key: cord-258817-9xzjlegx authors: Zhang, Stephen X.; Liu, Jing; Afshar Jahanshahi, Asghar; Nawaser, Khaled; Yousefi, Ali; Li, Jizhen; Sun, Shuhua title: At the height of the storm: Healthcare staff’s health conditions and job satisfaction and their associated predictors during the epidemic peak of COVID-19 date: 2020-05-05 journal: Brain Behav Immun DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.010 sha: doc_id: 258817 cord_uid: 9xzjlegx This study reports the physical health, mental health, anxiety, depression, distress, and job satisfaction of healthcare staff in Iran when the country faced its highest number of total active COVID-19 cases. In a sample of 304 healthcare staff (doctors, nurses, radiologists, technicians, etc.), we found a sizable portion reached the cutoff levels of disorders in anxiety (28.0%), depression (30.6%), and distress (20.1%). Age, gender, education, access to PPE (personal protective equipment), healthcare institutions (public vs. private), and individual status of COVID-19 infection each predicted some but not all the outcome variables of SF-12, PHQ-4, K6, and job satisfaction. The healthcare workers varied greatly in their access to PPE and in their status of COVID-19 infection: negative (69.7%), unsure (28.0%), and positive (2.3%). The predictors were also different from those identified in previous studies of healthcare staff during the COVID-19 crisis in China. This study helps to identify the healthcare staff in need to enable more targeted help as healthcare staff in many countries are facing peaks in their COVID-19 cases. Dear Editor, COVID-19 hit Iran early and hard (Jahanshahi et al., 2020) . The first confirmed case in Iran appeared on 19 February 2020, and active cases rise quickly since then, overwhelming healthcare workers. However, no study to date has examined the health conditions of healthcare staff in a major outbreak area beyond China. Furthermore, no study has examined their job satisfaction, even though job satisfaction is a critical motivational resource to prevent burnout during the outbreak (Zhang et al., 2020a) . This study reports the health conditions (SF-12, K6, PHQ-4) and job satisfaction of healthcare staff during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran in early April. We also identify risk factors to screen for healthcare staff in greater need for mental health services. We first interviewed five doctors and nurses in different healthcare facilities, revealing that healthcare workers varied in PPE access, worked very long hours, and mostly had stayed away from their family for over a month to avoid bringing the virus home. The survey took place on April 5-20, 2020. On April 5, the total active COVID-19 cases in Iran peaked at 32,612, and it is reasonable to think the healthcare demand during our survey period was very heavy. Table 1 presents the findings from the 304 healthcare workers in public and private hospitals in Iran. Of them, 2.3% (7) reported positive for COVID-19 infection, and 28.0% (85) were unsure, likely due to testing shortage. They varied in their access to PPE. The mental health composite of SF-12 was 26.3 (7.5), significantly lower (p<0.001) than those reported in three previous studies of 46.3 (10.4), 44.2 (10.8), and 44.6 (11.9) respectively (Montazeri et al., 2009; Rohani et al., 2010; Montazeri et al., 2011) . The physical health composite of SF-12 was 40.7 (7.0), also significantly lower (p<0.001; p<0.001; p<0.05) than reported in the above studies of 50.1 (8.5), 48.2 (8.2), and 42.3 (11.4). A sizable percentage of healthcare staff reached the cutoff values for mental disorder concerns on distress (20.1% by K6), depression (20.6% by PHQ-2), and anxiety (28.0% by GAD-2). The regression results on SF-12 show that older workers enjoyed better mental but not physical health. Education level predicted physical and mental health. Female staff experienced more distress and depression. Compared to the 69.7% of staff who indicated COVID-19 negative, the 28.0% who were unsure had higher depression, anxiety and distress, and lower job satisfaction. Institutionally, healthcare workers at private institutions had better mental health. PPE access predicted better physical health and job satisfaction, and lower distress. The predictors in our Iranian sample differ from those in Chinese healthcare samples. While gender predicted both anxiety and depression in Chinese samples (Lai et al., 2020) , it predicted depression and distress but not anxiety in our Iranian sample. Age predicted anxiety and depression in Chinese samples (Lai et al., 2020) but predicted SF-12 mental health score in our sample. Education level predicted less depression in Chinese samples (Liu et al., 2020) but not in our Iranian sample. Taken together, the results suggest distinct predictor patterns for healthcare staff's mental health in Iran versus China, resonating with an earlier study of an Iranian public sample (Jahanshahi et al., 2020) . Jahanshahi et al. (2020) reasoned that "different countries vary in their medical systems, the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE), cultures, labor and employment conditions, the policies of lockdown, the ease of working from home and maintaining a living in a pandemic, and the information in both mainstream and social media". Our results corroborate their suggestions and call for future research to identify mental health predictors for the public and healthcare staff in different countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our research uncovered unique risk factors. First, PPE access predicted better physical health and job satisfaction and less distress, demonstrating its importance beyond physical protection. Second, those staff who were unsure whether they had COVID-19 were more distressed, depressed, and anxious, and less satisfied with their jobs, implying psychological harm of uncertainty (Zhang et al., 2020b) . Third, workers at private institutions had better mental health than those in public institutions, suggesting to identify possible areas of improvement for public institutions. While risk factors in this study predict various outcomes, we did not find a universal risk factor that predicted all outcome variables, highlighting a challenge to identify specific risk factors for specific mental disorders during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, the risk factors for healthcare staff in Iran differed from those in China. As countries vary in their medical systems and clinical capacity, future studies should examine healthcare workers' health conditions and their predictors in individual countries, given protecting their health and satisfaction is paramount during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors declare that there are no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. The distress of Iranian adults during the Covid-19 pandemic -More distressed than the Chinese and with different predictors Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 The prevalence and influencing factors for anxiety in medical workers fighting COVID-19 in China: A cross-sectional survey The 12-item medical outcomes study short form health survey version 2.0 (SF-12v2): A population-based validation study from Tehran, Iran. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes The Iranian version of 12-item short form health survey (SF-12): Factor structure, internal consistency and construct validity The Iranian SF-12 health survey version 2 (SF-12v2): Factorial and convergent validity, internal consistency and test-retest in a healthy sample Geographical distance to the epicenter of Covid-19 predicts the burnout of the working population: Ripple effect or typhoon eye effect? Unprecedented disruption of lives and work: Health, distress and life satisfaction of working adults in China one month into the COVID-19 outbreak This research was supported (in part) by Tsinghua University-INDITEX Sustainable Development Fund (Project No. TISD201904).