ability to predict the effects of climate change on the spread of infectious diseases is in its infancy. Numerous, and in some cases conflicting, predictions have been developed, principally based on models of biological processes or mapping of current and historical disease statistics. Current debates on whether climate change, relative to socioeconomic determinants, will be a major influence on human disease distributions are useful to help identify research needs but are probably artificially polarized. We have at least identified many of the critical geophysical constraints, transport opportunities, biotic requirements for some disease systems, and some of the socioeconomic factors that govern the process of migration and establishment of parasites and pathogens. Furthermore, we are beginning to develop a mechanistic understanding of many of these variables at specific sites. Better predictive understanding will emerge in the coming years from analyses regarding how these variables interact with each other. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-010-0314-1 doi: 10.1007/s10393-010-0314-1 id: cord-347872-naz24vct author: Rostal, Melinda K. title: Wildlife: The Need to Better Understand the Linkages date: 2012-11-02 words: 10049.0 sentences: 479.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt txt: ./txt/cord-347872-naz24vct.txt summary: In the first attempt to classify the underlying drivers of disease emergence, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) identified six factors including: human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; microbial adaptation and change; and breakdown of public health measures (Lederberg et al. Wildlife health surveillance can be used to better understand the pool of pathogens that may spillover into people or domestic animals; it can also be used to track the spread of wildlife diseases through populations. As zoonotic disease surveillance in wildlife clearly represents a great challenge (i.e., there are 5,000+ mammal species globally), predictive modeling and known patterns in host range can be used to focus the effort on the species and pathogens that pose the greatest risk of zoonotic emergence. abstract: Wildlife are frequently a neglected component of One Health; however, the linkages between the health of wildlife and human, domestic animal, and environmental health are clear. The majority of emerging zoonotic diseases are linked to wildlife, primarily driven by anthropogenic land changes. Despite this risk, wildlife have important links to people as environmental indicators, food security and safety, and through human livelihoods. This chapter will describe these linkages and demonstrate the need to understand these linkages through targeted surveillance and understanding the ecology of wildlife diseases. While the management of wildlife diseases presents a significant challenge, such practices will greatly improve the health of people, domestic animals, wildlife and the environment. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23117192/ doi: 10.1007/82_2012_271 id: cord-018620-3kqx8arn author: Rueda, Mario title: Hepatic Failure date: 2016-10-09 words: 13808.0 sentences: 842.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018620-3kqx8arn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018620-3kqx8arn.txt summary: In this chapter we will discuss the definition, clinical manifestations, workup, and management of acute and chronic liver failure and the general principles of treatment of these patients. Other mechanisms that may explain this symptom include the endogenous opioids theory which proposes that the liver failure patient has elevated opioid levels secondary to decrease clearance and metabolism. Past medical history plays a key role in determining if the patient has chronic liver disease or if they are experiencing an acute failure. A decrease in glutathione levels, enhanced cytochrome P450 activity secondary to medication use, acetaminophen overdose, or decreased liver function from chronic disease make patients more susceptible to developing toxicity. Patients with hepatitis secondary to shock present with several symptoms related to their hemodynamic instability including altered mental status, respiratory distress, severe hypotension, and renal failure. abstract: The progression of liver disease can cause several physiologic derangements that may precipitate hepatic failure and require admission to an intensive care unit. The underlying pathology may be acute, acute-on chronic, or chronic in nature. Liver failure may manifest with a variety of clinical signs and symptoms that need prompt attention. The compromised synthetic and metabolic activity of the failing liver affects all organ systems, from neurologic to integumentary. Supportive care and specific therapies should be instituted in order to improve outcome and minimize time of recovery. In this chapter we will discuss the definition, clinical manifestations, workup, and management of acute and chronic liver failure and the general principles of treatment of these patients. Management of liver failure secondary to certain common etiologies will also be presented. Finally, liver transplantation and alternative therapies will also be discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123541/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-33341-0_18 id: cord-264408-vk4lt83x author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2017-06-23 words: 34464.0 sentences: 1865.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264408-vk4lt83x.txt summary: Well-developed animal models are necessary to understand disease progression, pathogenesis, and immunologic responses to viral infections in humans. NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus are monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. Intracerebral and IN routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose while intradermal (ID) and subQ inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus (liu et al., 1970) . Ferrets infected with Hendra or Nipah virus display the same clinical disease as seen in the hamster model and human cases (Bossart et al., 2009; Pallister et al., 2011) . Characterization studies with IFNAr −/− mice challenged with different routes (IP, IN, IM, and subQ) showed that CCHFV causes acute disease with high viral loads, pathology in liver and lymphoid tissues, increased proinflammatory response, severe thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and death, all of which are characteristics of human disease . abstract: As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naïve population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. Recent outbreaks of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus, Ebola virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus illustrate the emerging threats that are encountered. By utilizing animal models in this endeavor, the host response to viruses can be studied in a more complex and integrated context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products rapidly. This is especially true in the advent and implementation of the FDA animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to consider prior to an animal study are route of viral exposure, species of animal, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128094686000334 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-809468-6.00033-4 id: cord-319933-yp9ofhi8 author: Ruiz, Sara I. title: Chapter 38 Animal Models of Human Viral Diseases date: 2013-12-31 words: 28834.0 sentences: 1797.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319933-yp9ofhi8.txt summary: An experimental study with cell culture-adapted hepatitis Avirus in guinea pigs challenged by oral or intraperitoneal routes did not result in clinical disease, increase in liver enzymes, or seroconversion. 32 NHPs including marmosets, cotton-top tamarins, and rhesus macaques infected with Norwalk virus can be monitored for the extent of viral shedding; however, no clinical disease is observed in these models. 66, 67 Intracerebral and intranasal routes of infection resulted in a fatal disease that was highly dependent on dose, while intradermal and subcutaneous inoculations caused only 50% fatality in mice regardless of the amount of virus. A mouse-adapted (MA) strain of Dengue virus 2 introduced into AG129 mice developed vascular leak syndrome similar to the severe disease seen in humans. [138] [139] [140] [141] [142] [143] [144] Inoculation of WNV into NHPs intracerebrally resulted in the development of either encephalitis, febrile disease, or an asymptomatic infection, depending on the virus strain and dose. abstract: Abstract As the threat of exposure to emerging and reemerging viruses within a naive population increases, it is vital that the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and immune response be thoroughly investigated. By using animal models in this endeavor, the response to viruses can be studied in a more natural context to identify novel drug targets, and assess the efficacy and safety of new products. This is especially true in the advent of the Food and Drug Administration's animal rule. Although no one animal model is able to recapitulate all the aspects of human disease, understanding the current limitations allows for a more targeted experimental design. Important facets to be considered before an animal study are the route of challenge, species of animals, biomarkers of disease, and a humane endpoint. This chapter covers the current animal models for medically important human viruses, and demonstrates where the gaps in knowledge exist. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124158948000385 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415894-8.00038-5 id: cord-292604-x9amm87g author: Rupali, Priscilla title: Introduction to Tropical Medicine date: 2019-03-31 words: 3862.0 sentences: 212.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-292604-x9amm87g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292604-x9amm87g.txt summary: Air pollution: Among the tropical regions, Southeast Asia reported the greatest increase in CO2 emissions leading to a decreased air quality followed by South Asia and South America, which has significantly impacted the climate and led to higher weather-related mortality and morbidity, infectious disease rates, and respiratory illnesses. Foodborne illnesses are defined by the WHO as diseases of infectious or toxic nature caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water. Foodborne diseases result in considerable morbidity and mortality, and contribute to significant costs in tropical countries. Foodborne parasitic diseases excluding enteric protozoa cause an estimated 23.2 million cases and 45,927 deaths annually resulting in an estimated 6.64 million DALYs. 5 Among these foodborne ascariasis and toxoplasmosis were common Tropical Health contributing to 12.3 and 10.3 million cases respectively. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: a data synthesis abstract: Tropical medicine deals with infectious and noninfectious diseases geographically located between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. It encompasses diseases that result from poverty, poor sanitation, infrastructure, and inadequate health resources. Lack of availability of clean water and food made with unhygienic practices add to the morbidity of these diseases. The tropics are reeling under the onslaught of climate change, deforestation, and air, water, and soil pollution, which worsens an already fragile health system. This article provides an overview of the definition, classification, geophysical problems, syndromic approach to common tropical infections, diagnostic challenges in the tropics, and access to medicines. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30712755/ doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.011 id: cord-007726-bqlf72fe author: Rydell-Törmänen, Kristina title: The Applicability of Mouse Models to the Study of Human Disease date: 2018-11-09 words: 7985.0 sentences: 308.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007726-bqlf72fe.txt summary: The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. This chapter will provide an overview of the important similarities and differences between Mus musculus and Homo sapiens and their relevance to the use of the mouse as a model organism and provide specific examples of the quality of mouse models used to investigate the mechanisms, pathology, and treatment of human lung diseases. Overall, these studies showed that although gene expression is fairly similar between mice and humans, considerable differences were observed in the regulatory networks controlling the activity of the immune system, metabolic functions, and responses to stress, all of which have important implications when using mice to model human disease. abstract: The laboratory mouse Mus musculus has long been used as a model organism to test hypotheses and treatments related to understanding the mechanisms of disease in humans; however, for these experiments to be relevant, it is important to know the complex ways in which mice are similar to humans and, crucially, the ways in which they differ. In this chapter, an in-depth analysis of these similarities and differences is provided to allow researchers to use mouse models of human disease and primary cells derived from these animal models under the most appropriate and meaningful conditions. Although there are considerable differences between mice and humans, particularly regarding genetics, physiology, and immunology, a more thorough understanding of these differences and their effects on the function of the whole organism will provide deeper insights into relevant disease mechanisms and potential drug targets for further clinical investigation. Using specific examples of mouse models of human lung disease, i.e., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis, this chapter explores the most salient features of mouse models of human disease and provides a full assessment of the advantages and limitations of these models, focusing on the relevance of disease induction and their ability to replicate critical features of human disease pathophysiology and response to treatment. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the future of using mice in medical research with regard to ethical and technological considerations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121329/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9086-3_1 id: cord-297840-z5l6vdsr author: Río, Francisco García title: Air Travel and Respiratory Disease date: 2007-02-28 words: 16164.0 sentences: 949.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-297840-z5l6vdsr.txt summary: 57 In any case, to establish a medical opinion on risk in air travel, the type, reversibility, and degree of functional impairment caused by the disease must be assessed along with the tolerance of the patient for the predicted flight altitude and the length of exposure. Supplementary oxygen is recommended during air travel for patients who have an estimated in-flight PaO 2 of less then 50 mm Hg obtained with prediction equations or, preferably, a hypoxic challenge test ( Figure 6 ). It also seems wise to extend that treatment option to those cases and in which the in-flight cabin pressure corresponds to an altitude of greater than 2438 m (8000 feet) and the patient has very severe COPD (FEV 1 ≤30%), where limitations may be present in the mechanisms of compensation for hypoxemia, or diseases that alter oxygen transport. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1579212907600317 doi: 10.1016/s1579-2129(07)60031-7 id: cord-260503-yq4dtf8n author: SAMARANAYAKE, LAKSHMAN P. title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry A retrospective view date: 2004-09-30 words: 6836.0 sentences: 383.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-260503-yq4dtf8n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260503-yq4dtf8n.txt summary: Objectives The authors trace the emergence of the SARS outbreak from southern China and its spread worldwide, discuss the viral etiology of the infection and its clinical features, and review the infection control guidelines issued during the outbreak by the health authorities in Hong Kong, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization and the American Dental Association. Conclusions and Clinical Implications Researchers believe that a combination of factors, including the universal infection control measures that the dental community has implemented and/or the low degree of viral shedding in the prodromal phase of SARS, may have obviated the spread of the disease in dental settings. Interim domestic infection control precautions for aerosol-generating procedures on C L I N I C A L P R A C T I C E patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) abstract: ABSTRACT Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, which has created panic in Asia and in some parts of North America, is the first epidemic of the new century. Although it has been well-contained, sporadic cases continue to emerge. Objectives The authors trace the emergence of the SARS outbreak from southern China and its spread worldwide, discuss the viral etiology of the infection and its clinical features, and review the infection control guidelines issued during the outbreak by the health authorities in Hong Kong, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health Organization and the American Dental Association. They also review the prospects for a new outbreak and preventive measures. Overview The disease, which is caused by a novel coronavirus termed the “SARS coronavirus,” or SARS-CoV, essentially spreads through droplet infection and affects people of any age. It has a mortality rate ranging from 10 to 15 percent. A major hallmark of this disease has been the rate at which it has affected health care workers through nosocomial transmission; in some countries, up to one-fourth to one-third of those infected were in this category. However, no dental health care worker has been affected by SARS in a nosocomial or dental setting. Conclusions and Clinical Implications Researchers believe that a combination of factors, including the universal infection control measures that the dental community has implemented and/or the low degree of viral shedding in the prodromal phase of SARS, may have obviated the spread of the disease in dental settings. The dental community should reflect on this outbreak to reinforce the currently applied infection control measures. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15493394/ doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0405 id: cord-009702-02bo7pnl author: SCOTT, G. R. title: Guidelines for the Control of Equine Viral Infections date: 2010-04-23 words: 3364.0 sentences: 253.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009702-02bo7pnl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009702-02bo7pnl.txt summary: At least twenty‐eight of the fifty‐eight viruses induce clinical disease but the range of syndromes is limited; eleven provoke respiratory symptoms and eleven cause encephalitis. There is possibly one Coronavirus infecting horses; Ditchfield (1969) isolated a virus from a Thoroughbred with undifferentiated respiratory disease and found that it possessed a morphology similar to that of infectious bronchitis virus of poultry, the type-virus of the Coronavirus group. Equine infectious anaemia virus probably belongs to the Oncornavirus group, i.e. the RNA tumour viruses. Eleven of the thirty-four known vector-transmitted viruses cause disease and vaccines have been developed against six of them (Table VII) . Seventeen of the twenty known viral contagions of horses cause disease and vaccines have been developed against five of them (Table VIII ). At least twenty-eight of the fifty-eight viruses induce clinical disease but the range of syndromes is limited; eleven provoke respiratory symptoms and eleven cause encephalitis. The vector-transmitted virus diseases are best controlled by prophylactic vaccination. abstract: SUMMARY: Twelve DNA viruses and forty‐three RNA viruses are known to infect horses. In addition, there are three unclassified viruses and, at least, three alleged viruses infecting horses. Differential diagnosis is difficult. At least twenty‐eight of the fifty‐eight viruses induce clinical disease but the range of syndromes is limited; eleven provoke respiratory symptoms and eleven cause encephalitis. Thirty‐four equine viruses with a limited geographical distribution are transmitted by arthropod vectors. Twenty viruses are spread by contact and their distribution, in general, is global. The vector‐transmitted virus diseases are best controlled by prophylactic vaccination. The viral contagions are not, in general, well controlled by vaccination and it is likely that prophylactic chemotherapy will become increasingly important in the future. RÉSUMÉ: On sait que douze virus ADN et quarante trois virus ARN sont responsables d'infections chez le cheval. En outre trois virus non classés et trois autres agents de type viral au moins sont également infectants pour cette espèce. Le diagnostic différentiel est difficile. Vingt huit au moins des cinquante trois virus provoquent des maladies cliniques mais la gamme des syndromes est restreinte: Onze virus engendrent des symptomes respiratoires, onze déterminent des encéphalites. Trente quatre virus dont la distribution géographique est limitée sont transmis par des arthropodes vecteurs. Vingt virus sont disséminés par contact et leur répartition est en général à l'échelle du globe. Les maladies provoquées par des virus à propagation vectorielle sont mieux controlées par une vaccination préventive. Les contagions virales ne sont pas, en général, efficacement controlées par la vaccination et l'on peut penser que la chimiothérapie préventive de ces affections connaitra une importance croissante à l'avenir. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Zwölf DNS‐Viren und 43 RNS‐Viren vermögen das Pferd zu infizieren. Dazu kommen drei unklassierte Viren und zum mindesten drei Erreger, die angeblich Viruscharakter haben. Die Differentialdiagnose ist schwierig. Mindestens 28 der 58 Viren verursachen klinisch manifeste Krankheiten, aber die Eigenart der Syndrome ist limitiert; elf davon provozieren respiratorische Symptome und elf rufen Encephalitis hervor. 34 equine Viren benötigen als Vektoren Arthropoden; ihre geographische Ausbreitung ist beschränkt. 20 Viren werden durch Kontakt übertragen; sie werden in der Regel auf der ganzen Welt angetroffen. Die durch Vektoren übertragenen Viruskrankheiten können am besten durch prophylaktische Impfungen kontrolliert werden. Die übrigen können im allgemeinen durch Impfungen nicht gut kontrolliert werden und es scheint wahrscheinlich, dass die prophylaktische Chemotherapie in Zukunft an Bedeutung gewinnen wird. SUMARIO: VIRUS EQUINOS Doce DNA virus y cuarenta y tres RNA virus son reconcodios como infectantes al caballo. En adicion hay tres no clasidicados virus y por lo menos tres tipos de virus muy se mejantes que afectan el caballo. El diagnostico diferencial es dificultoso. Aproximadamente 28 de los 28 virus inducen enfermedades clinicas con y espectro de sindromes limitado. 11 provocan sintomas respiratorios y 11 causan encefalitis. 34 virus equinos con limitacion en su distribucion geografica son transmitidos por vectores artropodos. Veinte virus son diseminados por contacto y su distribucion en general es global. Es controlada la enfermeead de estos vectiores per medio de vacunacion. Los contagio del virus no son bien controlados por lo general mediante vacunacion y solo una terapia profilactica que havenido tomando aunge en el futuro. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163504/ doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1971.tb04431.x id: cord-261788-f728j3bb author: Sabater González, Mikel title: Emergencies and Critical Care of Commonly Kept Fowl date: 2016-03-02 words: 7742.0 sentences: 493.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261788-f728j3bb.txt summary: 3 A complete anamnesis should include, but is not restricted to, species; breed; age; gender; presenting complaint; source of the bird; diet; number of birds in the household; open or closed flock; acquisition date; date of the last addition to the flock; number and species of animals affected; potential exposure to toxins; length of illness; changes in behavior; history of previous diseases, treatments, and outcomes; reproductive history; and clinical signs, including their duration and progression. However, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, and infectious laryngotracheitis are all rare in backyard poultry, and the most common causative agent of sinusitis in fowl in the US is Mycoplasma. Infectious bronchitis is caused by a highly infectious coronavirus and is characterized by having 2 main presentations depending on the age of the infected animals; in young chicks, respiratory disease is the predominant manifestation, whereas salpingitis and the subsequent decrease in egg production is most commonly seen in older laying hens. abstract: Fowl are birds belonging to one of the 2 biological orders, the game fowl or land fowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). Studies of anatomic and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives. Multiple fowl species have a long history of domestication. Fowl are considered food-producing animals in most countries and clinicians should follow legislation regarding reportable diseases and antibiotic use, even if they are pets. This article reviews aspects of emergency care for most commonly kept fowl, including triage, patient assessment, diagnostic procedures, supportive care, short-term hospitalization, and common emergency presentations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26948266/ doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.007 id: cord-352348-2wtyk3r5 author: Sabroe, Ian title: Identifying and hurdling obstacles to translational research date: 2007 words: 5307.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352348-2wtyk3r5.txt summary: The quality of our scientific output (perceived as a change in disease incidence and/or the development of a therapy) is largely dependent on the quality of the input data and the methods for their processing and interpretation, although the process of generating effective translational science is not as linear (that is, from molecules to models to humans) as is often thought. These revolve around our understanding of the nature of the translational process, the integration of the outputs of different technological approaches to disease, the use of models, access to tissues and appropriate materials, and the need for support in increasingly complex areas such as ethics and bioinformatics. Such debates might facilitate the comparison of data between laboratories and between species, and might highlight the components of specific diseases that are ripe for the development of new in vivo models and protocols (for example, there remains a great need to more effectively model the role of the innate immune system in acute and chronic asthma), broadening the number of disease processes or phenotypes that are modelled in pathology. abstract: Although there is overwhelming pressure from funding agencies and the general public for scientists to bridge basic and translational studies, the fact remains that there are significant hurdles to overcome in order to achieve this goal. The purpose of this Opinion article is to examine the nature of these hurdles and to provide food for thought on the main obstacles that impede this process. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17186032/ doi: 10.1038/nri1999 id: cord-018623-of9vx7og author: Saghazadeh, Amene title: The Physical Burden of Immunoperception date: 2019-04-27 words: 5755.0 sentences: 262.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018623-of9vx7og.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018623-of9vx7og.txt summary: Further, human studies provided evidence pointing to the increased development of emotional problems and EDR-related disorders in patients with various types of AIDs, such as SLE and multiple sclerosis (MS), in a disease state/severity-dependent manner [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] . Thus, it is not surprising that the inflammatory response and respective cytokines are supposed as one of the possible mechanisms linking the experience of negative emotions or ER-related disorders and the progression of cardiovascular diseases, of course along with the neuroendocrine system and apoptosis signaling pathways [27, 30, [32] [33] [34] [35] . Mice subjected to short-term (1-3 weeks) HFD also exhibited anxiety-like behaviors in addition to learning and memory impairments and had significantly higher levels of homovanillic acid-a metabolite of dopamine-in their hippocampus and cortex but without any alteration in the gene expression of inflammatory markers [89] . Increased emotional distress in daughters of breast cancer patients is associated with decreased natural cytotoxic activity, elevated levels of stress hormones and decreased secretion of Th1 cytokines abstract: The previous chapter introduced the ImmunoEmotional Regulatory System (IMMERS). Also, there was a brief discussion about psychological states/psychiatric disorders that so far have been linked to the IMMERS. The present chapter considers another aspect of the IMMERS in which physiological states/physical diseases can be fit to the IMMERS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123546/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10620-1_10 id: cord-296891-23xkaa19 author: Sahu, Govind Prasad title: Dynamics of an SEQIHRS epidemic model with media coverage, quarantine and isolation in a community with pre-existing immunity date: 2015-01-15 words: 6227.0 sentences: 415.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296891-23xkaa19.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296891-23xkaa19.txt summary: Abstract An autonomous deterministic non-linear epidemic model SEQIHRS is proposed for the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease with quarantine and isolation control strategies in a community with pre-existing immunity. It is observed that media coverage does not affect the effective reproduction number, but it helps to mitigate disease burden by lowering the number of infectious individuals at the endemic steady state and also lowering the infection peak. The primary goal of this article is to theoretically study the impact of use of NPIs stimulated by media coverage, quarantine and isolation for an infectious disease in a community with pre-existing immunity. In this section, we will formulate an epidemic model incorporating quarantine, isolation, use of nonpharmaceutical interventions stimulated by media coverage in presence of pre-existing cross-protective immunity. An SEQIHRS epidemic model for the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease is proposed and rigorous mathematical analysis is carried out to get insight into the qualitative dynamics in presence of pre-existing immunity and the use of NPIs stimulated by media coverage. abstract: Abstract An autonomous deterministic non-linear epidemic model SEQIHRS is proposed for the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease with quarantine and isolation control strategies in a community with pre-existing immunity. The model exhibits two equilibria, namely, the disease-free and a unique endemic equilibrium. The existence and local stability of the disease free and endemic equilibria are explored in terms of the effective reproduction number R C . It is observed that media coverage does not affect the effective reproduction number, but it helps to mitigate disease burden by lowering the number of infectious individuals at the endemic steady state and also lowering the infection peak. A new approach is proposed to estimate the coefficient of media coverage. Using the results of central manifold theory, it is established that as R C passes through unity, transcritical bifurcation occurs in the system and the unique endemic equilibrium is asymptotically stable. It is observed that the population level impact of quarantine and isolation depend on the level of transmission by the isolated individuals. Moreover, the higher level of pre-existing immunity in the population decreases the infection peak and causes its early arrival. Theoretical findings are supported by numerical simulation. Sensitivity analysis is performed for R C and state variables at endemic steady state with respect to model parameters. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0022247X14007586 doi: 10.1016/j.jmaa.2014.08.019 id: cord-350235-yoy3hj3j author: Sansonetti, Philippe J title: COVID‐19, chronicle of an expected pandemic date: 2020-05-04 words: 2988.0 sentences: 152.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350235-yoy3hj3j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350235-yoy3hj3j.txt summary: Philippe Sansonetti, Infectious disease specialist and Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine, explains why the fate of the epidemic is in our hands.[Image: see text] Philippe Sansonetti, Infectious Disease Specialist and Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine, explains why the fate of the epidemic is in our hands. Beta-coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2 (the official name of COVID-19 virus) on the other hand are well adapted to their reservoir, the bat, but not to humans, which explains why human infections are so damaging. Molecular diagnosis has revolutionized this field, and despite the initial delays in communicating about this epidemic, Chinese doctors and biologists quickly reported the first evidence for SARS-CoV-2, and provided the first sequences, clearing the way for the global scientific community to further develop diagnostic tools and engage in a race to discover dedicated drugs and vaccines. abstract: What is COVID‐19? What are the causes, parameters, and effects of this disease? What are the short‐ and long‐term prospects? Philippe Sansonetti, Infectious disease specialist and Chief Editor of EMBO Molecular Medicine, explains why the fate of the epidemic is in our hands.[Image: see text] url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32259394/ doi: 10.15252/emmm.202012463 id: cord-305299-vbhilmve author: Santos, C. Sieiro title: Determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with underlying rheumatic disease date: 2020-07-27 words: 2941.0 sentences: 149.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-305299-vbhilmve.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305299-vbhilmve.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that comorbidities, rheumatic disease activity and laboratorial abnormalities such as C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum ferritin elevation significantly associated with mortality whereas previous use of rheumatic medication did not. It is not clear whether the use of immunosuppressive medication for rheumatic pathology may suppose a risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection, if rheumatic patients have a higher mortality rate than general population or what factors may be associated with COVID-19 severity [5] . Age, sex, comorbidities, rheumatic disease diagnosis, treatment for rheumatic disease and disease activity prior to infection, duration of hospital stay, symptoms before admission, radiographic abnormalities and laboratorial results at arrival were analysed. Our results suggest that comorbidities, rheumatic disease activity and laboratorial abnormalities such as C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin serum elevation significantly associated with mortality whereas previous use of hydroxychloroquine, corticosteroid, dcDMARDS and biologic therapy did not. abstract: BACKGROUND: Over the month of April, Spain has become the European country with more confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection, after surpassing Italy on April 2nd. The community of Castile and León in Spain is one of the most affected by COVID-19 infection and the province of León has a total of 3711 cases and 425 deaths so far. Rheumatic patients should be given special attention regarding COVID-19 infection due to their immunocompromised state resulting from their underlying immune conditions and use of targeted immune-modulating therapies. Studying epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with rheumatic diseases infected with SARS-CoV2 is pivotal to clarify determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with underlying rheumatic disease. OBJECTIVES: To describe epidemiological characteristics of patients with rheumatic diseases hospitalized with COVID-19 and determine risk factors associated with mortality in a third level Hospital setting in León, Spain. METHODS: We performed a prospective observational study, from 1st March 2020 until the 1st of June including adults with rheumatic diseases hospitalized with COVID-19 and performed a univariate and multivariate logistic regression model to estimate ORs and 95% CIs of mortality. Age, sex, comorbidities, rheumatic disease diagnosis and treatment, disease activity prior to infection, radiographic and laboratorial results at arrival were analysed. RESULTS: During the study period, 3711 patients with COVID-19 were admitted to our hospital, of whom 38 (10%) had a rheumatic or musculoskeletal disease. Fifty-three percent were women, with a mean age at hospital admission of 75.3 (IQR 68–83) years. The median length of stay was 11 days. A total of 10 patients died (26%) during their hospital admission. Patients who died from COVID-19 were older (median age 78.4 IQR 74.5–83.5) than those who survived COVID-19 (median age 75.1 IQR 69.3–75.8) and more likely to have arterial hypertension (9 [90%] vs 14 [50%] patients; OR 9 (95% CI 1.0–80.8), p 0.049), dyslipidaemia (9 (90%) vs 12 (43%); OR 12 (95% CI 1.33–108), p 0.03), diabetes ((9 (90%) vs 6 (28%) patients; OR 33, p 0.002), interstitial lung disease (6 (60%) vs 6 (21%); OR 5.5 (95% CI 1.16–26), p 0.03), cardiovascular disease (8 (80%) vs 11 (39%); OR 6.18 (95% IC 1.10–34.7, p 0.04) and a moderate/high index of rheumatic disease activity (7 (25%) vs 6(60%); OR 41.4 (4.23–405.23), p 0.04). In univariate analyses, we also found that patients who died from COVID-19 had higher hyperinflammation markers than patients who survived: C-reactive protein (181 (IQR 120–220) vs 107.4 (IQR 30–150; p 0.05); lactate dehydrogenase (641.8 (IQR 465.75–853.5) vs 361 (IQR 250–450), p 0.03); serum ferritin (1026 (IQR 228.3–1536.3) vs 861.3 (IQR 389–1490.5), p 0.04); D-dimer (12,019.8 (IQR 843.5–25,790.5) vs 1544.3 (IQR 619–1622), p 0.04). No differences in sex, radiological abnormalities, rheumatological disease, background therapy or symptoms before admission between deceased patients and survivors were found. In the multivariate analysis, the following risk factors were associated with mortality: rheumatic disease activity (p = 0.003), dyslipidaemia (p = 0.01), cardiovascular disease (p = 0.02) and interstitial lung disease (p = 0.02). Age, hypertension and diabetes were significant predictors in univariate but not in multivariate analysis. Rheumatic disease activity was significantly associated with fever (p = 0.05), interstitial lung disease (p = 0.03), cardiovascular disease (p = 0.03) and dyslipidaemia (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that comorbidities, rheumatic disease activity and laboratorial abnormalities such as C-reactive protein (CRP), D-Dimer, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum ferritin elevation significantly associated with mortality whereas previous use of rheumatic medication did not. Inflammation is closely related to severity of COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-020-05301-2 doi: 10.1007/s10067-020-05301-2 id: cord-318277-j073u7ga author: Sapey, Elizabeth title: Building toolkits for COPD exacerbations: lessons from the past and present date: 2019-07-03 words: 7244.0 sentences: 392.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318277-j073u7ga.txt summary: An exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as ''an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy''. Of note, a recent Cochrane review concluded that there was no evidence of benefit from self-management interventions (including rescue packs) to reduce all-cause hospital admission, all-cause hospitalisation days, emergency department visits, general practitioner visits, dyspnoea scores, the number of COPD exacerbations or all-cause mortality 54 although more research was needed. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sputum colour reported by patients is not a reliable marker of the presence of bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of corticosteroid dose and route of administration with risk of treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease abstract: In the nineteenth century, it was recognised that acute attacks of chronic bronchitis were harmful. 140 years later, it is clearer than ever that exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ECOPD) are important events. They are associated with significant mortality, morbidity, a reduced quality of life and an increasing reliance on social care. ECOPD are common and are increasing in prevalence. Exacerbations beget exacerbations, with up to a quarter of in-patient episodes ending with readmission to hospital within 30 days. The healthcare costs are immense. Yet despite this, the tools available to diagnose and treat ECOPD are essentially unchanged, with the last new intervention (non-invasive ventilation) introduced over 25 years ago. An ECOPD is ‘an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy’. This symptom and healthcare utility-based definition does not describe pathology and is unable to differentiate from other causes of an acute deterioration in breathlessness with or without a cough and sputum. There is limited understanding of the host immune response during an acute event and no reliable and readily available means to identify aetiology or direct treatment at the point of care (POC). Corticosteroids, short acting bronchodilators with or without antibiotics have been the mainstay of treatment for over 30 years. This is in stark contrast to many other acute presentations of chronic illness, where specific biomarkers and mechanistic understanding has revolutionised care pathways. So why has progress been so slow in ECOPD? This review examines the history of diagnosing and treating ECOPD. It suggests that to move forward, there needs to be an acceptance that not all exacerbations are alike (just as not all COPD is alike) and that clinical presentation alone cannot identify aetiology or stratify treatment. url: https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-213035 doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-213035 id: cord-342786-dl8vjwfn author: Sattar, Yasar title: COVID-19 Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Cellular Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations and Management date: 2020-07-14 words: 5268.0 sentences: 349.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-342786-dl8vjwfn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342786-dl8vjwfn.txt summary: Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing global pandemic that may present with a variety of cardiac manifestations including, but not limited to, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, shock, thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing global pandemic that may present with a variety of cardiac manifestations including, but not limited to, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, shock, thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest. The infected patients may also present with cardiovascular disease (CVD) like acute coronary syndrome(ACS) and congestive cardiac failure(CHF) [6] . The systemic inflammation in COVID-19 may also dysregulate the post-translational modification of cardiac ion channels resulting in arrhythmia [25, 26] It is also noteworthy that viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2, ORF3 and ORF8, activate NLRP3 inflammasomes which inturn promotes atrial fibrillation [27, 28] . abstract: Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly progressing global pandemic that may present with a variety of cardiac manifestations including, but not limited to, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, shock, thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest. These cardiovascular effects are worse in patients who have pre-existing cardiac conditions such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and coagulation abnormalities. Other predisposing risk factors include advanced age, immunocompromised state, and underlying systemic inflammatory conditions. Here we review the cellular pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and treatment modalities of the cardiac manifestations seen in patients with COVID-19. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2352906720302876 doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100589 id: cord-273915-jpzvjl0i author: Schmidt, Robert E. title: Types of Renal Disease in Avian Species date: 2006-01-07 words: 2908.0 sentences: 229.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-273915-jpzvjl0i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-273915-jpzvjl0i.txt summary: Renal lesions caused by C psittaci are characterized by interstitial inflammation composed primarily of histiocytes, plasma cells, and lymphocytes, with intracytoplasmic organisms seen in histiocytes in some cases. Both primary and secondary lesions may occur in nonbudgerigar psittacine birds with avian polyomavirus disease [32, 33] . Avian renal disease has a wide variety of noninfectious causes. High-cholesterol diets have also been associated with diffuse renal disease, including proliferative glomerulopathy, periglomerular fibrosis, multifocal interstitial nephritis, and lipid-laden cells within the glomeruli of pigeons [52] . Iron storage disease primarily affects the liver, but iron pigment is also seen in renal tubular cells in many affected birds. Aminoglycoside toxicity results in kidney enlargement and changes resembling those seen with other causes of renal failure [62] . Excessive salt ingestion leads to renal problems that result in urate deposition and gross and histologic lesions [72, 73] . abstract: Renal disease in birds is frequently encountered. Like most other animals, birds are susceptible to a full spectrum of renal insults,such as toxins, tumors, infections, and degenerative conditions. Accurate diagnosis of renal disease is based on a complete history,physical examination, and laboratory evaluation of the patient. Because it is often required for a more definitive diagnosis, special attention is given to histopathologic evaluation of renal tissue,whether through a premortem biopsy or collection at gross necropsy. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1094919405000642 doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2005.10.003 id: cord-286865-6imc98f5 author: Schneider, Susanne A. title: Emerging Targeted Therapeutics for Genetic Subtypes of Parkinsonism date: 2020-09-10 words: 8315.0 sentences: 439.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286865-6imc98f5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286865-6imc98f5.txt summary: Intervention on such mutations would require a Fig. 1 Genetic architecture of Parkinson''s disease, modified from [4] and [5] , showing the continuum of variants of different effect strengths and allele frequencies. The G2019S mutation, for example, results in a direct two-to-threefold increase in kinase activity [33, 34] .The potential gain-of-function effect is an attractive target for treatment because inhibition is easier to achieve than improvement of reduced protein activity (as in GBA). The effects of LTI-291, an activator of the GCase enzyme and another small molecule therapy, were studied in a 1month phase 1b trial conducted in the Netherlands, where the frequency of GBA mutations was reported to be around 15% [48] . Human gene therapy approaches for the treatment of Parkinson''s disease: An overview of current and completed clinical trials Ambroxol for the Treatment of Patients With Parkinson Disease With and Without Glucocerebrosidase Gene Mutations: A Nonrandomized, Noncontrolled Trial abstract: In recent years, a precision medicine approach, which customizes medical treatments based on patients’ individual profiles and incorporates variability in genes, the environment, and lifestyle, has transformed medical care in numerous medical fields, most notably oncology. Applying a similar approach to Parkinson’s disease (PD) may promote the development of disease-modifying agents that could help slow progression or possibly even avert disease development in a subset of at-risk individuals. The urgent need for such trials partially stems from the negative results of clinical trials where interventions treat all PD patients as a single homogenous group. Here, we review the current obstacles towards the development of precision interventions in PD. We also review and discuss the clinical trials that target genetic forms of PD, i.e., GBA-associated and LRRK2-associated PD. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13311-020-00920-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32914362/ doi: 10.1007/s13311-020-00920-8 id: cord-306266-8qdrshz3 author: Scully, Crispian title: Respiratory medicine date: 2014-06-25 words: 13246.0 sentences: 698.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306266-8qdrshz3.txt summary: Other factors that have been studied include: ■ air pollution -There is an association between air pollution and aggravation of existing asthma ■ allergen avoidance -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ breast-feeding -There is evidence of a protective effect in relation to early asthma ■ electrolytes -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ fish oils and fatty acid -There is no consistent evidence of benefit ■ house dust mites -Measures to reduce the numbers of house dust mites do not affect asthma severity ■ immunotherapy -Allergenspecific immunotherapy is beneficial in allergic asthma ■ microbial exposure -There is insufficient evidence to indicate that the use of probiotics in pregnancy reduces the incidence of childhood asthma ■ modified milk formulae -There is no consistent evidence of benefit pets -There are no controlled trials on the benefits of removing pets from the home ■ tobacco -Exposure to cigarette smoke adversely affects quality of life, lung function, need for rescue medications and longterm control with inhaled steroids. abstract: ●. Upper respiratory infections are commonplace, especially in young people, and are often contagious; ●. Lower respiratory infections are often contagious and some are potentially fatal; ●. Asthma is common and may be life-threatening; ●. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is common and disabling; ●. Tuberculosis worldwide is an important infection, affecting people with HIV/AIDS or malnutrition particularly; ●. Lung cancer is common and usually has a poor prognosis. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780702054013000151 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5401-3.00015-1 id: cord-293365-z1h788sc author: Semenza, Jan C title: Climate change impact on migration, travel, travel destinations and the tourism industry date: 2019-04-12 words: 6242.0 sentences: 345.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-293365-z1h788sc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-293365-z1h788sc.txt summary: 71 Migrants may be at increased risk of communicable disease in their country of destination due to factors including lack of vaccination, low socioeconomic status and poor living conditions and limited access to health care (Table 3) . 72 Essential public health measures include ensuring adequate living conditions, access to health care in refugee camps, detention centres, screening for communicable diseases and assessment Offer serological screening and treatment (for those found to be positive) to all migrants from countries of high endemicity in sub-Saharan Africa and focal areas of transmission in Asia, South America and North Africa. [95] [96] [97] [98] More specifically, air travel can increase the risk of importation of pathogens from endemic areas into regions with competent mosquito vectors and suitable climatic and environmental conditions for vector-borne diseases. 102, 103 Responding to the public health challenges associated with travel and climate change requires robust national surveillance systems, including effective tracking of vector location and disease importation. abstract: Background: Climate change is not only increasing ambient temperature but also accelerating the frequency, duration and intensity of extreme weather and climate events, such as heavy precipitation and droughts, and causing sea level rise, which can lead to population displacement. Climate change-related reductions in land productivity and habitability and in food and water security can also interact with demographic, economic and social factors to increase migration. In addition to migration, climate change has also implications for travel and the risk of disease. This article discusses the impact of climate change on migration and travel with implications for public health practice. Methods: Literature review. Results: Migrants may be at increased risk of communicable and non-communicable diseases, due to factors in their country of origin and their country of destination or conditions that they experience during migration. Although migration has not been a significant driver of communicable disease outbreaks to date, public health authorities need to ensure that effective screening and vaccination programmes for priority communicable diseases are in place. Population growth coupled with socio-economic development is increasing travel and tourism, and advances in technology have increased global connectivity and reduced the time required to cover long distances. At the same time, as a result of climate change, many temperate regions, including high-income countries, are now suitable for vector-borne disease transmission. This is providing opportunities for importation of vectors and pathogens from endemic areas that can lead to cases or outbreaks of communicable diseases with which health professionals may be unfamiliar. Conclusion: Health systems need to be prepared for the potential population health consequences of migration, travel and tourism and the impact of climate change on these. Integrated surveillance, early detection of cases and other public health interventions are critical to protect population health and prevent and control communicabledisease outbreaks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30976790/ doi: 10.1093/jtm/taz026 id: cord-322728-10m3xscs author: Severance, Emily G. title: Chapter 29 Role of Immune and Autoimmune Dysfunction in Schizophrenia date: 2016-12-31 words: 8336.0 sentences: 379.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322728-10m3xscs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322728-10m3xscs.txt summary: Because schizophrenia is thought to originate as a result of aberrant neurodevelopment, it is important to note that for a number of these classic immune factors, including complement, MHC, Toll-like receptors, and pentraxins, additional functions in the developing brain are continuously being identified (Benoit & Tenner, 2011; Bialas & Stevens, 2013; Boulanger, 2009; Fourgeaud & Boulanger, 2007; Frodl & Amico, 2014; Garate et al., 2013; Nagyoszi et al., 2010; Pribiag & Stellwagen, 2014; Stephan et al., 2013; Stevens et al., 2007; Trotta, Porro, Calvello, & Panaro, 2014) . Here, we present the case of complement C1q as an example of an immune molecule that is highly active in the developing brain and that is also implicated in schizophrenia-associated gene and environmental studies. abstract: Abstract In this chapter, we review data in support of the concept that immune system dysregulation is the most plausible explanation that reconciles gene by environmental interactions in schizophrenia. Early investigations of this topic demonstrated aspects of aberrant activation of humoral immunity, including autoimmunity, associated with schizophrenia, whereas current research efforts have expanded this theme to include elements of innate immunity. Advances in our understanding of inflammation and molecules of both the adaptive and innate immune system and their functional roles in standard brain physiology provide an important context by which schizophrenia might arise as the result of the coupling of immune and neurodevelopmental dysregulation. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128009819000298 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800981-9.00029-8 id: cord-290472-w77cmljm author: Sharon, Donald title: Systems Biology Approaches to Disease Marker Discovery date: 2010-06-09 words: 8665.0 sentences: 393.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-290472-w77cmljm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-290472-w77cmljm.txt summary: These markers, such as protein (including autoantibodies, which are antibodies specific to self-antigens [43] ), hormonal markers (such as lack of insulin in Type I diabetic patients [89] ), and genetic/genomic markers (such as BRCA1 mutation in breast cancer patients [52] ), enable clinicians to diagnose the disease while it is still at early stages, to ensure appropriate surgical intervention, efficient drug treat-ment and monitoring, and to predict an individual''s risk of developing specific diseases before they experience symptoms. Scientists, such as the group led by Gil Mor at Yale University, recruited proteomics-based approaches using antibody-based protein microarrays to identify new serum biomarkers, which, in combination with CA-125, may enhance the early detection of ovarian cancer [48, 66, 110] . To date, no studies that attempt to identify novel breast cancer markers have been performed using high-density protein microarrays. abstract: Our understanding of human disease and potential therapeutics is improving rapidly. In order to take advantage of these developments it is important to be able to identify disease markers. Many new high-throughput genomics and proteomics technologies are being implemented to identify candidate disease markers. These technologies include protein microarrays, next-generation DNA sequencing and mass spectrometry platforms. Such methods are particularly important for elucidating the repertoire of molecular markers in the genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome of patients with diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections, resulting from the disruption of many biological pathways. These new technologies have identified many potential disease markers. These markers are expected to be valuable to achieve the promise of truly personalized medicine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20534906/ doi: 10.3233/dma-2010-0707 id: cord-018316-drjfwcdg author: Shephard, Roy J. title: Building the Infrastructure and Regulations Needed for Public Health and Fitness date: 2017-09-19 words: 6246.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018316-drjfwcdg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018316-drjfwcdg.txt summary: 4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such current issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel. The success of urban living has depended in great part on governmental ability to maintain population health through the building of an adequate infrastructure to provide clean water and to dispose of waste, as well as the enactment of appropriate regulations to control the prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Diligent housewives adopted a few other simple changes in household management to preserve the health of their families, and Cambridge University insisted on a direct control of its food supply, The Great Plague The London "Plague" of 1665 CE was one in a series of European epidemics of bubonic plague dating back to the "Black Death." The Great Plague claimed at least 70,000 lives in central London, this being about a half of the population who had not fled from the city. abstract: 1. To recognize the importance to the maintenance of good health of adequate public health regulations and an infrastructure that provides clean water and appropriate waste management. 2. To see the lack of such amenities over many centuries, but the progressive development of public health bureaucracies dedicated to provision of an appropriate infrastructure for healthy cities, beginning during the Victorian Era. 3. To observe how responsibility for the provision of adequate housing for poorer city dwellers has been shared between government, benevolent entrepreneurs and charities. 4. To note the new challenges to public health presented by such current issues as the abuse of tobacco and mood-altering drugs, continuing toxic auto-emissions, the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, a decreased acceptance of MMR vaccinations, and the ready spread of infectious diseases by air travel. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123162/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-65097-5_22 id: cord-193497-qqrhvlm5 author: Shoghri, Ahmad El title: Identifying highly influential travellers for spreading disease on a public transport system date: 2020-04-03 words: 5889.0 sentences: 299.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-193497-qqrhvlm5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-193497-qqrhvlm5.txt summary: For instance previous work has explored the impact of recurring patterns inherent in human mobility on disease spread, but has not considered other dimensions such as the distance travelled or the number of encounters. In this paper we study three aspects of mobility behaviour, i.e. the degree of exploration, the distance travelled and the number of encounters of passengers using the Sydney bus network in the context of infectious disease spread. An increase in the infection probability on the other hand, amplifies the spreading power of all mobility groups, especially for passengers who regularly visit the same places and travel short distances, until reaching a saturation point at a probability of 0.5. Interestingly, the averages of received infections per individual is nearly the same across all the groups with a value just divide individuals into explorers and returners, but to distinguish them further along other dimensions such as the distance travelled and the connectivity as their spreading abilities differ. abstract: The recent outbreak of a novel coronavirus and its rapid spread underlines the importance of understanding human mobility. Enclosed spaces, such as public transport vehicles (e.g. buses and trains), offer a suitable environment for infections to spread widely and quickly. Investigating the movement patterns and the physical encounters of individuals on public transit systems is thus critical to understand the drivers of infectious disease outbreaks. For instance previous work has explored the impact of recurring patterns inherent in human mobility on disease spread, but has not considered other dimensions such as the distance travelled or the number of encounters. Here, we consider multiple mobility dimensions simultaneously to uncover critical information for the design of effective intervention strategies. We use one month of citywide smart card travel data collected in Sydney, Australia to classify bus passengers along three dimensions, namely the degree of exploration, the distance travelled and the number of encounters. Additionally, we simulate disease spread on the transport network and trace the infection paths. We investigate in detail the transmissions between the classified groups while varying the infection probability and the suspension time of pathogens. Our results show that characterizing individuals along multiple dimensions simultaneously uncovers a complex infection interplay between the different groups of passengers, that would remain hidden when considering only a single dimension. We also identify groups that are more influential than others given specific disease characteristics, which can guide containment and vaccination efforts. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.01581v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-018452-qyf2vymf author: Sica, Valentina title: Pathophysiologic Role of Autophagy in Human Airways date: 2016-03-07 words: 6989.0 sentences: 324.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018452-qyf2vymf.txt summary: Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. The inhibition of mTOR is linked to autophagy induction, but Rtp801 expression enhances oxidative stress-dependent cell death, amplifying the development of CS-induced lung injury [ 105 ] . Furthermore, the higher expression of autophagy proteins has been linked to lung epithelial cell death, airway dysfunction and emphysema in response to CS. Restoration of Beclin 1 activity, depletion of p62 by genetic manipulation or treatment with autophagy-stimulatory proteostasis regulators, such as cystamine, functionally rescue the CFTR mutated protein at the apical surface of epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo [ 54 ] . Defective CFTR induces aggresome formation and lung infl ammation in cystic fi brosis through ROS-mediated autophagy inhibition abstract: Lung diseases are among the most common and widespread disorders worldwide. They refer to many different pathological conditions affecting the pulmonary system in acute or chronic forms, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, infections, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and many other breath complications. Environmental, epigenetic and genetic co-factors are responsible for these pathologies that can lead to respiratory failure, and, even, ultimately death. Increasing evidences have highlighted the implication of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of lung diseases and, in some cases, the deregulated molecular mechanisms underlying autophagy may be considered as potential new therapeutic targets. This chapter summarizes recent advances in understanding the pathophysiological functions of autophagy and its possible roles in the causation and/or prevention of human lung diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123327/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-30079-5_16 id: cord-016222-dltsdqcm author: Siegel, Frederic R. title: Lessening the Impacts from Non-Tectonic (Natural) Hazards and Triggered Events date: 2016-06-24 words: 7136.0 sentences: 318.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016222-dltsdqcm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016222-dltsdqcm.txt summary: First, depending on the location of a fl ooding river channel, rushing water can undermine bank material or erode base of valley walls causing landslides that could affect people living in the threatened areas. Depending on the mass being moved, an avalanche can kill people, and damage or destroy structures and infrastructure (homes, recreational areas, bridges, tunnels [block road and/or railway movement]), pipes and utility lines (water, natural gas, electricity), and put workmen maintaining an infrastructure at risk. Subsidence of an area of the Earth''s surface is the result of the continuous extraction of large volumes of groundwater or petroleum from underlying sedimentary rocks without recharge or replenishment of fl uids. The Ebola epidemic shows how vulnerable many countries/regions are because of an inadequate health infrastructure that is not prepared to cope with a disease once identifi ed, its spread, and the care and treatment of large numbers of infected people. abstract: Floods are a global problem. They are predictable to some degree by weather forecasting but to a greater degree and with more accuracy when drainage basin monitoring equipment is in place. This includes stream gauges that telemeter the elevation of stream/river surface in a channel and the rate of water flow to a central computing station. The computed data from the telemetered sites plus the input of stream/river channel cross-sections data allow prediction of where flooding will be a problem, when the flooding will reach an area, and to what level out of a channel (magnitude) the flood is estimated to reach. This gives the populations at risk of the flooding early warnings (hours, days) and time to prepare for the floodwaters or to gather important documents and evacuate to safe higher ground. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120445/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-38875-5_9 id: cord-017790-5iwgebvp author: Siegel, Frederic R. title: Disease Protection in Sea Coast (and Inland) Cities: Problems in Dense Populations with Shantytowns/Slums date: 2019-07-13 words: 6263.0 sentences: 264.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017790-5iwgebvp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017790-5iwgebvp.txt summary: Important factors that have to be considered by public health personnel in sea coast cities in order to be prepared to deal with disease include a location''s latitude and elevation as they influence climate (temperature and humidity). Here, the path is toxic metal from rock to soil to agricultural products or drinking/cooking water that can do the same harm to the human body as noted in the previous paragraph by bioaccumulation in and damage to vital organs and also cause medical symptoms and the onset of a NCD. The release of heavy metals from industrialization, utility sources, and vehicles into a city environment and associated ecosystems on land and in the oceans can be an inherited legacy or existing danger to public health through bad air and contaminated water, soils, and foods. How sea coast cities (and inner ones) and national governments have adapted to mitigate toxic metal pollution is reflected in the health status of their populations. abstract: As discussed earlier in this book, there are sea coast cities worldwide that are at risk from floods, storm surges, and extreme weather conditions such as wind-driven high category hurricanes (typhoons, monsoons), or drought and heat waves, plus along Pacific Ocean coasts, earthquakes and tsunamis. A municipality and its public health services have to be prepared to adapt to their preparations to deal with what contemporary experiences and history reveal are the most likely physical hazards and diseases to impact it. The two main preparatives are first to be able to care for the injured during a hazard event at well-staffed and supplied hospitals and medical clinics or field hospitals. The second is to fill the basic needs of affected populations with clean water, food, shelter, toilets, waste collection, and if necessary power restoration. These primary responses will help to reduce the chance of an onset and spread of disease. It is important to activate search and rescue teams help citizens isolated or trapped by the event that did not or could not evacuate such as in the case of extreme weather and flooding. In addition, where there have been deaths, bodies should be recovered and interred as soon as possible in order to prevent sickness that might originate from them. For instances of collapsed structures with people trapped inside, equipment that can move debris and rescue people or recover the deceased is necessary as would be the case for less common strong earthquakes as well as some extreme storm events. What was just described may be a good template to follow, but in reality, many sea coast cities in developing and less developed countries do not have the resources to cope with severe hazards that might impact them. Here, the World Health Organization and developed nations, large and small, have sent in personnel, supplies, and equipment to help an impacted sea coast city (or inland city) in the past and will surely continue to do so in the future. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122453/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-22669-5_6 id: cord-022141-yxttl3gh author: Siegel, Frederic R. title: Progressive Adaptation: The Key to Sustaining a Growing Global Population date: 2014-08-23 words: 11114.0 sentences: 489.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022141-yxttl3gh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022141-yxttl3gh.txt summary: Adaptation by the global community as a unit is vital to cope with the effects of increasing populations, global warming/climate change, the chemical, biological, and physical impacts on life-sustaining ecosystems, and competition for life sustaining and economically important natural resources. The chronic malnutrition that about 1 billion people suffered from in 2013 is likely to grow in number in some regions due to global warming/climate change because humans cannot adapt to less food if they are already at subsistence rations. As the global population increases and more people in developing and less developed nations have more disposable income, there will be a growing draw on natural resources other than water and food to service their industrial, agricultural, and manufacturing needs and wants. The effects of higher temperatures from global warming and climate change included what has been discussed in previous chapters of this book: heat, drought, sea level rise, coastal zones, typhoons, flooding, river runoff, water availability, ecosystem shifts, crop yields, fishing, aquaculture, livestock, health and poverty, and tourism. abstract: Adaptation is an evolving long-term process during which a population of life forms adjusts to changes in its habitat and surrounding environments. Adaptation by the global community as a unit is vital to cope with the effects of increasing populations, global warming/climate change, the chemical, biological, and physical impacts on life-sustaining ecosystems, and competition for life sustaining and economically important natural resources. The latter include water, food, energy, metal ores, industrial minerals, and wood. Within this framework, it is necessary to adapt as well to changes in local and regional physical conditions brought on by natural and anthropogenic hazards, by health threats of epidemic or pandemic reach, by social conditions such as conflicts driven by religious and ethnic fanaticism, and by tribalism and clan ties. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153416/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-09686-5_9 id: cord-321966-q0if8li9 author: Simpson, Ryan B. title: An analecta of visualizations for foodborne illness trends and seasonality date: 2020-10-13 words: 7142.0 sentences: 383.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321966-q0if8li9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321966-q0if8li9.txt summary: However, current surveillance systems, including foodborne disease surveillance in the United States, often compress time series records to simplistic annual trends [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] and describe seasonality by the month(s) with the highest cases per year or the first month of outbreak onset [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] . " These plots can effectively illustrate multiple dimensions of information including different time units (e.g. yearly, monthly), disease statistics (e.g. pathogens, rates, counts), seasonality characteristics (e.g. peak timing, amplitude), and locations (e.g. state-level, national). The top-left panel provides an overlay of all annual seasonal signatures, a set of curves depicting characteristic variations in disease incidence over the course of one year, where line hues become increasingly darker with more recent data and a red line indicates median monthly rates, as in Fig. 1 . abstract: Disease surveillance systems worldwide face increasing pressure to maintain and distribute data in usable formats supplemented with effective visualizations to enable actionable policy and programming responses. Annual reports and interactive portals provide access to surveillance data and visualizations depicting temporal trends and seasonal patterns of diseases. Analyses and visuals are typically limited to reporting the annual time series and the month with the highest number of cases per year. Yet, detecting potential disease outbreaks and supporting public health interventions requires detailed spatiotemporal comparisons to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of illness across diseases and locations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) FoodNet Fast provides population-based foodborne-disease surveillance records and visualizations for select counties across the US. We offer suggestions on how current FoodNet Fast data organization and visual analytics can be improved to facilitate data interpretation, decision-making, and communication of features related to trend and seasonality. The resulting compilation, or analecta, of 436 visualizations of records and codes are openly available online. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33051470/ doi: 10.1038/s41597-020-00677-x id: cord-335839-wgdqu1s1 author: Singh, Meharban title: Pediatrics in 21(st) Century and Beyond date: 2016-08-10 words: 4423.0 sentences: 218.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-335839-wgdqu1s1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-335839-wgdqu1s1.txt summary: Availability of totipotent stem cells and developments in transplant technology are likely to revolutionize the management of a variety of hematologic cancers and life-threatening genetic disorders. Availability of totipotent stem cells and developments in transplant technology are likely to revolutionize the management of a variety of hematologic cancers and life-threatening genetic disorders. The availability of newer vaccines by recombinant technology for emerging infective and for non-infective lifestyle diseases is likely to improve survival and quality of life. The availability of newer vaccines by recombinant technology for emerging infective and for non-infective lifestyle diseases is likely to improve survival and quality of life. There is going to be a greater focus on the Bpatient^having the disease rather than Bdisease^per se by practicing holistic pediatrics by effective utilization of alternative or complementary strategies for health care. The concept of functional foods is being increasingly exploited to prevent illness, promote health and improve quality of life. abstract: Pediatrics is a dynamic discipline and there is awareness and hope for actualizing outstanding achievements in the field of child health in 21(st) century and beyond. Improved lifestyle and quality of children’s health is likely to reduce the burden of adult diseases and enhance longevity because seeds of most adult diseases are sown in childhood. Identification and decoding of human genome is expected to revolutionize the practice of pediatrics. The day is not far off when a patient will walk into doctor’s chamber with an electronic or digital health history on a CD or palmtop and a decoded genomic constitution. There will be reduced burden of genetic diseases because of selective abortions of “defective” fetuses and replacement of “bad” genes with “good” ones by genetic engineering. Availability of totipotent stem cells and developments in transplant technology are likely to revolutionize the management of a variety of hematologic cancers and life-threatening genetic disorders. The possibility of producing flawless designer babies by advances in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) is likely to be mired by several ethical and legal issues. The availability of newer vaccines by recombinant technology for emerging infective and for non-infective lifestyle diseases is likely to improve survival and quality of life. There is going to be a greater focus on the “patient” having the disease rather than “disease” per se by practicing holistic pediatrics by effective utilization of alternative or complementary strategies for health care. Due to advances in technology, pediatrics may get further dehumanized. A true healer cannot simply rely on technology; there must be a spiritual bond between the patient and the physician by exploiting the concept of psycho-neuro-immunology and body-mind interactions. In the years to come, physicians are likely to play “god” but medicine can’t achieve immortality because anything born must die in accordance with nature’s recycling blueprint. The medical science is likely to improve longevity but our goal should be to improve the quality of life. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27510612/ doi: 10.1007/s12098-016-2206-z id: cord-263438-9ra94uda author: Snowden, Frank M. title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date: 2008-09-19 words: 14393.0 sentences: 608.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt summary: Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. abstract: Summary: Between mid‐century and 1992, there was a consensus that the battle against infectious diseases had been won, and the Surgeon General announced that it was time to close the book. Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The increasing virulence of dengue fever with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome disproved the theory of the evolution toward commensalism, and the discovery of the microbial origins of peptic ulcer demonstrated the reach of infectious diseases. The Institute of Medicine coined the term ‘emerging and reemerging diseases’ to explain that the world had entered an era in which the vulnerability to epidemics in the United States and globally was greater than ever. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. These mechanisms were tested by severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, and a series of practical and conceptual blind spots in preparedness were revealed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837773/ doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x id: cord-032181-gmcugd8h author: Song, Jian-Xin title: Main Complications of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis B (Liver Failure) date: 2019-05-21 words: 51165.0 sentences: 2516.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032181-gmcugd8h.txt summary: 3. Hepatorenal syndrome, which is characterized by renal failure, hemodynamic changes in arterial circulation and abnormalities in the endogenous vascular system, is a common clinical complication of end-stage liver disease, and one of the important indicators for the prognosis of patients with severe hepatitis. The latest report indicated that basic laboratory examinations for coagulation function testing in common use at present, such as PT, APTT, international normalized ratio (INR) etc., have little correlation with occurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding in these patients, thereby revealing the importance to search and pay close attention to those complicating disease upregulating bleeding risk, such as bacterial infection, renal failure, hemodynamic change after portal hypertension, dysfunction of endotheliocyte as well as macrophagocyte and so on [107] . abstract: This chapter describes the clinical features, and diagnosis of complications in AECHB including secondary bacterial infections, coagulation disorder, water electrolyte disorder, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatopulmonary syndrome and endotoxemia: 1. Patients with severe hepatitis have impaired immunity and are therefore vulnerable to all kinds of infections. After infection, these patients may experience shock, DIC and multiple organ failure, all of which seriously affect their prognosis and are major causes of death. Concurrent infections consist primarily of infections of the lungs, intestines, biliary tract, and urinary tract, as well as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and sepsis. 2. Severe hepatitis may reduce the synthesis of coagulation factors and enhance their dysfunction and increase anticoagulants and platelet abnormalities, leading to coagulopathy. Infection, hepatorenal syndrome and complications can further aggravate coagulopathy, resulting in DIC and seriously affecting patient prognosis. 3. Hepatorenal syndrome, which is characterized by renal failure, hemodynamic changes in arterial circulation and abnormalities in the endogenous vascular system, is a common clinical complication of end-stage liver disease, and one of the important indicators for the prognosis of patients with severe hepatitis. 4. Water electrolyte disorder (water retention, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalaemia) and acid-base imbalance are common in patients with severe hepatitis. These internal environment disorders can lead to exacerbation and complication of the illness. 5. Hepatic encephalopathy is a neurological and psychiatric anomaly syndrome based on metabolic disorder, and an important prognostic indicator for patients with severe hepatitis. 6. The hepatopulmonary syndrome is an important vascular complication in lungs due to systemic hypoxemia in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. The majority of patients with HPS are asymptomatic. Long-term oxygen therapy remains the most frequently recommended therapy for symptoms in patients with severe hypoxemia. 7. Endotoxemia, an important complication of severe hepatitis, is not only a second hit to the liver, but also leads to other complications including SIRS and MODS. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498917/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-1603-9_2 id: cord-016009-qa7bcsbu author: Starkel, Julie L. title: Respiratory date: 2019-10-07 words: 22266.0 sentences: 1187.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016009-qa7bcsbu.txt summary: Disease that restricts airflow through either inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes or destruction of alveoli Increased risk of emphysema if genetic variant of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and smoking or exposed to high levels of air pollution [11] Bronchiectasis A disorder of the airways that leads to airway dilation and destruction, chronic sputum production, and a tendency toward recurrent infection [39] Bronchiolitis Airway injury that can be caused by infections, irritants, toxic fumes, drug exposures, pneumonitis (typically viral), organ transplants, connective tissue disorders, vasculitis, or other insults [40] Dyspnea Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing [11] Emphysema Thinning and destruction of the alveoli, resulting in decreased oxygen transfer into the bloodstream and shortness of breath. abstract: Lung disease rivals the position for the top cause of death worldwide. Causes and pathology of the myriad lung diseases are varied, yet nutrition can either affect the outcome or support treatment in the majority of cases. This chapter explores the modifiable risk factors, from lifestyle changes to dietary intake to specific nutrients, anti-nutrients, and toxins helpful for the nutritionist or dietitian working with lung disease patients. General lung health is discussed, and three major disease states are explored in detail, including alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, asthma, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Although all lung diseases have diverse causes, many integrative and functional medical nutrition therapies are available and are not being utilized in practice today. This chapter begins the path toward better nutrition education for the integrative and functional medicine professional. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120155/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-30730-1_51 id: cord-263667-5g51n27e author: Steele, James Harlan title: Veterinary public health: Past success, new opportunities date: 2008-09-15 words: 11260.0 sentences: 629.0 pages: flesch: 58.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263667-5g51n27e.txt summary: Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Billings makes a strong plea for the development of veterinary public health to control the animal diseases that affect man. He was one of the veterinarians who was active in the early years of the American Public Health Association (APHA), during which discussions of trichinosis, tuberculosis and other animal diseases took place at the early annual meetings. The 1908 report Milk and Its Relation to Public Health by Milton Rosenau, issued by the USPHS, brought reform to the dairy industry and support for the Bureau of Animal Industry program to control bovine tuberculosis (Myers and Steele, 1969) . In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has carried on effectively in eliminating those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications, namely bovine tuberculosis and brucellosis. abstract: Abstract Animal diseases are known to be the origin of many human diseases, and there are many examples from ancient civilizations of plagues that arose from animals, domesticated and wild. Records of attempts to control zoonoses are almost as old. The early focus on food-borne illness evolved into veterinary medicine's support of public health efforts. Key historical events, disease outbreaks, and individuals responsible for their control are reviewed and serve as a foundation for understanding the current and future efforts in veterinary public health. Animal medicine and veterinary public health have been intertwined since humans first began ministrations to their families and animals. In the United States, the veterinary medical profession has effectively eliminated those major problems of animal health that had serious public health ramifications. These lessons and experiences can serve as a model for other countries. Our past must also be a reminder that the battle for human and animal health is ongoing. New agents emerge to threaten human and animal populations. With knowledge of the past, coupled with new technologies and techniques, we must be vigilant and carry on. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18417229/ doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2008.02.014 id: cord-021917-z9wpjr0d author: Stephens, R. Scott title: Bioterrorism and the Intensive Care Unit date: 2009-05-15 words: 8255.0 sentences: 444.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021917-z9wpjr0d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021917-z9wpjr0d.txt summary: • Health care workers, accustomed to putting the welfare of patients ahead of their own in emergency situations, must be prepared for the proper use of personal protective equipment and trained in specific plans for the response to an infective or bioterrorism event. Although intensivists working in developed countries generally have little experience treating specific illnesses caused by serious bioweapon pathogens, these diseases result in clinical conditions that commonly require treatment in intensive care units (ICUs) (e.g., severe sepsis and septic shock, hypoxemic respiratory failure, and ventilatory failure). An optimal medical response to a bioweapon attack will require all or most of the following: early diagnosis, rapid case finding, large-scale distribution of countermeasures for postexposure prophylaxis or early treatment, immediate isolation of contagious victims, and enhanced capacity for providing medical care to seriously and critically ill victims. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152203/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-02844-8.50069-x id: cord-316894-zhmuzv7z author: Stetzenbach, L.D. title: Airborne Infectious Microorganisms date: 2009-02-17 words: 4393.0 sentences: 259.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316894-zhmuzv7z.txt summary: Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. The illnesses resulting from avian influenza infection in humans range from typical mild influenza-like symptoms (e.g., fever, sore throat, cough, and muscle aches) and conjunctivitis to more serious cases of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and other severe and life-threatening complications. Disease is spread by aerosol dissemination of the virus during coughing and sneezing by an infected person or it may become airborne directly from the skin lesions. abstract: Inhalation exposes the upper and lower respiratory tracts of humans to a variety of airborne particles and vapors. Airborne transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to humans from the environment, animals, or other humans can result in disease. Inhalation is an important route of exposure as the lung is more susceptible to infection than the gastrointestinal tract. Ingested microorganisms must past through the acidic environment of the stomach before they can colonize tissue while inhaled microorganisms are deposited directly on the moist surfaces of the respiratory tract. Inhalation of microbial aerosols can elicit adverse human health effects including infection, allergic reaction, inflammation, and respiratory disease. Following inhalation, infectious viruses, bacteria, and fungi can establish in host cells of the respiratory tract. Some are translocated and infect the gastrointestinal tract and other tissues. This chapter discusses human viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases transmitted via aerosols. Viral diseases presented are influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) and hantavirus disease, measles, and varicella. Bacterial diseases are Legionnaires’ disease, tuberculosis, and nontubercule mycobacterial disease. Exposure to some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, endotoxin, and actinomycetes when dispersed through the air can result in disease following inhalation. Fungal diseases included are histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, blastomycosis, cryptococcosis, and aspergillosis. The threat of bioterrorism with airborne infectious agents is also briefly presented. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001772 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373944-5.00177-2 id: cord-024087-j6riw1ir author: Stikova, Elisaveta title: Strengthening the Early-Warning Function of the Surveillance System: The Macedonian Experience date: 2010-07-30 words: 4220.0 sentences: 247.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024087-j6riw1ir.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024087-j6riw1ir.txt summary: The Republic of Macedonia, with World Health Organization support, has implemented an earlywarning system (ALERT) for priority communicable diseases to complement the routine surveillance system that reports individual confirmed cases. • The emergence of new or newly recognized pathogens such as Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) corona virus, and influenza A/H5N1 virus • The recurrence of well-characterized epidemic-prone diseases such as cholera, dengue, influenza, measles, meningitis, shigellosis, and yellow fever • The accidental release or deliberate use of biological agents such as anthrax [7] In addition to the events described in Table 1 , 10 member states in the European These are reasons for public health-capacity building at the local, national, and international level and strengthening of public health preparedness and response systems around the world [11, 12] . abstract: Epidemics and pandemics can place sudden and intense demands on health systems. The world requires a global system that can identify and contain public health emergencies rapidly and reduce panic and disruption of trade, travel, and society in general. Strengthening public health preparedness requires establishing an integrated global alert and response system for epidemics and other public health emergencies along the lines of the World Health Organization’s International Health Regulations. The revised International Health Regulations provide a global framework to address these needs through a collective approach to the prevention, detection, and timely response to any public health emergency of international concern. A standardized approach for readiness and response to major epidemic-prone diseases should be developed. An early-warning and rapid-alert system is one of the possibilities to improve readiness at the local, regional, national, and international level to limit the spread of disease and to reduce health, economic, and social damage. The Republic of Macedonia, with World Health Organization support, has implemented an earlywarning system (ALERT) for priority communicable diseases to complement the routine surveillance system that reports individual confirmed cases. ALERT relies on reporting of eight syndromes by primary care facilities. Data are analyzed weekly at the regional level and transmitted to national epidemiologists. It is perceived to be a simple and flexible tool for detecting and triggering timely investigation and control of outbreaks. ALERT was identified as a useful instrument for forecasting and detecting the start of the influenza season. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187948/ doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9637-1_6 id: cord-017634-zhmnfd1w author: Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne title: Infectious Disease Epidemiology date: 2005 words: 12379.0 sentences: 662.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017634-zhmnfd1w.txt summary: Use of additional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data may enable a physician to diagnose a disease even though the formal surveillance case definition may not be met. Another way to detect an increase of cases is if the surveillance system of reportable infectious diseases reveals an unusually high number of people with the same diagnosis over a certain time period at different health care facilities. On the other hand, however, there should be no time delay in starting an investigation if there is an opportunity to prevent more cases or the potential to identify a system failure which can be caused, for example, by poor food preparation in a restaurant or poor infection control practices in a hospital or to prevent future outbreaks by acquiring more knowledge of the epidemiology of the agent involved. In developing countries, surveys are often necessary to evaluate health problems since data collected routinely (disease surveillance, hospital records, case registers) are often incomplete and of poor quality. abstract: The following chapter intends to give the reader an overview of the current field of applied infectious disease epidemiology. Prevention of disease by breaking the chain of transmission has traditionally been the main purpose of infectious disease epidemiology. While this goal remains the same, the picture of infectious diseases is changing. New pathogens are identified and already known disease agents are changing their behavior. The world population is aging; more people develop underlying disease conditions and are therefore more susceptible to certain infectious diseases or have long term sequelae after being infected. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122244/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_34 id: cord-296585-yfh5d4io author: Su, Yu-Ching title: The Interplay Between Immune Response and Bacterial Infection in COPD: Focus Upon Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae date: 2018-11-05 words: 16544.0 sentences: 810.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt txt: ./txt/cord-296585-yfh5d4io.txt summary: The mechanisms reported are responsible for increased expression of NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory gene products [i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CCL-5 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and MIP-2/CXCL2] in both pulmonary structural cells (bronchial, small airway, and alveolar epithelial cells) and immune cells (alveolar macrophages), increased VEGF and iNOS in nasal fibroblasts and lymphocytes (Jurkat T cells), respectively, and decreased activity of antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and α1-antitrypsin in bronchial epithelial cells (54, 56, 57, 59, 62-64, [72] [73] [74] [75] [76] [77] [78] [79] . Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae detection in the lower airways of patients with lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Antibacterial defense of human airway epithelial cells from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients induced by acute exposure to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae: modulation by cigarette smoke Lung T-cell responses to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating respiratory disease and one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to abnormalities in the lower airway following consistent exposure to noxious particles or gases. Acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) are characterized by increased cough, purulent sputum production, and dyspnea. The AECOPD is mostly associated with infection caused by common cold viruses or bacteria, or co-infections. Chronic and persistent infection by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), a Gram-negative coccobacillus, contributes to almost half of the infective exacerbations caused by bacteria. This is supported by reports that NTHi is commonly isolated in the sputum from COPD patients during exacerbations. Persistent colonization of NTHi in the lower airway requires a plethora of phenotypic adaptation and virulent mechanisms that are developed over time to cope with changing environmental pressures in the airway such as host immuno-inflammatory response. Chronic inhalation of noxious irritants in COPD causes a changed balance in the lung microbiome, abnormal inflammatory response, and an impaired airway immune system. These conditions significantly provide an opportunistic platform for NTHi colonization and infection resulting in a “vicious circle.” Episodes of large inflammation as the consequences of multiple interactions between airway immune cells and NTHi, accumulatively contribute to COPD exacerbations and may result in worsening of the clinical status. In this review, we discuss in detail the interplay and crosstalk between airway immune residents and NTHi, and their effect in AECOPD for better understanding of NTHi pathogenesis in COPD patients. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.02530 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02530 id: cord-317638-ccb36coz author: Subiakto, Yuli title: Aviation medicine capacity on facing biological threat In Indonesia airports date: 2020-07-06 words: 3423.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317638-ccb36coz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317638-ccb36coz.txt summary: The development of threat outbreak disease in air transportation is real in the future, so all Indonesia airports must have action plans to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. 11 Based on these incidents, it can be said that airports act as one of the entry points for spread of diseases in Indonesia that are spread by passengers and goods contaminated with dangerous biological materials, or deliberately distributed by certain groups to cause fear or threaten state security. Flights surgeons at air bases have role of carrying out preventive, curative activities on flight crews the role of aviation health in airports in an effort to prevent spread of infectious diseases originating from passengers and goods is to take preventive actions by conducting detection and identification, handling victims and carrying out referral actions. Enhancing capacity of aviation medicine in the face of the threat of the spread of dangerous biological agents is by measures on prevention, detection, and response can be done by increasing capacity of personnel and equipment. abstract: Airports need high security procedures, especially for preventing outbreaks of infectious diseases spread by passenger and carried goods. Outbreaks of disease form real threat to national defense that can endanger national sovereignty, territorial integrity and national security. Biological agents that are dangerous sources of outbreaks infectious diseases can be spread by criminal and terrorists for biological warfare. Based on data, the spread of diseases in Indonesia came from abroad, such as SARS from China, Mers-CoV from the Middle East, Avian Influenza from China, HIV from Africa etc. Indonesia has a population of more than 262 million peoples, 17,500 islands, and climate conditions that allow microorganisms to grow well. In 2017 domestic flights transported 95,401,545 persons and international flights 16,253,259 persons, we need to prevent the spread of diseases in Indonesia entering through the Airports. Efforts to prevent the entry of dangerous biological agents in Indonesia were carried out by Quarantine Officers and Port Health Officers. The development of threat outbreak disease in air transportation is real in the future, so all Indonesia airports must have action plans to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. The Air Force must act as guardian of sovereignty by having medical personnel on the spot for role interoperability with the personnel Port Health Office for prevent the entry of dangerous biological agents. Capacity building need for be enhanced for prevention, detection, identification and response through a training of the personnel, procurement facilities for readiness prevent, detect and respond when facing biological threat. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32874467/ doi: 10.4081/idr.2020.8738 id: cord-002757-upwe0cpj author: Sullivan, Kathleen E. title: Emerging Infections and Pertinent Infections Related to Travel for Patients with Primary Immunodeficiencies date: 2017-08-07 words: 24212.0 sentences: 1364.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002757-upwe0cpj.txt summary: The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. In developing countries where polio is still endemic and oral polio vaccine is essential for eradicating the disease, it is of utmost importance that all PIDD patients and family members should not receive live oral polio (OPV) because of the reported prolonged excretion of the virus for months and even years [24] . As for host factors, although severe and fatal cases have been described in healthy immunocompetent hosts [129, 130] , there is evidence to suggest that children under the age of 10 [130] and immunocompromised hosts either secondary to hematologic malignancies, immunosuppressant treatment for organ transplantation, or HIV infection are at a greater risk to develop more severe disease with higher case fatality rates [131, 132] . abstract: In today’s global economy and affordable vacation travel, it is increasingly important that visitors to another country and their physician be familiar with emerging infections, infections unique to a specific geographic region, and risks related to the process of travel. This is never more important than for patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD). A recent review addressing common causes of fever in travelers provides important information for the general population Thwaites and Day (N Engl J Med 376:548-560, 2017). This review covers critical infectious and management concerns specifically related to travel for patients with PIDD. This review will discuss the context of the changing landscape of infections, highlight specific infections of concern, and profile distinct infection phenotypes in patients who are immune compromised. The organization of this review will address the environment driving emerging infections and several concerns unique to patients with PIDD. The first section addresses general considerations, the second section profiles specific infections organized according to mechanism of transmission, and the third section focuses on unique phenotypes and unique susceptibilities in patients with PIDDs. This review does not address most parasitic diseases. Reference tables provide easily accessible information on a broader range of infections than is described in the text. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5693703/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-017-0426-2 id: cord-306056-4jx0u7js author: Sulmasy, Daniel P. title: “Diseases and Natural Kinds” date: 2005 words: 9602.0 sentences: 523.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt txt: ./txt/cord-306056-4jx0u7js.txt summary: (3) The aim of this classification must be to provide at least a provisional basis for explaining the causes and/or natural history of a disturbance in the internal biological relations of the affected members of X (and, if X is a self-reflective natural kind, can serve as an explanation of the illness of those so affected), (4) and at least some individuals of whom (or which) this class of states of affairs can be predicated are, by virtue of that state, inhibited from flourishing as Xs. I must further explicate this fairly dense definition. H. Setting as the telos the flourishing of the individual as the kind of thing that it is also explains why it can be controversial to classify as diseases certain patterns of variation in the law-like biological principles that determine the characteristic development and typical history of a living natural kind. abstract: David Thomasma called for the development of a medical ethics based squarely on the philosophy of medicine. He recognized, however, that widespread anti-essentialism presented a significant barrier to such an approach. The aim of this article is to introduce a theory that challenges these anti-essentialist objections. The notion of natural kinds presents a modest form of essentialism that can serve as the basis for a foundationalist philosophy of medicine. The notion of a natural kind is neither static nor reductionistic. Disease can be understood as making necessary reference to living natural kinds without invoking the claim that diseases themselves are natural kinds. The idea that natural kinds have a natural disposition to flourish as the kinds of things that they are provides a telos to which to tether the notion of disease – an objective telos that is broader than mere survival and narrower than subjective choice. It is argued that while nosology is descriptive and may have therapeutic implications, disease classification is fundamentally explanatory. Sickness and illness, while referring to the same state of affairs, can be distinguished from disease phenomenologically. Scientific and diagnostic fallibility in making judgments about diseases do not diminish the objectivity of this notion of disease. Diseases are things, not kinds. Injury is a concept parallel to disease that also makes necessary reference to living natural kinds. These ideas provide a new possibility for the development of a philosophy of medicine with implications for medical ethics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16292605/ doi: 10.1007/s11017-005-2206-x id: cord-346496-crhv0gnt author: Sun, Ying title: Characteristics and prognostic factors of disease severity in patients with COVID-19: The Beijing experience date: 2020-04-24 words: 3402.0 sentences: 178.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-346496-crhv0gnt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346496-crhv0gnt.txt summary: Peripheral CD4(+), CD8(+) T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes were significantly decreased in severe and critically ill patients, but there was only a non-statistically significant downward trend in NK cell numbers with severity. Natural killer (NK) cells, a key component of innate immunity against infection [7] , trended lower with increasing severity, but there was no statistically significant difference among the four groups. Though there was no statistically significant difference in these four different clinical classifications, the levels of creatine phosphokinase in the severe and critically ill groups were much higher than in the mild and moderate patients. The following variables showed significant positive correlation to the disease severity (p<0.01): advanced age, sputum production, shortness of breath, and higher neutrophil count, AST level (p<0.05), LDH level, GGT level, CRP level, ESR level, serum ferritin level, interleukin-6. Our findings indicated that C-reactive protein level, CD8 T lymphocyte count, and D-dimer were independent predictors of disease severity in Beijing COVID-19 patients. abstract: COVID-19 has become one of the worst infectious disease outbreaks of recent times, with over 2.1 million cases and 120,000 deaths so far. Our study investigated the demographic, clinical, laboratory and imaging features of 63 patients with COVID-19 in Beijing. Patients were classified into four groups, mild, moderate, severe and critically ill. The mean age of our patients was 47 years of age (range 3–85) and there was a slight male predominance (58.7%). Thirty percent of our patients had severe or critically ill disease, but only 20% of severe and 33% of critically ill patients had been to Wuhan. Fever was the most common presentation (84.1%), but cough was present in only slightly over half of the patients. We found that lymphocyte and eosinophils count were significantly decreased in patients with severe disease (p = 0.001 and p = 0.000, respectively). Eosinopenia was a feature of higher levels of severity. Peripheral CD4(+), CD8(+) T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes were significantly decreased in severe and critically ill patients, but there was only a non-statistically significant downward trend in NK cell numbers with severity. Of note is that liver function test including AST, ALT, GGT and LDH were elevated, and albumin was decreased. The inflammatory markers CRP, ESR and ferritin were elevated in patients with severe disease or worse. IL-6 levels were also higher, indicating that the presence of a hyperimmune inflammatory state portends higher morbidity and mortality. In a binary logistic regression model, C-reactive protein level (OR 1.073, [CI, 1.013–1.136]; p = 0.017), CD8 T lymphocyte counts (OR 0.989, [CI, 0.979–1.000]; p = 0.043), and D-dimer (OR 5.313, [CI, 0.325–86.816]; p = 0.241) were independent predictors of disease severity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32439209/ doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102473 id: cord-255096-27dfbhsl author: Sweet, Michael J. title: Reprint of ‘Diseases in marine invertebrates associated with mariculture and commercial fisheries’ date: 2016-06-19 words: 18108.0 sentences: 1017.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-255096-27dfbhsl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255096-27dfbhsl.txt summary: Interestingly, although there are countless examples of the spread of disease usually associated with transportation of specific infected hosts for development of aquaculture practices, this process appears to be continuing with no real sign of effective management and mitigation strategies being implicated. In this review, we are not listing all known diseases for the three main commercially important phyla/ sub-phyla and/or class (echinoderms, crustaceans and molluscs), but instead focus on those which likely pose a major threat and/or are infecting large populations of both wild and farmed organisms around the world. Hosts affected: Again, this disease predominantly occurs during the auricularia stages of development of many different sea cucumber species, with mortality being recorded as high as 90% in certain cases (Zhang et al., 2010) . Furthermore, diseases caused by Platyhelminthiasis have been shown to infect both aestivated juveniles (larger than 1 cm) and adults of many different sea cucumber species. abstract: Diseases in marine invertebrates are increasing in both frequency and intensity around the globe. Diseases in individuals which offer some commercial value are often well documented and subsequently well studied in comparison to those wild groups offering little commercial gain. This is particularly the case with those associated with mariculture or the commercial fisheries. Specifically, these include many Holothuroidea, and numerous crustacea and mollusca species. Pathogens/parasites consisting of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes from all groups have been associated with diseases from such organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Viral pathogens in particular, appear to be an increasingly important group and research into this group will likely highlight a larger number of diseases and pathogens being described in the near future. Interestingly, although there are countless examples of the spread of disease usually associated with transportation of specific infected hosts for development of aquaculture practices, this process appears to be continuing with no real sign of effective management and mitigation strategies being implicated. Notably, even in well developed countries such as the UK and the US, even though live animal trade may be well managed, the transport of frozen food appears to be less well so and as evidence suggests, even these to have the potential to transmit pathogens when used as a food source for example. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2016.06.001 doi: 10.1016/j.seares.2016.06.001 id: cord-354677-duxm9u8v author: Sweileh, Waleed M. title: Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on climate change and human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases date: 2020-05-08 words: 6920.0 sentences: 408.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354677-duxm9u8v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354677-duxm9u8v.txt summary: title: Bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed literature on climate change and human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases The objective of the current study was to assess research activity on climate change and health with an emphasis on infectious diseases. Therefore, in the current study, the research activity of climate change on human health with an emphasis on infectious diseases was investigated. In the current study, the authors developed an extensive and comprehensive search query to retrieve all potential documents focusing on climate change and human health. Analysis of author keywords in infection-related literature indicated that malaria (112 occurrences), dengue (76 occurrences), and arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) (33 occurrences) were the most frequent infectious diseases/pathogens encountered ( (Table 3 ). In the infection-related literature, the top ten cited documents discussed water-, vector-, and mosquito-borne diseases as well as general effects of climate change on infectious diseases, particularly malaria and dengue [75] [76] [77] [84] [85] [86] [87] [88] [89] [90] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Assessing research activity is important for planning future protective and adaptive policies. The objective of the current study was to assess research activity on climate change and health with an emphasis on infectious diseases. METHOD: A bibliometric method was applied using SciVerse Scopus. Documents on climate change and human health were called “health-related literature” while documents on climate change and infectious diseases were called “infection-related literature”. The study period was from 1980 to 2019. RESULTS: The search query found 4247 documents in the health-related literature and 1207 in the infection-related literature. The growth of publications showed a steep increase after 2007. There were four research themes in the health-related literature: (1) climate change and infectious diseases; (2) climate change, public health and food security; (3) heat waves, mortality, and non-communicable diseases; and (4) climate change, air pollution, allergy, and respiratory health. The most frequently encountered pathogens/infectious diseases in the infection-related literature were malaria and dengue. Documents in infection-related literature had a higher h-index than documents in the health-related literature. The top-cited documents in the health-related literature focused on food security, public health, and infectious diseases while those in infection-related literature focused on water-, vector-, and mosquito-borne diseases. The European region had the highest contribution in health-related literature (n = 1626; 38.3%) and infection-related literature (n = 497; 41.2%). The USA led with 1235 (29.1%) documents in health-related literature and 365 (30.2%) documents in infection-related literature. The Australian National University ranked first in the health-related literature while the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ranked first in the infection-related literature. International research collaboration was inadequate. Documents published in the Environmental Health Perspectives journal received the highest citations per document. A total of 1416 (33.3%) documents in the health-related literature were funded while 419 (34.7%) documents in the infection-related literature were funded. CONCLUSION: Research on climate change and human health is on the rise with research on infection-related issues making a good share. International research collaboration should be funded and supported. Future research needs to focus on the impact of climate change on psychosocial, mental, innovations, policies, and preparedness of health systems. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00576-1 doi: 10.1186/s12992-020-00576-1 id: cord-285613-hbd44euq author: Søborg, Christian title: Vaccines in a hurry date: 2009-05-26 words: 3804.0 sentences: 161.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285613-hbd44euq.txt summary: Early recognition of an emerging microbial threat Identification and characterization of the causative agent Rapid understanding of natural history, pathogenesis, molecular biology and epidemiology; building on work in related pathogens as well as ongoing clinical, laboratory and epidemiological studies Identification of potential vaccine candidates Identification of potential delivery systems and suitable adjuvant to improve immunogenicity and sparing of antigen and dosages Production at pilot plant level Development and acceptance of correlates of immunity Development and acceptance of correlates of safety Limited trials in animals and humans based on these correlates as outcome measures Fast-track approval of the vaccines Enhancing production capacity by public-private partnerships Based on risk assessment and defined objectives: implementation of emergency vaccination Post-licensure follow-up of emergency vaccination with data accessible in real-time to medicine-and public health agencies as a surrogate for phase III trials and ensuring development with advance purchase agreements to establish a market. abstract: Preparing populations for health threats, including threats from new or re-emerging infectious diseases is recognised as an important public health priority. The development, production and application of emergency vaccinations are the important measures against such threats. Vaccines are cost-effective tools to prevent disease, and emergency vaccines may be the only means to prevent a true disaster for global society in the event of a new pandemic with potential to cause morbidity and mortality comparable to the Spanish flu, the polio epidemics in the 1950s, or the SARS outbreak in 2003 if its spread had not been contained in time. Given the early recognition of a new threat, and given the advances of biotechnology, vaccinology and information systems, it is not an unrealistic goal to have promising prototype vaccine candidates available in a short time span following the identification of a new infectious agent; this is based on the assumption that the emerging infection is followed by natural immunity. However, major bottlenecks for the deployment of emergency vaccine are lack of established systems for fast-track regulatory approval of such candidates and limited international vaccine production capacity. In the present discussion paper, we propose mechanisms to facilitate development of emergency vaccines in Europe by focusing on public–private scientific partnerships, fast-track approval of emergency vaccine by regulatory agencies and proposing incentives for emergency vaccine production in private vaccine companies. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.030 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.030 id: cord-280331-iu2e14jo author: Taboe, Hémaho B. title: Predicting COVID-19 spread in the face of control measures in West-Africa date: 2020-07-29 words: 6962.0 sentences: 345.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-280331-iu2e14jo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280331-iu2e14jo.txt summary: Considering currently applied health control measures, numerical simulations of the model using baseline parameter values estimated from West-African COVID-19 data project a 67% reduction in the daily number of cases when the epidemic attains its peak. We conclude that curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic burden significantly in West-Africa requires more control measures than those that have already been implemented, as well as more mass testing and contact tracing in order to identify and isolate asymptomatic individuals early. Heat maps were plotted to investigate the individual and combined effects of pairs of control measures such as contact tracing, isolation, and using control measures that lead to a reduction in disease transmission, e.g., lockdowns, social and physical distancing, mask use, etc., on COVID-19 in West-Africa (Fig. 4) . abstract: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is causing devastating demographic, social, and economic damage globally. Understanding current patterns of the pandemic spread and forecasting its long-term trajectory is essential in guiding policies aimed at curtailing the pandemic. This is particularly important in regions with weak economies and fragile health care systems such as West-Africa. We formulate and use a deterministic compartmental model to (i) assess the current patterns of COVID-19 spread in West-Africa, (ii) evaluate the impact of currently implemented control measures, and (iii) predict the future course of the pandemic with and without currently implemented and additional control measures in West-Africa. An analytical expression for the threshold level of control measures (involving a reduction in the effective contact rate) required to curtail the pandemic is computed. Considering currently applied health control measures, numerical simulations of the model using baseline parameter values estimated from West-African COVID-19 data project a 67% reduction in the daily number of cases when the epidemic attains its peak. More reduction in the number of cases will be achieved if additional public health control measures that result in a reduction in the effective contact rate are implemented. We found out that disease elimination is difficult when more asymptomatic individuals contribute in transmission or are not identified and isolated in a timely manner. However, maintaining a baseline level of asymptomatic isolation and a low transmission rate will lead to a significant reduction in the number of daily cases when the pandemic peaks. For example, at the baseline level of asymptomatic isolation, at least a 46% reduction in the transmission rate is required for disease elimination. Additionally, disease elimination is possible if asymptomatic individuals are identified and isolated within 5 days (after the incubation period). Combining two or more measures is better for disease control, e.g., if asymptomatic cases are contact traced or identified and isolated in less than 8 days, only about 29% reduction in the disease transmission rate is required for disease elimination. Furthermore, we showed that the currently implemented measures triggered a 33% reduction in the time-dependent effective reproduction number between February 28 and June 26, 2020. We conclude that curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic burden significantly in West-Africa requires more control measures than those that have already been implemented, as well as more mass testing and contact tracing in order to identify and isolate asymptomatic individuals early. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32738248/ doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108431 id: cord-002094-7tewne3a author: Tago, Damian title: The Impact of Farmers’ Strategic Behavior on the Spread of Animal Infectious Diseases date: 2016-06-14 words: 6293.0 sentences: 303.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002094-7tewne3a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002094-7tewne3a.txt summary: Incorporating the strategic behavior of farmers in an epidemiologic model reveals that the MRP can trigger premature animal sales by farms at high risk of becoming infected that significantly reduce the efficacy of the policy. The idea behind control strategies such as the MRP and vaccination [7] is that removing infected nodes or immunizing susceptible ones are efficient mechanisms to fight the spread of a disease. If an infectious disease is detected at t = 1, a farmer sufficiently close to the infected zone will face the risk that the restricted zone (RZ) will expand to include his location by the next period (with probability q). In the case of non-vector-borne diseases, i.e. when the transmission channel is restricted to the trade network, the MRP is an effective control strategy. The MRP becomes significantly less efficient when infected nodes that have not been detected spread the disease through both trade and geographic networks. abstract: One of the main strategies to control the spread of infectious animal diseases is the implementation of movement restrictions. This paper shows a loss in efficiency of the movement restriction policy (MRP) when behavioral responses of farmers are taken into account. Incorporating the strategic behavior of farmers in an epidemiologic model reveals that the MRP can trigger premature animal sales by farms at high risk of becoming infected that significantly reduce the efficacy of the policy. The results are validated in a parameterized network via Monte Carlo simulations and measures to mitigate the loss of efficiency of the MRP are discussed. Financial aid to farmers can be justified by public health concerns, not only for equity. This paper contributes to developing an interdisciplinary analytical framework regarding the expansion of infectious diseases combining economic and epidemiologic dimensions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4907430/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157450 id: cord-313615-cts45n3j author: Tam, John S title: Research agenda for mass gatherings: a call to action date: 2012-01-15 words: 5487.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313615-cts45n3j.txt summary: 6, 12, 13 Therefore, a robust knowledge about illnesses, from basic scientifi c understanding to societal eff ects of infections and noncommunicable diseases, is essential for modern public health practices and policy development related to the planning for MGs. Several reports [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] and WHO planning and guidance documents 1,16-18 have drawn attention to the importance Series of research into public health issues associated with MGs and identifi ed those that need immediate attention. However, many countries, particularly those with insuffi cient resources, have not developed strategies for vaccinating their populations at risk and people travelling to MGs. The reason is partly related to the lack of information about the transmission of infectious diseases (eg, infl uenza) and the social, economic, and health eff ects to the host and home communities. abstract: Public health research is essential for the development of effective policies and planning to address health security and risks associated with mass gatherings (MGs). Crucial research topics related to MGs and their effects on global health security are discussed in this review. The research agenda for MGs consists of a framework of five major public health research directions that address issues related to reducing the risk of public health emergencies during MGs; restricting the occurrence of non-communicable and communicable diseases; minimisation of the effect of public health events associated with MGs; optimisation of the medical services and treatment of diseases during MGs; and development and application of modern public health measures. Implementation of the proposed research topics would be expected to provide benefits over the medium to long term in planning for MGs. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147330991170353X doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70353-x id: cord-303192-il3s8lgp author: Tam, Lai‐Shan title: Care for patients with rheumatic diseases during COVID‐19 pandemic: A position statement from APLAR date: 2020-05-27 words: 1794.0 sentences: 95.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303192-il3s8lgp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303192-il3s8lgp.txt summary: Patients with rheumatic diseases are at higher risk of respiratory infections including influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia, which is attributed to the underlying disease, comorbidities and immunosuppressive therapy, 1 but to date we lack good information about the virus SARS-CoV-2. In the desperate search to find effective treatments for COVID-19, drugs largely used by rheumatologists have entered the spotlight, including the caution against use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), the potential of antimalarials and biologic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), for example anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) and targeted synthetic DMARDS (tsDMARDs) Janus-activated kinase (JAK) inhibitors to manage cytokine storm syndrome (CSS)/cytokine release syndrome associated with COVID-19. 18 In order to gather real-world data to inform treatment strategies and better characterize individuals at increased risk of infection, the COVID-19 Global Rheumatology Alliance has successfully dePreclinical and limited clinical data suggested that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CLQ) have antiviral activities against SARS-CoV-2. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185x.13863 doi: 10.1111/1756-185x.13863 id: cord-300605-gozt5aur author: Tambo, Ernest title: Acquired immunity and asymptomatic reservoir impact on frontline and airport ebola outbreak syndromic surveillance and response date: 2014-10-29 words: 6854.0 sentences: 250.0 pages: flesch: 29.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300605-gozt5aur.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300605-gozt5aur.txt summary: Yet, taming the dynamics and plague of the vicious Ebola virus disease (EVD) in African countries has been patchy and erratic due to inadequate surveillance and contact tracing, community defiance and resistance, a lack of detection and response systems, meager/weak knowledge and information on the disease, inadequacies in protective materials protocols, contact tracing nightmare and differing priorities at various levels of the public health system. (8)Digital or electronic bio-epidemiology surveillance systems, including social media networking and web-based systems, provide valuable channels for timely collection of public health data; give information on the early detection of, and response to, disease outbreaks; and enhance situational awareness to communities. (2)This approach is confronted by a lack of effective and accurate spot invasive frontline and airport rapid diagnostics tools, district and provincial health laboratories being equipped with little or no advanced molecular technologies, lack of drugs and vaccines to treat Ebola, inadequacy in coordinated Ebola frontline planning efforts in the community, as well inefficient or nonexistent community and national active infectious disease surveillance systems. abstract: The number of surveillance networks for infectious disease diagnosis and response has been growing. In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network, which has been endorsed by each of the 46 WHO African members since then. Yet, taming the dynamics and plague of the vicious Ebola virus disease (EVD) in African countries has been patchy and erratic due to inadequate surveillance and contact tracing, community defiance and resistance, a lack of detection and response systems, meager/weak knowledge and information on the disease, inadequacies in protective materials protocols, contact tracing nightmare and differing priorities at various levels of the public health system. Despite the widespread acceptance of syndromic surveillance (SS) systems, their ability to provide early warning alerts and notifications of outbreaks is still unverified. Information is often too limited for any outbreak, or emerging or otherwise unexpected disease, to be recognized at either the community or the national level. Indeed, little is known about the role and the interactions between the Ebola infection and exposure to other syndemics and the development of acquired immunity, asymptomatic reservoir, and Ebola seroconversion. Can lessons be learnt from smallpox, polio, and influenza immunity, and can immunization against these serve as a guide? In most endemic countries, community health centers and disease control and prevention at airports solely relies on passive routine immunization control and reactive syndromic response. The frontline and airport Ebola SS systems in West Africa have shown deficiencies in terms of responding with an alarming number of case fatalities, and suggest that more detailed insights into Ebola, and proactive actions, are needed. The quest for effective early indicators (EEE) in shifting the public and global health paradigm requires the development and implementation of a comprehensive and effective community or regional integrated pandemic preparedness and surveillance response systems tailored to local contexts. These systems must have mechanisms for early identification, rapid contact tracing and tracking, confirmation, and communication with the local population and the global community, and must endeavor to respond in a timely manner. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2049-9957-3-41) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-3-41 doi: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-41 id: cord-028803-l92jcw9h author: Tang, Claire title: Discovering Unknown Diseases with Explainable Automated Medical Imaging date: 2020-06-09 words: 3456.0 sentences: 217.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-028803-l92jcw9h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-028803-l92jcw9h.txt summary: In this paper, we propose a new deep learning framework and pipeline for explainable medical imaging that can classify known diseases as well as detect new/unknown diseases when the models are only trained on known disease images. -We develop an automatic visual explanation into deep learning models to reveal suspected evidence in medical images for potential unknown diseases. -Based on our proposed new pipeline, we conduct comprehensive experimental evaluations showing that our system achieves significant performance improvement on both quantitatively (unknown disease detection) and qualitatively (visual explanation) on Skin Lesion and Chest X-Ray datasets. Then, we use the following "softmax function" [7] to normalize the logits to be a probability distribution: We illustrate our overconfidence explanation in Fig. 2 using an example: Assuming there are two indomain classes in our classifier. GC improved baseline performance by over 6 times on Chest X-Ray to detect new out-of-domain COVID-19 disease using the model trained on known pneumonia and normal images. abstract: Deep neural network (DNN) classifiers have attained remarkable performance in diagnosing known diseases when the models are trained on a large amount of data from known diseases. However, DNN classifiers trained on known diseases usually fail when they confront new diseases such as COVID-19. In this paper, we propose a new deep learning framework and pipeline for explainable medical imaging that can classify known diseases as well as detect new/unknown diseases when the models are only trained on known disease images. We first provide in-depth mathematical analysis to explain the overconfidence phenomena and present the calibrated confidence that can mitigate the overconfidence. Using calibrated confidence, we design a decision engine to determine if a medical image belongs to some known diseases or a new disease. At last, we introduce a new visual explanation to further reveal the suspected region inside each image. Using both Skin Lesion and Chest X-Ray datasets, we validate that our framework significantly improves the accuracy of new disease discovery, i.e., distinguish COVID-19 from pneumonia without seeing any COVID-19 data during training. We also qualitatively show that our visual explanations are highly consistent with doctors’ ground truth. While our work was not designed to target COVID-19, our experimental validation using the real world COVID-19 cases/data demonstrates the general applicability of our pipeline for different diseases based on medical imaging. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340943/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-52791-4_27 id: cord-321984-qjfkvu6n author: Tang, Lu title: A Review of Multi‐Compartment Infectious Disease Models date: 2020-08-03 words: 21853.0 sentences: 1094.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321984-qjfkvu6n.txt summary: Despite relying on a valid infectious diseases mechanism, deterministic approaches have several drawbacks: (i) the actual population in each compartment at a given time is never accurately measured because we only obtain an observation around the mean; (ii) the nature of disease transmission and recovery is stochastic on the individual level and thus never certain; and (iii) without random component in the model, it is neither possible to learn model parameters (e.g. R 0 ) from available data nor to assess prediction uncertainty. In an early stage of the current COVID-19 pandemic, the daily infection and death counts reported by health agencies are highly influenced by the availability of testing kits, reporting delays, reporting and attribution schemes, and under-ascertainment of mild cases in public health surveillance databases (see discussions in Angelopoulos et al., 2020; Banerjee et al., 2020) ; both disease transmission rate and time to recovery or death are also highly uncertain and vary by population density, demographic composition, regional contact network structure and non-uniform mitigation schemes (Ray et al., 2020) . abstract: Multi‐compartment models have been playing a central role in modelling infectious disease dynamics since the early 20th century. They are a class of mathematical models widely used for describing the mechanism of an evolving epidemic. Integrated with certain sampling schemes, such mechanistic models can be applied to analyse public health surveillance data, such as assessing the effectiveness of preventive measures (e.g. social distancing and quarantine) and forecasting disease spread patterns. This review begins with a nationwide macromechanistic model and related statistical analyses, including model specification, estimation, inference and prediction. Then, it presents a community‐level micromodel that enables high‐resolution analyses of regional surveillance data to provide current and future risk information useful for local government and residents to make decisions on reopenings of local business and personal travels. r software and scripts are provided whenever appropriate to illustrate the numerical detail of algorithms and calculations. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic surveillance data from the state of Michigan are used for the illustration throughout this paper. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834402/ doi: 10.1111/insr.12402 id: cord-277353-qilq1q7h author: Taniguchi, Kiyosu title: Imported infectious diseases and surveillance in Japan date: 2008-09-11 words: 2054.0 sentences: 104.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277353-qilq1q7h.txt summary: Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Current National Epidemiological Surveillance for Infectious Diseases (NESID) in Japan requires that all notifiable diseases should be reported with the presumptive place of infection. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported infection, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS), typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. Although the outbreak among group tours to endemic countries was reported to account for the increase of imported diseases, 11 investigation of attributable events or causes were not always made in a timely manner. In this study it was not difficult to overview the situation of imported infectious diseases because the current Japanese surveillance system requires the presumptive place of infection including the specified country if possible. abstract: Surveillance of imported infectious diseases is important because of the need for early detection of outbreaks of international concern as well as information of risk to the travelers. This paper attempts to review how the Japanese surveillance system deals with imported infectious diseases and reviews the trend of these diseases. The cases of acquired infection overseas were extracted from the surveillance data in 1999–2008. The incidence and rate of imported cases of a series of infectious diseases with more than one imported case were observed by the year of diagnosis and place of acquired infection. During the period 10,030 cases that could be considered to be imported infectious diseases were identified. Shigellosis ranked as the most common imported disease, followed by amebiasis, malaria, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, typhoid fever, dengue fever, hepatitis A, giardiasis, cholera, and paratyphoid fever. The annual trends of these diseases always fluctuated but not every change was investigated. The study reveals that the situation of imported infectious diseases can be identified in the current Japanese surveillance system with epidemiologic features of both temporal and geographic distribution of cases of imported infectious diseases. However, further timely investigation for unusual increase in infectious diseases is needed. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1477893908001038 doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2008.07.001 id: cord-104204-pdnkabwj author: Tatu, C A title: The etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy: still more questions than answers. date: 1998-11-17 words: 8725.0 sentences: 371.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-104204-pdnkabwj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104204-pdnkabwj.txt summary: There are two actual competing theories attempting to explain the cause of this kidney disease: 1) the mycotoxin hypothesis, which considers that BEN is produced by ochratoxin A ingested intermittently in small amounts by the individuals in the endemic regions, and 2) the Pliocene lignite hypothesis, which proposes that the disease is caused by long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic organic compounds leaching into the well drinking water from low rank coals underlying or proximal to the endemic settlements. There are two actual competing theories attempting to explain the cause of this kidney disease: 1) the mycotoxin hypothesis, which considers that BEN is produced by ochratoxin A ingested intermittently in small amounts by the indivriduals in the endemic regions, and 2) the Pliocene lignite hypothesis, which proposes that the disease is caused by long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic organic compounds leaching into the well drinking water from low rank coals underlying or proximal to the enidemic settdements. abstract: Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) has attracted increasing attention as a possible environmental disease, and a significant amount of research from complementary scientific fields has been dedicated to its etiology. There are two actual competing theories attempting to explain the cause of this kidney disease: 1) the mycotoxin hypothesis, which considers that BEN is produced by ochratoxin A ingested intermittently in small amounts by the individuals in the endemic regions, and 2) the Pliocene lignite hypothesis, which proposes that the disease is caused by long-term exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other toxic organic compounds leaching into the well drinking water from low rank coals underlying or proximal to the endemic settlements. We outline the current developments and future prospects in the study of BEN and differentiate possible factors and cofactors in disease etiology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1533478/ doi: nan id: cord-016663-qnp99m7o author: Taylor, Robert B. title: Medical Words Linked to Places date: 2017-02-01 words: 4835.0 sentences: 251.0 pages: flesch: 63.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016663-qnp99m7o.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016663-qnp99m7o.txt summary: In addition to causing fever and malaise, when the patient is pregnant, the Zika virus may also cause birth defects, notably microcephaly (from Greek words meaning "small" and "head"). In addition to mosquito-borne infection, we now have discovered sexually transmitted Zika virus disease and continue to learn more each year. The West Nile virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae, from the Latin flavus, meaning "yellow." The family was named for the yellow fever virus, which tends to cause liver damage, giving its victims a yellow jaundiced appearance ( Fig. 5.2 ). The disease is caused by Borrelia bacteria, notably Borrelia burgdorferi, and is spread by the same vector as Nantucket fever/babesiosis: the Ixodes tick, also called the deer tick. Also sometimes called tick typhus or blue disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever was first recognized in 1896 in the Snake River Valley in the Rocky Mountains of the Western United States. abstract: Many medical terms come from places: towns, rivers, islands, forests, mountains, valleys, countries, and continents. These toponymous diseases, syndromes, descriptors, and other entities bring us colorful names that help us recall some of their history. Today we have Zika virus, its name coming from the Zika Forest in Ghana. Caucasian comes from the Caucasus Mountains, lesbian from the island of Lesbos, and Epsom salts from a mineral spring in Epsom, Surrey, England. Chapter 10.1007/978-3-319-50328-8_5 tells the stories behind these place-named diseases and how many of them affect us today. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121021/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-50328-8_5 id: cord-023168-cd7adns8 author: Thachil, Jecko title: Haematological Diseases in the Tropics date: 2013-10-21 words: 30224.0 sentences: 1724.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023168-cd7adns8.txt summary: The most useful laboratory measure of iron status Low value is diagnostic in the presence of anaemia Very high values (>100 µg/L) usually exclude iron deficiency'' Being an acute-phase protein, it increases in inflammatory conditions, and certain malignancies, making it unreliable Also increased in tissue damage especially of the liver Levels are falsely decreased in vitamin C deficiency and hypothyroidism Erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin An intermediate in haem biosynthesis and elevated concentrations indicate interrupted haem synthesis due to iron deficiency when zinc is incorporated in place of iron Can be measured on a drop of blood with a portable haematofluorometer Small sample size makes it very useful as a screening test in field surveys, particularly in children, and pregnant women where inflammatory states may not co-exist Red cells should be washed before measurement (serum bilirubin and fluorescent compounds like some drugs can give falsely high values) although not often done Lead poisoning can give falsely high values Rarely acute myeloid leukaemia and sideroblastic anaemia give slightly high values Useful in that it is not increased in thalassaemias WHO recommends normal level >70 µmol/mol haem Iron studies Serum iron concentration represents the iron entering and leaving the circulation. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167525/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5101-2.00066-2 id: cord-317864-44knig6g author: Thacker, S.B. title: Centers for Disease Control date: 2008-08-26 words: 4551.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-317864-44knig6g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-317864-44knig6g.txt summary: Emerging from a small, wartime government program with a regional focus on malaria in 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has become a global public health agency that addresses the entire scope of public health, with over 10 000 employees and contractors in nearly 200 occupations. The CDC''s expertise has expanded in direct correlation with the expanding view of public health needs: it is recognized globally for its ability to respond to urgent threat related to disease epidemics and the health consequences of disaster and war. CDC programs have contributed significantly to the eradication and reduction of diseases such as smallpox, polio, and guinea worm, as well as the control of health problems such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), childhood lead poisoning, breast and cervical cancer, diabetes, violence, and unintentional injuries. The history of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began in 1942 with the establishment of the Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA), under the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). abstract: Emerging from a small, wartime government program with a regional focus on malaria in 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has become a global public health agency that addresses the entire scope of public health, with over 10 000 employees and contractors in nearly 200 occupations. The CDC's expertise has expanded in direct correlation with the expanding view of public health needs: it is recognized globally for its ability to respond to urgent threat related to disease epidemics and the health consequences of disaster and war. CDC programs have contributed significantly to the eradication and reduction of diseases such as smallpox, polio, and guinea worm, as well as the control of health problems such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), childhood lead poisoning, breast and cervical cancer, diabetes, violence, and unintentional injuries. CDC contributions in applied epidemiology, public health surveillance, risk factor reduction, and environmental risk assessment also have been critical to the practice of public health in the United States and around the world. The emerging concerns of the new century – genomics, globalization, the built environment, information technology, global warming, emerging infections, violence, and so forth – will require not only the traditional disciplines but also new expertise and new global partners, both public and private. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739605003038 doi: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00303-8 id: cord-355635-fan0sf48 author: Thacker, Stephen B. title: Epidemic Assistance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Role of the Epidemic Intelligence Service, 1946–2005 date: 2011-12-01 words: 6492.0 sentences: 282.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355635-fan0sf48.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355635-fan0sf48.txt summary: Since 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has responded to urgent requests from US states, federal agencies, and international organizations through epidemic-assistance investigations (Epi-Aids). Although the CDC (now the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) works with health agencies throughout the world in multiple ways, the term Epi-Aid refers to investigations of serious and urgent public health problems in response to formal requests for rapid assistance from states, federal agencies (e.g., the Indian Health Service, the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the US Department of Defense), international organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization), and ministries of health from other countries. An investigation led by an EISO assigned to the state health department documented the transmission of cryptosporidium infection through the public water supply in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that led to an outbreak of disease affecting more than 400,000 residents and subsequent modifications of water quality standards (5) . abstract: Since 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has responded to urgent requests from US states, federal agencies, and international organizations through epidemic-assistance investigations (Epi-Aids). The authors describe the first 60 years of Epi-Aids, breadth of problems addressed, evolution of methodologies, scope of activities, and impact of investigations on population health. They reviewed Epi-Aid reports and EIS Bulletins, contacted current and former Epidemic Intelligence Service staff, and systematically searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases. They abstracted information on dates, location, staff involved, health problems, methods, and impacts of investigations according to a preplanned protocol. They assessed the methods presented as well as the quality of reports. During 1946–2005, a total of 4,484 investigations of health events were initiated by 2,815 Epidemic Intelligence Service officers. In the early years, the majority were in response to infectious agents, although environmental problems emerged. Investigations in subsequent years focused on occupational conditions, birth defects, reproductive health, tobacco use, cancer, violence, legal debate, and terrorism. These Epi-Aids heralded expansion of the agency's mission and presented new methods in statistics and epidemiology. Recommendations from Epi-Aids led to policy implementation, evaluation, or modification. Epi-Aids provide the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with the agility to respond rapidly to public health crises. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22135393/ doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr307 id: cord-315282-05eh1gzd author: Thiemann, Alexandra K. title: Gastrointestinal Disorders of Donkeys and Mules date: 2019-10-03 words: 5070.0 sentences: 281.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-315282-05eh1gzd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315282-05eh1gzd.txt summary: 1 Common clinical signs in association with gastrointestinal disease include dullness, behavior changes, lack of appetite or sham eating, recumbency, head and neck held below withers height, ears less mobile or backwards/sideways pointing and unresponsive to stimuli, self-isolation away from companions, and weight loss in chronic disease. This clinical examination should include an assessment of mentation, general health and body condition, rectal temperature, pulse and respiration, evaluation of mucous membrane color and moisture (hydration status), auscultation of all quadrants for increased or decreased intestinal sounds, a rectal examination, nasogastric intubation in animals with abdominal pain, fecal evaluation for consistency, presence of endoparasites, and poorly digested foodstuffs. The risk factors for gastrointestinal disease in donkeys and mules are similar to those in horses, influenced by the management and environment in which they are kept. Other causes of colic (eg, grass sickness, neoplasia, enteroliths, peritonitis) have been reported in a small number of donkeys and mules with similar signs and treatments to horses. abstract: A review of common gastrointestinal disorders of donkeys and mules is presented. Clinically relevant aspects of donkey behavior, anatomy, and physiology are highlighted. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract from stomach to rectum, including liver and pancreas, are discussed. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.001 doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.001 id: cord-020610-hsw7dk4d author: Thys, Séverine title: Contesting the (Super)Natural Origins of Ebola in Macenta, Guinea: Biomedical and Popular Approaches date: 2019-10-12 words: 9756.0 sentences: 460.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-020610-hsw7dk4d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-020610-hsw7dk4d.txt summary: Combined with a divergent political practice and lived experiences of the state, especially between Sierra Leone and Guinea, the working hypothesis drawn from my ethnographic observations in Macenta and related literature review is that part of the continuing episodes of hostility and social resistance manifested by Guinean communities regarding the adoption of the proposed control measures against the scourge of Ebola has its origins in the divergence between explanatory systems of the disease; on the one hand, biomedical explanatory systems, and, on the other hand, popular explanatory systems. By framing ''bushmeat'' hunting, as well as local burials, as the main persisting cultural practices among the ''forest people'' to explain (or to justify) the maintenance of the EVD transmission during the West African epidemic, the notion of culture that fuelled sensational news coverage has strongly stigmatised this ''patient zero'' community both globally and within Guinea, and has been employed to obscure the actual, political, economic and political-economic drivers of infectious disease patterns. abstract: In December 2013, a two-year-old child died from viral haemorrhagic fever in Méliandou village in the South-East of Guinea, and constituted the likely index case of a major epidemic. When the virus was formally identified as Ebola, epidemiologists started to investigate the chains of transmission, while local people were trying to make sense out of these deaths. The epidemic control measures taken by national and international health agencies were soon faced by strong reluctance and a sometimes aggressive attitude of the affected communities. Based on ethnographic work in Macenta (Forest region) in the autumn of 2014 for the Global Outbreak and Alert Response Network (GOARN) of the World Health Organization, this chapter shows that while epidemiologists involved in the outbreak response attributed the first Ebola deaths in the Forest region to the transmission of a virus from an unknown animal reservoir, local citizens believed these deaths were caused by the breach of a taboo. Epidemiological and popular explanations, mainly evolving in parallel, but sometimes overlapping, were driven by different explanatory models: a biomedical model embodying nature in the guise of an animal disease reservoir, which in turn poses as threat to humanity, and a traditional-religious model wherein nature and culture are not dichotomized. The chapter will argue that epidemic responses must be flexible and need to systematically document popular discourse(s), rumours, codes, practices, knowledge and opinions related to the outbreak event. This precious information must be used not only to shape and adapt control interventions and health promotion messages, but also to trace the complex biosocial dynamics of such zoonotic disease beyond the usual narrow focus on wild animals as the sources of infection. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7141173/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26795-7_7 id: cord-011053-gza05hsv author: Tiew, Pei Yee title: The Mycobiome in Health and Disease: Emerging Concepts, Methodologies and Challenges date: 2020-01-01 words: 10936.0 sentences: 561.0 pages: flesch: 30.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011053-gza05hsv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011053-gza05hsv.txt summary: In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with fungal disease and provide key examples where the application of sequencing technologies has potential diagnostic application in assessing the human ''mycobiome''. Despite their natural environmental abundance, few fungi are human pathogens, and while fulminant fungal infection is uncommon in the healthy individuals, invasive fungal disease is a concern in the immuno-compromised host with significant associated morbidity and mortality [2] . Increasing numbers of patients are at risk of invasive fungal disease including those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malignancy and transplant recipients on immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory therapies, each contributing to the rising global trend of fungal infections among susceptible populations. Despite treatment, mortality rates for invasive fungal disease remain high with factors contributing to poor prognosis including delayed diagnosis and initiation of antifungal treatment, host factors, site of infection, emerging antifungal resistance and drug toxicity. abstract: Fungal disease is an increasingly recognised global clinical challenge associated with high mortality. Early diagnosis of fungal infection remains problematic due to the poor sensitivity and specificity of current diagnostic modalities. Advances in sequencing technologies hold promise in addressing these shortcomings and for improved fungal detection and identification. To translate such emerging approaches into mainstream clinical care will require refinement of current sequencing and analytical platforms, ensuring standardisation and consistency through robust clinical benchmarking and its validation across a range of patient populations. In this state-of-the-art review, we discuss current diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with fungal disease and provide key examples where the application of sequencing technologies has potential diagnostic application in assessing the human ‘mycobiome’. We assess how ready access to fungal sequencing may be exploited in broadening our insight into host–fungal interaction, providing scope for clinical diagnostics and the translation of emerging mycobiome research into clinical practice. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223441/ doi: 10.1007/s11046-019-00413-z id: cord-282628-6uoberfu author: Tiwari, Bhagyashree title: Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater date: 2020-05-01 words: 5920.0 sentences: 286.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282628-6uoberfu.txt summary: The causative agent of most emerging infectious diseases is viruses; every year approximately more than two novel viral pathogens are identified, which can cause illness in a human. Factors for emergence include natural process (evolution of pathogen), infectious agents transfer from vertebrate to mammals, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and climate change. The factors responsible for the emergence of infectious diseases such as (1) the evolution of new strain, (2) the introduction of a host to enzootic, (3) translocation of infected wildlife, (4) farming practices, and (5) others were provided. Due to emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and unavoidable use of antibiotics, concomitant environmental perturbation caused by climate change might make the earth is not suitable for humans and other livings. Increasing resistance to antibiotics and the emergence of "superbugs" that are resistant to drugs of last resort have highlighted the great need for alternative treatments of bacterial disease. Furthermore, development of drug-resistant organisms and increased pathogen survival rate, only raising panic about the human, animal, and environmental health. abstract: The world’s population growth and economic development result in the increased requirement of land, water, and energy. This increased demand leads to the deforestation, loss in biodiversity, imbalance in agriculture and food supply, climate change, and increase in food and travel trade, which result in emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases. This chapter discussed various emerging infectious diseases and their causative agents (Buruli ulcer and Bunyvirus). Furthermore, this chapter further illustrates the emergence of superbugs and the associated threat due to the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment. The prevalence of pharmaceuticals in the environment exerts ecotoxic effects on living organisms and causes thousands of death every year. The threats associated with the pharmaceutical presence in the environment were briefly discussed in this chapter. Finally, this chapter provides the alternative methods to avoid the use of antibiotics and to develop novel treatment technologies (such as Phage therapy) to degrade and remove the pharmaceutical compounds. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128197226000171 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819722-6.00017-1 id: cord-102199-mc6zruyx author: Toksvang, Linea Natalie title: Hepatotoxicity during 6-thioguanine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a systematic review date: 2019-01-30 words: 2340.0 sentences: 144.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-102199-mc6zruyx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-102199-mc6zruyx.txt summary: title: Hepatotoxicity during 6-thioguanine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a systematic review Hepatotoxicity in the form of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) occurred in 9–25% of the ALL patients in two of the four included RCTs using 6TG doses of 40–60 mg/m2/day, and long-term hepatotoxicity in the form of nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) was reported in 2.5%. Oral 6-mercaptopurine versus oral 6-thioguanine and veno-occlusive disease in children with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: report of the Children''s Oncology Group CCG-1952 clinical trial 6-Thioguanine associated nodular regenerative hyperplasia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease may induce portal hypertension Splitting a therapeutic dose of thioguanine may avoid liver toxicity and be an efficacious treatment for severe inflammatory bowel disease: a 2-center observational cohort study Early nodular hyperplasia of the liver occurring with inflammatory bowel diseases in association with thioguanine therapy abstract: Background The recently established association between higher levels of DNA-incorporated thioguanine nucleotides and lower relapse risk in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) calls for reassessment of prolonged 6-thioguanine (6TG) treatment, while avoiding the risk of hepatotoxicity. Objectives To assess the incidence of hepatotoxicity in patients treated with 6TG, and to explore if a safe dose of continuous 6TG can be established. Data sources Databases, conference proceedings, and reference lists of included studies were systematically searched for 6TG and synonyms from 1998–2018. Methods We included studies of patients with ALL or inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD) treated with 6TG, excluding studies with 6TG as part of an intensive chemotherapy regimen. We uploaded a protocol to PROSPERO (registration number CRD42018089424). Database and manual searches yielded 1823 unique records. Of these, 395 full-texts were screened for eligibility. Finally, 134 reports representing 42 studies were included. Results and conclusions We included data from 42 studies of ALL and IBD patients; four randomised controlled trials (RCTs) including 3,993 patients, 20 observational studies including 796 patients, and 18 case reports including 60 patients. Hepatotoxicity in the form of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) occurred in 9–25% of the ALL patients in two of the four included RCTs using 6TG doses of 40–60 mg/m2/day, and long-term hepatotoxicity in the form of nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) was reported in 2.5%. In IBD patients treated with 6TG doses of approximately 23 mg/m2/day, NRH occurred in 14% of patients; SOS has not been reported. At a 6TG dose of approximately 12 mg/m2/day, NRH was reported in 6% of IBD patients, which is similar to the background incidence. According to this review, doses at or below 12 mg/m2/day are rarely associated with notable hepatotoxicity and can probably be considered safe. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/535518 doi: 10.1101/535518 id: cord-300807-9u8idlon author: Tong, Joo Chuan title: 7 Infectious disease informatics date: 2013-12-31 words: 2437.0 sentences: 128.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300807-9u8idlon.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300807-9u8idlon.txt summary: An effective way to identify amino acid residues that are involved in virus adaptation is to fi nd interdependencies between mutations in multiple proteins. A simple method to calculate the extent of adaptive evolution at highly variable genetic loci is to compare the fi xation rates between nonsynonymous (d N ) and synonymous (d S ) substitutions. The hemagglutinin gene from infl uenza A virus is probably one of the fastest evolving genes in terms of the rate of nucleotide substitution, which was estimated at 5.7×10 −3 per site per year. A method for detecting positive selection at single amino acid sites Molecular evolution of mRNA: a method for estimating evolutionary rates of synonymous and amino acid substitutions from homologous nucleotide sequences and its applications A maximum likelihood method for detecting directional evolution in protein sequences and its application to infl uenza A virus abstract: Abstract: Throughout history, infectious diseases have posed a serious burden to mankind. More recently, there has been an alarming increase in drug-resistant microbes. Furthermore, new pathogens are emerging due to microbial evolution and adaptation. The spread of these diseases is a result of pathogen mutations and changes in human behavior patterns. Then, there are diseases that are lurking in the background, waiting for the right conditions before they strike again. In the war against these diseases, we have come to understand the behaviors of microbes in a heterogeneous world and the mechanisms governing disease transmission. These works have profoundly shaped modern knowledge of emerging and re-emerging infections. More recently, computational techniques have led the way into this new era by allowing rapid high-throughput analysis of pathogens which was previously not possible using traditional laboratory techniques. This chapter introduces methods in mathematical modeling, computational biology, and bioinformatics that have been used to study infectious diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9781907568411500076 doi: 10.1533/9781908818416.99 id: cord-303557-bbbq6ylr author: Tong, Michael Xiaoliang title: China''s capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change date: 2018-04-16 words: 4677.0 sentences: 225.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303557-bbbq6ylr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303557-bbbq6ylr.txt summary: METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was utilized to gauge information regarding capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change among 611 clinical professionals whose roles pertained to infectious disease diagnosis, treatment and management in Anhui Province of China. The majority of participants suggested that effective prevention and control measures, more interdisciplinary collaborations, more funding in rural areas for health care, and improved access to facilities enabling online reporting of infectious diseases, were extremely important strategies in building capacity to curb the population health impact of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to climate change in China. The study employs a cross-sectional questionnaire survey among clinical professionals to explore China''s capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change. Further, the study explores participants'' views on capacity building in the hospital sector to curb potential emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to climate change in China. abstract: OBJECTIVES: Infectious diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in China. The capacity of hospitals to deal with the challenge from emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to climate change is of great importance to population health. This study aimed to explore the capacity of hospitals in China to deal with such challenges. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was utilized to gauge information regarding capacity of hospitals to deal with infectious diseases in the context of climate change among 611 clinical professionals whose roles pertained to infectious disease diagnosis, treatment and management in Anhui Province of China. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed on the data. RESULTS: More than 90% of participants believed climate change would have an adverse influence on population health and infectious disease control in China. Most indicated that their hospitals were well prepared for emerging infectious diseases at present, and they considered that logistical support in hospitals (e.g. administrative and maintenance services) should be strengthened for future capacity building. The majority of participants suggested that effective prevention and control measures, more interdisciplinary collaborations, more funding in rural areas for health care, and improved access to facilities enabling online reporting of infectious diseases, were extremely important strategies in building capacity to curb the population health impact of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases due to climate change in China. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical professionals recognized that climate change will likely increase the transmission of infectious diseases. Although rural health care and hospitals’ logistical support need to be improved, most professionals believed their hospitals to be capable of dealing with emerging diseases. They thought that interdisciplinary and cross-regional collaborations, together with necessary resource support (e.g. improved facilities for rural health care) would be important control strategies. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.04.021 doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.04.021 id: cord-018349-rt2i2wca author: Tosam, Mbih Jerome title: Global Emerging Pathogens, Poverty and Vulnerability: An Ethical Analysis date: 2019-03-20 words: 3768.0 sentences: 157.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018349-rt2i2wca.txt summary: The outbreak of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the developing world has shown the extent to which economic and social conditions can affect vulnerable populations. Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions play a fundamental role in the emergence, spread and control/management of EIDs. In poor communities, a large part of the population live in overcrowded and squalid conditions. In this chapter, we critically examine the socio-economic and environmental factors that influence the emergence and spread of EIDs and discuss the ethical issues that arise from the global response and management of EIDs. Globally, the trend in the outbreak of EIDs has been increasing. Also, the countries where EIDs are more likely to occur and those whose capacity to effectively manage EIDs is weak, must also play a leading role in addressing the socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions which facilitate the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. abstract: In the last few decades, the world has witnessed the emergence and re-emergence of new and old infectious diseases. Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) have the capacity to spread rapidly from one region of the world to another, within a very short time, due to world travel and increased global interdependence. The impact of this varies from one region to another. Resource poor countries suffer the most due to an already high disease burden, poor infrastructures, lack of clean, potable water and sanitation, as well as an acute shortage of qualified health personnel to manage, control and contain the crisis/spread. Poor and marginalized communities are the most vulnerable because infectious diseases cause not only suffering and death, but also severe economic hardship. The outbreak of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in the developing world has shown the extent to which economic and social conditions can affect vulnerable populations. These socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions accelerate the spread of, and exacerbate the negative impact of emerging pathogens. This chapter will undertake an analysis of the trend in global emerging pathogens, their economic impact, the global vulnerability status and ethical implications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123202/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-17474-3_18 id: cord-325906-2k2g5khw author: Tresker, Steven title: A typology of clinical conditions date: 2020-05-22 words: 7590.0 sentences: 333.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325906-2k2g5khw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325906-2k2g5khw.txt summary: By attending to the types of clinical conditions possible on the basis of these key factors (symptomaticity, dysfunction, and the meeting of diagnostic criteria), I draw attention to how diseases and other clinical conditions as currently classified can be better categorized, highlighting the issues pertaining to certain typology categories. As Christopher Boorse wrote in 1977 (564-565) , "The distinction between normal variation and underlying disease is one of the most important features of medical theory, though in practice it is often hard to draw because so much clinical evidence is gross output." Given that most clinical evidence is indeed gross output (blood glucose levels, for example), whereby laboratory tests at most only offer a proxy for or rough indication of the dysfunction present (e.g., defects in pancreatic beta cells, adipose tissue, the incretin system), ascertaining the presence of disease is not always as straightforward as it may seem. A risk-based condition could thus be defined as a clinical condition for which a person could meet diagnostic criteria for a "disease" yet for which in some cases no dysfunction is present (it is not a disease by the BST). abstract: In the philosophy of medicine, great attention has been paid to defining disease, yet less attention has been paid to the classification of clinical conditions. These include conditions that look like diseases but are not; conditions that are diseases but that (currently) have no diagnostic criteria; and other types, including those relating to risk for disease. I present a typology of clinical conditions by examining factors important for characterizing clinical conditions. By attending to the types of clinical conditions possible on the basis of these key factors (symptomaticity, dysfunction, and the meeting of diagnostic criteria), I draw attention to how diseases and other clinical conditions as currently classified can be better categorized, highlighting the issues pertaining to certain typology categories. Through detailed analysis of a wide variety of clinical examples, including Alzheimer disease as a test case, I show how nosology, research, and decisions about diagnostic criteria should include normative as well as naturalistically describable factors. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2020.101291 doi: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2020.101291 id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2 author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: Expanding the Concept of Public Health date: 2014-10-10 words: 33919.0 sentences: 1389.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt summary: It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way. abstract: Ancient societies recognized the needs of sanitation, food safety, workers’ health, and medical care to protect against disease and to promote well-being and civic prosperity. New energies and knowledge since the eighteenth century produced landmark discoveries such as prevention of scurvy and vaccination against smallpox. The biological germ theory and competing miasma theory each proved effective in sanitation, and immunization in control of infectious diseases. Non-communicable diseases as the leading causes of mortality have responded to innovative preventive care of health risk factors, smoking, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthful diets, and diabetes mellitus. Health promotion proved effective to modern public health in tackling disease origins, individual behavior, and social and economic conditions. The global burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases, aging and chronic illness faces rising costs and still inadequate prevention. The evolution of concepts of public health will have to address these new challenges of population health. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124157668000021 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1 id: cord-325300-wawui0fd author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title: 4 Communicable Diseases date: 2000-12-31 words: 31276.0 sentences: 1672.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt summary: No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. abstract: Publisher Summary In a world of rapid international transport and contact between populations, systems are needed to monitor the potential explosive spread of pathogens that may be transferred from their normal habitat. The potential for the international spread of new or reinvigorated infectious diseases constitute threat to mankind akin to ecological and other man-made disasters. Public health has addressed the issues of communicable disease as one of its key issues in protecting individual and population health. Methods of intervention include classic public health through sanitation, immunization, and well beyond that into nutrition, education, case finding, and treatment, and changing human behavior. The knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of policy makers, health care providers, and parents is as important in the success of communicable disease control as are the technology available and methods of financing health systems. Together, these encompass the broad programmatic approach of the New Public Health to control of communicable diseases. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780127033501500061 doi: 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 id: cord-021668-33zfio0u author: Tyring, Stephen K. title: Syndromal tropical dermatology date: 2009-05-15 words: 6256.0 sentences: 311.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021668-33zfio0u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021668-33zfio0u.txt summary: With increasing numbers of persons from industrialized, temperate countries traveling and/or working in tropical lands, there is a marked need for physicians to be able to diagnose accurately and treat tropical diseases with mucocutaneous manifestations. Considerations for deciding the differential diagnosis of cutaneous manifestations of tropical diseases and/or of diseases acquired while traveling must be based not only on the type of lesions and systemic symptoms but also on the patient''s history of travel. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) should be considered at the top of the differential diagnoses when a patient presents with Syndromal tropical dermatology genital lesions and/or urogenital discharge. The most common cause of fever after tropical travel is malaria, which usually does not have specific cutaneous manifestations. If at least 3 months separate travel from fever/rash, the following infections should be considered: bartonellosis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, hepatitis viruses (B and C), histoplasmosis, HIV, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, melioidosis, penicilliosis, syphilis, trypanosomiasis, and tuberculosis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151842/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06790-7.50005-3 id: cord-021990-a8ku5rke author: Tyring, Stephen K. title: Syndromal Tropical Dermatology date: 2016-12-02 words: 7077.0 sentences: 390.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021990-a8ku5rke.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021990-a8ku5rke.txt summary: With increasing numbers of persons from industrialized, temperate countries traveling and / or working in tropical lands, there is a marked need for physicians to be able to diagnose accurately and treat tropical diseases with mucocutaneous manifestations. An example of a mosquito-borne disease that was considered primarily "tropical" in the recent past but is now relatively common in much of North America is infection with the West Nile virus (Fig. 1-3) . When one STD is confirmed, there is an increased possibility of acquisition of additional STDs. Not only is this the case because the source partner(s) may have had multiple STDs, but also because having certain STDs makes a person more susceptible to other STDs. The best example of this phenomenon is the two-to fivefold greater risk of acquiring HIV if the person with a genital ulcer disease (GUD) has sex with an HIV-positive individual. If at least 3 months separate travel from fever / rash, the following infections should be considered: bartonellosis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, hepatitis viruses (B and C), histoplasmosis, HIV, leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, melioidosis, penicilliosis, syphilis, trypanosomiasis, and tuberculosis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152309/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29634-2.00001-8 id: cord-016536-8wfyaxcb author: Ubokudom, Sunday E. title: Physical, Social and Cultural, and Global Influences date: 2012-02-20 words: 10470.0 sentences: 480.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016536-8wfyaxcb.txt summary: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that only about 10% of premature deaths in the United States can be attributed to inadequate access to medical care, while the remaining 90% can be accounted for by individual lifestyle and behaviors (50%), genetic profi les (20%), and social and environmental conditions (20%) (CDC 1979 ) . In summation, international trade and fi nance, infectious disease epidemics, global warming and climate change, population mobility, and natural disasters and terrorism signifi cantly affect the United States health care delivery and policymaking systems. Research demonstrates that most of the deaths in the country are attributable to a small number of largely controllable behaviors and exposures, or due to factors that fall under the preventive, social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle and behavioral determinants of health. But even though most of the deaths in the country are the result of social, cultural, economic, environmental, and global factors, medical care is also an important determinant of health that cannot be ignored. abstract: In Chap. 5, we examined the technological environment of the health care policy-making system. Specifically, we examined the classification, evolution, and diffusion of medical technology; the effects of medical technology on medical training and the practice of medicine; effects on medical costs, quality of care, and quality of life; effects on access to care; the ethical concerns raised by medical technology; and the practice of technology assessment. We concluded the chapter by observing that the growth of technology, as well as other human endeavors, affects other important aspects of our lives, most notably, the air we breathe, the food we eat, the generation of radioactive by-products and toxic chemicals, the manufacture of illicit drugs, and the generation of natural and man-made hazards. In other words, in addition to their effects on the health care system, technology and other human activities affect many other aspects of our lives that are associated with health. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120848/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3169-5_6 id: cord-017463-repm1vw9 author: Ungchusak, Kumnuan title: Public Health Surveillance: A Vital Alert and Response Function date: 2018-07-27 words: 5671.0 sentences: 273.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017463-repm1vw9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017463-repm1vw9.txt summary: We examine networks that contribute to global surveillance systems and highlight the role of social media and information technology in providing data to monitor new events of international importance. The IHR 2005 require countries to develop core capacities in public health, including surveillance systems and epidemiology services, that can analyse and act on surveillance information to detect and respond to diseases where and when they occur so that their potential to spread internationally is decreased. Surveillance and response teams detect early stage public health threats while control programmes gather disease (or condition) specific information to plan activities. These networks depend on cooperation of governments, public health workers and scientists to report cases, provide specimens and share information so that specific diseases can be controlled globally. abstract: Ungchusak, Heymann and Pollack address the critical global issue of public health surveillance. They describe how epidemiologists collect and use surveillance data to detect unusual events or outbreaks and to guide control programmes. Drawing on their combined international experience, the authors explain the vital role that data play in alerting authorities to respond to outbreaks such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Ebola, Zika virus and Avian influenza. They point to the importance of sharing information globally while ensuring equal benefits to providers of data, coordinating surveillance activities across sectors, building capacity for surveillance and coordinating national surveillance activities. The authors emphasise the need for enhanced global cooperation to prepare for future public health emergencies of international concern. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122032/ doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-54984-6_10 id: cord-283485-xit6najq author: Van Damme, Wim title: The COVID-19 pandemic: diverse contexts; different epidemics—how and why? date: 2020-07-27 words: 9627.0 sentences: 633.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283485-xit6najq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283485-xit6najq.txt summary: Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. 4 It was soon discovered that the virus is easily transmitted, can cause Summary box ► Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. 88 Box 2 On the use of mathematical models during epidemics A dominant way of studying the transmission dynamics of an infectious disease such as COVID-19, and predicting the amplitude and peak of the epidemic in a population (city, province, country) and analysing the effect of control measures is using mathematical models. abstract: It is very exceptional that a new disease becomes a true pandemic. Since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, has spread to nearly all countries of the world in only a few months. However, in different countries, the COVID-19 epidemic takes variable shapes and forms in how it affects communities. Until now, the insights gained on COVID-19 have been largely dominated by the COVID-19 epidemics and the lockdowns in China, Europe and the USA. But this variety of global trajectories is little described, analysed or understood. In only a few months, an enormous amount of scientific evidence on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has been uncovered (knowns). But important knowledge gaps remain (unknowns). Learning from the variety of ways the COVID-19 epidemic is unfolding across the globe can potentially contribute to solving the COVID-19 puzzle. This paper tries to make sense of this variability—by exploring the important role that context plays in these different COVID-19 epidemics; by comparing COVID-19 epidemics with other respiratory diseases, including other coronaviruses that circulate continuously; and by highlighting the critical unknowns and uncertainties that remain. These unknowns and uncertainties require a deeper understanding of the variable trajectories of COVID-19. Unravelling them will be important for discerning potential future scenarios, such as the first wave in virgin territories still untouched by COVID-19 and for future waves elsewhere. url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003098 doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003098 id: cord-353609-no3mbg5d author: Vandegrift, Kurt J. title: An Ecological and Conservation Perspective on Advances in the Applied Virology of Zoonoses date: 2011-04-15 words: 6925.0 sentences: 350.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353609-no3mbg5d.txt summary: Conducting viral surveillance in animal reservoirs and invertebrate vectors can help explain circulation within host species; observed patterns of zoonotic transmission; and even allow for the prediction of periods of increased risk of zoonotic transmission (e.g., Rift valley fever and rainfall [25] ; West Nile virus (WNV) and American robin (Turdus turdus) migration [26] ; as well as hantavirus in mice [27, 28] ). Globalization, host ecology, host-virus dynamics, climate change, and anthropogenic landscape changes all contribute to the complexity of zoonotic viral emergence and disease, and create significant conservation and public health challenges. While the lasting efficacy of wildlife vaccination efforts has yet to be demonstrated with either endangered species or in breaking the transmission cycle of human pathogens, an increasing number of researchers are drawing attention to systems where it seems feasible [99, 103] ; demonstrating that intricate knowledge of host and virus ecology can greatly reduce the amount of vaccine coverage that is necessary to control these viruses. abstract: The aim of this manuscript is to describe how modern advances in our knowledge of viruses and viral evolution can be applied to the fields of disease ecology and conservation. We review recent progress in virology and provide examples of how it is informing both empirical research in field ecology and applied conservation. We include a discussion of needed breakthroughs and ways to bridge communication gaps between the field and the lab. In an effort to foster this interdisciplinary effort, we have also included a table that lists the definitions of key terms. The importance of understanding the dynamics of zoonotic pathogens in their reservoir hosts is emphasized as a tool to both assess risk factors for spillover and to test hypotheses related to treatment and/or intervention strategies. In conclusion, we highlight the need for smart surveillance, viral discovery efforts and predictive modeling. A shift towards a predictive approach is necessary in today’s globalized society because, as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic demonstrated, identification post-emergence is often too late to prevent global spread. Integrating molecular virology and ecological techniques will allow for earlier recognition of potentially dangerous pathogens, ideally before they jump from wildlife reservoirs into human or livestock populations and cause serious public health or conservation issues. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v3040379 doi: 10.3390/v3040379 id: cord-274756-nnm1n09a author: Varadé, Jezabel title: Human immunology and immunotherapy: main achievements and challenges date: 2020-09-02 words: 19144.0 sentences: 920.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274756-nnm1n09a.txt summary: The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer. In addition to those showing the essential role of LTi cells in the formation of secondary lymphoid organs during embryogenesis and the postnatal development of intestinal lymphoid clusters, recent studies also provide evidence that subsets of ILCs express multiple factors that modulate the adaptive immune response in health and disease 27, 28 . Autoimmunity: In the case of therapeutic vaccines for autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, Myasthenia gravis or Guillain Barré syndrome, the intention is to induce tolerance to self-antigens through the activation of regulatory cells (Tregs and Bregs) and tolerogenic dendritic cells, thus avoiding the immune response to self-components 211 . abstract: The immune system is a fascinating world of cells, soluble factors, interacting cells, and tissues, all of which are interconnected. The highly complex nature of the immune system makes it difficult to view it as a whole, but researchers are now trying to put all the pieces of the puzzle together to obtain a more complete picture. The development of new specialized equipment and immunological techniques, genetic approaches, animal models, and a long list of monoclonal antibodies, among many other factors, are improving our knowledge of this sophisticated system. The different types of cell subsets, soluble factors, membrane molecules, and cell functionalities are some aspects that we are starting to understand, together with their roles in health, aging, and illness. This knowledge is filling many of the gaps, and in some cases, it has led to changes in our previous assumptions; e.g., adaptive immune cells were previously thought to be unique memory cells until trained innate immunity was observed, and several innate immune cells with features similar to those of cytokine-secreting T cells have been discovered. Moreover, we have improved our knowledge not only regarding immune-mediated illnesses and how the immune system works and interacts with other systems and components (such as the microbiome) but also in terms of ways to manipulate this system through immunotherapy. The development of different types of immunotherapies, including vaccines (prophylactic and therapeutic), and the use of pathogens, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, cytokines, and cellular immunotherapies, are changing the way in which we approach many diseases, especially cancer. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32879472/ doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-00530-6 id: cord-009765-v20r44lr author: Vasan, Aditya title: Medical Devices for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review and Directions for Development date: 2020-03-01 words: 5871.0 sentences: 317.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009765-v20r44lr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009765-v20r44lr.txt summary: Specifically, this review focuses on diseases prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia: melioidosis, infant and maternal mortality, schistosomiasis, and heavy metal and pesticide poisoning. Keywords used to identify diseases and technologies included, but were not limited to, the following terms: medical devices, low-cost design, global health, low-income countries, low-and middle-income countries, pointof-care diagnostics, neglected tropical diseases (NTD), neonatal mortality. The number of people worldwide affected by heavy metal poisoning is difficult to estimate due to the varying sources of poisoning but, given that incidents like the one in Flint that occurred in a developed country with safeguards in place to prevent lead poisoning, there is a need to estimate atmospheric and water-based heavy metal exposure risks across the world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 3  10 6 severe pesticide poisonings occur annually and that at least 300,000 people die as a result of exposure, with 99% of these cases being from LMICs [51] . abstract: The development of diagnostics and medical devices has historically been concentrated in high-income countries, despite a significant need to expand healthcare services to low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Poor quality healthcare extends beyond LMIC to underserved communities in developed countries. This paper reviews diseases and conditions that have not received much attention in the past despite imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems in these circumstances. We review the underlying mechanism of action of these conditions and current technology in use for diagnosis or surgical intervention. We aim to identify areas for technological development and review policy considerations that will enable real-world adoption. Specifically, this review focuses on diseases prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia: melioidosis, infant and maternal mortality, schistosomiasis, and heavy metal and pesticide poisoning. Our aim with this review is to identify problems facing the world that require the attention of the medical device community and provide recommendations for research directions for groups interested in this field. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164506/ doi: 10.1115/1.4045910 id: cord-016238-bs1qk677 author: Venkatachalam, Sangeeta title: An Infectious Disease Outbreak Simulator Based on the Cellular Automata Paradigm date: 2006 words: 4210.0 sentences: 263.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016238-bs1qk677.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016238-bs1qk677.txt summary: The simulator facilitates the study of dynamics of epidemics of different infectious diseases, and has been applied to study the effects of spread vaccination and ring vaccination strategies. Our efforts to design and implement a Cellular Automata based simulator has been necessitated by the need to study the dynamic of spread of a vast number of infectious diseases. Di Stefano et al [8] have developed a lattice gas cellular automata model to analyze the spread of epidemics of infectious diseases. However, this approach does not consider the infection time-line of latency, incubation period, and recovery which have been shown to be important to model a disease epidemic. In our model the basic unit of cellular automata is a cell, which may represent an individual or a small sub-population. While modeling a disease epidemic, few parameters that are considered important are neighborhood radius, contact between individuals, infection probability (variable susceptibility), immunity, latency, infectious period and recovery period. abstract: In this paper, we propose the use of Cellular Automata paradigm to simulate an infectious disease outbreak. The simulator facilitates the study of dynamics of epidemics of different infectious diseases, and has been applied to study the effects of spread vaccination and ring vaccination strategies. Fundamentally the simulator loosely simulates SIR (Susceptible Infected Removed) and SEIR (Susceptible Exposed Infected Removed). The Geo-spatial model with global interaction and our approach of global stochastic cellular automata are also discussed. The global stochastic cellular automata takes into account the demography, culture of a region. The simulator can be used to study the dynamics of disease epidemics over large geographic regions. We analyze the effects of distances and interaction on the spread of various diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120465/ doi: 10.1007/11553762_20 id: cord-274113-m0nb78kf author: Vignier, Nicolas title: Travel, Migration and Emerging Infectious Diseases date: 2018-11-07 words: 1789.0 sentences: 117.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-274113-m0nb78kf.txt summary: In connection with the extension of poverty, urbanization, extensive livestock rearing and globalization, we could be exposed to a third epidemiological transition characterized by zoonotic diseases and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. These infectious diseases unequally expose the majority Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases population, from none at all (e.g., malaria) to a little (e.g., tuberculosis). Among the published studies on migrants and infectious diseases, the majority were non-emergent diseases with the exception of MDR tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant bacteria (24, 25) . Immigrants don''t play the role of Nicolas Vignier, Olivier Bouchaud Travel, migration and emerging infectious diseases sentinel epidemic so far. abstract: Emerging infectious diseases (EID) threaten public health and are sustained by increasing global commerce, travel and disruption of ecological systems. Travelers could play a role in importing EIDs and could be a sentinel of major epidemics. In connection with the extension of poverty, urbanization, extensive livestock rearing and globalization, we could be exposed to a third epidemiological transition characterized by zoonotic diseases and infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. The risk appears low for emerging infectious diseases, or very low for high-risk emerging infectious diseases, but higher for multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae carriage with possibly limited consequences. The role played by migrants is weaker than imagined. Immigrants don’t play the role of sentinel epidemic so far. They could play a role in importing multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae, but it is poorly evaluated. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30479600/ doi: nan id: cord-019063-mcxbl8mv author: Vijayan, Vannan K. title: Diagnosis of Pulmonary Parasitic Diseases date: 2013-06-05 words: 6671.0 sentences: 452.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-019063-mcxbl8mv.txt summary: The lung diseases that may result from these infections range from asymptomatic phase to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome. The diagnosis of leishmaniasis is based on the microscopical demonstration of Leishmania amastigotes in the relevant tissue aspirates or biopsies such as bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, or liver, skin slit smears, or in the peripheral blood buffy coat [ 19 ] . The important helminthic parasites that cause lung diseases include cestodes ( Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis ), trematodes ( Schistosoma haematobium , Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosoma japonicum , and Paragonimus westermani ), and nematodes ( Ascaris lumbricoides , Ancylostoma duodenale , Necator americanus , Strongyloides stercoralis , Wuchereria bancrofti , Brugia malayi , Brugia timori , Dirofi laria immitis , Dirofi laria repens , Toxocara canis or cati , and Trichinella spiralis ). A diagnosis of pulmonary disease due to ascariasis can be made in an endemic region in a patient who presents with dyspnea, dry cough, fever, and eosinophilia. abstract: The protozoal and helminthic parasites that traverse the respiratory tract during their life cycles can cause lung diseases, though the most common habitats of these parasites are the gastrointestinal tract and the blood or lymphatic circulations. These diseases are commonly encountered in the tropical regions of the world. However, parasitic lung diseases are increasingly being reported from other parts of the world due to an increase in the occurrence of immunosuppression (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, organ transplantations, the use of immunosuppressive drugs) and transcontinental travel. The lung diseases that may result from these infections range from asymptomatic phase to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome. These diseases can also mimic common respiratory diseases such as bacterial pneumonias, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer, bronchial asthma, interstitial lung disease, and pulmonary hypertension. The diagnosis of parasitic lung diseases is a challenge to physicians, if they are not aware of the entity or these diseases are not investigated properly. The diagnosis of these diseases is based on the identification of the causative organism in the stool, sputum, other body fluids, or tissue specimens. Radiological imaging studies of the thorax including chest radiographs, high-resolution computerized tomograms, and ultrasonograms may aid in the diagnosis. In certain situations, invasive investigations such as fiberoptic bronchoscopic evaluation (transbronchial lung biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage studies) and thoracic surgical procedures (thoracoscopy and open lung biopsy) may be required for a diagnosis and also to exclude other lung diseases. Serologic and molecular diagnostic methods are being developed for accurate diagnosis of the parasitic diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7124114/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-37609-2_1 id: cord-012465-tta58o6t author: Vlietstra, Wytze J. title: Identifying disease trajectories with predicate information from a knowledge graph date: 2020-08-20 words: 5639.0 sentences: 320.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-012465-tta58o6t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-012465-tta58o6t.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Knowledge graphs can represent the contents of biomedical literature and databases as subject-predicate-object triples, thereby enabling comprehensive analyses that identify e.g. relationships between diseases. Here, we determine whether a sequence of two diseases forms a trajectory by leveraging the predicate information from paths between (disease) proteins in a knowledge graph. To do so, we create four feature sets, based on two methods for representing indirect paths, and both with and without directional information of predicates (i.e., which protein is considered subject and which object). Based on the paths in the knowledge graph, four feature sets are created, based on two methods to represent indirect paths, and both with and without the directional information of predicates was measured with the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) of a 10-fold cross-validation experiment [27, 28] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Knowledge graphs can represent the contents of biomedical literature and databases as subject-predicate-object triples, thereby enabling comprehensive analyses that identify e.g. relationships between diseases. Some diseases are often diagnosed in patients in specific temporal sequences, which are referred to as disease trajectories. Here, we determine whether a sequence of two diseases forms a trajectory by leveraging the predicate information from paths between (disease) proteins in a knowledge graph. Furthermore, we determine the added value of directional information of predicates for this task. To do so, we create four feature sets, based on two methods for representing indirect paths, and both with and without directional information of predicates (i.e., which protein is considered subject and which object). The added value of the directional information of predicates is quantified by comparing the classification performance of the feature sets that include or exclude it. RESULTS: Our method achieved a maximum area under the ROC curve of 89.8% and 74.5% when evaluated with two different reference sets. Use of directional information of predicates significantly improved performance by 6.5 and 2.0 percentage points respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our work demonstrates that predicates between proteins can be used to identify disease trajectories. Using the directional information of predicates significantly improved performance over not using this information. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7439632/ doi: 10.1186/s13326-020-00228-8 id: cord-302127-1abupl36 author: Vokó, Zoltán title: The effect of social distance measures on COVID-19 epidemics in Europe: an interrupted time series analysis date: 2020-06-11 words: 3197.0 sentences: 141.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-302127-1abupl36.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302127-1abupl36.txt summary: Recently published COVID-19 microsimulation models based on social network data in the UK and USA revealed that epidemic suppression would require a complex intervention package including social distancing of the entire population, home isolation of cases, and household quarantine of their family members, supplemented with school closure, in intermittent periods adjusted to epidemic intensity and unoccupied critical care capacity (Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team Report 9 2020; Kucharski et al. Our research aims were to identify the date when the COVID-19 pandemic started declining in each European country and to evaluate the association of the level of community mobility restrictions (social distancing) with the observed extent of decline in the national epidemics. To SDI social distance index, SD standard deviation prevent COVID-19 transmission in nursing homes and other chronic care facilities enriching high-risk elderly patient groups, effective local infection control measures are clearly more relevant than general interventions targeting the country population as a whole, without specific focus on critical hot spots of the epidemic. abstract: Following the introduction of unprecedented “stay-at-home” national policies, the COVID-19 pandemic recently started declining in Europe. Our research aims were to characterize the changepoint in the flow of the COVID-19 epidemic in each European country and to evaluate the association of the level of social distancing with the observed decline in the national epidemics. Interrupted time series analyses were conducted in 28 European countries. Social distance index was calculated based on Google Community Mobility Reports. Changepoints were estimated by threshold regression, national findings were analyzed by Poisson regression, and the effect of social distancing in mixed effects Poisson regression model. Our findings identified the most probable changepoints in 28 European countries. Before changepoint, incidence of new COVID-19 cases grew by 24% per day on average. From the changepoint, this growth rate was reduced to 0.9%, 0.3% increase, and to 0.7% and 1.7% decrease by increasing social distancing quartiles. The beneficial effect of higher social distance quartiles (i.e., turning the increase into decline) was statistically significant for the fourth quartile. Notably, many countries in lower quartiles also achieved a flat epidemic curve. In these countries, other plausible COVID-19 containment measures could contribute to controlling the first wave of the disease. The association of social distance quartiles with viral spread could also be hindered by local bottlenecks in infection control. Our results allow for moderate optimism related to the gradual lifting of social distance measures in the general population, and call for specific attention to the protection of focal micro-societies enriching high-risk elderly subjects, including nursing homes and chronic care facilities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32529592/ doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00205-0 id: cord-016717-2twm4hmc author: Vourc’h, Gwenaël title: How Does Biodiversity Influence the Ecology of Infectious Disease? date: 2011-06-28 words: 7767.0 sentences: 391.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-016717-2twm4hmc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016717-2twm4hmc.txt summary: To conclude, we consider that the consequences of the loss of species biodiversity on infectious diseases is still largely unknown, notably due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamics of host-pathogen relationships, especially at the population and at the community level.. To conclude, we consider that the consequences of the loss of species biodiversity on infectious diseases is still largely unknown, notably due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamics of host-pathogen relationships, especially at the population and at the community level.. In this chapter, we investigate how biodiversity influences the ecology of infectious diseases at the intraspecific level (genetic variability of pathogens and hosts) and at the level of communities (species composition). The hypothesis underlying the amplification and dilution effect is that for many diseases, the competence of reservoirs, i.e. the ability to become infected and retransmit the pathogen, varies according to the host species (Haydon et al. abstract: Over the past years, biodiversity has been reduced on an unprecedented scale, while new infectious diseases are emerging at an increasing rate. Greater overall biodiversity could lead to a greater diversity of hosts and thus of pathogens. Yet disease regulation – due to the buffering role of host diversity – is considered to be one of the services provided by biodiversity. In this chapter, we ask how biodiversity is linked to infectious disease. First, we investigate the influence of the biodiversity of pathogens. We highlight that the number of pathogen species is not well known but that new findings are facilitated by the rapid expansion of molecular techniques. We show that, although there is a trend to find higher pathogen richness toward the equator, identifying a global pattern between the richness of all pathogen species and their latitudinal distribution is challenging. We emphasize that pathogen intraspecific diversity is a crucial factor in disease emergence and allows pathogens to adapt to the selective pressures they face. In addition, the selective pressure acting on hosts due to parasite, and reinforced by parasite diversity within hosts seems to be a major evolutionary and ecological force shaping hosts biodiversity. Second, we investigate how the diversity of hosts influences infectious disease ecology. For multi-host diseases, a change in host species richness or abundance can modify the dynamics of local infectious diseases by either reducing (“dilution effect”) or increasing (“amplification effect”) the risk of transmission to the targeted host species. The underlying hypothesis is that, the competence of reservoirs varies according to the host species. The dilution effect has been demonstrated mainly through theoretical work and there have been only few case studies. Regarding the genetic diversity of host, an important issue is: to what extent does a reduction of this diversity impact the ability of the host population to response to infectious diseases? Third, we rapidly examine the role of biodiversity in the treatment of infectious diseases. To conclude, we consider that the consequences of the loss of species biodiversity on infectious diseases is still largely unknown, notably due to the lack of knowledge on the dynamics of host-pathogen relationships, especially at the population and at the community level.. We highlight that work on multi-host/ ulti-pathogen systems should be fostered and that new approaches, such as metagenomic investigations that does not require a priori assumptions, are promising to describe a community of pathogens and their interactions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121084/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-2114-2_13 id: cord-349066-546ozkly author: Walker, D.H. title: Principles of Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases date: 2014-08-21 words: 2943.0 sentences: 137.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349066-546ozkly.txt summary: The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. Visualization of an agent in infected tissue can provide a diagnosis based on specific morphological characteristics or identify the category of organism, for example, gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium or virus (e.g., eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons in rabies virus infection). Specific diagnoses require isolation of the agent in culture, microscopic visualization of the pathogen in tissue lesions, and/or detection of a specific host immune response to the organism. Identification of fungi has been accelerated greatly in microbiology laboratories by performing either hybridization tests or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on media growing a fungus that is not identifiable by conventional morphological techniques such as blood culture bottles that contain yeast growth. abstract: Infectious diseases are diagnosed by detection of a bacterium, virus, fungus, protozoan, or helminth in a patient with a compatible clinical illness. The methods of detection include cultivation of bacteria and fungi on growth medium, isolation of viruses in cell culture, and identification of the agent biochemically, antigenically, or genetically. Infectious diseases can also be identified by detection of a specific immune response, usually antibodies, that develop during the course of illness. Visualization of an agent in infected tissue can provide a diagnosis based on specific morphological characteristics or identify the category of organism, for example, gram-positive or gram-negative bacterium or virus (e.g., eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in neurons in rabies virus infection). Methods that detect and allow visualization of antigens (immunohistochemistry) or nucleic acid sequences (in situ hybridization) provide more specific diagnoses. Detection of specific nucleic acid sequences amplified by polymerase chain reaction is a powerful molecular diagnostic tool. Since the elucidation of the etiology of the first infectious disease, anthrax, more than 135 years ago, Koch's postulates have been applied and modified as novel technologies and agents have emerged. During the last 45 years, more than 70 previously unknown agents of infections have been identified in emerging infectious diseases, a phenomenon that is likely to continue. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864567017135 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386456-7.01713-5 id: cord-291388-tt9eq7e0 author: Wang, Jann-Tay title: Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory Findings, and Treatment Outcomes of SARS Patients date: 2004-05-17 words: 4355.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291388-tt9eq7e0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291388-tt9eq7e0.txt summary: Previous reports have described some major clinical findings of SARS, including the temporal progression of clinical symptoms and chest radiography, the outcomes, suggested treatment protocol, and risk factors for death (4, 5) . We report on the clinical features of our SARS patients with pneumonia, with emphasis on temporal progression of laboratory findings, treatment outcome, and risk factors for poor prognosis. Methylprednisolone was usually administered in the second week of the disease if any of the following occurred: a flare of fever, progression of clinical symptoms (such as dyspnea or diarrhea), a surge or resurge of CRP level, or rapid deterioration of chest radiographic findings (development of new infiltration). A previous study reported the temporal progression of clinical and radiologic findings in SARS patients and indicated that several parameters would become more severe in the second and third week of disease (5). abstract: Clinical and laboratory data on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), particularly on the temporal progression of abnormal laboratory findings, are limited. We conducted a prospective study on the clinical, radiologic, and hematologic findings of SARS patients with pneumonia, who were admitted to National Taiwan University Hospital from March 8 to June 15, 2003. Fever was the most frequent initial symptom, followed by cough, myalgia, dyspnea, and diarrhea. Twenty-four patients had various underlying diseases. Most patients had elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and lymphopenia. Other common abnormal laboratory findings included leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated levels of aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase. These clinical and laboratory findings were exacerbated in most patients during the second week of disease. The overall case-fatality rate was 19.7%. By multivariate analysis, underlying disease and initial CRP level were predictive of death. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15200814/ doi: 10.3201/eid1005.030640 id: cord-276837-1me44xh0 author: Wang, Wei title: InfectiousDiseases ofPoverty, the first five years date: 2017-05-04 words: 3591.0 sentences: 157.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276837-1me44xh0.txt summary: Based on the "One health, One world" mission, a new, open-access journal, Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IDP), was launched by BioMed Central in partnership with the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) on October 25, 2012. Based on the "One health, One world" mission mentioned in the Global Report on Research for the Infectious Diseases of Poverty [21] , the journal publishes work on topics and approaches that address essential public health questions related to this issue. Interestingly, the most highly cited publication in IDP is an editorial published in 2013 [25] , which may be explained by the fact that it dealt with surveillance and response defining this approach as a research priority during the stage moving towards elimination of tropical diseases, which received much global attention [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] . abstract: Although the focus in the area of health research may be shifting from infectious to non-communicable diseases, the infectious diseases of poverty remain a major burden of disease of global health concern. A global platform to communicate and share the research on these diseases is needed to facilitate the translation of knowledge into effective approaches and tools for their elimination. Based on the “One health, One world” mission, a new, open-access journal, Infectious Diseases of Poverty (IDP), was launched by BioMed Central in partnership with the National Institute of Parasitic Diseases (NIPD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) on October 25, 2012. Its aim is to identify and assess research and information gaps that hinder progress towards new interventions for a particular public health problem in the developing world. From the inaugural IDP issue of October 25, 2012, a total of 256 manuscripts have been published over the following five years. Apart from a small number of editorials, opinions, commentaries and letters to the editor, the predominant types of publications are research articles (69.5%) and scoping reviews (21.5%). A total of 1 081 contributing authors divided between 323 affiliations across 68 countries, territories and regions produced these 256 publications. The journal is indexed in major international biomedical databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Embase. In 2015, it was assigned its first impact factor (4.11), which is now 2.13. During the past five years, IDP has received manuscripts from 90 countries, territories and regions across six continents with an annual acceptance rate of all contributions maintained at less than 40%. Content analysis shows that neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), followed by the “Big Three” (HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis) and infectious diseases in general comprise 88% of all publications. In addition, a series of 10 thematic issues, covering 118 publications in all, was published as separate parts of the first five volumes. These publications were cited 975 times, which equals an average of 8.3 times per publication. The current challenge is to identify cutting-edge research topics and attract and to publish first-rate publications leading to increasing importance and impact of the journal in its field. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6 doi: 10.1186/s40249-017-0310-6 id: cord-352049-68op3d8t author: Wang, Xingyuan title: Model of epidemic control based on quarantine and message delivery date: 2016-09-15 words: 4429.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 60.0 cache: ./cache/cord-352049-68op3d8t.txt txt: ./txt/cord-352049-68op3d8t.txt summary: Experiments show that the increasing of isolating rates in invasion period, as long as over 0.5, contributes little to the preventing of epidemic; the improvement of isolation rate in latent period is key to control the disease spreading. In Section 2, we first describe the characteristics of epidemic, then the SIQM models are developed, which contain the disease prevention measures based on quarantine and message delivery. There is a particular conclusion: the increasing of isolation rate in invasion period, as long as over 0.5, contributes little to the preventing of epidemic; the improvement of isolation rate in latent period is the key to control the spreading of disease. Second, several valuable results are obtained by simulating the model in scale-free and small-world networks: (i) The increasing of isolation rate in invasion period, as long as over 0.5, contributes little to the prevention of epidemic; the improvement of isolation rate in latent period is key to control the spread of disease. abstract: The model provides two novel strategies for the preventive control of epidemic diseases. One approach is related to the different isolating rates in latent period and invasion period. Experiments show that the increasing of isolating rates in invasion period, as long as over 0.5, contributes little to the preventing of epidemic; the improvement of isolation rate in latent period is key to control the disease spreading. Another is a specific mechanism of message delivering and forwarding. Information quality and information accumulating process are also considered there. Macroscopically, diseases are easy to control as long as the immune messages reach a certain quality. Individually, the accumulating messages bring people with certain immunity to the disease. Also, the model is performed on the classic complex networks like scale-free network and small-world network, and location-based social networks. Results show that the proposed measures demonstrate superior performance and significantly reduce the negative impact of epidemic disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.04.009 doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.04.009 id: cord-288342-i37v602u author: Wang, Zhen title: Coupled disease–behavior dynamics on complex networks: A review date: 2015-07-08 words: 15810.0 sentences: 776.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-288342-i37v602u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288342-i37v602u.txt summary: Incorporating adaptive behavior into a model of disease spread can provide important insight into population health outcomes, as the activation of social distancing and other nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been observed to have the ability to alter the course of an epidemic [50] [51] [52] . The authors studied their coupled "disease-behavior" model in well-mixed populations, in square lattice populations, in random network populations, and in SF network populations, and found that population structure acts as a "double-edged sword" for public health: it can promote high levels of voluntary vaccination and herd immunity given that the cost for vaccination is not too large, but small increases in the cost beyond a certain threshold would cause vaccination to plummet, and infections to rise, more dramatically than in well-mixed populations. The first mathematical models studied the adaptive dynamics of disease-behavior responses in the homogeneously mixed population, assuming that individuals interact with each other at the same contact rate, without restrictions on selecting potential partners. abstract: It is increasingly recognized that a key component of successful infection control efforts is understanding the complex, two-way interaction between disease dynamics and human behavioral and social dynamics. Human behavior such as contact precautions and social distancing clearly influence disease prevalence, but disease prevalence can in turn alter human behavior, forming a coupled, nonlinear system. Moreover, in many cases, the spatial structure of the population cannot be ignored, such that social and behavioral processes and/or transmission of infection must be represented with complex networks. Research on studying coupled disease–behavior dynamics in complex networks in particular is growing rapidly, and frequently makes use of analysis methods and concepts from statistical physics. Here, we review some of the growing literature in this area. We contrast network-based approaches to homogeneous-mixing approaches, point out how their predictions differ, and describe the rich and often surprising behavior of disease–behavior dynamics on complex networks, and compare them to processes in statistical physics. We discuss how these models can capture the dynamics that characterize many real-world scenarios, thereby suggesting ways that policy makers can better design effective prevention strategies. We also describe the growing sources of digital data that are facilitating research in this area. Finally, we suggest pitfalls which might be faced by researchers in the field, and we suggest several ways in which the field could move forward in the coming years. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571064515001372 doi: 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.07.006 id: cord-271863-apb8l8tq author: Ward, M.P. title: Companion animal disease surveillance: A new solution to an old problem? date: 2011-07-19 words: 6347.0 sentences: 323.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271863-apb8l8tq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271863-apb8l8tq.txt summary: While the project is still in its infancy, the analysis of initial data is demonstrating some important findings with respect to disease distributions in space and time and risk factors, and there is considerable potential to gather vital information that could lead to targeted vaccination and treatment efforts which could be the key to the control of various diseases. In this paper we report details of this surveillance tool and illustrate its utility with a case study of canine parvovirus (CPV) occurrence and distribution during a 9-month period in the state of New South Wales. To demonstrate the utility of the Disease WatchDog system, data analysis focused on reports of CPV in the state of New South Wales. The distribution of spatio-temporal clusters of cases of canine parvovirus reported in the Disease WatchDog surveillance system between January and September 2010 in New South Wales, Australia. abstract: Infectious disease surveillance in companion animals has a long history. However, it has mostly taken the form of ad hoc surveys, or has focused on adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals. In 2006 a Blue Ribbon Panel was convened by the U.S. White House Office of Science and Technology Policy to discuss the potential utility of a national companion animal health surveillance system. Such a system could provide fundamental information about disease occurrence, transmission and risk factors; and could facilitate industry-supported pharmaco-epidemiological studies and post-market surveillance. Disease WatchDog, a prospective national disease surveillance project, was officially launched in January 2010 to capture data on diseases in dogs and cats throughout Australia. Participation is encouraged by providing registrants real-time disease maps and material for improved communication between veterinarians and clients. From January to mid-November 2010, an estimated 31% of veterinary clinics Australia-wide joined the project. Over 1300 disease cases – including Canine Parvovirus (CPV), Canine Distemper, Canine Hepatitis, Feline Calicivirus, Feline Herpesvirus, and Tick Paralysis – were reported. In New South Wales alone, 552 CPV cases in dogs were reported from 89 postcode locations. New South Wales data was scanned using the space–time permutation test. Up to 24 clusters (P < 0.01) were identified, occurring in all months except March. The greatest number of clusters (n = 6) were identified in April. The most likely cluster was identified in western Sydney, where 36 cases of CPV were reported from a postcode in February. Although the project is still in its infancy, already new information on disease distribution has been produced. Disease information generated could facilitate targeted control and prevention programs. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877584511000323 doi: 10.1016/j.sste.2011.07.009 id: cord-009966-6kcgc5fx author: Warren, Kimberly R. title: Role of chronic stress and depression in periodontal diseases date: 2013-12-09 words: 6818.0 sentences: 332.0 pages: flesch: 30.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009966-6kcgc5fx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009966-6kcgc5fx.txt summary: Epidemiologic studies provide strong evidence that chronic psychosocial stress and depression increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, diabetes and other systemic conditions (51) , as well as adversely affect the course and outcome of the conditions (85, 100, 138) . Evidence also indicates that chronic stress and depression can mediate risk and progression of periodontitis through changes in health-related behaviors, such as oral hygiene, smoking and diet (3, 45) . Of the 14 studies (seven case-control, six cross-sectional and one prospective clinical trial) meeting inclusion criteria for the review, the majority (57%) reported a positive relationship between stress/psychological factors and periodontal disease. This study revealed that psychosocial measures of stress (financial strain) and distress, manifest as depression, were significant risk indicators of periodontal disease severity in adults, after adjusting for gender (male), smoking, diabetes mellitus, T. abstract: An extensive body of experimental and clinical evidence documents the negative impact of chronic psychological stress and depression on the immune system and health. Chronic stress and depression can result in general dysregulation of the immune system, of both cellular and humoral pathways, which may contribute to pathogenic infection and concomitant periodontal tissue destruction. In general, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that stress can modify the host defense and progression of periodontal infections in patients susceptible to periodontitis. However, substantial evidence also indicates that these conditions can mediate risk for disease, including periodontitis, through changes in health‐related behaviors, such as oral hygiene, smoking and diet. The unequivocal interpretation of studies has also been hampered, in part, by issues related to conceptualization of stress and depression, as well as commonly associated comorbidities, such as diabetes, that can modify the onset and progression of periodontal disease. In addition, stress and depression appear to fall into a spectrum, ranging from mild to severe, involving a complex interaction of genetic background, coping strategies and environment. Differences in the conceptualization of stress and depression are probably important in assessing associations with other biologic and clinical measures. Future studies are necessary to clarify the complex interactions of chronic stress and depression in periodontal diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167640/ doi: 10.1111/prd.12036 id: cord-275602-cog4nma0 author: Watkins, Kevin title: Emerging Infectious Diseases: a Review date: 2018-06-22 words: 4672.0 sentences: 278.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-275602-cog4nma0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-275602-cog4nma0.txt summary: SUMMARY: In addition to the aforementioned pathogens, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Nipah virus, New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase-1 Enterobacteriaceae, Rift Valley Fever virus, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus are reviewed. In 1992, an expert committee that produced the Institute of Medicine report on emerging infections defined them as "new, reemerging, or drug-resistant infections whose incidence in humans has increased within the past two decades or whose incidence threatens to increase in the near future." Additionally, six major contributors to these diseases were presented and included changes in human demographics and behavior, advances in technology and changes in industry practices, economic development and changes in land-use patterns, dramatic increases in volume and speed of international travel and commerce, microbial adaptation and change, and breakdown of public health capacity [1] . The World Health Organization has prioritized a number of infectious diseases as requiring urgent need for research and development given the concern for potential of severe outbreaks. abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review highlights some of the recent concerning emerging infectious diseases, a number of them specifically that the World Health Organization has categorized as priorities for research. RECENT FINDINGS: Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases account for significant losses in not only human life, but also financially. There are a number of contributing factors, most commonly surrounding human behavior, that lead to disease emergence. Zoonoses are the most common type of infection, specifically from viral pathogens. The most recent emerging diseases in the USA are Emergomyces canadensis, the Heartland virus, and the Bourbon virus. SUMMARY: In addition to the aforementioned pathogens, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Nipah virus, New Delhi metallo-ß-lactamase-1 Enterobacteriaceae, Rift Valley Fever virus, and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus are reviewed. These pathogens are very concerning with a high risk for potential epidemic, ultimately causing both significant mortality and financial costs. Research should be focused on monitoring, prevention, and treatment of these diseases. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40138-018-0162-9 doi: 10.1007/s40138-018-0162-9 id: cord-300793-tuq8z6gm author: Weiss, Robin A title: Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date: 2004 words: 5853.0 sentences: 273.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt summary: About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires'' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. Emerging infectious diseases in humans comprise the following: first, established diseases undergoing increased incidence or geographic spread, for example, Tuberculosis and Dengue fever; second, newly discovered infections causing known diseases, for example, hepatitis C and Helicobacter pylori; and third, newly emerged diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS and SARS. Although some of the apparent increase in infectious disease may be attributable to better diagnostic methods and surveillance, there seems little doubt that more incidents are occurring, and have the potential to spread more widely than 50 years ago, as outbreaks and spread of infections like Nipah virus and SARS would not have passed unnoticed. abstract: Fifty years ago, the age-old scourge of infectious disease was receding in the developed world in response to improved public health measures, while the advent of antibiotics, better vaccines, insecticides and improved surveillance held the promise of eradicating residual problems. By the late twentieth century, however, an increase in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases was evident in many parts of the world. This upturn looms as the fourth major transition in human–microbe relationships since the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. The emergence of these diseases, and resurgence of old ones like tuberculosis and cholera, reflects various changes in human ecology: rural-to-urban migration resulting in high-density peri-urban slums; increasing long-distance mobility and trade; the social disruption of war and conflict; changes in personal behavior; and, increasingly, human-induced global changes, including widespread forest clearance and climate change. Political ignorance, denial and obduracy (as with HIV/AIDS) further compound the risks. The use and misuse of medical technology also pose risks, such as drug-resistant microbes and contaminated equipment or biological medicines. A better understanding of the evolving social dynamics of emerging infectious diseases ought to help us to anticipate and hopefully ameliorate current and future risks. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15577934/ doi: 10.1038/nm1150 id: cord-024189-t7mbsr25 author: Weyand, Cornelia M. title: Vasculitides date: 2008 words: 26631.0 sentences: 1415.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024189-t7mbsr25.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024189-t7mbsr25.txt summary: A relatively disease-specifi c manifestation of GCA that is present in about half of the patients is jaw claudication: pain in the masseter or temporalis muscles caused by compromised blood fl ow in the extracranial branches of the carotid artery. Although a high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is usually considered a hallmark of GCA, in a recent study 25% of all patients with positive temporal artery biopsies had normal ESRs before the initiation of glucocorticoid therapy (16) . Upregulation of acute phase reactants is helpful in distinguishing PMR from other pain syndromes, yet (as in GCA and TA) not all patients with active disease have elevated markers of infl ammation within their serum. Kawasaki''s disease (KD), once known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is a systemic infl ammatory disorder occurring in children that is accompanied by vasculitis and a risk of coronary artery aneurysms. abstract: Despite the spatial closeness of blood vessels and inflammatory cells, blood vessel walls are infrequently targeted by inflammation. Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) are characterized by inflammation directed against the vessel wall. GCA and TA display stringent tissue tropism and affect defined vascular territories in a preferential manner. GCA predominantly affects the second- to fifth-order aortic branches, often in the extracranial arteries of the head. The aorta itself may also be affected in GCA, albeit less often than other regions. In contrast, in TA, the aorta and its major branches are the prime disease targets. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7193731/ doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-68566-3_21 id: cord-267671-ys43n672 author: Whary, Mark T. title: Biology and Diseases of Mice date: 2015-07-10 words: 63666.0 sentences: 3678.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt summary: Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases. abstract: Today’s laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, has its origins as the ‘house mouse’ of North America and Europe. Beginning with mice bred by mouse fanciers, laboratory stocks (outbred) derived from M. musculus musculus from eastern Europe and M. m. domesticus from western Europe were developed into inbred strains. Since the mid-1980s, additional strains have been developed from Asian mice (M. m. castaneus from Thailand and M. m. molossinus from Japan) and from M. spretus which originated from the western Mediterranean region. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124095274000031 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1 id: cord-272147-itdx3wqi author: White, Alexandre I R title: Historical linkages: epidemic threat, economic risk, and xenophobia date: 2020-03-27 words: 1831.0 sentences: 83.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272147-itdx3wqi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272147-itdx3wqi.txt summary: A historical understanding of the international regulations for containing the spread of infectious diseases reveals a particular focus on controls that have protected North American and European interests. The xenophobia that has occurred in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic can be situated in a longer history that dates back to 19th-century epidemics and the first international conventions on controlling the spread of infectious diseases. While quarantine, cordon sanitaire, and other social distancing practices date back to 14th-century Europe and earlier, by the 19th century the spread of epidemic diseases emerged as a problem that required an international, coordinated response. In the eyes of colonial health officials and the drafters of the first International Sanitary Conventions, the spread of cholera and plague was an economic, epidemic, and political risk to the long-term stability of the global economy. The heightened scrutiny and bias against non-Europeans who were blamed for spreading disease have historically resulted in aggressive racist and xenophobic responses carried out in the name of health controls. abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673620307376 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30737-6 id: cord-017154-h8hxroos author: Wielinga, Peter R. title: One Health and Food Safety date: 2014-07-19 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: Many, if not most, of all important zoonoses relate in some way to animals in the food production chain. Therefore food becomes an important vehicle for many zoonotic pathogens. One of the major issues in food safety over the latest decades has been the lack of cross-sectoral collaboration across the food production chain. Major food safety events have been significantly affected by the lack of collaboration between the animal health, the food control, and the human health sector. One Health formulates clearly both the need for, and the benefit of cross-sectoral collaboration. Here we will focus on the human health risk related to zoonotic microorganisms present both in food animals and food derived from these animals, and typically transmitted to humans through food. Some diseases have global epidemic—or pandemic—potential, resulting in dramatic action from international organizations and national agricultural- and health authorities in most countries, for instance as was the case with avian influenza. Other diseases relate to the industrialized food production chain and have been—in some settings—dealt with efficiently through farm-to-fork preventive action in the animal sector, e.g. Salmonella. Finally, an important group of zoonotic diseases are ‘neglected diseases’ in poor settings, while they have been basically eradicated in affluent economies through vaccination and culling policies in the animal sector, e.g. Brucella. Here we will discuss these three different foodborne disease categories, paying extra attention to the important problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In addition, we present some of the One Health inspired solutions that may help reduce the threat of several of the foodborne diseases discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121645/ doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-55120-1_10 id: cord-000091-1qo1krxv author: Wilcox, Bruce A. title: Disease ecology and the global emergence of zoonotic pathogens date: 2005-09-17 words: 6383.0 sentences: 288.0 pages: flesch: 30.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000091-1qo1krxv.txt summary: Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk. This development in particular, along with observations from several decades of applications of systems ecology to natural resources and economic development (8, (21) (22) (23) , have resulted in important insights of significant potential in understanding zoonotic disease emergence as a cross-scale process. The above body of ecological theory and observations involving specific emerging infectious disease cases suggests a causal schema that links ecological phenomena on the scale of pathogen transmission and evolution to regional and global transformations. As explained by the infectious disease ecology described here, zoonotic disease emergence involves biological processes operating on the scale of molecules and cells to that of coupled, regional scale human-natural systems. abstract: The incidence and frequency of epidemic transmission of zoonotic diseases, both known and newly recognized, has increased dramatically in the past 30 years. It is thought that this dramatic disease emergence is primarily the result of the social, demographic, and environmental transformation that has occurred globally since World War II. However, the causal linkages have not been elucidated. Investigating emerging zoonotic pathogens as an ecological phenomenon can provide significant insights as to why some of these pathogens have jumped species and caused major epidemics in humans. A review of concepts and theory from biological ecology and of causal factors in disease emergence previously described suggests a general model of global zoonotic disease emergence. The model links demographic and societal factors to land use and land cover change whose associated ecological factors help explain disease emergence. The scale and magnitude of these changes are more significant than those associated with climate change, the effects of which are largely not yet understood. Unfortunately, the complex character and non-linear behavior of the human-natural systems in which host-pathogen systems are embedded makes specific incidences of disease emergence or epidemics inherently difficult to predict. Employing a complex systems analytical approach, however, may show how a few key ecological variables and system properties, including the adaptive capacity of institutions, explains the emergence of infectious diseases and how an integrated, multi-level approach to zoonotic disease control can reduce risk. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2723410/ doi: 10.1007/bf02897701 id: cord-023528-z9rc0ubj author: Wilkins, Pamela A. title: Disorders of Foals date: 2009-05-18 words: 42569.0 sentences: 2235.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023528-z9rc0ubj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023528-z9rc0ubj.txt summary: First, restriction of the thorax or the abdomen can result in impaired ventilation, which can occur easily when one restrains a foal and may result in spuriously abnormal arterial blood gas values (see the discussion on arterial blood gas evaluation, Respiratory Diseases Associated with Hypoxemia in the Neonate). Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), currently referred to as neonatal encephalopathy in the human literature, is one systemic manifestation of a broader syndrome of perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS), and management of foals with signs consistent with a diagnosis of HIE requires the clinician to examine other body systems fully and to provide therapy directed at treating other involved systems. Therapy for the various manifestations of hypoxiaischemia involves control of seizures, general cerebral support, correction of metabolic abnormalities, maintenance of normal arterial blood gas values, maintenance of tissue perfusion, maintenance of renal function, treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction, prevention and recognition and early treatment of secondary infections, and general supportive care. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7171908/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50021-4 id: cord-021361-v3nw0xh9 author: Willard, Michael D. title: Gastrointestinal, Pancreatic, and Hepatic Disorders date: 2009-05-15 words: 13416.0 sentences: 842.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021361-v3nw0xh9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021361-v3nw0xh9.txt summary: Hepatic biopsy should be considered in patients with obviously significant hepatic disease, those that do not have hyperadrenocorticism, and those that have persistent (more than 1 month) changes in serum ALT or SAP consistent with chronic or progressive hepatic disease or abnormal hepatic function tests (see Figure 9 -5). Ammonia tolerance testing (ATT) and pre-and postprandial serum bile acid concentrations appear to be the most sensitive NOTE: These drugs do not reliably cause hepatic disease. Occasional Indications • Icterus (on either physical examination or inspection of nonhemolyzed serum or plasma), bilirubinuria (any amount in a cat or significant amounts in a dog), or suspected hepatic disease that is not apparent on other tests. Increased SAP in a cat is an indication for serum thyroid hormone determination, urinalysis, blood glucose and serum ALT measurement, and perhaps a hepatic function test (e.g., bile acid). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149352/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-168903-5/50014-8 id: cord-015672-qau96gvw author: Willermain, François title: Global Variations and Changes in Patterns of Infectious Uveitis date: 2017-06-01 words: 3007.0 sentences: 168.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015672-qau96gvw.txt summary: According to Woolhouse, an emerging pathogen can be defined as an infectious agent whose incidence is increasing following its introduction into a new host population. However, due to evolution in our societies, such as globalization, those causes of infectious uveitis begin to emerge in non-endemic regions in patients having traveled in endemic regions (see Sect. In this context, a series of infectious uveitis, mainly rickettsioses, West Nile virus, dengue, or chikungunya, has been the subject of an increase awareness and careful descriptions from both endemic and non-endemic regions [20, 49, 50] . The recent outbreaks of Ebola and Zika virus have been similarly associated with uveitis cases and those pathogens should be now included in the list of emerging infectious uveitis agents [51, 52] . This is clearly due to evolution of our lifestyle which has also important impact on the emergence of new infectious diseases which might become someday new uveitis causes. abstract: Before 1940, most uveitis cases were supposed to be due to infectious agents, mainly syphilis or tuberculosis [1]. Progress in the understanding of intraocular inflammation led to the discovery that uveitis can be of infectious and noninfectious origin and that many pathogens can cause infectious uveitis. Theoretically, Koch postulates must be fulfilled, in order to formerly demonstrate that a disease is due to an infectious agent. However, in infectious uveitis, most often, serological evidence, molecular or histological demonstration, and treatment response are usually the only available elements to suggest the infectious origin of the uveitis. Using those evidences, a large number of infectious organisms have been demonstrated to cause infectious uveitis. Some have a global importance around the world, while others have more limited niches. Many of them have been considered as emerging pathogens. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115009/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-23416-8_1 id: cord-325052-7vlxa0i7 author: Williamson, E. D. title: Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure date: 2019-04-11 words: 6218.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325052-7vlxa0i7.txt summary: However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. While approval of vaccines for diseases caused by such pathogens would Clinical and Experimental Immunology REvIEw ARtIClE Series Editor: E Diane williamson make a significant impact on disease outbreaks, taking niche vaccines into clinical development, including Phase III clinical trials for efficacy, requires a large investment in time and money. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or an alternative status in the United States, Canada and European Union (EU) making use of a considerable number of alternative regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing, so that the products are deployable at the first indications of a disease outbreak. abstract: Globally, there are a number of emerging pathogens. For most, there are no licensed vaccines available for human use, although there is ongoing research and development. However, given the extensive and increasing list of emerging pathogens and the investment required to bring vaccines into clinical use, the task is huge. Overlaid on this task is the risk of anti‐microbial resistance (AMR) acquisition by micro‐organisms which can endow a relatively harmless organism with pathogenic potential. Furthermore, climate change also introduces a challenge by causing some of the insect vectors and environmental conditions prevalent in tropical regions to begin to spread out from these traditional areas, thus increasing the risk of migration of zoonotic disease. Vaccination provides a defence against these emerging pathogens. However, vaccines for pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. An alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), or equivalent status in the United States, Canada and the European Union, making use of a considerable number of regulatory mechanisms that are available prior to licensing. This review covers the status of vaccine development for some of the emerging pathogens, the hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve EUA or an equivalent regional or national status and how these considerations may impact vaccine development for the future, such that a more comprehensive stockpile of promising vaccines can be achieved. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13284 doi: 10.1111/cei.13284 id: cord-337659-x4oywbrj author: Wilson, Brenda A. title: Global biosecurity in a complex, dynamic world date: 2008-07-31 words: 10626.0 sentences: 469.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337659-x4oywbrj.txt summary: Although one might argue that the principal difference in the infectious disease threat today versus say 10, 25, or 50 years ago is bioterrorism, the resources spend on preparing for a bioterror attack is viewed by most scientists as grossly exorbitant [6] , particularly considering the small numbers of individuals who have been or could be affected by this type of attack and considering the relatively low medical relevance or prevalence of the diseases caused by the limited number of highpriority bioterror bioagents, the socalled ''''category A select agents.'''' And, while admittedly the preparedness and surveillance measures put in place for one has certainly helped to protect against the other (the improved global response to and curtailment of SARS coming after the anthrax bioterrorist attacks is a prime example of this), most scientists feel that the limited resources available from an already overburdened system should instead be used for studying and preparing against the looming and potentially more devastating infectious disease threats from natural or accidental exposure [7] , which could affect millions of people and animals and could have huge health and economic consequences. abstract: Biosecurity is emerging as a major global health priority for which innovative and unprecedented solutions are needed. Biosecurity is a challenging biocomplexity problem involving multifaceted processes such as interactions between humans and nonhuman biota, anthropogenic environmental and ecological factors, and socioeconomic and political pressures. Key to an effective biosecurity strategy will be fundamental understanding of evolutionary, anthropogenic and environmental driving forces at play in transmission and perpetuation of infectious diseases. Biosecurity solutions will depend on increased support of basic biomedical research and public education, enhanced healthcare preparedness, alternative strategies for ensuringsafety, and improved interagency cooperation regarding global health policy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32313416/ doi: 10.1002/cplx.20246 id: cord-338145-al2m9lou author: Wolka, Eskinder title: Awareness Towards Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) and Its Prevention Methods in Selected Sites in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Quick, Exploratory, Operational Assessment date: 2020-10-28 words: 4995.0 sentences: 267.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338145-al2m9lou.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338145-al2m9lou.txt summary: The government of Ethiopia has taken several measures such as shutting down of schools including universities, restricting the movement of people under a State of Emergency (stay at home), introducing chains of training programs for health workers, identifying isolation areas and hospitalization sites, starting screening tests at Bole International Airport and different engagement in mobilizing resources including equipment, supplies, food, money and educating the people about the disease and preventive methods, and so on. Hand washing, avoiding hand shaking, wearing masks and gloves, using sanitizer, physical distancing, general personal hygiene, holy water, consuming hot drinks, chili papers, garlic and ginger were identified as prevention methods of the disease by participants of in-depth interview. Participants noted challenges like consistent availability of water, affordability of materials used to keep hygiene for the rural poor, keeping physical distancing in funeral area and markets, lack of awareness (particularly in rural areas), difficulty of avoiding usual trend of greetings like hand shaking in rural areas, not obeying rules and instructions, misunderstanding on lifting of some of the restrictions like allowing motorbike movement, stigmatizing people with cough. abstract: BACKGROUND: The novel corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents an important and urgent threat to global health and its effect is expected to get even worse in the middle- and low-income countries where the health system is weak and fragile. Timely access to accurate information and public awareness on prevention methods is one of the feasible interventions in these countries. Identifying level of public awareness on disease prevention is important to mitigate the pandemic. The aim of this study was to explore the level of awareness and prevention methods of COVID-19 among residents in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. METHODS: A qualitative study using a qualitative descriptive approach was conducted. Community members engaged in different service sectors were selected purposively. A total of 22 in-depth interviews were done. The transcripts were imported into OpenCode version 4.02 software packages. A qualitative thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The findings revealed that 95.5% of the participants had heard about the disease COVID-19 and realized common modes of transmission. Some participants linked the disease with resentment of God on people or anger of God towards human kind. Importance of consuming hot drinks, ginger or garlic to prevent the disease was reported by participants. Negative attitude towards quarantine and isolation centers and stigmatizing people with a cough were documented in this assessment. Stigma and fear of isolation centers may prevent people from reporting the symptom of the disease and this can create favorable ground for the transmission. Challenges like problem of consistent availability of water supply, affordability of materials used to keep hygiene by rural poor, and keeping physical distancing in different public gathering places were reported. CONCLUSION: Concerned bodies need to address gaps in public awareness by providing health education and continuous awareness creation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33149710/ doi: 10.2147/rmhp.s266292 id: cord-338484-a8jmc8lq author: Wu, Tong title: Economic growth, urbanization, globalization, and the risks of emerging infectious diseases in China: A review date: 2016-08-04 words: 6672.0 sentences: 354.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-338484-a8jmc8lq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338484-a8jmc8lq.txt summary: Assessment of the risks posed by zoonotic diseases requires an understanding of how socioeconomic, and ecological conditions affect two phenomena: emergence (the irruption of a pathogen originating in wildlife or livestock into human populations) and spread (the transmission of disease among both animals and people). In particular, the emergence of HPAI strains has become more likely in southern China, where the growth of an increasingly affluent urban population has driven an increase in poultry production and land-use changes that brings humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife into closer contact (Davis 2005; Wallace et al. The global infectious disease risks created by China''s trade growth stem from the fact that international markets facilitate the movement of pathogens around the world as freely as commodities and people (Perrings et al. Mitigating the infectious disease risks of climate change-both for vectorborne and directly transmissible zoonoses-requires a deeper understanding of how it interacts with urbanization and globalization to alter the vulnerability of human populations (Tong et al. abstract: Three interrelated world trends may be exacerbating emerging zoonotic risks: income growth, urbanization, and globalization. Income growth is associated with rising animal protein consumption in developing countries, which increases the conversion of wild lands to livestock production, and hence the probability of zoonotic emergence. Urbanization implies the greater concentration and connectedness of people, which increases the speed at which new infections are spread. Globalization—the closer integration of the world economy—has facilitated pathogen spread among countries through the growth of trade and travel. High-risk areas for the emergence and spread of infectious disease are where these three trends intersect with predisposing socioecological conditions including the presence of wild disease reservoirs, agricultural practices that increase contact between wildlife and livestock, and cultural practices that increase contact between humans, wildlife, and livestock. Such an intersection occurs in China, which has been a “cradle” of zoonoses from the Black Death to avian influenza and SARS. Disease management in China is thus critical to the mitigation of global zoonotic risks. url: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s13280-016-0809-2.pdf doi: 10.1007/s13280-016-0809-2 id: cord-018706-gykw2nvt author: Yadav, Mahendra Pal title: Emerging and Transboundary Animal Viral Diseases: Perspectives and Preparedness date: 2020-02-23 words: 9686.0 sentences: 390.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018706-gykw2nvt.txt summary: The factors driving the emergence of different emerging infectious disease (EID) interfaces include global travel, urbanisation and biomedical manipulations for human EIDs; agricultural intensification for domestic animal EIDs; translocation for wildlife EIDs; human encroachment, ex situ contact and ecological manipulation for wildlife–human EIDs; encroachment, new introductions and ''spill-over'' and ''spill-back''; and technology and industry for domestic animal–human EIDs. The concepts of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and biosecurity have gained recognition globally in almost all the realms of human activities, including livestock health and production management. Among the TADs having zoonotic manifestations, a number of infectious diseases, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), BSE (Mad cow disease caused by prion), West Nile fever, Rift Valley fever, SARS coronavirus, Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Ebola virus, Zika virus and CCHF, to name a few, adversely affecting animal and human health have been in the news in recent times (Malik and Dhama 2015; Munjal et al. abstract: The epidemics and pandemics of a few infectious diseases during the past couple of decades have accentuated the significance of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) due to their influence on public health. Although Asia region has been identified as the epicentre of many EIDs and upcoming infections, several new pathogens have also emerged in the past in other parts of the world. Furthermore, the emergence of new viral diseases/infections, such as Rift Valley fever, West Nile fever, SARS coronavirus, Hendra virus, avian influenza A (H5N1), Nipah virus, Zika virus and swine influenza A (H1N1) virus, from time to time is a glaring example threatening adversely both animal and public health globally. Infectious diseases are dynamic and concerning due to their epidemiology and aetiological agents, which is manifested within a host, pathogen and environment continuum involving domestic animals, wildlife and human populations. The complex relationship among host populations and other environmental factors creates conditions for the emergence of diseases. The factors driving the emergence of different emerging infectious disease (EID) interfaces include global travel, urbanisation and biomedical manipulations for human EIDs; agricultural intensification for domestic animal EIDs; translocation for wildlife EIDs; human encroachment, ex situ contact and ecological manipulation for wildlife–human EIDs; encroachment, new introductions and ‘spill-over’ and ‘spill-back’; and technology and industry for domestic animal–human EIDs. The concepts of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures and biosecurity have gained recognition globally in almost all the realms of human activities, including livestock health and production management. This chapter provides the experience gained in the control and management of a few important TADs and EIDs along with the successes, constraints, limitations and future research needs for developing better control approaches. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123659/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0402-0_1 id: cord-258792-4lakgpxp author: Yoon, Sung‐Won title: Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation: A Study of China''s Response in Combat of Epidemics date: 2008-04-08 words: 7935.0 sentences: 341.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258792-4lakgpxp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258792-4lakgpxp.txt summary: Unless and until the Chinese leadership examines the nationalistic element embedded in their approach towards growing disease Sung-Won Yoon: Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation epidemics and globalising health challenges, China''s ascendance to great power status will actually be harmed rather than helped. A major factor behind the government''s recent change in its attitude towards the AIDS epidemic seemed to be the outbreak of SARS in China in Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism: Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008 2003, which exposed the dangers of not reacting to emerging infectious diseases. It is argued that global health governance may influence the nation''s response to the threats posed by emerging infectious diseases such as SARS or AIDS as a mode of building political compromises but does not considerably alter the nation''s behaviour, at least for China. abstract: This paper seeks to understand the role of nationalism in China's policy towards the combat of emerging infectious diseases. By locating nationalism as a factor which facilitates or impedes global governance and international collaboration, this paper explores how nationalism influences China's political decision‐making. Given her historical experience, China has in its national psyche an impulse never to become ‘the sick man of the East’ again. Today, China's willingness to co‐operate with international bodies emanates out of reputational concerns rather than technical‐medical considerations. This was clearly manifested in her handling of two epidemics in recent years: the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and HIV/AIDS episodes. This paper concludes that China's nationalism plays an inhibiting role in China's attempts to further incorporate herself into the architecture of global health governance in the long run. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00009.x doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00009.x id: cord-272829-i4jh6bcn author: ZANETTI, A. R. title: Emerging and re‐emerging infections at the turn of the millennium date: 2010-01-04 words: 4100.0 sentences: 180.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-272829-i4jh6bcn.txt summary: Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. What is more, a number of other factors promote not only the dissemination but also the emergence of new infectious diseases: intensive farming and breeding associated with crowding promote the development of foci of infection; global warming has modified the climate, making insects, a major vector of pathogens, able to thrive in countries where the climate was previously hostile; the exploitation of natural resources has produced environmental changes that create opportunities for new contacts between species leading to emergence of infections in new hosts. abstract: Summary. After World War II, mankind believed that infectious diseases were on the way to being defeated. Unfortunately, they still are the second worldwide cause of death. Globalization changes promote the emergence of new infections and pandemics; international deliveries and travelling facilitate the dissemination of infectious agents; man‐induced environmental changes create new opportunities for contacts between species, leading to infections in aberrant hosts, including man; global warming enables insects, a major vector of pathogens, to thrive in more countries. The main pandemics have been caused by viruses, such as HIV and novel subtypes of influenza viruses. In addition, prion proteins are a threat. The transmission of the Creutzfeld Jakob disease variant through blood transfusion and the recent discovery of prion protein in the spleen of a haemophilia patient are a matter of further concern. The end of the war against infectious diseases is not in sight. Mankind’s battle with pathogens has lasted millennia and is destined to continue. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20059563/ doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2009.02174.x id: cord-017621-pyn1enz2 author: Zaras, Nikolaos V. title: Case Study – Greece date: 2012-08-31 words: 2151.0 sentences: 120.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017621-pyn1enz2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017621-pyn1enz2.txt summary: The system of mandatory reporting of diseases represents the basis of epidemiologic monitoring in most countries; usually it is supplemented by more specialized systems, networks or studies with speci fi c objectives. Speci fi c (for the system of mandatory reporting of diseases) -detection of spo-• radic cases; Detection of epidemic cases Generic (for every system of epidemiologic monitoring) -estimation of reperThe reporting process can start from the clinical or laboratory doctor or the hospital''s infectious diseases nurse but has to be sent immediately (by fax) to the Regional Health Directorates and CDCP. 2003: "Regulations applied for regional systems of health and providence", Art. 44, Law 3204/23-12-2003: CDCP -each private or public medical institution or individual doctor, operating legally, is obliged to inform CDCP of each case of pestiferous disease that comes to his/her attention. abstract: Biological terrorism and the need for biological defence is a relatively new concept for Greece. Although defence against weaponized pathogens was part of CBRN training in the military, it was the 9/11 massacre followed by the anthrax letters horror that triggered a more active involvement of the Greek public health sector. In that historical moment a third bullet was added to the already existing disease outbreak classification – naturally, accidental and now deliberate. These incidents and the subsequent 2004 Olympic Games in Athens drove the Greek government to focus on biodefence and revise existing civil emergency planning by inclusion of new emerging threats. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122229/ doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-5273-3_11 id: cord-354651-bxm9yxjm author: Zeng, Yawen title: Molecular Mechanism of Functional Ingredients in Barley to Combat Human Chronic Diseases date: 2020-03-30 words: 15969.0 sentences: 788.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354651-bxm9yxjm.txt summary: Chronic consumption of barley β-glucans can decrease fatty liver by increasing small intestinal contents viscosity and improving glucose, lower glycated hemoglobin and relative kidney weights [129] , strengthen the angiogenic ability of ROS-exposed endothelial cells for preventive heart disease [123] , and accelerate the wound closure by promoting the migration and proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts [133] . Therefore, functional ingredients in barley grass and grains are essential for the health contribution of modern human (Homo sapiens), Neanderthals, and early hominids staple food to prevent and treat human chronic diseases. In particular, the healthy effects of functional components of barley grains and grass are the result of longterm continuous evolution of early hominids (fruits/vegetables and leaves rich in polyphenols, K-Ca, and vitamins), Neanderthals (mushrooms and nuts rich in polysaccharides, phytosterols, and linoleic acids), and Homo sapiens (grasses and seeds rich in GABA, enzymes, and resistant starch), which associate with modern humans originating in the progenitor of African Homo sapiens with cognitive hominin, especially after interbreeding between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals that took place in the Middle East. abstract: Barley plays an important role in health and civilization of human migration from Africa to Asia, later to Eurasia. We demonstrated the systematic mechanism of functional ingredients in barley to combat chronic diseases, based on PubMed, CNKI, and ISI Web of Science databases from 2004 to 2020. Barley and its extracts are rich in 30 ingredients to combat more than 20 chronic diseases, which include the 14 similar and 9 different chronic diseases between grains and grass, due to the major molecular mechanism of six functional ingredients of barley grass (GABA, flavonoids, SOD, K-Ca, vitamins, and tryptophan) and grains (β-glucans, polyphenols, arabinoxylan, phytosterols, tocols, and resistant starch). The antioxidant activity of barley grass and grain has the same and different functional components. These results support findings that barley grain and its grass are the best functional food, promoting ancient Babylonian and Egyptian civilizations, and further show the depending functional ingredients for diet from Pliocene hominids in Africa and Neanderthals in Europe to modern humans in the world. This review paper not only reveals the formation and action mechanism of barley diet overcoming human chronic diseases, but also provides scientific basis for the development of health products and drugs for the prevention and treatment of human chronic diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32318238/ doi: 10.1155/2020/3836172 id: cord-341445-0e759ijp author: Zhang, Ke title: Threat of infectious disease during an outbreak: Influence on tourists'' emotional responses to disadvantaged price inequality() date: 2020-07-16 words: 6623.0 sentences: 340.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341445-0e759ijp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341445-0e759ijp.txt summary: Despite the documented negative impacts of diseases on tourism demand and people''s perceived health risk, researchers have seldom examined the psychological responses of tourists travelling during an infectious disease outbreak. We therefore conducted three studies to examine this key aspect, and our findings indicate that tourists have a strong negative emotional reaction towards disadvantaged tourism-related prices in response to a high (vs low) infectious disease threat. In Study 2B, we manipulated the disease threat and showed that a higher disease threat led tourists to be more risk averse, which in turn magnified their negative emotional reaction to a disadvantaged price inequality. Next, in Study 2B, we investigated the causal effect of the disease threat on the participants'' emotional reactions to disadvantaged price inequality while directly measuring risk aversion as the underlying mechanism. This showed that risk aversion mediated the effect of the disease threat on the tourists'' negative emotional reactions to the disadvantaged price inequality. abstract: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has negatively influenced the global tourism industry. Despite the documented negative impacts of diseases on tourism demand and people's perceived health risk, researchers have seldom examined the psychological responses of tourists travelling during an infectious disease outbreak. We therefore conducted three studies to examine this key aspect, and our findings indicate that tourists have a strong negative emotional reaction towards disadvantaged tourism-related prices in response to a high (vs low) infectious disease threat. Furthermore, risk aversion acts as an underlying mechanism driving this effect: tourists are more risk aversive under the threat of an infectious disease, which consequently magnifies their negative emotional reaction. At last, theoretical and practical implications of these findings for tourism are discussed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834227/ doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2020.102993 id: cord-350443-ca5avyjf author: Zhang, Lei title: Trends in Notifiable Infectious Diseases in China: Implications for Surveillance and Population Health Policy date: 2012-02-16 words: 7958.0 sentences: 383.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-350443-ca5avyjf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350443-ca5avyjf.txt summary: This study reviews trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China, in their historical context, discusses the current epidemiological state of these infections and their implications for disease surveillance and public health interventions. The total number of diagnosed and death cases were estimated by multiplying morbidity and mortality rates by the overall Chinese population in the study years. In 2008, the three most frequently reported disease types included viral hepatitis (38.3%), bacterial infections (33.3%) and STIs and HIV (9.8%), which account for 5.4, 4.8 and 1.4 million diagnosed cases respectively during the period 2005-2008 (Table 1) . Second, the rapid rise in the number of notified cases of STIs, especially HIV infection, and viral hepatitis in China is associated with growth of the sex industry, increasingly frequent risky sexual behaviours and an increasing number of sexual partners in the general Chinese population. abstract: This study aimed to analyse trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China, in their historical context. Both English and Chinese literature was searched and diseases were categorised according to the type of disease or transmission route. Temporal trends of morbidity and mortality rates were calculated for eight major infectious diseases types. Strong government commitment to public health responses and improvements in quality of life has led to the eradication or containment of a wide range of infectious diseases in China. The overall infectious diseases burden experienced a dramatic drop during 1975–1995, but since then, it reverted and maintained a gradual upward trend to date. Most notifiable diseases are contained at a low endemic level; however, local small-scale outbreaks remain common. Tuberculosis, as a bacterial infection, has re-emerged since the 1990s and has become prevalent in the country. Sexually transmitted infections are in a rapid, exponential growth phase, spreading from core groups to the general population. Together human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), they account for 39% of all death cases due to infectious diseases in China in 2008. Zoonotic infections, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), rabies and influenza, pose constant threats to Chinese residents and remain the most deadly disease type among the infected individuals. Therefore, second-generation surveillance of behavioural risks or vectors associated with pathogen transmission should be scaled up. It is necessary to implement public health interventions that target HIV and relevant coinfections, address transmission associated with highly mobile populations, and reduce the risk of cross-species transmission of zoonotic pathogens. url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031076 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031076 id: cord-354953-q1imoe7k author: Zhong, ShaoBo title: Simulation of the spread of infectious diseases in a geographical environment date: 2009-02-26 words: 5218.0 sentences: 307.0 pages: flesch: 57.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354953-q1imoe7k.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354953-q1imoe7k.txt summary: Given the fact that most existing models cannot comprehensively depict heterogeneities (e.g., the population heterogeneity and the distribution heterogeneity) and complex contagion patterns (which are mostly caused by the human interaction induced by modern transportation) in the real world, a theoretical model of the spread of infectious diseases is proposed. It employs geo-entity based cellular automata to simulate the spread of infectious diseases in a geographical environment. Through defining suitable spatial weighting functions, the model is applied to simulate the spread of the infectious diseases with not only local contagion but also global contagion. In the following cases of simulation, we will examine the spatial dynamics of infectious diseases with the local contagion and the global contagion, and the effect of two typical interventions (isolation and quarantine) on the spread of infectious diseases. abstract: The study of mathematical models for the spread of infectious diseases is an important issue in epidemiology. Given the fact that most existing models cannot comprehensively depict heterogeneities (e.g., the population heterogeneity and the distribution heterogeneity) and complex contagion patterns (which are mostly caused by the human interaction induced by modern transportation) in the real world, a theoretical model of the spread of infectious diseases is proposed. It employs geo-entity based cellular automata to simulate the spread of infectious diseases in a geographical environment. In the model, physical geographical regions are defined as cells. The population within each cell is divided into three classes: Susceptible, Infective, and Recovered, which are further divided into some subclasses by states of individuals. The transition rules, which determine the changes of proportions of those subclasses and reciprocal transformation formulas among them, are provided. Through defining suitable spatial weighting functions, the model is applied to simulate the spread of the infectious diseases with not only local contagion but also global contagion. With some cases of simulation, it has been shown that the results are reasonably consistent with the spread of infectious diseases in the real world. The model is supposed to model dynamics of infectious diseases on complex networks, which is nearly impossible to be achieved with differential equations because of the complexity of the problem. The cases of simulation also demonstrate that efforts of all kinds of interventions can be visualized and explored, and then the model is able to provide decision-making support for prevention and control of infectious diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214747/ doi: 10.1007/s11430-009-0044-9 id: cord-003063-mowj6wyl author: Zhou, Xuezhong title: A Systems Approach to Refine Disease Taxonomy by Integrating Phenotypic and Molecular Networks date: 2018-04-06 words: 9360.0 sentences: 432.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-003063-mowj6wyl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003063-mowj6wyl.txt summary: After that, we clustered the 223 disease sub-categories additionally by a widely used non-overlapping community detection algorithm (considering the link weight and setting the resolution parameter as 0.5) into 17 top-level categories (which corresponds to the number of original chapter-level categories in ICD, which we named as New Chapters, NCs) using the shared ICD codes (Fig. S11c & Data S10). To extend and redefine disease concepts by discovering additional categories of a disease, we generated a novel disease taxonomy by constructing an integrated disease network (IDN) with: (a) Shared clinical phenotypes including shared symptoms; (b) Shared molecular profiles including (i) shared genes and molecular module similarity and (ii) shortest path lengths in the PPI network, based on a systematic integration process to filter out possible false positive associations (see Methods, SM Section 6, Fig. S9 and Fig. S11a) , which includes 1857 diseases and 35,114 links (Data S9). abstract: The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) relies on clinical features and lags behind the current understanding of the molecular specificity of disease pathobiology, necessitating approaches that incorporate growing biomedical data for classifying diseases to meet the needs of precision medicine. Our analysis revealed that the heterogeneous molecular diversity of disease chapters and the blurred boundary between disease categories in ICD should be further investigated. Here, we propose a new classification of diseases (NCD) by developing an algorithm that predicts the additional categories of a disease by integrating multiple networks consisting of disease phenotypes and their molecular profiles. With statistical validations from phenotype-genotype associations and interactome networks, we demonstrate that NCD improves disease specificity owing to its overlapping categories and polyhierarchical structure. Furthermore, NCD captures the molecular diversity of diseases and defines clearer boundaries in terms of both phenotypic similarity and molecular associations, establishing a rational strategy to reform disease taxonomy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6013753/ doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.04.002 id: cord-020846-mfh1ope6 author: Zlabinger, Markus title: DSR: A Collection for the Evaluation of Graded Disease-Symptom Relations date: 2020-03-24 words: 2534.0 sentences: 149.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-020846-mfh1ope6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-020846-mfh1ope6.txt summary: While existing disease-symptom relationship extraction methods are used as the foundation in the various medical tasks, no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods. While several disease-symptom extraction methods have been proposed that retrieve a ranked list of symptoms for a disease [7, 10, 13, 14] , no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods [11] . In the second method [14] , the relation between a disease and symptom is calculated based on their co-occurrence in the MeSHkeywords 1 of medical articles. We describe limitations of the keyword-based method [14] and propose an adaption in which we calculate the relations not only on keywords of medical articles, but also on the full text and the title. We evaluate the baselines on the dsr-collection to compare their effectiveness in the extraction of graded disease-symptom relations. abstract: The effective extraction of ranked disease-symptom relationships is a critical component in various medical tasks, including computer-assisted medical diagnosis or the discovery of unexpected associations between diseases. While existing disease-symptom relationship extraction methods are used as the foundation in the various medical tasks, no collection is available to systematically evaluate the performance of such methods. In this paper, we introduce the Disease-Symptom Relation Collection (dsr-collection), created by five physicians as expert annotators. We provide graded symptom judgments for diseases by differentiating between relevant symptoms and primary symptoms. Further, we provide several strong baselines, based on the methods used in previous studies. The first method is based on word embeddings, and the second on co-occurrences of MeSH-keywords of medical articles. For the co-occurrence method, we propose an adaption in which not only keywords are considered, but also the full text of medical articles. The evaluation on the dsr-collection shows the effectiveness of the proposed adaption in terms of nDCG, precision, and recall. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148057/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-45442-5_54 id: cord-345370-44z28cm8 author: Zou, Kelly H. title: Harnessing real-world evidence to reduce the burden of noncommunicable disease: health information technology and innovation to generate insights date: 2020-11-06 words: 4411.0 sentences: 210.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345370-44z28cm8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345370-44z28cm8.txt summary: RWE is essential to understand the epidemiology of NCDs, quantify NCD burdens, assist with the early detection of vulnerable populations at high risk of NCDs by identifying the most influential risk factors, and evaluate the effectiveness and cost-benefits of treatments, programs, and public policies for NCDs. To realize the potential power of RWD and RWE, challenges related to data integration, access, interoperability, standardization of analytical methods, quality control, security, privacy protection, and ethical standards for data use must be addressed. Finally, partnerships between academic centers, governments, pharmaceutical companies, and other stakeholders aimed at improving the utilization of RWE can have a substantial beneficial impact in preventing and managing NCDs. Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of mortality globally and a major global health challenge that affects people in all countries, regardless of their socioeconomic status (World Health Organization 2018; GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators 2018) . abstract: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity across the world and factors influencing global poverty and slowing economic development. We summarize how the potential power of real-world data (RWD) and real-world evidence (RWE) can be harnessed to help address the disease burden of NCDs at global, national, regional and local levels. RWE is essential to understand the epidemiology of NCDs, quantify NCD burdens, assist with the early detection of vulnerable populations at high risk of NCDs by identifying the most influential risk factors, and evaluate the effectiveness and cost-benefits of treatments, programs, and public policies for NCDs. To realize the potential power of RWD and RWE, challenges related to data integration, access, interoperability, standardization of analytical methods, quality control, security, privacy protection, and ethical standards for data use must be addressed. Finally, partnerships between academic centers, governments, pharmaceutical companies, and other stakeholders aimed at improving the utilization of RWE can have a substantial beneficial impact in preventing and managing NCDs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33173407/ doi: 10.1007/s10742-020-00223-7 id: cord-268561-vq1uhj5i author: da Silva, Severino Jefferson Ribeiro title: Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, the Virus Causing COVID-19 date: 2020-08-04 words: 9916.0 sentences: 594.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268561-vq1uhj5i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268561-vq1uhj5i.txt summary: 11 The causative agent was identified as a novel CoV, eventually named SARS-CoV-2, and the respiratory syndrome associated with the infection was designated as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO). In direct tests, the clinical sample is examined directly for the presence of particles, virus antigens, or viral nucleic acids, whereas indirect methods detect the serological response against the infection (Figure 2 ). 11 Culture-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection have been used in research and public health laboratories in different parts of the world, but virus isolation is not recommended as a routine diagnostic procedure because it has low sensitivity, it is time-consuming, and it requires BSL-3 containment. 11 In addition to unequivocally confirming the diagnosis of a SARS-CoV-2 infection, regular sequencing of a percentage of patient samples from clinical cases can be used to monitor changes in the viral genome over time and trace transmission patterns. abstract: [Image: see text] In December 2019, a novel beta (β) coronavirus eventually named SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, causing an outbreak of severe and even fatal pneumonia in humans. The virus has spread very rapidly to many countries across the world, resulting in the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Clinically, the diagnosis of this unprecedented illness, called coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), becomes difficult because it shares many symptoms with other respiratory pathogens, including influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Therefore, laboratory diagnosis is crucial for the clinical management of patients and the implementation of disease control strategies to contain SARS-CoV-2 at clinical and population level. Here, we summarize the main clinical and imaging findings of COVID-19 patients and discuss the advances, features, advantages, and limitations of different laboratory methods used for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00274 doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00274 id: cord-011496-r8e19t0c author: de Rooij, Doret title: Development of a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response in the air transport public health sector date: 2020-05-21 words: 7596.0 sentences: 428.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-011496-r8e19t0c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011496-r8e19t0c.txt summary: title: Development of a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response in the air transport public health sector Therefore, the main aim of this study is to develop a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response at airports in order to stimulate and direct further education and training. METHODS: We developed the competency profile through the following steps: 1) extraction of competencies from relevant literature, 2) assessment of the profile in a national RAND modified Delphi study with an interdisciplinary expert group (n = 9) and 3) assessment of the profile in an international RAND modified Delphi study with an airport infectious disease management panel of ten European countries (n = 10). We performed the systematic RAND modified Delphi consensus procedure [31] to develop a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response at airports. abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent infectious disease outbreaks highlight the importance of competent professionals with expertise on public health preparedness and response at airports. The availability of a competency profile for this workforce supports efficient education and training. Although competency profiles for infectious disease control professionals are available, none addresses the complex airport environment. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to develop a competency profile for professionals involved in infectious disease preparedness and response at airports in order to stimulate and direct further education and training. METHODS: We developed the competency profile through the following steps: 1) extraction of competencies from relevant literature, 2) assessment of the profile in a national RAND modified Delphi study with an interdisciplinary expert group (n = 9) and 3) assessment of the profile in an international RAND modified Delphi study with an airport infectious disease management panel of ten European countries (n = 10). RESULTS: We systematically studied two competency profiles on infectious disease control and three air transport guidelines on event management, and extracted 61 relevant competencies for airports. The two RAND modified Delphi procedures further refined the profile, mainly by specifying a competency’s target group, the organizational level it should be present on, and the exact actions that should be mastered. The final profile, consisting of 59 competencies, covers the whole process from infectious disease preparedness, through the response phase and the recovery at airports. CONCLUSION: We designed a profile to support training and exercising the multidisciplinary group of professionals in infectious disease management in the airport setting, and which is ready for use in practice. The many adaptations and adjustments that were needed to develop this profile out of existing profiles and air transport guidelines suggest that other setting-specific profiles in infectious disease control are desirable. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7241746/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233360 id: cord-322087-gj5mfzxz author: de Sanctis, Vincenzo title: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adolescents: An update on current clinical and diagnostic characteristics date: 2020-05-11 words: 4581.0 sentences: 244.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-322087-gj5mfzxz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322087-gj5mfzxz.txt summary: This paper summarises the current findings (April 3,2020) from a systematic literature review on the current knowledge of COVID-19 in adolescents (10-19 years according to the WHO definition) and reports the preliminary epidemiological data stated by the Italian National Institute of Health. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was also detected in stool specimens but according to WHO-China report, fecal-oral transmission did not appear to be a significant factor in the spread of infection (Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-2019. Detailed epidemiological information based on a larger sample of COVID-19 patients is needed to determine the infectious period of SARS-CoV-2, as well as whether transmission can occur from asymptomatic individuals during the incubation period ("pre-symptomatic" period). In a small number of case reports and studies, a familial cluster of infection associated with SARS-CoV-2 has been reported, indicating possible personto-person transmission during the incubation period (18, 19) . abstract: The current outbreak of infections with SARS-CoV-2 is defined as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, fatigue, cough, breathing difficulty that may lead to respiratory distress; a small population of patients may have diarrhea, nausea or vomiting. The highest infection rate occurs in adults; however, neonates, children, and adolescents can also be infected. As the outbreak continues to spread worldwide, attention has switched toward determinants of clinical manifestations and disease severity. The situation surrounding the outbreak is rapidly evolving and the information and recommendations are changing as new information becomes available. This paper summarises the current findings (April 3,2020) from a systematic literature review on the current knowledge of COVID-19 in adolescents (10-19 years according to the WHO definition) and reports the preliminary epidemiological data stated by the Italian National Institute of Health. (www.actabiomedica.it) url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420943/ doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9543 id: cord-000843-e1bn79ui author: nan title: ECR 2011 Book of Abstracts - A - Postgraduate Educational Programme date: 2011-03-01 words: 91224.0 sentences: 4805.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000843-e1bn79ui.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000843-e1bn79ui.txt summary: The role of radiology includes (a) characterisation of sonographically indeterminate adnexal masses, (b) staging as guidance for surgery and treatment planning (including identification of sites of non optimal resectabilty) in suspected ovarian cancer, (c) assessment of recurrent disease, and (d) in selected cases image-guided biopsy. The association of multiple markers of structural and functional imaging (MRI and PET) and the use of advanced computational analysis techniques will allow better management of AD but it needs a broader validation and know the most efficient combination of biomarkers at each stage of the disease, including the preclinical period. Although the basic techniques for DCE-CT have been available for decades, more recently a range of technological advances have contributed to the greater applicability of perfusion CT in the clinical environment including wider CT detectors, shorter gantry rotation times, ''table-toggling'', radiation dose reduction and software corrections for image mis-registration due to respiratory or other patient motion. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3533621/ doi: 10.1007/s13244-011-0078-3 id: cord-001221-due9tloa author: nan title: ECR 2014, Part A date: 2014-02-27 words: 107848.0 sentences: 5493.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001221-due9tloa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001221-due9tloa.txt summary: In short: obtaining samples for making an accurate diagnosis and also to know more about its specific biology (biomarkers); IR covers any possibility needed for vascular access; percutaneous needle ablation is the best alternative in selected patients; endovascular embolisation with "vehiculisation" of therapies is an outstanding method for selective treatment, and sometimes precise ablation, of different tumors; IR is a unique way to offer palliation in a wide range of tumoral complications, such as embolisation for bleeding, stenting for vein obstructions or drainage of fluid collections. CT may be useful for osteoid osteoma and MRI is the best imaging technique for further diagnosis and staging by displaying tumour composition and extent of bone marrow involvement, including skip lesions, presence and extent of extraosseous soft tissue mass, and involvement of neurovascular bundle, muscle compartments and adjacent joint. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948175/ doi: 10.1007/s13244-014-0316-6 id: cord-004675-n8mlxe7p author: nan title: 2019 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2019-02-26 words: 86427.0 sentences: 5050.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004675-n8mlxe7p.txt summary: However, the mean infusion rate per site was similar between patients aged <18 years ( XMEN disease (X-linked Immunodeficency with Magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection and Neoplasia) is a primary immune deficiency caused by mutations in MAGT1 and characterized by chronic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), EBV-driven lymphoma, CD4 T-cell lymphopenia, and dysgammaglobulinemia. We present the case of a 1-year old Hispanic infant with a pathogenic variant in MAGT1 gene that clinically manifested with early Pneumocystis jirovecii and cytomegalovirus (CMV) interstitial pneumonia, and EBV chronic infection with good response to intravenous immunoglobulins supplementation without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy. Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, IDGS, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA Hypomorphic Recombination Activating Gene 1 (RAG1) mutations result in residual T-and B-cell development in both humans and mice and have been found in patients presenting with delayed-onset combined immune deficiency with granulomas and/or autoimmunity (CID-G/AI). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086569/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-019-00597-5 id: cord-005147-mvoq9vln author: nan title: Autorenregister date: 2017-02-23 words: 86573.0 sentences: 4356.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005147-mvoq9vln.txt summary: Using whole-exome sequencing and trio-based de novo analysis, we identified a novel heterozygous de novo frameshift variant in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene causing instability of the mRNA in a patient presenting with bilateral CAKUT and requiring kidney transplantation at one year of age. Loss of cdkl5 associated with deficient mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in mice and human cells We and other groups have shown that mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with clinical features including intellectual disability, early-onset intractable seizures and autism, that are closely related to those present in Rett syndrome (RTT) patients. Functional characterization of novel GNB1 mutations as a rare cause of global developmental delay Over the past years, prioritization strategies that combined the molecular predictors of sequence variants from exomes and genomes of patients with rare Mendelian disorders with computer-readable phenotype information became a highly effective method for detecting disease-causing mutations. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088617/ doi: 10.1007/s11825-017-0126-6 id: cord-005453-4057qib7 author: nan title: The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session date: 2019-07-03 words: 275771.0 sentences: 16876.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt summary: To compare the safety and efficacy of prophylactic DLI for prevention of relapse after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from haploidentical donors (HID-SCT) and matched-sibling donors (MSD-SCT) in patients with very high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we performed a retrospective, observational cohort study enrolled in 21 HID-SCT and 13 MSD-SCT recipients. The aim of this study is to identify the prognostic impact of pre-transplant TIM3 levels on early and late transplant related complications as well as post-transplant relapse and survival Methods: A total of 177 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients with an initial diagnosis of acute leukemia [median age: 36(16-66) years; male/ female: 111/66] were included in the study. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091813/ doi: 10.1038/s41409-019-0559-4 id: cord-006466-e1phpqes author: nan title: 2018 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2018-04-23 words: 92230.0 sentences: 5516.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006466-e1phpqes.txt summary: Whole exome sequencing revealed a heterozygous mutation, previously reported (c.1425+1G>T) Conclusions: In summary, this report emphasizes the suspicion of a combined immunodeficiency in the presence of multiple abscesses by Mycoplasma, the usefulness of rDNA 16s in order to achieve proper Objectives: We describe a 15-year-old male patient with novel heterozygous mutation of EP300 gene; his first manifestations were initially characterized by infections, cytopenia and hypogammaglobulinemia suggesting a Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), but later on, persisting lymphopenia was suggestive of a combined immunodeficiency. Conclusions: Close monitoring of immune function in early life for patients with CHH and CID as well as the availability of suitable donors assists in determining management, including HSCT Introduction/Background: Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD) represents a group of distinct inherited disorders, which inhibit the normal extravasation of neutrophils and their recruitment to sites of infection or inflammation. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101862/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-018-0485-z id: cord-006824-btcdjmfp author: nan title: Key Note and State of the Art Lectures date: 2002-09-07 words: 7577.0 sentences: 377.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006824-btcdjmfp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006824-btcdjmfp.txt summary: In a prospective phase II trial, we treated 37 patients with high dose therapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation for follicular lymphoma in first complete or partial remission [6] . A comparison with similar autologous HCT recipients with NHL who had not been treated with the monoclonal antibody after transplantation indicates that Figure 1 : Overall survival, event-free survival and relapse following autologous bone marrow transplantation in 37 patients with follicular lymphoma during their first complete or first partial chemotherapy-induced remissions this new post-transplant therapy has contributed positively to the treatment outcome. In 1986, a first group of 17 patients (14 with NHL and three with Hodgkin''s disease) was described indicating that extended disease-free long-term survival can be attained with high dose therapy followed by allogeneic transplantation utilizing hematopoietic cells obtained either from fully or closely matched related donors [9] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103144/ doi: 10.1007/s00277-002-0513-0 id: cord-006828-i88on326 author: nan title: Abstracts DGRh-Kongress 2013 date: 2013-09-15 words: 30772.0 sentences: 2576.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006828-i88on326.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006828-i88on326.txt summary: Comparing gene expression profiles of yellow fever immunized individuals and active SLE patients it was possible to identify a "common" and an "autoimmune-specific" IFN signature. The inflammatory and profibrotic effects upon Aab stimulation in vitro, and their associations with clinical findings suggest a role for autoantibody-mediated activation of immune cells mediated through the AT1R and ETAR in the pathogenesis or even the onset of the disease. This study was aimed to investigate the humoral and cellular immune response to VZV including assessment of IgG-anti-VZV avidity and VZV-specific reactivity of lymphocytes in RA (n=56) or JIA patients (n=75) on different treatments, including biologic agents, such as anti-tumor-necrosis-factor(TNF)-alpha or anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor inhibition (tocilizumab), compared to 37 healthy adults (HA) and 41 children (HC). Production of cytokines by B cells in response to TLR9 stimulation inversely correlates with disease activity in SLE-patients abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103148/ doi: 10.1007/s00393-013-1255-1 id: cord-006862-5va1yyit author: nan title: ITS ASM 2012 date: 2012-11-04 words: 25959.0 sentences: 1689.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006862-5va1yyit.txt summary: 10 .45 % (n = 202) of attendances were for non-respiratory diseases as the clinic also provides follow-up for general medical patients post hospital admission. Higher levels of exercise participation were seen in the younger age groups (p = 0.585 Introduction: Respiratory diseases, largely represented by COPD, are the third most common cause of acute hospital admission.Our aim was to audit the prescribing habits of inhaled, nebulised medication and oxygen by doctors in a general hospital. Our study was designed to determine the baseline and post-treatment values of total lymphocyte count and its subsets in HIV-negative patients diagnosed with active pulmonary MTB. The results of this study indicate that AAT can inhibit LTB 4 signaling thereby reducing the proteolytic activity of neutrophils and propose AAT aerosolized augmentation therapy as an effective treatment for LTB 4 associated pulmonary diseases including cystic fibrosis and severe asthma. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103221/ doi: 10.1007/s11845-012-0856-z id: cord-006882-t9w1cdr4 author: nan title: Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland date: 2012-07-22 words: 13704.0 sentences: 858.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006882-t9w1cdr4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006882-t9w1cdr4.txt summary: Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model to determine the TTO based on two or more DEXA scans with TTO defined as the age at which the patient will enter the osteoporotic T-score range. An Audit of Clinical Outcomes in Transcervical Resection of the Endometrium Compared to Outpatient Balloon Thermablation Anglim BC, Von Bunau G Department of Gynaecology, Adelaide and Meath Children''s Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin Thermablation was introduced to the Coombe in November 2009 and thus far it has provided a quick and effective means of treating women with menorrhagia refractive to medical treatment. This audit reviewed cases of ovarian cystectomy, oopherectomy and salpingooopherectomy using both a hospital online database and records of theatre procedures to identify these patients. A retrospective review of the case notes of patients aged greater than 80 years who underwent bronchoscopy between September 2009 and November 2011 was carried out. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103265/ doi: 10.1007/s11845-012-0833-6 id: cord-008764-j9qmw4zy author: nan title: Chapter 1 The need for chemotherapy and prophylaxis against viral diseases date: 2008-05-29 words: 6399.0 sentences: 273.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-008764-j9qmw4zy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-008764-j9qmw4zy.txt summary: We shall examine the methods developed for the prevention of measles, influenza, polio and rotaviruses later on (Chapters 8, 7, 4 and 9, respectively) but it may be mentioned here that live polio vaccines used so successfully in industrialized countries are much more difficult to apply successfully in third world countries where problems of vaccine administration, heat lability control and viral interference become very important. The greatest challenges and probably the most difficult and medically important areas for prophylaxis and therapy of viral diseases are those viruses which are rapidly changing in antigenic composition and/or viruses with animal reservoirs (influenza and arboviruses) and also those forming latent infections (herpesviruses). The greatest challenges and probably the most difficult and medically important areas for prophylaxis and therapy of viral diseases are those viruses which are rapidly changing in antigenic composition and/or viruses with animal reservoirs (influenza and arboviruses) and also those forming latent infections (herpesviruses). abstract: The chapter discusses the need for chemotherapy and prophylaxis against viral diseases. It briefly mentions clinical diseases and syndromes such as influenza, respiratory tract infections, hepatitis, and arbovirus infections resulting from virus infections. Viruses causing respiratory diseases, as well as many other diseases in humans are also discussed in the chapter. It describes the vaccines that are used to check the attack of different viruses as well as their cost-effectiveness. There is a list of some viruses that have been ranked according to different variables in an attempt to select a good candidate for an antiviral drug. The incidence of the viral disease is naturally an important factor, as is the severity of the disease. The incidence can be obtained for diseases being reported in accordance with local regulations, but in many cases viral diseases are not reported and the incidence has to be calculated from different surveys. Also, a grading of the severity is not easy and an example is when herpesvirus infections are handled as a group, which includes both herpes encephalitis and cold sores. The greatest challenges and probably the most difficult and medically important areas for prophylaxis and therapy of viral diseases are the viruses that are rapidly changing in antigenic composition and/or viruses with animal reservoirs (influenza and arboviruses) and those forming latent infections (herpesviruses). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134146/ doi: 10.1016/s0168-7069(08)70009-0 id: cord-009571-mygj2nd4 author: nan title: Proceedings of the 42nd annual meeting of the american rheumatism association a section of the arthritis foundation june 1 & 2, 1978 new york city abstracts of papers presented date: 2005-11-23 words: 46150.0 sentences: 2284.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009571-mygj2nd4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009571-mygj2nd4.txt summary: Levels of Ty cells as well as total T lymphocytes were measured in 19 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 11 with active and 8 with inactive disease, and in 47 normal subjects. The diagnosis of GC arthritis were studied for the presence of GC antigen (AG) and anti-in all seven patients was made by typical clinical presentation, body (AB) in serum and synovial fluid by counter-positive local culture for Ngonorrhoeae (NG) , and response to treatment. A retrospective study was instituted on 10 patients in the UCLA lupus nephritis clinic in an attempt to determine the ability of three serologic indicators-specifically immune complexes (IC), anti-DNA antibodies (DNA-ab), and C3-to predict the activity of SLE renal disease as indicated by changes in 24 hour proteinuria, serum creatinine, and creatinine clearance. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159665/ doi: 10.1002/art.1780210508 id: cord-009997-oecpqf1j author: nan title: 2018 ASPHO ABSTRACTS date: 2018-03-31 words: 182060.0 sentences: 10342.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009997-oecpqf1j.txt summary: Completed cranial radiation and proceeded to allogeneic stem cell transplant with unrelated cord marrow donor and is disease free at approximately day +200.Case 2: 5 year-old female diagnosed with FLT3 and MLL negative AML and completed treatment per COG AAML1031 study on the low risk arm without Bortezomib. Design/Method: This study was a retrospective chart review that included patients 3 to 23 years old with sickle cell disease type SS and S 0 followed at St. Christopher''s Hospital for Children. Background: Hydroxyurea, chronic blood transfusion, and bone marrow transplantation can reduce complications, and improve survival in sickle cell disease (SCD), but are associated with a significant decisional dilemma because of the inherent risk-benefit tradeoffs, and the lack of comparative studies. Brown University -Hasbro Children''s Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States Background: Despite clinical advances in the treatment of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric and young adult patients, pain remains a significant source of disease-related morbidity. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167873/ doi: 10.1002/pbc.27057 id: cord-010078-8lkkez3n author: nan title: Invited Speakers date: 2010-11-24 words: 21351.0 sentences: 1012.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-010078-8lkkez3n.txt summary: Both modes of imaging discriminate early malignant lesions from non-specifi c infl ammation, aid in selecting appropriate sites for biopsy and better delineate tumor margins for more precise staging, but are of little value at present in clinical practice since most patients with malignant pleural effusions have extensive pleural involvement that is easy to diagnose with white light pleuroscopy For pleuroscopic guided pleural biopsies, specimens obtained with the rigid forceps are larger than those with the fl ex-rigid pleuroscope since they are limited by size of the fl exible forceps, which in turn depends on the diameter of the working channel. In the United Kingdom, a thrombosis group has been formed to promote awareness among parliamentarians about the risk and management of VTE; to increase knowledge of its causes, effects, and treatments; and to monitor the implementation of government initiatives and other researches being and this program has corrected the wrong perception that PTE is a rare disease in China Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or interstitial lung diseases (ILD). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169233/ doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01863.x id: cord-014462-11ggaqf1 author: nan title: Abstracts of the Papers Presented in the XIX National Conference of Indian Virological Society, “Recent Trends in Viral Disease Problems and Management”, on 18–20 March, 2010, at S.V. University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh date: 2011-04-21 words: 35453.0 sentences: 1711.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014462-11ggaqf1.txt summary: Molecular diagnosis based on reverse transcription (RT)-PCR s.a. one step or nested PCR, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA), or real time RT-PCR, has gradually replaced the virus isolation method as the new standard for the detection of dengue virus in acute phase serum samples. Non-genetic methods of management of these diseases include quarantine measures, eradication of infected plants and weed hosts, crop rotation, use of certified virus-free seed or planting stock and use of pesticides to control insect vector populations implicated in transmission of viruses. The results of this study indicate that NS1 antigen based ELISA test can be an useful tool to detect the dengue virus infection in patients during the early acute phase of disease since appearance of IgM antibodies usually occur after fifth day of the infection. The studies showed high level of expression in case of constructed vector as compared to infected virus for the specific protein. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3639731/ doi: 10.1007/s13337-011-0027-2 id: cord-014516-r59usk02 author: nan title: Research Communications of the 24th ECVIM‐CA Congress date: 2015-01-10 words: 55041.0 sentences: 2919.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014516-r59usk02.txt summary: Serum prolactin concentration measured in 22/23 dogs at time zero, 6 weeks and 6 months was 3.35 ng/ml (range, 1.4-6.36), 3.57 ng/ml (range, 1.87-7.39) and 3.92 ng/ml (range, 2.01-12.92) and did not differ significantly in either time period when compared with time zero (P = 0.99 and P = 0.52).Altogether, results of this study failed to demonstrate a significant role of thyroid supplementation on the majority of evaluated behavioural symptoms as well as neurohormonal status of hypothyroid dogs during 6 months of therapy. The aims of the present study were (1) to describe a clinical series of recent autochtonous cases and (2) to retrospectively assess Angiostrongylus vasorum qPCR in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples, collected over the last 7 years from a larger series of dogs, healthy or with other respiratory conditions, in order to investigate the past prevalence of the disease in Belgium. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4858066/ doi: 10.1111/jvim.12491 id: cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author: nan title: Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date: 2014-08-02 words: 36900.0 sentences: 2254.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt summary: Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Pediatric Immunology, Izmir, Turkey Ig class switch recombination deficiencies are rare PIDs (1:500,000 births) with normal or elevated serum IgM and low IgG, IgA and IgE levels, defective or normal somatic hypermutation, defective T/B cooperation (50%), intrinsic B cell defect (50%), susceptibility to bacterial infections begining from the first year of age (impaired B cell immunity) and lack of germinal centres in secondary lymphoid organs. Great North Children''s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Even following the introduction of biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a small number of children suffering from severe, refractory autoimmune (AI), rheumatic and/or autoinflammatory disorders will not get into clinical remission (CR) and will potentially further suffer from multiple side-effects of combined and long-term immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies, in particular severe infections (Marodi L, Casanova JL. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086544/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-014-0065-9 id: cord-015147-h0o0yqv8 author: nan title: Oral Communications and Posters date: 2014-09-12 words: 73711.0 sentences: 3862.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015147-h0o0yqv8.txt summary: Cyclooxygenases (COX) catalyze the first step in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PG) from arachidonic acid.COX-1 is constitutively expressed.The COX-2 gene is an immediate early-response gene that is induced by variety of mitogenic and inflammatory stimuli.Levels of COX-2 are increased in both inflamed and malignant tissues.In inflamed tissues, there is both pharmacological and genetic evidence that targeting COX-2 can either improve (e.g., osteoarthritis) or exacerbate symptoms (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease).Multiple lines of evidence suggest that COX-2 plays a significant role in carcinogenesis.The most specific data that support a cause-and effect relationship between COX-2 and tumorigenesis come from genetic studies.Overexpression of COX-2 has been observed to drive tumor formation whereas COX-2 deficiency protects against several tumor types.Selective COX-2 inhibitors protect against the formation and growth of experimental tumors.Moreover, selective COX-2 inhibitors are active in preventing colorectal adenomas in humans.Increased amounts of COX-2-derived PGE2 are found in both inflamed and neoplastic tissues.The fact that PGE2 can stimulate cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and induce angiogenesis fits with evidence that induction of COX-2 contributes to both wound healing and tumor growth.Taken together, it seems likely that COX-2 induction contributes to wound healing in response to injury but reduces the threshold for carcinogenesis. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095932/ doi: 10.1007/bf03353884 id: cord-015324-y44sfr0c author: nan title: Scientific Programme date: 2007-09-01 words: 197618.0 sentences: 12774.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015324-y44sfr0c.txt summary: In order to further validate this approach, we performed a prospective randomized open-label multicenter trial in 41 low-risk pediatric renal transplant recipients (12 f, 29 m; mean age 10.1 yrs; range, 3.4 to 17.8) on CsA (target trough level 100-200 ng/ml), MMF (1200 mg/m 2 per day) and methylprednisolone (3) (4) mg/m 2 per day), who were randomly assigned >1 year posttransplant to continue steroids or to withdraw over a period of 3 months. We evaluated MMF in 15 children with LN, 11 F/4 M, mean age: 12.4±3.9 yrs, proteinuria >3 g/day, decreased C3 and increased anti-dsDNA serum levels, normal renal function. Patients and methods: 91 children and adolescents (60 male, 31 female, mean age at transplantation 9.7±5.2 years) with stable renal function and observation period exceeding 6 months were included. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101932/ doi: 10.1007/s00467-007-0558-3 id: cord-015335-l0kjxhd1 author: nan title: Irish Society of Gastroenterology: Proceedings for summer meeting – 26th/27th May 1995 in Galway date: 1995 words: 8724.0 sentences: 508.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015335-l0kjxhd1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015335-l0kjxhd1.txt summary: The results suggest that an aneuploid DNA pattern is a predictor of high risk potential for metastases to the liver and may be a useful tool in the "followup" of patients with gastric carcinoma in detecting those at high risk of developing metastases following surgical resection. A partially purified preparation of oesophageal tumour-derived inimune suppressor factor that has been shown to be free of all known cytokines was tested in dose-ranging studies on cell proliferation and apoptosis using lymphocytes from the mutant and control mice. Currie et al have demonstrated that arginase is cytotoxic to tumour cells by depletion of the essential amino acid L-arginine, therefore the aim of this study was to determine the role of this enzyme in colorectal tumour-derived MOs. Human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) were isolated from aged-matched controls (CON) and from blood pre-operatively obtained from patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102063/ doi: 10.1007/bf02967835 id: cord-015348-qt0worsl author: nan title: Abstract date: 2010-07-30 words: 74085.0 sentences: 4714.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015348-qt0worsl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015348-qt0worsl.txt summary: However, the application of the compounds in clinical trials has revealed promising results only when predictive procedures have been available for determining which patients will benefit from targeting therapy, so-called eligibility or predictive tests, e.g. Her2 in breast cancer, KRAS and EGFR mutations in colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Conclusion: We report on the development of a quantitative tissue-based immunohistochemical (IHC) methodology employing activation-specific antibodies against multiple components of the BCR signaling pathway that will assess the activity of the BCR pathway in formalin-fixed paraffinembedded primary DLBCLs. This approach will identify the subset of patient tumors that are actively signaling through the BCR pathway and, therefore, will predict therapeutic responsiveness to targeted inhibition of BCR signaling. Method: In our study, we investigate 120 cases diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma in which we established microscopic characterization, immunohistochemical profiles (expression of proliferation markers, steroid receptors and Her2) and computer-assisted morphometric profiles by determining the mean values for nuclear area, cellular area and N/C ratio with Lucia Net Software. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102354/ doi: 10.1007/s00428-010-0947-z id: cord-015352-2d02eq3y author: nan title: ESPR 2017 date: 2017-04-26 words: 82253.0 sentences: 4479.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015352-2d02eq3y.txt summary: Lapierre; Montreal/CA Summary: Objectives: To review the classification of visceroatrial situs To describe the associated cardiac and non-cardiac anomalies To illustrate typical findings in fetuses, neonates and children To discuss the surgical consideration and the long-term follow-up in these patients Abstract: By definition, the type of situs is determined by the relationship between the atria and the adjacent organs. As is often the case, radiology in JIA is all about: knowing your clinicians (i.e. the pretest likelihood for disease) being technically eloquent (e.g. using high-resolution US probes, not delaying post-contrast MRI acquisitions) knowing what is normal (e.g. normal undulations in the articular surface, focal bone marrow signal variation) not being dogmatic about individual observations or measurements interpreting your findings in a clinical context The lecture will demonstrate similarities and differences among joints and modalities in children with variable-severity JIA. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103096/ doi: 10.1007/s00247-017-3820-2 id: cord-015372-76xvzvdg author: nan title: National scientific medical meeting 1996 abstracts date: 1996 words: 36596.0 sentences: 2204.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015372-76xvzvdg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015372-76xvzvdg.txt summary: One, two and five-year survival rates were examined; age at diagnosis and lesion type were extremely significant factors in relation to patient outcome. Patients'' age, sex, risk group, CDC stage, CD4 count, indication for therapy, complication rate and response to treatment are described. Fifty-eight patients (34 male, 24 female) ranging in age from 15 to 65 years (Mean + SD = 28.4 + 10.8) were included in the study. Among these 48 patients (mean age 68.0+12.7), after controlling for age and for the duration and continuity of subsequent antipsychotic treatment, increasing duration of initially untreated psychosis was associated with greater severity of negative symptoms (p<0.005) and with lower scores on the MMSE (p<0.05) but not with executive dysfunction on the EXIT (p=0.3). Conclusion Although not a population based study, care of IDDM in Ireland is almost totally hospital clinic based Cigarette smoking is identified as the major problem to be addressed Patients with diabetes meltitus (DM) are at a higher risk of developing vascular complications, including coronary artery disease (CAD). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103226/ doi: 10.1007/bf02945204 id: cord-017248-a37t31u1 author: nan title: Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date: 2010-05-17 words: 48753.0 sentences: 4281.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017248-a37t31u1.txt summary: Possible Associated Conditions: Disseminated intravascular coagulation;* eclampsia;* glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (G6PD); hemolytic uremic syndrome;* malignant hypertension; lymphoma* and other malignancies; paroxysmal nocturnal hemo-globinuria; sickle cell disease;*thalassemia;* thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.* (See also below under "NOTE.") NOTE: Hemolysis also may be caused by conditions such as poisoning with chemicals or drugs, heat injury, snake bite,* or infections or may develop as a transfusion reaction* or be secondary to adenocarcinoma, heart valve prostheses (see below), liver disease (see below), renal disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Unusual under-lying or associated conditions include chronic aortic stenosis or regurgitation; coronary artery anomalies; coronary artery dissection; coronary embolism; coronary ostial stenosis (due to calcification of aortic sinotubular junction or, rarely, to syphilitic aortitis); coronary vasculitis (for instance, in polyarteritis nodosa* or acute hypersensitivity arteritis); hyperthyroidism,* gastrointestinal hemorrhage; * hypothyroidism, * idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy; intramural coronary amyloidosis; pheochromocytoma, polycythemia vera; * pseudoxanthoma elasticum,* radiationinduced coronary stenosis; severe pulmonary hypertension (with right ventricular ischemia); sickle cell disease;* and others. abstract: Part II begins with a list of special histologic stains, their for use and their corresponding references. At the end of this list is a procedure for removal of formalin precipitate from tissue sections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121759/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-59745-127-7_17 id: cord-017864-cbkrve2h author: nan title: Defending Against Catastrophic Terrorism date: 2006 words: 2233.0 sentences: 127.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017864-cbkrve2h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017864-cbkrve2h.txt summary: We are planning to augment existing predictive models by considering additional environmental factors (e.g., weather information, bird migration patterns) and tailoring data mining techniques for infectious disease datasets that have prominent temporal features. Although a wide range of methods have been proposed for retrospective spatio-temporal data analysis, the space scan statistic, in particular, has become one of the most popular methods for detection of disease clusters and is being widely used by many public health departments and researchers. Algorithmically, the space scan statistic method imposes a circular window on the map under study and moves the center of the circle over the area so that at different positions the window includes different sets of neighboring cases. Developed for crime hotspot analysis, RNNH is based on the well-known nearest neighbor hierarchical clustering (NNH) method, combining the hierarchical clustering capabilities with kernel density interpolation techniques. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122544/ doi: 10.1007/0-387-30332-4_9 id: cord-022363-1l887fyy author: nan title: Cornea date: 2008-11-10 words: 9349.0 sentences: 474.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022363-1l887fyy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022363-1l887fyy.txt summary: The major attribute of cornea is its clarity, and it is the loss of clarity that is the most obvious indicator of corneal disease.The clarity results from several highly specialized anatomic and physiologic features: an unusually regular, nonkeratinized and nonpigmented surface epithelium; an avascular, cell-poor stroma composed of very thin collagen (mostly type I) fibrils arranged in orderly lamellae separated by a critical distance to allow the uninterrupted passage of light (620-640 Angstroms); and a high degree ofstromal dehydration maintained by the presence of epithelial tight junctions, endothelial tight junctions, and a Na-K-dependent ATP-ase pump in the cell membrane of the corneal endothelium ( Fig. 4.25A) . Regardless of cause, corneal inflammation initially follows the stereotyped sequence of edema and leukocyte immigration from tears and distant limbic venules.With severe lesions, corneal stromal vascularization, fibrosis and epithelial metaplasia with pigmentation may occur. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155615/ doi: 10.1016/b978-070202823-6.50056-7 id: cord-022483-hdmwv540 author: nan title: Gastrointestinal Disease date: 2009-06-05 words: 19315.0 sentences: 1127.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022483-hdmwv540.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022483-hdmwv540.txt summary: In the neonatal period, commonly reported causes of abdominal pain are meconium impaction, small-intestinal volvulus, enteritis or colitis, uroperitoneum, intussusception, gastric ulcers, and ileus secondary to prematurity, septicemia, or neonatal encephalopathy. Lower-intestinal contrast studies (i.e., barium enema) have been reported to have 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity for identifying mechanical obstruction (meconium impaction, atresia coli) of the transverse colon or small colon in foals less than 30 days of age ( Figure 11-14) . The only published study on 20 foals less than two weeks of age with acute abdominal pain reported that an exploratory celiotomy revealed functional ileus (45%), meconium impaction (25%), large-colon displacement (15%), small intestine displaced around the base of the cecum (10%), ruptured gastric ulcer, and small colon obstructed by the ovarian ligament. 8 These reports underscore the difficulty in definitively identifying the cause of abdominal pain prior to exploratory celiotomy in neonatal foals, as clearly some of these cases, such as enteritis and functional ileus, would not be considered to be predominantly surgical diseases. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7156017/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2353-1.50016-8 id: cord-022555-a7ie82fs author: nan title: Digestive System, Liver, and Abdominal Cavity date: 2011-12-05 words: 66452.0 sentences: 3846.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022555-a7ie82fs.txt summary: One study found that, of cats investigated for gastrointestinal disease, 9 of 33 cats (27%) had no pathology recognized proximal to the jejunum (i.e., the effective length of diagnostic endoscopes would have precluded diagnosis), and other organs were affected in 9 of 10 cats with inflammatory bowel diseases and 7 of 8 cats with intestinal small cell lymphoma. 60, 64 Quantification of serum cobalamin levels is recommended in cats with clinical signs of small bowel diarrhea, ones suspected to have an infiltrative disease of the small intestine (inflammatory bowel disease or gastrointestinal lymphoma), or ones with pancreatic dysfunction. Survey radiographs may be normal in cats with esophagitis and strictures, but are useful to rule out other causes for the clinical signs, such as a foreign body, or to detect related problems, such as aspiration pneumonia. 8, 29 Other non-neoplastic causes reported for gastric or gastroduodenal ulceration in cats include parasites (e.g., Ollulanus tricuspis, Toxocara cati, Aonchotheca putorii, Gnathostoma spp.), bacterial infections, toxins, inflammatory bowel disease, and foreign bodies. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158306/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00023-5 id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author: nan title: Abstracts: Poster session date: 2004-10-08 words: 49153.0 sentences: 2598.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt summary: We investigated the usefulness of informant-based data in Alzheimer''s disease (AD) by comparing caregivers'' subjective evaluations of 83 probable A D patients'' performance on an abbreviated version of the Memory Self-Report Questionnaire to objective evaluations derived from an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests and to clinicians'' evaluations. Compared with 89 subjects (mean age 75.2 yr; 34 men, 55 women) with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), there were no significant group differences for comparable Clinical Dementia Rating stages of dementia for measures of language, Activities of Daily Living, or general cognition. The mean age at onset did not differ significantly between handedness groups (F [ l,lOO] = .82), but the mean duration of symptoms ( Alterations in the optical properties of brain can be used to detect pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer''s disease (AD). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159508/ doi: 10.1002/ana.410320224 id: cord-022754-ehq9qnoo author: nan title: Liver date: 2012-07-25 words: 87886.0 sentences: 5297.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022754-ehq9qnoo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022754-ehq9qnoo.txt summary: Conversely, in cases of chronic end-stage liver disease, such as cirrhosis, serum hepatic enzyme activities may not be markedly increased, or may even be within the reference interval as a result of the replacement of hepatocytes with fibrous tissue. World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) Standards for the Clinical and Histological Diagnosis of Canine and Feline Liver Disease suggest that the cytologic evaluation of bile forms part of the minimum diagnostic requirement for cats with extrahepatic cholestasis and for dogs guidance. 32 Hyperglobulinemia can be seen in dogs with cirrhosis, but it remains to be determined whether this corresponds with increased autoantibodies as occurs in humans with autoimmune hepatitis, or whether it reflects nonspecific systemic antibody production in response to antigens from the portal blood which bypass the liver through acquired PSSs. 83 Mild nonregenerative anemia may be a reflection of chronic disease. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7161409/ doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3661-6.00061-4 id: cord-023095-4dannjjm author: nan title: Research Abstract Program of the 2011 ACVIM Forum Denver, Colorado, June 15–18, 2011 date: 2011-05-03 words: 134226.0 sentences: 6834.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023095-4dannjjm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023095-4dannjjm.txt summary: The purpose of this study was to determine the short-term effects of ivabradine on heart rate (HR), blood pressure, left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function, left atrial (LA) performance, and clinical tolerance in healthy cats after repeated oral doses. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between heart rate and ECG time intervals to body mass in apparently healthy horses and ponies and to calculate normal ranges for different weight groups. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hypercoagulability in PLN dogs based on thromboelastography (TEG), and to determine whether hypercoagulability in these patients could be predicted by clinical assessments that identify systemic hypertension (systolic blood pressure 4 160 mmHg), hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin o 2.7 mg/dl), antithrombin activity (o 70%), and degree of proteinuria (urine protein:creatinine ratio [UPC] ! abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7166756/ doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0726.x id: cord-023134-y665agnh author: nan title: Oral Research Communications of the 22(nd) ECVIM‐CA Congress date: 2012-11-20 words: 29595.0 sentences: 1548.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023134-y665agnh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023134-y665agnh.txt summary: Doppler echocardiographic indices of diastolic function of the right ventricle are good prognostic markers during left ventricular (LV) failure secondary to ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy.The aims of the present study were: to assess LV and RV diastolic function by conventional Doppler and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (PW-TDI) in dogs with mitral valve disease (MVD), with or without pulmonary hypertension (PH); to test if echocardiographic parameters of LV and RV diastolic dysfunction correlate to the Doppler-estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP).114 dogs were prospectively evaluated, including 86 dogs with MVD. The aims of the present study were to assess whether diabetic cats have pathological evidence of islet inflammation or pancreatitis and to define islet lesions in comparison to a well-matched control population.Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pancreatic samples were collected from post-mortem examination performed on diabetic and control cats died due to any disease at the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich (Switzerland) between 1997 and 2009. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167033/ doi: 10.1111/jvim.12000 id: cord-023216-avn8f2w3 author: nan title: Symposium summaries date: 2004-10-18 words: 55670.0 sentences: 2569.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023216-avn8f2w3.txt summary: • relevant past history • recently recommended home physiotherapy program including inhalation therapy (agents, order and timing), airway clearance therapy (ACT) and physical exercise program and adherence • the possibility of gastroesophageal reflux 5 in relation to physiotherapy • clinical status including subjective and objective measures of the following -amount, color, consistency and ease of expectoration of sputum -oximetry/pulmonary function tests/peak expiratory flow rate -breath sounds on auscultation, respiratory rate and pattern of breathing -exercise tolerance (current activity & incidental exercise/ exercise tolerance tests) -musculo-skeletal problems (posture, pain, muscle tightness/weakness, oedema) -urinary incontinence during coughing and forced expirations Assessment of health related quality of life (HRQOL) in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) is important to better understand disease and treatment-related factors that impact function and well-being, and to evaluate the effectiveness of therapies and methods of drug delivery. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167881/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.20142 id: cord-023239-06a03o14 author: nan title: II. Topic Sessions date: 2016-06-10 words: 33469.0 sentences: 1470.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023239-06a03o14.txt summary: The basics of inhaler technique / device / adherence / allergen exposure are all being maintained A retrospective analysis of follow-up of children with difficult asthma for up to six years revealed that those in whom underlying modifiable factors were identified and addressed had an improvement in lung function and reduction in exacerbations over time, while being able to reduce maintenance dose of inhaled steroids such that the majority fell below the threshold for problematic severe asthma 4 . Long-term follow up of children investigated in infancy and reassessed in later childhood have so far showed that reduced baseline lung function in symptomatic infants was significantly associated with subsequent respiratory morbidity as well as with the need of anti-asthma medication at the age of 3 years. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7168082/ doi: 10.1002/ppul.23455 id: cord-024058-afgvztwo author: nan title: Engineering a Global Response to Infectious Diseases: This paper presents a more robust, adaptable, and scalable engineering infrastructure to improve the capability to respond to infectious diseases.Contributed Paper date: 2015-02-17 words: 5592.0 sentences: 294.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024058-afgvztwo.txt summary: Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Moving forward, addressing privacy issues will be critical so that geographic tracking of a phone''s location could be used to help inform an individual of potential contact with infected persons or animals and support automated, anonymous, electronic integration of those data to accelerate the epidemiological detective work of identifying and surveying those same individuals for public health benefit. abstract: Infectious diseases are a major cause of death and economic impact worldwide. A more robust, adaptable, and scalable infrastructure would improve the capability to respond to epidemics. Because engineers contribute to the design and implementation of infrastructure, there are opportunities for innovative solutions to infectious disease response within existing systems that have utility, and therefore resources, before a public health emergency. Examples of innovative leveraging of infrastructure, technologies to enhance existing disease management strategies, engineering approaches to accelerate the rate of discovery and application of scientific, clinical, and public health information, and ethical issues that need to be addressed for implementation are presented. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7186037/ doi: 10.1109/jproc.2015.2389146 id: cord-024651-578c9ut5 author: nan title: 2020 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date: 2020-05-11 words: 84560.0 sentences: 5089.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024651-578c9ut5.txt summary: Abstract/Case Report Text Introduction: Mutations in the gene encoding signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) cause autosomal dominant hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome (AD-HIES) characterized by recurrent skin and sinopulmonary infections, atopic dermatitis, and elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Objective: The purpose of this study is to increase awareness and improve diagnosis of primary immune deficiency (PID) in the heterogenous group of patients with autoimmune cytopenia (AIC) by identifying clinical characteristics and laboratory biomarkers that distinguish those with underlying PID, disease activity and guide mechanism-based targeted therapy. 7 Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIAID/National Institutes of Health, NIH Abstract/Case Report Text We have previously used the artificial thymic organoid (ATO) system, based on the 3D aggregation and culture of a delta-like canonical Notch ligand 4-expressing stromal cell line (MS5-Dll4) with CD34+ cells, to study T cell differentiation from CD34+ cells obtained from patients carrying defects that are intrinsic to hematopoietic cells (RAG1-2, AK2, IL2RG) or that affect thymus development (DiGeorge syndrome). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7212516/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-020-00764-z id: cord-029332-yn603pvb author: nan title: Full Issue PDF date: 2020-07-15 words: 11306.0 sentences: 633.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-029332-yn603pvb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-029332-yn603pvb.txt summary: Included are cases of Brugada type I pattern positivization (1) in the context of fever, one of the most common presenting symptoms of the disease (2); electrical ventricular storm (3); transient atrioventricular block in the absence of myocarditis (4); sinus node dysfunction requiring pacemaker implantation (5) ; and finally a provocative report on the use of amiodarone as a possible treatment for COVID-19 (6) . In addition to cases of direct myocardial injury, some with pathological evidence, we also present 2 cases of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (16, 17) Two cases highlight the special circumstances faced by patients with left ventricular assist devices (18, 19) , which include the inability to tolerate prone positioning to augment respiratory support because of the mechanical equipment and the hypothesis that mechanical circulatory support may provide a type of protection against the most serious hemodynamic consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7363418/ doi: 10.1016/s2666-0849(20)30838-x id: cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 author: nan title: Proceedings of the 26th European Paediatric Rheumatology Congress: part 2: Virtual. 23 - 26 September 2020 date: 2020-10-28 words: 35088.0 sentences: 2148.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-034340-3ksfpaf7.txt summary: Objectives: The current study was undertaken to evaluate sociodemographic and sociocultural features, parent behavior, the gestation and breastfeeding period, nutritional status of early childhood in our patients with JIA, and to determine their relationship with disease activity, damage index, remission time, and relapse rate. Methods: In the present study were included data 170 JIA(55 boys and 115 girls)aged from 2 to 17 years,who received scheduled vaccination before the age of 2 years and before JIA onset against measles,parotitis,diphtheria and rubella.Incomplete vaccination means the reduced number of vaccine to age.In all patients the Ig G anti-vaccine antibodies levels were detected with ELISA.JIA categories were:oligoarthritis -73,polyarthritis -61,systemic-16 and enthesitisrelated arthritis-20.Data presented with median and 25%>75% Results: Incomplete vaccination against MMR was in 50 (42%)diphtheria in 85 (50%) of the JIA patients. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7592179/ doi: 10.1186/s12969-020-00470-5 id: cord-035030-ig4nwtmi author: nan title: 10th European Conference on Rare Diseases & Orphan Products (ECRD 2020) date: 2020-11-09 words: 12244.0 sentences: 688.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-035030-ig4nwtmi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-035030-ig4nwtmi.txt summary: Conclusion: With this survey Endo-ERN is provided with a large sample of responses from European patients with a rare endocrine condition, and those patients experience unmet needs in research, though these needs differ between the disease groups. Various factors compound the development of treatments for paediatric rare diseases, including the need for new Clinical Outcome Assessments (COAs), as conventional endpoints such as the 6 Minute Walking Test (6MWT) have been shown to not be applicable in all paediatric age subsets, [3] and therefore may not be useful in elucidating patient capabilities. S18 Background: To help inform cross-national development of genomic care pathways, we worked with families of patients with rare diseases and health professionals from two European genetic services abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7649705/ doi: 10.1186/s13023-020-01550-1 id: cord-282783-ps5jyjkl author: nan title: Full Issue PDF date: 2020-09-30 words: 15926.0 sentences: 843.0 pages: flesch: 41.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282783-ps5jyjkl.txt summary: The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study showed a 10-fold higher risk of pericardial disease in all CCS versus siblings (30year cumulative incidence, 3 .0%) and a dose-response relation with chest RT (11) . The literature on ECG abnormalities in large cohorts of long-term CCS is sparse (46, 47) , Data on the use of ambulatory ECG monitoring to define the prevalence of brady-and tachyarrhythmias induced by cardiotoxic cancer treatments are needed, but must be carefully weighed against the potential patient burden and clinical significance. Interestingly, a prior study in testicular cancer survivors showed that those patients who were exposed to cisplatin-based chemotherapy nearly 3 to more than 20 years ago had a more severe reduction in FMD and higher levels of circulating endothelial cells than those not exposed (13) . abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2666-0873(20)30180-0 doi: 10.1016/s2666-0873(20)30180-0 id: cord-326785-le2t1l8g author: nan title: Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 163rd meeting, 3–5 July 1991 date: 2005-06-15 words: 22752.0 sentences: 2108.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-326785-le2t1l8g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326785-le2t1l8g.txt summary: The lesions (usually multlpleand each 5 mm orless m diameter) were identified in lung parenchymaat a distance from the tumour and consisted of thickened alveolar walls lined by prominent, distinctly atypical cells morphologically Slmllar to type I 1 pneumacytes and cytologically different to the associated turnour Reactive changes 8" lung involved by obstrmtive pneumonitis were not included !n thts Sews All of the associated tumwra were peripheral adenocarcinamas and all showed a pattern of alveolar wall spread at the tumour periphery Clinically 7 of the patients were female and all were smokers or ex-smokers The slgnlflcance of this lesion in the histogenesis of primary pulmonary ademcarcinoma IS. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1681042/ doi: 10.1002/path.1711640412 id: cord-339475-okw6la2b author: nan title: Chapter 11 Health effects date: 2005-12-31 words: 3084.0 sentences: 193.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-339475-okw6la2b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-339475-okw6la2b.txt summary: As an indication of their effectiveness, about one half of all 3-~tm particles inhaled through the mouth deposit in the alveolar region. As an indication of their effectiveness, about one half of all 3-~tm particles inhaled through the mouth deposit in the alveolar region. The diseases resulting from exposure to ambient aerosols include pulmonary emphysema, bronchitis, and, perhaps, lung cancer. However, none of the harmful components mentioned above exists in ambient particles at sufficiently high concentration levels to cause a specific disease. Complexity in chemical characteristics of ambient particles has led to considerable difficulty in identifying the components responsible for adverse health effects. Aerosol particles can serve as an effective carrier for ambient peroxides and reactive oxygen species to reach the alveolar region. When these reactive species are adsorbed on particle surfaces, they can easily reach the alveolar region and thereby lead to an adverse effect greater than in tracheobronchial airways. Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles abstract: Abstract There are beneficial as well as harmful aerosols. According to their nature, harmful particles can be classified into three categories: chemically toxic, infectious, and radioactive. In general, there is a relationship between the response and the dose received. A biochemically active particle may contain only a small amount of active agents. In this respect, an inhaled particle simply acts as a carrier that facilitates delivery of deleterious or beneficial components to specific surface areas of lung airways. In view of the tortuous narrow passageways and sharp turns they have to go through, aerosol particles are an effective carrier. As an indication of their effectiveness, about one half of all 3-m particles inhaled through the mouth deposit in the alveolar region. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1573428505800158 doi: 10.1016/s1573-4285(05)80015-8 id: cord-313173-0u4s5y20 author: ten Have, H.A.M.J. title: Sheltering at Our Common Home date: 2020-08-25 words: 2527.0 sentences: 178.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313173-0u4s5y20.txt summary: The current COVID-19 pandemic has reactivated ancient metaphors (especially military ones) but also initiated a new vocabulary: social distancing, lockdown, self-isolation, and sheltering in place. The global threat of pandemics therefore does not emerge spontaneously as a natural event but is the product of human behaviour. What is missing in the pandemic management responses so far is the ecological perspective that pandemics are related to the current economic global order which assumes a separation of humans and nature and regards nature as a resource to be exploited and commodified. This shift has been advocated by many environmental ethicists as well as in indigenous worldviews (Rolston 1988; Johnson 2020) .The ecological perspective implies that the military language of the pandemic is distorting the human embeddedness in the natural world. In an ecological perspective, vulnerability to infectious diseases is not confined to specific individuals, populations, or nations. abstract: The current COVID-19 pandemic has reactivated ancient metaphors (especially military ones) but also initiated a new vocabulary: social distancing, lockdown, self-isolation, and sheltering in place. Terminology is not ethically neutral but reflects prevailing value systems. I will argue that there are two metaphorical vocabularies at work: an authoritarian one and a liberal one. Missing is an ecological vocabulary. It has been known for a long time that emerging infectious diseases are associated with the destruction of functioning ecosystems and biodiversity. Ebola and avian influenza viruses have been significant warnings. Obviously, this pandemic will not be the last one. As the planet is our common home, the major metaphor to explore is sheltering at this home. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32840840/ doi: 10.1007/s11673-020-10014-x id: cord-007708-hr4smx24 author: van Kampen, Antoine H. C. title: Taking Bioinformatics to Systems Medicine date: 2015-08-13 words: 8770.0 sentences: 412.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007708-hr4smx24.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007708-hr4smx24.txt summary: Second, we discuss how the integration and analysis of multiple types of omics data through integrative bioinformatics may facilitate the determination of more predictive and robust disease signatures, lead to a better understanding of (patho)physiological molecular mechanisms, and facilitate personalized medicine. To enable systems medicine it is necessary to characterize the patient at various levels and, consequently, to collect, integrate, and analyze various types of data including not only clinical (phenotype) and molecular data, but also information about cells (e.g., disease-related alterations in organelle morphology), organs (e.g., lung impedance when studying respiratory disorders such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and even social networks. Bioinformatics covers many types of analyses including nucleotide and protein sequence analysis, elucidation of tertiary protein structures, quality control, pre-processing and statistical analysis of omics data, determination of genotypephenotype relationships, biomarker identifi cation, evolutionary analysis, analysis of gene regulation, reconstruction of biological networks, text mining of literature and electronic patient records, and analysis of imaging data. abstract: Systems medicine promotes a range of approaches and strategies to study human health and disease at a systems level with the aim of improving the overall well-being of (healthy) individuals, and preventing, diagnosing, or curing disease. In this chapter we discuss how bioinformatics critically contributes to systems medicine. First, we explain the role of bioinformatics in the management and analysis of data. In particular we show the importance of publicly available biological and clinical repositories to support systems medicine studies. Second, we discuss how the integration and analysis of multiple types of omics data through integrative bioinformatics may facilitate the determination of more predictive and robust disease signatures, lead to a better understanding of (patho)physiological molecular mechanisms, and facilitate personalized medicine. Third, we focus on network analysis and discuss how gene networks can be constructed from omics data and how these networks can be decomposed into smaller modules. We discuss how the resulting modules can be used to generate experimentally testable hypotheses, provide insight into disease mechanisms, and lead to predictive models. Throughout, we provide several examples demonstrating how bioinformatics contributes to systems medicine and discuss future challenges in bioinformatics that need to be addressed to enable the advancement of systems medicine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120931/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3283-2_2 id: cord-355024-v5lahyw4 author: van Seventer, Jean Maguire title: Principles of Infectious Diseases: Transmission, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control date: 2016-10-24 words: 10079.0 sentences: 458.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355024-v5lahyw4.txt summary: An infectious disease can be defined as an illness due to a pathogen or its toxic product, which arises through transmission from an infected person, an infected animal, or a contaminated inanimate object to a susceptible host. The outcome of exposure to an infectious agent depends, in part, upon multiple host factors that determine individual susceptibility to infection and disease. The goal of secondary prevention is to halt the progress of an infection during its early, often asymptomatic stages so as to prevent disease development or limit its severity; steps important for not only improving the prognosis of individual cases but also preventing infectious agent transmission. Broadly, public health efforts to control infectious diseases focus on primary and secondary prevention activities that reduce the potential for exposure to an infectious agent and increase host resistance to infection. A susceptible host is an individual who is at risk of infection and disease following exposure to an infectious agent. abstract: Infectious disease control and prevention relies on a thorough understanding of the factors determining transmission. This article summarizes the fundamental principles of infectious disease transmission while highlighting many of the agent, host, and environmental determinants of these diseases that are of particular import to public health professionals. Basic principles of infectious disease diagnosis, control, and prevention are also reviewed. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128036785005166 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00516-6 id: cord-283971-q5d3uza1 author: von Oertzen, Tim J title: COVID‐19 – neurologists stay aware! date: 2020-05-27 words: 309.0 sentences: 30.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283971-q5d3uza1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283971-q5d3uza1.txt summary: The new disease caused primarily symptoms of a respiratory tract infection with cough, shortness of breath, and viral pneumonia. The clinical spectrum showed mostly mild symptoms with some patients developing bilateral pneumonia needing partly intensive care treatment and causing death(1). As of today (19 th May), official numbers report more than 4,7 million cases worldwide, more than 315,000 death, and approximately 1,7 million patients recovered from the disease. We neurologists need to stay vigilant and aware on neuro-COVID-19, taking a joint effort to characterize the disease on scientific grounds. To facilitate this, the European Academy of Neurology developed the Ean NEuro-covid ReGistrY (ENERGY) for prospective data collection (ean.org). Web-editor in chief, European Academy of Neurology References Accepted Article Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease Neurological manifestations and neuro-invasive mechanisms of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 abstract: In December 2019 an epidemic outbreak of a new virus disease in the Chinese area of Wuhan was reported. The new disease caused primarily symptoms of a respiratory tract infection with cough, shortness of breath, and viral pneumonia. The clinical spectrum showed mostly mild symptoms with some patients developing bilateral pneumonia needing partly intensive care treatment and causing death(1). It became apparent, that this new disease was highly contagious, and – intensive care ‐ patients numbers were rapidly rocketing, overwhelming the capacity of local health care facilities. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32460417/ doi: 10.1111/ene.14365 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel