# pos

id: cord-277539-xt2nt11e
pos: NNP
token:
  www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/false-negatives-in-quickcovid-19-test-near-15-percent-study-67451

lemma:
  www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/false-negatives-in-quickcovid-19-test-near-15-percent-study-67451


id: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu
pos: NNP
token:
  http://newsroom.cigna.com/NewsReleases/research-from-cigna-supports-potential-association-between-treated-gum-disease-and-reduced-medical-costs-for-people-with-diabetes

lemma:
  http://newsroom.cigna.com/NewsReleases/research-from-cigna-supports-potential-association-between-treated-gum-disease-and-reduced-medical-costs-for-people-with-diabetes


# ent

id: cord-277539-xt2nt11e
type: ORG
entity:
  Italy Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care


id: cord-326961-ti6mrzxf
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  BDJ Open DOI 10 1038 s41405 020 00047 0 sha c72228d19891c21e06962225c8742e772d3fd076 doc_id 326961 cord_uid


id: cord-292173-95t89yee
type: ORG
entity:
  Infection Prevention and Control of Epidemic and Pandemic Prone Acute Respiratory Infections in Health Care Guidelines


id: cord-310736-b31x746c
type: CL
entity:
  saliva particles blood and other fluids Bentley et al 1994 Rivera Hidalgo et al 1999 Toro glu et al 2001 Kohn et al 2003 Timmerman et al 2004 Feres et al 2010 Nejatidanesh et al 2013 Gupta et al 2014 Veena et al 2015 Special attention should be paid to the role of saliva as a significant source of SARS CoV 2


id: cord-310736-b31x746c
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  butylphenyl methylpropional hexyl cinnamal and linalool Figure 1 Schematic representation of the protective device to reduce


id: cord-309922-d4lor3a5
type: ORG
entity:
  OSHA American National Standard Institute ANSI Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC American Dental Association


id: cord-258498-0mvxwo3w
type: ORG
entity:
  CDC NIOSH Topic Page Aerosols National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health CDC Guidance for Dental Settings Interim Infection Prevention


id: cord-258498-0mvxwo3w
type: ORG
entity:
  N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Healthcare Settings Considerations for Recommending Extended Use and


id: cord-258498-0mvxwo3w
type: ORG
entity:
  Healthcare Settings Guidance for Risk Assessment and Work Restrictions for Healthcare Personnel with Potential Exposure


id: cord-258498-0mvxwo3w
type: EVENT
entity:
  Reference Manual IAPD Foundational Articles and Consensus Recommendations Management of Early Childhood Caries IAPD Foundational Articles and Consensus Recommendations Use of Fluoride for Caries Prevention IAPD Foundational Articles and Consensus Recommendations Minimal Invasive Dentistry IAPD Foundational Articles and Consensus Recommendations Management of Dental Erosion


id: cord-285513-pkqos0s5
type: EVENT
entity:
  the COVID 19 Response COVID 19 Implications for Clinical Dental Care COVID 19 Outbreak Rights Roles and Responsibilities of Health Workers Including Key Considerations for Occupational Safety and Health Assessing Knowledge Attitudes and Practices of Dental Practitioners Regarding the COVID


id: cord-285513-pkqos0s5
type: ORG
entity:
  Additional Guidance for Dental Teams COVID 19 Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine Advice on the Use of Masks


id: cord-272602-rywg9mek
type: EVENT
entity:
  The COVID 19 outbreak Letter to All Primary Care Dental Teams and Health Boards Plans for the Restoration of General Dental Services Remobilisation of NHS Dental Services


id: cord-272602-rywg9mek
type: ORG
entity:
  Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Guidance for Dental Settings Centres for Disease Control and Prevention British Endodontic Society


id: cord-335372-tncjfdtp
type: ORG
entity:
  Streptococcus mutans Council on Dental Materials and Devices and Council on Dental Therapeutics Current


id: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu
type: ORG
entity:
  specialtiesthe American Academy of Family Practice the American Academy of Pediatrics the American Osteopathic Association


id: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu
type: DISEASE
entity:
  diseases often co occur within the same patient and could be considered variable expression complications


id: cord-340138-u8hxyfml
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Role of Dentists in COVID 19 Is Beyond Dentistry Voluntary Medical Engagements and Future Preparedness


id: cord-352862-2q4h3bwj
type: ORG
entity:
  Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences MAIDS New Delhi Centre for Dental Education and Research CDER


id: cord-352862-2q4h3bwj
type: ORG
entity:
  ADA American Dental Hygienists Association ADHA Indian Dental Association IDA Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry ISPPD


id: cord-318944-13zk6cco
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Infection Prevention and Control of Epidemic and Pandemic Prone Acute Respiratory Diseases in Health Care World Health Organization Particle Size Selective Assessment of Protection of European Standard FFP Respirators


id: cord-318944-13zk6cco
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  DPI Incidence of Microperforation for Surgical Gloves Depends on Duration of Wear Study of Blood Contact in Simulated Surgical Needlestick Injuries with Single or Double Latex Gloving Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings Basic Expectations for Safe Care and Human Services Infection Control Committee Guidelines on Infection Control Practice


id: cord-293180-f1ulk9ce
type: ORG
entity:
  American Dental Association Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals Bacterial


id: cord-341661-sokoghh1
type: LAW
entity:
  COVID 19 Implications for Clinical Dental Care COVID 19 Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine Mental


id: cord-341661-sokoghh1
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Fear and Stigma The Epidemic within the SARS Outbreak Dental Dam for Infection Control and Patient Safety


id: cord-335979-gaqa24b9
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Sul Brazil Bridging the Gaps Telemedicine and E Health Effectiveness of the Distance Learning Strategy


id: cord-335979-gaqa24b9
type: ORG
entity:
  The Immediate Response of European Academic Dental Institutions and Future Implications for Dental Education Teledentistry A Tool to Promote Continuing Education Actions on Oral Medicine for Primary Healthcare Professionals Writing


# bib

id: cord-013311-r10f5yb0
title: Frugal solutions
author: Javed, M.
date: 2020-10-23
txt: ./txt/cord-013311-r10f5yb0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-013311-r10f5yb0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7582445/
doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-2294-z
abstract: nan
summary:
  Sir, as a Past President of the BDA I am dismayed and bemused to read frequent reports in national newspapers decrying the number of children awaiting many months for tooth extractions in hospitals. Sir, in the current pandemic, the lack of equitable oral healthcare facilities, shortfall of dental healthcare providers, shortages of equipment/materials, and inadequate management of existing services is well known in developing countries. 1 It may not be possible for such countries to upgrade the dental surgeries in their tertiary care facilities to the suggested level of ventilation, filtration, and negative pressure, due to financial limitations. 4 To prevent the transmission of infection through aerosol in the dental setting the ''protection box'' is an innovative and economical solution for performing aerosol generating procedures. Sir, I would like to thank all my colleagues who have worked so diligently to up-skill and kindly help guide others through the current COVID-19 pandemic. Frugal solutions for the operating room during the COVID-19 pandemic


id: cord-014337-nnuvrb6o
title: Scientific rigour
author: Byrne, S.
date: 2020-11-13
txt: ./txt/cord-014337-nnuvrb6o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014337-nnuvrb6o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7662737/
doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-2362-4
abstract: nan
summary:
  gdc-uk.org/news-blogs/news/detail/2020/09/01/ joint-statement-on-arrangements-for-dental-educationand-training-while-measures-are-in-place-to-control-thespread-of-covid-19-(version-2-dated-1-september-2020) (accessed November 2020). To evaluate the existing curricula and reorganise them by adopting the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA) compliance protocols on the interruption of education and distance education to allow for a continuation of the PGRs'' hands-on and didactic learning 2. Clinical case presentations through online sessions allowed continued PGRs'' feedback to enhance their presentation and treatment planning skills as well as surgical techniques 3. 1 report that sequencing data indicate high reads for Prevotella, Staphylococcus and Fusobacterium in patients severely infected with SARS-CoV-2. Despite facing changes in a teaching format, especially in clinical training, our approaches, including the use of online portals and modules, maintained and enhanced PGRs'' hands-on and didactic experiences. One way of ensuring best practice would be that the directions for use of each new batch of product are read carefully and then stored in a centrally placed file in the clinic, easily accessible to all members of the dental team.


id: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu
title: Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration
author: Foreman, Stephen
date: 2011-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177026/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2185-5_4
summary:
  So while there has been no shortage of effort paid to improving Medicare, the one common theme in all of the recent initiatives is that dental care has been conspicuously 1 A new study by Hedlund, Jeffcoat, Genco and Tanna funded by CIGNA of patients with Type II diabetes and periodontal disease found that medical costs of patients who received maintenance therapy were $2483.51 per year lower than patients who did not. Examples of integrated care models do exist, such as that presented by (Heuer 2007 ) involving school-linked and school-based clinics with an "innovative health infrastructure." According to Heuer, "Neighborhood Outreach Action for Health (NOAH)" is staffed by two nurse practitioners and a part-time physician to provide "primary medical services to more than 3,200 uninsured patients each year" in Scottsdale, Arizona.

abstract:
  Dental health insurance coverage in the United States is either nonexistent (Medicare and the uninsured), spotty (Medicaid) and limited (most employer-based private benefit plans). Perhaps as a result, dental health in the United States is not good. What public policy makers may not appreciate is that this may well be impacting medical care costs in a way that improved dental benefits would produce a substantial return to investment in expanded dental insurance coverage.


id: cord-026765-cw4rh1on
title: Altered exodontia techniques
author: Dingle, M.
date: 2020-06-12
txt: ./txt/cord-026765-cw4rh1on.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026765-cw4rh1on.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7294210/
doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-1726-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  authors: Dingle, M.; Irshad, H.; McKernon, S.; Taylor, K. dosing protocols as accurately as possible (to standardise the dosing), and we anticipate the that the product will be available mid-May, initially in a 5L presentation, primarily for dentists, while a nasal and throat spray will follow in late May primarily for pre-procedural use in the hospital setting. Sir, we write to inform your readers about techniques for non-surgical exodontia we have adapted to at Liverpool University Dental Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. As cases in our population grew the dental clinic went on an emergency only protocol and to date we have provided dental care to almost 500 patients and performed approximately over 100 dental emergency procedures. Sir, I would like to share my thoughts and experiences on how COVID-19 has affected me as a year 13 student, applying to university to study dentistry this September.


id: cord-029374-46okjft6
title: Clinical governance for the dental team
author: Rashid Chawdhary, Iqra
date: 2020-07-17
txt: ./txt/cord-029374-46okjft6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-029374-46okjft6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7366440/
doi: 10.1038/s41407-020-0370-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  Completing further training and attending courses -due to COVID-19 this hasn''t been possible, however various webinars and online CPD programmes have been created to help dental professionals continue to further their knowledge and skills from home Work appraisals with colleagues to assess competency, identify areas of further training, help develop the dental team and broaden the skill mix to deliver services in a more efficient and resilient way Having important policies on raising concerns and safeguarding and making sure the entire dental team are aware of these and adhere to them Giving staff the additional training needed so they are up-to-date with the changes that have been made to practice protocols/ policies due to COVID-19 Fit testing of the N95/FFP2/FFP3 masks should be done on all clinical team members to ensure they are safe to carry out an aerosol generating procedure (AGP) on a patient if necessary


id: cord-030240-c8lank21
title: Dental Triaging: past, present and future
author: McGuckin, Bronagh
date: 2020-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-030240-c8lank21.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-030240-c8lank21.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7415945/
doi: 10.1038/s41404-020-0472-y
abstract: nan
summary:
  Their role is critical in controlling access for patients to the dental team and whilst they may carry out a basic form of triaging, this may vary significantly between general practices. It has been an eye-opening opportunity to gain an insight into the workings of our frontline dental team and has highlighted the role of effective triaging in management of emergency patients across the country. Formal training could be implemented for all members of the dental team which would cover a range of topics including: assessing and interpreting symptoms, assigning urgency to clinical need, management of diary pressures and patient expectations, and providing simple practical telephone advice regarding oral hygiene and analgesia. While this has been a testing time for the profession, it has provided us with an invaluable opportunity to reflect on current practices allowing us to make significant improvements so that when we return to routine dentistry, both patients and the wider dental team will benefit from streamlined services.


