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Scott; Umstead, Todd M.; Davies, Michael L.; Kawasawa, Yuka Imamura; Silveyra, Patricia; Howyrlak, Judie; Yang, Linlin; Guo, Weichao; Hu, Sanmei; Hewage, Eranda Kurundu; Chroneos, Zissis C. title: GM-CSF overexpression after influenza a virus infection prevents mortality and moderates M1-like airway monocyte/macrophage polarization date: 2018-01-05 journal: Respir Res DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0708-5 sha: doc_id: 2823 cord_uid: n55xvwkf file: cache/cord-006322-t7x86w9h.json key: cord-006322-t7x86w9h authors: Rowin, Mark E.; Xue, Vivian; Irazuzta, Jose title: Hypothermia Attenuates β1 Integrin Expression on Extravasated Neutrophils in an Animal Model of Meningitis date: 2001 journal: Inflammation DOI: 10.1023/a:1011044312536 sha: doc_id: 6322 cord_uid: t7x86w9h file: cache/cord-001583-le1mc045.json key: cord-001583-le1mc045 authors: Liu, Yong-Juan; Shao, Li-Hua; Zhang, Jian; Fu, Shan-Ji; Wang, Gang; Chen, Feng-Zhe; Zheng, Feng; Ma, Rui-Ping; Liu, Hai-Hong; Dong, Xiao-Meng; Ma, Li-Xian title: The combination of decoy receptor 3 and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 for the diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial meningitis date: 2015-03-23 journal: Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob DOI: 10.1186/s12941-015-0078-0 sha: doc_id: 1583 cord_uid: le1mc045 file: cache/cord-001740-1px4aq89.json key: cord-001740-1px4aq89 authors: Griese, Matthias; Zarbock, Ralf; Costabel, Ulrich; Hildebrandt, Jenna; Theegarten, Dirk; Albert, Michael; Thiel, Antonia; Schams, Andrea; Lange, Joanna; Krenke, Katazyrna; Wesselak, Traudl; Schön, Carola; Kappler, Matthias; Blum, Helmut; Krebs, Stefan; Jung, Andreas; Kröner, Carolin; Klein, Christoph; Campo, Ilaria; Luisetti, Maurizio; Bonella, Francesco title: GATA2 deficiency in children and adults with severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and hematologic disorders date: 2015-08-12 journal: BMC Pulm Med DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0083-2 sha: doc_id: 1740 cord_uid: 1px4aq89 file: cache/cord-007593-45ynhqmf.json key: cord-007593-45ynhqmf authors: Rauch, Helene C.; Montgomery, Ilene Nowicki; Hinman, Channing L.; Harb, Walid; Benjamins, Joyce A. title: Chronic Theiler's virus infection in mice: appearance of myelin basic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum antibody directed against MBP date: 2002-11-13 journal: J Neuroimmunol DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(87)90099-3 sha: doc_id: 7593 cord_uid: 45ynhqmf file: cache/cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.json key: cord-006172-ndmf5ekp authors: Akins, Paul Taylor; Belko, John; Uyeki, Timothy M.; Axelrod, Yekaterina; Lee, Kenneth K.; Silverthorn, James title: H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza date: 2010-09-02 journal: Neurocrit Care DOI: 10.1007/s12028-010-9436-0 sha: doc_id: 6172 cord_uid: ndmf5ekp file: cache/cord-000455-gq1omz6u.json key: cord-000455-gq1omz6u authors: Griese, Matthias; Ripper, Jan; Sibbersen, Anke; Lohse, Pia; Lohse, Peter; Brasch, Frank; Schams, Andrea; Pamir, Asli; Schaub, Bianca; Muensterer, Oliver J; Schön, Carola; Glöckner-Pagel, Judith; Nicolai, Thomas; Reiter, Karl; Hector, Andreas title: Long-term follow-up and treatment of congenital alveolar proteinosis date: 2011-08-17 journal: BMC Pediatr DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-72 sha: doc_id: 455 cord_uid: gq1omz6u file: cache/cord-252569-9rv1p3qh.json key: cord-252569-9rv1p3qh authors: Zanella, M.-C.; Lenggenhager, L.; Schrenzel, J.; Cordey, S.; Kaiser, L. title: High-throughput sequencing for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis. A narrative review and clinical appraisal date: 2019-01-11 journal: Clin Microbiol Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.022 sha: doc_id: 252569 cord_uid: 9rv1p3qh file: cache/cord-001254-y2knt8g0.json key: cord-001254-y2knt8g0 authors: Parkhomenko, Taisiya A.; Doronin, Vasilii B.; Castellazzi, Massimiliano; Padroni, Marina; Pastore, Michela; Buneva, Valentina N.; Granieri, Enrico; Nevinsky, Georgy A. title: Comparison of DNA-Hydrolyzing Antibodies from the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis date: 2014-04-15 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093001 sha: doc_id: 1254 cord_uid: y2knt8g0 file: cache/cord-007928-r3z1w441.json key: cord-007928-r3z1w441 authors: Leinikki, Pauli; Shekarchi, Isabel; Iivanainen, Matti; Taskinen, Eero; Holmes, Kathryn V.; Madden, David; Sever, John L. title: Virus antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients detected with ELISA tests() date: 2003-03-18 journal: J Neurol Sci DOI: 10.1016/0022-510x(82)90031-4 sha: doc_id: 7928 cord_uid: r3z1w441 file: cache/cord-102725-k0xhbssu.json key: cord-102725-k0xhbssu authors: Norwood, Jordan N.; Gharpure, Akshay P.; Kumal, Raju; Turner, Kevin L.; Pistone, Lauren Ferrer; Vander Wal, Randy; Drew, Patrick J. title: Intranasal Administration of Functionalized Soot Particles Disrupts Olfactory Sensory Neuron Progenitor Cells in the Neuroepithelium date: 2020-08-19 journal: bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.19.256297 sha: doc_id: 102725 cord_uid: k0xhbssu file: cache/cord-007279-ewcgkx0h.json key: cord-007279-ewcgkx0h authors: Song, Jong-Am; Han, Kyung-Yeon; Park, Jin-Seung; Seo, Hyuk-Seong; Ahn, Keum-Young; Lee, Jeewon title: Human G-CSF synthesis using stress-responsive bacterial proteins date: 2009-07-01 journal: FEMS Microbiol Lett DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01616.x sha: doc_id: 7279 cord_uid: ewcgkx0h file: cache/cord-006473-ey35h7ry.json key: cord-006473-ey35h7ry authors: Eisenbeis, C. 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Martens, U.; Sticht-Groh, V.; Dörries, R.; Krüger, H. title: Persistent intrathecal secretion of oligoclonal, Borrelia burgdorferi-specific IgG in chronic meningoradiculomyelitis date: 1988 journal: J Neurol DOI: 10.1007/bf00314352 sha: doc_id: 5014 cord_uid: qp4rrwr4 file: cache/cord-007665-vdtpz75u.json key: cord-007665-vdtpz75u authors: Dörries, R.; Liebert, U.G.; ter Meulen, V. title: Comparative analysis of virus-specific antibodies and immunoglobulins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of subacute measles virus-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME) in rats and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) date: 2002-11-13 journal: J Neuroimmunol DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(88)90014-8 sha: doc_id: 7665 cord_uid: vdtpz75u file: cache/cord-021772-5v4gor2v.json key: cord-021772-5v4gor2v authors: Levine, Gwendolyn J.; Cook, Jennifer R. title: Cerebrospinal Fluid and Central Nervous System Cytology date: 2019-05-31 journal: Cowell and Tyler's Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-53314-0.00014-6 sha: doc_id: 21772 cord_uid: 5v4gor2v file: cache/cord-257310-wqu7t44n.json key: cord-257310-wqu7t44n authors: Maideniuc, Catalina; Memon, Anza B. title: Acute necrotizing myelitis and acute motor axonal neuropathy in a COVID-19 patient date: 2020-08-09 journal: J Neurol DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10145-6 sha: doc_id: 257310 cord_uid: wqu7t44n file: cache/cord-017361-2lrmg6z0.json key: cord-017361-2lrmg6z0 authors: Ballinger, Megan N.; Standiford, Theodore J. title: Innate Immune Responses in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia date: 2012-10-26 journal: Mucosal Immunology of Acute Bacterial Pneumonia DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5326-0_8 sha: doc_id: 17361 cord_uid: 2lrmg6z0 file: cache/cord-017885-cz19y60u.json key: cord-017885-cz19y60u authors: Maziarz, Eileen K.; Perfect, John R. title: Cryptococcosis date: 2014-11-24 journal: Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal Infections DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13090-3_15 sha: doc_id: 17885 cord_uid: cz19y60u file: cache/cord-022594-fx044gcd.json key: cord-022594-fx044gcd authors: Pirko, Istvan; Noseworthy, John H. title: Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System date: 2009-05-18 journal: Textbook of Clinical Neurology DOI: 10.1016/b978-141603618-0.10048-7 sha: doc_id: 22594 cord_uid: fx044gcd file: cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.json key: cord-023748-3kfy36hg authors: Lye, Patricia S.; Densmore, Emily M. title: Fever date: 2017-05-12 journal: Nelson Pediatric Symptom-Based Diagnosis DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00039-x sha: doc_id: 23748 cord_uid: 3kfy36hg file: cache/cord-264163-389tgecz.json key: cord-264163-389tgecz authors: Machado, Gisele F.; Melo, Guilherme D.; Souza, Milena S.; Machado, Andressa A.; Migliolo, Daniela S.; Moraes, Olívia C.; Nunes, Cáris M.; Ribeiro, Érica S. title: Zymographic patterns of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the CSF and cerebellum of dogs with subacute distemper leukoencephalitis date: 2013-07-15 journal: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.04.006 sha: doc_id: 264163 cord_uid: 389tgecz file: cache/cord-006869-g2q1gpp0.json key: cord-006869-g2q1gpp0 authors: nan title: Neurocritical Care Society 7th Annual Meeting date: 2009-10-08 journal: Neurocrit Care DOI: 10.1007/s12028-009-9282-0 sha: doc_id: 6869 cord_uid: g2q1gpp0 file: cache/cord-025251-evnfvc0l.json key: cord-025251-evnfvc0l authors: Nemunaitis, John; 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Darmon, M; Thiéry, G; Ciroldi, M; de Miranda, S; Lefebvre, A; Schlemmer, B; Azoulay, É title: Respiratory status deterioration during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery date: 2005-06-06 journal: Bone Marrow Transplant DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705037 sha: doc_id: 5479 cord_uid: wj2xmp8h file: cache/cord-291553-j9nn5g70.json key: cord-291553-j9nn5g70 authors: Fridholm, Helena; Østergaard Sørensen, Line; Rosenstierne, Maiken W.; Nielsen, Henrik; Sellebjerg, Finn; Bengård Andersen, Åse; Fomsgaard, Anders title: Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array date: 2016-01-29 journal: J Clin Virol DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.01.013 sha: doc_id: 291553 cord_uid: j9nn5g70 file: cache/cord-283367-azzy2t1a.json key: cord-283367-azzy2t1a authors: Rahman, Asma; Niloofa, Roshan; De Zoysa, Ishan M; Cooray, Akila D; Kariyawasam, Jayani; Seneviratne, Suranjith L title: Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: A narrative review date: 2020-09-10 journal: SAGE Open Med DOI: 10.1177/2050312120957925 sha: doc_id: 283367 cord_uid: azzy2t1a file: cache/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.json key: cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 authors: Macdonald-Laurs, Emma; Koirala, Archana; Britton, Philip N.; Rawlinson, William; Hiew, Chee Chung; Mcrae, Jocelynne; Dale, Russell C.; Jones, Cheryl; Macartney, Kristine; McMullan, Brendan; Pillai, Sekhar title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? date: 2018-09-28 journal: Eur J Paediatr Neurol DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.09.009 sha: doc_id: 289861 cord_uid: i6bfuvq1 file: cache/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.json key: cord-023369-xwclh6ih authors: Kim, Faith; Reichman, Victoria; Hooven, Thomas A title: Human Herpesvirus-6 Meningitis in a Premature Infant with Fevers: A Case and Literature Review date: 2020-04-18 journal: Clin Med Insights Case Rep DOI: 10.1177/1179547620912952 sha: doc_id: 23369 cord_uid: xwclh6ih file: cache/cord-015389-vwgai4k9.json key: cord-015389-vwgai4k9 authors: nan title: Publication only date: 2009-03-25 journal: Bone Marrow Transplant DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2009.50 sha: doc_id: 15389 cord_uid: vwgai4k9 file: cache/cord-263530-t9ryky6f.json key: cord-263530-t9ryky6f authors: Kamal, Yasmine Mohamed; Abdelmajid, Yasmin; Al Madani, Abubaker Abdul Rahman title: Cerebrospinal fluid confirmed COVID-19-associated encephalitis treated successfully date: 2020-09-16 journal: BMJ Case Rep DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237378 sha: doc_id: 263530 cord_uid: t9ryky6f file: cache/cord-283202-5fq1wxz8.json key: cord-283202-5fq1wxz8 authors: Kent, Marc title: The cat with neurological manifestations of systemic disease. Key conditions impacting on the CNS date: 2009-05-31 journal: Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.03.007 sha: doc_id: 283202 cord_uid: 5fq1wxz8 file: cache/cord-286149-awhnjwyc.json key: cord-286149-awhnjwyc authors: Hoon‐Hanks, L.L.; McGrath, S.; Tyler, K.L.; Owen, C.; Stenglein, M.D. title: Metagenomic Investigation of Idiopathic Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs date: 2017-12-02 journal: J Vet Intern Med DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14877 sha: doc_id: 286149 cord_uid: awhnjwyc file: cache/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.json key: cord-009713-sxd4t2tz authors: nan title: Poster Presentations date: 2020-01-10 journal: Dev Med Child Neurol DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14411 sha: doc_id: 9713 cord_uid: sxd4t2tz file: cache/cord-320940-e7ic2pnc.json key: cord-320940-e7ic2pnc authors: Yang, Jiancheng; Carey, Patrick; Ren, Fan; Lobo, Brian C.; Gebhard, Michael; Leon, Marino E.; Lin, Jenshan; Pearton, S.J. title: Nanosensor networks for health-care applications date: 2020-02-14 journal: Nanosensors for Smart Cities DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819870-4.00023-2 sha: doc_id: 320940 cord_uid: e7ic2pnc file: cache/cord-349329-f0pbd968.json key: cord-349329-f0pbd968 authors: Bosteels, Cedric; 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Lee, Kevin M.-C.; Teijaro, John R.; Becher, Burkhard; Hamilton, John A. title: GM-CSF-based treatments in COVID-19: reconciling opposing therapeutic approaches date: 2020-06-23 journal: Nat Rev Immunol DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0357-7 sha: doc_id: 345267 cord_uid: u24g6607 file: cache/cord-302435-6nrfipz8.json key: cord-302435-6nrfipz8 authors: Jay, Taylor R.; von Saucken, Victoria E.; Landreth, Gary E. title: TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases date: 2017-08-02 journal: Mol Neurodegener DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0197-5 sha: doc_id: 302435 cord_uid: 6nrfipz8 file: cache/cord-328763-hcbs20a0.json key: cord-328763-hcbs20a0 authors: Ifergan, Igal; Miller, Stephen D. title: Potential for Targeting Myeloid Cells in Controlling CNS Inflammation date: 2020-10-06 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571897 sha: doc_id: 328763 cord_uid: hcbs20a0 file: cache/cord-285833-7exenodj.json key: cord-285833-7exenodj authors: Alkan, Ali; Uncu, Asaf; Taşkıran, Irmak; Tanrıverdi, Özgür title: Double-edged sword: Granulocyte colony stimulating factors in cancer patients during the COVID-19 era date: 2020-07-02 journal: Clinics (Sao Paulo) DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2033 sha: doc_id: 285833 cord_uid: 7exenodj file: cache/cord-284963-p0y5rrpb.json key: cord-284963-p0y5rrpb authors: Kipar, Anja; Meli, Marina L.; Failing, Klaus; Euler, Tatjana; Gomes-Keller, Maria A.; Schwartz, Dirk; Lutz, Hans; Reinacher, Manfred title: Natural feline coronavirus infection: Differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection date: 2006-08-15 journal: Vet Immunol Immunopathol DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.004 sha: doc_id: 284963 cord_uid: p0y5rrpb file: cache/cord-268567-2xoubkxb.json key: cord-268567-2xoubkxb authors: Samannodi, Mohammed; Hansen, Michael; Allana, Ambreen; Hasbun, Rodrigo title: Compliance with international guidelines in adults with encephalitis date: 2020-04-14 journal: J Clin Virol DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104369 sha: doc_id: 268567 cord_uid: 2xoubkxb file: cache/cord-310299-isdsestc.json key: cord-310299-isdsestc authors: Hosseini, Akram A.; Shetty, Ashit K.; Sprigg, Nikola; Auer, Dorothee P.; Constantinescu, Cris S. title: Delirium as a presenting feature in COVID-19: neuroinvasive infection or autoimmune encephalopathy? date: 2020-06-09 journal: Brain Behav Immun DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.012 sha: doc_id: 310299 cord_uid: isdsestc file: cache/cord-277889-8u685f45.json key: cord-277889-8u685f45 authors: Costela-Ruiz, Víctor J.; Illescas-Montes, Rebeca; Puerta-Puerta, Jose M.; Ruiz, Concepción; Melguizo-Rodríguez, Lucia title: SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease date: 2020-06-02 journal: Cytokine Growth Factor Rev DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001 sha: doc_id: 277889 cord_uid: 8u685f45 file: cache/cord-345210-6f8niif5.json key: cord-345210-6f8niif5 authors: Tadavarthy, Silpa N.; Finnegan, KerriAnn; Bernatowicz, Gretchen; Lowe, Elisha; Coffin, Susan E; Manning, MaryLou title: Developing and Implementing an Infection Prevention and Control Program for a COVID-19 Alternative Care Site in Philadelphia, PA date: 2020-07-19 journal: Am J Infect Control DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.006 sha: doc_id: 345210 cord_uid: 6f8niif5 file: cache/cord-343148-rp3kmd80.json key: cord-343148-rp3kmd80 authors: Ayatollahi, Parisa; Tarazi, Apameh; Wennberg, Richard title: Possible Autoimmune Encephalitis with Claustrum Sign in case of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection date: 2020-09-17 journal: The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2020.209 sha: doc_id: 343148 cord_uid: rp3kmd80 file: cache/cord-285151-zynor0b2.json key: cord-285151-zynor0b2 authors: Eisenhut, Michael title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of Infectious Diseases date: 2013-12-08 journal: J Biomark DOI: 10.1155/2013/196432 sha: doc_id: 285151 cord_uid: zynor0b2 file: cache/cord-313208-nfu8rdvh.json key: cord-313208-nfu8rdvh authors: Muccioli, Lorenzo; Rondelli, Francesca; Ferri, Lorenzo; Rossini, Giada; Cortelli, Pietro; Guarino, Maria title: Subcortical myoclonus in COVID‐19: comprehensive evaluation of a patient date: 2020-08-07 journal: Mov Disord Clin Pract DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13046 sha: doc_id: 313208 cord_uid: nfu8rdvh file: cache/cord-309476-hel3h25h.json key: cord-309476-hel3h25h authors: Brown, Julianne R.; Bharucha, Tehmina; Breuer, Judith title: Encephalitis diagnosis using metagenomics: application of next generation sequencing for undiagnosed cases date: 2018-01-02 journal: J Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.014 sha: doc_id: 309476 cord_uid: hel3h25h file: cache/cord-323024-blc3mnbj.json key: cord-323024-blc3mnbj authors: Bernard-Valnet, R.; Perriot, S.; Canales, M.; Pizzarotti, B.; Caranzano, L.; Castro-Jimenez, M.; Epiney, J.-B.; Vijiala, S.; Salvioni Chiabotti, P.; Anichini, A.; Salerno, A.; Jaton, K.; Vaucher, J.; Perreau, M.; Greub, G.; Pantaleo, G.; Du Pasquier, R. title: CSF of SARS-CoV-2 patients with neurological syndromes reveals hints to understand pathophysiology date: 2020-11-04 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.01.20217497 sha: doc_id: 323024 cord_uid: blc3mnbj file: cache/cord-258787-n49zrfsp.json key: cord-258787-n49zrfsp authors: Carnevale, Silvia; Ghasemi, Somayehsadat; Rigatelli, Anna; Jaillon, Sebastien title: The complexity of neutrophils in health and disease: Focus on cancer date: 2020-09-18 journal: Semin Immunol DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101409 sha: doc_id: 258787 cord_uid: n49zrfsp file: cache/cord-341603-i9j8185y.json key: cord-341603-i9j8185y authors: Mejdoubi, Anasse; Khoulali, Mohamed; Raouzi, Nabil; Nasri, Siham; Mebrouk, Yassine; Oulali, Noureddine; Moufid, Fayçal title: Neurosyphilis revealed by compressive cervical spine syphilitic gumma: a case report date: 2020-06-30 journal: Spinal Cord Ser Cases DOI: 10.1038/s41394-020-0303-8 sha: doc_id: 341603 cord_uid: i9j8185y file: cache/cord-266034-811lov8f.json key: cord-266034-811lov8f authors: Benameur, Karima; Agarwal, Ankita; Auld, Sara C.; Butters, Matthew P.; Webster, Andrew S.; Ozturk, Tugba; Howell, J. Christina; Bassit, Leda C.; Velasquez, Alvaro; Schinazi, Raymond F.; Mullins, Mark E.; Hu, William T. title: Encephalopathy and Encephalitis Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Alterations and Coronavirus Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020 date: 2020-09-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.202122 sha: doc_id: 266034 cord_uid: 811lov8f file: cache/cord-351040-j3ltpaa0.json key: cord-351040-j3ltpaa0 authors: Naser Moghadasi, Abdorreza title: Encephalopathy associated with COVID-19 in a patient with multiple sclerosis date: 2020-10-28 journal: J Neurovirol DOI: 10.1007/s13365-020-00921-5 sha: doc_id: 351040 cord_uid: j3ltpaa0 file: cache/cord-320474-jyk7zphp.json key: cord-320474-jyk7zphp authors: Bonaventura, Aldo; Vecchié, Alessandra; Wang, Tisha S.; Lee, Elinor; Cremer, Paul C.; Carey, Brenna; Rajendram, Prabalini; Hudock, Kristin M.; Korbee, Leslie; Van Tassell, Benjamin W.; Dagna, Lorenzo; Abbate, Antonio title: Targeting GM-CSF in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Rationale and Strategies date: 2020-07-03 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01625 sha: doc_id: 320474 cord_uid: jyk7zphp file: cache/cord-006880-9dgmdtj8.json key: cord-006880-9dgmdtj8 authors: nan title: Neurocritical Care Society 10th Annual Meeting: October 4 - 7, 2012 Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel Denver, Colorado date: 2012-09-19 journal: Neurocrit Care DOI: 10.1007/s12028-012-9775-0 sha: doc_id: 6880 cord_uid: 9dgmdtj8 file: cache/cord-354080-glcq4qp9.json key: cord-354080-glcq4qp9 authors: Bodro, Marta; Compta, Yaroslau; Llansó, Laura; Esteller, Diana; Doncel-Moriano, Antonio; Mesa, Alex; Rodríguez, Alejandro; Sarto, Jordi; Martínez-Hernandez, Eugenia; Vlagea, Alexandru; Egri, Natalia; Filella, Xavier; Morales-Ruiz, Manuel; Yagüe, Jordi; Soriano, Álex; Graus, Francesc; García, Felipe title: Increased CSF levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and ACE in SARS-CoV-2–associated encephalitis date: 2020-07-01 journal: Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000821 sha: doc_id: 354080 cord_uid: glcq4qp9 file: cache/cord-333186-gxs74wit.json key: cord-333186-gxs74wit authors: Ashhurst, Thomas Myles; Vreden, Caryn van; Niewold, Paula; King, Nicholas Jonathan Cole title: The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system date: 2014-10-31 journal: Cellular Immunology DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.07.002 sha: doc_id: 333186 cord_uid: gxs74wit file: cache/cord-307563-almkb3zd.json key: cord-307563-almkb3zd authors: Tan, Donald T.H.; Fong, Allan title: Efficacy of neural vision therapy to enhance contrast sensitivity function and visual acuity in low myopia date: 2008-04-30 journal: Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.11.052 sha: doc_id: 307563 cord_uid: almkb3zd file: cache/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.json key: cord-022659-chwk2bs4 authors: nan title: Abstracts: Poster session date: 2004-10-08 journal: Ann Neurol DOI: 10.1002/ana.410320224 sha: doc_id: 22659 cord_uid: chwk2bs4 file: cache/cord-329527-0rlotyz3.json key: cord-329527-0rlotyz3 authors: Bohmwald, Karen; Gálvez, Nicolás M. S.; Ríos, Mariana; Kalergis, Alexis M. title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections date: 2018-10-26 journal: Front Cell Neurosci DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00386 sha: doc_id: 329527 cord_uid: 0rlotyz3 file: cache/cord-014976-546zaoxn.json key: cord-014976-546zaoxn authors: nan title: Publication only date: 2006-03-08 journal: Bone Marrow Transplant DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705327 sha: doc_id: 14976 cord_uid: 546zaoxn file: cache/cord-006870-f5w6fw6q.json key: cord-006870-f5w6fw6q authors: nan title: Abstracts Presented at the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) 15th Annual Meeting date: 2017-09-19 journal: Neurocrit Care DOI: 10.1007/s12028-017-0465-9 sha: doc_id: 6870 cord_uid: f5w6fw6q file: cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.json key: cord-015021-pol2qm74 authors: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 journal: Intensive Care Med DOI: 10.1007/bf02258437 sha: doc_id: 15021 cord_uid: pol2qm74 file: cache/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.json key: cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 authors: nan title: ISEV2020 Abstract Book date: 2020-07-15 journal: nan DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1784511 sha: doc_id: 31907 cord_uid: ilhr3iu5 file: cache/cord-005460-ezrn8cva.json key: cord-005460-ezrn8cva authors: nan title: Physicians – Poster Session date: 2017-07-28 journal: Bone Marrow Transplant DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2017.134 sha: doc_id: 5460 cord_uid: ezrn8cva file: cache/cord-005453-4057qib7.json key: cord-005453-4057qib7 authors: nan title: The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session date: 2019-07-03 journal: Bone Marrow Transplant DOI: 10.1038/s41409-019-0559-4 sha: doc_id: 5453 cord_uid: 4057qib7 Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-csf-cord === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007928-r3z1w441 author: Leinikki, Pauli title: Virus antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients detected with ELISA tests() date: 2003-03-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007928-r3z1w441.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007928-r3z1w441.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-007928-r3z1w441.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006473-ey35h7ry author: Eisenbeis, C. F. title: A case of pulmonary toxicity associated with G-CSF and doxorubicin administration date: 2001 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006473-ey35h7ry.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006473-ey35h7ry.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006473-ey35h7ry.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-257310-wqu7t44n author: Maideniuc, Catalina title: Acute necrotizing myelitis and acute motor axonal neuropathy in a COVID-19 patient date: 2020-08-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-257310-wqu7t44n.txt cache: ./cache/cord-257310-wqu7t44n.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-257310-wqu7t44n.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001583-le1mc045 author: Liu, Yong-Juan title: The combination of decoy receptor 3 and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 for the diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial meningitis date: 2015-03-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001583-le1mc045.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001583-le1mc045.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-001583-le1mc045.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000455-gq1omz6u author: Griese, Matthias title: Long-term follow-up and treatment of congenital alveolar proteinosis date: 2011-08-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000455-gq1omz6u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000455-gq1omz6u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000455-gq1omz6u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007665-vdtpz75u author: Dörries, R. title: Comparative analysis of virus-specific antibodies and immunoglobulins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of subacute measles virus-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME) in rats and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) date: 2002-11-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007665-vdtpz75u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007665-vdtpz75u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007665-vdtpz75u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343148-rp3kmd80 author: Ayatollahi, Parisa title: Possible Autoimmune Encephalitis with Claustrum Sign in case of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343148-rp3kmd80.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343148-rp3kmd80.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-343148-rp3kmd80.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-102725-k0xhbssu author: Norwood, Jordan N. title: Intranasal Administration of Functionalized Soot Particles Disrupts Olfactory Sensory Neuron Progenitor Cells in the Neuroepithelium date: 2020-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-102725-k0xhbssu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-102725-k0xhbssu.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-102725-k0xhbssu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001740-1px4aq89 author: Griese, Matthias title: GATA2 deficiency in children and adults with severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and hematologic disorders date: 2015-08-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001740-1px4aq89.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001740-1px4aq89.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001740-1px4aq89.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-310299-isdsestc author: Hosseini, Akram A. title: Delirium as a presenting feature in COVID-19: neuroinvasive infection or autoimmune encephalopathy? date: 2020-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-310299-isdsestc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-310299-isdsestc.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-310299-isdsestc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005014-qp4rrwr4 author: Martin, R. title: Persistent intrathecal secretion of oligoclonal, Borrelia burgdorferi-specific IgG in chronic meningoradiculomyelitis date: 1988 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005014-qp4rrwr4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005014-qp4rrwr4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005014-qp4rrwr4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285833-7exenodj author: Alkan, Ali title: Double-edged sword: Granulocyte colony stimulating factors in cancer patients during the COVID-19 era date: 2020-07-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285833-7exenodj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285833-7exenodj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-285833-7exenodj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007279-ewcgkx0h author: Song, Jong-Am title: Human G-CSF synthesis using stress-responsive bacterial proteins date: 2009-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007279-ewcgkx0h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007279-ewcgkx0h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007279-ewcgkx0h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005479-wj2xmp8h author: Karlin, L title: Respiratory status deterioration during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery date: 2005-06-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005479-wj2xmp8h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005479-wj2xmp8h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005479-wj2xmp8h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289744-suiqh3gv author: Lafolie, Jérémy title: Assessment of blood enterovirus PCR testing in paediatric populations with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis: a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study date: 2018-10-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289744-suiqh3gv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289744-suiqh3gv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289744-suiqh3gv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291553-j9nn5g70 author: Fridholm, Helena title: Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array date: 2016-01-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291553-j9nn5g70.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291553-j9nn5g70.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-291553-j9nn5g70.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263530-t9ryky6f author: Kamal, Yasmine Mohamed title: Cerebrospinal fluid confirmed COVID-19-associated encephalitis treated successfully date: 2020-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263530-t9ryky6f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263530-t9ryky6f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263530-t9ryky6f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354080-glcq4qp9 author: Bodro, Marta title: Increased CSF levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and ACE in SARS-CoV-2–associated encephalitis date: 2020-07-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354080-glcq4qp9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354080-glcq4qp9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-354080-glcq4qp9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-313208-nfu8rdvh author: Muccioli, Lorenzo title: Subcortical myoclonus in COVID‐19: comprehensive evaluation of a patient date: 2020-08-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-313208-nfu8rdvh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-313208-nfu8rdvh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-313208-nfu8rdvh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258374-qht98q0l author: Takano, Tomomi title: Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions date: 2009-04-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006322-t7x86w9h author: Rowin, Mark E. title: Hypothermia Attenuates β1 Integrin Expression on Extravasated Neutrophils in an Animal Model of Meningitis date: 2001 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006322-t7x86w9h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006322-t7x86w9h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-006322-t7x86w9h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264163-389tgecz author: Machado, Gisele F. title: Zymographic patterns of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the CSF and cerebellum of dogs with subacute distemper leukoencephalitis date: 2013-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264163-389tgecz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264163-389tgecz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-264163-389tgecz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007593-45ynhqmf author: Rauch, Helene C. title: Chronic Theiler's virus infection in mice: appearance of myelin basic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum antibody directed against MBP date: 2002-11-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007593-45ynhqmf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007593-45ynhqmf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007593-45ynhqmf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268567-2xoubkxb author: Samannodi, Mohammed title: Compliance with international guidelines in adults with encephalitis date: 2020-04-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268567-2xoubkxb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268567-2xoubkxb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-268567-2xoubkxb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-341603-i9j8185y author: Mejdoubi, Anasse title: Neurosyphilis revealed by compressive cervical spine syphilitic gumma: a case report date: 2020-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-341603-i9j8185y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-341603-i9j8185y.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-341603-i9j8185y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266499-g1lajsp8 author: Han, Jae-Ik title: A multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis date: 2015-09-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266499-g1lajsp8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266499-g1lajsp8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-266499-g1lajsp8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-327444-y2464gjh author: Wilson, M.R. title: Meningitis, Viral date: 2014-05-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-327444-y2464gjh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-327444-y2464gjh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-327444-y2464gjh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006172-ndmf5ekp author: Akins, Paul Taylor title: H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza date: 2010-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351040-j3ltpaa0 author: Naser Moghadasi, Abdorreza title: Encephalopathy associated with COVID-19 in a patient with multiple sclerosis date: 2020-10-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351040-j3ltpaa0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351040-j3ltpaa0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351040-j3ltpaa0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252569-9rv1p3qh author: Zanella, M.-C. title: High-throughput sequencing for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis. A narrative review and clinical appraisal date: 2019-01-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252569-9rv1p3qh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252569-9rv1p3qh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-252569-9rv1p3qh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 author: Macdonald-Laurs, Emma title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? date: 2018-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345210-6f8niif5 author: Tadavarthy, Silpa N. title: Developing and Implementing an Infection Prevention and Control Program for a COVID-19 Alternative Care Site in Philadelphia, PA date: 2020-07-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345210-6f8niif5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345210-6f8niif5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345210-6f8niif5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266034-811lov8f author: Benameur, Karima title: Encephalopathy and Encephalitis Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Alterations and Coronavirus Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020 date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266034-811lov8f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266034-811lov8f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-266034-811lov8f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333805-xmqs2ax7 author: Romoli, Michele title: A systematic review of neurological manifestations of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: the devil is hidden in the details date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333805-xmqs2ax7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333805-xmqs2ax7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-333805-xmqs2ax7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023369-xwclh6ih author: Kim, Faith title: Human Herpesvirus-6 Meningitis in a Premature Infant with Fevers: A Case and Literature Review date: 2020-04-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002823-n55xvwkf author: Halstead, E. Scott title: GM-CSF overexpression after influenza a virus infection prevents mortality and moderates M1-like airway monocyte/macrophage polarization date: 2018-01-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002823-n55xvwkf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002823-n55xvwkf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-002823-n55xvwkf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283367-azzy2t1a author: Rahman, Asma title: Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: A narrative review date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283367-azzy2t1a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283367-azzy2t1a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283367-azzy2t1a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323024-blc3mnbj author: Bernard-Valnet, R. title: CSF of SARS-CoV-2 patients with neurological syndromes reveals hints to understand pathophysiology date: 2020-11-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323024-blc3mnbj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323024-blc3mnbj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323024-blc3mnbj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298894-t5hyfum3 author: Rifino, Nicola title: Neurologic manifestations in 1760 COVID-19 patients admitted to Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy date: 2020-10-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298894-t5hyfum3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298894-t5hyfum3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-298894-t5hyfum3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-001254-y2knt8g0 author: Parkhomenko, Taisiya A. title: Comparison of DNA-Hydrolyzing Antibodies from the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis date: 2014-04-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-001254-y2knt8g0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-001254-y2knt8g0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-001254-y2knt8g0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-286149-awhnjwyc author: Hoon‐Hanks, L.L. title: Metagenomic Investigation of Idiopathic Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs date: 2017-12-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-286149-awhnjwyc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-286149-awhnjwyc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-286149-awhnjwyc.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 2777 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022283-8ny6j1ny author: Cuddon, Paul A title: The weak and ataxic or paralyzed cat date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022283-8ny6j1ny.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022283-8ny6j1ny.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022283-8ny6j1ny.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-025251-evnfvc0l author: Nemunaitis, John title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: let the virus be its own demise date: 2020-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-025251-evnfvc0l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-025251-evnfvc0l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-025251-evnfvc0l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282797-thywse7g author: Hwang, Yoon Jung title: Engineered Bacteriophage T7 as a Potent Anticancer Agent in vivo date: 2020-09-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282797-thywse7g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282797-thywse7g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-282797-thywse7g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320940-e7ic2pnc author: Yang, Jiancheng title: Nanosensor networks for health-care applications date: 2020-02-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320940-e7ic2pnc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320940-e7ic2pnc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-320940-e7ic2pnc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271011-5stsx5je author: Singh, M. title: Inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid analysis in cats: clinical diagnosis and outcome date: 2005-03-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271011-5stsx5je.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271011-5stsx5je.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-271011-5stsx5je.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285151-zynor0b2 author: Eisenhut, Michael title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of Infectious Diseases date: 2013-12-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285151-zynor0b2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285151-zynor0b2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-285151-zynor0b2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283202-5fq1wxz8 author: Kent, Marc title: The cat with neurological manifestations of systemic disease. Key conditions impacting on the CNS date: 2009-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283202-5fq1wxz8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283202-5fq1wxz8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-283202-5fq1wxz8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-307563-almkb3zd author: Tan, Donald T.H. title: Efficacy of neural vision therapy to enhance contrast sensitivity function and visual acuity in low myopia date: 2008-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-307563-almkb3zd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-307563-almkb3zd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-307563-almkb3zd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284963-p0y5rrpb author: Kipar, Anja title: Natural feline coronavirus infection: Differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection date: 2006-08-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284963-p0y5rrpb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284963-p0y5rrpb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-284963-p0y5rrpb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320474-jyk7zphp author: Bonaventura, Aldo title: Targeting GM-CSF in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Rationale and Strategies date: 2020-07-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320474-jyk7zphp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320474-jyk7zphp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-320474-jyk7zphp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345267-u24g6607 author: Lang, Frederick M. title: GM-CSF-based treatments in COVID-19: reconciling opposing therapeutic approaches date: 2020-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345267-u24g6607.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345267-u24g6607.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345267-u24g6607.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309476-hel3h25h author: Brown, Julianne R. title: Encephalitis diagnosis using metagenomics: application of next generation sequencing for undiagnosed cases date: 2018-01-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309476-hel3h25h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309476-hel3h25h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309476-hel3h25h.txt' === file2bib.sh === OMP: Error #34: System unable to allocate necessary resources for OMP thread: OMP: System error #11: Resource temporarily unavailable OMP: Hint Try decreasing the value of OMP_NUM_THREADS. /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/file2bib.sh: line 39: 4096 Aborted $FILE2BIB "$FILE" > "$OUTPUT" === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017885-cz19y60u author: Maziarz, Eileen K. title: Cryptococcosis date: 2014-11-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017885-cz19y60u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017885-cz19y60u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017885-cz19y60u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017361-2lrmg6z0 author: Ballinger, Megan N. title: Innate Immune Responses in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia date: 2012-10-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017361-2lrmg6z0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017361-2lrmg6z0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-017361-2lrmg6z0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021452-9rukc80y author: Bergman, Robert L. title: Miscellaneous Spinal Cord Diseases date: 2009-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-008085-3ihuqvei author: Thomas, William B. title: Nonneoplastic disorders of the brain date: 2005-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-008085-3ihuqvei.txt cache: ./cache/cord-008085-3ihuqvei.