Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 82 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22664 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 CSF 20 patient 15 cell 12 SARS 11 CNS 10 day 9 PCR 9 COVID-19 8 study 8 MRI 6 CD34 5 TBI 5 AML 4 result 4 high 4 figure 4 cat 4 brain 4 University 4 IL-6 4 ICU 4 ICP 4 HSCT 4 HLA 4 GVHD 4 Fig 4 FIP 4 EEG 3 transplantation 3 outcome 3 method 3 meningitis 3 level 3 expression 3 dna 3 conclusion 3 child 3 case 3 SAH 3 RNA 3 RIC 3 PBSC 3 MBP 3 January 3 IL-4 3 III 3 ICH 3 Hospital 3 HIV 3 GCS Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 22155 patient 17102 % 13495 cell 5659 day 5384 study 5049 disease 4120 group 4078 treatment 3594 ev 3387 result 3301 year 3263 blood 3245 case 3216 level 3215 infection 2828 donor 2804 time 2701 analysis 2626 response 2608 p 2601 protein 2492 outcome 2451 therapy 2417 method 2415 month 2407 transplantation 2404 effect 2280 age 2265 stem 2218 risk 2208 factor 2111 brain 2009 dose 2009 datum 1943 transplant 1763 survival 1760 diagnosis 1703 expression 1662 conclusion 1596 number 1590 t 1550 control 1517 rate 1484 injury 1463 mouse 1460 virus 1443 sample 1426 mortality 1424 child 1419 n Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 3423 CSF 2935 HSCT 1637 GVHD 1408 al 1321 mg 1168 GM 1161 et 1110 . 1100 T 913 SCT 911 G 875 CMV 867 MS 865 CD34 835 MRI 794 CNS 776 OS 758 TNF 756 AML 750 HLA 701 EV 692 IV 687 ICU 665 PCR 665 CT 655 TREM2 649 RNA 648 CI 642 kg 629 University 629 IL-6 615 SARS 609 II 604 GvHD 590 C 565 Summary 559 ASCT 538 LPS 538 ATG 527 M 524 TBI 476 COVID-19 471 NK 463 Hospital 438 SAH 436 ICH 425 ECP 416 CoV-2 414 L 413 B Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 6543 we 2327 it 811 they 547 them 525 i 503 he 466 she 94 us 72 itself 52 one 37 themselves 31 you 11 him 11 her 5 itma 5 cha 4 s 4 me 3 ours 3 mrs 3 himself 2 ourselves 2 n20s 2 myself 2 mg 2 interleukin-10 2 iicas 1 ≥65 1 α1-pdx 1 wi~ 1 tryptase 1 tnf~ 1 tj003234 1 tdcs 1 ta 1 t2aecs 1 sevs 1 s382 1 rhll-4 1 remodeling/ 1 pt#3 1 p7sngf 1 p206 1 p078 1 p029 1 oct 1 nsp(+)-evs 1 mrnas 1 microev 1 july-2009 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 62972 be 11056 have 5053 use 3486 show 3078 include 3035 associate 2854 receive 2721 increase 2505 follow 2334 compare 1928 perform 1888 do 1816 develop 1767 treat 1662 find 1650 induce 1548 report 1527 identify 1504 reduce 1466 observe 1452 base 1402 suggest 1352 undergo 1340 relate 1331 present 1313 occur 1235 demonstrate 1229 evaluate 1098 require 1049 improve 1047 determine 1037 remain 1002 detect 1002 derive 992 cause 943 decrease 940 provide 933 result 929 assess 923 lead 865 describe 841 reveal 832 measure 828 give 796 analyze 786 confirm 774 obtain 774 consider 772 see 770 isolate Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4900 not 4890 - 4273 high 3016 clinical 2811 acute 2640 also 2521 median 2189 other 2020 low 2012 more 1990 well 1873 significant 1821 however 1787 severe 1777 only 1670 significantly 1646 first 1575 non 1525 early 1508 respectively 1430 most 1360 human 1337 specific 1337 different 1318 immune 1302 such 1286 inflammatory 1187 chronic 1156 normal 1148 positive 1113 multiple 1079 peripheral 1062 further 1062 as 1025 anti 985 viral 981 overall 937 neurological 930 long 901 primary 901 old 900 cerebral 885 total 871 negative 859 post 837 important 833 hematopoietic 827 common 820 single 809 respiratory Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 359 most 253 least 203 Most 185 good 155 high 53 low 43 large 30 great 21 early 21 bad 17 late 14 strong 10 common 6 young 6 poor 6 long 5 small 5 old 4 p=0.016 4 close 4 -t 3 near 3 fast 3 big 2 safe 2 deadly 2 cfDNA 2 -ch 1 ω 1 ® 1 ~trointesfimd 1 ~20 1 weak 1 steep 1 slow 1 short 1 pure 1 nfthe 1 new 1 lfigh 1 heavy 1 deep 1 day15 1 cert,+r 1 cardiacarr 1 age(≦60 1 RGPIN2014 1 LPS2= 1 Hunt&Hess 1 C57BL/6/01a Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1071 most 187 least 33 well 7 highest 1 lowest 1 long 1 early 1 cfdna 1 -chest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 doi.org 2 orcid.org 2 github.com 2 clinicaltrials.gov 1 www.ukev.org.uk 1 www.thingiverse 1 www.qiagen.com 1 www.kinderlungenregister.de 1 www.kids-lung-register.eu 1 www.idtdna.com 1 www.gnomixx.com 1 www.frontiersin.org 1 www.emdmillipore.com 1 www.biospace.com 1 smart.servier.com 1 rsb.info.nih.gov 1 lifescience 1 hannonlab.cshl.edu 1 clinicaltrials.gov Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.01.20217497 1 http://www.ukev.org.uk/public-engagementmaterials/ 1 http://www.thingiverse 1 http://www.qiagen.com 1 http://www.kinderlungenregister.de/ 1 http://www.kids-lung-register.eu 1 http://www.idtdna.com 1 http://www.gnomixx.com/ 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu 1 http://www.emdmillipore.com 1 http://www.biospace.com/article/releases/i-mab-announcesind-clearance-from-fda-for-tjm2-to-treat-cytokine-release-syndrome-crsassociated-with-severe-coronavirus-disease-19-covid-19-/ 1 http://smart.servier.com 1 http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-5673 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0344-0613 1 http://lifescience 1 http://hannonlab.cshl.edu/fastx_toolkit 1 http://github.com/IntelRealSense/librealsense 1 http://github.com/DrewLab/Norwood_Gharpure_Turner_Ferrer-Pistone_VanderWal_Drew_Manuscript2020 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.014 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104369 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.09.009 1 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04326920?term=sarpac&recrs=ab&draw=2&rank=1 1 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03009708 1 http://ClinicalTrials.gov Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 abdorrezamoghadasi@gmail.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 patients are alive 38 patients did not 27 patients undergoing hsct 22 patients were alive 21 % were male 20 patients were male 18 patients received myeloablative 16 levels were significantly 15 patients had significantly 14 levels were not 13 % were female 13 patients developed acute 13 patients do not 13 patients were not 13 treatment related mortality 12 patient did not 12 patients undergoing allo 11 levels were also 11 levels were higher 11 patients received bone 10 csf was not 10 patients developed grade 10 patients had acute 10 patients received hsct 10 studies have not 10 treatment did not 9 analysis did not 9 donor was unrelated 9 patients developed chronic 9 patients developed severe 9 patients had grade 9 patients were evaluable 8 % were men 8 cells are also 8 groups were comparable 8 levels were lower 8 levels were normal 8 patient is well 8 patient was not 8 patients are currently 8 patients had more 8 patients is not 8 patients undergoing autologous 8 patients were significantly 8 therapy is not 7 cells were then 7 csf is not 7 groups did not 7 groups were not 7 month follow up Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 donor is not available 3 levels were not significantly 3 patients is not well 2 cells were not statistically 2 csf did not significantly 2 csf was not due 2 groups were not significantly 2 groups were not statistically 2 levels were not markedly 2 patients had no response 2 results were not statistically 2 studies have not yet 2 transplantation were not significantly 2 treatment did not dramatically 2 treatment had no effect 1 % has no negative 1 % is not much 1 % were not comfortable 1 age showed no significant 1 age was not singly 1 analysis is not always 1 analysis is not routinely 1 analysis showed no difference 1 analysis showed no evidence 1 analysis showed no inflammation 1 analysis showed no significant 1 blood is not paramagnetic 1 case was not suitable 1 cases is not precise 1 cases is not sufficiently 1 cases showed no different 1 cells are not as 1 cells are not natural 1 cells are not yet 1 cells do not phagocytose 1 cells had no effect 1 cells had no significant 1 cells is not fully 1 cells showed no immuno 1 cells was not significantly 1 cells were not different 1 csf are not fully 1 csf did not further 1 csf does not necessarily 1 csf had no such 1 csf was not detectable 1 csf was not suggestive 1 csf were not significantly 1 days has no harmful 1 disease is not always A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-006172-ndmf5ekp author = Akins, Paul Taylor title = H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza date = 2010-09-02 keywords = CSF; H1N1; acute; case; influenza summary = We present a case report of 2009 H1N1-associated encephalopathy and review neurologic complications associated with seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1 virus infection. We present a case of a patient with acute encephalitis associated with febrile upper respiratory tract illness due to 2009 H1N1 complicated by seizures and malignant cerebral edema. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract is hypothesized to play a prominent role in the more severe stages leading to cytokine dysregulation (''''cytokine storm'''') in Influenzaassociated encephalopathy or encephalitis (IAE) patients [6] . We present a case of acute encephalitis associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, complicated by malignant brain edema. We have also provided an overview of the spectrum of acute and post-infectious neurologic complications reported in association with seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract. doi = 10.1007/s12028-010-9436-0 id = cord-285833-7exenodj author = Alkan, Ali title = Double-edged sword: Granulocyte colony stimulating factors in cancer patients during the COVID-19 era date = 2020-07-02 keywords = csf summary = A few recent studies on cancer patients have shown that they are at an increased risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Moreover, a 5-day course of G-CSF prophylaxis in most chemotherapy regimens has been reported to be effective (4); however, limited data are available on its efficacy in COVID-19 patients. Clinical outcomes are also unpredictable in COVID-19 patients with high levels of inflammatory cytokines undergoing G-CSF prophylaxis. However, very limited data on the outcomes of chemotherapy in cancer patients in the COVID-19 era are currently available, with no specific subgroup analysis in patients treated with G-CSFs. Although the described scenarios are theoretical and speculative, both NCCN and ESMO have concluded that the benefits of G-CSF administration outweigh its risks and have, therefore, recommended its use with caution. Until more data are available, clinicians should be more cautious with the use of G-CSFs in cancer patients in the COVID-19 era. doi = 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2033 id = cord-333186-gxs74wit author = Ashhurst, Thomas Myles title = The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system date = 2014-10-31 keywords = CNS; CSF summary = Viral encephalitis and multiple sclerosis are examples of important human diseases in which the pathogenic contribution of monocytes recruited from the bone marrow plays a critical role in the clinical expression of disease, as they differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cells in the CNS to carry out effector functions. Here we review the current understanding of factors facilitating inflammatory monocyte generation, migration and entry into the brain, as well as their differentiation towards macrophages or dendritic cells in viral and autoimmune disease in relation to their respective disease outcomes. It is also possible that whilst type I IFN (IFN-a/b) and type II IFN (IFN-c) are involved in both CNS diseases, the innate differential production of IFN-a/b, crucial for virus control in the early response against CNS viruses [25] , by a variety of cell types during infection [26] may induce monocyte mobilisation differently from that seen in MS/EAE. doi = 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.07.002 id = cord-343148-rp3kmd80 author = Ayatollahi, Parisa title = Possible Autoimmune Encephalitis with Claustrum Sign in case of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-09-17 keywords = CSF; SARS summary = title: Possible Autoimmune Encephalitis with Claustrum Sign in case of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection On the third day of admission, new behavioral changes appeared including elated mood, inappropriate laughing, anxiety, and insomnia, leading to treatment with clonazepam, risperidone, and sertraline, in addition to sodium divalproex. Repeat brain MRI showed signal hyperintensities on fluidattenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2-weighted sequences in the claustrum bilaterally, which were not present on the initial scan 2 weeks earlier. Follow-up MRI 1 month after the abnormal scan showed near-complete resolution of the claustrum hyperintensities ( Figure 2 ). [1] [2] [3] The MRI abnormality ("the claustrum sign") may extend to external/extreme capsules and insular cortices 3 and typically resolves in weeks or months. The finding of the claustrum sign on brain MRI, not previously reported in a COVID-19 patient, [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] provides further support for the idea that acute SARS-CoV-2 infection may present as an autoimmune encephalitis. doi = 10.1017/cjn.2020.209 id = cord-017361-2lrmg6z0 author = Ballinger, Megan N. title = Innate Immune Responses in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia date = 2012-10-26 keywords = CSF; IRAK; TLR4; VAP summary = The compensatory release of anti-in fl ammatory molecules in sepsis is believed to mediate immunosuppression during the peri-septic or post-injury period, during which time immune cell function is substantially impaired (historically referred to as critical illness-induced leukocyte "deactivation" or "immunoparalysis"). Leukocyte reprogramming appears to be of considerable clinical signi fi cance, as higher rates of nosocomial infection and increased mortality are observed in postoperative, burn injury or septic patients who display evidence of monocyte deactivation, either in the form of decreased monocyte HLA-DR expression, ex vivo cytokine production or impaired delayed-type hypersensitivity responses (Appel et al. While these latter molecules could contribute to suppression of TLR-mediated responses during critical illness, there is no data to show enhanced expression and/or activity in blood monocytes or lung macrophages in patients at risk for the development of VAP. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4614-5326-0_8 id = cord-266034-811lov8f author = Benameur, Karima title = Encephalopathy and Encephalitis Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Alterations and Coronavirus Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020 date = 2020-09-17 keywords = CSF; SARS; level summary = CSF analysis also showed markedly increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10, but severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was not identified in any CSF sample. Because MRI changes seen in these patients could be caused by hypercoagulability (15) or metabolic encephalopathy (16) , we propose that CSF investigation can improve the distinction between neurologic involvement of SARS-CoV-2 (or neuro-COVID) and neurologic symptoms caused by other COVID-related causes. The failure to detect CSF SARS-CoV-2 RNA does not diminish the likelihood of direct CNS infection because it is only recovered from blood in 1% of the actively infected cases (18) , and increased levels CSF IgM are also more commonly found as evidence for CNS infection than viral recovery in other encephalitides, including those for infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (19) , dengue virus (20) , human parvovirus 4 (21) , and rabies virus (22) . doi = 10.3201/eid2609.202122 id = cord-021452-9rukc80y author = Bergman, Robert L. title = Miscellaneous Spinal Cord Diseases date = 2009-05-15 keywords = CNS; CSF; FIP; cat; cord; spinal summary = Infectious inflammatory disease is the most common categorical differential diagnosis in cats with spinal cord dysfunction. 1 Common infectious inflammatory spinal cord diseases include FIP, cryptococcosis, FeLV infection, and toxoplasmosis. 6, 7 Polioencephalomyelitis, an inflammatory disease of unknown cause, is associated with 8 per cent of cases of feline spinal cord disease 1 and may present with clinical signs of paraparesis. FIP accounts for more than half of the infectious inflammatory causes of myelitis in cats, and 16 per cent of all spinal cord diseases reported in cats. In a case series of cats with spinal cord-related signs, more than 75 per cent were younger than 2 years of age. Overall the most consistent diagnostic findings in cats with the CNS form of FIP include a positive coronavirus IgG titer in CSF, a high serum total protein concentration, and abnormalities in brain imaging. 19 Clinical signs of spinal cord dysfunction, including paraspinal hyperesthesia and paresis, have been reported in at least one case series. doi = 10.1016/b0-72-160423-4/50054-8 id = cord-323024-blc3mnbj author = Bernard-Valnet, R. title = CSF of SARS-CoV-2 patients with neurological syndromes reveals hints to understand pathophysiology date = 2020-11-04 keywords = CSF; SARS; patient summary = Methods: We checked for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-qPCR, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and for 48 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors (by Luminex) in the cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) +/sera of a cohort of 17 COVID-19 patients with neurological presentation and 55 neurological control patients (inflammatory [IND], non inflammatory [NIND], multiple sclerosis [MS]). Methods: We checked for SARS-CoV-2 mRNA by qPCR, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and for 49 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors (by Luminex) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) +/serum of a cohort of 17 COVID-19 patients with neurological presentation and 55 neurological controls (inflammatory, non inflammatory, multiple sclerosis). Thus, the main hypotheses to explain neurological complications in COVID patients point at mechanisms either related to low grade presence of the virus in the CNS, to cytokine storm or to the presence of an auto-immune response, such as anti-neuronal antibodies by analogy to what occurs in autoimmune encephalitis. We found that SARS-CoV-2 patients tend to have signs of blood brain barrier opening and possible astrocytes activation, but no strong immune response in the CSF or obvious CNS infection by the virus. doi = 10.1101/2020.11.01.20217497 id = cord-354080-glcq4qp9 author = Bodro, Marta title = Increased CSF levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and ACE in SARS-CoV-2–associated encephalitis date = 2020-07-01 keywords = CSF; SARS summary = For the latest articles, invited commentaries, and blogs from physicians around the world NPub.org/COVID19 Clinical features, serum, and CSF characteristics including cytokines and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) profile from both cases are shown in the table. Three previous case reports of CNS involvement in COVID-19 suggest different pathogenic mechanisms: direct CNS infection demonstrated by detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in CSF, 2 recrudescence of symptoms related to previous lesions (e.g., brain infarction) in the context of systemic infection, 3 and inflammatory-mediated mechanisms resulting in acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy. Hence, in a study of children with acute encephalitis-like syndrome, serum anti-human coronavirus-OC43 immunoglobulin M antibodies were present in 12% of patients and levels of IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor were increased in their CSF. The main implication of these 2 patients is that physicians should be aware of COVID-19 infections presenting or predominantly manifesting as encephalitis, likely resulting from activation of inflammatory pathways with increased ILs and ACE in CSF. doi = 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000821 id = cord-329527-0rlotyz3 author = Bohmwald, Karen title = Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections date = 2018-10-26 keywords = CNS; CSF; RNA; virus summary = In addition to this, a fatal case attributed to the H1N1 pandemic infection was reported, and the clinical finding showed that the cause of death was an intracerebral thrombosis and hemorrhage with presence of the virus in the brain, but not in lungs or CSF (Simon et al., 2013 ; Figure 2) . In another approximation to understand the etiologic agent causing myelopathy post-influenza-like syndrome, CSF obtained from a patient with this disease was inoculated in several cell lines, previously reported to be permissive for the growth FIGURE 2 | Influenza virus (IV) spreads from the lungs to the CNS through the vagus nerve promoting an inflammatory state. As described so far, CoVs are respiratory viruses that exhibit neurotropic capacities that not only allows them to achieve latency and avoid the immune response of the host, but also have neurological implications that can complicate the disease associated to its infection. Although there are extensive case reports that indicate neurological manifestations associated to hMPV-infection in humans, further studies are required in mice models to characterize this disease. doi = 10.3389/fncel.2018.00386 id = cord-320474-jyk7zphp author = Bonaventura, Aldo title = Targeting GM-CSF in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Rationale and Strategies date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; IL-6 summary = Initial findings from patients with COVID-19 treated with a single intravenous dose of mavrilimumab, a monoclonal antibody binding GM-CSF receptor α, showed oxygenation improvement and shorter hospitalization. Data supporting the role of hyperinflammation in sepsisrelated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are derived from a sub-group analysis of a phase 3 randomized controlled trial of IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra), which showed significant survival benefit in patients treated with anakinra compared to placebo (15) . APC, antigen presenting cell; DC, dendritic cell; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study tested the effects of low-dose hrGM-CSF (molgramostim, 3 µg/kg daily) for 5 days in patients in addition to the standard of care in critically ill patients with severe sepsis and respiratory dysfunction (65) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01625 id = cord-349329-f0pbd968 author = Bosteels, Cedric title = Sargramostim to treat patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (SARPAC): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-06-05 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; CSF; Leukine; day; patient summary = -Presence of acute hypoxic respiratory failure defined as (either or both)  saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2  PaO2/FiO2 below 350 -Admitted to specialized COVID-19 ward -Age 18-80 -Male or Female -Willing to provide informed consent Exclusion criteria -Patients with known history of serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, to human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor such as sargramostim, yeast-derived products, or any component of the product. Study Interventions Confirmed or highly suspect COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure (saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2 or PaO2/FiO2 <350) will be randomized to receive sargramostim 125mcg twice daily for 5 days as a nebulized inhalation on top of standard of care (active group), or to receive standard of care treatment (control group). doi = 10.1186/s13063-020-04451-7 id = cord-309476-hel3h25h author = Brown, Julianne R. title = Encephalitis diagnosis using metagenomics: application of next generation sequencing for undiagnosed cases date = 2018-01-02 keywords = CSF; NGS; case; encephalitis summary = This included two cases of human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), 28 first described in 2005 when it was associated with a viraemic patient in whom an acute viral infection was suspected 49 ; one case of human coronavirus OC-43, 43 typically a human respiratory pathogen never previously described in a human case of encephalitis but known to cause encephalitis in mice 50 ; one case of human astrovirus MLB1, 46 of mumps vaccine virus in a child who was vaccinated prior to a primary immunodeficiency diagnosis. As with other molecular tests, including PCR which has become the gold standard of virological diagnostics, results from metagenomics applied to cases of encephalitis should be interpreted in the context of other clinical and laboratory findings, particularly when a novel or unexpected organism is detected. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.014 id = cord-258787-n49zrfsp author = Carnevale, Silvia title = The complexity of neutrophils in health and disease: Focus on cancer date = 2020-09-18 keywords = CSF; cancer; cell; neutrophil; tumour summary = Here we review the current understandings on neutrophils biology from their development to the mechanisms of their trafficking and functions in health and disease, with a focus on their role in tumour biology and their prognostic significance in human cancer. Abbreviations: 3-MCA, 3-methylcholathrene; ACKR2, atypical chemokine receptor 2; APC, antigen presenting cell; G-CSF, granulocytes colony stimulating factor; G-MDSCs, granulocytes-myeloid-derived suppressor cells; GM-CSF, granulocytes-macrophages colony stimulating factor; GMPs, granulocyte monocyte progenitors; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; M-MDSCs, monocytes-myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MMP-9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; NK, natural killer; PRRs, pattern recognition receptors; ROS, eactive oxygen species; TANs, tumour-associated neutrophils; TCR, T cell receptor; TILs, tumour infiltrating leukocytes; TME, tumour microenvironment; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand; TRPM2, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M, member 2; UTC, unconventional T cell. Origin and role of a subset of tumor-associated neutrophils with antigen-presenting cell features in early-stage human lung Cancer doi = 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101409 id = cord-277889-8u685f45 author = Costela-Ruiz, Víctor J. title = SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease date = 2020-06-02 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; IL-10; IL-6; SARS; patient summary = The majority of patients infected with COVID-19 have normal or reduced white cell counts and lymphocytopenia, and those with severe disease have shown significantly elevated levels of neutrophils, dimer-D, and urea in blood, with a continuing decrease in lymphocytes. detected elevated levels of the antagonistic receptor of IL-1 (IL-1Ra) in 14 severe cases of COVID-19, and this marker has been associated with increased viral load, loss of pulmonary function, lung damage, and mortality risk [55] . observed that its expression during infection with an influenza virus had negative effects on CD8 + memory T cells [71] .Various studies of COVID-19 patients have detected elevated IL-4 levels as part of the cytokine storm associated with severe respiratory symptoms [16, 17, 43, 72] . Elevated IL-17 levels have been reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2 as part of the cytokine storm [17] , and they have been associated with the viral load and disease severity [56] . doi = 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001 id = cord-022283-8ny6j1ny author = Cuddon, Paul A title = The weak and ataxic or paralyzed cat date = 2009-05-15 keywords = CSF; LMN; cat; cord; sign; spinal summary = Most cats with spinal cord disease have a combination of both ataxia and paresis, since most myelopathies cause disruption of both the motor and sensory systems. Cats presenting solely with ataxia and paresis/paralysis most commonly have spinal cord disease. The most common causes of spinal cord ataxia and paresis in cats are infectious (including feline infectious peritonitis virus (coronavirus)), neoplasia (lymphosarcoma) and trauma. Infectious diseases, such as feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis also may produce signs of progressive spinal cord dysfunction. Many cats with sacrococcygeal trauma also show signs of LMN paraparesis (sciatic nerve injury), consisting of dragging of the hind paws on their dorsum and a failure to flex the pelvic limb(s) when walking or when the withdrawal reflex is performed. Cats with severe myelopathy or cauda equina injury with analgesia have a very poor to hopeless prognosis since they commonly have physical or functional spinal cord or cauda equina transection. Feline polioencephalomyelitis is a chronic, progressive disease affecting the spinal cord and brain of cats. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-2488-7.50047-8 id = cord-007665-vdtpz75u author = Dörries, R. title = Comparative analysis of virus-specific antibodies and immunoglobulins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of subacute measles virus-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME) in rats and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) date = 2002-11-13 keywords = CSF; SSPE summary = title: Comparative analysis of virus-specific antibodies and immunoglobulins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of subacute measles virus-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME) in rats and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) The intrathecal humoral immune response was analysed in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and Lewis rats with subacute measles virus (MV)-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME). Although a restricted isoelectric pattern of MV-specific antibodies was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SSPE patients as well as of SAME rats, the heterogeneity within clusters of immunoglobulin bands was higher in the rat specimens. A micro-enzyme immunoassay was used for determination of MV-specific titers in serum and CSF specimens from SSPE patients and diseased rats, MV antigen and Vero cell control antigen (25/~1, 100/tg protein/ml) were coated onto the surface of round-bottom microtiter plates (Immunoplates lI, Nunc, Wiesbaden, F.R.G.) by overnight incubation at room temperature in coating buffer (0.05 M sodium carbonate buffer, pH 9.6). doi = 10.1016/0165-5728(88)90014-8 id = cord-006473-ey35h7ry author = Eisenbeis, C. F. title = A case of pulmonary toxicity associated with G-CSF and doxorubicin administration date = 2001 keywords = CSF summary = We contend that G-CSF contributed to the life-threatening lung injury in our patient, and discuss additional reports in the literature of pulmonary toxicity associated with the use of this agent. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has gained widespread popularity because of its use in diminishing the severity and duration of neutropenia associated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy and in mobilizing pluripotent bone marrow stem cells from healthy donors for harvesting for allogeneic stem cell transplants. We report here a case of life-threatening respiratory dysfunction secondary to bronchocentric granulomatosis (BG) associated with the use of G-CSF administered together with doxorubicin. Interstitial pneumonitis related to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration following chemotherapy for elderly patients with non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma Serious pulmonary complications in patients receiving recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor during BACOP chemotherapy for aggressive non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma Pulmonary toxicity after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-combined chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma doi = 10.1007/s002770000232 id = cord-285151-zynor0b2 author = Eisenhut, Michael title = Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of Infectious Diseases date = 2013-12-08 keywords = CSF; HIV; level; neopterin summary = Longitudinal serial measurements in the same individual could overcome difficulties with interpretation in settings where chronic parasitic (malaria) or bacterial Schistosoma mansoni Praziquantel Blood Serum levels normalized on treatment [43, 44] (tuberculosis) infections may elevate the baseline neopterin level and could allow monitoring of response to antiretroviral treatment in the absence of resistance testing and provide means to monitor compliance in the outpatient setting (see Table 1 for list of diseases in which neopterin levels have been used to monitor treatment response). The first study investigating the role of neopterin in specific forms of viral hepatitis tested urinary levels in patients with hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and non-A, non-B hepatitis virus infection [9] . Elevated serum neopterin levels were also found in HIV infected patients with tuberculosis and decreased significantly on antituberculous treatment [40] . Serum neopterin was also assessed as a disease marker in human Schistosoma mansoni infection and levels were found to reflect the extent of hepatic involvement with higher levels found in patients with hepatomegaly. doi = 10.1155/2013/196432 id = cord-291553-j9nn5g70 author = Fridholm, Helena title = Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array date = 2016-01-29 keywords = CSF summary = title: Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array We have used a metagenomic microarray to detect genomic RNA from human pegivirus in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from a patient suffering from severe encephalitis. We report a case of severe encephalitis where the only microbe detected in the CNS was human pegivirus (HPgV), hitherto only known to cause asymptomatic infections in humans. In both cases it is uncertain if HPgV is pathogenic but it is noteworthy to detect a virus at a high viral load in the CNS. More recently, both positive and negative RNA-strands of HPgV was detected in post mortem brain tissue from a multiple sclerosis (MS) patient, implying that the virus was replicating in the brain tissue [1] . All CSF samples where negative for HPgV but one encephalitis patient was positive in serum (Ct 27.2). doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.01.013 id = cord-000455-gq1omz6u author = Griese, Matthias title = Long-term follow-up and treatment of congenital alveolar proteinosis date = 2011-08-17 keywords = CSF; figure; pap summary = BACKGROUND: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and outcome of molecularly defined congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) due to mutations in the GM-CSF receptor are not well known. CONCLUSIONS: The long term management from early childhood into young adolescence of severe alveolar proteinosis due to GMCSF receptor deficiency requires a dedicated specialized team to perform technically demanding whole lung lavages and cope with complications. At age 12 years (in 2009) analysis of the patient''s CSF2RA gene revealed the homozygous Ser25X stop-mutation in exon 3 resulting in the almost complete absence of the GM-CSF receptor alpha chain and causing the alveolar proteinosis we observed ( Figure 6A ). Abbreviations PAP: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; GMCSF: granulocyte-macrophagecolony stimulating factor; GM-CSFR: GM-CSF receptor; WLL: whole lung lavage; washing of a single right or left lung. doi = 10.1186/1471-2431-11-72 id = cord-001740-1px4aq89 author = Griese, Matthias title = GATA2 deficiency in children and adults with severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and hematologic disorders date = 2015-08-12 keywords = CSF; gata2; pap summary = title: GATA2 deficiency in children and adults with severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and hematologic disorders CONCLUSIONS: In children and adults with severe GM-CSF negative PAP a close cooperation between pneumologists and hemato-oncologists is needed to diagnose the underlying diseases, some of which are caused by mutations of transcription factor GATA2. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of surfactant in the alveoli of the lungs, leading to hypoxemic respiratory failure and, in severe cases, to death [1]. PAP is caused by (i) genetic diseases which result in dysfunction of surfactant or surfactant production (SFTPC, SFTPB, ABCA3, TTF1 deficiency) mainly presenting during infancy, by (ii) disruption of GM-CSF signaling from mutations in the receptor (GM-CSFRa, GM-CSFRb) or from acquired autoantibodies against GM-CSF, and by (iii) disorders that presumably impair surfactant clearance because of abnormal numbers or defective phagocytic functions of alveolar macrophages [2] . doi = 10.1186/s12890-015-0083-2 id = cord-002823-n55xvwkf author = Halstead, E. Scott title = GM-CSF overexpression after influenza a virus infection prevents mortality and moderates M1-like airway monocyte/macrophage polarization date = 2018-01-05 keywords = CSF; DTGM; Fig; IAV; bal summary = The effect of local elevation of GM-CSF on IAV infection in the lung has been investigated in transgenic models with expression of GM-CSF under the control of constitutive or doxycycline-inducible promoters in lungs of alveolar or small airway epithelial cells of GM-CSF knockout (csf2 −/− ) mice [3, 4] . To examine the mechanism of protection conferred by therapeutic GM-CSF levels, we measured respiratory and biochemical parameters of lower airway disease, and analyzed the transcriptome of FACS-sorted AMs and exudative macrophages (EM) from IAV-infected mice. IPA also predicted the activation of the IL-10 receptor alpha-chain in both AMs and EMs. Given that IL-10 levels in BAL fluid were not elevated in DTGM as compared WT mice (Additional file 6: Figure S4D ), it is possible that GM-CSF overexpressing during IAV somehow potentiates IL-10 signaling in the lung microenvironment. doi = 10.1186/s12931-017-0708-5 id = cord-266499-g1lajsp8 author = Han, Jae-Ik title = A multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis date = 2015-09-21 keywords = CSF; PCR summary = title: A multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis In the present study, a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mqPCR) panel was optimized for the detection of eight canine neurologic pathogens (Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus spp., Neospora caninum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Ehrlichia canis, and canine distemper virus [CDV]). The analytic sensitivity (i.e., limit of detection, expressed as molecules per 1 µL of recombinant vector) was 3.8 for CDV, 3.7 for Ehrlichia canis, 3.7 for Bartonella spp., 3.8 for Borrelia burgdorferi, 3.7 for Blastomyces dermatitidis, 3.7 for Cryptococcus spp., 38 for Neospora caninum, and 3.7 for Toxoplasma gondii. Recent studies have used multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (mqPCR) as a diagnostic tool for multifactorial diseases because this approach can simultaneously detect multiple pathogens with good diagnostic performance and is faster than conventional methods [8, 29] . doi = 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.3.341 id = cord-286149-awhnjwyc author = Hoon‐Hanks, L.L. title = Metagenomic Investigation of Idiopathic Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs date = 2017-12-02 keywords = CSF; MUO; RNA summary = In previous investigations of MUO in dogs, only brain samples were tested for infectious agents; however, CSF is a common sample utilized in the clinical evaluation of neurologic disease for the detection of infectious agent nucleic acids, especially by PCR. Additionally, RNA was extracted from postmortem brain samples from a mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), green tree python (Morelia viridis), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and American robin (Turdus migratorius), all of which had previously been tested by PCR, metagenomic sequencing, or both, and were found to be infected with specific known infectious agents. There are several possible biological and technical explanations for our study''s inability to identify a candidate etiologic agent for MUO, including the underlying pathogenesis of the disease, sample type and collection methods, case inclusion criteria, sensitivity of diagnostics, and database limitations. doi = 10.1111/jvim.14877 id = cord-310299-isdsestc author = Hosseini, Akram A. title = Delirium as a presenting feature in COVID-19: neuroinvasive infection or autoimmune encephalopathy? date = 2020-06-09 keywords = CSF; SARS summary = 1 We report two cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) infection with acute onset of altered mental status and delirium with normal respiration and metabolic balance in the first 48 hours. Despite normal brain CT at 48 hours, MRI on day 6 showed three hyperintense foci on diffusion-weighted images, but no overt restriction, consistent with T2-shine-through suggesting cellular infiltration/inflammation or small infarcts ( Figure 1 ). 1,2 However, there is currently no report of limbic encephalitis associated with COVID-19 that presented with delirium in the absence of respiratory, metabolic or systemic features, while patients may be hidden sources of spreading the virus in busy clinical settings. The detection of SARS-CoV2 in the CSF in a patient with meningo-encephalitis supports neurotropic and neuroinvasive potential of the virus 2 presumably through the blood vesselrich meninges once the blood brain barrier is damaged. Central Nervous System Involvement by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) doi = 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.012 id = cord-282797-thywse7g author = Hwang, Yoon Jung title = Engineered Bacteriophage T7 as a Potent Anticancer Agent in vivo date = 2020-09-24 keywords = CSF; b16f10; figure summary = We constructed an engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying a peptide, which targets murine melanoma cells and harbors a mammalian expression cassette of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in viral genomic DNA. It displayed peptides targeting mouse melanoma cells and at the same time harbored a mammalian expression cassette for the cytokine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying homing peptide (pep42) and expressing GM-CSF was added to the culture at an MOI of 100 and cells were incubated for 3 days. First and second row: wild type phage T7 (WT T7) or T7 displaying the homing peptide (T7-pep42) was added to in vitro cultured B16F10 melanoma cells and binding was observed under a fluorescent laser scanning confocal microscope. The engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying homing peptide (pep42) and harboring a mammalian expression cassette of murine GM-CSF was produced and the phage solution was nearly completely cleared (90%) of endotoxins ( Figure 1A) . doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2020.491001 id = cord-328763-hcbs20a0 author = Ifergan, Igal title = Potential for Targeting Myeloid Cells in Controlling CNS Inflammation date = 2020-10-06 keywords = CNS; CSF; EAE; PLGA summary = As we will discuss in this review, multiple tools have been developed in the EAE models of MS demonstrating significant regulation of disease progression by various approaches blocking myeloid cell activation and effector function, but to date, these approaches have not been tested for therapeutic efficacy in MS patients. GM-CSF has a wide array of functions, notably the survival and activation of myeloid cells, the ability to induce differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs), the polarization of macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, enhanced antigen presentation, the induction of complement-and antibody-mediated phagocytosis, and the mobilization of monocytes and other myeloid populations from bone marrow to blood (61) (62) (63) . M-CSF stimulates progenitor cells from bone marrow and plays an important regulatory role in the survival, proliferation (in mice), differentiation, phagocytosis, and chemotaxis of myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, DCs, and microglia (87) (88) (89) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571897 id = cord-302435-6nrfipz8 author = Jay, Taylor R. title = TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases date = 2017-08-02 keywords = Alzheimer; CSF; DAP12; Disease; PLOSL; TREM2; cell; expression; r47h; variant summary = doi = 10.1186/s13024-017-0197-5 id = cord-263530-t9ryky6f author = Kamal, Yasmine Mohamed title = Cerebrospinal fluid confirmed COVID-19-associated encephalitis treated successfully date = 2020-09-16 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; patient summary = ► Abdominal CT was normal ► Brain MRI with contrast, performed after 2 weeks to comply with our hospital''s protocol that only allows COVID-19-negative patient to get in contact with the MRI machine, revealed abnormal signal intensity in the temporal lobe cortex bilaterally in a rather symmetrical fashion. Seven hundred and fifty milligrams of intravenous acyclovir sodium, three times per day, was started empirically before the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results were obtained, addressing the possibility of herpes simplex virus (HSV) I and II encephalitis. The early suspicion of COVID-19 encephalitis and performing the appropriate CSF studies was the key to establishing the correct diagnosis and timely management. ► A red flag of the possibility of COVID-19 encephalitis should be raised whenever patients present with abnormal behaviour, acute psychosis, confusion state or drowsiness. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237378 id = cord-005479-wj2xmp8h author = Karlin, L title = Respiratory status deterioration during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery date = 2005-06-06 keywords = csf summary = Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-related pulmonary toxicity has been documented in cancer patients, and experimental models suggest a role for G-CSF in acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-related pulmonary toxicity has been documented in cancer patients, and experimental models suggest a role for G-CSF in acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery. In patients with pulmonary infiltrates during neutropenia, G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery carries a risk of respiratory status deterioration with acute lung injury or ARDS. In patients with pulmonary infiltrates during neutropenia, G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery carries a risk of respiratory status deterioration with acute lung injury or ARDS. To help clinicians bear in mind the increased risk of acute respiratory failure during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery in cancer patients, we describe 20 cases seen in our intensive care unit (ICU) over a 22-month period. doi = 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705037 id = cord-283202-5fq1wxz8 author = Kent, Marc title = The cat with neurological manifestations of systemic disease. Key conditions impacting on the CNS date = 2009-05-31 keywords = CSF; FIP; cat; clinical; feline; hypertension summary = This article reviews the clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of four important systemic diseases with neurological consequences: feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy. A presumptive diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, evidence of recent or active infection (gained via serology for immunoglobulins or immune complexes, or PCR), exclusion of other disease processes, and response to therapy. Consequently, affected cats often demonstrate signs relating to renal disease or hyperthyroidism, given the high prevalence of hypertension with these disorders. Hepatic encephalopathy is the clinical syndrome of abnormal neurological function caused by portosystemic shunting, with or without intrinsic liver disease. Use of anti-coronavirus antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis involving the central nervous system in cats Non-invasive blood pressure measurements in cats: clinical significance of hypertension associated with chronic renal failure doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.03.007 id = cord-284038-93s3ffoy author = Keyhanian, Kiandokht title = SARS-CoV-2 and nervous system: From pathogenesis to clinical manifestation date = 2020-11-07 keywords = CNS; COVID-19; CSF; SARS; patient summary = Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a growing body of evidence indicates that besides common COVID-19 symptoms, patients may develop various neurological manifestations affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as skeletal muscles. Growing number of case reports and/or series indicate that a variety of neurological conditions and post-viral triggered autoimmune complications, as we discuss below, occur in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection which mainly include Guillain-Barré syndromes (GBSs) (table 2), myopathy and rhabdomyolysis (table 2) , encephalopathy, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and myelitis (table 3) . Moreover, two cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) in patients with COVID-19 positivity from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab, but without CSF PCR for SARS-CoV-2 data, were reported in the literature (Poyiadji, Shahin, 2020 , Radmanesh et al. doi = 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577436 id = cord-023369-xwclh6ih author = Kim, Faith title = Human Herpesvirus-6 Meningitis in a Premature Infant with Fevers: A Case and Literature Review date = 2020-04-18 keywords = CSF; DNA; HHV-6; infection summary = They both had IgM antibodies in the acute phase and PCR detection of HHV-6 DNA in the serum at high copy numbers suggestive of a primary infection despite presence of preexisting maternal antibodies, which the authors isolated from both mothers. 18 Infants with congenital infection due to ciHHV6 had evidence of high viral loads in the cord blood and detection of HHV-6 DNA in hair follicles in both the infants and at least one parent. In summary, we present a case of a premature infant with multiple anomalies who acquired acute HHV-6 viral meningitis in the setting of intermittent high fevers, elevated inflammatory markers, and diagnostic testing from her CSF that confirmed the diagnosis. Transplacental human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) congenital infection caused by maternal chromosomally integrated virus doi = 10.1177/1179547620912952 id = cord-284963-p0y5rrpb author = Kipar, Anja title = Natural feline coronavirus infection: Differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection date = 2006-08-15 keywords = CSF; FIP; Kipar summary = The spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow from naturally FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP and specific pathogen-free (SPF) control cats were examined for the quantity and activation state of monocytes/macrophages both by immunohistology and by quantitative real time PCR for the transcription of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) and GM-CSF. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a well-known and widely distributed coronavirus (FCoV)-induced systemic disease in cats, characterised by fibrinousgranulomatous serositis with protein-rich effusions into body cavities, granulomatous-necrotising phlebitis and periphlebitis and granulomatous inflammatory lesions in several organs (Hayashi et al., 1977; Weiss and Scott, 1981; Kipar et al., 1998 Kipar et al., , 2005 . Taken together, our results indicate that IL-10 is a key cytokine in FCoV infection, ensuring an effective specific immune response, but avoiding the inflammatory processes associated with the development of FIP (Kipar et al., 2005) , by inhibiting the virus-induced macrophage activation. doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.004 id = cord-289744-suiqh3gv author = Lafolie, Jérémy title = Assessment of blood enterovirus PCR testing in paediatric populations with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis: a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study date = 2018-10-30 keywords = CSF; PCR; enterovirus summary = The aim of our multicentre study was to assess detection of enterovirus by PCR in blood specimens of newborn babies, infants, and children with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis. Evidence before this study We searched PubMed up to Feb 7, 2018, for papers reporting paediatric enterovirus diseases and enterovirus PCR testing or molecular detection of viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood specimens of patients with aseptic meningitis, sepsis and sepsis-like disease, or fever without source. Our study of 360 patients with laboratory findings of enterovirus infection is, as far as we are aware, the largest prospective, multicentre, observational study to assess PCR testing for enterovirus in both blood and CSF samples from newborn babies (aged ≤28 days) and infants (aged >28 days to ≤2 years) with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis, and children (aged >2 years to ≤16 years) with suspected meningitis. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30479-1 id = cord-345267-u24g6607 author = Lang, Frederick M. title = GM-CSF-based treatments in COVID-19: reconciling opposing therapeutic approaches date = 2020-06-23 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; cell summary = GM-CSF has been shown to be upregulated either systemically and/or in the diseased tissues of patients with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis) 2,26 as well as in conditions that show similarities to late-stage COVID-19, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 27 , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 28 , cytokine release syndrome (CRS) 29 , haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) 30 , hyperinflammation associated with graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) 31 and other inflammatory diseases of the lung 32 , heart 33-35 and nervous system 21, 23, 36, 37 . It has become increasingly well appreciated that the characteristic hyperactive immune response driving COVID-19 progression consists of a ''cytokine storm'' , overwhelming infiltration of inflammatory myeloid cells into the lungs (particularly monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils), and even a disease phenotype resembling secondary HLH (often referred to as ''macrophage activation syndrome'') 25, [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] . doi = 10.1038/s41577-020-0357-7 id = cord-007928-r3z1w441 author = Leinikki, Pauli title = Virus antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients detected with ELISA tests() date = 2003-03-18 keywords = CSF summary = The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine levels of specific IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, vaccinia, corona (OC43) and mumps viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 18 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), 8 patients with optic neuritis (ON), 27 patients with other neurological disease (OND), and 88 control subjects without central nervous system disease. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine levels of specific IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, vaccinia, corona (OC43) and mumps viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 18 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), 8 patients with optic neuritis (ON), 27 patients with other neurological disease (OND), and 88 control subjects without central nervous system disease. Distribution of mean serum/CSF virus (measles, rubella, vaccinia, corona OC43 and mumps) antibody ratios (log) related to blood-brain barrier function in different patient groups. doi = 10.1016/0022-510x(82)90031-4 id = cord-021772-5v4gor2v author = Levine, Gwendolyn J. title = Cerebrospinal Fluid and Central Nervous System Cytology date = 2019-05-31 keywords = CNS; CSF; PCR; cell; cerebrospinal; dog; pleocytosis; protein summary = 45, 46 In a recent study of 106 canine CSF samples without pleocytosis (TNCC <5/μL) but containing at least 500 RBCs/μL, the mean percentage of neutrophils (45.2% versus 5.7%), percentage of samples with eosinophils present (36.8% versus 6.8%), and mean protein concentration (40 mg/dL versus 26 mg/dL) were found to be significantly increased in the samples with blood contamination when compared with controls. 4 A study of cats with CNS cryptococcosis showed organisms in 9 of 11 of the CSF samples, and a majority of cases (9 of 10) had neutrophilic pleocytosis and increased protein concentration (8 of 10). A case series of five cats showed CSF ranging from normal to marked neutrophilic pleocytosis with moderately elevated protein concentration and variable correlation to clinical outcome. 85 A study of eight dogs with natural infection (confirmed by CNS tissue-PCR and histopathology) showed lymphocytic pleocytosis in all samples and normal protein concentrations. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-53314-0.00014-6 id = cord-001583-le1mc045 author = Liu, Yong-Juan title = The combination of decoy receptor 3 and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 for the diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial meningitis date = 2015-03-23 keywords = CSF; bacterial; meningitis summary = CONCLUSIONS: Combined measurement of CSF DcR3 and sTREM-1 concentrations improved the prediction of nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Our previous study has proved that levels of DcR3 are significantly elevated in patients with bacterial meningitis and it may act as a useful biomarker of bacterial meningitis [13] . In this study, we combined the markers of DcR3 and sTREM-1 into a simple score, named as "bioscore", which was proved to be a useful predictor for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Moreover, levels of DcR3 are elevated in patients with Figure 1 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of DcR3 and sTREM-1 for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. In addition, because serum of patients in this study were not collected, predictive value of combined bioscore in blood for bacterial meningitis was not determined. In conclusion, this retrospective study demonstrated that combination of DcR3 and sTREM-1 in CSF could yielded a better diagnostic value for nosocomial bacterial meningitis than that of each biomarker. doi = 10.1186/s12941-015-0078-0 id = cord-023748-3kfy36hg author = Lye, Patricia S. title = Fever date = 2017-05-12 keywords = CSF; FUO; UTI; bacterial; chapter; child; diagnosis; fever; infection; meningitis summary = Although rapid testing for viral pathogens is often readily available, a detailed investigation to identify a viral pathogen is not necessary unless the confirmation of a viral infection will change the acute diagnostic plan; treatment with antivirals is an option (HSV, influenza) if the fever is prolonged and evolves into FUO or if there is end-organ involvement, as in hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, or meningitis. Occult bacteremia is defined by the presence of a positive blood culture for pathogenic bacteria in a febrile patient who does not appear extremely ill and who has no focus of infection, excluding otitis media. A combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory studies can be used to define a specific population of infants aged 29-60 days who do not appear ill and are at low risk for bacterial infections. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00039-x id = cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 author = Macdonald-Laurs, Emma title = CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? date = 2018-09-28 keywords = CSF; IAE; MRI; child summary = title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? Severe neurological complications from seasonal influenza, including influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis (IAE), cause considerable morbidity and mortality in healthy children, and those with pre-existing neurological disease. We identified children aged 0e14 years, with evidence of influenza and associated severe neurological disease including status epilepticus or moderate to severe encephalopathy, admitted to two paediatric hospitals which comprise the Sydney Children''s Hospital Network, the largest paediatric network in Australia. In this case series we observed two groups of children who presented with severe influenza related neurological disease. Further studies of IAE are required to evaluate whether significant elevations of CSF neopterin, particularly in combination with diffusion restriction and other MRI changes, could predict short and long-term outcome. Given the severity of influenza associated neurological complications, we recommend a "treat and test" approach to the use of oseltamivir in children presenting with acute encephalopathy/encephalitis during the influenza season. doi = 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.09.009 id = cord-264163-389tgecz author = Machado, Gisele F. title = Zymographic patterns of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the CSF and cerebellum of dogs with subacute distemper leukoencephalitis date = 2013-07-15 keywords = CSF; Fig; MMP-9 summary = To evaluate the involvement of MMPs during subacute distemper leukoencephalitis, we measured the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by zymography in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the cerebellum of 14 dogs naturally infected with CDV and 10 uninfected dogs. Due to the diversity of clinical manifestations, the brain lesions of dogs with distemper leukoencephalitis are classified as acute, subacute and chronic, depending on the amount of viral particles, the extension of the myelin loss and the composition and severity of the inflammatory infiltrate (Alldinger et al., 1993; Wünschmann et al., 1999; Silva et al., 2009) . For active MMP-2, even though there was no difference between Table 1 Panel of antibodies used in this study to characterize astrocytes, T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the in the cerebellum of dogs with subacute distemper leukoencephalitis. doi = 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.04.006 id = cord-257310-wqu7t44n author = Maideniuc, Catalina title = Acute necrotizing myelitis and acute motor axonal neuropathy in a COVID-19 patient date = 2020-08-09 keywords = CSF; SARS summary = A 61-year-old woman with COVID 19 infection developed acute necrotizing myelitis (ANM) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), a rare variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) without systemic signs of infection. Here we present a unique case of COVID 19 patients with acute necrotizing myelitis (ANM) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), a rare variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) without systemic signs of infection. However, MRI Cervical spine showed patchy T2 hyperintensities within the central cord extending from below the foreman magnum, proximal Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s0041 5-020-10145 -6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. The patient had a spinal fluid analysis that showed a hemorrhagic tap (red blood cells 312/mm 3 ) with normal white blood cells (3/mm 3) elevated protein (87 mg/ dl) and glucose (73 mg/dl). Acute necrotizing encephalitis, myelitis and variants of GBS such as axonal, demyelinating, and Miller Fisher Syndrome have been reported with the COVID 19 [2] [3] [4] [5] . doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10145-6 id = cord-005014-qp4rrwr4 author = Martin, R. title = Persistent intrathecal secretion of oligoclonal, Borrelia burgdorferi-specific IgG in chronic meningoradiculomyelitis date = 1988 keywords = CSF; igg summary = The diagnosis is confirmed by high titres of serum and CSF antibodies, specific for Borrelia burgdorferi, which has recently been identified as the aetiological agent of Lyme disease and Bannwarth''s syndrome [2] . The purpose of our study was to answer the questions whether the CSF immunoglobulin G (IgG) in lymphomeningoradiculitis is locally produced, whether its antigen specificity can be determined, and whether the persistence of a specific distribution pattern can be recorded over the course of the disease. In the present study, we used a rapid and sensitive immunoblotting technique [6] to detect and characterize intrathecally produced IgG in five patients suffering from chronic meningoradiculitis (Bannwarth''s syndrome) or radiculomyelitis. The presence of oligoclonal IgG bands in the CSF and not in the serum of patients suffering from meningoradiculitis or radiculomyelitis strongly favours the intrathecal production of these antibodies and was firstly demonstrated by Kriiger et al. doi = 10.1007/bf00314352 id = cord-017885-cz19y60u author = Maziarz, Eileen K. title = Cryptococcosis date = 2014-11-24 keywords = AIDS; CSF; Cryptococcus; HAART; HIV; IRIS summary = While the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the outcome of cryptococcosis in many HIV-infected patients, cryptococcosis remains an entity of considerable morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world, and restoration of host immunity can present management challenges that require individualized management. In a high-risk patient with clinical symptoms suggestive of meningitis, identification of cryptococcal antigen in CSF or serum is rapid, specific, noninvasive, and virtually diagnostic of meningoencephalitis or disseminated cryptococcosis even when the India ink examination or culture is negative [42, 43] . Though combination induction therapy with AmBd and 5-FC remains the recommended standard of care for severe cryptococcosis including cryptococcal meningitis, limited availability of 5-FC in resource-limited settings presents significant challenges for managing patients in areas where the disease burden and mortality rates are highest. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-13090-3_15 id = cord-341603-i9j8185y author = Mejdoubi, Anasse title = Neurosyphilis revealed by compressive cervical spine syphilitic gumma: a case report date = 2020-06-30 keywords = CSF; syphilitic summary = title: Neurosyphilis revealed by compressive cervical spine syphilitic gumma: a case report CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of extradural cervical spinal syphilitic gumma revealed by spinal cord compression in a 58-year-old male. In this article, we report an exceptional case of neurosyphilis combining an extradural cervical spinal and cerebro-meningeal syphilitic gumma revealed by spinal cord compression. First-line treatment for neurosyphilis in any form, including central nervous system gummas, is represented by highdose intravenous aqueous penicillin G. Neurosurgical treatment of syphilitic gumma should be reserved in case of signs of compression (spinal cord compression, and intracranial hypertension) or secondary neurological worsening [3, 5, 21] . Diagnosis and treatment of spinal syphilitic gumma: a case report Spinal cord syphilitic gumma presenting with brown-Séquard syndrome: a case report and literature review Multiple intracranial and spinal cord syphilitic gummas in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative man with untreated syphilis: a case report doi = 10.1038/s41394-020-0303-8 id = cord-313208-nfu8rdvh author = Muccioli, Lorenzo title = Subcortical myoclonus in COVID‐19: comprehensive evaluation of a patient date = 2020-08-07 keywords = CSF summary = Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, performed eight days after myoclonus onset, demonstrated 5 leukocytes/μL, elevated protein levels (75 mg/dL) and CSF/serum albumin ratio (13.1), and negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Myoclonus onset timing and clinical course were also not consistent with an adverse drug reaction, a mechanism suggested in the form of serotonin syndrome in two patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir. 2, Agitation and myoclonus were preceded by severe cytokine release syndrome, a distinctive feature of COVID-19. Interestingly, cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 has been implicated in steroid-responsive COVID-19-associated encephalopathy. 5 In addition to marked agitation in our patient, previous reports also had clinical/instrumental findings suggestive of encephalopathy, including dysexecutive syndrome, delirium, somnolence, EEG slowing, elevated inflammatory markers, variable responses to immunotherapies and a benign clinical course, 1-4 further suggesting an immune-mediated/inflammatory pathogenesis. Serotonin syndrome in two COVID-19 patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19 doi = 10.1002/mdc3.13046 id = cord-351040-j3ltpaa0 author = Naser Moghadasi, Abdorreza title = Encephalopathy associated with COVID-19 in a patient with multiple sclerosis date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; CSF summary = Herein, a 34-year-old patient with MS who experienced the decreased level of consciousness and encephalopathy following COVID-19 involvement has been reported. Although the result of the COVID-19 test in CSF was negative, the patient was treated with the diagnosis of COVID-19 encephalitis. Although the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test of SARS-CoV-2 was negative in CSF, the patient was treated with a diagnosis of the encephalitis caused by COVID-19 due to the exclusion of other causes. Due to improving the neurological conditions, the patient was diagnosed with mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS) caused by COVID-19 (Hayashi et al. In addition to patients with encephalitis, the cases with encephalopathy are reported due to causes other than the direct invasion of SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we reported a patient with MS who experienced the decreased level of consciousness and encephalopathy following COVID-19 involvement. Before developing COVID-19, the patient Fig. 1 a, b Brain MRI revealed multiple confluent lesions with gadolinium enhancements. doi = 10.1007/s13365-020-00921-5 id = cord-025251-evnfvc0l author = Nemunaitis, John title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: let the virus be its own demise date = 2020-05-26 keywords = CSF; SARS; dna; furin summary = Herein we describe the rationale and potential of repurposing a dual plasmid, Vigil (pbi-shRNA(furin)-GM-CSF), now in Phase III cancer trials, for the treatment of and, in certain circumstances, enhancement of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. A recent publication from Nankai University (Tianjin, China) on SARS-CoV-2 reported that genome sequence analysis revealed a section of genes that was not present in SARS-CoV that had a cleavage site similar to HIV and Ebola which carry viral proteins necessary for fusogenic activity of viral species to the human cell membrane. Another immunotherapeutic intervention would be to increase the pulmonary expression of GM-CSF, which, in vivo, redirects macrophages from an M1 state of activation to an M2 activation state and enhances expression of anti-inflammatory mediators and perhaps allow more time for patients to mount an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 [25] . Similar to SARS-CoV-2, alveolar epithelial cells are the primary target of influenza virus (IV) and are the first site of entry and support for viral propagation and replication. doi = 10.2217/fvl-2020-0068 id = cord-102725-k0xhbssu author = Norwood, Jordan N. title = Intranasal Administration of Functionalized Soot Particles Disrupts Olfactory Sensory Neuron Progenitor Cells in the Neuroepithelium date = 2020-08-19 keywords = CSF; olfactory; soot summary = Here, we investigated the impact of intranasal treatment of combustion products (laboratory-generated soots) and their oxygen functionalized derivatives on mouse olfactory sensory neurons, olfactory nerve cell progenitors, and the behavior of the mouse. To better understand the effects of air pollution on olfactory sensory neurons and their progenitor cells, we investigated the impact of intranasal treatment with surrogates for combustion generated ''soots'' synthesized from carbon black precursors. However, oxygen-functionalized soots greatly decreased the levels of olfactory progenitor cells, suggesting that exposure to these particles can set up a long-term decrease in the number of OSNs. Such a decrease could lead to anosmia and decreased CSF movement. In order to understand how air pollution might affect olfactory sensory neurons and their progenitor cells, we treated mice intranasally with surrogate soot-like particles that either had oxygen-4 functionalized surfaces or non-functionalized surfaces. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.19.256297 id = cord-001254-y2knt8g0 author = Parkhomenko, Taisiya A. title = Comparison of DNA-Hydrolyzing Antibodies from the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis date = 2014-04-15 keywords = Abs; CSF; dna summary = Here we have shown, for the first time, that average concentration of total proteins (132-fold), total IgGs (194-fold) and anti-DNA antibodies (200-fold) in the sera is significantly higher than that in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of fifteen MS patients. We present first evidence showing that IgGs from CSF not only bind but efficiently hydrolyze DNA and that average specific DNase activity of homogeneous antibodies from CSF is unpredictably ∼49-fold higher than that from the sera of the same MS patients. Finally, the relative concentration of total anti-DNA Abs correlated with the relative specific IgG DNase activity better in the sera (CC = +0.51; columns 6 and 12) than in CSF (CC = + 0.11; columns 5 and 11) (Tables 2 and 3 ). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0093001 id = cord-022594-fx044gcd author = Pirko, Istvan title = Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System date = 2009-05-18 keywords = ADEM; CNS; CSF; Devic; EDSS; MRI; NMO; lesion; multiple; patient; relapse; study summary = If a patient presents with a history of two or more attacks, but objective clinical evidence only suggests one lesion, the following additional data is needed to confirm the diagnosis: the disease process has to be disseminated in space as demonstrated by MRI; alternatively, two or more MRI-detected lesions consistent with MS plus positive CSF would suffice to meet the newly defined criteria. The EBM calculations regarding this trial show an RRR of 24%, and ARR of 11%, and an NNT of 9 patients over 2 years in order to prevent one conversion to "clinically definite MS." These two studies provide support for considering early treatment in patients presenting with first attack, in the presence of multiple asymptomatic MRI lesions, but further studies are needed to determine whether this approach will provide a prolonged benefit on disease course. doi = 10.1016/b978-141603618-0.10048-7 id = cord-283367-azzy2t1a author = Rahman, Asma title = Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: A narrative review date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; SARS; acute summary = Some patients show neurological manifestations such as headache, dizziness, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral nerve and muscle symptoms and smell and taste impairment. Sarma and Bilello 41 1 Acute transverse myelitis A 28-year-old female patient with SARS-CoV-2 presenting lower back pain, bilateral symmetric upper, and lower extremity numbness. 50 None of the patients with post-COVID-19 GBS tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the CSF, 51 points to an immune mechanism such as inflammation secondary to a cytokine storm as a possible cause. During the COVID-19 pandemic, if a patient has neurological symptoms such as loss of the sense of smell and taste or delirium, testing for SARS-CoV-2 should be considered irrespective of them not having the other typical symptoms. Stroke in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: case series Acute myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study doi = 10.1177/2050312120957925 id = cord-007593-45ynhqmf author = Rauch, Helene C. title = Chronic Theiler''s virus infection in mice: appearance of myelin basic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum antibody directed against MBP date = 2002-11-13 keywords = BHK; CSF; MBP; TMEV summary = title: Chronic Theiler''s virus infection in mice: appearance of myelin basic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum antibody directed against MBP Myelin basic protein (MBP) appears frequently in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of mice with chronic demyelination following intracerebral infection with Theiler''s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV); antibody to MBP can frequently be found in the sera. We have eliminated TMEV viral protein as a source of a common or cross-reacting epitope by both absorption and immunoblot analysis, but the mechanism of induction of Ab[MBP] and its role, if any, in the clinical and pathologic development of TMEV-associated demyelination remains to be determined. The incidence at 12 weeks coincides with the mean onset of clinical signs of TMEV-associated demyelination and the presence of MBP in the CSF of these animals. doi = 10.1016/0165-5728(87)90099-3 id = cord-298894-t5hyfum3 author = Rifino, Nicola title = Neurologic manifestations in 1760 COVID-19 patients admitted to Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy date = 2020-10-07 keywords = CSF; SARS; covid-19; patient summary = Neurological manifestations were classified as: (a) cerebrovascular disease [53 pts (38.7%)] including 37 ischemic and 11 haemorrhagic strokes, 4 transient ischemic attacks, 1 cerebral venous thrombosis; (b) peripheral nervous system diseases [31 (22.6%)] including 17 Guillain–Barrè syndromes; (c) altered mental status [49 (35.8%)] including one necrotizing encephalitis and 2 cases with RT-PCR detection of SARS-Cov-2 RNA in CSF; (d) miscellaneous disorders, among whom 2 patients with myelopathy associated with Ab anti-SARS-CoV-2 in CSF. COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed: (1) by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal specimens [13] ; or (2) by RT-PCR on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtained by bronchoscopy in case of high clinical suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection and negative test results on at least two nasopharyngeal swabs performed at least 24 h apart; or (3) in the presence of characteristic radiological interstitial pneumonia associated with typical symptoms (fever, dry cough, dyspnea), even with negative RT-PCR, with no other possible aetiologic explanation. doi = 10.1007/s00415-020-10251-5 id = cord-333805-xmqs2ax7 author = Romoli, Michele title = A systematic review of neurological manifestations of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: the devil is hidden in the details date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; PCR; SARS summary = BACKGROUND: We systematically reviewed available evidence for reports of neurological signs and symptoms in Coronavirus disease (COVID)‐19 patients to identify cases with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection or immune‐mediated reaction in the nervous system. This study therefore aimed to identify clinical cases of confirmed nervous system invasion or postinfectious neurological disease in the available COVID-19 literature on the basis of a systematic review. A systematic review was carried out to study all cases reporting nervous system involvement in patients with proven SARS-CoV2 infection. There were just 2 cases with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR in CSF among 27 patients with potential neurologic symptoms and proven COVID-19. In this regard, we see a clear need for the use of precise case definitions and focused diagnostic work-up to distinguish nonspecific complications of severe disease and focused reporting of neurological involvement in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1111/ene.14382 id = cord-006322-t7x86w9h author = Rowin, Mark E. title = Hypothermia Attenuates β1 Integrin Expression on Extravasated Neutrophils in an Animal Model of Meningitis date = 2001 keywords = CSF; expression; integrin; neutrophil summary = This study examines whether hypothermia alters neutrophil integrin expression in a rabbit model of bacterial meningitis. We have previously demonstrated that extravasated CSF neutrophils in rabbits with group B streptococcal meningitis show a significant increase in expression of b1, activated b1, and b2 integrins (31) . Since the brain injury in meningitis occurs in part as a consequence of leukocyte activation and subsequent release of bioactive products, we speculate that hypothermia affects neutrophil function during the acute inflammatory response. Thus, this article examines expression of b1 and b2 integrins on extravasated neutrophils in normothermic and hypothermic animals using bacterial meningitis as a model of CNS inflammation. As is shown in Figure 1 , hypothermia significantly decreased total b1 integrin expression on neutrophils when compared to normothermic animals, with the relative fluorescence intensity decreasing to near baseline levels (RFI 1.18, P < 0.05). doi = 10.1023/a:1011044312536 id = cord-268567-2xoubkxb author = Samannodi, Mohammed title = Compliance with international guidelines in adults with encephalitis date = 2020-04-14 keywords = CSF; HSV; PCR summary = In this study, we are evaluating the work up, management and outcome of 241 adults with encephalitis based on the majority of current guidelines recommendations in literature [11] [12] [13] [14] . As summarized in (Supplemental Digital Content Table 1 ), all guidelines of encephalitis management have major parts in evaluating and managing patients with encephalitis; exposure evaluation, appropriate utilization of diagnostic and neurodiagnostic studies, and proportion and timing of empirical antibiotic and antiviral therapy [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA), British, Australian, International consortium, and French guidelines recommend that clinicians evaluate for potential exposures and risk factors and to perform appropriate utilization of diagnostic studies in patients with suspected encephalitis. Also, most of the guidelines recommends to repeat CSF HSV PCR in 3-7 days in undiagnosed cases of encephalitis in which patients have clinical features or neuroimaging findings of HSV encephalitis [11] [12] [13] [14] . doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104369 id = cord-271011-5stsx5je author = Singh, M. title = Inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid analysis in cats: clinical diagnosis and outcome date = 2005-03-09 keywords = CNS; CSF; cat; cell summary = The purpose of this study was to determine if signalment, clinical signs, CSF analysis, additional clinicopathological data and diagnostic imaging could be used to determine the specific aetiology of the CNS disease in cats with inflammatory CSF. Based on the results, clinical information, clinical pathology and ancillary testing procedures the following classifications of disease could be made: 1, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP); 2, Cryptococcus species infection; 3, Toxoplasma species infection; 4, other meningoencephalitis; 5, thiamine deficiency; 6, lymphoma; 7, other neoplasia; 8, trauma; 9, intervertebral disc disease; 10, spinal cord granuloma and 11, undiagnosed (Table 2) . A presumptive diagnosis of FIP was made based on age, a suppurative or mixed inflammatory CSF, poor response to treatment, elevated serum or body cavity effusion FeCoV antibody titre or a reduced albumin:globulin ratio (!0.5) of serum or body cavity effusions. A presumptive diagnosis was made based on a mild suppurative-mixed CSF inflammation, normal-mildly increased CSF protein levels and positive IgG antibody titre. doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.07.001 id = cord-007279-ewcgkx0h author = Song, Jong-Am title = Human G-CSF synthesis using stress-responsive bacterial proteins date = 2009-07-01 keywords = CSF summary = We previously reported that under the stress condition caused by the addition of 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide, a thiol-specific oxidant, to growing cultures of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), a population of stress-responsive proteins [peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase B (PpiB), bacterioferritin (Bfr), putative HTH-type transcriptional regulator yjdC (YjdC), dihydrofolate reductase (FolA), chemotaxis protein cheZ (CheZ), and glutathione synthetase (GshB)] were significantly upregulated when compared with the nonstress condition. When those stress-responsive proteins were used as fusion partners for the expression of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF), the solubility of hG-CSF was dramatically enhanced in E. We found that these relatively small stress-responsive proteins were highly effective in enhancing the solubility of recombinant hG-CSF when used as fusion partner, which will be discussed next. coli cytoplasm dramatically increased when the stress-responsive proteins were used as fusion partners, indicating that the fusion expression partners were highly effective solubility enhancers. Solubility enhancement of aggregation-prone heterologous proteins by fusion expression using stress-responsive Escherichia coli protein doi = 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01616.x id = cord-345210-6f8niif5 author = Tadavarthy, Silpa N. title = Developing and Implementing an Infection Prevention and Control Program for a COVID-19 Alternative Care Site in Philadelphia, PA date = 2020-07-19 keywords = CSF; IPC; PPE summary = The rapid creation and unusual configuration of this facility, together with the challenges of new clinical teams unfamiliar with one another, and working together in uncomfortable PPE to provide high-quality patient care, necessitated some basic approaches to the development of our IPC program. The plan identified the need for engineering controls (e.g. specifications for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems) and specified occupational IPC health and safety requirements, including PPE standards, daily monitoring of staff for acute illness, sanitation standards for both hand hygiene and equipment sanitation, as well as laundry and waste management recommendations. Key lessons learned included the need to: develop strategies to cope with real and potential shortages of critical supplies; adapt existing guidance for unique sites of care; standardize and continually assess staff use of PPE and fundamental IPC practices; and the importance of communication of IPC principles and concerns throughout the planning and management of this COVID ACS. doi = 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.006 id = cord-258374-qht98q0l author = Takano, Tomomi title = Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions date = 2009-04-03 keywords = CSF; FIP; FIPV summary = title: Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions Furthermore, it was investigated whether macrophages, one of the target cells of FIPV infection, produce neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF). The neutrophil survival rates were significantly increased in the presence of the culture supernatant of macrophages infected with the mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2 compared to those in the presence of other supernatants (Fig. 5) . When SPF-cat-derived alveolar macrophages were infected with a mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, the intracellular TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF mRNA levels increased (Fig. 6 ). These cytokine mRNA levels were also elevated in macrophages infected with FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, clarifying the presence of neutrophil survival factors in the macrophage culture supernatant. It was suggested that: (1) FIPV-infected macrophages release TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF in response to virus replication, and (2) these cytokines act on neutrophils and prolong their survival. doi = 10.1007/s00705-009-0371-3 id = cord-307563-almkb3zd author = Tan, Donald T.H. title = Efficacy of neural vision therapy to enhance contrast sensitivity function and visual acuity in low myopia date = 2008-04-30 keywords = CSF; NVC; UCVA; visual summary = Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of neural vision enhancement technology (NVC, NeuroVision, Inc.) to improve visual acuity and contrast sensitivity function in eyes with low myopia. Methods This noncomparative interventional case series comprised 20 Asian adults between 19 and 53 years of age with low myopia (cycloplegic spherical equivalence [SE] from −0.5 diopter [D] to −1.5 D in the worst eye; astigmatism not exceeding 0.5 D in either eye; uncorrected visual acuity [UCVA] ≤0.7 logMAR) who had NVC treatment. Work on perceptual learning by Polat and others has been adopted for clinical use in the form of a computerized, Internet-based perceptual learning program developed by NeuroVision, Inc. The NeuroVision (NVC) correction technology probes specific neuronal interactions, using a set of patient-specific stimuli that improve neuronal efficiency and induce improvement of CSF due to a reduction in noise and increase in signal strength, resulting in improved spatial resolution or visual acuity. doi = 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.11.052 id = cord-008085-3ihuqvei author = Thomas, William B. title = Nonneoplastic disorders of the brain date = 2005-07-06 keywords = CSF; Fig; MRI; brain; dog; hematoma; lesion summary = Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are helpful in the diagnosis of many nonneoplastic brain disorders in the dog and cat. Experimentally, acute obstructive hydrocephalus in dogs causes edema starting at the dorsolateral angles of the lateral ventricles and spreading into the adjacent white matter, n On CT, this is evident as blurring or loss of the normally sharp ventricular margins. ~<18-21 In contrast to human patients, most dogs and cats with this syndrome do not have obvious enlargement of the caudal fossa, ls-21 Neurological deficits typically occur at a young age and primarily reflect cerebellar dysfunction, including ataxia, hypermetria, intention tremor, and vestibular dysfunction, ls-21 On CT and MRI, Dandy-Walker malformation is characterized by an enlarged caudal fossa filled by an enormous fourth ventricle and a small cerebellum. 43,45 At this stage the hematoma is still hypointense on T2-welghted images23 Other causes of T1 hyperintensity or T2 hypointenslty include fat, calcification, mucinous material, intratumoral melanin, flow effects, and enhancement with paramagnetic contrast agents23 Extracellular methemoglobin. doi = 10.1016/s1096-2867(99)80030-9 id = cord-327444-y2464gjh author = Wilson, M.R. title = Meningitis, Viral date = 2014-05-01 keywords = CSF; meningitis; viral summary = The concept that agents other than bacteria can invade the central nervous system (CNS) began with the emergence of poliomyelitis as an epidemic infection and, subsequently, with the realization that similar meningeal inflammation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis occurred in as many as 60% of patients with mumps parotitis. That meningitis could be caused by other ''filterable agents'' (i.e., viruses) was demonstrated by Rivers and Scot, who in 1935 recovered lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) from the CSF of an affected patient. Recent studies employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, however, confirm older observations that enteroviral CNS infections occur throughout the year, and many previously undiagnosed cases of viral meningitis occurring during winter months are also caused by these viruses. The most common domestic arthropodborne agents associated with viral meningitis include St. Louis encephalitis virus, the California/LaCrosse group of viruses, Colorado tick fever, and West Nile virus, which caused an explosive outbreak when it first arrived in the United States in 1999 and more recently in 2012. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-385157-4.00384-5 id = cord-320940-e7ic2pnc author = Yang, Jiancheng title = Nanosensor networks for health-care applications date = 2020-02-14 keywords = CSF; PSA; Zika; detection; sensor summary = Functionalized transistors provide effective sensors for a variety of viruses (Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome), toxins (botulinum), cancers (breast and prostate), and disease or injury biomarkers (troponin, cerebrospinal fluid). For biological and medical sensing applications, disease diagnosis by detecting specific biomarkers (functional or structural abnormal enzymes, low molecular weight proteins, or antigen) in blood, urine, saliva, or tissue samples has been established using a number of approaches, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), particle-based flow cytometric assays, electrochemical techniques based on impedance and capacitance, electrical measurement of micro-cantilever resonant frequency change, and conductance measurement of semiconductor nanostructures [1À3] . In this chapter, we describe the use of semiconductor transistor-based systems in which specific functional layers are placed directly on the gate region of the transistor or connected to it from disposable glass or plastic slides to provide a sensor capable of fast response and excellent detection sensitivity. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-819870-4.00023-2 id = cord-252569-9rv1p3qh author = Zanella, M.-C. title = High-throughput sequencing for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis. A narrative review and clinical appraisal date = 2019-01-11 keywords = CNS; CSF; HTS summary = Inclusion criteria were studies including patients with encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, or meningitis of unknown origin and reporting the use of HTS for the aetiologic identification of a viral origin in CNS samples. HTS was performed retrospectively in 18 studies and prospectively as part of the initial work-up in 11 case reports with an impact on the clinical management of three immunocompromised patients: a child with encephalitis associated with HAstV-VA1 [23] ; an adult with encephalitis associated with HAstV-VA1 [33] ; and an adult with chronic meningoencephalitis associated with Cache Valley virus [30] . In most studies, the approach to establish causality was not explicitly described, but was reported as the temporal association of clinical manifestations and the identification of viral sequences of a specific virus using HTS on CNS samples at the time of manifestations. doi = 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.022 id = cord-005453-4057qib7 author = nan title = The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session date = 2019-07-03 keywords = AML; ASCT; ATG; BMT; CD19; CD34; CD4; CD8; CMV; CSF; DFS; DLI; EBMT; EBV; ECP; GVHD; HCT; HLA; HSCT; Hodgkin; Hospital; III; January; MDS; MRD; MSD; NHL; NRM; PBSC; PCR; PFS; PNH; RIC; TBI; TMA; TRM; University; VOD; background; car; cell; conclusion; day; disease; donor; figure; graft; group; high; median; method; mud; patient; result; transplantation summary = To compare the safety and efficacy of prophylactic DLI for prevention of relapse after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from haploidentical donors (HID-SCT) and matched-sibling donors (MSD-SCT) in patients with very high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we performed a retrospective, observational cohort study enrolled in 21 HID-SCT and 13 MSD-SCT recipients. The aim of this study is to identify the prognostic impact of pre-transplant TIM3 levels on early and late transplant related complications as well as post-transplant relapse and survival Methods: A total of 177 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients with an initial diagnosis of acute leukemia [median age: 36(16-66) years; male/ female: 111/66] were included in the study. doi = 10.1038/s41409-019-0559-4 id = cord-005460-ezrn8cva author = nan title = Physicians – Poster Session date = 2017-07-28 keywords = AML; ASCT; ATG; BEAM; CD34; CD4; CD8; CMV; CSF; DFS; DLI; Department; EBV; ECP; GVHD; HCT; HLA; HSCT; Hematology; Hodgkin; Hospital; III; January; MDS; MRD; MSC; NHL; NRM; PBSC; PCR; PFS; RIC; SOS; TBI; TRM; Table; University; VOD; cell; day; figure; patient; transplantation summary = Still the optimal combination of immunosuppressive agents with PTCy should be elucidated for different types of SCTs. We report the 2-year update of the prospective NCT02294552 single-center trial that evaluated risk-adapted graft-versushost disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with PTCy in related, unrelated and haploidentical SCTs. 200 adult patients (median age 32 y.o., range: 18-62) with hematologic malignancies, including AML (47.5%), ALL (26.5%), CML (10.5%), MDS (4%), and lymphomas (11.5%), were enrolled in the study. Long-term follow-up from the prospective randomized phase III multicenter trial comparing a standard GvHD prophylaxis with cyclosporine A and methotrexate with or without additional pretransplant ATLG (Grafalon, previously ATG-FRESENIUS S) (given 20 mg/kg/day, days − 3 to − 1) in unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation after myeloablative conditioning resulted in a significant reduction of acute and chronic GvHD without compromising relapse rate and survival [1, 2, 3] . doi = 10.1038/bmt.2017.134 id = cord-006444-eq56zhtd author = nan title = Abstracts of oral presentations and posters date = 1993 keywords = AML; CD34; CFU; CSF; IFN; IL-1; IL-2; IL-3; IL-4; IL-6; PBPC; SCF; TNF; cell; day; patient summary = The results from ongoing preclinical studies continue to confirm the broad spectrum of biological activities possessed by rhiL-1 1 in vitro and suggest this cytokine may be an effective agent in the treatment of myelosuppression associated with cancer chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. We performed a phase H trial to assess the ability of G-CSF -mobilized PBPC to rapidly and completely restore hemopeiesis after high dose chemotherapy in the absence of bone marrow infusions, with selection for PBPC-only infusions based on yield of granulocyte -macrophage colony -forming cells (GM-CFC) after G-CSF treatment. Our approach for high-dose (HD) chemotherapy is to first treat patients eligible for dose intensification with a standard dose chemotherapy (VIP: VP26 = etoposide: 500 mg/m 2, ifosfamide: 4 g/m 2, cis-platinum: 50 mg/m 2) followed by the application of colony stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF or IL-3 + GM-CSF) in order to combine a regimen with broad anti-tumor activity with the recruitment of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs). doi = 10.1007/bf01695978 id = cord-006869-g2q1gpp0 author = nan title = Neurocritical Care Society 7th Annual Meeting date = 2009-10-08 keywords = ACA; CSF; EEG; GCS; ICH; ICP; ICU; IVH; LOS; MCA; MRI; PRES; SAH; TBI; VAP; outcome; patient summary = This was a pilot study to compare the cerebral neurochemical changes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who underwent conventional blood glucose level (BGL) control and intensive BGL control with continuous titrated insulin. We studied 14 comatose SAH patients who underwent multimodality neuromonitoring with intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral microdialysis, and brain tissue oxygen (PbtO 2 ) as part of their clinical care. We studied 46 consecutive comatose patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, or cardiac arrest who underwent cerebral microdialysis and intracranial pressure monitoring.Continuous insulin infusion was used to maintain target serum glucose levels of 80-120 mg/dl. This suggests that risk of cerebral vasospasm following traumatic brain injury is increased not only in subarachnoid hemorrhage, but also intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and that Rotterdam CT score may be a useful metric for assessing risk of csPTV in severe TBI patients. doi = 10.1007/s12028-009-9282-0 id = cord-006870-f5w6fw6q author = nan title = Abstracts Presented at the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) 15th Annual Meeting date = 2017-09-19 keywords = AED; CSF; Care; DCI; EEG; EVD; GCS; Glasgow; ICH; ICP; ICU; IQR; January; LOS; MAP; MRI; NCCU; NIHSS; SAH; SDH; SRSE; Scale; TBI; VTE; brain; day; high; outcome; patient; stroke; study; time summary = Subjective perceptions of recovery were assessed via responses to the forced-choice dichotomized question, "Do you feel that you have made a complete recovery from the arrest?"Objective outcome measures of recovery included: Repeatable Battery for Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Modified Lawton Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (L-ADL), Barthel Index (BI), Cerebral Performance Category Scale (CPC), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), and Post traumatic stress disorder-checklist (PTSD-C). Utilizing data from the Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment (COBRIT) trial, a prospective multicenter study, we identified 224 patients who met the inclusion criteria; 1) placement of an ICP monitoring device, 2) Glasgow coma score (GCS) less than 9, 3) EVD placement prior to arrival or within 6 hours of arrival at the study institution. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence rates of pre-specified medical and neurological ICU complications, and their impact on post-traumatic in-hospital mortality and 12month functional outcomes. doi = 10.1007/s12028-017-0465-9 id = cord-006880-9dgmdtj8 author = nan title = Neurocritical Care Society 10th Annual Meeting: October 4 - 7, 2012 Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel Denver, Colorado date = 2012-09-19 keywords = CSF; Care; DCI; EEG; GCS; GOS; Glasgow; ICH; ICP; ICU; IQR; IVH; MRI; NIHSS; Neurocritical; SAH; Scale; TBI; TCD; brain; day; outcome; patient; study summary = Patients initially comatose after cardiac arrest treated who awoke after therapeutic hypothermia (TH) were evaluated by a neuropsychologist prior to hospital discharge with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), a well-validated tool that assesses function in multiple domains compared to standardized normal values. Clinical data including the pre-admission-status, neuroradiological, initial presentation, treatment, and outcome were evaluated through institutional databases, patient''s medical charts and by mailed questionnaires. To determine the differences in hospital outcomes among adult mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients where the severity of TBI is defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. Retrospective chart analysis was performed on all adult patients arriving to emergency department with history of fall at a level one trauma center for parameters like vomiting, alteration of consciousness (AOC) & loss of consciousness (LOC) after TBI; post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and history of seizures before or after injury, along with outcomes such as ICU admission & ICU length of stay. doi = 10.1007/s12028-012-9775-0 id = cord-009713-sxd4t2tz author = nan title = Poster Presentations date = 2020-01-10 keywords = CSF; Children; DMD; EEG; Hospital; MRI; Neurology; Paediatric; age; case; child; conclusion; patient; present; report; result; seizure; study; year summary = Poster No. 010 Seizure, developmental and cognitive outcomes in children post hemispherotomy TT TAY 1 , DR REED 2 , VJ JOSAN 3 , SR RUST 4 , JT TAN 5 1 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; 2 Neuropsychology Team, Paediatric Psychosocial Service, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; 3 Neurosurgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK; 4 Paediatric Neuropsychology, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; 5 Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK Introduction: Patients with focal refractory epilepsy secondary to structural hemispheric changes have been shown in retrospective studies to have significantly improved seizure outcomes following hemispheric disconnection. In a univariate analysis of 682 cases with ≥12 months follow-up data, poor final outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 3-6) occurred in 30% and was associated with very young or elderly age at onset, movement disorder, decreased consciousness, autonomic dysfunction, mechanical ventilation, higher mRS score in the acute phase, longer hospital stay, extreme delta brush on EEG, abnormal MRI, CSF pleocytosis and elevated CSF protein (all p<0.05). doi = 10.1111/dmcn.14411 id = cord-014976-546zaoxn author = nan title = Publication only date = 2006-03-08 keywords = AML; ASCT; ATG; CD34; CSF; GVHD; HLA; HSCT; PBSC; PCR; RIC; SCT; cell; day; patient; stem; transplantation summary = In order to evaluate if malignant and non malignant hematological diseases quantitatively and qualitatively affect BM derived MSCs, bone marrow from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL diagnosis n=9, different phases of treatment n=29, end of therapy n=10), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (n=16), autoimmune neutropenia (n=12) and control patients (solid tumors without BM involvement, n=30) was harvested and the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction isolated. Case: In our hospital a total of 3 patients with relapsed Hodgkin''s disease underwent reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) from an HLA-identical sibling. We report a case of a young male patient of 19 years old with aggressive MS who was treated with a high-dose immunosuppressive regimen (HDIS) using myeloablation followed by autologous blood stem cell transplantation (ASCT) that has induced a dramatic and long-lasting remission of the disease. doi = 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705327 id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 keywords = APACHE; ARDS; CD14; CD4; CLP; CRP; CSF; ELISA; ICU; IFN; III; IL-1; IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-8; LEH; LPS; MOF; PAF; PMN; SIRS; TNF; University; animal; blood; cell; control; cytokine; day; effect; endotoxin; factor; follow; group; high; increase; injury; level; method; mouse; patient; production; rat; release; response; result; sepsis; septic; shock; study; trauma summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. doi = 10.1007/bf02258437 id = cord-015389-vwgai4k9 author = nan title = Publication only date = 2009-03-25 keywords = AML; CD34; CMV; CSF; GVHD; HLA; HSCT; cell; day; median; patient summary = doi = 10.1038/bmt.2009.50 id = cord-018034-gx5c9mk8 author = nan title = Cell and Tissue Reactions date = 2006 keywords = BBB; CNS; CSF; Fig; ICP; MHC; brain; cell; injury; tissue summary = The tissue reactions are to be differentiated according to their specific pathogenetic mechanisms, though these mechanisms as well as the phenomena are overlapping as demonstrated in Fig. 4 .1; brain ischemia as a type of metabolic disturbance, edema, intracranial pressure, necrosis, herniation and inflammation are influencing themselves and are dependent on each other. Schematic demonstration of overlapping pathogenetic mechanisms that are associated with different types of tissue reactions by a causal link: metabolic disturbance, i.e., edema, increasing cerebral blood volume, perfusion pressure and herniation, i.e., brain swelling and cortical necrosis Distortion or pressure on the floor of the fourth ventricle are most likely responsible for the vomiting, while stretching and distortion of the dura mater and major intracranial blood vessels, all sensitive to pain, probably account for the headache. doi = 10.1007/3-540-28995-x_4 id = cord-022527-a0x6lws3 author = nan title = Eosinophils in Human Disease date = 2012-10-12 keywords = AHR; CD34; CRS; CSF; DES; ECP; EDN; EGID; HES; IL-4; IL-5; MBP; asthma; cell; eosinophil; patient; study summary = The role of the eosinophils as key players in the pathophysiology of asthma has been debated, despite evidence that the cells are present and activated in the airway lumen and tissue 1 of patients with current asthma; are increased in number when asthma is uncontrolled 2 or severe 3 and decreased when asthma is controlled 4 ; and treatment strategies that aim to control airway eosinophilia are significantly more effective and less expensive in improving asthma control 5,6 and decreasing asthma exacerbations compared to guideline-based clinical strategies. 11 Since allergic asthma is primarily a T-helper type 2 (T h 2)-mediated disease, it is not surprising that cytokines driving eosinophilia are T h 2 cell products: specifically, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and interleukin-5 (IL-5), which signal through specific high-affinity cell-surface receptors linked to a common b-chaindall of which can act as eosinophil growth factors that promote formation of eosinophil/basophil (Eo/B) colony-forming units (CFU) in functional assays. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-394385-9.00013-4 id = cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author = nan title = Abstracts: Poster session date = 2004-10-08 keywords = ALS; Alzheimer; Association; CNS; CSF; GBS; HTLV; MBP; MRI; Neurological; Parkinson; age; cell; control; day; disease; patient; study; test summary = We investigated the usefulness of informant-based data in Alzheimer''s disease (AD) by comparing caregivers'' subjective evaluations of 83 probable A D patients'' performance on an abbreviated version of the Memory Self-Report Questionnaire to objective evaluations derived from an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests and to clinicians'' evaluations. Compared with 89 subjects (mean age 75.2 yr; 34 men, 55 women) with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), there were no significant group differences for comparable Clinical Dementia Rating stages of dementia for measures of language, Activities of Daily Living, or general cognition. The mean age at onset did not differ significantly between handedness groups (F [ l,lOO] = .82), but the mean duration of symptoms ( Alterations in the optical properties of brain can be used to detect pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer''s disease (AD). doi = 10.1002/ana.410320224 id = cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 author = nan title = ISEV2020 Abstract Book date = 2020-07-15 keywords = CD63; CD81; CD9; CDC; CRC; CSF; ELISA; Exo; Extracellular; GBM; HER2; HIV; Health; Institute; L1CAM; MDA; MSC; NIH; NTA; Nanoparticle; National; PCR; RNA; Research; SEC; TEM; Tau; USA; University; analysis; cancer; cell; conclusion; dna; exosome; expression; high; human; introduction; isolate; marker; method; patient; plasma; protein; result; sample; size; study; summary; vesicle; western summary = L.M., and the National Institutes of Health (R35GM119623) to T.R.G. The addition of a size exclusion chromatography step to various urinary extracellular vesicle concentrating methods reveals differences in the small RNA profile Introduction: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA cargo are a novel source of biomarkers for various diseases, however non-vesicular RNA (e.g. associated with proteins) is also present within urine. We then evaluated efficiency of heart targeting for eAAV9 or eAAV6 and standard AAV9 or AAV6 encoding for EGFP, mCherry or firefly luciferase in different human cell lines in vitro, in black mouse and in passive immunity nude mouse model in vivo using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Langendorff perfusion system and Methods: HLHS patients (n = 3) after Glenn procedure and swine (n = 3) after PAB were given RV injections of allogeneic/xenogeneic MSCs. Donor-specific, HLA-I+, exosomes were isolated from plasma. doi = 10.1080/20013078.2020.1784511