id: cord-031178-6gnjpmfy
title: Being mindful of the environment: Why does it matter to dental students?
author: Khan, Ifrah
date: 2020-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-031178-6gnjpmfy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031178-6gnjpmfy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7459249/
doi: 10.1038/s41406-020-0149-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  Online information available at https://bda.org/ amalgam (accessed February 2020) '' It is essential that dental schools across the UK teach students to adopt a holistic approach to dental care'' Two of the most commonly used dental restorative materials include amalgam and resin-based composites. It is essential that dental professionals remain familiar with the legislation surrounding the use of materials not only so that an improved service of care is delivered to patients, but also as a part of a greater responsibility towards global sustainability. com/collections/ djidaaddgi ¾ BDA -what they are doing to improve sustainability in practice: -https://bda.org/ news-centre/blog/whatcan-we-do-to-makedentistry-more-sustainable '' As ever, it is incumbent that dental students deliver an impactful message on prevention to their patients'' Online information available at https:// www.theccc.org.uk/tackling-climate-change/ reducing-carbon-emissions/carbon-budgets-andtargets The environmental impact of dental amalgam and resin-based composite materials


id: cord-031508-1l9dxc16
title: Mind over matter
author: Bradbury, Sarah
date: 2020-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-031508-1l9dxc16.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031508-1l9dxc16.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7475282/
doi: 10.1038/s41404-020-0506-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  For some people the isolation of feeling confined to their home had a severe impact on their mental health -too much worry, stress or even boredom can have an effect, and if not recognised and dealt with, could see you suffering way beyond the time a vaccine is found for COVID-19. 8, 10 She was also the lead in a BDA event in February this year, that gathered key stakeholders in UK dentistry to see how they could collaborate on improving the services and support for the mental health and wellbeing of dentists, as it has always been an important consideration, even before the pandemic hit. Bear in mind that the GDC does expect dental professionals to look after their own health in the interests of providing safe care for patients. News release: Depression and anxiety spiked after lockdown announcement, coronavirus mental health study shows


id: cord-032698-ev8gylpf
title: Pandemic paediatrics
author: Fakhruddin, K. S.
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-032698-ev8gylpf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032698-ev8gylpf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7517734/
doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-2171-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  Two recently published articles in your journal highlighted the utility of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (SDF/KI) application, and paediatric patients audit attending emergency care for irreversible pulpitis symptoms during the current coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. 2 Thus, to limit bioaerosol risks, the contemporary treatment algorithm includes the use of pre-procedure oral rinse with 1% hydrogen peroxide or povidone-iodine 3 and the use of dental dam, as well as high-volume suction. potential dental team role in supporting the delivery of a flu vaccination programme. 1 In the United States, Minnesota and Illinois allow dentists to administer vaccines, but only to protect against the flu and only in adult patients. 2 In Scotland, NHS dental contractors (dentists and dental bodies corporate) can opt in to participate in the 2020/21 flu vaccination programme. Other members of the dental team will not be allowed to deliver vaccinations. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-2183-5 Authors must sign the letter, which may be edited for reasons of space.


id: cord-033803-79me0615
title: Why prevention must be targeted, creative and multi-faceted
author: Holland, Caroline
date: 2020-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-033803-79me0615.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-033803-79me0615.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7562689/
doi: 10.1038/s41407-020-0440-8
abstract: nan
summary:
  '' With dental practices and many early years settings closed, Jo described how everyone involved in the programme did what they could to ensure children still got their toothbrushing packs. As in Manchester, programmes are geared to funding GDPs to provide prevention as well as building links between dental practices early years settings and health visitor and social care teams. GDP Mohsan Ahmad, Chair of the Local Dental Network, wrote the foreword to a document 4 setting out the three-year plan, stressing that dental teams would play an essential part, by engaging communities to value good oral health, driving improvement in outcomes. In January of last year, the Greater Manchester Health and Social Care Partnership (GMHSCP) launched 6 a £1.5 million programme to reduce dental decay. A key development was the Green Paper published last year 10 in which the Government committed to put prevention at the heart of all its health and social care decisionmaking.


id: cord-253162-lebgynsz
title: Innovation of dental education during COVID-19 pandemic
author: Chang, Tsai-Yu
date: 2020-08-19
txt: ./txt/cord-253162-lebgynsz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253162-lebgynsz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32839668/
doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.07.011
summary:
  MATERIALS AND METHODS: By means of three online symposiums, dental educators from different countries were invited to give presentation and discussion regarding to the information and experience in the innovation of dental education during the pandemic. Dental educators from different countries were invited to attend online symposiums with ZOOM software (Zoom Video Communications Inc., San Jose, California, USA) and give presentations regarding their information and experience in the innovation of dental education during the COVID-19 pandemic from their own countries. Eight scholars from The University of Sydney, Australia; The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Loma Linda University, USA; International Medical University, Malaysia; National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan; Tohoku University, Japan; Chulalongkorn University, Thailand; and Columbia University, USA were invited to present the current situation of dental education during the pandemic in each own country.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The impact of the pandemic of COVID-19 has a certain influence on various walks of life around the world. Because of the pandemic of this novel coronavirus in terms of COVID-19, the social life global wide has been changed a lot. To keep the social distance between human being to prevent from being infected is the most important strategy for all the countries. Many dental schools have been locked down to minimize the spread out of this coronavirus infection. Close contact between human being are required for all those learning process in traditional dental education. Learning methods should be innovated to keep on the learning process but away from being infected for dental education during pandemic. The purpose of this manuscript is to exchange the information and experience of those dental educators from different countries to prepare for the future demand for dental education during pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By means of three online symposiums, dental educators from different countries were invited to give presentation and discussion regarding to the information and experience in the innovation of dental education during the pandemic. RESULTS: The results showed that the impact of the pandemic of COVID-19 affects the dental education a lot. Intelligent technology has certain benefit for the learning process of dental education during the pandemic. CONCLUSION: The impact of the pandemic of COVID-19 affects dental education a lot. The model of dental education should be innovated to suit different situations and novelty intelligent technology should be applied for future dental education.


id: cord-253682-pwrojqju
author: Yakubov, Dorin
date: 2020-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-253682-pwrojqju.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253682-pwrojqju.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2020.05.016
doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.05.016
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Opinion: An Increase in Severe Late-Dental Complications May Result from Reliance on Home Dental Remedies During the COVID-19 Pandemic The global pandemic resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak has caused significant limitations in the publics access to routine dental and medical care. Availability of appointments at private medical and dental practices, particularly on the east coast, have been severely curtailed as practices have shut their doors and laid off workers in response to stay-at-home orders and reduced clinical volume. We believe this may be the direct result of decreased routine dental care, as patients begin to ignore signs of increasingly severe dental conditions in an effort to remain home. We believe that this is likely the result of a failure to directly communicate with patients the circumstances under which they should seek dental care despite the COVID-19 pandemic. In cases of severe dental pain, persistent oral bleeding, or increasing difficulty with breathing or swallowing, patients should still be urged to seek dental care.

title:
  Opinion: An Increase in Severe Late-Dental Complications May Result from Reliance on Home Dental Remedies During the COVID-19 Pandemic


id: cord-256528-sbbkqirv
title: The Rapid Development of an Urgent Dental Care Hub in an Oral Surgery Unit—Key Learning Points
author: Obisesan, O.
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-256528-sbbkqirv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256528-sbbkqirv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0266435620301856
doi: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.04.031
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: The Rapid Development of an Urgent Dental Care Hub in an Oral Surgery Unit—Key Learning Points We would like to bring to the attention of your readers working in Oral Surgery and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery units some of the salient lessons we have learnt whilst establishing and developing an urgent dental care hub at King''s College Hospital in response to the COVID-19 crisis. King''s College Dental Institute was in the fortunate position of having an established telephone triage and appointment booking service for its existing "Acute Dental Care" service. The appointments for booked patients were spread throughout the day and we developed a new COVID-19 period standard operating procedure for use across the Dental Institute. Members of our team are assigned appropriate roles including telephone advice and triage, patient assessment in Acute Dental Care, and operating within the Oral Surgery department. Tagar Department of Oral Surgery, Kings College Dental Institute


id: cord-257680-ds1y3ks9
author: Schiller, Marcus
date: 2020-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-257680-ds1y3ks9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257680-ds1y3ks9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00427-4
doi: 10.1186/s42269-020-00427-4
summary:
  BACKGROUND: The study presented here systematically examines the potential involvement of dental, oral and maxillofacial centres (ZMK) in the management of pandemia or in large-scale emergencies. Taking into account previous studies, the aim of this study was thus to systematically investigate the current rate and potential increase in integration of dental medical centres at university hospitals in the emergency response plan of the hospital as a whole. Previous contingency plans for a mass casualty scenario had foreseen the fire service, Germany''s Federal Disaster Relief Agency (THW) and the Red Cross setting up and operating treatment stations at the outpatient clinic of the MHH to support the hospital. On average, the dental medical centres feature a total of 82.5 dental treatment units and 4.9 surgical rooms, which fall into the categories of minor surgery rooms, emergency operating theatres and operating theatres.

title:
  Management of pandemic or large-scale emergencies in Germany with a focus on the current and potential role of university schools of dentistry: Can it help in COVID-19 time?

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The study presented here systematically examines the potential involvement of dental, oral and maxillofacial centres (ZMK) in the management of pandemia or in large-scale emergencies. It looks at available material and infrastructural resources and how they can be brought to bear in such incidents or situations. The aim was to gain an initial scientific overview of how ZMK can potentially contribute to the handling of a pandemia or mass casualty (MASCAL) situation in terms of available resources as well as their location within the hospital as a whole and their integration into the existing infrastructure. The study was conducted on the basis of a questionnaire consisting of 70 individual questions, which was sent to all universities in Germany that offer a course of study in dental medicine. The responses were then statistically evaluated. RESULTS: The study outlines the current status of ZMK and discusses what could be an important component of emergency medical care in the overall hospital context. CONCLUSION: The involvement of ZMK—with their own resources and existing infrastructural links to the hospital as a whole—could lead to faster and more effective patient treatment in the event of a pandemic or MASCAL situation.


id: cord-257940-12nf27j4
title: Dental service utilization in the very old: an insurance database analysis from northeast Germany
author: Schwendicke, Falk
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-257940-12nf27j4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257940-12nf27j4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03591-z
doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03591-z
summary:
  In multi-variable analysis, social hardship status (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.12-1.16), federal state (Brandenburg 0.85; 0.84–0.87; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: 0.80; 0.78–0.82), and age significantly affected utilization (0.95; 0.95–0.95/year), together with a range of co-morbidities according to ICD-10 and DRG. In a previous study and building on claims data, we found a disparate utilization of prosthetic services in the very old, with those aged 85 years or older, those living rural, and those with severe general health conditions utilizing prosthetic services, by large, to a lower degree than younger, urban living and only limitedly sick seniors [7] . In the present study, we used claims data from a large health insurance in northeast Germany to assess dental service utilization in the very old. We hypothesized that the utilization of dental services in the very old was associated with an individual''s age, general health status, place of living, and social status.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: We assessed dental service utilization in very old Germans. METHODS: A comprehensive sample of 404,610 very old (≥ 75 years), insured at a large statutory insurer (Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse Nordost, active in the federal states Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), was followed over 6 years (2012–2017). Our outcome was the utilization of dental services, in total (any utilization) and in five subgroups: (1) examinations and associated assessment or advice, (2) restorations, (3) surgery, (4) prevention, (5) outreach care. Association of utilization with (1) sex, (2) age, (3) region, (4) social hardship status, (5) ICD-10 diagnoses, and (6) German modified diagnosis-related groups (GM-DRGs) was explored. RESULTS: The mean (SD) age of the sample was 81.9 (5.4) years. The utilization of any dental service was 73%; utilization was highest for examinations (68%), followed by prevention (44%), surgery (33%), restorations (32%), and outreach care (13%). Utilization decreased with age for nearly all services except outreach care. Service utilization was significantly higher in Berlin and most cities compared with rural municipalities, and in individuals with common, less severe, and short-term conditions compared with life-threatening and long-term conditions. In multi-variable analysis, social hardship status (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.12-1.16), federal state (Brandenburg 0.85; 0.84–0.87; Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania: 0.80; 0.78–0.82), and age significantly affected utilization (0.95; 0.95–0.95/year), together with a range of co-morbidities according to ICD-10 and DRG. CONCLUSIONS: Social, demographic, regional, and general health aspects were associated with the utilization of dental services in very old Germans. Policies to maintain access to services up to high age are needed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The utilization of dental services in the very old in northeast Germany showed significant disparities within populations. Policies to allow service utilization for sick, economically disadvantaged, rural and very old populations are required. These may include incentives for outreach servicing, treatment-fee increases for specific populations, or referral schemes between general medical practitioners and dentists. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00784-020-03591-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-258498-0mvxwo3w
title: COVID-19 and paediatric dentistry- traversing the challenges. A narrative review
author: Shah, Saleha
date: 2020-08-21
txt: ./txt/cord-258498-0mvxwo3w.txt
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url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080120302557?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.08.007
summary:
  This review article informs about measures which reduce facility risk, manage symptomatic patients and protect personal health care and management with reference to paediatric dentistry. 5, 6, 7 The risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols generated during dental procedures cannot be eliminated when practicing in the absence of Airborne Precautions (airborne infection isolation rooms or single-patient rooms, respiratory protection program, N95 respirators). 47 Primary prevention encompasses prenatal health care, avoidance of night time bottle feed with sugary drinks or milk, restricting sugar intake and frequency for children younger than 24 months, avoiding frequent/nocturnal breast or bottle feeding after 1 year, exposure to dietary fluoridate (water, milk, salt), use of an age appropriate amount of fluoride toothpaste containing at least 1000ppm fluoride for brushing at least twice a day, dental visit in the first year of life and regular applications of 5% fluoride.

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major global public health emergency with a focus on preventing the spread of this virus for controlling this crisis. A dental setting is at a high risk of cross infection amid patients and dental practitioner's owing to the spread of infection via droplets suspended in the air by infected symptomatic or asymptomatic subjects. This review article informs about measures which reduce facility risk, manage symptomatic patients and protect personal health care and management with reference to paediatric dentistry.


id: cord-262998-cugd2t1l
title: The novel coronavirus and challenges for general and paediatric dentists
author: Singh, Vishwendra
date: 2020-05-02
txt: ./txt/cord-262998-cugd2t1l.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa055
doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa055
abstract: nan
summary:
  Frequent hand washing lasting at least 20 s with soap and water, use of hand sanitizers with at least 60% alcohol, avoiding touching mucosal surfaces (mouth, nose, eyes) with unwashed hands, practicing proper cough etiquette, wearing a face mask (if symptomatic), limiting exposure to affected people and maintaining a distance of at least 2 m from others are the suggested preventive steps [1] . It is therefore imperative that guidelines and protocols are made for effectively and efficiently handling patients with COVID-19 in the dental clinic and minimizing risk of nosocomial transmissions. Patients with respiratory infections (current or in the last 48 h) and those with travel histories to COVID-19-affected regions should be reported to the health department and should be rescheduled. The International Association of Paediatric Dentistry [13] has also made recommendations for parents to maintain optimal oral health of children and avoiding dental clinic visits:


id: cord-270712-v6nnnzhm
title: Test, test, test!
author: Woodcock, J. A.
date: 2020-06-26
txt: ./txt/cord-270712-v6nnnzhm.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32591677/
doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-1800-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  patients'' general medical practitioners (GMPs), funding restraints have resulted in NHS Clinical Commissioners advising against the routine prescription of high fluoride toothpaste in primary medical settings. For oncology patients without a regular GDP, or those who may have intermittent treatment in a tertiary dental centre, accessing prescriptions for high fluoride products may be particularly challenging during COVID-19. Sir, there are two reasons why the current guidelines pose an existential risk to dental practice: • The additional costs involved plus the required fallow periods make general practice dentistry unsustainable • The necessity to approach our patients while dressed like Darth Vader will raise perceived levels of fear and panic among them. It is important to reflect that we have always been an infection aware profession and have therefore often been at the forefront of infection control in the surgery for both our patients and the whole dental team.


id: cord-272354-pu9l36j9
title: COVID‐19 is a challenge for dental education—A commentary
author: Bennardo, Francesco
date: 2020-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-272354-pu9l36j9.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32542796/
doi: 10.1111/eje.12555
summary:
  In this commentary, authors described this new challenge for dental education using the recent literature and experience gained in the Italian University of Catanzaro. The other students will have to recover the clinical rotation activities during the next semester, but before restarting they must be able to correctly use the personal protective equipment (PPE) in order to protect themselves and avoid a new spread of the infection. Over the past years, numerous studies have analysed the effectiveness and acceptability of e-learning in dental education with good results. Furthermore, students should be encouraged to learn independently from the scientific literature and to access the resources made available online by dental scientific societies (clinical videos, webinars, etc). However, the use of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests for patients, healthcare professionals and dental students could allow the sustainable resumption of clinical activities in the next weeks. COVID-19 is a challenge for dental education-A commentary

abstract:
  The COVID‐19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically. In this commentary, authors described this new challenge for dental education using the recent literature and experience gained in the Italian University of Catanzaro.


id: cord-272602-rywg9mek
author: Allison, James R
date: 2020-09-23
txt: ./txt/cord-272602-rywg9mek.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32966633/
doi: 10.1111/joor.13098
summary:
  A number of authors have used microbiological methods to study bacterial contamination from aerosol and splatter following dental procedures, either by air sampling 21, 32, 33 , swabbing of contaminated surfaces 34, 35 , or most commonly, by collection directly onto culture media [36] [37] [38] [39] . Many studies are small and report only one repetition of a single procedure, and some have only examined contamination of the operator and assistant; a number of studies which have measured spatial distribution of aerosol and splatter have only done so to a limited distance from the source. We present initial data on three dental procedures (high-speed air-turbine, ultrasonic scaler, and 3-in-1 spray use) and examine the effect of dental suction and the presence of an assistant on aerosol and splatter distribution.

title:
  Evaluating aerosol and splatter following dental procedures: addressing new challenges for oral healthcare and rehabilitation

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Dental procedures often produce aerosol and splatter which have the potential to transmit pathogens such as SARS‐CoV‐2. The existing literature is limited. OBJECTIVE(S): To develop a robust, reliable and valid methodology to evaluate distribution and persistence of dental aerosol and splatter, including the evaluation of clinical procedures. METHODS: Fluorescein was introduced into the irrigation reservoirs of a high‐speed air‐turbine, ultrasonic scaler and 3‐in‐1 spray, and procedures were performed on a mannequin in triplicate. Filter papers were placed in the immediate environment. The impact of dental suction and assistant presence were also evaluated. Samples were analysed using photographic image analysis, and spectrofluorometric analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated and Pearson’s correlation for comparison of analytic methods. RESULTS: All procedures were aerosol and splatter generating. Contamination was highest closest to the source, remaining high to 1–1.5 m. Contamination was detectable at the maximum distance measured (4 m) for high‐speed air‐turbine with maximum relative fluorescence units (RFU) being: 46,091 at 0.5 m, 3,541 at 1.0 m, and 1,695 at 4 m. There was uneven spatial distribution with highest levels of contamination opposite the operator. Very low levels of contamination (≤0.1% of original) were detected at 30 and 60 minutes post procedure. Suction reduced contamination by 67–75% at 0.5–1.5 m. Mannequin and operator were heavily contaminated. The two analytic methods showed good correlation (r=0.930, n=244, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Dental procedures have potential to deposit aerosol and splatter at some distance from the source, being effectively cleared by 30 minutes in our setting.


id: cord-274305-mnyy41po
title: Demystifying the mist: Sources of microbial bioload in dental aerosols
author: Kumar, Purnima S
date: 2020-07-27
txt: ./txt/cord-274305-mnyy41po.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274305-mnyy41po.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32662070/
doi: 10.1002/jper.20-0395
summary:
  The purpose of this review, therefore, is to examine (1) what is currently known regarding the physics of aerosol creation, (2) the types of environmental contaminants generated by dental procedures, (3) the nature, quantity, and sources of microbiota in these contaminants and (4) the risk of disease transmission from patients to dental healthcare workers. Well‐controlled, large‐scale, multi center studies using atraumatic air harvesters, open‐ended methods for microbial characterization and integrated data modeling are urgently needed to characterize the microbial constituents of aerosols created during dental procedures and to estimate time and extent of spread of these infectious agents. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to examine what is currently known regarding the physics of aerosol creation, the types of aerosols generated by dental procedures, the nature, quantity, and sources of microbiota in these aerosols and the probability of disease transmission from patients to dental healthcare workers.

abstract:
  The risk of transmitting airborne pathogens is an important consideration in dentistry and has acquired special significance in the context of recent respiratory disease epidemics. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to examine (1) what is currently known regarding the physics of aerosol creation, (2) the types of environmental contaminants generated by dental procedures, (3) the nature, quantity, and sources of microbiota in these contaminants and (4) the risk of disease transmission from patients to dental healthcare workers. Most dental procedures that use ultrasonics, handpieces, air‐water syringes, and lasers generate sprays, a fraction of which are aerosolized. The vast heterogeneity in the types of airborne samples collected (spatter, settled aerosol, or harvested air), the presence and type of at‐source aerosol reduction methods (high‐volume evacuators, low volume suction, or none), the methods of microbial sampling (petri dishes with solid media, filter paper discs, air harvesters, and liquid transport media) and assessment of microbial bioload (growth conditions, time of growth, specificity of microbial characterization) are barriers to drawing robust conclusions. For example, although several studies have reported the presence of microorganisms in aerosols generated by ultrasonic scalers and high‐speed turbines, the specific types of organisms or their source is not as well studied. This paucity of data does not allow for definitive conclusions to be drawn regarding saliva as a major source of airborne microorganisms during aerosol generating dental procedures. Well‐controlled, large‐scale, multi center studies using atraumatic air harvesters, open‐ended methods for microbial characterization and integrated data modeling are urgently needed to characterize the microbial constituents of aerosols created during dental procedures and to estimate time and extent of spread of these infectious agents.


id: cord-277539-xt2nt11e
title: Dentistry during and after COVID-19 Pandemic: Pediatric Considerations
author: Kochhar, Anuraj Singh
date: 2020
txt: ./txt/cord-277539-xt2nt11e.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33149414/
doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1782
summary:
  Despite the avalanche of information that has exploded in relation to this rapidly spreading disease, there is a lack of consolidated information to guide dentists regarding clinical management including precautions to take materials to use and postprocedure care, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary from the available literature on COVID-19, its insinuation in dentistry, recommendations that have been published, and the actual in-practice implications, so a plan can be formulated and adapted to the circumstances of each dental practice during the pandemic and the times to follow. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary from the available literature on COVID-19, its insinuation in dentistry, recommendations that have been published, and the actual in-practice implications, so a plan of measures can be formulated and adapted according to the circumstances of each dental practice during the pandemic and the times to follow.

abstract:
  This article is a rumination on the outbreak of the dreaded coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which has engulfed both the developed and the developing countries, thereby causing widespread global public health concerns and threats to human lives. Although countries have made varied efforts, the pestilence is escalating due to the high infectivity. It is highly likely that dental professionals in upcoming days will come across COVID-19 patients and SARS-CoV-2 carriers, and hence must ensure a tactful handling of such patients to prevent its nosocomial spread. Despite the avalanche of information that has exploded in relation to this rapidly spreading disease, there is a lack of consolidated information to guide dentists regarding clinical management including precautions to take materials to use and postprocedure care, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Available sources of information have been analyzed, while relying on peer-reviewed reports followed by information available from the most respected authoritative sources, such as WHO, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and ADA. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary from the available literature on COVID-19, its insinuation in dentistry, recommendations that have been published, and the actual in-practice implications, so a plan can be formulated and adapted to the circumstances of each dental practice during the pandemic and the times to follow. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Kochhar AS, Bhasin R, Kochhar GK, et al. Dentistry during and after COVID-19 Pandemic: Pediatric Considerations. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(4):399–406.


id: cord-281099-l2i7r1bp
title: A perspective on dental activity during COVID‐19: the Italian survey.
author: Izzetti, Rossana
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-281099-l2i7r1bp.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32791564/
doi: 10.1111/odi.13606
summary:
  MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online anonymous questionnaire was administered to retrieve data on the dental procedures performed, the preventive measures adopted, and the predictions on the future changes in dentistry following the pandemic. Standard procedures appear insufficient in protecting from SARS-CoV-2, and thus specific measures to prevent virus transmission should be adopted to safeguard the health of both patients and oral care providers (Izzetti et al. -Post-dental treatment management of the dental office (Phase IV) A focus on highly epidemic areas, registering the higher number of cases, was also performed in order to evaluate the potential presence of differences between the regions in Northern Italy and the rest of the country. The set-up of the waiting room (non-clinical area) was adapted to the new situation by almost the totality of the sample, by providing a hydro-alcoholic solution for hand disinfection, removing objects at risk of contamination, and reorganizing the schedule in order to guarantee social distancing.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: During the months of March and April 2020, Italy saw an exponential outbreak of COVID‐19 epidemic. Dental practitioners were particularly limited in their routine activity, and the sole performance of urgent treatments was strongly encouraged during the peak of the epidemic. A survey among dental professionals was performed between 6(th)‐13(th) of April, in order to evaluate the status of dental practice during COVID‐19 in Italy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online anonymous questionnaire was administered to retrieve data on the dental procedures performed, the preventive measures adopted, and the predictions on the future changes in dentistry following the pandemic. RESULTS: The survey was completed by 3,254 respondents and, according to the results obtained, dental activity was reduced by the 95% and limited to urgent treatments. The majority of the surveyed dentists employed additional personal protective equipment compared to normal routine, although in a non‐negligible number of cases difficulty in retrieving the necessary equipment was reported. CONCLUSIONS: The survey provided a snapshot of dental activity during the SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak. Overall, following the peak of the epidemic, it is probable that dental activities will undergo some relevant changes prior to fully restart.


id: cord-285513-pkqos0s5
title: Dental Health Services Response to COVID-19 in Norway
author: Stangvaltaite-Mouhat, Lina
date: 2020-08-12
txt: ./txt/cord-285513-pkqos0s5.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165843
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17165843
summary:
  Therefore, the aim of this case study was to investigate how urgent dental health care was managed in Norway, what additional infection prevention and control measures were employed by dental staff and to assess the dental staff perception of risk and workplace preparedness. Out of the dental staff working in clinics designated to treat patients suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19, up to 20% reported not to have available respirators FFP2 or FFP3 standard or equivalent, gowns and aprons in their workplace; there was a significant difference among the county incidence categories. Dental staff in public sector, OR 0.3 (CI 0.2; 0.5) and those working at clinics not designated to treat patients suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19, OR 0.6 (0.4; 0.9) were less positive to preparedness of their workplace regarding infection control equipment. In the present study, the majority of the dental staff working at the clinics designated to treat patients suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19, reported to follow local guidelines for additional infection prevention and control developed by county and university.

abstract:
  We aimed to investigate the management of urgent dental care, the perception of risk and workplace preparedness among dental staff in Norway during the COVID-19 pandemic. An electronic questionnaire regarding the strictest confinement period in Norway (13 March–17 April 2020) was distributed to dental staff. Among the 1237 respondents, 727 (59%) treated patients, of whom 170 (14%) worked in clinics designated to treat patients suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19. Out of them 88% (143) received training and 64% (103) simulation in additional infection prevention procedures, while 27 (24%) respondents reported deviation. In total, 1051 (85%) respondents perceived that dental staff had a high risk of being infected, 1039 (84%) that their workplace handled the current situation well, 767 (62%) that their workplace had adequate infection control equipment and 507 (41%) agreed that their workplace is well equipped to handle an escalation. Before an appointment, 1182 (96%) respondents always/often inquired per phone information if a patient experienced symptoms of COVID-19, and 1104 (89%) asked about a history of travel to affected areas. Twice as many patients on average per week were treated by phone than in a clinic. A lower proportion of dental staff in high incidence counties applied additional infection prevention measures compared to low and medium incidence counties. To conclude, urgent dental health care was managed relatively well in Norway. Additional training of the dental staff in adequate infection prevention and step-by-step procedures may be needed. These results may be used to improve the dental health service’s response to future outbreaks.


id: cord-287633-31pxa5rv
author: HARREL, STEPHEN K.
date: 2004-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-287633-31pxa5rv.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15127864/
doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0207
summary:
  With the advent of the droplet-spread disease severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, a review of the infection control procedures for aerosols is warranted. The literature also documents that airborne contamination can be minimized easily and inexpensively by layering several infection control steps into the routine precautions used during all dental procedures. The potential routes for the spread of infection in a dental office are direct contact with body fluids of an infected patient, contact with environmental surfaces or instruments that have been contaminated by the patient and contact with infectious particles from the patient that have become airborne. Any dental procedure that has the potential to aerosolize saliva will cause airborne contamination with organisms from some or all of these sources. 13 This means that after a dental procedure, if the operator removes a protective barrier such as a face mask to talk to a patient when a procedure is completed, the potential for contact with airborne contaminated material remains.

title:
  Aerosols and splatter in dentistry A brief review of the literature and infection control implications

abstract:
  ABSTRACT Background Aerosols and droplets are produced during many dental procedures. With the advent of the droplet-spread disease severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, a review of the infection control procedures for aerosols is warranted. Types of Studies Reviewed The authors reviewed representative medical and dental literature for studies and reports that documented the spread of disease through an airborne route. They also reviewed the dental literature for representative studies of contamination from various dental procedures and methods of reducing airborne contamination from those procedures. Results The airborne spread of measles, tuberculosis and SARS is well-documented in the medical literature. The dental literature shows that many dental procedures produce aerosols and droplets that are contaminated with bacteria and blood. These aerosols represent a potential route for disease transmission. The literature also documents that airborne contamination can be minimized easily and inexpensively by layering several infection control steps into the routine precautions used during all dental procedures. Clinical Implications In addition to the routine use of standard barriers such as masks and gloves, the universal use of pre-procedural rinses and high-volume evacuation is recommended.


id: cord-289055-6qndq7m0
title: Dental and medical collaboration during COVID‐19
author: Suh, Michael
date: 2020-06-25
txt: ./txt/cord-289055-6qndq7m0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289055-6qndq7m0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32537751/
doi: 10.1002/jdd.12251
abstract: nan
summary:
  In hopes of properly managing dental patients who first contact them via emergency services, the medical residents requested a presentation on triaging dental emergencies and how to make appropriate dental referrals when necessary. Referencing the "American Dental Association COVID-19 Practice Resources," I developed a Pow-erPoint presentation that detailed the causes of various dental emergencies and where to refer these patients: general dentist, oral surgeon, or the emergency room if in fact a life-threatening situation had developed. Through this application, the medical team has decided to institute more dental-focused questions and oral hygiene education into their well-checks, as well as requiring dental referrals. By collaborating more with medicine through opportunities such as the one discussed, dentistry can reinforce its importance in overall patient health. Several avenues where dentists can reach out to our medical colleagues and collaborate include university and hospital-based residencies, emergency rooms, private practices, or local and national medical associations. Dental and medical collaboration during COVID-19


id: cord-292173-95t89yee
title: COVID-19 and Dentistry: Prevention in Dental Practice, a Literature Review
author: Villani, Federico Alcide
date: 2020-06-26
txt: ./txt/cord-292173-95t89yee.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32604906/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124609
summary:
  Several authors have highlighted the importance of telephone triage and/or clinic questionnaires, body temperature measurement, usage of personal protective equipment, surface disinfection with ethanol between 62% and 71%, high-speed instruments equipped with an anti-retraction system, four-handed work, and large-volume cannulas for aspiration. The aim of this narrative review is to investigate preventive measures in dental practice by assessing the operator and patient health protection during the new COVID-19 emergency by considering past experiences in terms of prevention, as the virus was only recently discovered. In addition, a second search was made: "masks" OR "disinfectants" OR "PPE" OR "dental equipment" AND "Covid-19" OR "coronavirus" OR "SARS-CoV-2". instead obtained diametrically opposing results; they showed, through a randomized controlled clinical study on 3591 subjects, that health workers who used N95 masks continuously during the shift or in situations considered to be at high risk, presented an 85% chance of not contracting a viral infection transmitted via droplets [36] .

abstract:
  SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the family of coronaviruses. The first cases were recorded in Wuhan, China, between December 2019 and January 2020. Italy is one of the most affected countries in Europe. COVID-19 is a new challenge in modern dentistry. New guidelines are required in dental clinics to avoid contagion caused by cross-infections. A narrative review was performed using both primary sources, such as scientific articles and secondary ones, such as bibliographic indexes, web pages, and databases. The main search engines were PubMed, SciELO, and Google Scholar. Twelve articles were selected to develop the bibliographic review by applying pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Precautionary measures should be applied to control COVID-19 in clinical practice. Several authors have highlighted the importance of telephone triage and/or clinic questionnaires, body temperature measurement, usage of personal protective equipment, surface disinfection with ethanol between 62% and 71%, high-speed instruments equipped with an anti-retraction system, four-handed work, and large-volume cannulas for aspiration. Clinically, the use of a rubber dam is essential. FFP2 (or N95) and FFP3 respirators, if compared to surgical masks, provide greater protection for health workers against viral respiratory infections. Further accurate studies are needed to confirm this.


id: cord-293180-f1ulk9ce
title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the GDP. Part II: Implications for GDPs
author: Li, R W K
date: 2004-08-14
txt: ./txt/cord-293180-f1ulk9ce.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293180-f1ulk9ce.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15311240/
doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4811522
summary:
  Special management protocols and modified measures that regulate droplet and aerosol contamination in a dental setting have to be introduced and may include the reduction or avoidance of droplet/aerosol generation, the disinfection of the treatment field, application of rubber dam, pre-procedural antiseptic mouthrinse and the dilution and efficient removal of contaminated ambient air. In the first part of this two-part article an account of the epidemiology, virology, pathology and management of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was provided together with public health issues and general aspects of infection control. On the other hand smaller droplets (or aerosols, generally under 10 µm in size) or small-particle residue of evaporated droplets are usually airborne and are entrained in the air for a lengthy period • SARS is a highly infectious disease and dental personnel are likely to be at risk because of the nature of their profession, working in close proximity to the patient.

abstract:
  The transmission modes of SARS-coronavirus appear to be through droplet spread, close contact and fomites although air borne transmission has not been ruled out. This clearly places dental personnel at risks as they work in close proximity to their patients employing droplet and aerosol generating procedures. Although the principle of universal precautions is widely advocated and followed throughout the dental community, additional precautionary measures — termed standard precaution may be necessary to help control the spread of this highly contagious disease. Patient assessment should include questions on recent travel to SARS infected areas and, contacts of patients, fever and symptoms of respiratory infections. Special management protocols and modified measures that regulate droplet and aerosol contamination in a dental setting have to be introduced and may include the reduction or avoidance of droplet/aerosol generation, the disinfection of the treatment field, application of rubber dam, pre-procedural antiseptic mouthrinse and the dilution and efficient removal of contaminated ambient air. The gag, cough or vomiting reflexes that lead to the generation of aerosols should also be prevented.


id: cord-293784-nrumr61g
title: The COVID-19 pandemic: implications for dental education
author: Deery, Chris
date: 2020-06-26
txt: ./txt/cord-293784-nrumr61g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293784-nrumr61g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32591653/
doi: 10.1038/s41432-020-0089-3
summary:
  Aim This narrative review aims to report on the impacts of COVID-19 on the provision of dental education in the 67 dental schools in the United States (US). Having set the scene and current challenges, it aims to suggest some strategies to overcome the issues facing dental schools going forward. Challenges The challenges identified include: protecting the health of students, faculty and staff; ensuring the continuity and quality of dental education; ensuring confidence in health and safety measures; and keeping up with guidance. Although this review is US focused the impacts on dental education in the immediate and longer term because of the COVID-19 pandemic are shared across the World. The COVID-19 pandemic: implications for dental education Practice points • Dental schools should embrace technology to support clinical and theoretical teaching • There is an urgent need for further research into the risks of dental aerosols, and mitigation of these risks

abstract:
  Aim This narrative review aims to report on the impacts of COVID-19 on the provision of dental education in the 67 dental schools in the United States (US). Having set the scene and current challenges, it aims to suggest some strategies to overcome the issues facing dental schools going forward. Background In the US the Occupational Safety and Health Administration classified dentists in the very high risk category because of the potential for exposure to the virus as a result of aerosol generating procedures (AGP). In the last 20 years there have been two previous outbreaks of coronaviruses (severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome) which resulted in no long-term changes in the provision of dental education. The recent paper from Wuhan, China described action in the height of the infection but no sustainable actions to deliver dental education going forward. Challenges The challenges identified include: protecting the health of students, faculty and staff; ensuring the continuity and quality of dental education; ensuring confidence in health and safety measures; and keeping up with guidance. There is some variation across the US but most schools have suspended clinical teaching and implemented stay at home policies. Others have implemented social distancing in laboratories including clinical skills. The final challenge is ensuring that students have the teaching, experience and are assessed to ensure the competency of the graduating student. Solutions Technology in teaching and learning offers many opportunities. For didactic teaching distance learning has been implemented. There are 'off the shelf' programmes for teaching and assessment. The development of bespoke content is time consuming and one solution is for schools to share material. Although still requiring social distancing, manikins and haptics offer some opportunities for skills training. The need for excellent information sharing with faculty and students is emphasised. Conclusion Schools should re-evaluate their policies and curricula and incorporate appropriate methods of distance learning permanently into their teaching. Students should have outreach and multi-professional support in order to allow them to assist in the community during public health crises. Finally, gaps have been identified in US dental schools preparedness for pandemics.


id: cord-295720-eeqv5xa4
author: Umeizudike, Kehinde Adesola
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-295720-eeqv5xa4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295720-eeqv5xa4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32959382/
doi: 10.1002/jdd.12423
summary:
  Our objectives were to assess the knowledge, perception, and attitude of undergraduate dental students in Nigeria to the COVID‐19 pandemic and infection control practices. [14] [15] [16] The COVID-19 pandemic presents with a new range of challenges for undergraduate dental training, not only in Nigeria, but worldwide which include infection control practices in the clinic. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the knowledge, perception and attitude to the COVID-19 pandemic and infection control practices among undergraduate clinical dental students in Nigeria. This study sought to provide an overview of dental students'' knowledge of COVID-19 and attitude to infection control during this pandemic, which could serve as guidelines in preparation for school resumption and clinical training of the students. Notwithstanding, this study has provided a national perspective on the knowledge and attitudes/perceptions of undergraduate clinical dental students towards the COVID-19 pandemic and infection control practices in Nigeria. Nigerian undergraduate dental students'' knowledge, perception, and attitude to COVID-19 and infection control practices

title:
  Nigerian undergraduate dental students’ knowledge, perception, and attitude to COVID‐19 and infection control practices

abstract:
  PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: The current coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) pandemic has affected most countries. Infection, Prevention, and Control training is important in mitigating the spread of COVID‐19. The closure of universities by the Nigerian government has hampered academic activities of dental students. Our objectives were to assess the knowledge, perception, and attitude of undergraduate dental students in Nigeria to the COVID‐19 pandemic and infection control practices. METHODS: This was a cross‐sectional study of undergraduate clinical dental students from the dental schools in Nigeria. Self‐administered questionnaires were distributed to participants using an online data collection platform. Correct responses to the 45‐item questionnaire on COVID‐19 knowledge were scored to determine their knowledge level. A Likert scale of 1‐5 was used to assess the 13‐item perception and attitude questions. The level of significance was set at P values ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: A total of 102 undergraduate clinical dental students participated in the study. Males represented 54.9%, and mean age was 25.3 ± 2.4 years. Fifty percent of the students had adequate knowledge of COVID‐19. Final‐year students (58.1%) demonstrated more adequate knowledge of COVID‐19 than penultimate‐year students (28.6%, P = 0.008). Most (95.1%) respondents had positive attitudes towards infection control practices against COVID‐19. CONCLUSION: Although the clinical dental students had a positive attitude to infection control practices against COVID‐19, the overall knowledge of COVID‐19 was barely adequate. Guidelines on COVID‐19 from reputable health authorities should be reviewed by dental school authorities and disseminated to the students to suit their clinical practice.


id: cord-298641-3munq51l
author: Ionescu, Andrei C.
date: 2020-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-298641-3munq51l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298641-3munq51l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32854868/
doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.06.002
summary:
  ABSTRACT Background The use of dental handpieces produces aerosols containing microbial agents, bacteria and viruses representing a high-risk situation for airborne cross-infections. Methods Streptococcus mutans suspension was infused into the mouth of a phantom, and an operator performed standardized dental procedures using an air turbine, a contra-angle handpiece or an ultrasonic scaler. The present findings allowed to reject both null hypotheses, implying that the presence of the tracer was not uniformly detected on the dental unit and the operatory environment surfaces, and the spread of the tracer was significantly different when the tested handpieces were used. Furthermore, the area contaminated by the biological tracer via splatters and aerosols was surprisingly wide, reaching a maximum distance of 360 cm from the infection source when we operated the air turbine. Very few studies mapped the operatory room surfaces reached by aerosols produced by dental handpieces, and, to our knowledge, none are based on the use of a biological tracer under standardized conditions.

title:
  Topographical aspects of airborne contamination caused by the use of dental handpieces in the operative environment.

abstract:
  ABSTRACT Background The use of dental handpieces produces aerosols containing microbial agents, bacteria and viruses representing a high-risk situation for airborne cross-infections. This study aimed to map and quantify the biological contamination of a dental operatory environment using a biological tracer. Methods Streptococcus mutans suspension was infused into the mouth of a phantom, and an operator performed standardized dental procedures using an air turbine, a contra-angle handpiece or an ultrasonic scaler. The presence of the tracer was measured at 90 sites on the dental unit and the surrounding surfaces of the operatory environment. Results All tested instruments spread the tracer over the entire dental unit and the surrounding environment, including the walls and ceiling. The pattern and degree of contamination were related to the distance from the infection source. The maximum distance of tracer detection was 360 cm for air turbine, 300 cm for contra-angle and 240 cm for scaler (11.8, 9.8 and 7.9 ft, respectively). No surface of the operative environment was free from the tracer after the use of the air turbine. Conclusions Attention should be paid to minimize or avoid the use of rotary and ultrasonic instruments when concerns for the airborne spreading of pandemic disease agents are present. Practical Implications. The present study supports the recommendations of dental associations to avoid treatments generating aerosols, especially during pandemic periods. Guidelines for the management of dental procedures involving aerosols are urgently needed, as well as methods for the aerosols modification aimed to inactivate the infective agent.


id: cord-302379-jh6jxwyn
title: Management of odontogenic infections and sepsis: an update
author: Jevon, Phil
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-302379-jh6jxwyn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302379-jh6jxwyn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32978579/
doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-2114-5
summary:
  A patient with non-odontogenic-related infection could also present with sepsis at a dental practice. Age-specific sepsis decision support tools have been developed by the UK Sepsis Trust to help dental staff recognise and manage patients with suspected sepsis. The aim of this article is to provide an update on the management of odontogenic infections and sepsis in the dental practice. A careful history, thorough clinical examinations and a high index of suspicion will enable the GDP to diagnose and appropriately manage patients presenting with odontogenic sepsis. The ''GDP sepsis decision support tool for primary dental care'' (Fig. 3) should be applied to all adults and young people aged 12 years and over with fever (or recent fever), symptoms presenting with a source of orofacial/dental infection (including post-operative infection) or have clinical observations outside normal limits. This stresses the importance for dental teams to be familiar with sepsis and the decision tools described here for safe management of such patients.

abstract:
  The management of odontogenic infections has improved over recent decades, but further improvements are still required. The ongoing education of GDPs and their dental teams on this issue continues to be important, especially during the current COVID-19 pandemic, where remote triage poses additional difficulties and challenges. Odontogenic infections can lead to sepsis, a potentially life-threatening condition caused by the body's immune system responding in an abnormal way. This can lead to tissue damage, organ failure and death. A patient with non-odontogenic-related infection could also present with sepsis at a dental practice. Early recognition and prompt management of sepsis improves outcomes. GDPs and their dental teams should be trained in the recognition and management of sepsis. Age-specific sepsis decision support tools have been developed by the UK Sepsis Trust to help dental staff recognise and manage patients with suspected sepsis. The aim of this article is to provide an update on the management of odontogenic infections and sepsis.


id: cord-302527-n53d5en0
title: SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in a Dental Practice in Spain: After the Outbreak
author: Dadlani, Shashi
date: 2020-06-29
txt: ./txt/cord-302527-n53d5en0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302527-n53d5en0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32676111/
doi: 10.1155/2020/8828616
summary:
  SARS-CoV-2 is a human-to-human viral infection [4, 5] transmitted through airborne droplets from talking, coughing, or sneezing [6] or by touching or coming into contact with contaminated surfaces that are then transmitted to oral, nasal, and mucosal membranes [7] . During the coronavirus outbreak, dentists in Spain and other countries were recommended to only attend dental emergencies under strict measures wearing specific professional protection equipment to minimize the risk and maintain social distancing [12] . SARS-CoV-2 has been identified in the saliva of infected patients [14] , suggesting that the aerosols generated during dental procedures from an infected person can be extremely contagious. ese droplets can remain in the area even after the patient has left the clinic, leading to infection of dental professionals via contaminated surfaces [15] . e inhalation of airborne particles and aerosol particles during dental treatments on patients with SARS-CoV-2 is a very high-risk procedure where dentists can be exposed to the virus.

abstract:
  The World Health Organization declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020, due to a virus named SARS-CoV-2 discovered in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Many countries have been hit hard including Spain, with the highest number of healthcare workers being infected (>50,000). A lack of personal protective equipment and protocols at the time of the outbreak led to many fatalities. Although few of these healthcare workers are dental professionals, this community required protective measures as well. Fortunately, there are no reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in dental practices. Dental professionals were advised only to treat dental emergencies, and such cases were screened via telephone to maintain social distancing. Nevertheless, new protocols and measures are needed as dental professionals return to normal practice after weeks of confinement in many countries. Relatively, few articles have discussed the management of dental practice during the SARS-CoV-2 with no known articles on postpandemic outbreak guidelines. Though some protocols and measures are the same, there are also many differences. Here, we describe protocols and measures for dental practice in Spain in accordance with the Spanish Health Ministry.


id: cord-302863-9e5ajbgq
author: Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah
date: 2018-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z
doi: 10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z
summary:
  Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and identifying key associated factors in 6-8-year-old school children in Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia would contribute towards the knowledge of dental caries by enriching the baseline data and determining population-specific risk factors of such a highly prevalent and preventable condition. Our analysis is the first in Saudi Arabia to comprehensively evaluate and prioritize factors encompassing all four major risk domains for dental caries, including parental socioeconomic status, children oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits.

title:
  Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a preventable childhood disease, but public health efforts are hampered due to limited information on associated factors in vulnerable populations. Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used to recruit 578 male Saudi primary school children, aged 6–8 years, from 12 primary schools in five different regions of Riyadh. Children were clinically screened to detect carious lesions in primary teeth according to World Health Organization’s criteria. Structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on social and individual factors from the parents. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of associated factors for dental caries were computed using logistic regression models; key factors were identified by systematic selection process that accounted for multicollinearity and bias correction. RESULTS: Dental caries was prevalent among children (83%, 95% confidence interval 79.7–86.0%). Individual factors, including irregular brushing, late adoption of brushing habit, consulting dentist for symptomatic treatment, lack of breast feeding, sleeping with a bottle in mouth, habit of snacking between meals, low consumption of fruits, and frequent consumption of soft drinks and flavored milk, were predominantly associated with dental caries in children, instead of socioeconomic factors (p < 0.05, adjusted R-square 80%). CONCLUSION: Dental caries were prevalent in school children, and individual factors were predominantly associated with the disease. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-307285-bxy0zsc7
title: COVID-19: Present and Future Challenges for Dental Practice
author: Dar Odeh, Najla
date: 2020-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-307285-bxy0zsc7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307285-bxy0zsc7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32366034/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093151
summary:
  Realizing the severity of outcomes associated with this disease and its high rate of transmission, dentists were instructed by regulatory authorities, such as the American Dental Association, to stop providing treatment to dental patients except those who have emergency complaints. In vitro studies have shown that azithromycin is active against Zika and Ebola viruses, [18] [19] [20] and is able to prevent severe respiratory tract infections when administrated to patients suffering viral infection [12] However, the efficacy of azithromycin in combination with hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 patients has not been confirmed yet [21, 22] , and more studies are needed to further investigate its clinical effects. Following the recommended cross-infection control procedures, spreading awareness based on evidence and not misconceptions, identifying emergency cases indicated for dental treatment, and practicing effective tele-dentistry when needed can all be helpful for dental patients and community as a whole.

abstract:
  COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, with a high fatality rate that may reach 8%. The disease is caused by SARS-CoV-2 which is one of the coronaviruses. Realizing the severity of outcomes associated with this disease and its high rate of transmission, dentists were instructed by regulatory authorities, such as the American Dental Association, to stop providing treatment to dental patients except those who have emergency complaints. This was mainly for protection of dental healthcare personnel, their families, contacts, and their patients from the transmission of virus, and also to preserve the much-needed supplies of personal protective equipment (PPE). Dentists at all times should competently follow cross-infection control protocols, but particularly during this critical time, they should do their best to decide on the emergency cases that are indicated for dental treatment. Dentists should also be updated on how this pandemic is related to their profession in order to be well oriented and prepared. This overview will address several issues concerned with the COVID-19 pandemic that directly relate to dental practice in terms of prevention, treatment, and orofacial clinical manifestations.


id: cord-309922-d4lor3a5
title: Risk of eye infections in dental personnel and the need for its prevention: a case report
author: Arvind, Ritvi
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-309922-d4lor3a5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309922-d4lor3a5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12348-020-00211-5
doi: 10.1186/s12348-020-00211-5
summary:
  title: Risk of eye infections in dental personnel and the need for its prevention: a case report A lot of dentists and dental personnel are at high risk of contracting eye infections during operative procedures involving aerosols. Certain National safety agencies, like Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), American National Standard Institute (ANSI), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), American Dental Association (ADA) have set prompt guidelines for the proper usage of infection control measures and personal protective equipment (PPE) [5] . This case report delineates the relationship between ocular infections secondary to allergic reaction due to dental treatment among the dentists. This article aims at improving the knowledge of eye related injuries among the dental fraternity while emphasizing the need for protective measures. This case report describes acute infection of the eyelid secondary to allergic reaction due to the restorative dental procedures.

abstract:
  A lot of dentists and dental personnel are at high risk of contracting eye infections during operative procedures involving aerosols. As many may not be aware of it, they often ignore the precautions to be taken for prevention of such infections. This is one such case report of a dental intern where an eyelid infection arose shortly after she treated a patient with an infected tooth in an operative procedure. This case report emphasizes the importance of preventive barriers for the dentist, and that how special protective gear is required for doing restorative cases which involve dealing with infection.


id: cord-310736-b31x746c
title: Protective device to reduce aerosol dispersion in dental clinics during the COVID‐19 pandemic
author: Teichert‐Filho, R.
date: 2020-08-18
txt: ./txt/cord-310736-b31x746c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310736-b31x746c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13373
doi: 10.1111/iej.13373
summary:
  Current protocols recommend preventive measures to limit SARS-CoV-2 contagion in dentistry, such as patient triage, prescription of mouth rinses before dental treatment, hand hygiene, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) (including gloves, N95 or FFP2 masks, protective outerwear, protective surgical glasses and face shields) for dental practitioners and the oral health team, use of rubber dam isolation, limitation of aerosol-producing procedures and cleaning of potentially contaminated surfaces (Izzetti et al. Thus, this study aimed to describe the use of a new protective device to reduce aerosol dispersion in dental clinics during the COVID-19 pandemic, to be used as a low-cost complementary resource in conjunction with standard PPE. The simulated dental procedure carried out in the present study followed a standardized protocol, aiming to illustrate the dispersion of aerosol particles using a fluorescent dye.

abstract:
  AIM: To describe the use of a new protective device to reduce aerosol dispersion in dental clinics during the COVID‐19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY: The device consists of a rigid translucent acrylic structure (methyl polymethacrylate), adjusted to the dental chair, involving the patient's head, neck and chest regions. There is also a piping system to generate negative pressure, for aspiration and filtering of the air inside the device chamber. The operator works through small holes in the acrylic structure, to reduce contact with the microparticles arising from aerosols during dental procedures. Simulated dental procedures using a fluorescent dye in the water of the dental equipment were carried out, with and without the use of the device. The presence of the dye was analysed at various locations, such as on personal protective equipment (PPE), the dental chair and on the clinic floor. RESULTS: In the simulated dental procedure without the device, the dye was obvious on surgical gloves, aprons (waist, chest, legs, fists) and face shields, as well as on the dental chair (backrest, light reflector) and clinic floor. In the simulated dental procedure using the device, the dye was observed only on surgical gloves, apron (fists), inside the pipe system and internal walls of the acrylic chamber. There was a certain limitation of movement and visualization by the dentist whilst using the device. CONCLUSIONS: The present device is a low‐cost complementary resource for use in conjunction with standard PPE, to reduce the transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the dental setting. Further clinical trials should be carried out to test the efficacy of this device to reduce aerosol dispersion and the consequent vector of contamination, as well as the ergonomic impacts related to its use.


id: cord-314492-483rn3aw
author: Gallagher, Jennifer E.
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-314492-483rn3aw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314492-483rn3aw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32710059/
doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-1843-9
summary:
  It examined evidence on which type of full body PPE and which method of donning (putting on) or doffing (removing) are most effective, while having the least risk of contamination or infection for healthcare workers, as well as which training methods increase compliance with PPE protocols. The global COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, 1 has highlighted the importance of personal protective equipment (PPE) for health and social care personnel. The global COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, 1 has highlighted the importance of personal protective equipment (PPE) for health and social care personnel. 8 The evidence from this review is of great importance where there is a risk of highly infectious diseases, and even though COVID-19 is no longer considered to be a high consequence disease in the UK, 9 its findings remain relevant to the current pandemic 10 and continue to be updated.

title:
  Relevance and paucity of evidence: a dental perspective on personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic

abstract:
  The global COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has highlighted the importance of personal protective equipment (PPE) for health and social care personnel. This is a really important issue for dentistry, where we place great emphasis on infection control and universal precautions, given the nature of care provided. Cochrane have recently updated their review of PPE for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff. It examined evidence on which type of full body PPE and which method of donning (putting on) or doffing (removing) are most effective, while having the least risk of contamination or infection for healthcare workers, as well as which training methods increase compliance with PPE protocols. The objective of this paper is to raise awareness of the above review of PPE, its findings and their relevance to dentistry as outlined in the Cochrane Oral Health website. The available evidence comes from healthcare generally, mostly involving simulation exercises, and is of low or very low certainty. None of the evidence specifically comes from dentistry. The findings in relation to the nature of PPE, methods of donning and doffing, and the importance of training are all of practical relevance to dentistry. Research is critically important to provide evidence for future decision making in support of patients and staff.


id: cord-315116-u7btx7nt
title: Biosafety Measures at the Dental Office After the Appearance of COVID-19: A Systematic Review
author: Cabrera-Tasayco, Fiorella del Pilar
date: 2020-07-27
txt: ./txt/cord-315116-u7btx7nt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315116-u7btx7nt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32713385/
doi: 10.1017/dmp.2020.269
summary:
  A search was conducted in the main databases of the scientific literature using the words "COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-Cov2, biosecurity, disinfection and dentistry." We analyzed biosecurity and disinfection standards at the dental office and dental health personnel to date, and their adaptation to the needs and way of working of each. 8 In addition, in early April, the American Dental Association (ADA) published guidelines for protective measures in dental offices to maintain biosecurity and thereby minimize the risk of COVID-19 transmission before, during, and after dental care. Therefore, this literature review aims to determine the biosecurity measures required in dental offices after the appearance of COVID-19, seeking to provide dental health personnel with updates on the biosecurity and disinfection standards recommended to date, and their adaptation to the needs and ways of working of each.

abstract:
  The purpose of this research was to determine biosecurity measures at the dental office after the appearance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A search was conducted in the main databases of the scientific literature using the words “COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-Cov2, biosecurity, disinfection and dentistry.” We analyzed biosecurity and disinfection standards at the dental office and dental health personnel to date, and their adaptation to the needs and way of working of each. As a result, according to the information collected the following procedure was identified: a telephone appointment must be made and a questionnaire should be given before dental care; at arrival to the appointment, the temperature of the patient should be taken and proper cleaning and disinfection of the waiting room should be maintained. Panoramic radiography and CBCT are the auxiliary methods of choice. Absolute isolation and atraumatic restorative therapy techniques are a good alternative to decrease fluid exposure. The removal of protective clothing and accessories must follow a specific order and washing hands before and after is essential. In conclusion, the efficient biosecurity for dentists and patients in all dental care processes before, during, and immediately after the appointment reduces the risk of COVID-19 infection and allows healthy dental care environments.


id: cord-315246-b477kabe
title: Special Care Dentistry and COVID-19 Outbreak: What Lesson Should We Learn?
author: Dziedzic, Arkadiusz
date: 2020-05-09
txt: ./txt/cord-315246-b477kabe.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-315246-b477kabe.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/dj8020046
doi: 10.3390/dj8020046
summary:
  The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the declaration of pandemic by the World Health Organization have made an enormous impact on medical and dental care across the world. The current COVID-19 situation may teach dental teams a better approach and optimal ways concerning the management of patients with special needs, by bringing people together to discuss and optimize standards of care, as often happens in challenging situations. As the impact of COVID-19 on wellbeing and mental health appears to be significant, dental services will need to be able to provide some sort of ''psychological counselling and reassurance'' prior to dental care to vulnerable individuals with complex pre-existing conditions and special requirements. This is a primary role of reorganized dental services to minimize an indirect impact of COVID-19 on oral health; therefore, preparation seems to be another key word for special dental care ''evolution'' in the nearest future.

abstract:
  The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the declaration of pandemic by the World Health Organization have made an enormous impact on medical and dental care across the world. The current COVID-19 situation may teach dental teams a better approach and optimal ways concerning the management of patients with special needs, by bringing people together to discuss and optimize standards of care, as often happens in challenging situations. We can always learn new things that turn out to be valuable and useful even in exceptionally difficult times, and in addition, dental services can benefit from enabling positive attitudes and introducing constructive changes. Clinicians just need to keep in mind that adjustment to a new future reality appears inevitable for both patients and professionals who provide care.


id: cord-316095-jzyb4jn5
title: Dental care management during the COVID‐19 outbreak
author: Falahchai, Mehran
date: 2020-09-19
txt: ./txt/cord-316095-jzyb4jn5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316095-jzyb4jn5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/scd.12523
doi: 10.1111/scd.12523
summary:
  Sixteen English papers were enrolled to answer questions about procedures that are allowed to perform during the COVID‐19 outbreak, patients who are in priority to receive dental care services, the conditions and necessities for patient admission, waiting room and operatory room, and personal protective equipment (PPE) that is necessary for dental clinicians and the office staff. Considering the generation of high amounts of droplets and aerosols during routine dental procedures, the conventional protective measures that are routinely followed by dental clinicians are no longer efficient for prevention of COVID-19 transmission. Urgent dental treatments include management of conditions that require immediate attention such as alleviation of severe pain with/without the risk of infection and balancing the patient load in the hospital emergency departments. According to the data acquired from the screening questionnaires, patients who need emergency/urgent dental treatment can be divided into three groups of apparently healthy, suspected, and confirmed cases.

abstract:
  AIM: The level of preparedness of the healthcare system plays an important role in management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This study attempted to devise a comprehensive protocol regarding dental care during the COVID‐19 outbreak. METHODS AND RESULT: Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched until March 2020 for relevant papers. Sixteen English papers were enrolled to answer questions about procedures that are allowed to perform during the COVID‐19 outbreak, patients who are in priority to receive dental care services, the conditions and necessities for patient admission, waiting room and operatory room, and personal protective equipment (PPE) that is necessary for dental clinicians and the office staff. CONCLUSION: Dental treatment should be limited to patients with urgent or emergency situation. By screening questionnaires for COVID‐19, patients are divided into three groups of (a) apparently healthy, (b) suspected for COVID‐19, and (c) confirmed for COVID‐19. Separate waiting and operating rooms should be assigned to each group of patients to minimize the risk of disease transmission. All groups should be treated with the same protective measures with regard to PPE for the dental clinicians and staff.


id: cord-318136-2skr13gc
author: Jevon, Phil
date: 2020-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-318136-2skr13gc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318136-2skr13gc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-2024-6
doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-2024-6
summary:
  title: Using National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2 to help manage medical emergencies in the dental practice This can be helped by using the Royal College of Physicians'' (RCP''s) National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2, widely used by the ambulance service and in hospitals it reliably detects deterioration in adults, triggering review, treatment and escalation of care. Using NEWS2 in the dental practice will help the dental team to effectively, confidently and safely manage medical emergencies, including sepsis, should they arise. The Royal College of Physicians'' (RCP''s) National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2, 2 widely used in the healthcare setting both in the UK and abroad, reliably detects deterioration in adults, triggering review, treatment and escalation of care. The RCP hopes that NEWS2 will be validated for use in primary care, assisting triage and communication of acute-illness severity to ambulance and hospital services.

title:
  Using National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2 to help manage medical emergencies in the dental practice

abstract:
  If a medical emergency occurs in the dental practice, members of the dental team must be able to respond promptly, effectively and safely. Fundamental to this response is knowing when it is necessary to call 999 for an ambulance and communicating effectively with the ambulance service to ensure the timely arrival of the emergency services and timely transfer to hospital. This can be helped by using the Royal College of Physicians' (RCP's) National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2, widely used by the ambulance service and in hospitals - it reliably detects deterioration in adults, triggering review, treatment and escalation of care. Although NEWS2 hasn't yet been validated for use in primary care, NHS England is encouraging its widespread use in this sector. Using NEWS2 in the dental practice will help the dental team to effectively, confidently and safely manage medical emergencies, including sepsis, should they arise. This will facilitate effective teamwork and help to ensure enhanced patient outcomes. This article provides an overview of NEWS2, including benefits for using it in the dental practice and guidance on how to implement it.


id: cord-318944-13zk6cco
author: Bizzoca, Maria Eleonora
date: 2020-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-318944-13zk6cco.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318944-13zk6cco.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32471083/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113793
summary:
  The authors performed a narrative review on Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeCoronaVirus-2 ( SARS-CoV-2) and all infectious agents with the primary endpoints to illustrate the most accepted models of safety protocols in dentistry and oral medicine, and to propose an easy view of the problem and a comparison (prevs post-COVID19) for the most common dental procedures. After a brief excursus on all infectious agents transmittable at the dental chair, the authors described all the personal protective equipment (PPE) actually on the market and their indications, and on the basis of the literature, they compared (before and after COVID-19 onset) the correct safety procedures for each dental practice studied, underlining the danger of underestimating, in general, dental cross-infections. The precautions for infection control require wearing gloves, aprons, as well as eye and mouth protection (goggles and mask, such as medical masks and Filtering Face Piece or FPP) for each procedure involving direct contact with the patient body fluids.

title:
  Covid-19 Pandemic: What Changes for Dentists and Oral Medicine Experts? A Narrative Review and Novel Approaches to Infection Containment

abstract:
  The authors performed a narrative review on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- CoronaVirus-2 ( SARS-CoV-2) and all infectious agents with the primary endpoints to illustrate the most accepted models of safety protocols in dentistry and oral medicine, and to propose an easy view of the problem and a comparison (pre- vs post-COVID19) for the most common dental procedures. The outcome is forecast to help dentists to individuate for a given procedure the differences in terms of safety protocols to avoid infectious contagion (by SARS-CoV-2 and others dangerous agents). An investigation was performed on the online databases Pubmed and Scopus using a combination of free words and Medical Subject Headings (MESH) terms: “dentist” OR “oral health” AND “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “coronavirus-19”. After a brief excursus on all infectious agents transmittable at the dental chair, the authors described all the personal protective equipment (PPE) actually on the market and their indications, and on the basis of the literature, they compared (before and after COVID-19 onset) the correct safety procedures for each dental practice studied, underlining the danger of underestimating, in general, dental cross-infections. The authors have highlighted the importance of knowing exactly the risk of infections in the dental practice, and to modulate correctly the use of PPE, in order to invest adequate financial resources and to avoid exposing both the dental team and patients to preventable risks.


id: cord-319297-h6ulh3y7
author: Eliades, Theodore
date: 2020-07-16
txt: ./txt/cord-319297-h6ulh3y7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319297-h6ulh3y7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.06.002
doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.06.002
summary:
  27, 28, 37, 38 Evidence from a study on bacterial load during orthodontic procedures comparing bracket debonding followed by enamel clean-up with high-speed handpiece and water cooling versus standard orthodontic care involving archwire and/or ligature change, and replacing procedures, highlighted the increased pathogenic state of aerosols produced by the former, with a mean difference of 49.2 (95% CI, 19.4-79.0) in total CFUs. 31 This highlights the exposure hazards of orthodontists related to certain orthodontic procedures in practice and draws attention to additional prophylactic measures to be selectively taken within the dental operating office.

title:
  Minimizing the aerosol-generating procedures in orthodontics in the era of a pandemic: Current evidence on the reduction of hazardous effects for the treatment team and patients

abstract:
  The purpose of this critical review is to list the sources of aerosol production during orthodontic standard procedure, analyze the constituent components of aerosol and their dependency on modes of grinding, the presence of water and type of bur, and suggest a method to minimize the quantity and detrimental characteristics of the particles comprising the solid matter of aerosol. Minimization of water-spray syringe utilization for rinsing is suggested on bonding related procedures, while temporal conditions as represented by seasonal epidemics should be considered for the decision of intervention scheme provided as a preprocedural mouth rinse, in an attempt to reduce the load of aerosolized pathogens. In normal conditions, chlorhexidine 0.2%, preferably under elevated temperature state should be prioritized for reducing bacterial counts. In the presence of oxidation vulnerable viruses within the community, substitute strategies might be represented by the use of povidone iodine 0.2%-1%, or hydrogen peroxide 1%. After debonding, extensive material grinding, as well as aligner related attachment clean-up, should involve the use of carbide tungsten burs under water cooling conditions for cutting efficiency enhancement, duration restriction of the procedure, as well as reduction of aerosolized nanoparticles. In this respect, selection strategies of malocclusions eligible for aligner treatment should be reconsidered and future perspectives may entail careful and more restricted utilization of attachment grips. For more limited clean-up procedures, such as grinding of minimal amounts of adhesive remnants, or individualized bracket debonding in the course of treatment, hand-instruments for remnant removal might well represent an effective strategy. Efforts to minimize the use of rotary instrumentation in orthodontic settings might also lead the way for future solutions. Measures of self-protection for the treatment team should never be neglected. Dressing gowns and facemasks with filter protection layers, appropriate ventilation and fresh air flow within the operating room comprise significant links to the overall picture of practice management. Risk management considerations should be constant, but also updated as new material applications come into play, while being grounded on the best available evidence.


id: cord-326413-rhvsdpyk
title: Dental autopsy recommendations in SARS-CoV-2 infected cases
author: Nuzzolese, Emilio
date: 2020-05-04
txt: ./txt/cord-326413-rhvsdpyk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326413-rhvsdpyk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2589871X2030036X
doi: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.04.004
summary:
  Abstract Unidentified human remains with unknown medical history can always pose biological hazards to forensic pathologists and odontologists, including hepatitis C, HIV infection, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola, meningitis and now Sars-Cov2. This short report provides specific recommendations to forensic odontologists in terms of biosafety and infection control practices during the post mortem dental data collection of unidentified human remains without any known medical history data. Forensic odontologists and dental hygienists involved in autoptic procedures of unidentified human remains infected with COVID-19 must be well trained in infection prevention control practices and for the task of managing the dead in challenging circumstances [12, 14] . Forensic odontologists and dental hygienists involved in autoptic procedures of infectious human remains should always be well trained in infection prevention control practices and management of the dead in challenging circumstances.

abstract:
  Abstract Unidentified human remains with unknown medical history can always pose biological hazards to forensic pathologists and odontologists, including hepatitis C, HIV infection, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola, meningitis and now Sars-Cov2. The pandemic of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has reached 185 Countries with an increasing number of deaths. Forensic pathologists and odontologists may find themselves having to perform an identification autopsy to confirmed or suspected Sars-Cov2 positive deaths. By respecting the entire set of universal precautions and recommendations the highlighted risks can be minimized, and best practice in human identification should always be a priority for human rights of the dead. The following article is a summary of the recommendations for conducting dental autopsies and management of suspected COVID-19 cases.


id: cord-326961-ti6mrzxf
author: Aly, Mariam Mohsen
date: 2020-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-326961-ti6mrzxf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-326961-ti6mrzxf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41405-020-00047-0
doi: 10.1038/s41405-020-00047-0
summary:
  OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the fear of infection among Egyptian dentists practicing during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to explore the dentist''s knowledge about guidelines to fight the virus and to assess various modifications in dental practice. 7 Different practical guidelines were recommended for dental professionals by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American Dental Association (ADA), and the WHO to control the spread of COVID-19 and like other contagious infections, these recommendations include personal protective equipment, hand washing, detailed patient evaluation, rubber dam isolation, anti-retraction handpiece, mouth rinsing before dental procedures, and disinfection of the clinic. This cross-sectional study assessed the fear of infection between Egyptian dentists practicing during the present COVID-19 pandemic and to explore their knowledge about guidelines to fight the virus and various modifications in dental practice through an online survey.

title:
  Impact of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on Egyptian dentists’ fear and dental practice (a cross-sectional survey)

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the fear of infection among Egyptian dentists practicing during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to explore the dentist’s knowledge about guidelines to fight the virus and to assess various modifications in dental practice. METHODS: An online survey was submitted to dental professionals. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire consisting of 23 closed-ended questions. The gathered data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: An overall 216 dentists completed the survey. A total of 200 (92.6%) dental professionals were afraid of becoming infected with COVID-19 while 196 (90.7%) became anxious to treat patients showing suspicious symptoms. The majority of the participants were aware of the mode of transmission of COVID-19 and a lot of them were updated with the current Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for cross-infection control. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on dental professionals.


id: cord-333588-3krh1xzx
title: Pediatric Dentistry during Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic: A Paradigm Shift in Treatment Options
author: Sharma, Amita
date: 2020
txt: ./txt/cord-333588-3krh1xzx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333588-3krh1xzx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1809
doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1809
summary:
  Pediatric Dentistry during Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic: A Paradigm Shift in Treatment Options. Customary dental procedures that include the use of rotating instruments such as the high-speed turbine handpiece and the use of ultrasonic scalers for oral prophylaxis are allied with the production of large quantity of aerosols and droplets from the saliva and blood of the patient. Dental management of pediatric patients in the period of pandemic should be based on the severity of the case, the degree of invasiveness of the procedure, and the risk involved. Pulpectomies in primary teeth should be avoided as it might require multiple sittings depending on the clinical condition of the tooth and extensive instrumentation during biomechanical preparation shall increase patient and dentist''s contact time. In case of avulsion of primary tooth, control of bleeding should be the main mode of treatment followed by pain management of the child.

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected the world in an aggressive manner and the healthcare fraternity has been at the forefront in this fight. Dental professionals are at a larger risk to get afflicted owing to the proximity to the oral cavity. Along with other verticals of dentistry, pediatric dentistry too has to adapt quickly keeping in mind the newer protocols so as to limit the increase of the global epidemic and the commencement of cross-infections. The purpose of this article is to present different treatment options for a pediatric dentist so as to achieve positive dental outcomes. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Sharma A, Jain MB. Pediatric Dentistry during Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic: A Paradigm Shift in Treatment Options. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(4):412–415.


id: cord-335372-tncjfdtp
author: HACKNEY, RAYMOND W.
date: 1998-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-335372-tncjfdtp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335372-tncjfdtp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S000281771560112X
doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1998.0103
summary:
  40 This characteristic makes these microorganisms easy to distinguish from other bacteria found in dust and on skin that might also contaminate clinical surfaces, suggesting the usefulness of α-hemolytic streptococci, or AHS, as standard indicators for detecting oral contamination and for evaluating operatory asepsis. In this study, we assessed the validity of oral AHS as an indicator of oral contamination in the following manner: dassessing the consistency and abundance of AHS in mouths of a sample of patients; ddetermining the distribution of AHS in nondental environments, both clinical and nonclinical; devaluating environmental survival of AHS on operatory materials; dusing AHS as an indicator of contamination after cleaning and disinfection in private dental offices.

title:
  USING A BIOLOGICAL INDICATOR TO DETECT POTENTIAL SOURCES OF CROSS-CONTAMINATION IN THE DENTAL OPERATORY

abstract:
  ABSTRACT The authors conducted a study using surveillance monitoring methodology to identify operatory contamination and to evaluate the effectiveness of infection control procedures. Viridans streptococci were evaluated as biological indicators of oral contamination. Viridans streptococci, abundant in human saliva, were detected on operatory surfaces after dental treatments were finished and surfaces were disinfected. The findings validate current concepts of infection control as demonstrated in barrier methods.


id: cord-335979-gaqa24b9
title: COVID‐19– Are telehealth and tele‐education the answers to keep the ball rolling in Dentistry?
author: Martins, Manoela Domingues
date: 2020-07-02
txt: ./txt/cord-335979-gaqa24b9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335979-gaqa24b9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32615648/
doi: 10.1111/odi.13527
summary:
  Larry David, the co-creator and producer of Seinfeld, when asked by a reporter from the New York Times about what he fears the most while quarantining during the COVID 19 Epidemic, responded "Anarchy and a potential dental emergency and not necessarily in that order"(Dowd, 2020).The pandemic introduced a new layer of challenges on how to provide care, alleviate pain. Several recommendations have been laid out for the provision of oral health care, including telescreening and triaging, patient evaluation and cohorting, pharmacologic management (Ather, Patel, NB, Diogenes, & Hargreaves, 2020) . In the case of the Telehealth program of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, the goal is to strengthen the coordinating role of primary care and improving health care with the use innovative telehealth applications with actions that include teleconsultation, telediagnosis and teleeducation (Harzheim et al., 2016) .

abstract:
  Larry David, the co-creator and producer of Seinfeld, when asked by a reporter from the New York Times about what he fears the most while quarantining during the COVID 19 Epidemic, responded "Anarchy and a potential dental emergency - and not necessarily in that order"(Dowd, 2020).The pandemic introduced a new layer of challenges on how to provide care, alleviate pain. Restrictions have been implemented by the majority of governments, as SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in saliva samples and infection typically spread through respiratory droplets (Centers for Disease Control, 2020).


id: cord-338817-hxova3a0
author: Tarakji, Bassel
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-338817-hxova3a0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338817-hxova3a0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13487
doi: 10.1111/odi.13487
summary:
  The current recommendations suggest that dental treatment of patients with suspected/confirmed coronavirus disease should be postponed for at least 14 days from the onset of symptoms (Peng et al., 2020) . The current recommendations suggest that dental treatment of patients with suspected/confirmed coronavirus disease should be postponed for at least 14 days from the onset of symptoms (Peng et al., 2020) . Dental professionals should pay attention for patients who attend the dental clinic and declare infected with COVID-19 and (Osumi, 2020) . All rights reserved be aware about the potential for reactivation of COVID-19 and this may have an implication on the right time to offer a dental treatment for patients who have recently recovered from the infection with COVID-19 virus. This is to allow sufficient time to ensure the patient is free of the virus and there is no risk of infection with COVID-19.

title:
  Reactivation of COVID‐19 – 14 days from the onset of symptoms may not be enough to allow dental treatment

abstract:
  The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has become a global health disaster (Phelan et al., 2020). On the level of dental practice, the risk of cross infection between infected patients and dental professionals is quite alarming. The current recommendations suggest that dental treatment of patients with suspected/confirmed coronavirus disease should be postponed for at least 14 days from the onset of symptoms (Peng et al., 2020).


id: cord-339517-93nuovsj
author: Consolo, Ugo
date: 2020-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-339517-93nuovsj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339517-93nuovsj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32429193/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103459
summary:
  The one-way ANOVA showed a main effect of age group for perceived patient''s likelihood of contracting the infection (F 2,353 -Statistic = 1157, p < 0.001), and reported levels of concern about the professional future ( To the question "During clinical activity, which measures do you use to prevent COVID-19 infection?", dentists replied highlighting a good knowledge of what is reported in the most recent indications from the literature. To the question "Which aids do you think could help dental professionals during COVID-19 pandemic?", for which two preferences could be expressed, the dentists replied indicating "Economic relieves from Italian government" (65.7%), "Social security institutions support and subsidy" (44.1%)," Economic relieves from dental associations" (32.1%) and "Improvement of communication with patients" (8.1%).

title:
  Epidemiological Aspects and Psychological Reactions to COVID-19 of Dental Practitioners in the Northern Italy Districts of Modena and Reggio Emilia

abstract:
  The outbreak and diffusion of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (Sars-CoV-2) and COronaVIrus Disease 19 (COVID-19) have caused an emergency status in the health system, including in the dentistry environment. Italy registered the third highest number of COVID-19 cases in the world and the second highest in Europe. An anonymous online survey composed of 40 questions has been sent to dentists practicing in the area of Modena and Reggio Emilia, one of the areas in Italy most affected by COVID-19. The survey was aimed at highlighting the practical and emotional consequences of COVID-19 emergence on daily clinical practice. Specifically, it assessed dentists’ behavioral responses, emotions and concerns following the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic restrictive measures introduced by the Italian national administrative order of 10 March 2020 (DM-10M20), as well as the dentists’ perception of infection likelihood for themselves and patients. Furthermore, the psychological impact of COVID-19 was assessed by means of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 test (GAD-7), that measures the presence and severity of anxiety symptoms. Using local dental associations (ANDI-Associazione Nazionale Dentisti Italiani, CAO-Commissione Albo Odontoiatri) lists, the survey was sent by email to all dentists in the district of Modena and Reggio Emilia (874 practitioners) and was completed by 356 of them (40%). All dental practitioners closed or reduced their activity to urgent procedures, 38.2% prior to and 61.8% after the DM-10M20. All reported a routinely use of the most common protective personal equipment (PPE), but also admitted that the use of PPE had to be modified during COVID-19 pandemic. A high percentage of patients canceled their previous appointments after the DM-10M20. Almost 85% of the dentists reported being worried of contracting the infection during clinical activity. The results of the GAD-7 (General Anxiety Disorder-7) evaluation showed that 9% of respondents reported a severe anxiety. To conclude, the COVID-19 emergency is having a highly negative impact on the activity of dentists practicing in the area of Modena and Reggio Emilia. All respondents reported practice closure or strong activity reduction. The perception of this negative impact was accompanied by feelings of concern (70.2%), anxiety (46.4%) and fear (42.4%). The majority of them (89.6%) reported concerns about their professional future and the hope for economic measures to help dental practitioners.


id: cord-340138-u8hxyfml
author: Seneviratne, Chaminda Jayampath
date: 2020-10-06
txt: ./txt/cord-340138-u8hxyfml.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-340138-u8hxyfml.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33117825/
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00566
summary:
  Keywords: COVID-19, dentistry, voluntary work, preparedness, infection control BACKGROUND The emergence of the highly infectious novel coronavirus has led to a global pandemic in a span of just 3 months. Thus, the robust training of clinical medicine in dentistry strengthens the candidature of dentists to volunteer services for COVID-19 control and spread. Many dentists have therefore discontinued the provision of elective dental treatment, in accordance with guidelines released by national-level government healthcare authorities such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the US and National Health Service (NHS) in the UK. In this context, dental clinics that are well equipped with facilities to control aerosol spread of infections, such as negative pressure rooms and high-volume excavators, can offer help to augment the capacity for COVID-19 screening. Precautions when providing dental care during Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic

title:
  The Role of Dentists in COVID-19 Is Beyond Dentistry: Voluntary Medical Engagements and Future Preparedness

abstract:
  The emergence of the highly infectious novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has led to a global COVID-19 pandemic. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, worldwide healthcare systems have been severely challenged. The rapid and explosive surge of positive cases has significantly increased the demand for medical care. Herein we provide a perspective on the role dentists can play in voluntary medical assistance and future preparedness for a similar pandemic. Though dentists and physicians have different scopes of practice, their trainings share many similarities. Hence, dental professionals, with their knowledge of basic human science and sterile surgical techniques, are an invaluable resource in the COVID-19 pandemic response. Overall, it is commendable that many dentists have risen to the challenge in the fight against COVID-19. For example, in Singapore, National Dental Centre Singapore (NDCS) deployed dental clinicians as well as volunteers from research laboratories to screen for suspected cases, provide consultations as well as conduct swabbing operations. Dental practice will be considerably changed in the post-COVID-19 era. There is a greater need to have refresher courses for practicing dentists on new infection control strategies. Moreover, the curriculum in dental schools should be expanded to include competencies in pandemic and disaster relief. In addition, voluntary medical work should be made a part of the community dentistry curriculum. This volunteerism will leave a positive impact on developing the careers of young dentists. Hence, the contribution of dentists beyond dental practice in this pandemic situation will be appreciated by future generations.


id: cord-341661-sokoghh1
author: Ahmed, Muhammad Adeel
date: 2020-04-19
txt: ./txt/cord-341661-sokoghh1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341661-sokoghh1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32325888/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082821
summary:
  The current study was conducted to assess anxiety and fear of getting infected among dentists while working during the current novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) outbreak. Considering the current rapid spread of infection, the American Dental Association (ADA) highlighted key steps to be taken by dentists in addition to the standard universal precautions such as taking patients'' recent travel history; assessing signs and symptoms of RTI; recording patients'' body temperature; mouth rinsing with 1% hydrogen peroxide prior to commencement of any procedure; using a rubber dam and high volume suction during procedures; and frequently cleaning and disinfecting public contact areas including door handles, chairs and, washrooms [13] . The present cross-sectional study reported the anxiety and fear of getting infected among dentists while working during the current viral outbreak.

title:
  Fear and Practice Modifications among Dentists to Combat Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak

abstract:
  An outbreak of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China has influenced every aspect of life. Healthcare professionals, especially dentists, are exposed to a higher risk of getting infected due to close contact with infected patients. The current study was conducted to assess anxiety and fear of getting infected among dentists while working during the current novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) outbreak. In addition, dentists’ knowledge about various practice modifications to combat COVID-19 has been evaluated. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey from 10th to 17th March 2020. The well-constructed questionnaire was designed and registered at online website (Kwiksurveys) and validated. A total of 669 participants from 30 different countries across the world responded. After scrutiny, completed questionnaires (n = 650) were included in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Chi-Square and Spearman correlation tests were applied to control confounders and assess the relation of dentists’ response with respect to gender and educational level. More than two-thirds of the general dental practitioners (78%) from 30 countries questioned were anxious and scared by the devastating effects of COVID-19. A large number of dentists (90%) were aware of recent changes in the treatment protocols. However, execution of amended treatment protocol was recorded as 61%. The majority of the dentists (76%) were working in the hospital setting out of which 74% were from private, and 20% were from government setups. Individually we received a large number of responses from Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, but collectively more than 50% of the responses were from other parts of the world. Despite having a high standard of knowledge and practice, dental practitioners around the globe are in a state of anxiety and fear while working in their respective fields due to the COVID-19 pandemic impact on humanity. A number of dental practices have either modified their services according to the recommended guidelines to emergency treatment only or closed down practices for an uncertain period.


id: cord-346225-dmwrm6jl
title: Oral healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Lucaciu, Ondine
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-346225-dmwrm6jl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346225-dmwrm6jl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1991790220300805
doi: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.04.012
abstract: nan
summary:
  This article provides recommendation on patient evaluation, treatment approach for dental emergencies and infection control protocols. Screening for COVID-19 status and triaging for dental treatments During the pandemic, it is recommended to perform exclusively emergency dental procedures to protect the medical personnel, the patients and to reduce as much as possible the consumption of personal protective equipment. Emergency dental patients that test positive for SARS-CoV-2 should be referred for emergency care where appropriate Transmission-Based Precautions are available. Oral healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic If procedures were performed without N95 masks, both the healthcare provider and the patient are at moderate risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection/transmission. The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global challenge, given the increased contagiousness of SARS-CoV-2, dental healthcare providers have to adopt new protocols for a better infection prevention in the dental office and new working protocols aimed to prevent spreading the virus. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine


id: cord-348358-dg3sa9ho
author: Yüce, Meltem Özden
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-348358-dg3sa9ho.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348358-dg3sa9ho.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-020-02312-5
doi: 10.1007/s11845-020-02312-5
summary:
  Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of dentistry-related medical information about COVID-19 on YouTube as educational resources for dental practitioners. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of YouTube videos as an informative tool for dental practitioners regarding additional preventive measures that need to be taken during the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, it is important to inform the patients and dental practitioners about the novel coronavirus in an accurate and effective way and our study provides a detailed analysis of YouTube videos as a source of dentistry-related medical information about COVID-19. Therefore, the reliability of YouTube videos as a source of information about preventing the spread of COVID-19 for dental practitioners is very important. In the present study, we analysed the source and quality of dentistry-related scientifically based medical information given by professionals about COVID-19 on YouTube for dental practitioners as demonstrated above.

title:
  An analysis of YouTube videos as educational resources for dental practitioners to prevent the spread of COVID-19

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first reported on 31 December 2019 and has rapidly been spreading day by day. Dental patients and professionals have a high risk of the coronavirus infection and also have a huge responsibility to prevent its spread during emergency dental treatment over the period of the COVID-19 outbreak. AIM: Informing patients and dental practitioners about the novel coronavirus in an accurate and effective way is very important. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of dentistry-related medical information about COVID-19 on YouTube as educational resources for dental practitioners. METHODS: YouTube was queried for the search phrases ‘COVID-19 and dental practice’, ‘SARS-Cov-2 and dental practice’ and ‘2019-COV-2 and dental practice’. The first 100 videos for each term were viewed and analysed by 3 independent investigators. The scope was limited to videos in English. RESULTS: The search phrases yielded 1102 videos, among which 802 videos were excluded and 300 videos screened. Fifty-five videos were included in the final analysis. Of the 55 videos, only 2 videos (3.6%) were found to be of good quality, while 24 videos (43.6%) were found to be of poor quality. CONCLUSION: YouTube is a popular video broadcast site and can provide both relevant educational information and the spreading of misinformation. Health professionals should play a more active role with regard to educative information given on social media, especially YouTube, during global disease outbreaks.


id: cord-348947-o6qpaa6a
title: Duty to extract
author: Robson, J. Stuart
date: 2020-10-23
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33097860/
doi: 10.1038/s41415-020-2282-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  Sir, as a Past President of the BDA I am dismayed and bemused to read frequent reports in national newspapers decrying the number of children awaiting many months for tooth extractions in hospitals. J. Stuart Robson, York, UK https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-2282-3 used a purpose built protection box during aerosol generating procedures (https://www. Sir, in the current pandemic, the lack of equitable oral healthcare facilities, shortfall of dental healthcare providers, shortages of equipment/materials, and inadequate management of existing services is well known in developing countries. 4 To prevent the transmission of infection through aerosol in the dental setting the ''protection box'' is an innovative and economical solution for performing aerosol generating procedures. Sir, I would like to thank all my colleagues who have worked so diligently to up-skill and kindly help guide others through the current COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-350990-tywbe4o2
title: COVID‐19 dentistry‐related aspects: a literature overview
author: Checchi, Vittorio
date: 2020-07-05
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url: https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12601
doi: 10.1111/idj.12601
summary:
  The terms used for the identification of keywords were: COVID-19, 2019-nCov, Sars-CoV-2, COVID-19 transmission, Coronavirus pneumonia, Coronavirus infection, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Atmospheric contamination, Droplets, Aerosol, PPE/DPI, COVID-19 guidelines, Airborne contamination, Masks and respirators, and COVID-19 dental-related aspects. Therefore, dental procedures can be considered as one of the most probable causes of Sars-CoV-2 infection because such procedures require close proximity to the patient''s mouth, possess a risk of contact with saliva, blood and other biological fluids and involve the use of instrumentation that creates large aerosols 4, 19, 20 . Moreover Sars-CoV-2 demonstrates persistent adherence, for a maximum of 9 days, to various surfaces 1, 21 ; therefore, all surfaces and instruments in a dental clinic should be considered as potential sources of virus transmission because infected droplets from saliva or aerosols could land on any exposed surface 16, 19, 22 .

abstract:
  A new coronavirus (Sars‐CoV‐2) was detected in China at the end of 2019 and has since caused a worldwide pandemic. This virus is responsible for an acute respiratory syndrome (COVID‐19), distinguished by a potentially lethal interstitial bilateral pneumonia. Because Sars‐CoV‐2 is highly infective through airborne contamination, the high infection risk in the dental environment is a serious problem for both professional practitioners and patients. This literature overview provides a description of the clinical aspects of COVID‐19 and its transmission, while supplying valuable information regarding protection and prevention measures.


id: cord-352862-2q4h3bwj
title: Dealing with “Coronavirus Pandemic”: A Dental Outlook
author: Goswami, Mridula
date: 2020
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url: https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1757
doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1757
summary:
  An emergent pneumonia outbreak, denoted as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) originated in Wuhan City, in late December 2019 and spread at an alarming rate to become a pandemic affecting more than 200 countries. The transmission of virus through aerosols produced by highand low-speed handpieces, ultrasonic scalers, air/water syringes, or an infected patient coughing, and even when taking intraoral radiographs has made it difficult for dental personnel to provide even the most basic services to the needful. 18 The Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry (ISPPD) also issued an advisory for oral health professionals and pediatric dentists including C (clean, cover, and confine), O (observe, online, or telephonic consultation as possible), R (restrict to emergency treatment only and all elective treatment to be postponed as far as possible), O (obey), N (no aerosol), and A (avoid).

abstract:
  An emergent pneumonia outbreak, denoted as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) by the World Health Organization (WHO) originated in Wuhan City, in late December 2019 and spread at an alarming rate to become a pandemic affecting more than 200 countries. The COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which is highly contagious and is associated with a high mortality rate. The current COVID-19 outbreak has created a major havoc among every strata of the society with a detrimental impact on healthcare professionals, including dentists limiting their capabilities at large. The transmission of virus through aerosols produced by high- and low-speed handpieces, ultrasonic scalers, air/water syringes, or an infected patient coughing, and even when taking intraoral radiographs has made it difficult for dental personnel to provide even the most basic services to the needful. The virus survives on environmental surfaces for extended periods of time, including metal and plastic surfaces commonly found in dental offices making it utmost necessary to follow the precautions and recommendations issued by various organizations in order to contain its spread. This article aims to provide the latest knowledge encompassing the various aspects of COVID-19 to pediatric dentists in India. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Goswami M, Sharma S, Kumar G, et al. Dealing with “Coronavirus Pandemic”: A Dental Outlook. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(3):269–278.