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-008085-3ihuqvei.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-333186-gxs74wit author: Ashhurst, Thomas Myles title: The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system date: 2014-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-333186-gxs74wit.txt cache: ./cache/cord-333186-gxs74wit.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-333186-gxs74wit.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349329-f0pbd968 author: Bosteels, Cedric title: Sargramostim to treat patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (SARPAC): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021772-5v4gor2v author: Levine, Gwendolyn J. title: Cerebrospinal Fluid and Central Nervous System Cytology date: 2019-05-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021772-5v4gor2v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021772-5v4gor2v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021772-5v4gor2v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-277889-8u685f45 author: Costela-Ruiz, Víctor J. title: SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease date: 2020-06-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-277889-8u685f45.txt cache: ./cache/cord-277889-8u685f45.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-277889-8u685f45.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258787-n49zrfsp author: Carnevale, Silvia title: The complexity of neutrophils in health and disease: Focus on cancer date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258787-n49zrfsp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258787-n49zrfsp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-258787-n49zrfsp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329527-0rlotyz3 author: Bohmwald, Karen title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections date: 2018-10-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329527-0rlotyz3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329527-0rlotyz3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-329527-0rlotyz3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284038-93s3ffoy author: Keyhanian, Kiandokht title: SARS-CoV-2 and nervous system: From pathogenesis to clinical manifestation date: 2020-11-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284038-93s3ffoy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284038-93s3ffoy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-284038-93s3ffoy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328763-hcbs20a0 author: Ifergan, Igal title: Potential for Targeting Myeloid Cells in Controlling CNS Inflammation date: 2020-10-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328763-hcbs20a0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328763-hcbs20a0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-328763-hcbs20a0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023748-3kfy36hg author: Lye, Patricia S. title: Fever date: 2017-05-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018034-gx5c9mk8 author: nan title: Cell and Tissue Reactions date: 2006 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018034-gx5c9mk8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018034-gx5c9mk8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018034-gx5c9mk8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022594-fx044gcd author: Pirko, Istvan title: Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System date: 2009-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022594-fx044gcd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022594-fx044gcd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-022594-fx044gcd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006444-eq56zhtd author: nan title: Abstracts of oral presentations and posters date: 1993 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006444-eq56zhtd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006444-eq56zhtd.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-006444-eq56zhtd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006869-g2q1gpp0 author: nan title: Neurocritical Care Society 7th Annual Meeting date: 2009-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006869-g2q1gpp0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006869-g2q1gpp0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-006869-g2q1gpp0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-009713-sxd4t2tz author: nan title: Poster Presentations date: 2020-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author: nan title: Abstracts: Poster session date: 2004-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014976-546zaoxn author: nan title: Publication only date: 2006-03-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014976-546zaoxn.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014976-546zaoxn.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-014976-546zaoxn.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-022527-a0x6lws3 author: nan title: Eosinophils in Human Disease date: 2012-10-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006880-9dgmdtj8 author: nan title: Neurocritical Care Society 10th Annual Meeting: October 4 - 7, 2012 Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel Denver, Colorado date: 2012-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006880-9dgmdtj8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006880-9dgmdtj8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-006880-9dgmdtj8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006870-f5w6fw6q author: nan title: Abstracts Presented at the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) 15th Annual Meeting date: 2017-09-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006870-f5w6fw6q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006870-f5w6fw6q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 9 resourceName b'cord-006870-f5w6fw6q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-015021-pol2qm74 author: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt cache: ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 28 resourceName b'cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 author: nan title: ISEV2020 Abstract Book date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 15 resourceName b'cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005460-ezrn8cva author: nan title: Physicians – Poster Session date: 2017-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005460-ezrn8cva.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005460-ezrn8cva.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 29 resourceName b'cord-005460-ezrn8cva.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005453-4057qib7 author: nan title: The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session date: 2019-07-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 19 resourceName b'cord-005453-4057qib7.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-csf-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002823-n55xvwkf author = Halstead, E. Scott title = GM-CSF overexpression after influenza a virus infection prevents mortality and moderates M1-like airway monocyte/macrophage polarization date = 2018-01-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8069 sentences = 390 flesch = 45 summary = The effect of local elevation of GM-CSF on IAV infection in the lung has been investigated in transgenic models with expression of GM-CSF under the control of constitutive or doxycycline-inducible promoters in lungs of alveolar or small airway epithelial cells of GM-CSF knockout (csf2 −/− ) mice [3, 4] . To examine the mechanism of protection conferred by therapeutic GM-CSF levels, we measured respiratory and biochemical parameters of lower airway disease, and analyzed the transcriptome of FACS-sorted AMs and exudative macrophages (EM) from IAV-infected mice. IPA also predicted the activation of the IL-10 receptor alpha-chain in both AMs and EMs. Given that IL-10 levels in BAL fluid were not elevated in DTGM as compared WT mice (Additional file 6: Figure S4D ), it is possible that GM-CSF overexpressing during IAV somehow potentiates IL-10 signaling in the lung microenvironment. cache = ./cache/cord-002823-n55xvwkf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002823-n55xvwkf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006322-t7x86w9h author = Rowin, Mark E. title = Hypothermia Attenuates β1 Integrin Expression on Extravasated Neutrophils in an Animal Model of Meningitis date = 2001 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4376 sentences = 271 flesch = 32 summary = This study examines whether hypothermia alters neutrophil integrin expression in a rabbit model of bacterial meningitis. We have previously demonstrated that extravasated CSF neutrophils in rabbits with group B streptococcal meningitis show a significant increase in expression of b1, activated b1, and b2 integrins (31) . Since the brain injury in meningitis occurs in part as a consequence of leukocyte activation and subsequent release of bioactive products, we speculate that hypothermia affects neutrophil function during the acute inflammatory response. Thus, this article examines expression of b1 and b2 integrins on extravasated neutrophils in normothermic and hypothermic animals using bacterial meningitis as a model of CNS inflammation. As is shown in Figure 1 , hypothermia significantly decreased total b1 integrin expression on neutrophils when compared to normothermic animals, with the relative fluorescence intensity decreasing to near baseline levels (RFI 1.18, P < 0.05). cache = ./cache/cord-006322-t7x86w9h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006322-t7x86w9h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001583-le1mc045 author = Liu, Yong-Juan title = The combination of decoy receptor 3 and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 for the diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial meningitis date = 2015-03-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3191 sentences = 202 flesch = 49 summary = CONCLUSIONS: Combined measurement of CSF DcR3 and sTREM-1 concentrations improved the prediction of nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Our previous study has proved that levels of DcR3 are significantly elevated in patients with bacterial meningitis and it may act as a useful biomarker of bacterial meningitis [13] . In this study, we combined the markers of DcR3 and sTREM-1 into a simple score, named as "bioscore", which was proved to be a useful predictor for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Moreover, levels of DcR3 are elevated in patients with Figure 1 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of DcR3 and sTREM-1 for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. In addition, because serum of patients in this study were not collected, predictive value of combined bioscore in blood for bacterial meningitis was not determined. In conclusion, this retrospective study demonstrated that combination of DcR3 and sTREM-1 in CSF could yielded a better diagnostic value for nosocomial bacterial meningitis than that of each biomarker. cache = ./cache/cord-001583-le1mc045.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001583-le1mc045.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001740-1px4aq89 author = Griese, Matthias title = GATA2 deficiency in children and adults with severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and hematologic disorders date = 2015-08-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3412 sentences = 220 flesch = 47 summary = title: GATA2 deficiency in children and adults with severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and hematologic disorders CONCLUSIONS: In children and adults with severe GM-CSF negative PAP a close cooperation between pneumologists and hemato-oncologists is needed to diagnose the underlying diseases, some of which are caused by mutations of transcription factor GATA2. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of surfactant in the alveoli of the lungs, leading to hypoxemic respiratory failure and, in severe cases, to death [1]. PAP is caused by (i) genetic diseases which result in dysfunction of surfactant or surfactant production (SFTPC, SFTPB, ABCA3, TTF1 deficiency) mainly presenting during infancy, by (ii) disruption of GM-CSF signaling from mutations in the receptor (GM-CSFRa, GM-CSFRb) or from acquired autoantibodies against GM-CSF, and by (iii) disorders that presumably impair surfactant clearance because of abnormal numbers or defective phagocytic functions of alveolar macrophages [2] . cache = ./cache/cord-001740-1px4aq89.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001740-1px4aq89.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007593-45ynhqmf author = Rauch, Helene C. title = Chronic Theiler's virus infection in mice: appearance of myelin basic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum antibody directed against MBP date = 2002-11-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4995 sentences = 277 flesch = 55 summary = title: Chronic Theiler's virus infection in mice: appearance of myelin basic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum antibody directed against MBP Myelin basic protein (MBP) appears frequently in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of mice with chronic demyelination following intracerebral infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV); antibody to MBP can frequently be found in the sera. We have eliminated TMEV viral protein as a source of a common or cross-reacting epitope by both absorption and immunoblot analysis, but the mechanism of induction of Ab[MBP] and its role, if any, in the clinical and pathologic development of TMEV-associated demyelination remains to be determined. The incidence at 12 weeks coincides with the mean onset of clinical signs of TMEV-associated demyelination and the presence of MBP in the CSF of these animals. cache = ./cache/cord-007593-45ynhqmf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007593-45ynhqmf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006172-ndmf5ekp author = Akins, Paul Taylor title = H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza date = 2010-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4998 sentences = 302 flesch = 39 summary = We present a case report of 2009 H1N1-associated encephalopathy and review neurologic complications associated with seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1 virus infection. We present a case of a patient with acute encephalitis associated with febrile upper respiratory tract illness due to 2009 H1N1 complicated by seizures and malignant cerebral edema. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract is hypothesized to play a prominent role in the more severe stages leading to cytokine dysregulation (''cytokine storm'') in Influenzaassociated encephalopathy or encephalitis (IAE) patients [6] . We present a case of acute encephalitis associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, complicated by malignant brain edema. We have also provided an overview of the spectrum of acute and post-infectious neurologic complications reported in association with seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract. cache = ./cache/cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000455-gq1omz6u author = Griese, Matthias title = Long-term follow-up and treatment of congenital alveolar proteinosis date = 2011-08-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3973 sentences = 205 flesch = 47 summary = BACKGROUND: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and outcome of molecularly defined congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) due to mutations in the GM-CSF receptor are not well known. CONCLUSIONS: The long term management from early childhood into young adolescence of severe alveolar proteinosis due to GMCSF receptor deficiency requires a dedicated specialized team to perform technically demanding whole lung lavages and cope with complications. At age 12 years (in 2009) analysis of the patient's CSF2RA gene revealed the homozygous Ser25X stop-mutation in exon 3 resulting in the almost complete absence of the GM-CSF receptor alpha chain and causing the alveolar proteinosis we observed ( Figure 6A ). Abbreviations PAP: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; GMCSF: granulocyte-macrophagecolony stimulating factor; GM-CSFR: GM-CSF receptor; WLL: whole lung lavage; washing of a single right or left lung. cache = ./cache/cord-000455-gq1omz6u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000455-gq1omz6u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252569-9rv1p3qh author = Zanella, M.-C. title = High-throughput sequencing for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis. A narrative review and clinical appraisal date = 2019-01-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4175 sentences = 204 flesch = 34 summary = Inclusion criteria were studies including patients with encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, or meningitis of unknown origin and reporting the use of HTS for the aetiologic identification of a viral origin in CNS samples. HTS was performed retrospectively in 18 studies and prospectively as part of the initial work-up in 11 case reports with an impact on the clinical management of three immunocompromised patients: a child with encephalitis associated with HAstV-VA1 [23] ; an adult with encephalitis associated with HAstV-VA1 [33] ; and an adult with chronic meningoencephalitis associated with Cache Valley virus [30] . In most studies, the approach to establish causality was not explicitly described, but was reported as the temporal association of clinical manifestations and the identification of viral sequences of a specific virus using HTS on CNS samples at the time of manifestations. cache = ./cache/cord-252569-9rv1p3qh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252569-9rv1p3qh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-001254-y2knt8g0 author = Parkhomenko, Taisiya A. title = Comparison of DNA-Hydrolyzing Antibodies from the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis date = 2014-04-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6739 sentences = 325 flesch = 50 summary = Here we have shown, for the first time, that average concentration of total proteins (132-fold), total IgGs (194-fold) and anti-DNA antibodies (200-fold) in the sera is significantly higher than that in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of fifteen MS patients. We present first evidence showing that IgGs from CSF not only bind but efficiently hydrolyze DNA and that average specific DNase activity of homogeneous antibodies from CSF is unpredictably ∼49-fold higher than that from the sera of the same MS patients. Finally, the relative concentration of total anti-DNA Abs correlated with the relative specific IgG DNase activity better in the sera (CC = +0.51; columns 6 and 12) than in CSF (CC = + 0.11; columns 5 and 11) (Tables 2 and 3 ). cache = ./cache/cord-001254-y2knt8g0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-001254-y2knt8g0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-102725-k0xhbssu author = Norwood, Jordan N. title = Intranasal Administration of Functionalized Soot Particles Disrupts Olfactory Sensory Neuron Progenitor Cells in the Neuroepithelium date = 2020-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4736 sentences = 273 flesch = 51 summary = Here, we investigated the impact of intranasal treatment of combustion products (laboratory-generated soots) and their oxygen functionalized derivatives on mouse olfactory sensory neurons, olfactory nerve cell progenitors, and the behavior of the mouse. To better understand the effects of air pollution on olfactory sensory neurons and their progenitor cells, we investigated the impact of intranasal treatment with surrogates for combustion generated 'soots' synthesized from carbon black precursors. However, oxygen-functionalized soots greatly decreased the levels of olfactory progenitor cells, suggesting that exposure to these particles can set up a long-term decrease in the number of OSNs. Such a decrease could lead to anosmia and decreased CSF movement. In order to understand how air pollution might affect olfactory sensory neurons and their progenitor cells, we treated mice intranasally with surrogate soot-like particles that either had oxygen-4 functionalized surfaces or non-functionalized surfaces. cache = ./cache/cord-102725-k0xhbssu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-102725-k0xhbssu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007928-r3z1w441 author = Leinikki, Pauli title = Virus antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients detected with ELISA tests() date = 2003-03-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1584 sentences = 105 flesch = 49 summary = The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine levels of specific IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, vaccinia, corona (OC43) and mumps viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 18 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), 8 patients with optic neuritis (ON), 27 patients with other neurological disease (OND), and 88 control subjects without central nervous system disease. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine levels of specific IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, vaccinia, corona (OC43) and mumps viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 18 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), 8 patients with optic neuritis (ON), 27 patients with other neurological disease (OND), and 88 control subjects without central nervous system disease. Distribution of mean serum/CSF virus (measles, rubella, vaccinia, corona OC43 and mumps) antibody ratios (log) related to blood-brain barrier function in different patient groups. cache = ./cache/cord-007928-r3z1w441.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007928-r3z1w441.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007279-ewcgkx0h author = Song, Jong-Am title = Human G-CSF synthesis using stress-responsive bacterial proteins date = 2009-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3381 sentences = 159 flesch = 44 summary = We previously reported that under the stress condition caused by the addition of 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide, a thiol-specific oxidant, to growing cultures of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), a population of stress-responsive proteins [peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase B (PpiB), bacterioferritin (Bfr), putative HTH-type transcriptional regulator yjdC (YjdC), dihydrofolate reductase (FolA), chemotaxis protein cheZ (CheZ), and glutathione synthetase (GshB)] were significantly upregulated when compared with the nonstress condition. When those stress-responsive proteins were used as fusion partners for the expression of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF), the solubility of hG-CSF was dramatically enhanced in E. We found that these relatively small stress-responsive proteins were highly effective in enhancing the solubility of recombinant hG-CSF when used as fusion partner, which will be discussed next. coli cytoplasm dramatically increased when the stress-responsive proteins were used as fusion partners, indicating that the fusion expression partners were highly effective solubility enhancers. Solubility enhancement of aggregation-prone heterologous proteins by fusion expression using stress-responsive Escherichia coli protein cache = ./cache/cord-007279-ewcgkx0h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007279-ewcgkx0h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006473-ey35h7ry author = Eisenbeis, C. F. title = A case of pulmonary toxicity associated with G-CSF and doxorubicin administration date = 2001 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1699 sentences = 90 flesch = 36 summary = We contend that G-CSF contributed to the life-threatening lung injury in our patient, and discuss additional reports in the literature of pulmonary toxicity associated with the use of this agent. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has gained widespread popularity because of its use in diminishing the severity and duration of neutropenia associated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy and in mobilizing pluripotent bone marrow stem cells from healthy donors for harvesting for allogeneic stem cell transplants. We report here a case of life-threatening respiratory dysfunction secondary to bronchocentric granulomatosis (BG) associated with the use of G-CSF administered together with doxorubicin. Interstitial pneumonitis related to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration following chemotherapy for elderly patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Serious pulmonary complications in patients receiving recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor during BACOP chemotherapy for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma Pulmonary toxicity after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-combined chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cache = ./cache/cord-006473-ey35h7ry.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006473-ey35h7ry.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258374-qht98q0l author = Takano, Tomomi title = Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions date = 2009-04-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3690 sentences = 198 flesch = 45 summary = title: Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions Furthermore, it was investigated whether macrophages, one of the target cells of FIPV infection, produce neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF). The neutrophil survival rates were significantly increased in the presence of the culture supernatant of macrophages infected with the mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2 compared to those in the presence of other supernatants (Fig. 5) . When SPF-cat-derived alveolar macrophages were infected with a mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, the intracellular TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF mRNA levels increased (Fig. 6 ). These cytokine mRNA levels were also elevated in macrophages infected with FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, clarifying the presence of neutrophil survival factors in the macrophage culture supernatant. It was suggested that: (1) FIPV-infected macrophages release TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF in response to virus replication, and (2) these cytokines act on neutrophils and prolong their survival. cache = ./cache/cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-008085-3ihuqvei author = Thomas, William B. title = Nonneoplastic disorders of the brain date = 2005-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11283 sentences = 790 flesch = 44 summary = Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are helpful in the diagnosis of many nonneoplastic brain disorders in the dog and cat. Experimentally, acute obstructive hydrocephalus in dogs causes edema starting at the dorsolateral angles of the lateral ventricles and spreading into the adjacent white matter, n On CT, this is evident as blurring or loss of the normally sharp ventricular margins. ~<18-21 In contrast to human patients, most dogs and cats with this syndrome do not have obvious enlargement of the caudal fossa, ls-21 Neurological deficits typically occur at a young age and primarily reflect cerebellar dysfunction, including ataxia, hypermetria, intention tremor, and vestibular dysfunction, ls-21 On CT and MRI, Dandy-Walker malformation is characterized by an enlarged caudal fossa filled by an enormous fourth ventricle and a small cerebellum. 43,45 At this stage the hematoma is still hypointense on T2-welghted images23 Other causes of T1 hyperintensity or T2 hypointenslty include fat, calcification, mucinous material, intratumoral melanin, flow effects, and enhancement with paramagnetic contrast agents23 Extracellular methemoglobin. cache = ./cache/cord-008085-3ihuqvei.txt txt = ./txt/cord-008085-3ihuqvei.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007665-vdtpz75u author = Dörries, R. title = Comparative analysis of virus-specific antibodies and immunoglobulins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of subacute measles virus-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME) in rats and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) date = 2002-11-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4086 sentences = 200 flesch = 47 summary = title: Comparative analysis of virus-specific antibodies and immunoglobulins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of subacute measles virus-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME) in rats and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) The intrathecal humoral immune response was analysed in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and Lewis rats with subacute measles virus (MV)-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME). Although a restricted isoelectric pattern of MV-specific antibodies was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SSPE patients as well as of SAME rats, the heterogeneity within clusters of immunoglobulin bands was higher in the rat specimens. A micro-enzyme immunoassay was used for determination of MV-specific titers in serum and CSF specimens from SSPE patients and diseased rats, MV antigen and Vero cell control antigen (25/~1, 100/tg protein/ml) were coated onto the surface of round-bottom microtiter plates (Immunoplates lI, Nunc, Wiesbaden, F.R.G.) by overnight incubation at room temperature in coating buffer (0.05 M sodium carbonate buffer, pH 9.6). cache = ./cache/cord-007665-vdtpz75u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007665-vdtpz75u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005014-qp4rrwr4 author = Martin, R. title = Persistent intrathecal secretion of oligoclonal, Borrelia burgdorferi-specific IgG in chronic meningoradiculomyelitis date = 1988 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2885 sentences = 158 flesch = 45 summary = The diagnosis is confirmed by high titres of serum and CSF antibodies, specific for Borrelia burgdorferi, which has recently been identified as the aetiological agent of Lyme disease and Bannwarth's syndrome [2] . The purpose of our study was to answer the questions whether the CSF immunoglobulin G (IgG) in lymphomeningoradiculitis is locally produced, whether its antigen specificity can be determined, and whether the persistence of a specific distribution pattern can be recorded over the course of the disease. In the present study, we used a rapid and sensitive immunoblotting technique [6] to detect and characterize intrathecally produced IgG in five patients suffering from chronic meningoradiculitis (Bannwarth's syndrome) or radiculomyelitis. The presence of oligoclonal IgG bands in the CSF and not in the serum of patients suffering from meningoradiculitis or radiculomyelitis strongly favours the intrathecal production of these antibodies and was firstly demonstrated by Kriiger et al. cache = ./cache/cord-005014-qp4rrwr4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005014-qp4rrwr4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021772-5v4gor2v author = Levine, Gwendolyn J. title = Cerebrospinal Fluid and Central Nervous System Cytology date = 2019-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12646 sentences = 768 flesch = 46 summary = 45, 46 In a recent study of 106 canine CSF samples without pleocytosis (TNCC <5/μL) but containing at least 500 RBCs/μL, the mean percentage of neutrophils (45.2% versus 5.7%), percentage of samples with eosinophils present (36.8% versus 6.8%), and mean protein concentration (40 mg/dL versus 26 mg/dL) were found to be significantly increased in the samples with blood contamination when compared with controls. 4 A study of cats with CNS cryptococcosis showed organisms in 9 of 11 of the CSF samples, and a majority of cases (9 of 10) had neutrophilic pleocytosis and increased protein concentration (8 of 10). A case series of five cats showed CSF ranging from normal to marked neutrophilic pleocytosis with moderately elevated protein concentration and variable correlation to clinical outcome. 85 A study of eight dogs with natural infection (confirmed by CNS tissue-PCR and histopathology) showed lymphocytic pleocytosis in all samples and normal protein concentrations. cache = ./cache/cord-021772-5v4gor2v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021772-5v4gor2v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-257310-wqu7t44n author = Maideniuc, Catalina title = Acute necrotizing myelitis and acute motor axonal neuropathy in a COVID-19 patient date = 2020-08-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1091 sentences = 78 flesch = 51 summary = A 61-year-old woman with COVID 19 infection developed acute necrotizing myelitis (ANM) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), a rare variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) without systemic signs of infection. Here we present a unique case of COVID 19 patients with acute necrotizing myelitis (ANM) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), a rare variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) without systemic signs of infection. However, MRI Cervical spine showed patchy T2 hyperintensities within the central cord extending from below the foreman magnum, proximal Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s0041 5-020-10145 -6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. The patient had a spinal fluid analysis that showed a hemorrhagic tap (red blood cells 312/mm 3 ) with normal white blood cells (3/mm 3) elevated protein (87 mg/ dl) and glucose (73 mg/dl). Acute necrotizing encephalitis, myelitis and variants of GBS such as axonal, demyelinating, and Miller Fisher Syndrome have been reported with the COVID 19 [2] [3] [4] [5] . cache = ./cache/cord-257310-wqu7t44n.txt txt = ./txt/cord-257310-wqu7t44n.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017361-2lrmg6z0 author = Ballinger, Megan N. title = Innate Immune Responses in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia date = 2012-10-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10213 sentences = 500 flesch = 37 summary = The compensatory release of anti-in fl ammatory molecules in sepsis is believed to mediate immunosuppression during the peri-septic or post-injury period, during which time immune cell function is substantially impaired (historically referred to as critical illness-induced leukocyte "deactivation" or "immunoparalysis"). Leukocyte reprogramming appears to be of considerable clinical signi fi cance, as higher rates of nosocomial infection and increased mortality are observed in postoperative, burn injury or septic patients who display evidence of monocyte deactivation, either in the form of decreased monocyte HLA-DR expression, ex vivo cytokine production or impaired delayed-type hypersensitivity responses (Appel et al. While these latter molecules could contribute to suppression of TLR-mediated responses during critical illness, there is no data to show enhanced expression and/or activity in blood monocytes or lung macrophages in patients at risk for the development of VAP. cache = ./cache/cord-017361-2lrmg6z0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017361-2lrmg6z0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022594-fx044gcd author = Pirko, Istvan title = Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System date = 2009-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 25103 sentences = 1371 flesch = 46 summary = If a patient presents with a history of two or more attacks, but objective clinical evidence only suggests one lesion, the following additional data is needed to confirm the diagnosis: the disease process has to be disseminated in space as demonstrated by MRI; alternatively, two or more MRI-detected lesions consistent with MS plus positive CSF would suffice to meet the newly defined criteria. The EBM calculations regarding this trial show an RRR of 24%, and ARR of 11%, and an NNT of 9 patients over 2 years in order to prevent one conversion to "clinically definite MS." These two studies provide support for considering early treatment in patients presenting with first attack, in the presence of multiple asymptomatic MRI lesions, but further studies are needed to determine whether this approach will provide a prolonged benefit on disease course. cache = ./cache/cord-022594-fx044gcd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022594-fx044gcd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017885-cz19y60u author = Maziarz, Eileen K. title = Cryptococcosis date = 2014-11-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10640 sentences = 493 flesch = 33 summary = While the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the outcome of cryptococcosis in many HIV-infected patients, cryptococcosis remains an entity of considerable morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world, and restoration of host immunity can present management challenges that require individualized management. In a high-risk patient with clinical symptoms suggestive of meningitis, identification of cryptococcal antigen in CSF or serum is rapid, specific, noninvasive, and virtually diagnostic of meningoencephalitis or disseminated cryptococcosis even when the India ink examination or culture is negative [42, 43] . Though combination induction therapy with AmBd and 5-FC remains the recommended standard of care for severe cryptococcosis including cryptococcal meningitis, limited availability of 5-FC in resource-limited settings presents significant challenges for managing patients in areas where the disease burden and mortality rates are highest. cache = ./cache/cord-017885-cz19y60u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017885-cz19y60u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023748-3kfy36hg author = Lye, Patricia S. title = Fever date = 2017-05-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15600 sentences = 931 flesch = 47 summary = Although rapid testing for viral pathogens is often readily available, a detailed investigation to identify a viral pathogen is not necessary unless the confirmation of a viral infection will change the acute diagnostic plan; treatment with antivirals is an option (HSV, influenza) if the fever is prolonged and evolves into FUO or if there is end-organ involvement, as in hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, or meningitis. Occult bacteremia is defined by the presence of a positive blood culture for pathogenic bacteria in a febrile patient who does not appear extremely ill and who has no focus of infection, excluding otitis media. A combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory studies can be used to define a specific population of infants aged 29-60 days who do not appear ill and are at low risk for bacterial infections. cache = ./cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264163-389tgecz author = Machado, Gisele F. title = Zymographic patterns of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the CSF and cerebellum of dogs with subacute distemper leukoencephalitis date = 2013-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3266 sentences = 170 flesch = 47 summary = To evaluate the involvement of MMPs during subacute distemper leukoencephalitis, we measured the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by zymography in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the cerebellum of 14 dogs naturally infected with CDV and 10 uninfected dogs. Due to the diversity of clinical manifestations, the brain lesions of dogs with distemper leukoencephalitis are classified as acute, subacute and chronic, depending on the amount of viral particles, the extension of the myelin loss and the composition and severity of the inflammatory infiltrate (Alldinger et al., 1993; Wünschmann et al., 1999; Silva et al., 2009) . For active MMP-2, even though there was no difference between Table 1 Panel of antibodies used in this study to characterize astrocytes, T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the in the cerebellum of dogs with subacute distemper leukoencephalitis. cache = ./cache/cord-264163-389tgecz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264163-389tgecz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006869-g2q1gpp0 author = nan title = Neurocritical Care Society 7th Annual Meeting date = 2009-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 45395 sentences = 2661 flesch = 49 summary = This was a pilot study to compare the cerebral neurochemical changes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who underwent conventional blood glucose level (BGL) control and intensive BGL control with continuous titrated insulin. We studied 14 comatose SAH patients who underwent multimodality neuromonitoring with intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral microdialysis, and brain tissue oxygen (PbtO 2 ) as part of their clinical care. We studied 46 consecutive comatose patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, or cardiac arrest who underwent cerebral microdialysis and intracranial pressure monitoring.Continuous insulin infusion was used to maintain target serum glucose levels of 80-120 mg/dl. This suggests that risk of cerebral vasospasm following traumatic brain injury is increased not only in subarachnoid hemorrhage, but also intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and that Rotterdam CT score may be a useful metric for assessing risk of csPTV in severe TBI patients. cache = ./cache/cord-006869-g2q1gpp0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006869-g2q1gpp0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-025251-evnfvc0l author = Nemunaitis, John title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: let the virus be its own demise date = 2020-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7308 sentences = 397 flesch = 38 summary = Herein we describe the rationale and potential of repurposing a dual plasmid, Vigil (pbi-shRNA(furin)-GM-CSF), now in Phase III cancer trials, for the treatment of and, in certain circumstances, enhancement of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. A recent publication from Nankai University (Tianjin, China) on SARS-CoV-2 reported that genome sequence analysis revealed a section of genes that was not present in SARS-CoV that had a cleavage site similar to HIV and Ebola which carry viral proteins necessary for fusogenic activity of viral species to the human cell membrane. Another immunotherapeutic intervention would be to increase the pulmonary expression of GM-CSF, which, in vivo, redirects macrophages from an M1 state of activation to an M2 activation state and enhances expression of anti-inflammatory mediators and perhaps allow more time for patients to mount an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 [25] . Similar to SARS-CoV-2, alveolar epithelial cells are the primary target of influenza virus (IV) and are the first site of entry and support for viral propagation and replication. cache = ./cache/cord-025251-evnfvc0l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-025251-evnfvc0l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289744-suiqh3gv author = Lafolie, Jérémy title = Assessment of blood enterovirus PCR testing in paediatric populations with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis: a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study date = 2018-10-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4727 sentences = 239 flesch = 48 summary = The aim of our multicentre study was to assess detection of enterovirus by PCR in blood specimens of newborn babies, infants, and children with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis. Evidence before this study We searched PubMed up to Feb 7, 2018, for papers reporting paediatric enterovirus diseases and enterovirus PCR testing or molecular detection of viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood specimens of patients with aseptic meningitis, sepsis and sepsis-like disease, or fever without source. Our study of 360 patients with laboratory findings of enterovirus infection is, as far as we are aware, the largest prospective, multicentre, observational study to assess PCR testing for enterovirus in both blood and CSF samples from newborn babies (aged ≤28 days) and infants (aged >28 days to ≤2 years) with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis, and children (aged >2 years to ≤16 years) with suspected meningitis. cache = ./cache/cord-289744-suiqh3gv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289744-suiqh3gv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271011-5stsx5je author = Singh, M. title = Inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid analysis in cats: clinical diagnosis and outcome date = 2005-03-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6930 sentences = 400 flesch = 53 summary = The purpose of this study was to determine if signalment, clinical signs, CSF analysis, additional clinicopathological data and diagnostic imaging could be used to determine the specific aetiology of the CNS disease in cats with inflammatory CSF. Based on the results, clinical information, clinical pathology and ancillary testing procedures the following classifications of disease could be made: 1, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP); 2, Cryptococcus species infection; 3, Toxoplasma species infection; 4, other meningoencephalitis; 5, thiamine deficiency; 6, lymphoma; 7, other neoplasia; 8, trauma; 9, intervertebral disc disease; 10, spinal cord granuloma and 11, undiagnosed (Table 2) . A presumptive diagnosis of FIP was made based on age, a suppurative or mixed inflammatory CSF, poor response to treatment, elevated serum or body cavity effusion FeCoV antibody titre or a reduced albumin:globulin ratio (!0.5) of serum or body cavity effusions. A presumptive diagnosis was made based on a mild suppurative-mixed CSF inflammation, normal-mildly increased CSF protein levels and positive IgG antibody titre. cache = ./cache/cord-271011-5stsx5je.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271011-5stsx5je.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022283-8ny6j1ny author = Cuddon, Paul A title = The weak and ataxic or paralyzed cat date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6123 sentences = 480 flesch = 45 summary = Most cats with spinal cord disease have a combination of both ataxia and paresis, since most myelopathies cause disruption of both the motor and sensory systems. Cats presenting solely with ataxia and paresis/paralysis most commonly have spinal cord disease. The most common causes of spinal cord ataxia and paresis in cats are infectious (including feline infectious peritonitis virus (coronavirus)), neoplasia (lymphosarcoma) and trauma. Infectious diseases, such as feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis also may produce signs of progressive spinal cord dysfunction. Many cats with sacrococcygeal trauma also show signs of LMN paraparesis (sciatic nerve injury), consisting of dragging of the hind paws on their dorsum and a failure to flex the pelvic limb(s) when walking or when the withdrawal reflex is performed. Cats with severe myelopathy or cauda equina injury with analgesia have a very poor to hopeless prognosis since they commonly have physical or functional spinal cord or cauda equina transection. Feline polioencephalomyelitis is a chronic, progressive disease affecting the spinal cord and brain of cats. cache = ./cache/cord-022283-8ny6j1ny.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022283-8ny6j1ny.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021452-9rukc80y author = Bergman, Robert L. title = Miscellaneous Spinal Cord Diseases date = 2009-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8298 sentences = 619 flesch = 48 summary = Infectious inflammatory disease is the most common categorical differential diagnosis in cats with spinal cord dysfunction. 1 Common infectious inflammatory spinal cord diseases include FIP, cryptococcosis, FeLV infection, and toxoplasmosis. 6, 7 Polioencephalomyelitis, an inflammatory disease of unknown cause, is associated with 8 per cent of cases of feline spinal cord disease 1 and may present with clinical signs of paraparesis. FIP accounts for more than half of the infectious inflammatory causes of myelitis in cats, and 16 per cent of all spinal cord diseases reported in cats. In a case series of cats with spinal cord-related signs, more than 75 per cent were younger than 2 years of age. Overall the most consistent diagnostic findings in cats with the CNS form of FIP include a positive coronavirus IgG titer in CSF, a high serum total protein concentration, and abnormalities in brain imaging. 19 Clinical signs of spinal cord dysfunction, including paraspinal hyperesthesia and paresis, have been reported in at least one case series. cache = ./cache/cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005479-wj2xmp8h author = Karlin, L title = Respiratory status deterioration during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery date = 2005-06-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2941 sentences = 163 flesch = 37 summary = Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-related pulmonary toxicity has been documented in cancer patients, and experimental models suggest a role for G-CSF in acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-related pulmonary toxicity has been documented in cancer patients, and experimental models suggest a role for G-CSF in acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery. In patients with pulmonary infiltrates during neutropenia, G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery carries a risk of respiratory status deterioration with acute lung injury or ARDS. In patients with pulmonary infiltrates during neutropenia, G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery carries a risk of respiratory status deterioration with acute lung injury or ARDS. To help clinicians bear in mind the increased risk of acute respiratory failure during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery in cancer patients, we describe 20 cases seen in our intensive care unit (ICU) over a 22-month period. cache = ./cache/cord-005479-wj2xmp8h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005479-wj2xmp8h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283367-azzy2t1a author = Rahman, Asma title = Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: A narrative review date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4426 sentences = 364 flesch = 54 summary = Some patients show neurological manifestations such as headache, dizziness, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral nerve and muscle symptoms and smell and taste impairment. Sarma and Bilello 41 1 Acute transverse myelitis A 28-year-old female patient with SARS-CoV-2 presenting lower back pain, bilateral symmetric upper, and lower extremity numbness. 50 None of the patients with post-COVID-19 GBS tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the CSF, 51 points to an immune mechanism such as inflammation secondary to a cytokine storm as a possible cause. During the COVID-19 pandemic, if a patient has neurological symptoms such as loss of the sense of smell and taste or delirium, testing for SARS-CoV-2 should be considered irrespective of them not having the other typical symptoms. Stroke in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: case series Acute myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study cache = ./cache/cord-283367-azzy2t1a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283367-azzy2t1a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291553-j9nn5g70 author = Fridholm, Helena title = Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array date = 2016-01-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2016 sentences = 120 flesch = 50 summary = title: Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array We have used a metagenomic microarray to detect genomic RNA from human pegivirus in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from a patient suffering from severe encephalitis. We report a case of severe encephalitis where the only microbe detected in the CNS was human pegivirus (HPgV), hitherto only known to cause asymptomatic infections in humans. In both cases it is uncertain if HPgV is pathogenic but it is noteworthy to detect a virus at a high viral load in the CNS. More recently, both positive and negative RNA-strands of HPgV was detected in post mortem brain tissue from a multiple sclerosis (MS) patient, implying that the virus was replicating in the brain tissue [1] . All CSF samples where negative for HPgV but one encephalitis patient was positive in serum (Ct 27.2). cache = ./cache/cord-291553-j9nn5g70.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291553-j9nn5g70.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 author = Macdonald-Laurs, Emma title = CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? date = 2018-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4246 sentences = 272 flesch = 46 summary = title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? Severe neurological complications from seasonal influenza, including influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis (IAE), cause considerable morbidity and mortality in healthy children, and those with pre-existing neurological disease. We identified children aged 0e14 years, with evidence of influenza and associated severe neurological disease including status epilepticus or moderate to severe encephalopathy, admitted to two paediatric hospitals which comprise the Sydney Children's Hospital Network, the largest paediatric network in Australia. In this case series we observed two groups of children who presented with severe influenza related neurological disease. Further studies of IAE are required to evaluate whether significant elevations of CSF neopterin, particularly in combination with diffusion restriction and other MRI changes, could predict short and long-term outcome. Given the severity of influenza associated neurological complications, we recommend a "treat and test" approach to the use of oseltamivir in children presenting with acute encephalopathy/encephalitis during the influenza season. cache = ./cache/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023369-xwclh6ih author = Kim, Faith title = Human Herpesvirus-6 Meningitis in a Premature Infant with Fevers: A Case and Literature Review date = 2020-04-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4890 sentences = 219 flesch = 43 summary = They both had IgM antibodies in the acute phase and PCR detection of HHV-6 DNA in the serum at high copy numbers suggestive of a primary infection despite presence of preexisting maternal antibodies, which the authors isolated from both mothers. 18 Infants with congenital infection due to ciHHV6 had evidence of high viral loads in the cord blood and detection of HHV-6 DNA in hair follicles in both the infants and at least one parent. In summary, we present a case of a premature infant with multiple anomalies who acquired acute HHV-6 viral meningitis in the setting of intermittent high fevers, elevated inflammatory markers, and diagnostic testing from her CSF that confirmed the diagnosis. Transplacental human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) congenital infection caused by maternal chromosomally integrated virus cache = ./cache/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263530-t9ryky6f author = Kamal, Yasmine Mohamed title = Cerebrospinal fluid confirmed COVID-19-associated encephalitis treated successfully date = 2020-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2480 sentences = 158 flesch = 45 summary = ► Abdominal CT was normal ► Brain MRI with contrast, performed after 2 weeks to comply with our hospital's protocol that only allows COVID-19-negative patient to get in contact with the MRI machine, revealed abnormal signal intensity in the temporal lobe cortex bilaterally in a rather symmetrical fashion. Seven hundred and fifty milligrams of intravenous acyclovir sodium, three times per day, was started empirically before the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results were obtained, addressing the possibility of herpes simplex virus (HSV) I and II encephalitis. The early suspicion of COVID-19 encephalitis and performing the appropriate CSF studies was the key to establishing the correct diagnosis and timely management. ► A red flag of the possibility of COVID-19 encephalitis should be raised whenever patients present with abnormal behaviour, acute psychosis, confusion state or drowsiness. cache = ./cache/cord-263530-t9ryky6f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263530-t9ryky6f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-286149-awhnjwyc author = Hoon‐Hanks, L.L. title = Metagenomic Investigation of Idiopathic Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs date = 2017-12-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5441 sentences = 289 flesch = 51 summary = In previous investigations of MUO in dogs, only brain samples were tested for infectious agents; however, CSF is a common sample utilized in the clinical evaluation of neurologic disease for the detection of infectious agent nucleic acids, especially by PCR. Additionally, RNA was extracted from postmortem brain samples from a mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), green tree python (Morelia viridis), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and American robin (Turdus migratorius), all of which had previously been tested by PCR, metagenomic sequencing, or both, and were found to be infected with specific known infectious agents. There are several possible biological and technical explanations for our study's inability to identify a candidate etiologic agent for MUO, including the underlying pathogenesis of the disease, sample type and collection methods, case inclusion criteria, sensitivity of diagnostics, and database limitations. cache = ./cache/cord-286149-awhnjwyc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-286149-awhnjwyc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283202-5fq1wxz8 author = Kent, Marc title = The cat with neurological manifestations of systemic disease. Key conditions impacting on the CNS date = 2009-05-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7327 sentences = 518 flesch = 40 summary = This article reviews the clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of four important systemic diseases with neurological consequences: feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy. A presumptive diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, evidence of recent or active infection (gained via serology for immunoglobulins or immune complexes, or PCR), exclusion of other disease processes, and response to therapy. Consequently, affected cats often demonstrate signs relating to renal disease or hyperthyroidism, given the high prevalence of hypertension with these disorders. Hepatic encephalopathy is the clinical syndrome of abnormal neurological function caused by portosystemic shunting, with or without intrinsic liver disease. Use of anti-coronavirus antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis involving the central nervous system in cats Non-invasive blood pressure measurements in cats: clinical significance of hypertension associated with chronic renal failure cache = ./cache/cord-283202-5fq1wxz8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283202-5fq1wxz8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-009713-sxd4t2tz author = nan title = Poster Presentations date = 2020-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 43950 sentences = 2945 flesch = 52 summary = Poster No. 010 Seizure, developmental and cognitive outcomes in children post hemispherotomy TT TAY 1 , DR REED 2 , VJ JOSAN 3 , SR RUST 4 , JT TAN 5 1 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; 2 Neuropsychology Team, Paediatric Psychosocial Service, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; 3 Neurosurgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK; 4 Paediatric Neuropsychology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK; 5 Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK Introduction: Patients with focal refractory epilepsy secondary to structural hemispheric changes have been shown in retrospective studies to have significantly improved seizure outcomes following hemispheric disconnection. In a univariate analysis of 682 cases with ≥12 months follow-up data, poor final outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 3-6) occurred in 30% and was associated with very young or elderly age at onset, movement disorder, decreased consciousness, autonomic dysfunction, mechanical ventilation, higher mRS score in the acute phase, longer hospital stay, extreme delta brush on EEG, abnormal MRI, CSF pleocytosis and elevated CSF protein (all p<0.05). cache = ./cache/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320940-e7ic2pnc author = Yang, Jiancheng title = Nanosensor networks for health-care applications date = 2020-02-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5271 sentences = 306 flesch = 50 summary = Functionalized transistors provide effective sensors for a variety of viruses (Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome), toxins (botulinum), cancers (breast and prostate), and disease or injury biomarkers (troponin, cerebrospinal fluid). For biological and medical sensing applications, disease diagnosis by detecting specific biomarkers (functional or structural abnormal enzymes, low molecular weight proteins, or antigen) in blood, urine, saliva, or tissue samples has been established using a number of approaches, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), particle-based flow cytometric assays, electrochemical techniques based on impedance and capacitance, electrical measurement of micro-cantilever resonant frequency change, and conductance measurement of semiconductor nanostructures [1À3] . In this chapter, we describe the use of semiconductor transistor-based systems in which specific functional layers are placed directly on the gate region of the transistor or connected to it from disposable glass or plastic slides to provide a sensor capable of fast response and excellent detection sensitivity. cache = ./cache/cord-320940-e7ic2pnc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320940-e7ic2pnc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349329-f0pbd968 author = Bosteels, Cedric title = Sargramostim to treat patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (SARPAC): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12411 sentences = 618 flesch = 45 summary = -Presence of acute hypoxic respiratory failure defined as (either or both)  saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2  PaO2/FiO2 below 350 -Admitted to specialized COVID-19 ward -Age 18-80 -Male or Female -Willing to provide informed consent Exclusion criteria -Patients with known history of serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, to human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor such as sargramostim, yeast-derived products, or any component of the product. Study Interventions Confirmed or highly suspect COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure (saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2 or PaO2/FiO2 <350) will be randomized to receive sargramostim 125mcg twice daily for 5 days as a nebulized inhalation on top of standard of care (active group), or to receive standard of care treatment (control group). cache = ./cache/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282797-thywse7g author = Hwang, Yoon Jung title = Engineered Bacteriophage T7 as a Potent Anticancer Agent in vivo date = 2020-09-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6166 sentences = 337 flesch = 55 summary = We constructed an engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying a peptide, which targets murine melanoma cells and harbors a mammalian expression cassette of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in viral genomic DNA. It displayed peptides targeting mouse melanoma cells and at the same time harbored a mammalian expression cassette for the cytokine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying homing peptide (pep42) and expressing GM-CSF was added to the culture at an MOI of 100 and cells were incubated for 3 days. First and second row: wild type phage T7 (WT T7) or T7 displaying the homing peptide (T7-pep42) was added to in vitro cultured B16F10 melanoma cells and binding was observed under a fluorescent laser scanning confocal microscope. The engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying homing peptide (pep42) and harboring a mammalian expression cassette of murine GM-CSF was produced and the phage solution was nearly completely cleared (90%) of endotoxins ( Figure 1A) . cache = ./cache/cord-282797-thywse7g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282797-thywse7g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006444-eq56zhtd author = nan title = Abstracts of oral presentations and posters date = 1993 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 40668 sentences = 2121 flesch = 53 summary = The results from ongoing preclinical studies continue to confirm the broad spectrum of biological activities possessed by rhiL-1 1 in vitro and suggest this cytokine may be an effective agent in the treatment of myelosuppression associated with cancer chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. We performed a phase H trial to assess the ability of G-CSF -mobilized PBPC to rapidly and completely restore hemopeiesis after high dose chemotherapy in the absence of bone marrow infusions, with selection for PBPC-only infusions based on yield of granulocyte -macrophage colony -forming cells (GM-CFC) after G-CSF treatment. Our approach for high-dose (HD) chemotherapy is to first treat patients eligible for dose intensification with a standard dose chemotherapy (VIP: VP26 = etoposide: 500 mg/m 2, ifosfamide: 4 g/m 2, cis-platinum: 50 mg/m 2) followed by the application of colony stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF or IL-3 + GM-CSF) in order to combine a regimen with broad anti-tumor activity with the recruitment of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs). cache = ./cache/cord-006444-eq56zhtd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006444-eq56zhtd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266499-g1lajsp8 author = Han, Jae-Ik title = A multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis date = 2015-09-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3077 sentences = 163 flesch = 44 summary = title: A multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis In the present study, a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mqPCR) panel was optimized for the detection of eight canine neurologic pathogens (Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus spp., Neospora caninum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Ehrlichia canis, and canine distemper virus [CDV]). The analytic sensitivity (i.e., limit of detection, expressed as molecules per 1 µL of recombinant vector) was 3.8 for CDV, 3.7 for Ehrlichia canis, 3.7 for Bartonella spp., 3.8 for Borrelia burgdorferi, 3.7 for Blastomyces dermatitidis, 3.7 for Cryptococcus spp., 38 for Neospora caninum, and 3.7 for Toxoplasma gondii. Recent studies have used multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (mqPCR) as a diagnostic tool for multifactorial diseases because this approach can simultaneously detect multiple pathogens with good diagnostic performance and is faster than conventional methods [8, 29] . cache = ./cache/cord-266499-g1lajsp8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266499-g1lajsp8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333805-xmqs2ax7 author = Romoli, Michele title = A systematic review of neurological manifestations of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: the devil is hidden in the details date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4025 sentences = 257 flesch = 44 summary = BACKGROUND: We systematically reviewed available evidence for reports of neurological signs and symptoms in Coronavirus disease (COVID)‐19 patients to identify cases with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection or immune‐mediated reaction in the nervous system. This study therefore aimed to identify clinical cases of confirmed nervous system invasion or postinfectious neurological disease in the available COVID-19 literature on the basis of a systematic review. A systematic review was carried out to study all cases reporting nervous system involvement in patients with proven SARS-CoV2 infection. There were just 2 cases with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR in CSF among 27 patients with potential neurologic symptoms and proven COVID-19. In this regard, we see a clear need for the use of precise case definitions and focused diagnostic work-up to distinguish nonspecific complications of severe disease and focused reporting of neurological involvement in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection. cache = ./cache/cord-333805-xmqs2ax7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333805-xmqs2ax7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284038-93s3ffoy author = Keyhanian, Kiandokht title = SARS-CoV-2 and nervous system: From pathogenesis to clinical manifestation date = 2020-11-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11701 sentences = 592 flesch = 42 summary = Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a growing body of evidence indicates that besides common COVID-19 symptoms, patients may develop various neurological manifestations affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as skeletal muscles. Growing number of case reports and/or series indicate that a variety of neurological conditions and post-viral triggered autoimmune complications, as we discuss below, occur in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection which mainly include Guillain-Barré syndromes (GBSs) (table 2), myopathy and rhabdomyolysis (table 2) , encephalopathy, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and myelitis (table 3) . Moreover, two cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) in patients with COVID-19 positivity from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab, but without CSF PCR for SARS-CoV-2 data, were reported in the literature (Poyiadji, Shahin, 2020 , Radmanesh et al. cache = ./cache/cord-284038-93s3ffoy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284038-93s3ffoy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-327444-y2464gjh author = Wilson, M.R. title = Meningitis, Viral date = 2014-05-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3377 sentences = 191 flesch = 40 summary = The concept that agents other than bacteria can invade the central nervous system (CNS) began with the emergence of poliomyelitis as an epidemic infection and, subsequently, with the realization that similar meningeal inflammation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis occurred in as many as 60% of patients with mumps parotitis. That meningitis could be caused by other 'filterable agents' (i.e., viruses) was demonstrated by Rivers and Scot, who in 1935 recovered lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) from the CSF of an affected patient. Recent studies employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, however, confirm older observations that enteroviral CNS infections occur throughout the year, and many previously undiagnosed cases of viral meningitis occurring during winter months are also caused by these viruses. The most common domestic arthropodborne agents associated with viral meningitis include St. Louis encephalitis virus, the California/LaCrosse group of viruses, Colorado tick fever, and West Nile virus, which caused an explosive outbreak when it first arrived in the United States in 1999 and more recently in 2012. cache = ./cache/cord-327444-y2464gjh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-327444-y2464gjh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298894-t5hyfum3 author = Rifino, Nicola title = Neurologic manifestations in 1760 COVID-19 patients admitted to Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy date = 2020-10-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4682 sentences = 247 flesch = 44 summary = Neurological manifestations were classified as: (a) cerebrovascular disease [53 pts (38.7%)] including 37 ischemic and 11 haemorrhagic strokes, 4 transient ischemic attacks, 1 cerebral venous thrombosis; (b) peripheral nervous system diseases [31 (22.6%)] including 17 Guillain–Barrè syndromes; (c) altered mental status [49 (35.8%)] including one necrotizing encephalitis and 2 cases with RT-PCR detection of SARS-Cov-2 RNA in CSF; (d) miscellaneous disorders, among whom 2 patients with myelopathy associated with Ab anti-SARS-CoV-2 in CSF. COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed: (1) by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal specimens [13] ; or (2) by RT-PCR on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtained by bronchoscopy in case of high clinical suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection and negative test results on at least two nasopharyngeal swabs performed at least 24 h apart; or (3) in the presence of characteristic radiological interstitial pneumonia associated with typical symptoms (fever, dry cough, dyspnea), even with negative RT-PCR, with no other possible aetiologic explanation. cache = ./cache/cord-298894-t5hyfum3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298894-t5hyfum3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022527-a0x6lws3 author = nan title = Eosinophils in Human Disease date = 2012-10-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 56005 sentences = 2997 flesch = 38 summary = The role of the eosinophils as key players in the pathophysiology of asthma has been debated, despite evidence that the cells are present and activated in the airway lumen and tissue 1 of patients with current asthma; are increased in number when asthma is uncontrolled 2 or severe 3 and decreased when asthma is controlled 4 ; and treatment strategies that aim to control airway eosinophilia are significantly more effective and less expensive in improving asthma control 5,6 and decreasing asthma exacerbations compared to guideline-based clinical strategies. 11 Since allergic asthma is primarily a T-helper type 2 (T h 2)-mediated disease, it is not surprising that cytokines driving eosinophilia are T h 2 cell products: specifically, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and interleukin-5 (IL-5), which signal through specific high-affinity cell-surface receptors linked to a common b-chaindall of which can act as eosinophil growth factors that promote formation of eosinophil/basophil (Eo/B) colony-forming units (CFU) in functional assays. cache = ./cache/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018034-gx5c9mk8 author = nan title = Cell and Tissue Reactions date = 2006 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 17141 sentences = 1000 flesch = 44 summary = The tissue reactions are to be differentiated according to their specific pathogenetic mechanisms, though these mechanisms as well as the phenomena are overlapping as demonstrated in Fig. 4 .1; brain ischemia as a type of metabolic disturbance, edema, intracranial pressure, necrosis, herniation and inflammation are influencing themselves and are dependent on each other. Schematic demonstration of overlapping pathogenetic mechanisms that are associated with different types of tissue reactions by a causal link: metabolic disturbance, i.e., edema, increasing cerebral blood volume, perfusion pressure and herniation, i.e., brain swelling and cortical necrosis Distortion or pressure on the floor of the fourth ventricle are most likely responsible for the vomiting, while stretching and distortion of the dura mater and major intracranial blood vessels, all sensitive to pain, probably account for the headache. cache = ./cache/cord-018034-gx5c9mk8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018034-gx5c9mk8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345267-u24g6607 author = Lang, Frederick M. title = GM-CSF-based treatments in COVID-19: reconciling opposing therapeutic approaches date = 2020-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6013 sentences = 249 flesch = 33 summary = GM-CSF has been shown to be upregulated either systemically and/or in the diseased tissues of patients with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis) 2,26 as well as in conditions that show similarities to late-stage COVID-19, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 27 , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 28 , cytokine release syndrome (CRS) 29 , haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) 30 , hyperinflammation associated with graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) 31 and other inflammatory diseases of the lung 32 , heart 33-35 and nervous system 21, 23, 36, 37 . It has become increasingly well appreciated that the characteristic hyperactive immune response driving COVID-19 progression consists of a 'cytokine storm' , overwhelming infiltration of inflammatory myeloid cells into the lungs (particularly monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils), and even a disease phenotype resembling secondary HLH (often referred to as 'macrophage activation syndrome') 25, [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] . cache = ./cache/cord-345267-u24g6607.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345267-u24g6607.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328763-hcbs20a0 author = Ifergan, Igal title = Potential for Targeting Myeloid Cells in Controlling CNS Inflammation date = 2020-10-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11053 sentences = 559 flesch = 39 summary = As we will discuss in this review, multiple tools have been developed in the EAE models of MS demonstrating significant regulation of disease progression by various approaches blocking myeloid cell activation and effector function, but to date, these approaches have not been tested for therapeutic efficacy in MS patients. GM-CSF has a wide array of functions, notably the survival and activation of myeloid cells, the ability to induce differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs), the polarization of macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, enhanced antigen presentation, the induction of complement-and antibody-mediated phagocytosis, and the mobilization of monocytes and other myeloid populations from bone marrow to blood (61) (62) (63) . M-CSF stimulates progenitor cells from bone marrow and plays an important regulatory role in the survival, proliferation (in mice), differentiation, phagocytosis, and chemotaxis of myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, DCs, and microglia (87) (88) (89) . cache = ./cache/cord-328763-hcbs20a0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328763-hcbs20a0.txt === reduce.pl bib === === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284963-p0y5rrpb author = Kipar, Anja title = Natural feline coronavirus infection: Differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection date = 2006-08-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6429 sentences = 314 flesch = 48 summary = The spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow from naturally FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP and specific pathogen-free (SPF) control cats were examined for the quantity and activation state of monocytes/macrophages both by immunohistology and by quantitative real time PCR for the transcription of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) and GM-CSF. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a well-known and widely distributed coronavirus (FCoV)-induced systemic disease in cats, characterised by fibrinousgranulomatous serositis with protein-rich effusions into body cavities, granulomatous-necrotising phlebitis and periphlebitis and granulomatous inflammatory lesions in several organs (Hayashi et al., 1977; Weiss and Scott, 1981; Kipar et al., 1998 Kipar et al., , 2005 . Taken together, our results indicate that IL-10 is a key cytokine in FCoV infection, ensuring an effective specific immune response, but avoiding the inflammatory processes associated with the development of FIP (Kipar et al., 2005) , by inhibiting the virus-induced macrophage activation. cache = ./cache/cord-284963-p0y5rrpb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284963-p0y5rrpb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268567-2xoubkxb author = Samannodi, Mohammed title = Compliance with international guidelines in adults with encephalitis date = 2020-04-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3278 sentences = 192 flesch = 43 summary = In this study, we are evaluating the work up, management and outcome of 241 adults with encephalitis based on the majority of current guidelines recommendations in literature [11] [12] [13] [14] . As summarized in (Supplemental Digital Content Table 1 ), all guidelines of encephalitis management have major parts in evaluating and managing patients with encephalitis; exposure evaluation, appropriate utilization of diagnostic and neurodiagnostic studies, and proportion and timing of empirical antibiotic and antiviral therapy [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA), British, Australian, International consortium, and French guidelines recommend that clinicians evaluate for potential exposures and risk factors and to perform appropriate utilization of diagnostic studies in patients with suspected encephalitis. Also, most of the guidelines recommends to repeat CSF HSV PCR in 3-7 days in undiagnosed cases of encephalitis in which patients have clinical features or neuroimaging findings of HSV encephalitis [11] [12] [13] [14] . cache = ./cache/cord-268567-2xoubkxb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268567-2xoubkxb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-310299-isdsestc author = Hosseini, Akram A. title = Delirium as a presenting feature in COVID-19: neuroinvasive infection or autoimmune encephalopathy? date = 2020-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 981 sentences = 84 flesch = 46 summary = 1 We report two cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) infection with acute onset of altered mental status and delirium with normal respiration and metabolic balance in the first 48 hours. Despite normal brain CT at 48 hours, MRI on day 6 showed three hyperintense foci on diffusion-weighted images, but no overt restriction, consistent with T2-shine-through suggesting cellular infiltration/inflammation or small infarcts ( Figure 1 ). 1,2 However, there is currently no report of limbic encephalitis associated with COVID-19 that presented with delirium in the absence of respiratory, metabolic or systemic features, while patients may be hidden sources of spreading the virus in busy clinical settings. The detection of SARS-CoV2 in the CSF in a patient with meningo-encephalitis supports neurotropic and neuroinvasive potential of the virus 2 presumably through the blood vesselrich meninges once the blood brain barrier is damaged. Central Nervous System Involvement by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) cache = ./cache/cord-310299-isdsestc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-310299-isdsestc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285833-7exenodj author = Alkan, Ali title = Double-edged sword: Granulocyte colony stimulating factors in cancer patients during the COVID-19 era date = 2020-07-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 693 sentences = 43 flesch = 45 summary = A few recent studies on cancer patients have shown that they are at an increased risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Moreover, a 5-day course of G-CSF prophylaxis in most chemotherapy regimens has been reported to be effective (4); however, limited data are available on its efficacy in COVID-19 patients. Clinical outcomes are also unpredictable in COVID-19 patients with high levels of inflammatory cytokines undergoing G-CSF prophylaxis. However, very limited data on the outcomes of chemotherapy in cancer patients in the COVID-19 era are currently available, with no specific subgroup analysis in patients treated with G-CSFs. Although the described scenarios are theoretical and speculative, both NCCN and ESMO have concluded that the benefits of G-CSF administration outweigh its risks and have, therefore, recommended its use with caution. Until more data are available, clinicians should be more cautious with the use of G-CSFs in cancer patients in the COVID-19 era. cache = ./cache/cord-285833-7exenodj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285833-7exenodj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285151-zynor0b2 author = Eisenhut, Michael title = Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of Infectious Diseases date = 2013-12-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5999 sentences = 298 flesch = 33 summary = Longitudinal serial measurements in the same individual could overcome difficulties with interpretation in settings where chronic parasitic (malaria) or bacterial Schistosoma mansoni Praziquantel Blood Serum levels normalized on treatment [43, 44] (tuberculosis) infections may elevate the baseline neopterin level and could allow monitoring of response to antiretroviral treatment in the absence of resistance testing and provide means to monitor compliance in the outpatient setting (see Table 1 for list of diseases in which neopterin levels have been used to monitor treatment response). The first study investigating the role of neopterin in specific forms of viral hepatitis tested urinary levels in patients with hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and non-A, non-B hepatitis virus infection [9] . Elevated serum neopterin levels were also found in HIV infected patients with tuberculosis and decreased significantly on antituberculous treatment [40] . Serum neopterin was also assessed as a disease marker in human Schistosoma mansoni infection and levels were found to reflect the extent of hepatic involvement with higher levels found in patients with hepatomegaly. cache = ./cache/cord-285151-zynor0b2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285151-zynor0b2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-277889-8u685f45 author = Costela-Ruiz, Víctor J. title = SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease date = 2020-06-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9212 sentences = 552 flesch = 49 summary = The majority of patients infected with COVID-19 have normal or reduced white cell counts and lymphocytopenia, and those with severe disease have shown significantly elevated levels of neutrophils, dimer-D, and urea in blood, with a continuing decrease in lymphocytes. detected elevated levels of the antagonistic receptor of IL-1 (IL-1Ra) in 14 severe cases of COVID-19, and this marker has been associated with increased viral load, loss of pulmonary function, lung damage, and mortality risk [55] . observed that its expression during infection with an influenza virus had negative effects on CD8 + memory T cells [71] .Various studies of COVID-19 patients have detected elevated IL-4 levels as part of the cytokine storm associated with severe respiratory symptoms [16, 17, 43, 72] . Elevated IL-17 levels have been reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2 as part of the cytokine storm [17] , and they have been associated with the viral load and disease severity [56] . cache = ./cache/cord-277889-8u685f45.txt txt = ./txt/cord-277889-8u685f45.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-313208-nfu8rdvh author = Muccioli, Lorenzo title = Subcortical myoclonus in COVID‐19: comprehensive evaluation of a patient date = 2020-08-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 875 sentences = 65 flesch = 45 summary = Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, performed eight days after myoclonus onset, demonstrated 5 leukocytes/μL, elevated protein levels (75 mg/dL) and CSF/serum albumin ratio (13.1), and negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Myoclonus onset timing and clinical course were also not consistent with an adverse drug reaction, a mechanism suggested in the form of serotonin syndrome in two patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir. 2, Agitation and myoclonus were preceded by severe cytokine release syndrome, a distinctive feature of COVID-19. Interestingly, cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 has been implicated in steroid-responsive COVID-19-associated encephalopathy. 5 In addition to marked agitation in our patient, previous reports also had clinical/instrumental findings suggestive of encephalopathy, including dysexecutive syndrome, delirium, somnolence, EEG slowing, elevated inflammatory markers, variable responses to immunotherapies and a benign clinical course, 1-4 further suggesting an immune-mediated/inflammatory pathogenesis. Serotonin syndrome in two COVID-19 patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19 cache = ./cache/cord-313208-nfu8rdvh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-313208-nfu8rdvh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343148-rp3kmd80 author = Ayatollahi, Parisa title = Possible Autoimmune Encephalitis with Claustrum Sign in case of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1029 sentences = 68 flesch = 40 summary = title: Possible Autoimmune Encephalitis with Claustrum Sign in case of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection On the third day of admission, new behavioral changes appeared including elated mood, inappropriate laughing, anxiety, and insomnia, leading to treatment with clonazepam, risperidone, and sertraline, in addition to sodium divalproex. Repeat brain MRI showed signal hyperintensities on fluidattenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2-weighted sequences in the claustrum bilaterally, which were not present on the initial scan 2 weeks earlier. Follow-up MRI 1 month after the abnormal scan showed near-complete resolution of the claustrum hyperintensities ( Figure 2 ). [1] [2] [3] The MRI abnormality ("the claustrum sign") may extend to external/extreme capsules and insular cortices 3 and typically resolves in weeks or months. The finding of the claustrum sign on brain MRI, not previously reported in a COVID-19 patient, [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] provides further support for the idea that acute SARS-CoV-2 infection may present as an autoimmune encephalitis. cache = ./cache/cord-343148-rp3kmd80.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343148-rp3kmd80.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345210-6f8niif5 author = Tadavarthy, Silpa N. title = Developing and Implementing an Infection Prevention and Control Program for a COVID-19 Alternative Care Site in Philadelphia, PA date = 2020-07-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4228 sentences = 208 flesch = 51 summary = The rapid creation and unusual configuration of this facility, together with the challenges of new clinical teams unfamiliar with one another, and working together in uncomfortable PPE to provide high-quality patient care, necessitated some basic approaches to the development of our IPC program. The plan identified the need for engineering controls (e.g. specifications for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems) and specified occupational IPC health and safety requirements, including PPE standards, daily monitoring of staff for acute illness, sanitation standards for both hand hygiene and equipment sanitation, as well as laundry and waste management recommendations. Key lessons learned included the need to: develop strategies to cope with real and potential shortages of critical supplies; adapt existing guidance for unique sites of care; standardize and continually assess staff use of PPE and fundamental IPC practices; and the importance of communication of IPC principles and concerns throughout the planning and management of this COVID ACS. cache = ./cache/cord-345210-6f8niif5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345210-6f8niif5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309476-hel3h25h author = Brown, Julianne R. title = Encephalitis diagnosis using metagenomics: application of next generation sequencing for undiagnosed cases date = 2018-01-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5816 sentences = 290 flesch = 38 summary = This included two cases of human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), 28 first described in 2005 when it was associated with a viraemic patient in whom an acute viral infection was suspected 49 ; one case of human coronavirus OC-43, 43 typically a human respiratory pathogen never previously described in a human case of encephalitis but known to cause encephalitis in mice 50 ; one case of human astrovirus MLB1, 46 of mumps vaccine virus in a child who was vaccinated prior to a primary immunodeficiency diagnosis. As with other molecular tests, including PCR which has become the gold standard of virological diagnostics, results from metagenomics applied to cases of encephalitis should be interpreted in the context of other clinical and laboratory findings, particularly when a novel or unexpected organism is detected. cache = ./cache/cord-309476-hel3h25h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309476-hel3h25h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323024-blc3mnbj author = Bernard-Valnet, R. title = CSF of SARS-CoV-2 patients with neurological syndromes reveals hints to understand pathophysiology date = 2020-11-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3478 sentences = 226 flesch = 49 summary = Methods: We checked for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-qPCR, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and for 48 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors (by Luminex) in the cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) +/sera of a cohort of 17 COVID-19 patients with neurological presentation and 55 neurological control patients (inflammatory [IND], non inflammatory [NIND], multiple sclerosis [MS]). Methods: We checked for SARS-CoV-2 mRNA by qPCR, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and for 49 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors (by Luminex) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) +/serum of a cohort of 17 COVID-19 patients with neurological presentation and 55 neurological controls (inflammatory, non inflammatory, multiple sclerosis). Thus, the main hypotheses to explain neurological complications in COVID patients point at mechanisms either related to low grade presence of the virus in the CNS, to cytokine storm or to the presence of an auto-immune response, such as anti-neuronal antibodies by analogy to what occurs in autoimmune encephalitis. We found that SARS-CoV-2 patients tend to have signs of blood brain barrier opening and possible astrocytes activation, but no strong immune response in the CSF or obvious CNS infection by the virus. cache = ./cache/cord-323024-blc3mnbj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323024-blc3mnbj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258787-n49zrfsp author = Carnevale, Silvia title = The complexity of neutrophils in health and disease: Focus on cancer date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9165 sentences = 474 flesch = 35 summary = Here we review the current understandings on neutrophils biology from their development to the mechanisms of their trafficking and functions in health and disease, with a focus on their role in tumour biology and their prognostic significance in human cancer. Abbreviations: 3-MCA, 3-methylcholathrene; ACKR2, atypical chemokine receptor 2; APC, antigen presenting cell; G-CSF, granulocytes colony stimulating factor; G-MDSCs, granulocytes-myeloid-derived suppressor cells; GM-CSF, granulocytes-macrophages colony stimulating factor; GMPs, granulocyte monocyte progenitors; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; M-MDSCs, monocytes-myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MMP-9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; NK, natural killer; PRRs, pattern recognition receptors; ROS, eactive oxygen species; TANs, tumour-associated neutrophils; TCR, T cell receptor; TILs, tumour infiltrating leukocytes; TME, tumour microenvironment; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand; TRPM2, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M, member 2; UTC, unconventional T cell. Origin and role of a subset of tumor-associated neutrophils with antigen-presenting cell features in early-stage human lung Cancer cache = ./cache/cord-258787-n49zrfsp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258787-n49zrfsp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-341603-i9j8185y author = Mejdoubi, Anasse title = Neurosyphilis revealed by compressive cervical spine syphilitic gumma: a case report date = 2020-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2066 sentences = 129 flesch = 37 summary = title: Neurosyphilis revealed by compressive cervical spine syphilitic gumma: a case report CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of extradural cervical spinal syphilitic gumma revealed by spinal cord compression in a 58-year-old male. In this article, we report an exceptional case of neurosyphilis combining an extradural cervical spinal and cerebro-meningeal syphilitic gumma revealed by spinal cord compression. First-line treatment for neurosyphilis in any form, including central nervous system gummas, is represented by highdose intravenous aqueous penicillin G. Neurosurgical treatment of syphilitic gumma should be reserved in case of signs of compression (spinal cord compression, and intracranial hypertension) or secondary neurological worsening [3, 5, 21] . Diagnosis and treatment of spinal syphilitic gumma: a case report Spinal cord syphilitic gumma presenting with brown-Séquard syndrome: a case report and literature review Multiple intracranial and spinal cord syphilitic gummas in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative man with untreated syphilis: a case report cache = ./cache/cord-341603-i9j8185y.txt txt = ./txt/cord-341603-i9j8185y.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266034-811lov8f author = Benameur, Karima title = Encephalopathy and Encephalitis Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Alterations and Coronavirus Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020 date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2447 sentences = 123 flesch = 43 summary = CSF analysis also showed markedly increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10, but severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was not identified in any CSF sample. Because MRI changes seen in these patients could be caused by hypercoagulability (15) or metabolic encephalopathy (16) , we propose that CSF investigation can improve the distinction between neurologic involvement of SARS-CoV-2 (or neuro-COVID) and neurologic symptoms caused by other COVID-related causes. The failure to detect CSF SARS-CoV-2 RNA does not diminish the likelihood of direct CNS infection because it is only recovered from blood in 1% of the actively infected cases (18) , and increased levels CSF IgM are also more commonly found as evidence for CNS infection than viral recovery in other encephalitides, including those for infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (19) , dengue virus (20) , human parvovirus 4 (21) , and rabies virus (22) . cache = ./cache/cord-266034-811lov8f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266034-811lov8f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351040-j3ltpaa0 author = Naser Moghadasi, Abdorreza title = Encephalopathy associated with COVID-19 in a patient with multiple sclerosis date = 2020-10-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1388 sentences = 97 flesch = 52 summary = Herein, a 34-year-old patient with MS who experienced the decreased level of consciousness and encephalopathy following COVID-19 involvement has been reported. Although the result of the COVID-19 test in CSF was negative, the patient was treated with the diagnosis of COVID-19 encephalitis. Although the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test of SARS-CoV-2 was negative in CSF, the patient was treated with a diagnosis of the encephalitis caused by COVID-19 due to the exclusion of other causes. Due to improving the neurological conditions, the patient was diagnosed with mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS) caused by COVID-19 (Hayashi et al. In addition to patients with encephalitis, the cases with encephalopathy are reported due to causes other than the direct invasion of SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we reported a patient with MS who experienced the decreased level of consciousness and encephalopathy following COVID-19 involvement. Before developing COVID-19, the patient Fig. 1 a, b Brain MRI revealed multiple confluent lesions with gadolinium enhancements. cache = ./cache/cord-351040-j3ltpaa0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351040-j3ltpaa0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006880-9dgmdtj8 author = nan title = Neurocritical Care Society 10th Annual Meeting: October 4 - 7, 2012 Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel Denver, Colorado date = 2012-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 82351 sentences = 4528 flesch = 49 summary = Patients initially comatose after cardiac arrest treated who awoke after therapeutic hypothermia (TH) were evaluated by a neuropsychologist prior to hospital discharge with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), a well-validated tool that assesses function in multiple domains compared to standardized normal values. Clinical data including the pre-admission-status, neuroradiological, initial presentation, treatment, and outcome were evaluated through institutional databases, patient's medical charts and by mailed questionnaires. To determine the differences in hospital outcomes among adult mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients where the severity of TBI is defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. Retrospective chart analysis was performed on all adult patients arriving to emergency department with history of fall at a level one trauma center for parameters like vomiting, alteration of consciousness (AOC) & loss of consciousness (LOC) after TBI; post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and history of seizures before or after injury, along with outcomes such as ICU admission & ICU length of stay. cache = ./cache/cord-006880-9dgmdtj8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006880-9dgmdtj8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320474-jyk7zphp author = Bonaventura, Aldo title = Targeting GM-CSF in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Rationale and Strategies date = 2020-07-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5082 sentences = 242 flesch = 38 summary = Initial findings from patients with COVID-19 treated with a single intravenous dose of mavrilimumab, a monoclonal antibody binding GM-CSF receptor α, showed oxygenation improvement and shorter hospitalization. Data supporting the role of hyperinflammation in sepsisrelated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are derived from a sub-group analysis of a phase 3 randomized controlled trial of IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra), which showed significant survival benefit in patients treated with anakinra compared to placebo (15) . APC, antigen presenting cell; DC, dendritic cell; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study tested the effects of low-dose hrGM-CSF (molgramostim, 3 µg/kg daily) for 5 days in patients in addition to the standard of care in critically ill patients with severe sepsis and respiratory dysfunction (65) . cache = ./cache/cord-320474-jyk7zphp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320474-jyk7zphp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354080-glcq4qp9 author = Bodro, Marta title = Increased CSF levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and ACE in SARS-CoV-2–associated encephalitis date = 2020-07-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1176 sentences = 79 flesch = 47 summary = For the latest articles, invited commentaries, and blogs from physicians around the world NPub.org/COVID19 Clinical features, serum, and CSF characteristics including cytokines and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) profile from both cases are shown in the table. Three previous case reports of CNS involvement in COVID-19 suggest different pathogenic mechanisms: direct CNS infection demonstrated by detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in CSF, 2 recrudescence of symptoms related to previous lesions (e.g., brain infarction) in the context of systemic infection, 3 and inflammatory-mediated mechanisms resulting in acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy. Hence, in a study of children with acute encephalitis-like syndrome, serum anti-human coronavirus-OC43 immunoglobulin M antibodies were present in 12% of patients and levels of IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor were increased in their CSF. The main implication of these 2 patients is that physicians should be aware of COVID-19 infections presenting or predominantly manifesting as encephalitis, likely resulting from activation of inflammatory pathways with increased ILs and ACE in CSF. cache = ./cache/cord-354080-glcq4qp9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354080-glcq4qp9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author = nan title = Abstracts: Poster session date = 2004-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 49153 sentences = 2598 flesch = 49 summary = We investigated the usefulness of informant-based data in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by comparing caregivers' subjective evaluations of 83 probable A D patients' performance on an abbreviated version of the Memory Self-Report Questionnaire to objective evaluations derived from an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests and to clinicians' evaluations. Compared with 89 subjects (mean age 75.2 yr; 34 men, 55 women) with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), there were no significant group differences for comparable Clinical Dementia Rating stages of dementia for measures of language, Activities of Daily Living, or general cognition. The mean age at onset did not differ significantly between handedness groups (F [ l,lOO] = .82), but the mean duration of symptoms ( Alterations in the optical properties of brain can be used to detect pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). cache = ./cache/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-333186-gxs74wit author = Ashhurst, Thomas Myles title = The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system date = 2014-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8527 sentences = 388 flesch = 37 summary = Viral encephalitis and multiple sclerosis are examples of important human diseases in which the pathogenic contribution of monocytes recruited from the bone marrow plays a critical role in the clinical expression of disease, as they differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cells in the CNS to carry out effector functions. Here we review the current understanding of factors facilitating inflammatory monocyte generation, migration and entry into the brain, as well as their differentiation towards macrophages or dendritic cells in viral and autoimmune disease in relation to their respective disease outcomes. It is also possible that whilst type I IFN (IFN-a/b) and type II IFN (IFN-c) are involved in both CNS diseases, the innate differential production of IFN-a/b, crucial for virus control in the early response against CNS viruses [25] , by a variety of cell types during infection [26] may induce monocyte mobilisation differently from that seen in MS/EAE. cache = ./cache/cord-333186-gxs74wit.txt txt = ./txt/cord-333186-gxs74wit.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-307563-almkb3zd author = Tan, Donald T.H. title = Efficacy of neural vision therapy to enhance contrast sensitivity function and visual acuity in low myopia date = 2008-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4420 sentences = 226 flesch = 47 summary = Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of neural vision enhancement technology (NVC, NeuroVision, Inc.) to improve visual acuity and contrast sensitivity function in eyes with low myopia. Methods This noncomparative interventional case series comprised 20 Asian adults between 19 and 53 years of age with low myopia (cycloplegic spherical equivalence [SE] from −0.5 diopter [D] to −1.5 D in the worst eye; astigmatism not exceeding 0.5 D in either eye; uncorrected visual acuity [UCVA] ≤0.7 logMAR) who had NVC treatment. Work on perceptual learning by Polat and others has been adopted for clinical use in the form of a computerized, Internet-based perceptual learning program developed by NeuroVision, Inc. The NeuroVision (NVC) correction technology probes specific neuronal interactions, using a set of patient-specific stimuli that improve neuronal efficiency and induce improvement of CSF due to a reduction in noise and increase in signal strength, resulting in improved spatial resolution or visual acuity. cache = ./cache/cord-307563-almkb3zd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-307563-almkb3zd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329527-0rlotyz3 author = Bohmwald, Karen title = Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections date = 2018-10-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11036 sentences = 559 flesch = 48 summary = In addition to this, a fatal case attributed to the H1N1 pandemic infection was reported, and the clinical finding showed that the cause of death was an intracerebral thrombosis and hemorrhage with presence of the virus in the brain, but not in lungs or CSF (Simon et al., 2013 ; Figure 2) . In another approximation to understand the etiologic agent causing myelopathy post-influenza-like syndrome, CSF obtained from a patient with this disease was inoculated in several cell lines, previously reported to be permissive for the growth FIGURE 2 | Influenza virus (IV) spreads from the lungs to the CNS through the vagus nerve promoting an inflammatory state. As described so far, CoVs are respiratory viruses that exhibit neurotropic capacities that not only allows them to achieve latency and avoid the immune response of the host, but also have neurological implications that can complicate the disease associated to its infection. Although there are extensive case reports that indicate neurological manifestations associated to hMPV-infection in humans, further studies are required in mice models to characterize this disease. cache = ./cache/cord-329527-0rlotyz3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329527-0rlotyz3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-015021-pol2qm74 author = nan title = Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date = 1994 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 162327 sentences = 9379 flesch = 50 summary = It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. cache = ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt txt = ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006870-f5w6fw6q author = nan title = Abstracts Presented at the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) 15th Annual Meeting date = 2017-09-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 122221 sentences = 6828 flesch = 47 summary = Subjective perceptions of recovery were assessed via responses to the forced-choice dichotomized question, "Do you feel that you have made a complete recovery from the arrest?"Objective outcome measures of recovery included: Repeatable Battery for Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Modified Lawton Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (L-ADL), Barthel Index (BI), Cerebral Performance Category Scale (CPC), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), and Post traumatic stress disorder-checklist (PTSD-C). Utilizing data from the Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment (COBRIT) trial, a prospective multicenter study, we identified 224 patients who met the inclusion criteria; 1) placement of an ICP monitoring device, 2) Glasgow coma score (GCS) less than 9, 3) EVD placement prior to arrival or within 6 hours of arrival at the study institution. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence rates of pre-specified medical and neurological ICU complications, and their impact on post-traumatic in-hospital mortality and 12month functional outcomes. cache = ./cache/cord-006870-f5w6fw6q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006870-f5w6fw6q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014976-546zaoxn author = nan title = Publication only date = 2006-03-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 51926 sentences = 2983 flesch = 53 summary = In order to evaluate if malignant and non malignant hematological diseases quantitatively and qualitatively affect BM derived MSCs, bone marrow from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL diagnosis n=9, different phases of treatment n=29, end of therapy n=10), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (n=16), autoimmune neutropenia (n=12) and control patients (solid tumors without BM involvement, n=30) was harvested and the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction isolated. Case: In our hospital a total of 3 patients with relapsed Hodgkin's disease underwent reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) from an HLA-identical sibling. We report a case of a young male patient of 19 years old with aggressive MS who was treated with a high-dose immunosuppressive regimen (HDIS) using myeloablation followed by autologous blood stem cell transplantation (ASCT) that has induced a dramatic and long-lasting remission of the disease. cache = ./cache/cord-014976-546zaoxn.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014976-546zaoxn.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 author = nan title = ISEV2020 Abstract Book date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 200999 sentences = 11528 flesch = 44 summary = L.M., and the National Institutes of Health (R35GM119623) to T.R.G. The addition of a size exclusion chromatography step to various urinary extracellular vesicle concentrating methods reveals differences in the small RNA profile Introduction: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA cargo are a novel source of biomarkers for various diseases, however non-vesicular RNA (e.g. associated with proteins) is also present within urine. We then evaluated efficiency of heart targeting for eAAV9 or eAAV6 and standard AAV9 or AAV6 encoding for EGFP, mCherry or firefly luciferase in different human cell lines in vitro, in black mouse and in passive immunity nude mouse model in vivo using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Langendorff perfusion system and Methods: HLHS patients (n = 3) after Glenn procedure and swine (n = 3) after PAB were given RV injections of allogeneic/xenogeneic MSCs. Donor-specific, HLA-I+, exosomes were isolated from plasma. cache = ./cache/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005453-4057qib7 author = nan title = The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session date = 2019-07-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 275771 sentences = 16876 flesch = 56 summary = To compare the safety and efficacy of prophylactic DLI for prevention of relapse after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from haploidentical donors (HID-SCT) and matched-sibling donors (MSD-SCT) in patients with very high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we performed a retrospective, observational cohort study enrolled in 21 HID-SCT and 13 MSD-SCT recipients. The aim of this study is to identify the prognostic impact of pre-transplant TIM3 levels on early and late transplant related complications as well as post-transplant relapse and survival Methods: A total of 177 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients with an initial diagnosis of acute leukemia [median age: 36(16-66) years; male/ female: 111/66] were included in the study. cache = ./cache/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005460-ezrn8cva author = nan title = Physicians – Poster Session date = 2017-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 287105 sentences = 15681 flesch = 56 summary = Still the optimal combination of immunosuppressive agents with PTCy should be elucidated for different types of SCTs. We report the 2-year update of the prospective NCT02294552 single-center trial that evaluated risk-adapted graft-versushost disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with PTCy in related, unrelated and haploidentical SCTs. 200 adult patients (median age 32 y.o., range: 18-62) with hematologic malignancies, including AML (47.5%), ALL (26.5%), CML (10.5%), MDS (4%), and lymphomas (11.5%), were enrolled in the study. Long-term follow-up from the prospective randomized phase III multicenter trial comparing a standard GvHD prophylaxis with cyclosporine A and methotrexate with or without additional pretransplant ATLG (Grafalon, previously ATG-FRESENIUS S) (given 20 mg/kg/day, days − 3 to − 1) in unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation after myeloablative conditioning resulted in a significant reduction of acute and chronic GvHD without compromising relapse rate and survival [1, 2, 3] . cache = ./cache/cord-005460-ezrn8cva.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005460-ezrn8cva.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-351040-j3ltpaa0 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-002823-n55xvwkf cord-007593-45ynhqmf cord-006322-t7x86w9h cord-001583-le1mc045 cord-006172-ndmf5ekp cord-001740-1px4aq89 cord-252569-9rv1p3qh cord-007928-r3z1w441 cord-000455-gq1omz6u cord-001254-y2knt8g0 cord-102725-k0xhbssu cord-007279-ewcgkx0h cord-006473-ey35h7ry cord-258374-qht98q0l cord-008085-3ihuqvei cord-005014-qp4rrwr4 cord-007665-vdtpz75u cord-021772-5v4gor2v cord-257310-wqu7t44n cord-017361-2lrmg6z0 cord-022594-fx044gcd cord-006869-g2q1gpp0 cord-264163-389tgecz cord-017885-cz19y60u cord-023748-3kfy36hg cord-025251-evnfvc0l cord-289744-suiqh3gv cord-271011-5stsx5je cord-022283-8ny6j1ny cord-005479-wj2xmp8h cord-021452-9rukc80y cord-291553-j9nn5g70 cord-283367-azzy2t1a cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 cord-023369-xwclh6ih cord-015389-vwgai4k9 cord-263530-t9ryky6f cord-283202-5fq1wxz8 cord-286149-awhnjwyc cord-009713-sxd4t2tz cord-320940-e7ic2pnc cord-349329-f0pbd968 cord-006444-eq56zhtd cord-282797-thywse7g cord-266499-g1lajsp8 cord-284038-93s3ffoy cord-333805-xmqs2ax7 cord-327444-y2464gjh cord-298894-t5hyfum3 cord-022527-a0x6lws3 cord-018034-gx5c9mk8 cord-345267-u24g6607 cord-328763-hcbs20a0 cord-302435-6nrfipz8 cord-284963-p0y5rrpb cord-285833-7exenodj cord-268567-2xoubkxb cord-310299-isdsestc cord-277889-8u685f45 cord-345210-6f8niif5 cord-343148-rp3kmd80 cord-285151-zynor0b2 cord-313208-nfu8rdvh cord-309476-hel3h25h cord-323024-blc3mnbj cord-258787-n49zrfsp cord-341603-i9j8185y cord-266034-811lov8f cord-351040-j3ltpaa0 cord-006880-9dgmdtj8 cord-354080-glcq4qp9 cord-320474-jyk7zphp cord-333186-gxs74wit cord-307563-almkb3zd cord-022659-chwk2bs4 cord-329527-0rlotyz3 cord-014976-546zaoxn cord-006870-f5w6fw6q cord-015021-pol2qm74 cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 cord-005460-ezrn8cva cord-005453-4057qib7 Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-002823-n55xvwkf cord-001740-1px4aq89 cord-000455-gq1omz6u cord-102725-k0xhbssu cord-264163-389tgecz cord-283367-azzy2t1a cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 cord-349329-f0pbd968 cord-023369-xwclh6ih cord-309476-hel3h25h cord-268567-2xoubkxb cord-323024-blc3mnbj cord-266034-811lov8f cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 cord-320474-jyk7zphp cord-005460-ezrn8cva cord-005453-4057qib7 Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-006322-t7x86w9h cord-002823-n55xvwkf cord-001583-le1mc045 cord-007593-45ynhqmf cord-001740-1px4aq89 cord-006172-ndmf5ekp cord-000455-gq1omz6u cord-001254-y2knt8g0 cord-252569-9rv1p3qh cord-007928-r3z1w441 cord-102725-k0xhbssu cord-006473-ey35h7ry cord-007279-ewcgkx0h cord-258374-qht98q0l cord-005014-qp4rrwr4 cord-008085-3ihuqvei cord-007665-vdtpz75u cord-021772-5v4gor2v cord-257310-wqu7t44n cord-017361-2lrmg6z0 cord-017885-cz19y60u cord-264163-389tgecz cord-023748-3kfy36hg cord-022594-fx044gcd cord-025251-evnfvc0l cord-271011-5stsx5je cord-006869-g2q1gpp0 cord-289744-suiqh3gv cord-022283-8ny6j1ny cord-005479-wj2xmp8h cord-021452-9rukc80y cord-291553-j9nn5g70 cord-283367-azzy2t1a cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 cord-015389-vwgai4k9 cord-263530-t9ryky6f cord-023369-xwclh6ih cord-286149-awhnjwyc cord-283202-5fq1wxz8 cord-320940-e7ic2pnc cord-349329-f0pbd968 cord-282797-thywse7g cord-266499-g1lajsp8 cord-284038-93s3ffoy cord-333805-xmqs2ax7 cord-009713-sxd4t2tz cord-006444-eq56zhtd cord-327444-y2464gjh cord-298894-t5hyfum3 cord-018034-gx5c9mk8 cord-345267-u24g6607 cord-328763-hcbs20a0 cord-302435-6nrfipz8 cord-284963-p0y5rrpb cord-285833-7exenodj cord-022527-a0x6lws3 cord-268567-2xoubkxb cord-310299-isdsestc cord-277889-8u685f45 cord-345210-6f8niif5 cord-285151-zynor0b2 cord-313208-nfu8rdvh cord-343148-rp3kmd80 cord-309476-hel3h25h cord-258787-n49zrfsp cord-323024-blc3mnbj cord-341603-i9j8185y cord-266034-811lov8f cord-351040-j3ltpaa0 cord-320474-jyk7zphp cord-354080-glcq4qp9 cord-333186-gxs74wit cord-307563-almkb3zd cord-329527-0rlotyz3 cord-014976-546zaoxn cord-006880-9dgmdtj8 cord-022659-chwk2bs4 cord-006870-f5w6fw6q cord-015021-pol2qm74 cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 cord-005453-4057qib7 cord-005460-ezrn8cva Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-001583-le1mc045 cord-006322-t7x86w9h cord-002823-n55xvwkf cord-001740-1px4aq89 cord-000455-gq1omz6u cord-007593-45ynhqmf cord-006172-ndmf5ekp cord-252569-9rv1p3qh cord-007928-r3z1w441 cord-102725-k0xhbssu cord-007279-ewcgkx0h cord-006473-ey35h7ry cord-001254-y2knt8g0 cord-258374-qht98q0l cord-005014-qp4rrwr4 cord-007665-vdtpz75u cord-257310-wqu7t44n cord-008085-3ihuqvei cord-264163-389tgecz cord-005479-wj2xmp8h cord-021772-5v4gor2v cord-291553-j9nn5g70 cord-017361-2lrmg6z0 cord-025251-evnfvc0l cord-271011-5stsx5je cord-289744-suiqh3gv cord-017885-cz19y60u cord-022283-8ny6j1ny cord-021452-9rukc80y cord-283367-azzy2t1a cord-023748-3kfy36hg cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 cord-023369-xwclh6ih cord-263530-t9ryky6f cord-286149-awhnjwyc cord-320940-e7ic2pnc cord-283202-5fq1wxz8 cord-282797-thywse7g cord-266499-g1lajsp8 cord-333805-xmqs2ax7 cord-327444-y2464gjh cord-285833-7exenodj cord-298894-t5hyfum3 cord-310299-isdsestc cord-343148-rp3kmd80 cord-345267-u24g6607 cord-268567-2xoubkxb cord-284038-93s3ffoy cord-345210-6f8niif5 cord-349329-f0pbd968 cord-022594-fx044gcd cord-284963-p0y5rrpb cord-313208-nfu8rdvh cord-285151-zynor0b2 cord-309476-hel3h25h cord-341603-i9j8185y cord-323024-blc3mnbj cord-266034-811lov8f cord-277889-8u685f45 cord-328763-hcbs20a0 cord-351040-j3ltpaa0 cord-354080-glcq4qp9 cord-320474-jyk7zphp cord-307563-almkb3zd cord-018034-gx5c9mk8 cord-258787-n49zrfsp cord-015389-vwgai4k9 cord-333186-gxs74wit cord-302435-6nrfipz8 cord-329527-0rlotyz3 cord-006869-g2q1gpp0 cord-006444-eq56zhtd cord-009713-sxd4t2tz cord-022527-a0x6lws3 cord-014976-546zaoxn cord-022659-chwk2bs4 cord-006880-9dgmdtj8 cord-006870-f5w6fw6q cord-015021-pol2qm74 cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 cord-005453-4057qib7 cord-005460-ezrn8cva Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-005453-4057qib7 cord-006870-f5w6fw6q cord-006880-9dgmdtj8 cord-005453-4057qib7 cord-005460-ezrn8cva cord-014976-546zaoxn number of items: 82 sum of words: 1,813,097 average size in words: 22,663 average readability score: 45 nouns: patients; cells; cell; disease; treatment; study; blood; days; results; group; patient; evs; years; time; day; analysis; levels; transplantation; infection; stem; age; therapy; data; risk; months; brain; response; cases; methods; donor; survival; studies; transplant; expression; protein; diagnosis; dose; pts; outcome; mortality; injury; conditioning; range; case; number; effect; groups; serum; role; graft verbs: used; show; included; associated; received; increases; following; compared; performed; developed; treated; found; inducing; reported; identified; reduce; observed; based; suggested; underwent; related; presented; occurs; demonstrated; evaluate; required; improved; determining; remains; detected; derived; causes; decreases; provide; results; assess; lead; described; reveals; measured; given; analyze; confirmed; obtained; considered; see; isolated; collected; achieved; produced adjectives: clinical; acute; high; median; significant; severe; non; higher; first; human; specific; different; immune; inflammatory; chronic; early; normal; positive; multiple; low; peripheral; anti; viral; neurological; primary; cerebral; total; negative; lower; post; important; hematopoietic; overall; common; respiratory; single; free; therapeutic; autologous; similar; poor; extracellular; major; complete; new; present; second; several; bacterial; refractory adverbs: also; however; significantly; respectively; well; prior; therefore; often; previously; still; even; especially; highly; recently; retrospectively; later; usually; encephalitis; currently; furthermore; less; clinically; commonly; alone; statistically; potentially; moreover; mainly; particularly; approximately; frequently; now; directly; finally; interestingly; rapidly; subsequently; additionally; least; daily; initially; successfully; early; first; yet; together; generally; critically; prospectively; specifically pronouns: we; our; it; their; its; they; them; i; he; she; her; his; us; itself; one; themselves; you; mrs; your; my; him; s; itma; cha; me; ours; himself; ourselves; n20s; myself; mg; interleukin-10; iicas; +; ; ≥65; α1-pdx; wi~; tryptase; tnf~; tj003234; thier; thei; tdcs; ta; t2aecs; sevs; s382; rhll-4; remodeling/ proper nouns: CSF; HSCT; GVHD; mg; GM; T; SCT; G; CMV; MS; CD34; MRI; CNS; OS; TNF; AML; HLA; EV; IV; ICU; PCR; CT; TREM2; RNA; CI; kg; University; IL-6; SARS; II; GvHD; C; Summary; ASCT; LPS; ATG; M; TBI; COVID-19; NK; Hospital; SAH; ICH; ECP; CoV-2; L; B; CR; aGVHD; ICP keywords: csf; patient; cell; sars; cns; day; covid-19; pcr; study; mri; cd34; tbi; aml; university; result; il-6; icu; icp; hsct; hla; high; gvhd; fip; eeg; dna; cat; brain; transplantation; sah; rna; ric; pbsc; outcome; method; meningitis; mbp; level; january; il-4; iii; ich; hospital; hiv; gcs; expression; ecp; disease; conclusion; cmv; child one topic; one dimension: patients file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756339/ titles(s): GM-CSF overexpression after influenza a virus infection prevents mortality and moderates M1-like airway monocyte/macrophage polarization three topics; one dimension: patients; patients; cells file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091844/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103238/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7480431/ titles(s): Physicians – Poster Session | Abstracts Presented at the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) 15th Annual Meeting | ISEV2020 Abstract Book five topics; three dimensions: patients cell hsct; patients evs ev; il patients cells; cells il cell; csf infection cats file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091844/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103238/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095072/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28768545/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15771944/ titles(s): Physicians – Poster Session | Abstracts Presented at the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) 15th Annual Meeting | Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches | TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases | Inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid analysis in cats: clinical diagnosis and outcome Type: cord title: keyword-csf-cord date: 2021-05-24 time: 22:55 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:csf ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-006172-ndmf5ekp author: Akins, Paul Taylor title: H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza date: 2010-09-02 words: 4998.0 sentences: 302.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006172-ndmf5ekp.txt summary: We present a case report of 2009 H1N1-associated encephalopathy and review neurologic complications associated with seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1 virus infection. We present a case of a patient with acute encephalitis associated with febrile upper respiratory tract illness due to 2009 H1N1 complicated by seizures and malignant cerebral edema. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract is hypothesized to play a prominent role in the more severe stages leading to cytokine dysregulation (''''cytokine storm'''') in Influenzaassociated encephalopathy or encephalitis (IAE) patients [6] . We present a case of acute encephalitis associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, complicated by malignant brain edema. We have also provided an overview of the spectrum of acute and post-infectious neurologic complications reported in association with seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract. abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract is associated with a range of neurologic complications. The emergence of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus has been linked to neurological complications, including encephalopathy and encephalitis. METHODS: Case report and literature review. RESULTS: We reviewed case management of a 20-year old Hispanic male who developed febrile upper respiratory tract signs and symptoms followed by a confusional state. He had rapid neurologic decline and his clinical course was complicated by refractory seizures and malignant brain edema. He was managed with oseltamavir and peramavir, corticosteroids, intravenous gamma globulin treatment, anticonvulsants, intracranial pressure management with external ventricular drain placement, hyperosmolar therapy, sedation, and mechanical ventilation. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of nasal secretions confirmed 2009 H1N1 virus infection; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was negative for 2009 H1N1 viral RNA. Follow-up imaging demonstrated improvement in brain edema but restricted diffusion in the basal ganglia. We provide a review of the clinical spectrum of neurologic complications of seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1, and current approaches towards managing these complications. CONCLUSIONS: 2009 H1N1-associated acute encephalitis and encephalopathy appear to be variable in severity, including a subset of patients with a malignant clinical course complicated by high morbidity and mortality. Since the H1N1 influenza virus has not been detected in the CSF or brain tissue in patients with this diagnosis, the emerging view is that the host immune response plays a key role in pathogenesis. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100075/ doi: 10.1007/s12028-010-9436-0 id: cord-285833-7exenodj author: Alkan, Ali title: Double-edged sword: Granulocyte colony stimulating factors in cancer patients during the COVID-19 era date: 2020-07-02 words: 693.0 sentences: 43.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285833-7exenodj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285833-7exenodj.txt summary: A few recent studies on cancer patients have shown that they are at an increased risk for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Moreover, a 5-day course of G-CSF prophylaxis in most chemotherapy regimens has been reported to be effective (4); however, limited data are available on its efficacy in COVID-19 patients. Clinical outcomes are also unpredictable in COVID-19 patients with high levels of inflammatory cytokines undergoing G-CSF prophylaxis. However, very limited data on the outcomes of chemotherapy in cancer patients in the COVID-19 era are currently available, with no specific subgroup analysis in patients treated with G-CSFs. Although the described scenarios are theoretical and speculative, both NCCN and ESMO have concluded that the benefits of G-CSF administration outweigh its risks and have, therefore, recommended its use with caution. Until more data are available, clinicians should be more cautious with the use of G-CSFs in cancer patients in the COVID-19 era. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2020/e2033 doi: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2033 id: cord-333186-gxs74wit author: Ashhurst, Thomas Myles title: The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system date: 2014-10-31 words: 8527.0 sentences: 388.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333186-gxs74wit.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333186-gxs74wit.txt summary: Viral encephalitis and multiple sclerosis are examples of important human diseases in which the pathogenic contribution of monocytes recruited from the bone marrow plays a critical role in the clinical expression of disease, as they differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cells in the CNS to carry out effector functions. Here we review the current understanding of factors facilitating inflammatory monocyte generation, migration and entry into the brain, as well as their differentiation towards macrophages or dendritic cells in viral and autoimmune disease in relation to their respective disease outcomes. It is also possible that whilst type I IFN (IFN-a/b) and type II IFN (IFN-c) are involved in both CNS diseases, the innate differential production of IFN-a/b, crucial for virus control in the early response against CNS viruses [25] , by a variety of cell types during infection [26] may induce monocyte mobilisation differently from that seen in MS/EAE. abstract: Abstract Over the last three decades it has become increasingly clear that monocytes, originally thought to have fixed, stereotypic responses to foreign stimuli, mediate exquisitely balanced protective and pathogenic roles in disease and immunity. This balance is crucial in core functional organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS), where minor changes in neuronal microenvironments and the production of immune factors can result in significant disease with fatal consequences or permanent neurological sequelae. Viral encephalitis and multiple sclerosis are examples of important human diseases in which the pathogenic contribution of monocytes recruited from the bone marrow plays a critical role in the clinical expression of disease, as they differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cells in the CNS to carry out effector functions. While antigen-specific lymphocyte populations are central to the adaptive immune response in both cases, in viral encephalitis a prominent macrophage infiltration may mediate immunopathological damage, seizure induction, and death. However, the autoimmune response to non-replicating, non-infectious, but abundant, self antigen has a different disease progression, associated with differentiation of significant numbers of infiltrating monocytes into dendritic cells in the CNS. Whilst a predominant presence of macrophages or dendritic cells in the inflamed CNS in viral encephalitis or multiple sclerosis is well described, the way in which the inflamed CNS mobilizes monocytes in the bone marrow to migrate to the CNS and the key drivers that lead to these specific differentiation pathways in vivo are not well understood. Here we review the current understanding of factors facilitating inflammatory monocyte generation, migration and entry into the brain, as well as their differentiation towards macrophages or dendritic cells in viral and autoimmune disease in relation to their respective disease outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086710/ doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.07.002 id: cord-343148-rp3kmd80 author: Ayatollahi, Parisa title: Possible Autoimmune Encephalitis with Claustrum Sign in case of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection date: 2020-09-17 words: 1029.0 sentences: 68.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-343148-rp3kmd80.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343148-rp3kmd80.txt summary: title: Possible Autoimmune Encephalitis with Claustrum Sign in case of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection On the third day of admission, new behavioral changes appeared including elated mood, inappropriate laughing, anxiety, and insomnia, leading to treatment with clonazepam, risperidone, and sertraline, in addition to sodium divalproex. Repeat brain MRI showed signal hyperintensities on fluidattenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2-weighted sequences in the claustrum bilaterally, which were not present on the initial scan 2 weeks earlier. Follow-up MRI 1 month after the abnormal scan showed near-complete resolution of the claustrum hyperintensities ( Figure 2 ). [1] [2] [3] The MRI abnormality ("the claustrum sign") may extend to external/extreme capsules and insular cortices 3 and typically resolves in weeks or months. The finding of the claustrum sign on brain MRI, not previously reported in a COVID-19 patient, [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] provides further support for the idea that acute SARS-CoV-2 infection may present as an autoimmune encephalitis. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2020.209 doi: 10.1017/cjn.2020.209 id: cord-017361-2lrmg6z0 author: Ballinger, Megan N. title: Innate Immune Responses in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia date: 2012-10-26 words: 10213.0 sentences: 500.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017361-2lrmg6z0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017361-2lrmg6z0.txt summary: The compensatory release of anti-in fl ammatory molecules in sepsis is believed to mediate immunosuppression during the peri-septic or post-injury period, during which time immune cell function is substantially impaired (historically referred to as critical illness-induced leukocyte "deactivation" or "immunoparalysis"). Leukocyte reprogramming appears to be of considerable clinical signi fi cance, as higher rates of nosocomial infection and increased mortality are observed in postoperative, burn injury or septic patients who display evidence of monocyte deactivation, either in the form of decreased monocyte HLA-DR expression, ex vivo cytokine production or impaired delayed-type hypersensitivity responses (Appel et al. While these latter molecules could contribute to suppression of TLR-mediated responses during critical illness, there is no data to show enhanced expression and/or activity in blood monocytes or lung macrophages in patients at risk for the development of VAP. abstract: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication of mechanical ventilation, resulting in substantial morbidity, mortality, and health care cost. Early upper airway colonization by pathogenic bacteria and microaspiration are the primary pathogenic events leading to VAP. Patients at risk for VAP have defects in structural/mechanical defenses of the respiratory tract. In addition, critical illness, including sepsis, trauma, and postoperative states, is associated with profound defects in both innate and acquired antibacterial immunity, influencing antimicrobial effector functions of both leukocytes and structural/parenchymal cells. Factors present within the lung microenvironment, including alveolar stretch, cyclical atelectasis, changes in oxygen tension, and respiratory tract microbiota, substantially impact antibacterial host responses. Mechanisms accounting for dysregulated immune homeostasis are incompletely understood, but likely involve: (1) alterations in the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines; (2) changes in pathogen recognition receptor and G-protein coupled receptor expression and downstream signaling cascades; and (3) dysregulated cell death responses. Antibiotics and preventive strategies are the mainstay of therapy in patients with VAP. However, novel approaches are needed to reverse immunological reprogramming that occurs during critical illness and/or mechanical ventilation, and to identify patients who are most likely to benefit from immunomodulatory therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121904/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5326-0_8 id: cord-266034-811lov8f author: Benameur, Karima title: Encephalopathy and Encephalitis Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Alterations and Coronavirus Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020 date: 2020-09-17 words: 2447.0 sentences: 123.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266034-811lov8f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266034-811lov8f.txt summary: CSF analysis also showed markedly increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10, but severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was not identified in any CSF sample. Because MRI changes seen in these patients could be caused by hypercoagulability (15) or metabolic encephalopathy (16) , we propose that CSF investigation can improve the distinction between neurologic involvement of SARS-CoV-2 (or neuro-COVID) and neurologic symptoms caused by other COVID-related causes. The failure to detect CSF SARS-CoV-2 RNA does not diminish the likelihood of direct CNS infection because it is only recovered from blood in 1% of the actively infected cases (18) , and increased levels CSF IgM are also more commonly found as evidence for CNS infection than viral recovery in other encephalitides, including those for infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (19) , dengue virus (20) , human parvovirus 4 (21) , and rabies virus (22) . abstract: There are few detailed investigations of neurologic complications in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. We describe 3 patients with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease who had encephalopathy and encephalitis develop. Neuroimaging showed nonenhancing unilateral, bilateral, and midline changes not readily attributable to vascular causes. All 3 patients had increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of anti-S1 IgM. One patient who died also had increased levels of anti-envelope protein IgM. CSF analysis also showed markedly increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10, but severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was not identified in any CSF sample. These changes provide evidence of CSF periinfectious/postinfectious inflammatory changes during coronavirus disease with neurologic complications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32487282/ doi: 10.3201/eid2609.202122 id: cord-021452-9rukc80y author: Bergman, Robert L. title: Miscellaneous Spinal Cord Diseases date: 2009-05-15 words: 8298.0 sentences: 619.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021452-9rukc80y.txt summary: Infectious inflammatory disease is the most common categorical differential diagnosis in cats with spinal cord dysfunction. 1 Common infectious inflammatory spinal cord diseases include FIP, cryptococcosis, FeLV infection, and toxoplasmosis. 6, 7 Polioencephalomyelitis, an inflammatory disease of unknown cause, is associated with 8 per cent of cases of feline spinal cord disease 1 and may present with clinical signs of paraparesis. FIP accounts for more than half of the infectious inflammatory causes of myelitis in cats, and 16 per cent of all spinal cord diseases reported in cats. In a case series of cats with spinal cord-related signs, more than 75 per cent were younger than 2 years of age. Overall the most consistent diagnostic findings in cats with the CNS form of FIP include a positive coronavirus IgG titer in CSF, a high serum total protein concentration, and abnormalities in brain imaging. 19 Clinical signs of spinal cord dysfunction, including paraspinal hyperesthesia and paresis, have been reported in at least one case series. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149771/ doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160423-4/50054-8 id: cord-323024-blc3mnbj author: Bernard-Valnet, R. title: CSF of SARS-CoV-2 patients with neurological syndromes reveals hints to understand pathophysiology date: 2020-11-04 words: 3478.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-323024-blc3mnbj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323024-blc3mnbj.txt summary: Methods: We checked for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-qPCR, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and for 48 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors (by Luminex) in the cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) +/sera of a cohort of 17 COVID-19 patients with neurological presentation and 55 neurological control patients (inflammatory [IND], non inflammatory [NIND], multiple sclerosis [MS]). Methods: We checked for SARS-CoV-2 mRNA by qPCR, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and for 49 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors (by Luminex) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) +/serum of a cohort of 17 COVID-19 patients with neurological presentation and 55 neurological controls (inflammatory, non inflammatory, multiple sclerosis). Thus, the main hypotheses to explain neurological complications in COVID patients point at mechanisms either related to low grade presence of the virus in the CNS, to cytokine storm or to the presence of an auto-immune response, such as anti-neuronal antibodies by analogy to what occurs in autoimmune encephalitis. We found that SARS-CoV-2 patients tend to have signs of blood brain barrier opening and possible astrocytes activation, but no strong immune response in the CSF or obvious CNS infection by the virus. abstract: Objective: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been associated with a large variety of neurological disorders. However the mechanisms underlying these neurological complications remain elusive. In this study we aimed at determining whether neurological symptoms were caused by SARS-CoV-2 direct infection of by pro-inflammatory mediators. Methods: We checked for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-qPCR, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and for 48 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors (by Luminex) in the cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) +/- sera of a cohort of 17 COVID-19 patients with neurological presentation and 55 neurological control patients (inflammatory [IND], non inflammatory [NIND], multiple sclerosis [MS]). Results: We found SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies specific for this virus in the CSF of 0/17 and 8/16 COVID-19 patients, respectively. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was explained by a rupture of the blood brain barrier (passive transfer) in 6/16 (38%). An intrathecal synthesis of SARS-CoV2-specific antibodies was present in 2/16 patients. Of the four categories of tested patients, the CSF of IND exhibited the highest level of chemokines (CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL12, and CXCL13), followed by the CSF of MS patients (CXCL12, and CXCL13). There was no significant difference between COVID-19 and NIND patients, even if some chemokines (CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8, andCXCL10) tended to be higher in the former. Interestingly, among COVD-19 patients, the CSF of those with a severe disease (encephalitis/encephalopathy) contained higher levels CXCL8 and CXCL10 than those with other neurological presentations. Interpretation: Our results do not show obvious SARS-CoV-2 infection of the central nervous system, but point to a mild inflammatory reaction reflecting an astrocytic reaction. Methods: We checked for SARS-CoV-2 mRNA by qPCR, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and for 49 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors (by Luminex) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) +/- serum of a cohort of 17 COVID-19 patients with neurological presentation and 55 neurological controls (inflammatory, non inflammatory, multiple sclerosis). Results: We found SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and antibodies specific for this virus in the CSF of 0/17 and 8/16 COVID-19 patients, respectively. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was explained by a rupture of the blood brain barrier (passive transfer) in 6/16 (37,5%), but an intrathecal synthesis of SARS-CoV2-specific antibodies was present in 2/17.As compared to SARS-CoV-2-negative NIND patients, the CSF of IND patients exhibited the highest level of chemokines (CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL10, CXCL12, and CXCL13), followed the CSF of MS patients (CXCL12, and CXCL13). There was no difference between COVID-19 patients with neurological diseases compared to NIND even if some chemokines (CCL4, CCL5, CXCL8, andCXCL10) tended to be higher than NIND. Interestingly, among COVD-19 patients, the CSF of those with a severe disease (encephalitis/encephalopathy) contained higher levels CXCL8 and CXCL10 than those with other neurological presentations. Interpretation: Our results confirm the absence of obvious SARS-CoV-2 infection of the central nervous system and point to a mild inflammatory reaction reflecting an astrocytic reaction. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.11.01.20217497v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.11.01.20217497 id: cord-354080-glcq4qp9 author: Bodro, Marta title: Increased CSF levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and ACE in SARS-CoV-2–associated encephalitis date: 2020-07-01 words: 1176.0 sentences: 79.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-354080-glcq4qp9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354080-glcq4qp9.txt summary: For the latest articles, invited commentaries, and blogs from physicians around the world NPub.org/COVID19 Clinical features, serum, and CSF characteristics including cytokines and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) profile from both cases are shown in the table. Three previous case reports of CNS involvement in COVID-19 suggest different pathogenic mechanisms: direct CNS infection demonstrated by detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in CSF, 2 recrudescence of symptoms related to previous lesions (e.g., brain infarction) in the context of systemic infection, 3 and inflammatory-mediated mechanisms resulting in acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalopathy. Hence, in a study of children with acute encephalitis-like syndrome, serum anti-human coronavirus-OC43 immunoglobulin M antibodies were present in 12% of patients and levels of IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor were increased in their CSF. The main implication of these 2 patients is that physicians should be aware of COVID-19 infections presenting or predominantly manifesting as encephalitis, likely resulting from activation of inflammatory pathways with increased ILs and ACE in CSF. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000821 doi: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000821 id: cord-329527-0rlotyz3 author: Bohmwald, Karen title: Neurologic Alterations Due to Respiratory Virus Infections date: 2018-10-26 words: 11036.0 sentences: 559.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-329527-0rlotyz3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329527-0rlotyz3.txt summary: In addition to this, a fatal case attributed to the H1N1 pandemic infection was reported, and the clinical finding showed that the cause of death was an intracerebral thrombosis and hemorrhage with presence of the virus in the brain, but not in lungs or CSF (Simon et al., 2013 ; Figure 2) . In another approximation to understand the etiologic agent causing myelopathy post-influenza-like syndrome, CSF obtained from a patient with this disease was inoculated in several cell lines, previously reported to be permissive for the growth FIGURE 2 | Influenza virus (IV) spreads from the lungs to the CNS through the vagus nerve promoting an inflammatory state. As described so far, CoVs are respiratory viruses that exhibit neurotropic capacities that not only allows them to achieve latency and avoid the immune response of the host, but also have neurological implications that can complicate the disease associated to its infection. Although there are extensive case reports that indicate neurological manifestations associated to hMPV-infection in humans, further studies are required in mice models to characterize this disease. abstract: Central Nervous System (CNS) infections are one of the most critical problems in public health, as frequently patients exhibit neurologic sequelae. Usually, CNS pathologies are caused by known neurotropic viruses such as measles virus (MV), herpes virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), among others. However, nowadays respiratory viruses have placed themselves as relevant agents responsible for CNS pathologies. Among these neuropathological viruses are the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), the influenza virus (IV), the coronavirus (CoV) and the human metapneumovirus (hMPV). These viral agents are leading causes of acute respiratory infections every year affecting mainly children under 5 years old and also the elderly. Up to date, several reports have described the association between respiratory viral infections with neurological symptoms. The most frequent clinical manifestations described in these patients are febrile or afebrile seizures, status epilepticus, encephalopathies and encephalitis. All these viruses have been found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which suggests that all these pathogens, once in the lungs, can spread throughout the body and eventually reach the CNS. The current knowledge about the mechanisms and routes used by these neuro-invasive viruses remains scarce. In this review article, we describe the most recent findings associated to neurologic complications, along with data about the possible invasion routes of these viruses in humans and their various effects on the CNS, as studied in animal models. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30416428/ doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00386 id: cord-320474-jyk7zphp author: Bonaventura, Aldo title: Targeting GM-CSF in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Rationale and Strategies date: 2020-07-03 words: 5082.0 sentences: 242.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320474-jyk7zphp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320474-jyk7zphp.txt summary: Initial findings from patients with COVID-19 treated with a single intravenous dose of mavrilimumab, a monoclonal antibody binding GM-CSF receptor α, showed oxygenation improvement and shorter hospitalization. Data supporting the role of hyperinflammation in sepsisrelated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are derived from a sub-group analysis of a phase 3 randomized controlled trial of IL-1 receptor antagonist (anakinra), which showed significant survival benefit in patients treated with anakinra compared to placebo (15) . APC, antigen presenting cell; DC, dendritic cell; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study tested the effects of low-dose hrGM-CSF (molgramostim, 3 µg/kg daily) for 5 days in patients in addition to the standard of care in critically ill patients with severe sepsis and respiratory dysfunction (65) . abstract: COVID-19 is a clinical syndrome ranging from mild symptoms to severe pneumonia that often leads to respiratory failure, need for mechanical ventilation, and death. Most of the lung damage is driven by a surge in inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-6, interferon-γ, and granulocyte-monocyte stimulating factor (GM-CSF)]. Blunting this hyperinflammation with immunomodulation may lead to clinical improvement. GM-CSF is produced by many cells, including macrophages and T-cells. GM-CSF-derived signals are involved in differentiation of macrophages, including alveolar macrophages (AMs). In animal models of respiratory infections, the intranasal administration of GM-CSF increased the proliferation of AMs and improved outcomes. Increased levels of GM-CSF have been recently described in patients with COVID-19 compared to healthy controls. While GM-CSF might be beneficial in some circumstances as an appropriate response, in this case the inflammatory response is maladaptive by virtue of being later and disproportionate. The inhibition of GM-CSF signaling may be beneficial in improving the hyperinflammation-related lung damage in the most severe cases of COVID-19. This blockade can be achieved through antagonism of the GM-CSF receptor or the direct binding of circulating GM-CSF. Initial findings from patients with COVID-19 treated with a single intravenous dose of mavrilimumab, a monoclonal antibody binding GM-CSF receptor α, showed oxygenation improvement and shorter hospitalization. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are ongoing. Anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibodies, TJ003234 and gimsilumab, will be tested in clinical trials in patients with COVID-19, while lenzilumab received FDA approval for compassionate use. These trials will help inform whether blunting the inflammatory signaling provided by the GM-CSF axis in COVID-19 is beneficial. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32719685/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01625 id: cord-349329-f0pbd968 author: Bosteels, Cedric title: Sargramostim to treat patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 (SARPAC): A structured summary of a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial date: 2020-06-05 words: 12411.0 sentences: 618.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349329-f0pbd968.txt summary: -Presence of acute hypoxic respiratory failure defined as (either or both)  saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2  PaO2/FiO2 below 350 -Admitted to specialized COVID-19 ward -Age 18-80 -Male or Female -Willing to provide informed consent Exclusion criteria -Patients with known history of serious allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, to human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor such as sargramostim, yeast-derived products, or any component of the product. Study Interventions Confirmed or highly suspect COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxic respiratory failure (saturation below 93% on minimal 2 l/min O2 or PaO2/FiO2 <350) will be randomized to receive sargramostim 125mcg twice daily for 5 days as a nebulized inhalation on top of standard of care (active group), or to receive standard of care treatment (control group). abstract: OBJECTIVES: The hypothesis of the proposed intervention is that Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has profound effects on antiviral immunity, and can provide the stimulus to restore immune homeostasis in the lung with acute lung injury post COVID-19, and can promote lung repair mechanisms, that lead to a 25% improvement in lung oxygenation parameters. Sargramostim is a man-made form of the naturally-occurring protein GM-CSF. TRIAL DESIGN: A phase 4 academic, prospective, 2 arm (1:1 ratio), randomized, open-label, controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: Patients aged 18-80 years admitted to specialized COVID-19 wards in 5 Belgian hospitals with recent (< 2 weeks prior to randomization) confirmed COVID-19 infection and acute respiratory failure defined as a PaO2/FiO2 below 350 mmHg or SpO2 below 93% on minimal 2 L/min supplemental oxygen. Patients were excluded from the trial in case of (1) known serious allergic reactions to yeast-derived products, (2) lithium carbonate therapy, (3) mechanical ventilation prior to randomization, (4) peripheral white blood cell count above 25.000/μL and/or active myeloid malignancy, (5) high dose systemic steroid therapy (> 20 mg methylprednisolone or equivalent), (6) enrolment in another investigational study, (7) pregnant or breastfeeding or (8) ferritin levels > 2000 μg/mL. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR: Inhaled sargramostim 125 μg twice daily for 5 days in addition to standard care. Upon progression of disease requiring mechanical ventilation or to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and initiation of mechanical ventilator support within the 5 day period, inhaled sargramostim will be replaced by intravenous sargramostim 125 μg/m(2) body surface area once daily until the 5 day period is reached. From day 6 onwards, progressive patients in the active group will have the option to receive an additional 5 days of IV sargramostim, based on the treating physician's assessment. Intervention will be compared to standard of care. Subjects progressing to ARDS and requiring invasive mechanical ventilatory support, from day 6 onwards in the standard of care group will have the option (clinician's decision) to initiate IV sargramostim 125m μg/m(2) body surface area once daily for 5 days. MAIN OUTCOMES: The primary endpoint of this intervention is measuring oxygenation after 5 days of inhaled (and intravenous) treatment through assessment of a change in pretreatment and post-treatment ratio of PaO2/FiO2 and through measurement of the P(A-a)O2 gradient (PAO2= Partial alveolar pressure of oxygen, PaO2=Partial arterial pressure of oxygen; FiO2= Fraction of inspired oxygen). RANDOMISATION: Patients will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio. Randomization will be done using REDCap (electronic IWRS system). BLINDING (MASKING): In this open-label trial neither participants, caregivers, nor those assessing the outcomes will be blinded to group assignment. NUMBERS TO BE RANDOMISED (SAMPLE SIZE): A total of 80 patients with confirmed COVID-19 and acute hypoxic respiratory failure will be enrolled, 40 in the active and 40 in the control group. TRIAL STATUS: SARPAC protocol Version 2.0 (April 15 2020). Participant recruitment is ongoing in 5 Belgian Hospitals (i.e. University Hospital Ghent, AZ Sint-Jan Bruges, AZ Delta Roeselare, University Hospital Brussels and ZNA Middelheim Antwerp). Participant recruitment started on March 26(th) 2020. Given the current decline of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium, it is difficult to anticipate the rate of participant recruitment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The trial was registered on Clinical Trials.gov on March 30(th), 2020 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04326920) - retrospectively registered; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04326920?term=sarpac&recrs=ab&draw=2&rank=1 and on EudraCT on March 24th, 2020 (Identifier: 2020-001254-22). FULL PROTOCOL: The full protocol is attached as an additional file, accessible from the Trials website (Additional file 1). In the interest in expediting dissemination of this material, the familiar formatting has been eliminated; this Letter serves as a summary of the key elements of the full protocol. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32503663/ doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04451-7 id: cord-309476-hel3h25h author: Brown, Julianne R. title: Encephalitis diagnosis using metagenomics: application of next generation sequencing for undiagnosed cases date: 2018-01-02 words: 5816.0 sentences: 290.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-309476-hel3h25h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309476-hel3h25h.txt summary: This included two cases of human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), 28 first described in 2005 when it was associated with a viraemic patient in whom an acute viral infection was suspected 49 ; one case of human coronavirus OC-43, 43 typically a human respiratory pathogen never previously described in a human case of encephalitis but known to cause encephalitis in mice 50 ; one case of human astrovirus MLB1, 46 of mumps vaccine virus in a child who was vaccinated prior to a primary immunodeficiency diagnosis. As with other molecular tests, including PCR which has become the gold standard of virological diagnostics, results from metagenomics applied to cases of encephalitis should be interpreted in the context of other clinical and laboratory findings, particularly when a novel or unexpected organism is detected. abstract: BACKGROUND: Current estimates suggest that even in the most resourced settings, the aetiology of encephalitis is identified in less than half of clinical cases. It is acknowledged that filling this gap needs a combination of rigorous sampling and improved diagnostic technologies. Next generation sequencing (NGS) methods are powerful tools with the potential for comprehensive and unbiased detection of pathogens in clinical samples. We reviewed the use of this new technology for the diagnosis of suspected infectious encephalitis, and discuss the feasibility for introduction of NGS methods as a frontline diagnostic test. METHODS: A systematic literature review was performed, using MESH and text word searches for variants of “sequencing” and “encephalitis” in Medline and EMbase, and searching bibliographies and citations using the Web of Science database. Two authors independently reviewed, extracted and summarised data. FINDINGS: The review identified 25 articles reporting 44 case reports of patients with suspected encephalitis for whom NGS was used as a diagnostic tool. We present the data and highlight themes arising from these cases. There are no randomly controlled trials to assess the utility of NGS as a diagnostic tool. INTERPRETATION: There is increasing evidence of a role for NGS in the work-up of undiagnosed encephalitis. Lower costs and increasing accessibility of these technologies will facilitate larger studies of these patients. We recommend NGS should be considered as a front-line diagnostic test in chronic and recurring presentations and, given current sample-to-result turn-around times, as second-line in acute cases of encephalitis. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445317304139 doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.014 id: cord-258787-n49zrfsp author: Carnevale, Silvia title: The complexity of neutrophils in health and disease: Focus on cancer date: 2020-09-18 words: 9165.0 sentences: 474.0 pages: flesch: 35.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258787-n49zrfsp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258787-n49zrfsp.txt summary: Here we review the current understandings on neutrophils biology from their development to the mechanisms of their trafficking and functions in health and disease, with a focus on their role in tumour biology and their prognostic significance in human cancer. Abbreviations: 3-MCA, 3-methylcholathrene; ACKR2, atypical chemokine receptor 2; APC, antigen presenting cell; G-CSF, granulocytes colony stimulating factor; G-MDSCs, granulocytes-myeloid-derived suppressor cells; GM-CSF, granulocytes-macrophages colony stimulating factor; GMPs, granulocyte monocyte progenitors; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; M-MDSCs, monocytes-myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MMP-9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; NK, natural killer; PRRs, pattern recognition receptors; ROS, eactive oxygen species; TANs, tumour-associated neutrophils; TCR, T cell receptor; TILs, tumour infiltrating leukocytes; TME, tumour microenvironment; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand; TRPM2, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M, member 2; UTC, unconventional T cell. Origin and role of a subset of tumor-associated neutrophils with antigen-presenting cell features in early-stage human lung Cancer abstract: Neutrophils are essential soldiers of the immune response and their role have long been restricted to their activities in defence against microbial infections and during the acute phase of the inflammatory response. However, increasing number of investigations showed that neutrophils are endowed with plasticity and can participate in the orchestration of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Neutrophils have an impact on a broad range of disorders, including infections, chronic inflammations, and cancer. Neutrophils are present in the tumour microenvironment and have been reported to mediate both pro-tumour and anti-tumour responses. Neutrophils can contribute to genetic instability, tumour cell proliferation, angiogenesis and suppression of the anti-tumour immune response. In contrast, neutrophils are reported to mediate anti-tumour resistance by direct killing of tumour cells or by engaging cooperative interactions with other immune cells. Here we discuss the current understandings of neutrophils biology and functions in health and diseases, with a specific focus on their role in cancer biology and their prognostic significance in human cancer. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smim.2020.101409 doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101409 id: cord-277889-8u685f45 author: Costela-Ruiz, Víctor J. title: SARS-CoV-2 infection: the role of cytokines in COVID-19 disease date: 2020-06-02 words: 9212.0 sentences: 552.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-277889-8u685f45.txt txt: ./txt/cord-277889-8u685f45.txt summary: The majority of patients infected with COVID-19 have normal or reduced white cell counts and lymphocytopenia, and those with severe disease have shown significantly elevated levels of neutrophils, dimer-D, and urea in blood, with a continuing decrease in lymphocytes. detected elevated levels of the antagonistic receptor of IL-1 (IL-1Ra) in 14 severe cases of COVID-19, and this marker has been associated with increased viral load, loss of pulmonary function, lung damage, and mortality risk [55] . observed that its expression during infection with an influenza virus had negative effects on CD8 + memory T cells [71] .Various studies of COVID-19 patients have detected elevated IL-4 levels as part of the cytokine storm associated with severe respiratory symptoms [16, 17, 43, 72] . Elevated IL-17 levels have been reported in patients with SARS-CoV-2 as part of the cytokine storm [17] , and they have been associated with the viral load and disease severity [56] . abstract: COVID-19 disease, caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2, is related to a series of physiopathological mechanisms that mobilize a wide variety of biomolecules, mainly immunological in nature. In the most severe cases, the prognosis can be markedly worsened by the hyperproduction of mainly proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, preferentially targeting lung tissue. This study reviews published data on alterations in the expression of different cytokines in patients with COVID-19 who require admission to an intensive care unit. Data on the implication of cytokines in this disease and their effect on outcomes will support the design of more effective approaches to the management of COVID-19. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135961012030109X?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.001 id: cord-022283-8ny6j1ny author: Cuddon, Paul A title: The weak and ataxic or paralyzed cat date: 2009-05-15 words: 6123.0 sentences: 480.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022283-8ny6j1ny.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022283-8ny6j1ny.txt summary: Most cats with spinal cord disease have a combination of both ataxia and paresis, since most myelopathies cause disruption of both the motor and sensory systems. Cats presenting solely with ataxia and paresis/paralysis most commonly have spinal cord disease. The most common causes of spinal cord ataxia and paresis in cats are infectious (including feline infectious peritonitis virus (coronavirus)), neoplasia (lymphosarcoma) and trauma. Infectious diseases, such as feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis also may produce signs of progressive spinal cord dysfunction. Many cats with sacrococcygeal trauma also show signs of LMN paraparesis (sciatic nerve injury), consisting of dragging of the hind paws on their dorsum and a failure to flex the pelvic limb(s) when walking or when the withdrawal reflex is performed. Cats with severe myelopathy or cauda equina injury with analgesia have a very poor to hopeless prognosis since they commonly have physical or functional spinal cord or cauda equina transection. Feline polioencephalomyelitis is a chronic, progressive disease affecting the spinal cord and brain of cats. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155525/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-2488-7.50047-8 id: cord-007665-vdtpz75u author: Dörries, R. title: Comparative analysis of virus-specific antibodies and immunoglobulins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of subacute measles virus-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME) in rats and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) date: 2002-11-13 words: 4086.0 sentences: 200.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007665-vdtpz75u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007665-vdtpz75u.txt summary: title: Comparative analysis of virus-specific antibodies and immunoglobulins in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of subacute measles virus-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME) in rats and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) The intrathecal humoral immune response was analysed in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and Lewis rats with subacute measles virus (MV)-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME). Although a restricted isoelectric pattern of MV-specific antibodies was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SSPE patients as well as of SAME rats, the heterogeneity within clusters of immunoglobulin bands was higher in the rat specimens. A micro-enzyme immunoassay was used for determination of MV-specific titers in serum and CSF specimens from SSPE patients and diseased rats, MV antigen and Vero cell control antigen (25/~1, 100/tg protein/ml) were coated onto the surface of round-bottom microtiter plates (Immunoplates lI, Nunc, Wiesbaden, F.R.G.) by overnight incubation at room temperature in coating buffer (0.05 M sodium carbonate buffer, pH 9.6). abstract: The intrathecal humoral immune response was analysed in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) and Lewis rats with subacute measles virus (MV)-induced encephalomyelitis (SAME). SSPE patients as well as SAME rats revealed oligoclonal, intrathecal antibody synthesis with MV specificity. SAME rats synthesized MV-specific antibodies intracerebrally to a higher extent than SSPE patients. Although a restricted isoelectric pattern of MV-specific antibodies was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of SSPE patients as well as of SAME rats, the heterogeneity within clusters of immunoglobulin bands was higher in the rat specimens. Increase in the blood-brain barrier permeability for albumin was exclusively detected in SAME rats but not in SSPE patients. These data suggest that the rat model offers excellent opportunities to study the initial humoral events in MV-induced encephalitides. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119893/ doi: 10.1016/0165-5728(88)90014-8 id: cord-006473-ey35h7ry author: Eisenbeis, C. F. title: A case of pulmonary toxicity associated with G-CSF and doxorubicin administration date: 2001 words: 1699.0 sentences: 90.0 pages: flesch: 36.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006473-ey35h7ry.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006473-ey35h7ry.txt summary: We contend that G-CSF contributed to the life-threatening lung injury in our patient, and discuss additional reports in the literature of pulmonary toxicity associated with the use of this agent. Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has gained widespread popularity because of its use in diminishing the severity and duration of neutropenia associated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy and in mobilizing pluripotent bone marrow stem cells from healthy donors for harvesting for allogeneic stem cell transplants. We report here a case of life-threatening respiratory dysfunction secondary to bronchocentric granulomatosis (BG) associated with the use of G-CSF administered together with doxorubicin. Interstitial pneumonitis related to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration following chemotherapy for elderly patients with non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma Serious pulmonary complications in patients receiving recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor during BACOP chemotherapy for aggressive non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma Pulmonary toxicity after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-combined chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin''s lymphoma abstract: The cytokine growth factor, G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor), is commonly used in oncologic practice and is generally believed to be a safe agent to administer. We describe here a case of pulmonary toxicity associated with the concurrent administration of G-CSF and doxorubicin. We contend that G-CSF contributed to the life-threatening lung injury in our patient, and discuss additional reports in the literature of pulmonary toxicity associated with the use of this agent. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101872/ doi: 10.1007/s002770000232 id: cord-285151-zynor0b2 author: Eisenhut, Michael title: Neopterin in Diagnosis and Monitoring of Infectious Diseases date: 2013-12-08 words: 5999.0 sentences: 298.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-285151-zynor0b2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285151-zynor0b2.txt summary: Longitudinal serial measurements in the same individual could overcome difficulties with interpretation in settings where chronic parasitic (malaria) or bacterial Schistosoma mansoni Praziquantel Blood Serum levels normalized on treatment [43, 44] (tuberculosis) infections may elevate the baseline neopterin level and could allow monitoring of response to antiretroviral treatment in the absence of resistance testing and provide means to monitor compliance in the outpatient setting (see Table 1 for list of diseases in which neopterin levels have been used to monitor treatment response). The first study investigating the role of neopterin in specific forms of viral hepatitis tested urinary levels in patients with hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and non-A, non-B hepatitis virus infection [9] . Elevated serum neopterin levels were also found in HIV infected patients with tuberculosis and decreased significantly on antituberculous treatment [40] . Serum neopterin was also assessed as a disease marker in human Schistosoma mansoni infection and levels were found to reflect the extent of hepatic involvement with higher levels found in patients with hepatomegaly. abstract: Neopterin is produced by activated monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells upon stimulation by interferon gamma produced by T-lymphocytes. Quantification of neopterin in body fluids has been achieved by standard high-performance liquid chromatography, radioimmunoassays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Neopterin levels predict HIV-related mortality more efficiently than clinical manifestations. Successful highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with a decrease in neopterin levels. Elevated neopterin levels were associated with hepatitis by hepatitis A, B, and C viruses. Serum neopterin levels were found to be a predictor of response to treatment of chronic HCV infection with pegylated interferon combined with ribavirin. Neopterin levels of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were found to be higher in patients with more extensive radiological changes. Elimination of blood donors with elevated neopterin levels to reduce risk of transmission of infections with known and unknown viral pathogens has been undertaken. Neopterin measurement is hereby more cost effective but less sensitive than screening using polymerase chain reaction based assays. In conclusion neopterin is a nonspecific marker of activated T-helper cell 1 dominated immune response. It may be a useful marker for monitoring of infectious disease activity during treatment and for more accurate estimation of extent of disease and prognosis. url: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/196432 doi: 10.1155/2013/196432 id: cord-291553-j9nn5g70 author: Fridholm, Helena title: Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array date: 2016-01-29 words: 2016.0 sentences: 120.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-291553-j9nn5g70.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291553-j9nn5g70.txt summary: title: Human pegivirus detected in a patient with severe encephalitis using a metagenomic pan-virus array We have used a metagenomic microarray to detect genomic RNA from human pegivirus in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from a patient suffering from severe encephalitis. We report a case of severe encephalitis where the only microbe detected in the CNS was human pegivirus (HPgV), hitherto only known to cause asymptomatic infections in humans. In both cases it is uncertain if HPgV is pathogenic but it is noteworthy to detect a virus at a high viral load in the CNS. More recently, both positive and negative RNA-strands of HPgV was detected in post mortem brain tissue from a multiple sclerosis (MS) patient, implying that the virus was replicating in the brain tissue [1] . All CSF samples where negative for HPgV but one encephalitis patient was positive in serum (Ct 27.2). abstract: We have used a metagenomic microarray to detect genomic RNA from human pegivirus in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from a patient suffering from severe encephalitis. No other pathogen was detected. HPgV in cerebrospinal fluid during encephalitis has never been reported before and its prevalence in cerebrospinal fluid needs further investigation. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1386653216000366 doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.01.013 id: cord-000455-gq1omz6u author: Griese, Matthias title: Long-term follow-up and treatment of congenital alveolar proteinosis date: 2011-08-17 words: 3973.0 sentences: 205.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-000455-gq1omz6u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000455-gq1omz6u.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and outcome of molecularly defined congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) due to mutations in the GM-CSF receptor are not well known. CONCLUSIONS: The long term management from early childhood into young adolescence of severe alveolar proteinosis due to GMCSF receptor deficiency requires a dedicated specialized team to perform technically demanding whole lung lavages and cope with complications. At age 12 years (in 2009) analysis of the patient''s CSF2RA gene revealed the homozygous Ser25X stop-mutation in exon 3 resulting in the almost complete absence of the GM-CSF receptor alpha chain and causing the alveolar proteinosis we observed ( Figure 6A ). Abbreviations PAP: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; GMCSF: granulocyte-macrophagecolony stimulating factor; GM-CSFR: GM-CSF receptor; WLL: whole lung lavage; washing of a single right or left lung. abstract: BACKGROUND: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and outcome of molecularly defined congenital pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) due to mutations in the GM-CSF receptor are not well known. CASE PRESENTATION: A 2 1/2 years old girl was diagnosed as having alveolar proteinosis. Whole lung lavages were performed with a new catheter balloon technique, feasible in small sized airways. Because of some interstitial inflammation in the lung biopsy and to further improve the condition, empirical therapy with systemic steroids and azathioprin, and inhaled and subcutaneous GMCSF, were used. Based on clinical measures, total protein and lipid recovered by whole lung lavages, all these treatments were without benefit. Conversely, severe respiratory viral infections and an invasive aspergillosis with aspergilloma formation occurred. Recently the novel homozygous stop mutation p.Ser25X of the GMCSF receptor alpha chain was identified in the patient. This mutation leads to a lack of functional GMCSF receptor and a reduced response to GMCSF stimulation of CD11b expression of mononuclear cells of the patient. Subsequently a very intense treatment with monthly lavages was initiated, resulting for the first time in complete resolution of partial respiratory insufficiency and a significant improvement of the overall somato-psychosocial condition of the child. CONCLUSIONS: The long term management from early childhood into young adolescence of severe alveolar proteinosis due to GMCSF receptor deficiency requires a dedicated specialized team to perform technically demanding whole lung lavages and cope with complications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3175167/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-72 id: cord-001740-1px4aq89 author: Griese, Matthias title: GATA2 deficiency in children and adults with severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and hematologic disorders date: 2015-08-12 words: 3412.0 sentences: 220.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001740-1px4aq89.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001740-1px4aq89.txt summary: title: GATA2 deficiency in children and adults with severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and hematologic disorders CONCLUSIONS: In children and adults with severe GM-CSF negative PAP a close cooperation between pneumologists and hemato-oncologists is needed to diagnose the underlying diseases, some of which are caused by mutations of transcription factor GATA2. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of surfactant in the alveoli of the lungs, leading to hypoxemic respiratory failure and, in severe cases, to death [1]. PAP is caused by (i) genetic diseases which result in dysfunction of surfactant or surfactant production (SFTPC, SFTPB, ABCA3, TTF1 deficiency) mainly presenting during infancy, by (ii) disruption of GM-CSF signaling from mutations in the receptor (GM-CSFRa, GM-CSFRb) or from acquired autoantibodies against GM-CSF, and by (iii) disorders that presumably impair surfactant clearance because of abnormal numbers or defective phagocytic functions of alveolar macrophages [2] . abstract: BACKGROUND: The majority of cases with severe pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) are caused by auto-antibodies against GM-CSF. A multitude of genetic and exogenous causes are responsible for few other cases. Goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of GATA2 deficiency in children and adults with PAP and hematologic disorders. METHODS: Of 21 patients with GM-CSF-autoantibody negative PAP, 13 had no other organ involvement and 8 had some form of hematologic disorder. The latter were sequenced for GATA2. RESULTS: Age at start of PAP ranged from 0.3 to 64 years, 4 patients were children. In half of the subjects GATA2-sequence variations were found, two of which were considered disease causing. Those two patients had the typical phenotype of GATA2 deficiency, one of whom additionally showed a previously undescribed feature – a cholesterol pneumonia. Hematologic disorders included chronic myeloic leukemia, juvenile myelo-monocytic leukemia, lymphoblastic leukemia, sideroblastic anemia and two cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). A 4 year old child with MDS and DiGeorge Syndrome Type 2 was rescued with repetitive whole lung lavages and her PAP was cured with heterologous stem cell transplant. CONCLUSIONS: In children and adults with severe GM-CSF negative PAP a close cooperation between pneumologists and hemato-oncologists is needed to diagnose the underlying diseases, some of which are caused by mutations of transcription factor GATA2. Treatment with whole lung lavages as well as stem cell transplant may be successful. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542098/ doi: 10.1186/s12890-015-0083-2 id: cord-002823-n55xvwkf author: Halstead, E. Scott title: GM-CSF overexpression after influenza a virus infection prevents mortality and moderates M1-like airway monocyte/macrophage polarization date: 2018-01-05 words: 8069.0 sentences: 390.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-002823-n55xvwkf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002823-n55xvwkf.txt summary: The effect of local elevation of GM-CSF on IAV infection in the lung has been investigated in transgenic models with expression of GM-CSF under the control of constitutive or doxycycline-inducible promoters in lungs of alveolar or small airway epithelial cells of GM-CSF knockout (csf2 −/− ) mice [3, 4] . To examine the mechanism of protection conferred by therapeutic GM-CSF levels, we measured respiratory and biochemical parameters of lower airway disease, and analyzed the transcriptome of FACS-sorted AMs and exudative macrophages (EM) from IAV-infected mice. IPA also predicted the activation of the IL-10 receptor alpha-chain in both AMs and EMs. Given that IL-10 levels in BAL fluid were not elevated in DTGM as compared WT mice (Additional file 6: Figure S4D ), it is possible that GM-CSF overexpressing during IAV somehow potentiates IL-10 signaling in the lung microenvironment. abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza A viruses cause life-threatening pneumonia and lung injury in the lower respiratory tract. Application of high GM-CSF levels prior to infection has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality from pathogenic influenza infection in mice, but the mechanisms of protection and treatment efficacy have not been established. METHODS: Mice were infected intranasally with influenza A virus (PR8 strain). Supra-physiologic levels of GM-CSF were induced in the airways using the double transgenic GM-CSF (DTGM) or littermate control mice starting on 3 days post-infection (dpi). Assessment of respiratory mechanical parameters was performed using the flexiVent rodent ventilator. RNA sequence analysis was performed on FACS-sorted airway macrophage subsets at 8 dpi. RESULTS: Supra-physiologic levels of GM-CSF conferred a survival benefit, arrested the deterioration of lung mechanics, and reduced the abundance of protein exudates in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid to near baseline levels. Transcriptome analysis, and subsequent validation ELISA assays, revealed that excess GM-CSF re-directs macrophages from an “M1-like” to a more “M2-like” activation state as revealed by alterations in the ratios of CXCL9 and CCL17 in BAL fluid, respectively. Ingenuity pathway analysis predicted that GM-CSF surplus during IAV infection elicits expression of anti-inflammatory mediators and moderates M1 macrophage pro-inflammatory signaling by Type II interferon (IFN-γ). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that application of high levels of GM-CSF in the lung after influenza A virus infection alters pathogenic “M1-like” macrophage inflammation. These results indicate a possible therapeutic strategy for respiratory virus-associated pneumonia and acute lung injury. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0708-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756339/ doi: 10.1186/s12931-017-0708-5 id: cord-266499-g1lajsp8 author: Han, Jae-Ik title: A multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis date: 2015-09-21 words: 3077.0 sentences: 163.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-266499-g1lajsp8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266499-g1lajsp8.txt summary: title: A multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction panel for detecting neurologic pathogens in dogs with meningoencephalitis In the present study, a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mqPCR) panel was optimized for the detection of eight canine neurologic pathogens (Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus spp., Neospora caninum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Ehrlichia canis, and canine distemper virus [CDV]). The analytic sensitivity (i.e., limit of detection, expressed as molecules per 1 µL of recombinant vector) was 3.8 for CDV, 3.7 for Ehrlichia canis, 3.7 for Bartonella spp., 3.8 for Borrelia burgdorferi, 3.7 for Blastomyces dermatitidis, 3.7 for Cryptococcus spp., 38 for Neospora caninum, and 3.7 for Toxoplasma gondii. Recent studies have used multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (mqPCR) as a diagnostic tool for multifactorial diseases because this approach can simultaneously detect multiple pathogens with good diagnostic performance and is faster than conventional methods [8, 29] . abstract: Meningoencephalitis (ME) is a common inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system in dogs. Clinically, ME has both infectious and non-infectious causes. In the present study, a multiplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (mqPCR) panel was optimized for the detection of eight canine neurologic pathogens (Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus spp., Neospora caninum, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Ehrlichia canis, and canine distemper virus [CDV]). The mqPCR panel was subsequently applied to 53 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from dogs with ME. The analytic sensitivity (i.e., limit of detection, expressed as molecules per 1 µL of recombinant vector) was 3.8 for CDV, 3.7 for Ehrlichia canis, 3.7 for Bartonella spp., 3.8 for Borrelia burgdorferi, 3.7 for Blastomyces dermatitidis, 3.7 for Cryptococcus spp., 38 for Neospora caninum, and 3.7 for Toxoplasma gondii. Among the tested CSF samples, seven (15%) were positive for the following pathogens in decreasing order of frequency: Cryptococcus spp. (3/7), Blastomyces dermatitidis (2/7), and Borrelia burgdorferi (2/7). In summary, use of an mqPCR panel with high analytic sensitivity as an initial screen for infectious agents in dogs with ME could facilitate the selection of early treatment strategies and improve outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26040611/ doi: 10.4142/jvs.2015.16.3.341 id: cord-286149-awhnjwyc author: Hoon‐Hanks, L.L. title: Metagenomic Investigation of Idiopathic Meningoencephalomyelitis in Dogs date: 2017-12-02 words: 5441.0 sentences: 289.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-286149-awhnjwyc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-286149-awhnjwyc.txt summary: In previous investigations of MUO in dogs, only brain samples were tested for infectious agents; however, CSF is a common sample utilized in the clinical evaluation of neurologic disease for the detection of infectious agent nucleic acids, especially by PCR. Additionally, RNA was extracted from postmortem brain samples from a mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), green tree python (Morelia viridis), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and American robin (Turdus migratorius), all of which had previously been tested by PCR, metagenomic sequencing, or both, and were found to be infected with specific known infectious agents. There are several possible biological and technical explanations for our study''s inability to identify a candidate etiologic agent for MUO, including the underlying pathogenesis of the disease, sample type and collection methods, case inclusion criteria, sensitivity of diagnostics, and database limitations. abstract: BACKGROUND: Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO) is a common and life‐threatening neuroinflammatory disease in dogs. Features of the disease are suggestive of an underlying immune‐mediated process, but the association of this disease with a pathogen is still unknown. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To search for candidate etiologic agent associated with cases if MUO using next generation metagenomic sequencing. ANIMALS: Twenty‐two dogs diagnosed with either MUO (11/22; 10 CSF and 3 brain), or noninflammatory CNS diseases inconsistent with MUO (11/22; 11 CSF and 2 brain) that served as negative controls. METHODS: A case control study was performed by identifying MUO and non‐MUO cases. Samples were blindly processed and then unblinded for comparative analyses. Inclusion criteria for MUO cases included consistent MRI lesions and inflammatory CSF with a negative PCR panel for infectious agents or histopathologic diagnosis. Dogs with glucocorticoid therapy within 2 weeks of sample collection were excluded. Fresh‐frozen cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; 21) and brain (5) samples were collected and RNA and DNA were extracted separately for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Known positive samples were used as controls to validate our sequencing and analysis pipelines and to establish limits of detection. Sequencing results were analyzed at a nucleotide and protein level for broad comparison to known infectious organisms. RESULTS: No candidate etiologic agents were identified in dogs with MUO. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: These results support but do not prove the hypothesis that MUO is not associated with infectious agents and might be an autoimmune disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.14877 doi: 10.1111/jvim.14877 id: cord-310299-isdsestc author: Hosseini, Akram A. title: Delirium as a presenting feature in COVID-19: neuroinvasive infection or autoimmune encephalopathy? date: 2020-06-09 words: 981.0 sentences: 84.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-310299-isdsestc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-310299-isdsestc.txt summary: 1 We report two cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) infection with acute onset of altered mental status and delirium with normal respiration and metabolic balance in the first 48 hours. Despite normal brain CT at 48 hours, MRI on day 6 showed three hyperintense foci on diffusion-weighted images, but no overt restriction, consistent with T2-shine-through suggesting cellular infiltration/inflammation or small infarcts ( Figure 1 ). 1,2 However, there is currently no report of limbic encephalitis associated with COVID-19 that presented with delirium in the absence of respiratory, metabolic or systemic features, while patients may be hidden sources of spreading the virus in busy clinical settings. The detection of SARS-CoV2 in the CSF in a patient with meningo-encephalitis supports neurotropic and neuroinvasive potential of the virus 2 presumably through the blood vesselrich meninges once the blood brain barrier is damaged. Central Nervous System Involvement by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 (SARS-CoV-2) abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.012 doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.012 id: cord-282797-thywse7g author: Hwang, Yoon Jung title: Engineered Bacteriophage T7 as a Potent Anticancer Agent in vivo date: 2020-09-24 words: 6166.0 sentences: 337.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-282797-thywse7g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282797-thywse7g.txt summary: We constructed an engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying a peptide, which targets murine melanoma cells and harbors a mammalian expression cassette of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in viral genomic DNA. It displayed peptides targeting mouse melanoma cells and at the same time harbored a mammalian expression cassette for the cytokine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying homing peptide (pep42) and expressing GM-CSF was added to the culture at an MOI of 100 and cells were incubated for 3 days. First and second row: wild type phage T7 (WT T7) or T7 displaying the homing peptide (T7-pep42) was added to in vitro cultured B16F10 melanoma cells and binding was observed under a fluorescent laser scanning confocal microscope. The engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying homing peptide (pep42) and harboring a mammalian expression cassette of murine GM-CSF was produced and the phage solution was nearly completely cleared (90%) of endotoxins ( Figure 1A) . abstract: Oncolytic viruses (OVs) induce antitumor effect by both direct lysis of target cells and eliciting immunogenic response to the virus and ultimately to the target cells. These viruses are usually natural human pathogens. Bacteriophages are natural pathogens of bacteria that do not infect human and have greater advantages in safety, manipulation, and production over human viruses. We constructed an engineered bacteriophage T7 displaying a peptide, which targets murine melanoma cells and harbors a mammalian expression cassette of the cytokine granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in viral genomic DNA. The engineered phage was successfully transduced to B16F10 melanoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. GM-CSF was expressed from the transduced phage DNA. All mice treated with the phage intravenously survived for 25 days until the end of experiment, while only 40% of those not treated survived. During the 16 days of phage treatment, phage T7 displaying homing peptide and expressing GM-CSF inhibited tumor growth by 72% compared to the untreated control. Serum cytokine levels of IL-1α, TNF-α, and GM-CSF were seen to increase during the treatment. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor tissue revealed infiltration by macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and CD8(+) T cells. Migration of murine macrophages to bacteriophages was also observed in in vitro transwell assays in both time- and dose-dependent manners. Taken together, the recombinant bacteriophage T7 efficiently inhibited tumor growth by changing the tumor microenvironment and recruiting anti-tumor immune cells. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.491001 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.491001 id: cord-328763-hcbs20a0 author: Ifergan, Igal title: Potential for Targeting Myeloid Cells in Controlling CNS Inflammation date: 2020-10-06 words: 11053.0 sentences: 559.0 pages: flesch: 39.0 cache: ./cache/cord-328763-hcbs20a0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328763-hcbs20a0.txt summary: As we will discuss in this review, multiple tools have been developed in the EAE models of MS demonstrating significant regulation of disease progression by various approaches blocking myeloid cell activation and effector function, but to date, these approaches have not been tested for therapeutic efficacy in MS patients. GM-CSF has a wide array of functions, notably the survival and activation of myeloid cells, the ability to induce differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs), the polarization of macrophages toward a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, enhanced antigen presentation, the induction of complement-and antibody-mediated phagocytosis, and the mobilization of monocytes and other myeloid populations from bone marrow to blood (61) (62) (63) . M-CSF stimulates progenitor cells from bone marrow and plays an important regulatory role in the survival, proliferation (in mice), differentiation, phagocytosis, and chemotaxis of myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, DCs, and microglia (87) (88) (89) . abstract: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is characterized by immune cell infiltration to the central nervous system (CNS) as well as loss of myelin. Characterization of the cells in lesions of MS patients revealed an important accumulation of myeloid cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Data from the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS supports the importance of peripheral myeloid cells in the disease pathology. However, the majority of MS therapies focus on lymphocytes. As we will discuss in this review, multiple strategies are now in place to target myeloid cells in clinical trials. These strategies have emerged from data in both human and mouse studies. We discuss strategies targeting myeloid cell migration, growth factors and cytokines, biological functions (with a focus on miRNAs), and immunological activities (with a focus on nanoparticles). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33123148/ doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571897 id: cord-302435-6nrfipz8 author: Jay, Taylor R. title: TREM2 in Neurodegenerative Diseases date: 2017-08-02 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: TREM2 variants have been identified as risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Because TREM2 encodes a receptor exclusively expressed on immune cells, identification of these variants conclusively demonstrates that the immune response can play an active role in the pathogenesis of NDDs. These TREM2 variants also confer the highest risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease of any risk factor identified in nearly two decades, suggesting that understanding more about TREM2 function could provide key insights into NDD pathology and provide avenues for novel immune-related NDD biomarkers and therapeutics. The expression, signaling and function of TREM2 in NDDs have been extensively investigated in an effort to understand the role of immune function in disease pathogenesis and progression. We provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of TREM2 biology, including new insights into the regulation of TREM2 expression, and TREM2 signaling and function across NDDs. While many open questions remain, the current body of literature provides clarity on several issues. While it is still often cited that TREM2 expression is decreased by pro-inflammatory stimuli, it is now clear that this is true in vitro, but inflammatory stimuli in vivo almost universally increase TREM2 expression. Likewise, while TREM2 function is classically described as promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype, more than half of published studies demonstrate a pro-inflammatory role for TREM2, suggesting that its role in inflammation is much more complex. Finally, these components of TREM2 biology are applied to a discussion of how TREM2 impacts NDD pathologies and the latest assessment of how these findings might be applied to immune-directed clinical biomarkers and therapeutics. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28768545/ doi: 10.1186/s13024-017-0197-5 id: cord-263530-t9ryky6f author: Kamal, Yasmine Mohamed title: Cerebrospinal fluid confirmed COVID-19-associated encephalitis treated successfully date: 2020-09-16 words: 2480.0 sentences: 158.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-263530-t9ryky6f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263530-t9ryky6f.txt summary: ► Abdominal CT was normal ► Brain MRI with contrast, performed after 2 weeks to comply with our hospital''s protocol that only allows COVID-19-negative patient to get in contact with the MRI machine, revealed abnormal signal intensity in the temporal lobe cortex bilaterally in a rather symmetrical fashion. Seven hundred and fifty milligrams of intravenous acyclovir sodium, three times per day, was started empirically before the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results were obtained, addressing the possibility of herpes simplex virus (HSV) I and II encephalitis. The early suspicion of COVID-19 encephalitis and performing the appropriate CSF studies was the key to establishing the correct diagnosis and timely management. ► A red flag of the possibility of COVID-19 encephalitis should be raised whenever patients present with abnormal behaviour, acute psychosis, confusion state or drowsiness. abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic that attracted global attention in December 2019 is well known for its clinical picture that is consistent with respiratory symptoms. Currently, the available medical literature describing the neurological complications of COVID-19 is gradually emerging. We hereby describe a case of a 31-year-old COVID-19-positive patient who was admitted on emergency basis. His clinical presentation was primarily neurological, rather than the COVID-19’s classical respiratory manifestations. He presented with acute behavioural changes, severe confusion and drowsiness. The cerebrospinal fluid analysis was consistent with COVID-19 encephalitis, as well as the brain imaging. This experience confirms that neurological manifestations might be expected in COVID-19 infections, despite the absence of significant respiratory symptoms. Whenever certain red flags are raised, physicians who are involved in the management of COVID-19 should promptly consider the possibility of encephalitis. Early recognition of COVID-19 encephalitis and timely management may lead to a better outcome. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32938656/ doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237378 id: cord-005479-wj2xmp8h author: Karlin, L title: Respiratory status deterioration during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery date: 2005-06-06 words: 2941.0 sentences: 163.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005479-wj2xmp8h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005479-wj2xmp8h.txt summary: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-related pulmonary toxicity has been documented in cancer patients, and experimental models suggest a role for G-CSF in acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-related pulmonary toxicity has been documented in cancer patients, and experimental models suggest a role for G-CSF in acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery. In patients with pulmonary infiltrates during neutropenia, G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery carries a risk of respiratory status deterioration with acute lung injury or ARDS. In patients with pulmonary infiltrates during neutropenia, G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery carries a risk of respiratory status deterioration with acute lung injury or ARDS. To help clinicians bear in mind the increased risk of acute respiratory failure during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery in cancer patients, we describe 20 cases seen in our intensive care unit (ICU) over a 22-month period. abstract: Exacerbation of prior pulmonary involvement may occur during neutropenia recovery. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-related pulmonary toxicity has been documented in cancer patients, and experimental models suggest a role for G-CSF in acute lung injury during neutropenia recovery. We reviewed 20 cases of noncardiac acute respiratory failure during G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery. Half the patients had received hematopoietic stem cell transplants. All patients experienced pulmonary infiltrates during neutropenia followed by respiratory status deterioration coinciding with neutropenia recovery. Neutropenia duration was 10 (4–22) days, and time between respiratory symptoms and the first day with more than 1000 leukocytes/mm(3) was 1 (−0.5 to 2) day. Of the 20 patients, 16 received invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation, including 14 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Five patients died, with refractory ARDS. In patients with pulmonary infiltrates during neutropenia, G-CSF-induced neutropenia recovery carries a risk of respiratory status deterioration with acute lung injury or ARDS. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for this diagnosis, which requires eliminating another cause of acute respiratory failure, G-CSF discontinuation and ICU transfer for early supportive management including diagnostic confirmation and noninvasive mechanical ventilation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092208/ doi: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705037 id: cord-283202-5fq1wxz8 author: Kent, Marc title: The cat with neurological manifestations of systemic disease. Key conditions impacting on the CNS date: 2009-05-31 words: 7327.0 sentences: 518.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283202-5fq1wxz8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283202-5fq1wxz8.txt summary: This article reviews the clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of four important systemic diseases with neurological consequences: feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy. A presumptive diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical signs, evidence of recent or active infection (gained via serology for immunoglobulins or immune complexes, or PCR), exclusion of other disease processes, and response to therapy. Consequently, affected cats often demonstrate signs relating to renal disease or hyperthyroidism, given the high prevalence of hypertension with these disorders. Hepatic encephalopathy is the clinical syndrome of abnormal neurological function caused by portosystemic shunting, with or without intrinsic liver disease. Use of anti-coronavirus antibody testing of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis involving the central nervous system in cats Non-invasive blood pressure measurements in cats: clinical significance of hypertension associated with chronic renal failure abstract: Practical relevance A number of systemic diseases are associated with neurological deficits. Most systemic diseases that impact on the nervous system result in multifocal neurological signs; however, isolated deficits can also be observed. This article reviews the clinical signs, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of four important systemic diseases with neurological consequences: feline infectious peritonitis, toxoplasmosis, hypertension and hepatic encephalopathy. Clinical challenges Early recognition of systemic signs of illness in conjunction with neurological deficits will allow for prompt diagnosis and treatment. While neurological examination of the feline patient can undoubtedly be challenging, hopefully the accompanying articles in this special issue will enable the clinician to approach these cases with more confidence. Evidence base The veterinary literature contains numerous reports detailing the impact of systemic disease on the nervous system. Unfortunately, very few references provide detailed descriptions of large cohorts of affected cats. This review summarises the literature underpinning the four key diseases under discussion. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1098612X09000837 doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2009.03.007 id: cord-284038-93s3ffoy author: Keyhanian, Kiandokht title: SARS-CoV-2 and nervous system: From pathogenesis to clinical manifestation date: 2020-11-07 words: 11701.0 sentences: 592.0 pages: flesch: 42.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284038-93s3ffoy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284038-93s3ffoy.txt summary: Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a growing body of evidence indicates that besides common COVID-19 symptoms, patients may develop various neurological manifestations affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as skeletal muscles. Growing number of case reports and/or series indicate that a variety of neurological conditions and post-viral triggered autoimmune complications, as we discuss below, occur in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection which mainly include Guillain-Barré syndromes (GBSs) (table 2), myopathy and rhabdomyolysis (table 2) , encephalopathy, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis, and myelitis (table 3) . Moreover, two cases of acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) in patients with COVID-19 positivity from nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab, but without CSF PCR for SARS-CoV-2 data, were reported in the literature (Poyiadji, Shahin, 2020 , Radmanesh et al. abstract: Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a growing body of evidence indicates that besides common COVID-19 symptoms, patients may develop various neurological manifestations affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as skeletal muscles. These manifestations can occur prior, during and even after the onset of COVID-19 general symptoms. In this Review, we discuss the possible neuroimmunological mechanisms underlying the nervous system and skeletal muscle involvement, and viral triggered neuroimmunological conditions associated with SARS-CoV-2, as well as therapeutic approaches that have been considered for these specific complications worldwide. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165572820306974?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577436 id: cord-023369-xwclh6ih author: Kim, Faith title: Human Herpesvirus-6 Meningitis in a Premature Infant with Fevers: A Case and Literature Review date: 2020-04-18 words: 4890.0 sentences: 219.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023369-xwclh6ih.txt summary: They both had IgM antibodies in the acute phase and PCR detection of HHV-6 DNA in the serum at high copy numbers suggestive of a primary infection despite presence of preexisting maternal antibodies, which the authors isolated from both mothers. 18 Infants with congenital infection due to ciHHV6 had evidence of high viral loads in the cord blood and detection of HHV-6 DNA in hair follicles in both the infants and at least one parent. In summary, we present a case of a premature infant with multiple anomalies who acquired acute HHV-6 viral meningitis in the setting of intermittent high fevers, elevated inflammatory markers, and diagnostic testing from her CSF that confirmed the diagnosis. Transplacental human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) congenital infection caused by maternal chromosomally integrated virus abstract: Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a common virus that can cause nearly universal infection in infancy and early childhood. It typically manifests as an acute febrile illness. We describe a case of a premature infant with congenital hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in place who developed intermittent fevers while she was admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. She was ultimately diagnosed with acute HHV-6 meningitis. In addition to this report, we present a literature review regarding this virus’s potential modes of transmission and forms of clinical presentation in the neonatal period. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7169356/ doi: 10.1177/1179547620912952 id: cord-284963-p0y5rrpb author: Kipar, Anja title: Natural feline coronavirus infection: Differences in cytokine patterns in association with the outcome of infection date: 2006-08-15 words: 6429.0 sentences: 314.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-284963-p0y5rrpb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284963-p0y5rrpb.txt summary: The spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow from naturally FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP and specific pathogen-free (SPF) control cats were examined for the quantity and activation state of monocytes/macrophages both by immunohistology and by quantitative real time PCR for the transcription of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) and GM-CSF. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a well-known and widely distributed coronavirus (FCoV)-induced systemic disease in cats, characterised by fibrinousgranulomatous serositis with protein-rich effusions into body cavities, granulomatous-necrotising phlebitis and periphlebitis and granulomatous inflammatory lesions in several organs (Hayashi et al., 1977; Weiss and Scott, 1981; Kipar et al., 1998 Kipar et al., , 2005 . Taken together, our results indicate that IL-10 is a key cytokine in FCoV infection, ensuring an effective specific immune response, but avoiding the inflammatory processes associated with the development of FIP (Kipar et al., 2005) , by inhibiting the virus-induced macrophage activation. abstract: Natural and experimental feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection leads to systemic viral spread via monocyte-associated viraemia and induces systemic proliferation of monocytes/macrophages. In the majority of naturally infected animals, FCoV infection remains subclinical and is associated with generalised B and T cell hyperplasia, but no other pathological findings. A minority of cats, however, develop feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic granulomatous disease. This is generally accompanied by B and T cell depletion. The obvious functional differences of lymphatic tissues in FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP suggest that they contribute to the outcome of FCoV infection. This study attempted to evaluate the functional changes in haemolymphatic tissues after natural FCoV infection, with special emphasis on the magnitude, phenotype and function of the monocyte/macrophage population. The spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow from naturally FCoV-infected cats with and without FIP and specific pathogen-free (SPF) control cats were examined for the quantity and activation state of monocytes/macrophages both by immunohistology and by quantitative real time PCR for the transcription of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 p40, tumour necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) and GM-CSF. Compared to cats with FIP, FCoV-infected cats without FIP exhibited significantly higher IL-10 levels in the spleen and significantly lower levels of IL-6, G- and M-CSF in mesenteric lymph nodes. In cats with FIP, however, IL-12 p40 levels were significantly lower in lymphatic tissues in comparison to both SPF cats and FCoV-infected cats without FIP. In comparison to SPF cats, FIP cats had significantly higher IL-1β levels and lower TNF levels in mesenteric lymph nodes and lower M-CSF levels in the spleen. Findings indicate that FCoV-infected cats which do not develop FIP are able to mount an effective FCoV-specific immune response and can avoid excessive macrophage activation and FIP, possibly by upregulation of IL-10 production. Development of FIP, however, might be due to a lack of IL-12 which inhibits an effective cellular immune response and allows for monocyte/macrophage activation and the development of FIP. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242706000560 doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.02.004 id: cord-289744-suiqh3gv author: Lafolie, Jérémy title: Assessment of blood enterovirus PCR testing in paediatric populations with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis: a prospective, multicentre, observational cohort study date: 2018-10-30 words: 4727.0 sentences: 239.0 pages: flesch: 48.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289744-suiqh3gv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289744-suiqh3gv.txt summary: The aim of our multicentre study was to assess detection of enterovirus by PCR in blood specimens of newborn babies, infants, and children with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis. Evidence before this study We searched PubMed up to Feb 7, 2018, for papers reporting paediatric enterovirus diseases and enterovirus PCR testing or molecular detection of viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or blood specimens of patients with aseptic meningitis, sepsis and sepsis-like disease, or fever without source. Our study of 360 patients with laboratory findings of enterovirus infection is, as far as we are aware, the largest prospective, multicentre, observational study to assess PCR testing for enterovirus in both blood and CSF samples from newborn babies (aged ≤28 days) and infants (aged >28 days to ≤2 years) with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis, and children (aged >2 years to ≤16 years) with suspected meningitis. abstract: BACKGROUND: Enteroviruses are the most frequent cause of acute meningitis and are seen increasingly in sepsis-like disease and fever without source in the paediatric population. Detection of enterovirus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens by PCR is the gold standard diagnostic test. Our aim was to assess a method of detecting enterovirus in blood specimens by PCR. METHODS: We did a prospective, multicentre, observational study at 35 French paediatric and emergency departments in 16 hospitals. We recruited newborn babies (aged ≤28 days) and infants (aged >28 days to ≤2 years) with fever without source, sepsis-like disease, or suspected meningitis, and children (aged >2 years to ≤16 years) with suspected meningitis, who were admitted to a participating hospital. We used a standardised form to obtain demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, which were anonymised. Enterovirus PCR testing was done in blood and CSF specimens. FINDINGS: Between June 1, 2015, and Oct 31, 2015, and between June 1, 2016, and Oct 31, 2016, we enrolled 822 patients, of whom 672 had enterovirus PCR testing done in blood and CSF specimens. Enterovirus was detected in 317 (47%) patients in either blood or CSF, or both (71 newborn babies, 83 infants, and 163 children). Detection of enterovirus was more frequent in blood samples than in CSF specimens of newborn babies (70 [99%] of 71 vs 62 [87%] of 71; p=0·011) and infants (76 [92%] of 83 vs 62 [75%] of 83; p=0·008), and was less frequent in blood samples than in CSF specimens of children (90 [55%] of 163 vs 148 [91%] of 163; p<0·0001). Detection of enterovirus was more frequent in blood samples than in CSF specimens of infants aged 2 years or younger with fever without source (55 [100%] of 55 vs 41 [75%] of 55; p=0·0002) or with sepsis-like disease (16 [100%] of 16 vs nine [56%] of 16; p=0·008). Detection of enterovirus was less frequent in blood than in CSF of patients with suspected meningitis (165 [67%] of 246 vs 222 [90%] of 246; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION: Testing for enterovirus in blood by PCR should be an integral part of clinical practice guidelines for infants aged 2 years or younger. This testing could decrease the length of hospital stay and reduce exposure to antibiotics for low-risk patients admitted to the emergency department with febrile illness. FUNDING: University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30479-1 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30479-1 id: cord-345267-u24g6607 author: Lang, Frederick M. title: GM-CSF-based treatments in COVID-19: reconciling opposing therapeutic approaches date: 2020-06-23 words: 6013.0 sentences: 249.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345267-u24g6607.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345267-u24g6607.txt summary: GM-CSF has been shown to be upregulated either systemically and/or in the diseased tissues of patients with autoimmune conditions (such as rheumatoid arthritis) 2,26 as well as in conditions that show similarities to late-stage COVID-19, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 27 , acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 28 , cytokine release syndrome (CRS) 29 , haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) 30 , hyperinflammation associated with graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) 31 and other inflammatory diseases of the lung 32 , heart 33-35 and nervous system 21, 23, 36, 37 . It has become increasingly well appreciated that the characteristic hyperactive immune response driving COVID-19 progression consists of a ''cytokine storm'' , overwhelming infiltration of inflammatory myeloid cells into the lungs (particularly monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils), and even a disease phenotype resembling secondary HLH (often referred to as ''macrophage activation syndrome'') 25, [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] . abstract: Therapeutics against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently needed. Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a myelopoietic growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a critical role in alveolar macrophage homeostasis, lung inflammation and immunological disease. Both administration and inhibition of GM-CSF are currently being therapeutically tested in COVID-19 clinical trials. This Perspective discusses the pleiotropic biology of GM-CSF and the scientific merits behind these contrasting approaches. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0357-7 doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0357-7 id: cord-007928-r3z1w441 author: Leinikki, Pauli title: Virus antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients detected with ELISA tests() date: 2003-03-18 words: 1584.0 sentences: 105.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007928-r3z1w441.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007928-r3z1w441.txt summary: The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine levels of specific IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, vaccinia, corona (OC43) and mumps viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 18 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), 8 patients with optic neuritis (ON), 27 patients with other neurological disease (OND), and 88 control subjects without central nervous system disease. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine levels of specific IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, vaccinia, corona (OC43) and mumps viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 18 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), 8 patients with optic neuritis (ON), 27 patients with other neurological disease (OND), and 88 control subjects without central nervous system disease. Distribution of mean serum/CSF virus (measles, rubella, vaccinia, corona OC43 and mumps) antibody ratios (log) related to blood-brain barrier function in different patient groups. abstract: The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine levels of specific IgG antibodies against measles, rubella, vaccinia, corona (OC43) and mumps viruses in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum of 18 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS), 8 patients with optic neuritis (ON), 27 patients with other neurological disease (OND), and 88 control subjects without central nervous system disease. Serum antibody levels were not significantly different between the four groups. Differences in the frequency and levels of CSF antibodies between the four groups were observed. Control patients had serumCSF antibody ratios from 2.0 to 3.0 (log) with an average of 2.5 corresponding to a 320-fold difference between serum and CSF antibody levels. MS patients had ratios from 1.1 to 2.1 with an average of 1.6. The average was 2.0 for the ON patients. The average for the OND patients was similar to the controls. The altered serumCSF ratios for several viruses within an individual patient was similar. These results suggest that nonspecific immunostimulation is responsible for the increased levels of CSF virus antibodies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7127299/ doi: 10.1016/0022-510x(82)90031-4 id: cord-021772-5v4gor2v author: Levine, Gwendolyn J. title: Cerebrospinal Fluid and Central Nervous System Cytology date: 2019-05-31 words: 12646.0 sentences: 768.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-021772-5v4gor2v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021772-5v4gor2v.txt summary: 45, 46 In a recent study of 106 canine CSF samples without pleocytosis (TNCC <5/μL) but containing at least 500 RBCs/μL, the mean percentage of neutrophils (45.2% versus 5.7%), percentage of samples with eosinophils present (36.8% versus 6.8%), and mean protein concentration (40 mg/dL versus 26 mg/dL) were found to be significantly increased in the samples with blood contamination when compared with controls. 4 A study of cats with CNS cryptococcosis showed organisms in 9 of 11 of the CSF samples, and a majority of cases (9 of 10) had neutrophilic pleocytosis and increased protein concentration (8 of 10). A case series of five cats showed CSF ranging from normal to marked neutrophilic pleocytosis with moderately elevated protein concentration and variable correlation to clinical outcome. 85 A study of eight dogs with natural infection (confirmed by CNS tissue-PCR and histopathology) showed lymphocytic pleocytosis in all samples and normal protein concentrations. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151995/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-53314-0.00014-6 id: cord-001583-le1mc045 author: Liu, Yong-Juan title: The combination of decoy receptor 3 and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 for the diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial meningitis date: 2015-03-23 words: 3191.0 sentences: 202.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001583-le1mc045.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001583-le1mc045.txt summary: CONCLUSIONS: Combined measurement of CSF DcR3 and sTREM-1 concentrations improved the prediction of nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Our previous study has proved that levels of DcR3 are significantly elevated in patients with bacterial meningitis and it may act as a useful biomarker of bacterial meningitis [13] . In this study, we combined the markers of DcR3 and sTREM-1 into a simple score, named as "bioscore", which was proved to be a useful predictor for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Moreover, levels of DcR3 are elevated in patients with Figure 1 Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of DcR3 and sTREM-1 for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. In addition, because serum of patients in this study were not collected, predictive value of combined bioscore in blood for bacterial meningitis was not determined. In conclusion, this retrospective study demonstrated that combination of DcR3 and sTREM-1 in CSF could yielded a better diagnostic value for nosocomial bacterial meningitis than that of each biomarker. abstract: BACKGROUND: Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment can significantly reduce mortality of nosocomial bacterial meningitis. However, it is a challenge for clinicians to make an accurate and rapid diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. This study aimed at determining whether combined biomarkers can provide a useful tool for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: The patients with bacterial meningitis had significantly elevated levels of the above mentioned biomarkers. The two biomarkers were all risk factors with bacterial meningitis. The biomarkers were constructed into a “bioscore”. The discriminative performance of the bioscore was better than that of each biomarker, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.842 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.770–0.914; p< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Combined measurement of CSF DcR3 and sTREM-1 concentrations improved the prediction of nosocomial bacterial meningitis. The combined strategy is of interest and the validation of that improvement needs further studies. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4373519/ doi: 10.1186/s12941-015-0078-0 id: cord-023748-3kfy36hg author: Lye, Patricia S. title: Fever date: 2017-05-12 words: 15600.0 sentences: 931.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023748-3kfy36hg.txt summary: Although rapid testing for viral pathogens is often readily available, a detailed investigation to identify a viral pathogen is not necessary unless the confirmation of a viral infection will change the acute diagnostic plan; treatment with antivirals is an option (HSV, influenza) if the fever is prolonged and evolves into FUO or if there is end-organ involvement, as in hepatitis, myocarditis, encephalitis, or meningitis. Occult bacteremia is defined by the presence of a positive blood culture for pathogenic bacteria in a febrile patient who does not appear extremely ill and who has no focus of infection, excluding otitis media. A combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory studies can be used to define a specific population of infants aged 29-60 days who do not appear ill and are at low risk for bacterial infections. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173579/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39956-2.00039-x id: cord-289861-i6bfuvq1 author: Macdonald-Laurs, Emma title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? date: 2018-09-28 words: 4246.0 sentences: 272.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289861-i6bfuvq1.txt summary: title: CSF neopterin, a useful biomarker in children presenting with influenza associated encephalopathy? Severe neurological complications from seasonal influenza, including influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis (IAE), cause considerable morbidity and mortality in healthy children, and those with pre-existing neurological disease. We identified children aged 0e14 years, with evidence of influenza and associated severe neurological disease including status epilepticus or moderate to severe encephalopathy, admitted to two paediatric hospitals which comprise the Sydney Children''s Hospital Network, the largest paediatric network in Australia. In this case series we observed two groups of children who presented with severe influenza related neurological disease. Further studies of IAE are required to evaluate whether significant elevations of CSF neopterin, particularly in combination with diffusion restriction and other MRI changes, could predict short and long-term outcome. Given the severity of influenza associated neurological complications, we recommend a "treat and test" approach to the use of oseltamivir in children presenting with acute encephalopathy/encephalitis during the influenza season. abstract: PURPOSE: Neurological complications of influenza cause significant disease in children. Central nervous system inflammation, the presumed mechanism of influenza-associated encephalopathy, is difficult to detect. Characteristics of children presenting with severe neurological complications of influenza, and potential biomarkers of influenza-associated encephalopathy are described. METHODS: A multi-center, retrospective case-series of children with influenza and neurological complications during 2017 was performed. Enrolled cases met criteria for influenza-associated encephalopathy or had status epilepticus. Functional outcome at discharge was compared between groups using the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS). RESULTS: There were 22 children with influenza studied of whom 11/22 had encephalopathy and 11/22 had status epilepticus. Only one child had a documented influenza immunization. The biomarker CSF neopterin was tested in 10/11 children with encephalopathy and was elevated in 8/10. MRI was performed in all children with encephalopathy and was abnormal in 8 (73%). Treatment of children with encephalopathy was with corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin in 9/11 (82%). In all cases oseltamivir use was low (59%) while admission to the intensive care unit was frequent (14/22, 66%). Clinical outcome at discharge was moderate to severe disability (mRS score > 2) in the majority of children with encephalopathy (7/11, 64%), including one child who died. Children with status epilepticus recovered to near-baseline function in all cases. CONCLUSION: Raised CSF neopterin was present in most cases of encephalopathy, and along with diffusion restriction on MRI, is a useful diagnostic biomarker. Lack of seasonal influenza vaccination represents a missed opportunity to prevent illness in children, including severe neurological disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.09.009 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2018.09.009 id: cord-264163-389tgecz author: Machado, Gisele F. title: Zymographic patterns of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the CSF and cerebellum of dogs with subacute distemper leukoencephalitis date: 2013-07-15 words: 3266.0 sentences: 170.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-264163-389tgecz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264163-389tgecz.txt summary: To evaluate the involvement of MMPs during subacute distemper leukoencephalitis, we measured the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by zymography in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the cerebellum of 14 dogs naturally infected with CDV and 10 uninfected dogs. Due to the diversity of clinical manifestations, the brain lesions of dogs with distemper leukoencephalitis are classified as acute, subacute and chronic, depending on the amount of viral particles, the extension of the myelin loss and the composition and severity of the inflammatory infiltrate (Alldinger et al., 1993; Wünschmann et al., 1999; Silva et al., 2009) . For active MMP-2, even though there was no difference between Table 1 Panel of antibodies used in this study to characterize astrocytes, T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the in the cerebellum of dogs with subacute distemper leukoencephalitis. abstract: Abstract Distemper leukoencephalitis is a disease caused by the canine distemper virus (CDV) infection. It is a demyelinating disease affecting mainly the white matter of the cerebellum and areas adjacent to the fourth ventricle; the enzymes of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) group, especially MMP-2 and MMP-9 have a key role in the myelin basic protein fragmentation and in demyelination, as well as in leukocyte traffic into the nervous milieu. To evaluate the involvement of MMPs during subacute distemper leukoencephalitis, we measured the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by zymography in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the cerebellum of 14 dogs naturally infected with CDV and 10 uninfected dogs. The infected dogs presented high levels of pro-MMP-2 in the CSF and elevated levels of pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9 in the cerebellar tissue. Active MMP-2 was detected in the CSF of some infected dogs. As active MMP-2 and MMP-9 are required for cellular migration across the blood–brain barrier and any interference between MMPs and their inhibitors may result in an amplification of demyelination, this study gives additional support to the involvement of MMPs during subacute distemper leukoencephalitis and suggests that MMP-2 and MMP-9 may take part in the brain inflammatory changes of this disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23639293/ doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.04.006 id: cord-257310-wqu7t44n author: Maideniuc, Catalina title: Acute necrotizing myelitis and acute motor axonal neuropathy in a COVID-19 patient date: 2020-08-09 words: 1091.0 sentences: 78.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-257310-wqu7t44n.txt txt: ./txt/cord-257310-wqu7t44n.txt summary: A 61-year-old woman with COVID 19 infection developed acute necrotizing myelitis (ANM) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), a rare variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) without systemic signs of infection. Here we present a unique case of COVID 19 patients with acute necrotizing myelitis (ANM) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), a rare variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) without systemic signs of infection. However, MRI Cervical spine showed patchy T2 hyperintensities within the central cord extending from below the foreman magnum, proximal Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s0041 5-020-10145 -6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. The patient had a spinal fluid analysis that showed a hemorrhagic tap (red blood cells 312/mm 3 ) with normal white blood cells (3/mm 3) elevated protein (87 mg/ dl) and glucose (73 mg/dl). Acute necrotizing encephalitis, myelitis and variants of GBS such as axonal, demyelinating, and Miller Fisher Syndrome have been reported with the COVID 19 [2] [3] [4] [5] . abstract: A 61-year-old woman with COVID 19 infection developed acute necrotizing myelitis (ANM) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN), a rare variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) without systemic signs of infection. MRI of the cervical spine demonstrated longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, and EMG was consistent with the diagnosis of AMAN. CSF testing was negative for SARS-CoV-2. High dose steroids followed by plasma exchange were administered, and the patient made a clinical recovery. Immunotherapy has some role in fastening the improvement of immune-mediated neurological conditions associated with COVID-19. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00415-020-10145-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10145-6 doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10145-6 id: cord-005014-qp4rrwr4 author: Martin, R. title: Persistent intrathecal secretion of oligoclonal, Borrelia burgdorferi-specific IgG in chronic meningoradiculomyelitis date: 1988 words: 2885.0 sentences: 158.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005014-qp4rrwr4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005014-qp4rrwr4.txt summary: The diagnosis is confirmed by high titres of serum and CSF antibodies, specific for Borrelia burgdorferi, which has recently been identified as the aetiological agent of Lyme disease and Bannwarth''s syndrome [2] . The purpose of our study was to answer the questions whether the CSF immunoglobulin G (IgG) in lymphomeningoradiculitis is locally produced, whether its antigen specificity can be determined, and whether the persistence of a specific distribution pattern can be recorded over the course of the disease. In the present study, we used a rapid and sensitive immunoblotting technique [6] to detect and characterize intrathecally produced IgG in five patients suffering from chronic meningoradiculitis (Bannwarth''s syndrome) or radiculomyelitis. The presence of oligoclonal IgG bands in the CSF and not in the serum of patients suffering from meningoradiculitis or radiculomyelitis strongly favours the intrathecal production of these antibodies and was firstly demonstrated by Kriiger et al. abstract: In the cerebrospinal fluid IgG of five patients with lymphomeningoradiculitis (Bannwarth's syndrome) and radiculomyelitis studied by immunoblot technique an oligoclonal pattern was found. Most of these oligoclonal bands were specific for Borrelia burgdorferi. In patients suffering from chronic meningoradiculomyelitis, repeated CSF examination by this technique showed persistent secretion of identical IgG bands. Thus, the specific humoral immune response and the disease activity could be documented over the course of the disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088014/ doi: 10.1007/bf00314352 id: cord-017885-cz19y60u author: Maziarz, Eileen K. title: Cryptococcosis date: 2014-11-24 words: 10640.0 sentences: 493.0 pages: flesch: 33.0 cache: ./cache/cord-017885-cz19y60u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017885-cz19y60u.txt summary: While the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the outcome of cryptococcosis in many HIV-infected patients, cryptococcosis remains an entity of considerable morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world, and restoration of host immunity can present management challenges that require individualized management. In a high-risk patient with clinical symptoms suggestive of meningitis, identification of cryptococcal antigen in CSF or serum is rapid, specific, noninvasive, and virtually diagnostic of meningoencephalitis or disseminated cryptococcosis even when the India ink examination or culture is negative [42, 43] . Though combination induction therapy with AmBd and 5-FC remains the recommended standard of care for severe cryptococcosis including cryptococcal meningitis, limited availability of 5-FC in resource-limited settings presents significant challenges for managing patients in areas where the disease burden and mortality rates are highest. abstract: Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease caused by the encapsulated fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Once a relatively uncommon cause of human disease, cryptococcal infection can develop in apparently immunocompetent hosts and has emerged as an important opportunistic infection in humans over the past several decades as immunocompromised populations expand in the setting of HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, malignancies, and treatment for other conditions. Clinical manifestations are myriad but pulmonary and central nervous system (CNS) infections are the most common. Improvements in diagnostic testing and standardized approaches to antifungal therapy, when available, have made considerable impact in the management of this infection. While the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the outcome of cryptococcosis in many HIV-infected patients, cryptococcosis remains an entity of considerable morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world, and restoration of host immunity can present management challenges that require individualized management. As immunocompromised populations continue to expand, it is likely that cryptococcosis will remain an important opportunistic fungal infection of humans requiring ongoing investigation. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122569/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-13090-3_15 id: cord-341603-i9j8185y author: Mejdoubi, Anasse title: Neurosyphilis revealed by compressive cervical spine syphilitic gumma: a case report date: 2020-06-30 words: 2066.0 sentences: 129.0 pages: flesch: 37.0 cache: ./cache/cord-341603-i9j8185y.txt txt: ./txt/cord-341603-i9j8185y.txt summary: title: Neurosyphilis revealed by compressive cervical spine syphilitic gumma: a case report CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of extradural cervical spinal syphilitic gumma revealed by spinal cord compression in a 58-year-old male. In this article, we report an exceptional case of neurosyphilis combining an extradural cervical spinal and cerebro-meningeal syphilitic gumma revealed by spinal cord compression. First-line treatment for neurosyphilis in any form, including central nervous system gummas, is represented by highdose intravenous aqueous penicillin G. Neurosurgical treatment of syphilitic gumma should be reserved in case of signs of compression (spinal cord compression, and intracranial hypertension) or secondary neurological worsening [3, 5, 21] . Diagnosis and treatment of spinal syphilitic gumma: a case report Spinal cord syphilitic gumma presenting with brown-Séquard syndrome: a case report and literature review Multiple intracranial and spinal cord syphilitic gummas in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative man with untreated syphilis: a case report abstract: INTRODUCTION: Neurosyphilis is a sexually transmitted disease secondary to the invasion of the central nervous system by the Treponema pallidum. The spinal syphilitic gumma is rare. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of extradural cervical spinal syphilitic gumma revealed by spinal cord compression in a 58-year-old male. The epidural lesion was removed via a posterior approach. Histological examination revealed syphilis. Syphilis serologies were positive. Brain MRI showed an associated cerebro-meningeal syphilitic gumma. Antibiotic regime based on aqueous penicillin G was introduced for 14 days. DISCUSSION: Currently, there is an increase in the frequency of syphilis and changes in its clinical manifestations. Neurosyphilis can take atypical forms. Spinal syphilitic gumma is a rare manifestation and its association with cerebral involvement is exceptional. Diagnosis is based on serologies in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid. The place of imagery, especially magnetic resonance imaging, is essential. Neurosyphilis should be discussed as a possible differential diagnosis in evaluation of spinal and cerebral lesions. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32606288/ doi: 10.1038/s41394-020-0303-8 id: cord-313208-nfu8rdvh author: Muccioli, Lorenzo title: Subcortical myoclonus in COVID‐19: comprehensive evaluation of a patient date: 2020-08-07 words: 875.0 sentences: 65.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-313208-nfu8rdvh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-313208-nfu8rdvh.txt summary: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, performed eight days after myoclonus onset, demonstrated 5 leukocytes/μL, elevated protein levels (75 mg/dL) and CSF/serum albumin ratio (13.1), and negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Myoclonus onset timing and clinical course were also not consistent with an adverse drug reaction, a mechanism suggested in the form of serotonin syndrome in two patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir. 2, Agitation and myoclonus were preceded by severe cytokine release syndrome, a distinctive feature of COVID-19. Interestingly, cytokine-mediated neuroinflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 has been implicated in steroid-responsive COVID-19-associated encephalopathy. 5 In addition to marked agitation in our patient, previous reports also had clinical/instrumental findings suggestive of encephalopathy, including dysexecutive syndrome, delirium, somnolence, EEG slowing, elevated inflammatory markers, variable responses to immunotherapies and a benign clinical course, 1-4 further suggesting an immune-mediated/inflammatory pathogenesis. Serotonin syndrome in two COVID-19 patients treated with lopinavir/ritonavir Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19 abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.13046 doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13046 id: cord-351040-j3ltpaa0 author: Naser Moghadasi, Abdorreza title: Encephalopathy associated with COVID-19 in a patient with multiple sclerosis date: 2020-10-28 words: 1388.0 sentences: 97.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-351040-j3ltpaa0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351040-j3ltpaa0.txt summary: Herein, a 34-year-old patient with MS who experienced the decreased level of consciousness and encephalopathy following COVID-19 involvement has been reported. Although the result of the COVID-19 test in CSF was negative, the patient was treated with the diagnosis of COVID-19 encephalitis. Although the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test of SARS-CoV-2 was negative in CSF, the patient was treated with a diagnosis of the encephalitis caused by COVID-19 due to the exclusion of other causes. Due to improving the neurological conditions, the patient was diagnosed with mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion (MERS) caused by COVID-19 (Hayashi et al. In addition to patients with encephalitis, the cases with encephalopathy are reported due to causes other than the direct invasion of SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we reported a patient with MS who experienced the decreased level of consciousness and encephalopathy following COVID-19 involvement. Before developing COVID-19, the patient Fig. 1 a, b Brain MRI revealed multiple confluent lesions with gadolinium enhancements. abstract: From the beginning of COVID-19 pandemics, the involvement of patient’s nervous system with this virus is increasingly reporting. Although various reports are published on affliction of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with SARS-CoV-2, no report has been published on brain involvement by this virus in MS patients so far. Herein, a 34-year-old patient with MS who experienced the decreased level of consciousness and encephalopathy following COVID-19 involvement has been reported. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-020-00921-5 doi: 10.1007/s13365-020-00921-5 id: cord-025251-evnfvc0l author: Nemunaitis, John title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: let the virus be its own demise date: 2020-05-26 words: 7308.0 sentences: 397.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-025251-evnfvc0l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-025251-evnfvc0l.txt summary: Herein we describe the rationale and potential of repurposing a dual plasmid, Vigil (pbi-shRNA(furin)-GM-CSF), now in Phase III cancer trials, for the treatment of and, in certain circumstances, enhancement of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. A recent publication from Nankai University (Tianjin, China) on SARS-CoV-2 reported that genome sequence analysis revealed a section of genes that was not present in SARS-CoV that had a cleavage site similar to HIV and Ebola which carry viral proteins necessary for fusogenic activity of viral species to the human cell membrane. Another immunotherapeutic intervention would be to increase the pulmonary expression of GM-CSF, which, in vivo, redirects macrophages from an M1 state of activation to an M2 activation state and enhances expression of anti-inflammatory mediators and perhaps allow more time for patients to mount an effective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 [25] . Similar to SARS-CoV-2, alveolar epithelial cells are the primary target of influenza virus (IV) and are the first site of entry and support for viral propagation and replication. abstract: There has been a collaborative global effort to construct novel therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to SARS-CoV-2 management. Although vaccine development is crucial, acute management of newly infected patients, especially those with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, is a priority. Herein we describe the rationale and potential of repurposing a dual plasmid, Vigil (pbi-shRNA(furin)-GM-CSF), now in Phase III cancer trials, for the treatment of and, in certain circumstances, enhancement of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249572/ doi: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0068 id: cord-102725-k0xhbssu author: Norwood, Jordan N. title: Intranasal Administration of Functionalized Soot Particles Disrupts Olfactory Sensory Neuron Progenitor Cells in the Neuroepithelium date: 2020-08-19 words: 4736.0 sentences: 273.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-102725-k0xhbssu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-102725-k0xhbssu.txt summary: Here, we investigated the impact of intranasal treatment of combustion products (laboratory-generated soots) and their oxygen functionalized derivatives on mouse olfactory sensory neurons, olfactory nerve cell progenitors, and the behavior of the mouse. To better understand the effects of air pollution on olfactory sensory neurons and their progenitor cells, we investigated the impact of intranasal treatment with surrogates for combustion generated ''soots'' synthesized from carbon black precursors. However, oxygen-functionalized soots greatly decreased the levels of olfactory progenitor cells, suggesting that exposure to these particles can set up a long-term decrease in the number of OSNs. Such a decrease could lead to anosmia and decreased CSF movement. In order to understand how air pollution might affect olfactory sensory neurons and their progenitor cells, we treated mice intranasally with surrogate soot-like particles that either had oxygen-4 functionalized surfaces or non-functionalized surfaces. abstract: Exposure to air pollution has been linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases and anosmia, but the underlying mechanism is not known. Additionally, the loss of olfactory function often precedes the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Chemical ablation of olfactory sensory neurons blocks the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) through the cribriform plate and alters normal CSF production and/or circulation. Damage to this drainage pathway could contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases and could link olfactory sensory neuron health and neurodegeneration. Here, we investigated the impact of intranasal treatment of combustion products (laboratory-generated soots) and their oxygen functionalized derivatives on mouse olfactory sensory neurons, olfactory nerve cell progenitors, and the behavior of the mouse. We found that after a month of every-other-day intranasal treatment of soots, there was minimal effect on olfactory sensory neuron anatomy or exploratory behavior in the mouse. However, oxygen-functionalized soot caused a large decrease in globose basal cells, which are olfactory progenitor cells. These results suggest that exposure to air pollution damages the olfactory neuron progenitor cells, and could lead to decreases in the number of olfactory neurons, potentially disrupting CSF drainage. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.19.256297 doi: 10.1101/2020.08.19.256297 id: cord-001254-y2knt8g0 author: Parkhomenko, Taisiya A. title: Comparison of DNA-Hydrolyzing Antibodies from the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis date: 2014-04-15 words: 6739.0 sentences: 325.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-001254-y2knt8g0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-001254-y2knt8g0.txt summary: Here we have shown, for the first time, that average concentration of total proteins (132-fold), total IgGs (194-fold) and anti-DNA antibodies (200-fold) in the sera is significantly higher than that in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of fifteen MS patients. We present first evidence showing that IgGs from CSF not only bind but efficiently hydrolyze DNA and that average specific DNase activity of homogeneous antibodies from CSF is unpredictably ∼49-fold higher than that from the sera of the same MS patients. Finally, the relative concentration of total anti-DNA Abs correlated with the relative specific IgG DNase activity better in the sera (CC = +0.51; columns 6 and 12) than in CSF (CC = + 0.11; columns 5 and 11) (Tables 2 and 3 ). abstract: It was found that high-affinity anti-DNA antibodies were one of the major components of the intrathecal IgG response in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients [Williamson et al., PNAS, 2001]. Recently we have shown that IgGs from the sera of MS patients are active in the hydrolysis of DNA. Here we have shown, for the first time, that average concentration of total proteins (132-fold), total IgGs (194-fold) and anti-DNA antibodies (200-fold) in the sera is significantly higher than that in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of fifteen MS patients. The relative activities of total protein from sera and CSFs varied remarkably from patient to patient. It was surprising that the specific DNase activity of the total protein of CSF reparations were 198-fold higher than the serum ones. Electrophoretically and immunologically homogeneous IgGs were obtained by sequential affinity chromatography of the CSF proteins on protein G-Sepharose and FPLC gel filtration. We present first evidence showing that IgGs from CSF not only bind but efficiently hydrolyze DNA and that average specific DNase activity of homogeneous antibodies from CSF is unpredictably ∼49-fold higher than that from the sera of the same MS patients. Some possible reasons of these findings are discussed. We suggest that DNase IgGs of CSF may promote important neuropathologic mechanisms in this chronic inflammatory disorder and MS pathogenesis development. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3988009/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093001 id: cord-022594-fx044gcd author: Pirko, Istvan title: Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System date: 2009-05-18 words: 25103.0 sentences: 1371.0 pages: flesch: 46.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022594-fx044gcd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022594-fx044gcd.txt summary: If a patient presents with a history of two or more attacks, but objective clinical evidence only suggests one lesion, the following additional data is needed to confirm the diagnosis: the disease process has to be disseminated in space as demonstrated by MRI; alternatively, two or more MRI-detected lesions consistent with MS plus positive CSF would suffice to meet the newly defined criteria. The EBM calculations regarding this trial show an RRR of 24%, and ARR of 11%, and an NNT of 9 patients over 2 years in order to prevent one conversion to "clinically definite MS." These two studies provide support for considering early treatment in patients presenting with first attack, in the presence of multiple asymptomatic MRI lesions, but further studies are needed to determine whether this approach will provide a prolonged benefit on disease course. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158368/ doi: 10.1016/b978-141603618-0.10048-7 id: cord-283367-azzy2t1a author: Rahman, Asma title: Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: A narrative review date: 2020-09-10 words: 4426.0 sentences: 364.0 pages: flesch: 54.0 cache: ./cache/cord-283367-azzy2t1a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283367-azzy2t1a.txt summary: Some patients show neurological manifestations such as headache, dizziness, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral nerve and muscle symptoms and smell and taste impairment. Sarma and Bilello 41 1 Acute transverse myelitis A 28-year-old female patient with SARS-CoV-2 presenting lower back pain, bilateral symmetric upper, and lower extremity numbness. 50 None of the patients with post-COVID-19 GBS tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in the CSF, 51 points to an immune mechanism such as inflammation secondary to a cytokine storm as a possible cause. During the COVID-19 pandemic, if a patient has neurological symptoms such as loss of the sense of smell and taste or delirium, testing for SARS-CoV-2 should be considered irrespective of them not having the other typical symptoms. Stroke in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: case series Acute myelitis after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case report. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study abstract: COVID-19, a respiratory viral infection, has affected more than 10 million individuals worldwide. Common symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue and shortness of breath. Some patients show neurological manifestations such as headache, dizziness, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral nerve and muscle symptoms and smell and taste impairment. In previous studies, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV were found to affect the nervous system. Given the high similarity between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, effects on the nervous system by SARS-CoV-2 are a possibility. We have outlined the common neurological manifestations in COVID-19 (information are up-to-date as of June 2020) and discussed the possible pathogenetic mechanisms and management options. url: https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312120957925 doi: 10.1177/2050312120957925 id: cord-007593-45ynhqmf author: Rauch, Helene C. title: Chronic Theiler''s virus infection in mice: appearance of myelin basic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum antibody directed against MBP date: 2002-11-13 words: 4995.0 sentences: 277.0 pages: flesch: 55.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007593-45ynhqmf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007593-45ynhqmf.txt summary: title: Chronic Theiler''s virus infection in mice: appearance of myelin basic protein in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum antibody directed against MBP Myelin basic protein (MBP) appears frequently in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of mice with chronic demyelination following intracerebral infection with Theiler''s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV); antibody to MBP can frequently be found in the sera. We have eliminated TMEV viral protein as a source of a common or cross-reacting epitope by both absorption and immunoblot analysis, but the mechanism of induction of Ab[MBP] and its role, if any, in the clinical and pathologic development of TMEV-associated demyelination remains to be determined. The incidence at 12 weeks coincides with the mean onset of clinical signs of TMEV-associated demyelination and the presence of MBP in the CSF of these animals. abstract: Myelin basic protein (MBP) appears frequently in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of mice with chronic demyelination following intracerebral infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV); antibody to MBP can frequently be found in the sera. The peaks of the immune responses to both MBP and TMEV coincide with the time course of the clinical signs of disease. Adsorption of mouse sera with TMEV or MBP indicate the non-identity of the antigens and the specificity of the antisera as measured by ELISA. Immunoblot analysis of sera confirmed the ELISA findings. The mechanism of induction of antibody directed against MBP and its role in TMEV-associated demyelination remain to be determined. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119459/ doi: 10.1016/0165-5728(87)90099-3 id: cord-298894-t5hyfum3 author: Rifino, Nicola title: Neurologic manifestations in 1760 COVID-19 patients admitted to Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy date: 2020-10-07 words: 4682.0 sentences: 247.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-298894-t5hyfum3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298894-t5hyfum3.txt summary: Neurological manifestations were classified as: (a) cerebrovascular disease [53 pts (38.7%)] including 37 ischemic and 11 haemorrhagic strokes, 4 transient ischemic attacks, 1 cerebral venous thrombosis; (b) peripheral nervous system diseases [31 (22.6%)] including 17 Guillain–Barrè syndromes; (c) altered mental status [49 (35.8%)] including one necrotizing encephalitis and 2 cases with RT-PCR detection of SARS-Cov-2 RNA in CSF; (d) miscellaneous disorders, among whom 2 patients with myelopathy associated with Ab anti-SARS-CoV-2 in CSF. COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed: (1) by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal specimens [13] ; or (2) by RT-PCR on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) obtained by bronchoscopy in case of high clinical suspicion of SARS-CoV-2 infection and negative test results on at least two nasopharyngeal swabs performed at least 24 h apart; or (3) in the presence of characteristic radiological interstitial pneumonia associated with typical symptoms (fever, dry cough, dyspnea), even with negative RT-PCR, with no other possible aetiologic explanation. abstract: OBJECTIVES: Evidences from either small series or spontaneous reporting are accumulating that SARS-CoV-2 involves the Nervous Systems. The aim of this study is to provide an extensive overview on the major neurological complications in a large cohort of COVID-19 patients. METHODS: Retrospective, observational analysis on all COVID-19 patients admitted from February 23rd to April 30th, 2020 to ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy for whom a neurological consultation/neurophysiological assessment/neuroradiologic investigation was requested. Each identified neurologic complication was then classified into main neurologic categories. RESULTS: Of 1760 COVID-19 patients, 137 presented neurologic manifestations that manifested after COVID-19 symptoms in 98 pts and was the presenting symptom in 39. Neurological manifestations were classified as: (a) cerebrovascular disease [53 pts (38.7%)] including 37 ischemic and 11 haemorrhagic strokes, 4 transient ischemic attacks, 1 cerebral venous thrombosis; (b) peripheral nervous system diseases [31 (22.6%)] including 17 Guillain–Barrè syndromes; (c) altered mental status [49 (35.8%)] including one necrotizing encephalitis and 2 cases with RT-PCR detection of SARS-Cov-2 RNA in CSF; (d) miscellaneous disorders, among whom 2 patients with myelopathy associated with Ab anti-SARS-CoV-2 in CSF. Patients with peripheral nervous system involvement had more frequently severe ARDS compared to patients with cerebrovascular disease (87.1% vs 42%; difference = 45.1% 95% CI 42.0–48.2; χ(2)= 14.306; p < 0.0002) and with altered mental status (87.1% vs 55.6%; difference = 31.5% 95% CI 27.5–37.5%; χ(2)= 7.055; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that involvement of nervous system is common in SARS-CoV-2 infection and offers clinicians useful information for prevention and prompt identification in order to set the adequate therapeutic strategies. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10251-5 doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10251-5 id: cord-333805-xmqs2ax7 author: Romoli, Michele title: A systematic review of neurological manifestations of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: the devil is hidden in the details date: 2020-06-05 words: 4025.0 sentences: 257.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-333805-xmqs2ax7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-333805-xmqs2ax7.txt summary: BACKGROUND: We systematically reviewed available evidence for reports of neurological signs and symptoms in Coronavirus disease (COVID)‐19 patients to identify cases with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection or immune‐mediated reaction in the nervous system. This study therefore aimed to identify clinical cases of confirmed nervous system invasion or postinfectious neurological disease in the available COVID-19 literature on the basis of a systematic review. A systematic review was carried out to study all cases reporting nervous system involvement in patients with proven SARS-CoV2 infection. There were just 2 cases with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR in CSF among 27 patients with potential neurologic symptoms and proven COVID-19. In this regard, we see a clear need for the use of precise case definitions and focused diagnostic work-up to distinguish nonspecific complications of severe disease and focused reporting of neurological involvement in association with SARS-CoV-2 infection. abstract: BACKGROUND: We systematically reviewed available evidence for reports of neurological signs and symptoms in Coronavirus disease (COVID)‐19 patients to identify cases with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection or immune‐mediated reaction in the nervous system. METHODS: We followed PRISMA guidelines and used the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Google Scholar, MedRxiv and ChinaXiv databases to search for papers on COVID‐19 and nervous system involvement which were published from January 1(st) to April 24(th) 2020. Data on design, sample size, neurologic assessment and related work‐up were extracted. Biases were assessed with the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale. RESULTS: We analysed 27 publications on potential neuroinvasive or parainfectious neurological complications of COVID‐19. The reports focused on smell and taste (n=5) and evaluation of neurological symptoms and signs in cohorts (n=5). There were cases of Guillain‐Barré syndrome/Miller‐Fisher syndrome/cranial neuropathy (7 cases), meningitis/encephalitis (9 cases) and various other conditions (5 cases). Patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination and in particular SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR was negligible. Amongst, two had a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 PCR exam of CSF specimen. The study of potential parenchymal involvement with magnetic resonance imaging was rare. Only 4 reports received a rating for the highest quality standards. CONCLUSION: This systematic review failed to establish comprehensive insights to nervous system manifestations of COVID‐19 beyond immune‐mediated complications as aftermath of respiratory symptoms. The authors therefore provide guidance for more careful clinical, diagnostic and epidemiological studies to characterize the manifestations and burden of neurological disease caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 on behalf of the Infectious Disease Panel of the European Academy of Neurology. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14382 doi: 10.1111/ene.14382 id: cord-006322-t7x86w9h author: Rowin, Mark E. title: Hypothermia Attenuates β1 Integrin Expression on Extravasated Neutrophils in an Animal Model of Meningitis date: 2001 words: 4376.0 sentences: 271.0 pages: flesch: 32.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006322-t7x86w9h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006322-t7x86w9h.txt summary: This study examines whether hypothermia alters neutrophil integrin expression in a rabbit model of bacterial meningitis. We have previously demonstrated that extravasated CSF neutrophils in rabbits with group B streptococcal meningitis show a significant increase in expression of b1, activated b1, and b2 integrins (31) . Since the brain injury in meningitis occurs in part as a consequence of leukocyte activation and subsequent release of bioactive products, we speculate that hypothermia affects neutrophil function during the acute inflammatory response. Thus, this article examines expression of b1 and b2 integrins on extravasated neutrophils in normothermic and hypothermic animals using bacterial meningitis as a model of CNS inflammation. As is shown in Figure 1 , hypothermia significantly decreased total b1 integrin expression on neutrophils when compared to normothermic animals, with the relative fluorescence intensity decreasing to near baseline levels (RFI 1.18, P < 0.05). abstract: Brain injury in meningitis occurs in part as a consequence of leukocyte migration and activation. Leukocyte integrins are pivotal in the inflammatory response by mediating adhesion to vascular endothelium and extracellular matrix proteins. We have demonstrated that moderate hypothermia early in the course of meningitis decreases leukocyte sequestration within the brain parenchyma. This study examines whether hypothermia alters neutrophil integrin expression in a rabbit model of bacterial meningitis. Prior to the induction of meningitis, peripheral blood samples were obtained and the neutrophils isolated. Sixteen hours after inducing group B streptococcal meningitis, animals were treated with antibiotics, IV fluids, and mechanically ventilated. Animals were randomized to hypothermia (32–33°C) or normothermia conditions. After 10 hours of hypothermia or normothermia, neutrophils were isolated from the blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), stained for β1 and β2 integrins, and analyzed using flow cytometry. Cerebral spinal fluid neutrophil β1 integrin expression was significantly decreased in hypothermic animals. Beta-1 integrins can assume a higher affinity or "activated" state following inflammatory stimulation. Expression of "activated" β1 integrins was also significantly decreased in hypothermic animals. Beta2 CSF neutrophil integrin expression was decreased in hypothermic animals, but failed to reach significance. These data suggest hypothermia may attenuate extravasated leukocyte expression of both total and "activated" β1 integrins. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101612/ doi: 10.1023/a:1011044312536 id: cord-268567-2xoubkxb author: Samannodi, Mohammed title: Compliance with international guidelines in adults with encephalitis date: 2020-04-14 words: 3278.0 sentences: 192.0 pages: flesch: 43.0 cache: ./cache/cord-268567-2xoubkxb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268567-2xoubkxb.txt summary: In this study, we are evaluating the work up, management and outcome of 241 adults with encephalitis based on the majority of current guidelines recommendations in literature [11] [12] [13] [14] . As summarized in (Supplemental Digital Content Table 1 ), all guidelines of encephalitis management have major parts in evaluating and managing patients with encephalitis; exposure evaluation, appropriate utilization of diagnostic and neurodiagnostic studies, and proportion and timing of empirical antibiotic and antiviral therapy [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] . The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA), British, Australian, International consortium, and French guidelines recommend that clinicians evaluate for potential exposures and risk factors and to perform appropriate utilization of diagnostic studies in patients with suspected encephalitis. Also, most of the guidelines recommends to repeat CSF HSV PCR in 3-7 days in undiagnosed cases of encephalitis in which patients have clinical features or neuroimaging findings of HSV encephalitis [11] [12] [13] [14] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Encephalitis is associated with significant neurological disability and mortality. Many guidelines are published for encephalitis management but compliance with them is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the appropriate management and compliance to the current guidelines in adults with encephalitis. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective multicenter study at 17 hospitals in the Greater Houston area from August 1, 2008 through September 30, 2017. All cases met the definition for possible or probable encephalitis as per the international encephalitis consortium guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 241 adults (age >17 years) with encephalitis were enrolled. The most common etiologies were unknown (41.9 %), viral (27.8 %) and autoimmune (21.2 %). An adverse clinical outcome was seen in 49 % with 12.4 % in hospital mortality. A high compliance with guidelines (>90 %) was only seen in obtaining a brain computerized tomography (CT) scan, blood cultures and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) gram stain and culture. A CSF herpes virus simplex (HSV) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done in 84 % and only repeated in 14.2 % of patients with an initial negative result. Furthermore, only two-thirds of patients were started empirically on intravenous acyclovir and antibiotics. Evaluation for other etiologies were not uniformly performed: arboviral serologies (57.3 %), CSF anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor (NMDA) receptor antibody (35.7 %), and CSF varicella zoster virus (VZV) PCR (32 %). The highest yield for the tests were arboviral serologies (42 %), anti-NMDA antibodies (41.2 %) and VZV PCR (16.4 %). CONCLUSION: The management of encephalitis as per current guidelines is suboptimal leading to underutilization of currently available diagnostic tests and empirical therapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32315818/ doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104369 id: cord-271011-5stsx5je author: Singh, M. title: Inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid analysis in cats: clinical diagnosis and outcome date: 2005-03-09 words: 6930.0 sentences: 400.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-271011-5stsx5je.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271011-5stsx5je.txt summary: The purpose of this study was to determine if signalment, clinical signs, CSF analysis, additional clinicopathological data and diagnostic imaging could be used to determine the specific aetiology of the CNS disease in cats with inflammatory CSF. Based on the results, clinical information, clinical pathology and ancillary testing procedures the following classifications of disease could be made: 1, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP); 2, Cryptococcus species infection; 3, Toxoplasma species infection; 4, other meningoencephalitis; 5, thiamine deficiency; 6, lymphoma; 7, other neoplasia; 8, trauma; 9, intervertebral disc disease; 10, spinal cord granuloma and 11, undiagnosed (Table 2) . A presumptive diagnosis of FIP was made based on age, a suppurative or mixed inflammatory CSF, poor response to treatment, elevated serum or body cavity effusion FeCoV antibody titre or a reduced albumin:globulin ratio (!0.5) of serum or body cavity effusions. A presumptive diagnosis was made based on a mild suppurative-mixed CSF inflammation, normal-mildly increased CSF protein levels and positive IgG antibody titre. abstract: The medical records of 62 cats with clinical signs of central nervous system disease and accompanying inflammatory cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis were examined retrospectively to determine if signalment, clinical signs, CSF analysis and ancillary testing could accurately predict the type of central nervous system disease that was present. An inflammatory CSF was defined as one in which a total nucleated cell count was greater than 5 cells/μl or one in which the total nucleated cell count was normal but the nucleated cell differential count was abnormal. Sex, degree of CSF inflammation, neuroanatomical location and systemic signs provided little contributory information to the final diagnosis. In 63% of the cases a presumptive diagnosis could be made based on a combination of clinical signs, clinicopathological data and ancillary diagnostic tests. CSF analysis alone was useful only in the diagnosis of cats with feline infectious peritonitis, Cryptococcus species infection, lymphoma and trauma. Overall, despite extensive diagnostic evaluation, a specific diagnosis could not be made in 37% of cats. The prognosis for cats with inflammatory CSF was poor with 77% of cats surviving less than 1 year. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15771944/ doi: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.07.001 id: cord-007279-ewcgkx0h author: Song, Jong-Am title: Human G-CSF synthesis using stress-responsive bacterial proteins date: 2009-07-01 words: 3381.0 sentences: 159.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-007279-ewcgkx0h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007279-ewcgkx0h.txt summary: We previously reported that under the stress condition caused by the addition of 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide, a thiol-specific oxidant, to growing cultures of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), a population of stress-responsive proteins [peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase B (PpiB), bacterioferritin (Bfr), putative HTH-type transcriptional regulator yjdC (YjdC), dihydrofolate reductase (FolA), chemotaxis protein cheZ (CheZ), and glutathione synthetase (GshB)] were significantly upregulated when compared with the nonstress condition. When those stress-responsive proteins were used as fusion partners for the expression of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF), the solubility of hG-CSF was dramatically enhanced in E. We found that these relatively small stress-responsive proteins were highly effective in enhancing the solubility of recombinant hG-CSF when used as fusion partner, which will be discussed next. coli cytoplasm dramatically increased when the stress-responsive proteins were used as fusion partners, indicating that the fusion expression partners were highly effective solubility enhancers. Solubility enhancement of aggregation-prone heterologous proteins by fusion expression using stress-responsive Escherichia coli protein abstract: We previously reported that under the stress condition caused by the addition of 2-hydroxyethyl disulfide, a thiol-specific oxidant, to growing cultures of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), a population of stress-responsive proteins [peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase B (PpiB), bacterioferritin (Bfr), putative HTH-type transcriptional regulator yjdC (YjdC), dihydrofolate reductase (FolA), chemotaxis protein cheZ (CheZ), and glutathione synthetase (GshB)] were significantly upregulated when compared with the nonstress condition. When those stress-responsive proteins were used as fusion partners for the expression of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF), the solubility of hG-CSF was dramatically enhanced in E. coli cytoplasm, whereas almost all of the directly expressed hG-CSF were aggregated to inclusion bodies. In addition, the spectra of circular dichroism measured with the purified hG-CSF were identical to that of standard hG-CSF, implying that the synthesized hG-CSF has native conformation. These results indicate that the bacterial stress-responsive proteins could be potent fusion expression partners for aggregation-prone heterologous proteins in E. coli cytoplasm. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7110128/ doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01616.x id: cord-345210-6f8niif5 author: Tadavarthy, Silpa N. title: Developing and Implementing an Infection Prevention and Control Program for a COVID-19 Alternative Care Site in Philadelphia, PA date: 2020-07-19 words: 4228.0 sentences: 208.0 pages: flesch: 51.0 cache: ./cache/cord-345210-6f8niif5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345210-6f8niif5.txt summary: The rapid creation and unusual configuration of this facility, together with the challenges of new clinical teams unfamiliar with one another, and working together in uncomfortable PPE to provide high-quality patient care, necessitated some basic approaches to the development of our IPC program. The plan identified the need for engineering controls (e.g. specifications for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems) and specified occupational IPC health and safety requirements, including PPE standards, daily monitoring of staff for acute illness, sanitation standards for both hand hygiene and equipment sanitation, as well as laundry and waste management recommendations. Key lessons learned included the need to: develop strategies to cope with real and potential shortages of critical supplies; adapt existing guidance for unique sites of care; standardize and continually assess staff use of PPE and fundamental IPC practices; and the importance of communication of IPC principles and concerns throughout the planning and management of this COVID ACS. abstract: BACKGROUND: On March 27, 2020, the city of Philadelphia was given permission by Temple University to convert the Liacouras Center gymnasium to an alternate care site (ACS) to treat low-acuity COVID-19 patients. ACS's, especially those created to specifically care for infectious patients, require a robust infection prevention and control (IPC) program. METHODS: The IPC program was led by a physician and nurse partnership, both of whom had substantial experience developing IPC programs in U.S. and low-resource settings. The IPC program was framed on a previously described conceptual model commonly referred to as the “4S's”: Space, Staff, Stuff, and Systems. RESULTS: The gymnasium was transformed into red, yellow and green infection hazard zones. The IPC team trained 425 staff in critical IPC practices and personal protective equipment (PPE) standards. Systems to detect staff illness were created and over 3550 staff health screening surveys completed. DISCUSSION: Use of existing guidance and comprehensive facility and patient management assessments guided the development of the IPC program. Program priorities were to keep staff and patients safe and implement procedures to judiciously use limited resources that affect infection transmission. CONCLUSION: Planning, executing and evaluating IPC standards and requirements of an ACS during a pandemic requires creative and nimble strategies to adapt, substitute, conserve, reuse, and reallocate IPC space, staff, stuff and systems. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019665532030691X?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.07.006 id: cord-258374-qht98q0l author: Takano, Tomomi title: Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions date: 2009-04-03 words: 3690.0 sentences: 198.0 pages: flesch: 45.0 cache: ./cache/cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258374-qht98q0l.txt summary: title: Neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF) produced by macrophages in cats infected with feline infectious peritonitis virus contribute to the pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions Furthermore, it was investigated whether macrophages, one of the target cells of FIPV infection, produce neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF). The neutrophil survival rates were significantly increased in the presence of the culture supernatant of macrophages infected with the mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2 compared to those in the presence of other supernatants (Fig. 5) . When SPF-cat-derived alveolar macrophages were infected with a mixture of FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, the intracellular TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF mRNA levels increased (Fig. 6 ). These cytokine mRNA levels were also elevated in macrophages infected with FIPV and MAb 6-4-2, clarifying the presence of neutrophil survival factors in the macrophage culture supernatant. It was suggested that: (1) FIPV-infected macrophages release TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF in response to virus replication, and (2) these cytokines act on neutrophils and prolong their survival. abstract: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a feline coronavirus (FCoV)-induced fatal disease of domestic and wild cats. The infiltration of neutrophils into granulomatous lesions is unusual for a viral disease, but it is a typical finding of FIP. This study aimed to investigate the reason for the lesions containing neutrophils in cats with FIP. Neutrophils of cats with FIP were cultured, and changes in the cell survival rate were assessed. In addition, the presence or absence of neutrophil survival factors was investigated in specimens collected from cats with FIP. Furthermore, it was investigated whether macrophages, one of the target cells of FIPV infection, produce neutrophil survival factors (TNF-alpha, GM-CSF, and G-CSF). We showed that virus-infected macrophages overproduce neutrophil survival factors, and these factors act on neutrophils and up-regulate their survival. These observations suggest that sustained production of neutrophil survival factors by macrophages during FCoV infection is sufficient for neutrophil survival and contributes to development of granulomatous lesions. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-009-0371-3 doi: 10.1007/s00705-009-0371-3 id: cord-307563-almkb3zd author: Tan, Donald T.H. title: Efficacy of neural vision therapy to enhance contrast sensitivity function and visual acuity in low myopia date: 2008-04-30 words: 4420.0 sentences: 226.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-307563-almkb3zd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-307563-almkb3zd.txt summary: Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of neural vision enhancement technology (NVC, NeuroVision, Inc.) to improve visual acuity and contrast sensitivity function in eyes with low myopia. Methods This noncomparative interventional case series comprised 20 Asian adults between 19 and 53 years of age with low myopia (cycloplegic spherical equivalence [SE] from −0.5 diopter [D] to −1.5 D in the worst eye; astigmatism not exceeding 0.5 D in either eye; uncorrected visual acuity [UCVA] ≤0.7 logMAR) who had NVC treatment. Work on perceptual learning by Polat and others has been adopted for clinical use in the form of a computerized, Internet-based perceptual learning program developed by NeuroVision, Inc. The NeuroVision (NVC) correction technology probes specific neuronal interactions, using a set of patient-specific stimuli that improve neuronal efficiency and induce improvement of CSF due to a reduction in noise and increase in signal strength, resulting in improved spatial resolution or visual acuity. abstract: Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of neural vision enhancement technology (NVC, NeuroVision, Inc.) to improve visual acuity and contrast sensitivity function in eyes with low myopia. Setting Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. Methods This noncomparative interventional case series comprised 20 Asian adults between 19 and 53 years of age with low myopia (cycloplegic spherical equivalence [SE] from −0.5 diopter [D] to −1.5 D in the worst eye; astigmatism not exceeding 0.5 D in either eye; uncorrected visual acuity [UCVA] ≤0.7 logMAR) who had NVC treatment. The main outcome measures were distance UCVA, uncorrected contrast sensitivity, refraction, accommodative amplitude, and safety. Results All eyes had improvement in UCVA and contrast sensitivity. After treatment, the mean distance UCVA improved by a mean of 2.1 lines on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study logMAR chart. The mean contrast sensitivity improved over a range of spatial frequencies on sine-wave contrast sensitivity chart testing (1.5 to 18 cycles per degree). Follow-up data up to 12 months posttreatment showed that the gains were retained. Treatment did not alter refraction (mean spherical equivalent) or accommodative amplitudes. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusion Preliminary evidence suggests NVC treatment is safe and improves UCVA and uncorrected contrast sensitivity in adult patients with low myopia. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.11.052 doi: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2007.11.052 id: cord-008085-3ihuqvei author: Thomas, William B. title: Nonneoplastic disorders of the brain date: 2005-07-06 words: 11283.0 sentences: 790.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-008085-3ihuqvei.txt txt: ./txt/cord-008085-3ihuqvei.txt summary: Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are helpful in the diagnosis of many nonneoplastic brain disorders in the dog and cat. Experimentally, acute obstructive hydrocephalus in dogs causes edema starting at the dorsolateral angles of the lateral ventricles and spreading into the adjacent white matter, n On CT, this is evident as blurring or loss of the normally sharp ventricular margins. ~<18-21 In contrast to human patients, most dogs and cats with this syndrome do not have obvious enlargement of the caudal fossa, ls-21 Neurological deficits typically occur at a young age and primarily reflect cerebellar dysfunction, including ataxia, hypermetria, intention tremor, and vestibular dysfunction, ls-21 On CT and MRI, Dandy-Walker malformation is characterized by an enlarged caudal fossa filled by an enormous fourth ventricle and a small cerebellum. 43,45 At this stage the hematoma is still hypointense on T2-welghted images23 Other causes of T1 hyperintensity or T2 hypointenslty include fat, calcification, mucinous material, intratumoral melanin, flow effects, and enhancement with paramagnetic contrast agents23 Extracellular methemoglobin. abstract: Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are helpful in the diagnosis of many nonneoplastic brain disorders in the dog and cat. The ability of CT and MRI to depict normal and abnormal anatomy facilitates the identification of developmental anomalies, including hydrocephalus, Chiari malformations, arachnoid cysts, and cerebellar hypoplasia. These imaging modalities also allow the detection of hemorrhage and infarction and are therefore useful in the evaluation of spontaneous cerebrovascular disorders and head trauma. Finally, many inflammatory diseases, such as encephalitis, brain abscess, and parasite migration, cause abnormalities detectable by CT and MRI. Although more research on the imaging features of specific nonneoplastic brain disorders is needed, current information indicates that CT and MRI are useful in the management of these disorders. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7128835/ doi: 10.1016/s1096-2867(99)80030-9 id: cord-327444-y2464gjh author: Wilson, M.R. title: Meningitis, Viral date: 2014-05-01 words: 3377.0 sentences: 191.0 pages: flesch: 40.0 cache: ./cache/cord-327444-y2464gjh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-327444-y2464gjh.txt summary: The concept that agents other than bacteria can invade the central nervous system (CNS) began with the emergence of poliomyelitis as an epidemic infection and, subsequently, with the realization that similar meningeal inflammation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis occurred in as many as 60% of patients with mumps parotitis. That meningitis could be caused by other ''filterable agents'' (i.e., viruses) was demonstrated by Rivers and Scot, who in 1935 recovered lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) from the CSF of an affected patient. Recent studies employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, however, confirm older observations that enteroviral CNS infections occur throughout the year, and many previously undiagnosed cases of viral meningitis occurring during winter months are also caused by these viruses. The most common domestic arthropodborne agents associated with viral meningitis include St. Louis encephalitis virus, the California/LaCrosse group of viruses, Colorado tick fever, and West Nile virus, which caused an explosive outbreak when it first arrived in the United States in 1999 and more recently in 2012. abstract: This article provides an overview of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, causes, clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of the most common causes of viral meningitis in the United States. It also summarizes other infectious and noninfectious causes of lymphocytic or aseptic meningitis. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123851574003845 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385157-4.00384-5 id: cord-320940-e7ic2pnc author: Yang, Jiancheng title: Nanosensor networks for health-care applications date: 2020-02-14 words: 5271.0 sentences: 306.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-320940-e7ic2pnc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320940-e7ic2pnc.txt summary: Functionalized transistors provide effective sensors for a variety of viruses (Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome), toxins (botulinum), cancers (breast and prostate), and disease or injury biomarkers (troponin, cerebrospinal fluid). For biological and medical sensing applications, disease diagnosis by detecting specific biomarkers (functional or structural abnormal enzymes, low molecular weight proteins, or antigen) in blood, urine, saliva, or tissue samples has been established using a number of approaches, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), particle-based flow cytometric assays, electrochemical techniques based on impedance and capacitance, electrical measurement of micro-cantilever resonant frequency change, and conductance measurement of semiconductor nanostructures [1À3] . In this chapter, we describe the use of semiconductor transistor-based systems in which specific functional layers are placed directly on the gate region of the transistor or connected to it from disposable glass or plastic slides to provide a sensor capable of fast response and excellent detection sensitivity. abstract: Functionalized transistors provide effective sensors for a variety of viruses (Zika, severe acute respiratory syndrome), toxins (botulinum), cancers (breast and prostate), and disease or injury biomarkers (troponin, cerebrospinal fluid). A hallmark of this approach is high specificity, rapid response (<5 minutes), and ability to be integrated with wireless data transmission capabilities. The ultimate goal is hand-held point-of-care detection that can streamline patient diagnosis. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128198704000232 doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819870-4.00023-2 id: cord-252569-9rv1p3qh author: Zanella, M.-C. title: High-throughput sequencing for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis. A narrative review and clinical appraisal date: 2019-01-11 words: 4175.0 sentences: 204.0 pages: flesch: 34.0 cache: ./cache/cord-252569-9rv1p3qh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252569-9rv1p3qh.txt summary: Inclusion criteria were studies including patients with encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, or meningitis of unknown origin and reporting the use of HTS for the aetiologic identification of a viral origin in CNS samples. HTS was performed retrospectively in 18 studies and prospectively as part of the initial work-up in 11 case reports with an impact on the clinical management of three immunocompromised patients: a child with encephalitis associated with HAstV-VA1 [23] ; an adult with encephalitis associated with HAstV-VA1 [33] ; and an adult with chronic meningoencephalitis associated with Cache Valley virus [30] . In most studies, the approach to establish causality was not explicitly described, but was reported as the temporal association of clinical manifestations and the identification of viral sequences of a specific virus using HTS on CNS samples at the time of manifestations. abstract: BACKGROUND: Viral aetiologies are the most common cause of central nervous system (CNS) infections. Approximately one-half of CNS infections remain of undetermined origin. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) brought new perspectives to CNS infection investigations, allowing investigation of viral aetiologies with an unbiased approach. HTS use is still limited to specific clinical situations. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to evaluate the contribution and pitfalls of HTS for the aetiologic identification of viral encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis in CNS patient samples. SOURCES: PubMed was searched from 1 January 2008 to 2 August 2018 to retrieve available studies on the topic. Additional publications were included from a review of full-text sources. CONTENT: Among 366 studies retrieved, 29 used HTS as a diagnostic technique. HTS was performed in cerebrospinal fluid and brain biopsy samples of 307 patients, including immunocompromised, immunocompetent paediatric, and adult cases. HTS was performed retrospectively in 18 studies and prospectively in 11. HTS led to the identification of a potential causal virus in 41 patients, with 11 viruses known and ten not expected to cause CNS infections. Various HTS protocols were used. IMPLICATIONS: The additional value of HTS is difficult to quantify because of various biases. Nevertheless, HTS led to the identification of a viral cause in 13% of encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningitis cases in which various assays failed to identify the cause. HTS should be considered early in clinical management as a complement to routine assays. Standardized strategies and systematic studies are needed for the integration of HTS in clinical management. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X18308127 doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.12.022 id: cord-005453-4057qib7 author: nan title: The 45th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Physicians – Poster Session date: 2019-07-03 words: 275771.0 sentences: 16876.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005453-4057qib7.txt summary: To compare the safety and efficacy of prophylactic DLI for prevention of relapse after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation from haploidentical donors (HID-SCT) and matched-sibling donors (MSD-SCT) in patients with very high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML), we performed a retrospective, observational cohort study enrolled in 21 HID-SCT and 13 MSD-SCT recipients. The aim of this study is to identify the prognostic impact of pre-transplant TIM3 levels on early and late transplant related complications as well as post-transplant relapse and survival Methods: A total of 177 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients with an initial diagnosis of acute leukemia [median age: 36(16-66) years; male/ female: 111/66] were included in the study. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091813/ doi: 10.1038/s41409-019-0559-4 id: cord-005460-ezrn8cva author: nan title: Physicians – Poster Session date: 2017-07-28 words: 287105.0 sentences: 15681.0 pages: flesch: 56.0 cache: ./cache/cord-005460-ezrn8cva.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005460-ezrn8cva.txt summary: Still the optimal combination of immunosuppressive agents with PTCy should be elucidated for different types of SCTs. We report the 2-year update of the prospective NCT02294552 single-center trial that evaluated risk-adapted graft-versushost disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with PTCy in related, unrelated and haploidentical SCTs. 200 adult patients (median age 32 y.o., range: 18-62) with hematologic malignancies, including AML (47.5%), ALL (26.5%), CML (10.5%), MDS (4%), and lymphomas (11.5%), were enrolled in the study. Long-term follow-up from the prospective randomized phase III multicenter trial comparing a standard GvHD prophylaxis with cyclosporine A and methotrexate with or without additional pretransplant ATLG (Grafalon, previously ATG-FRESENIUS S) (given 20 mg/kg/day, days − 3 to − 1) in unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation after myeloablative conditioning resulted in a significant reduction of acute and chronic GvHD without compromising relapse rate and survival [1, 2, 3] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091844/ doi: 10.1038/bmt.2017.134 id: cord-006444-eq56zhtd author: nan title: Abstracts of oral presentations and posters date: 1993 words: 40668.0 sentences: 2121.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006444-eq56zhtd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006444-eq56zhtd.txt summary: The results from ongoing preclinical studies continue to confirm the broad spectrum of biological activities possessed by rhiL-1 1 in vitro and suggest this cytokine may be an effective agent in the treatment of myelosuppression associated with cancer chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation. We performed a phase H trial to assess the ability of G-CSF -mobilized PBPC to rapidly and completely restore hemopeiesis after high dose chemotherapy in the absence of bone marrow infusions, with selection for PBPC-only infusions based on yield of granulocyte -macrophage colony -forming cells (GM-CFC) after G-CSF treatment. Our approach for high-dose (HD) chemotherapy is to first treat patients eligible for dose intensification with a standard dose chemotherapy (VIP: VP26 = etoposide: 500 mg/m 2, ifosfamide: 4 g/m 2, cis-platinum: 50 mg/m 2) followed by the application of colony stimulating factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF or IL-3 + GM-CSF) in order to combine a regimen with broad anti-tumor activity with the recruitment of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101830/ doi: 10.1007/bf01695978 id: cord-006869-g2q1gpp0 author: nan title: Neurocritical Care Society 7th Annual Meeting date: 2009-10-08 words: 45395.0 sentences: 2661.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006869-g2q1gpp0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006869-g2q1gpp0.txt summary: This was a pilot study to compare the cerebral neurochemical changes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) who underwent conventional blood glucose level (BGL) control and intensive BGL control with continuous titrated insulin. We studied 14 comatose SAH patients who underwent multimodality neuromonitoring with intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral microdialysis, and brain tissue oxygen (PbtO 2 ) as part of their clinical care. We studied 46 consecutive comatose patients with subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, or cardiac arrest who underwent cerebral microdialysis and intracranial pressure monitoring.Continuous insulin infusion was used to maintain target serum glucose levels of 80-120 mg/dl. This suggests that risk of cerebral vasospasm following traumatic brain injury is increased not only in subarachnoid hemorrhage, but also intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and that Rotterdam CT score may be a useful metric for assessing risk of csPTV in severe TBI patients. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103236/ doi: 10.1007/s12028-009-9282-0 id: cord-006870-f5w6fw6q author: nan title: Abstracts Presented at the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS) 15th Annual Meeting date: 2017-09-19 words: 122221.0 sentences: 6828.0 pages: flesch: 47.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006870-f5w6fw6q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006870-f5w6fw6q.txt summary: Subjective perceptions of recovery were assessed via responses to the forced-choice dichotomized question, "Do you feel that you have made a complete recovery from the arrest?"Objective outcome measures of recovery included: Repeatable Battery for Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), Modified Lawton Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (L-ADL), Barthel Index (BI), Cerebral Performance Category Scale (CPC), Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), and Post traumatic stress disorder-checklist (PTSD-C). Utilizing data from the Citicoline Brain Injury Treatment (COBRIT) trial, a prospective multicenter study, we identified 224 patients who met the inclusion criteria; 1) placement of an ICP monitoring device, 2) Glasgow coma score (GCS) less than 9, 3) EVD placement prior to arrival or within 6 hours of arrival at the study institution. The objective of this study was to examine the incidence rates of pre-specified medical and neurological ICU complications, and their impact on post-traumatic in-hospital mortality and 12month functional outcomes. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103238/ doi: 10.1007/s12028-017-0465-9 id: cord-006880-9dgmdtj8 author: nan title: Neurocritical Care Society 10th Annual Meeting: October 4 - 7, 2012 Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel Denver, Colorado date: 2012-09-19 words: 82351.0 sentences: 4528.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-006880-9dgmdtj8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006880-9dgmdtj8.txt summary: Patients initially comatose after cardiac arrest treated who awoke after therapeutic hypothermia (TH) were evaluated by a neuropsychologist prior to hospital discharge with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), a well-validated tool that assesses function in multiple domains compared to standardized normal values. Clinical data including the pre-admission-status, neuroradiological, initial presentation, treatment, and outcome were evaluated through institutional databases, patient''s medical charts and by mailed questionnaires. To determine the differences in hospital outcomes among adult mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients where the severity of TBI is defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. Retrospective chart analysis was performed on all adult patients arriving to emergency department with history of fall at a level one trauma center for parameters like vomiting, alteration of consciousness (AOC) & loss of consciousness (LOC) after TBI; post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and history of seizures before or after injury, along with outcomes such as ICU admission & ICU length of stay. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103259/ doi: 10.1007/s12028-012-9775-0 id: cord-009713-sxd4t2tz author: nan title: Poster Presentations date: 2020-01-10 words: 43950.0 sentences: 2945.0 pages: flesch: 52.0 cache: ./cache/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-009713-sxd4t2tz.txt summary: Poster No. 010 Seizure, developmental and cognitive outcomes in children post hemispherotomy TT TAY 1 , DR REED 2 , VJ JOSAN 3 , SR RUST 4 , JT TAN 5 1 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; 2 Neuropsychology Team, Paediatric Psychosocial Service, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; 3 Neurosurgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK; 4 Paediatric Neuropsychology, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; 5 Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK Introduction: Patients with focal refractory epilepsy secondary to structural hemispheric changes have been shown in retrospective studies to have significantly improved seizure outcomes following hemispheric disconnection. In a univariate analysis of 682 cases with ≥12 months follow-up data, poor final outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 3-6) occurred in 30% and was associated with very young or elderly age at onset, movement disorder, decreased consciousness, autonomic dysfunction, mechanical ventilation, higher mRS score in the acute phase, longer hospital stay, extreme delta brush on EEG, abnormal MRI, CSF pleocytosis and elevated CSF protein (all p<0.05). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163607/ doi: 10.1111/dmcn.14411 id: cord-014976-546zaoxn author: nan title: Publication only date: 2006-03-08 words: 51926.0 sentences: 2983.0 pages: flesch: 53.0 cache: ./cache/cord-014976-546zaoxn.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014976-546zaoxn.txt summary: In order to evaluate if malignant and non malignant hematological diseases quantitatively and qualitatively affect BM derived MSCs, bone marrow from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL diagnosis n=9, different phases of treatment n=29, end of therapy n=10), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (n=16), autoimmune neutropenia (n=12) and control patients (solid tumors without BM involvement, n=30) was harvested and the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction isolated. Case: In our hospital a total of 3 patients with relapsed Hodgkin''s disease underwent reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) from an HLA-identical sibling. We report a case of a young male patient of 19 years old with aggressive MS who was treated with a high-dose immunosuppressive regimen (HDIS) using myeloablation followed by autologous blood stem cell transplantation (ASCT) that has induced a dramatic and long-lasting remission of the disease. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092326/ doi: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1705327 id: cord-015021-pol2qm74 author: nan title: Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches date: 1994 words: 162327.0 sentences: 9379.0 pages: flesch: 50.0 cache: ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt txt: ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt summary: It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095072/ doi: 10.1007/bf02258437 id: cord-015389-vwgai4k9 author: nan title: Publication only date: 2009-03-25 words: nan sentences: nan pages: flesch: nan cache: txt: summary: abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104434/ doi: 10.1038/bmt.2009.50 id: cord-018034-gx5c9mk8 author: nan title: Cell and Tissue Reactions date: 2006 words: 17141.0 sentences: 1000.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-018034-gx5c9mk8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018034-gx5c9mk8.txt summary: The tissue reactions are to be differentiated according to their specific pathogenetic mechanisms, though these mechanisms as well as the phenomena are overlapping as demonstrated in Fig. 4 .1; brain ischemia as a type of metabolic disturbance, edema, intracranial pressure, necrosis, herniation and inflammation are influencing themselves and are dependent on each other. Schematic demonstration of overlapping pathogenetic mechanisms that are associated with different types of tissue reactions by a causal link: metabolic disturbance, i.e., edema, increasing cerebral blood volume, perfusion pressure and herniation, i.e., brain swelling and cortical necrosis Distortion or pressure on the floor of the fourth ventricle are most likely responsible for the vomiting, while stretching and distortion of the dura mater and major intracranial blood vessels, all sensitive to pain, probably account for the headache. abstract: Similar types of tissue reaction result as a final common pathway from a wide array of different internal brain pathophysiological states and external insults. Since these cellular and tissue reactions are largely independent of the specific type of insults, they are, therefore, non-specific. The tissue reactions are to be differentiated according to their specific pathogenetic mechanisms, though these mechanisms as well as the phenomena are overlapping as demonstrated in Fig. 4.1; brain ischemia as a type of metabolic disturbance, edema, intracranial pressure, necrosis, herniation and inflammation are influencing themselves and are dependent on each other. Some will be mentioned again in later chapters as viewed from different forensic aspects; therefore, a certain redundancy is unavoidable. Immediately following, we offer a survey of the individual types of reaction and their fundamental pathophysiological principles and morphology. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122794/ doi: 10.1007/3-540-28995-x_4 id: cord-022527-a0x6lws3 author: nan title: Eosinophils in Human Disease date: 2012-10-12 words: 56005.0 sentences: 2997.0 pages: flesch: 38.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022527-a0x6lws3.txt summary: The role of the eosinophils as key players in the pathophysiology of asthma has been debated, despite evidence that the cells are present and activated in the airway lumen and tissue 1 of patients with current asthma; are increased in number when asthma is uncontrolled 2 or severe 3 and decreased when asthma is controlled 4 ; and treatment strategies that aim to control airway eosinophilia are significantly more effective and less expensive in improving asthma control 5,6 and decreasing asthma exacerbations compared to guideline-based clinical strategies. 11 Since allergic asthma is primarily a T-helper type 2 (T h 2)-mediated disease, it is not surprising that cytokines driving eosinophilia are T h 2 cell products: specifically, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and interleukin-5 (IL-5), which signal through specific high-affinity cell-surface receptors linked to a common b-chaindall of which can act as eosinophil growth factors that promote formation of eosinophil/basophil (Eo/B) colony-forming units (CFU) in functional assays. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158199/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394385-9.00013-4 id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4 author: nan title: Abstracts: Poster session date: 2004-10-08 words: 49153.0 sentences: 2598.0 pages: flesch: 49.0 cache: ./cache/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt summary: We investigated the usefulness of informant-based data in Alzheimer''s disease (AD) by comparing caregivers'' subjective evaluations of 83 probable A D patients'' performance on an abbreviated version of the Memory Self-Report Questionnaire to objective evaluations derived from an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests and to clinicians'' evaluations. Compared with 89 subjects (mean age 75.2 yr; 34 men, 55 women) with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), there were no significant group differences for comparable Clinical Dementia Rating stages of dementia for measures of language, Activities of Daily Living, or general cognition. The mean age at onset did not differ significantly between handedness groups (F [ l,lOO] = .82), but the mean duration of symptoms ( Alterations in the optical properties of brain can be used to detect pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer''s disease (AD). abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159508/ doi: 10.1002/ana.410320224 id: cord-031907-ilhr3iu5 author: nan title: ISEV2020 Abstract Book date: 2020-07-15 words: 200999.0 sentences: 11528.0 pages: flesch: 44.0 cache: ./cache/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031907-ilhr3iu5.txt summary: L.M., and the National Institutes of Health (R35GM119623) to T.R.G. The addition of a size exclusion chromatography step to various urinary extracellular vesicle concentrating methods reveals differences in the small RNA profile Introduction: Urinary extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their RNA cargo are a novel source of biomarkers for various diseases, however non-vesicular RNA (e.g. associated with proteins) is also present within urine. We then evaluated efficiency of heart targeting for eAAV9 or eAAV6 and standard AAV9 or AAV6 encoding for EGFP, mCherry or firefly luciferase in different human cell lines in vitro, in black mouse and in passive immunity nude mouse model in vivo using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, Langendorff perfusion system and Methods: HLHS patients (n = 3) after Glenn procedure and swine (n = 3) after PAB were given RV injections of allogeneic/xenogeneic MSCs. Donor-specific, HLA-I+, exosomes were isolated from plasma. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7480431/ doi: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1784511 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel