id sid tid token lemma pos cord-326692-kq903zbo 1 1 key key NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 1 2 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 1 3 cord-326692-kq903zbo cord-326692-kq903zbo ADD cord-326692-kq903zbo 2 1 authors author NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 2 2 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 1 Boehning Boehning NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 3 Dankmar Dankmar NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 4 ; ; : cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 5 Rocchetti Rocchetti NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 6 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 7 Irene Irene NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 8 ; ; : cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 9 Maruotti Maruotti NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 10 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 11 Antonello Antonello NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 12 ; ; : cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 13 Holling Holling NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 14 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 15 Heinz Heinz NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 16 title title NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 17 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 18 Estimating estimate VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 19 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 20 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 21 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 22 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 23 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 24 Covid-19 covid-19 JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 25 outbreak outbreak NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 26 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 27 harnessing harness VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 28 capture capture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 29 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 30 recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 31 methods method NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 32 date date NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 33 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 34 2020 2020 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 35 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 36 04 04 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 37 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 38 24 24 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 39 journal journal NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 3 40 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 4 1 nan nan NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 4 2 DOI DOI NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 4 3 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 5 1 10.1101/2020.04.20.20072629 10.1101/2020.04.20.20072629 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 5 2 sha sha NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 5 3 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 6 1 12b6f5885b026b50a6bfbfead60414e271e789b9 12b6f5885b026b50a6bfbfead60414e271e789b9 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 6 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 6 3 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 6 4 326692 326692 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 6 5 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 6 6 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 6 7 kq903zbo kq903zbo CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 1 A a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 2 major major JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 3 open open JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 4 question question NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 5 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 6 affecting affect VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 8 policy policy NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 9 makers maker NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 10 decisions decision NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 11 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 12 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 13 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 14 estimation estimation NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 15 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 16 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 17 true true JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 18 size size NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 19 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 20 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 21 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 7 22 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 1 Most Most JJS cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 2 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 3 them -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 4 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 5 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 6 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 7 because because IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 8 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 9 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 10 large large JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 11 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 12 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 13 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 14 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 8 15 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 2 provide provide VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 3 an an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 4 efficient efficient JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 5 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 6 easy easy JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 7 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 8 compute compute VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 9 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 10 robust robust RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 11 lower lower RBR cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 12 bound bind VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 13 estimator estimator NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 14 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 15 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 16 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 17 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 18 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 19 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 9 20 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 1 A a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 2 " " `` cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 3 modified modified JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 4 " " '' cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 5 version version NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 6 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 8 Chao Chao NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 9 estimator estimator NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 10 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 11 proposed propose VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 12 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 13 based base VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 14 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 15 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 16 cumulative cumulative JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 17 time time NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 18 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 19 series series NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 20 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 21 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 22 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 23 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 24 deaths death NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 10 25 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 1 Heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 2 has have VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 3 been be VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 4 accounted account VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 5 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 6 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 7 assuming assume VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 8 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 9 geometrical geometrical JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 10 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 11 underlying underlie VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 12 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 13 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 14 generation generation NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 15 process process NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 11 16 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 1 An an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 3 approximated approximated JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 5 analytical analytical JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 6 variance variance NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 7 formula formula NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 8 has have VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 9 been be VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 10 properly properly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 11 derived derive VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 12 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 13 compute compute VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 14 reliable reliable JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 15 confidence confidence NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 16 intervals interval NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 17 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 18 95 95 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 19 % % NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 12 20 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 1 An an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 2 application application NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 3 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 4 Austrian austrian JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 5 situation situation NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 6 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 7 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 8 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 9 results result NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 10 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 11 other other JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 12 European european JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 13 Countries country NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 14 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 15 mentioned mention VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 16 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 17 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 18 discussion discussion NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 13 19 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 1 Currently currently RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 3 health health NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 4 systems system NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 5 across across IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 6 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 7 globe globe NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 8 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 9 challenged challenge VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 10 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 11 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 12 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 13 Covid-19 covid-19 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 14 pandemic pandemic NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 14 15 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 2 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 3 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 4 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 5 simple simple JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 6 task task NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 7 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 8 assess assess VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 9 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 10 efficiency efficiency NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 11 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 12 current current JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 13 health health NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 14 systems system NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 15 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 16 detecting detect VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 17 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 18 treating treat VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 19 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 20 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 21 preventing prevent VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 22 onward onward JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 23 transmission transmission NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 24 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 25 Covid-19 covid-19 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 26 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 27 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 28 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 29 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 30 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 31 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 32 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 33 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 34 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 35 definition definition NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 36 unknown unknown JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 15 37 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 1 Understanding understand VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 2 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 3 diffusion diffusion NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 4 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 5 assessing assess VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 6 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 7 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 8 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 9 real real JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 10 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 11 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 12 Covid-19 covid-19 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 13 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 14 crucial crucial JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 15 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 16 implementing implement VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 17 effective effective JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 18 public public NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 19 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 20 health health NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 21 policies policy NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 22 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 23 tackling tackle VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 24 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 25 virus virus NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 16 26 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 3 official official JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 4 reporting reporting NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 5 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 6 statistics statistic NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 7 significantly significantly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 8 underestimate underestimate VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 9 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 10 true true JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 11 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 12 since since IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 13 there there EX cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 14 exists exist VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 15 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 16 vast vast JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 17 proportion proportion NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 18 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 19 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 20 infected infected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 21 patients patient NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 22 including include VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 23 those those DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 24 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 25 mild mild JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 26 symptoms symptom NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 27 among among IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 28 all all DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 29 infected infect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 30 individuals individual NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 31 who who WP cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 32 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 33 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 34 detected detect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 17 35 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 3 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 4 infected infected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 5 individuals individual NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 6 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 7 low low JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 8 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 9 mild mild JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 10 symptoms symptom NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 11 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 12 likely likely JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 13 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 14 going go VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 15 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 16 get get VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 17 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 18 contact contact NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 19 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 20 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 21 health health NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 22 care care NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 23 system system NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 24 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 25 will will MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 26 also also RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 27 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 28 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 29 recorded record VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 30 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 31 official official JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 32 statistics statistic NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 18 33 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 1 For for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 2 example example NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 3 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 4 reports report NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 5 estimate estimate VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 6 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 7 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 8 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 9 infected infect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 10 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 11 Italy Italy NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 12 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 13 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 14 around around IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 15 3.5 3.5 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 16 times time NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 17 higher high JJR cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 18 than than IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 19 reported report VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 21 Tuite Tuite NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 22 et et NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 23 al.(2020 al.(2020 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 19 26 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 20 1 Slightly slightly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 20 2 lower low JJR cord-326692-kq903zbo 20 3 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 20 4 have have VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 20 5 been be VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 20 6 given give VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 20 7 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 20 8 Germany Germany NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 21 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 21 2 Ranjan(2020 Ranjan(2020 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 21 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 21 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 21 5 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 1 Another another DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 2 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 3 discusses discuss VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 4 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 5 Italy Italy NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 6 mostly mostly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 7 focuses focus VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 8 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 9 testing testing NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 10 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 11 hospitals hospital NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 12 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 13 symptoms symptom NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 14 ; ; : cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 15 hence hence RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 16 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 17 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 18 roughly roughly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 19 50 50 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 20 % % NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 21 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 22 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 23 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 24 covered cover VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 25 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 26 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 22 27 approach approach NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 23 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 23 2 Onder Onder NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 23 3 et et NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 23 4 al.(2020 al.(2020 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 23 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 23 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 23 7 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 2 same same JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 3 percentage percentage NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 4 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 5 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 6 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 7 also also RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 8 reported report VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 9 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 10 Iceland Iceland NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 12 Shahan(2020 Shahan(2020 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 24 15 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 2 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 3 individuals individual NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 4 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 5 fact fact NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 6 can can MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 7 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 8 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 9 direct direct JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 10 transmitter transmitter NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 11 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 12 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 13 virus virus NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 14 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 16 unawareness unawareness NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 17 can can MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 18 indirectly indirectly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 19 strengthen strengthen VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 20 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 21 increase increase VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 22 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 23 transmission transmission NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 24 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 25 Covid-19 covid-19 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 25 26 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 4 seems seem VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 5 fair fair JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 6 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 7 say say VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 8 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 9 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 10 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 11 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 12 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 13 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 14 major major JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 15 dirver dirver NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 16 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 17 spreading spread VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 18 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 19 disease disease NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 20 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 21 detected detect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 22 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 23 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 24 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 25 will will MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 26 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 27 systematically systematically RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 28 contained contain VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 26 29 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 1 Most Most JJS cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 2 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 3 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 4 existing exist VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 5 analyses analysis NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 6 performed perform VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 7 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 8 secondary secondary JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 9 data data NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 10 analysis analysis NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 11 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 12 several several JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 13 sources source NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 14 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 15 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 16 already already RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 17 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 18 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 19 public public JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 27 20 domain domain NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 28 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 28 2 Menkir menkir NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 28 3 et et NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 28 4 al.(2020 al.(2020 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 28 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 28 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 28 7 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 1 Because because IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 2 published publish VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 3 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 4 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 5 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 6 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 7 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 8 Covid-19 covid-19 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 9 vary vary VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 10 widely widely RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 11 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 12 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 13 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 14 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 15 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 16 basic basic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 17 reproduction reproduction NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 18 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 19 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 20 R0 R0 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 21 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 22 alone alone RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 23 ranging range VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 24 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 25 subcritical subcritical JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 27 i.e. i.e. FW cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 28 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 29 < < XX cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 30 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 32 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 29 33 > > XX cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 1 3 3 LS cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 2 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 3 Li Li NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 4 et et NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 5 al.(2020 al.(2020 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 7 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 8 Zhao Zhao NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 9 et et IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 10 al.(2020 al.(2020 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 12 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 14 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 15 mathematical mathematical JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 16 models model NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 17 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 18 infectious infectious JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 19 diseases disease NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 20 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 21 such such JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 22 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 23 Susceptible susceptible JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 24 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 25 Infected infected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 26 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 27 Recovered recover VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 28 models model NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 29 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 30 computing compute VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 31 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 32 theoretical theoretical JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 33 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 34 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 35 people people NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 36 infected infect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 37 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 38 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 39 contagious contagious JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 40 illness illness NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 41 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 42 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 43 closed closed JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 44 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 45 over over IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 46 time time NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 47 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 48 needs need VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 49 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 50 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 51 evaluated evaluate VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 52 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 53 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 54 range range NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 55 / / SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 56 grid grid NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 57 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 58 simulated simulated JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 59 values value NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 60 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 61 each each DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 62 based base VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 63 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 64 different different JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 65 assumptions assumption NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 66 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 67 adjusted adjust VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 68 based base VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 69 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 70 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 71 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 72 different different JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 73 geographic geographic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 30 74 areas area NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 31 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 31 2 Chen Chen NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 31 3 et et DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 31 4 al.(2020 al.(2020 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 31 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 31 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 31 7 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 1 Other other JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 2 much much RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 3 simpler simple JJR cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 5 Nishiura Nishiura NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 6 et et IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 7 al.(2020 al.(2020 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 9 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 10 or or CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 11 sophisticated sophisticated JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 13 Flaxman Flaxman NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 14 et et NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 15 al.(2020 al.(2020 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 32 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 1 approaches approach NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 2 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 3 also also RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 4 used use VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 5 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 6 estimate estimate VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 8 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 9 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 10 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 11 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 12 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 13 but but CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 14 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 15 large large JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 16 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 17 almost almost RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 18 unacceptable unacceptable JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 19 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 20 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 21 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 22 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 23 obtained obtain VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 24 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 33 25 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 2 purpose purpose NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 3 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 4 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 5 contribution contribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 6 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 7 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 8 propose propose VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 9 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 10 lower lower RBR cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 11 bound bind VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 12 estimator estimator NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 13 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 14 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 15 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 16 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 17 people people NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 18 affected affect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 19 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 20 Covid-19 covid-19 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 21 but but CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 22 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 23 detected detect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 24 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 25 various various JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 26 reasons reason NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 27 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 28 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 29 major major JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 30 one one NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 31 being be VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 32 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 33 they -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 34 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 35 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 34 36 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 35 1 In in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 35 2 other other JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 35 3 words word NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 35 4 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 35 5 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 35 6 2 2 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 35 7 All all DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 35 8 rights right NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 35 9 reserved reserve VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 35 10 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 36 1 No no DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 36 2 reuse reuse NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 36 3 allowed allow VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 36 4 without without IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 36 5 permission permission NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 36 6 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 2 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 3 was be VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 4 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 5 certified certify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 6 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 7 peer peer NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 8 review review NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 10 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 11 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 12 author author NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 13 / / SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 14 funder funder NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 15 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 16 who who WP cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 17 has have VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 18 granted grant VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 19 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 20 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 21 license license NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 22 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 23 display display VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 24 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 25 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 26 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 27 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 37 28 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 2 copyright copyright NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 3 holder holder NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 4 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 5 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 6 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 7 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 8 version version NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 9 posted post VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 10 April April NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 11 24 24 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 12 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 13 2020 2020 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 14 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 38 15 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 1 https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10.1101 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 2 aim aim NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 3 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 4 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 5 estimate estimate VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 6 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 7 size size NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 8 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 9 an an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 10 elusive elusive JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 11 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 12 i.e. i.e. FW cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 13 partially partially RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 14 unobserved unobserved JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 15 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 16 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 39 17 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 1 Capture capture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 2 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 3 Recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 5 CR cr NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 7 methods method NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 8 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 9 designed design VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 10 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 11 achieve achieve VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 12 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 13 goal goal NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 40 14 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 2 proposal proposal NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 3 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 4 developed develop VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 5 using use VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 6 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 7 cumulative cumulative JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 8 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 9 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 10 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 11 observed observed JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 12 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 13 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 14 deaths death NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 41 15 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 2 use use NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 3 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 4 CR cr NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 5 methods method NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 6 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 7 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 8 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 9 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 11 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 12 dealing deal VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 13 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 14 an an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 15 open open JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 16 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 17 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 18 subject subject JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 19 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 20 deaths death NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 21 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 22 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 23 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 24 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 25 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 26 probability probability NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 27 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 28 being be VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 29 detected detect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 42 30 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 1 A a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 2 data data NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 3 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 4 modified modify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 5 version version NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 6 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 7 Chao Chao NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 8 's 's POS cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 9 estimator estimator NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 10 under under IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 11 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 12 geometric geometric JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 13 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 14 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 15 introduced introduce VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 43 16 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 2 accounts account VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 3 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 4 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 5 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 6 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 7 simple simple JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 8 way way NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 9 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 10 can can MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 11 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 12 easily easily RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 13 computed compute VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 14 starting start VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 15 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 16 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 17 collected collect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 18 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 19 all all DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 20 government government NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 21 sources source NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 44 22 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 1 In in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 2 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 3 way way NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 4 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 5 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 6 policy policy NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 7 makers maker NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 8 can can MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 9 have have VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 10 benchmark benchmark NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 11 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 12 statistically statistically RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 13 valid valid JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 14 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 15 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 16 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 17 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 18 lower lower RBR cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 19 bound bind VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 20 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 21 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 22 total total JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 23 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 24 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 25 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 26 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 27 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 28 accordingly accordingly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 29 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 30 adjust adjust VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 31 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 32 interventions intervention NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 45 33 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 46 1 This this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 46 2 short short JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 46 3 note note NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 46 4 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 46 5 organized organize VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 46 6 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 46 7 follows follow VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 46 8 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 1 In in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 2 section section NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 3 2 2 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 5 introduce introduce VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 6 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 7 basic basic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 8 notation notation NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 9 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 10 how how WRB cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 11 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 12 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 13 going go VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 14 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 15 work work VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 16 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 17 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 18 cumulative cumulative JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 19 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 20 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 21 observed observed JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 22 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 23 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 24 deaths death NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 47 25 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 1 Section section NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 2 3 3 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 3 provides provide VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 4 all all PDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 5 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 6 necessary necessary JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 7 details detail NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 8 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 9 obtain obtain VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 10 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 11 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 48 12 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 49 1 An an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 49 2 example example NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 49 3 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 49 4 Austrian austrian JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 49 5 data data NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 49 6 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 49 7 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 49 8 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 50 1 A a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 50 2 discussion discussion NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 50 3 showing show VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 50 4 other other JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 50 5 interesting interesting JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 50 6 insights insight NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 50 7 concludes conclude VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 50 8 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 51 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 51 2 will will MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 51 3 denote denote VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 51 4 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 51 5 N N NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 51 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 51 7 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 51 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 1 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 2 cumulative cumulative JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 3 count count NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 4 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 5 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 6 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 7 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 8 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 9 where where WRB cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 10 Also also RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 11 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 12 let let VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 13 D(t D(t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 15 denote denote VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 16 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 17 cumulative cumulative JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 18 count count NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 19 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 20 deaths death NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 21 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 22 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 23 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 24 where where WRB cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 25 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 26 = = SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 27 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 28 0 0 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 29 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 30 ⋯ ⋯ ADD cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 31 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 32 t t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 33 m m NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 52 34 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 1 t t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 2 0 0 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 3 defines define VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 4 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 5 beginning beginning NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 6 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 8 observational observational JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 9 period period NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 10 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 11 t t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 12 m m NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 13 defines define VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 14 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 15 end end NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 53 16 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 2 assume assume VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 3 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 4 trivial trivial JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 5 assumption assumption NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 6 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 7 m m NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 8 > > XX cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 9 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 10 0 0 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 11 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 12 so so IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 13 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 14 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 15 observational observational JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 16 window window NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 17 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 18 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 19 empty empty JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 54 20 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 55 1 Again again RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 55 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 55 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 55 4 denote denote VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 55 5 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 55 6 ∆D(t ∆D(t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 55 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 55 8 = = NFP cord-326692-kq903zbo 56 1 D(t D(t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 56 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 56 3 − − NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 57 1 D(t D(t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 57 2 − − NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 57 3 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 57 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 1 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 2 count count NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 3 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 4 new new JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 5 deaths death NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 6 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 7 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 8 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 9 where where WRB cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 10 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 11 = = SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 12 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 13 0 0 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 14 + + SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 15 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 16 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 17 ⋯ ⋯ ADD cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 18 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 19 t t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 20 m m NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 58 21 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 1 To to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 2 illustrate illustrate VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 3 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 5 look look VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 6 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 7 these these DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 8 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 10 taken take VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 11 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 12 https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/austria/ https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/austria/ NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 14 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 15 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 16 country country NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 17 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 18 Austria Austria NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 19 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 20 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 21 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 22 Table Table NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 23 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 24 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 25 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 26 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 27 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 28 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 29 Table Table NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 30 2 2 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 31 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 32 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 33 deaths death NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 34 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 35 68 68 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 36 86 86 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 37 108 108 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 38 128 128 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 39 146 146 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 40 158 158 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 41 168 168 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 42 186 186 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 43 204 204 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 44 220 220 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 45 243 243 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 59 46 3 3 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 60 1 Linking link VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 60 2 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 60 3 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 60 4 capture capture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 60 5 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 60 6 recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 60 7 methodology methodology NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 2 question question NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 3 arises arise VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 4 how how WRB cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 5 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 6 can can MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 7 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 8 linked link VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 9 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 10 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 11 capture capture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 12 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 13 recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 14 approach approach NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 61 15 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 1 For for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 2 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 3 purpose purpose NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 5 briefly briefly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 6 review review VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 8 capture capture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 9 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 10 recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 11 model model NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 12 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 13 like like VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 14 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 15 harness harness VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 16 here here RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 62 17 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 1 Suppose suppose VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 2 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 3 target target NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 4 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 5 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 6 sampled sample VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 7 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 8 units unit NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 9 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 10 interest interest NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 11 repeatedly repeatedly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 63 12 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 1 Let let VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 2 X x NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 3 denote denote VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 4 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 5 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 6 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 7 times time NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 8 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 9 unit unit NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 10 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 11 identified identify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 12 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 13 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 14 sampling sampling NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 15 process process NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 64 16 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 1 Also also RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 3 let let VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 4 p p NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 5 x x NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 6 denote denote VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 8 probability probability NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 9 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 10 identifying identify VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 11 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 12 unit unit NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 13 x x SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 65 14 times time NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 66 1 where where WRB cord-326692-kq903zbo 66 2 x x NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 66 3 = = SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 66 4 0⋯. 0⋯. CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 1 In in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 2 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 3 capture capture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 4 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 5 recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 6 world world NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 8 following follow VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 9 mixture mixture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 10 model model NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 11 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 12 quite quite RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 13 common common JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 14 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 15 In in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 17 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 19 occurs occur VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 20 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 21 geometric geometric JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 22 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 23 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 24 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 25 suitable suitable JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 26 count count NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 27 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 28 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 29 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 30 parameter parameter NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 31 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 32 allowed allow VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 33 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 34 experience experience VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 35 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 36 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 38 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 39 expressed express VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 40 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 41 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 42 density density NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 43 f f NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 45 θ θ NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 48 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 49 reflect reflect VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 50 varying vary VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 51 identification identification NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 52 probabilities probability NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 53 across across IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 54 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 55 target target NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 56 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 67 57 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 1 Often often RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 2 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 3 Poisson Poisson NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 4 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 5 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 6 used use VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 7 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 9 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 11 instead instead RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 12 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 13 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 14 geometric geometric JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 15 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 68 16 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 1 However however RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 4 prefer prefer VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 5 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 6 use use VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 8 latter latter JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 9 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 11 think think VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 12 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 13 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 14 geometric geometric JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 15 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 16 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 17 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 18 Poisson Poisson NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 19 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 20 mixed mix VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 21 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 22 an an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 23 exponential exponential JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 24 density density NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 25 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 26 hence hence RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 27 able able JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 28 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 29 incorporate incorporate VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 30 already already RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 31 some some DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 32 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 33 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 34 likely likely JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 35 present present JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 36 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 37 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 38 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 39 populaiton populaiton NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 69 40 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 1 Using use VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 2 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 3 Cauchy Cauchy NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 4 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 5 Schwarz Schwarz NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 6 inequality inequality NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 7 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 8 moments moment NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 9 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 11 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 12 possible possible JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 13 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 14 show show VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 15 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 16 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 17 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 18 probability probability NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 19 p p NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 20 0 0 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 21 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 22 missing miss VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 23 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 24 unit unit NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 25 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 26 interest interest NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 27 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 28 following follow VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 29 inequality inequality NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 30 holds hold VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 70 31 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 1 Replacing replace VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 2 p p NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 3 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 4 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 5 p p NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 6 2 2 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 7 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 8 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 9 right right JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 10 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 11 hand hand NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 12 side side NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 13 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 15 2 2 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 17 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 18 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 19 observed observed JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 20 frequencies frequency NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 21 f f NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 22 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 23 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 24 those those DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 25 identified identify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 26 exactly exactly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 27 once once RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 28 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 29 f f NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 30 2 2 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 31 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 32 those those DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 33 identified identify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 34 exactly exactly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 35 twice twice RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 36 leads lead VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 37 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 38 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 39 lower lower RBR cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 40 bound bind VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 41 estimate estimate NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 42 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 43 Chao Chao NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 45 Chao(1987 Chao(1987 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 47 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 48 Chao(1989 Chao(1989 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 50 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 51 Chao Chao NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 52 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 53 Colwell Colwell NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 55 2017 2017 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 71 57 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 1 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 2 Here here RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 3 f f NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 4 0 0 NFP cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 5 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 6 frequency frequency NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 7 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 8 units unit NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 9 that that WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 10 remain remain VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 11 unobserved unobserved JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 12 or or CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 13 hidden hide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 72 14 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 2 idea idea NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 3 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 4 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 5 apply apply VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 6 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 7 estimator estimator NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 9 3 3 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 11 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 12 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 13 wise wise RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 73 14 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 74 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 74 2 take take VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 74 3 an an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 74 4 arbitrary arbitrary JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 74 5 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 75 1 t. t. NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 1 At at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 2 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 3 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 5 have have VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 6 ∆N ∆N NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 8 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 10 new new JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 11 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 76 12 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 1 This this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 2 will will MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 3 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 4 viewed view VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 5 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 6 f f NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 7 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 8 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 9 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 10 infected infected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 11 people people NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 12 identified identify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 13 just just RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 14 once once RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 77 15 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 1 If if IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 3 look look VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 4 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 5 ∆N ∆N NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 7 t t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 8 − − NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 9 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 11 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 12 then then RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 13 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 14 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 15 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 16 count count NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 17 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 18 new new JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 19 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 20 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 21 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 22 before before RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 78 23 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 1 But but CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 2 these these DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 3 will will MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 4 still still RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 5 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 6 infected infect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 7 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 8 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 9 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 10 4 4 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 11 All all DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 12 rights right NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 13 reserved reserve VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 79 14 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 80 1 No no DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 80 2 reuse reuse NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 80 3 allowed allow VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 80 4 without without IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 80 5 permission permission NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 80 6 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 2 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 3 was be VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 4 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 5 certified certify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 6 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 7 peer peer NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 8 review review NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 10 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 11 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 12 author author NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 13 / / SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 14 funder funder NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 15 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 16 who who WP cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 17 has have VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 18 granted grant VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 19 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 20 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 21 license license NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 22 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 23 display display VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 24 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 25 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 26 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 27 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 81 28 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 2 copyright copyright NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 3 holder holder NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 4 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 5 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 6 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 7 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 8 version version NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 9 posted post VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 10 April April NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 11 24 24 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 12 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 13 2020 2020 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 14 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 82 15 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 83 1 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072629 https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20072629 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 83 2 doi doi NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 83 3 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 84 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 84 2 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 84 3 unless unless IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 84 4 they -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 84 5 decease decease VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 84 6 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 1 So so RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 3 f f NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 4 2 2 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 5 corresponds correspond VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 6 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 7 ∆N ∆N NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 9 t t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 10 − − NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 11 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 85 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 86 1 − − NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 86 2 ∆D(t ∆D(t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 86 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 86 4 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 2 can can MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 3 ignore ignore VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 4 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 5 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 6 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 7 recoveries recovery NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 8 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 10 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 11 looking look VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 12 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 13 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 14 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 15 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 16 very very RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 17 recent recent JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 19 notified notify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 20 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 21 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 22 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 23 or or CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 24 t−1 t−1 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 87 26 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 1 Hence hence RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 3 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 4 able able JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 5 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 6 give give VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 8 estimate estimate NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 9 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 10 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 11 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 12 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 13 hidden hide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 14 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 15 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 16 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 17 t t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 18 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 19 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 20 global global JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 21 estimate estimate NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 22 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 23 hidden hide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 24 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 25 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 26 achieved achieve VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 27 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 28 summing sum VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 29 up up RP cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 30 over over IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 31 all all DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 32 days day NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 33 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 34 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 35 observational observational JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 36 period period NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 37 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 38 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 39 will will MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 40 use use VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 41 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 42 bias bias NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 43 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 44 corrected correct VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 45 form form NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 46 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 48 4 4 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 50 suggested suggest VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 51 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 52 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 53 Chao(1989 Chao(1989 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 55 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 56 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 57 given give VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 58 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 59 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 60 define define VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 61 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 62 understanding understanding NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 63 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 64 ∆N ∆N NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 65 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 66 t t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 67 − − NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 68 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 88 69 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 1 − − NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 2 ∆D(t ∆D(t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 4 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 5 set set VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 6 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 7 0 0 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 8 if if IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 10 becomes become VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 11 negative negative JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 12 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 13 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 14 other other JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 15 words word NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 16 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 17 use use VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 18 max{0 max{0 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 19 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 20 ∆N ∆N NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 22 t t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 23 − − NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 24 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 26 − − NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 27 ∆D(t ∆D(t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 29 } } -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 89 30 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 2 final final JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 3 estimate estimate NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 4 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 5 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 6 total total JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 7 size size NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 8 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 9 infection infection NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 10 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 11 then then RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 12 given give VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 13 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 14 what what WP cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 15 has have VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 16 been be VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 17 observed observe VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 18 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 19 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 20 end end NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 21 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 22 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 23 observational observational JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 24 window window NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 25 t t NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 26 m m NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 27 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 28 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 29 estimate estimate NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 30 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 31 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 32 hidden hidden JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 33 numbers number NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 34 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 35 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 36 need need VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 37 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 38 address address VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 39 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 40 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 41 involved involve VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 42 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 43 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 44 estimator estimator NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 46 6 6 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 90 48 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 1 A a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 2 variance variance NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 3 estimate estimate NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 4 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 6 4 4 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 8 has have VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 9 been be VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 10 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 11 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 13 Niwitpong Niwitpong NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 14 et et NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 15 al.(2013 al.(2013 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 18 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 19 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 20 given give VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 21 here here RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 22 as as RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 23 so so IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 24 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 25 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 26 final final JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 27 variance variance NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 28 estimate estimate NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 29 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 30 H h NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 31 t0 t0 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 32 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 33 given give VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 34 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 35 Var Var NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 36 H(t h(t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 91 38 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 1 A a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 2 95 95 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 3 % % NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 4 confidence confidence NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 5 interval interval NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 6 can can MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 7 then then RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 8 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 9 constructed construct VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 10 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 11 means mean NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 12 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 13 Var Var NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 14 H(t h(t NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 92 16 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 93 1 5 5 LS cord-326692-kq903zbo 94 1 All all DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 94 2 rights right NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 94 3 reserved reserve VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 94 4 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 95 1 No no DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 95 2 reuse reuse NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 95 3 allowed allow VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 95 4 without without IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 95 5 permission permission NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 95 6 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 2 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 3 was be VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 4 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 5 certified certify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 6 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 7 peer peer NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 8 review review NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 10 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 11 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 12 author author NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 13 / / SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 14 funder funder NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 15 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 16 who who WP cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 17 has have VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 18 granted grant VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 19 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 20 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 21 license license NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 22 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 23 display display VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 24 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 25 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 26 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 27 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 96 28 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 2 copyright copyright NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 3 holder holder NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 4 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 5 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 6 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 7 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 8 version version NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 9 posted post VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 10 April April NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 11 24 24 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 12 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 13 2020 2020 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 14 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 97 15 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 2 now now RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 3 apply apply VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 5 5 5 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 7 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 8 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 9 Austrian austrian JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 10 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 98 11 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 2 results result NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 3 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 4 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 5 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 6 Table Table NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 7 _SP cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 8 3 3 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 9 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 10 includes include VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 11 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 12 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 13 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 14 hidden hidden JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 15 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 16 total total JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 18 observed observe VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 19 + + SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 20 hidden hidden JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 22 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 23 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 24 95 95 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 25 % % NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 26 confidence confidence NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 27 intervals interval NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 99 28 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 1 At at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 2 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 3 7th 7th NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 4 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 5 April April NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 6 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 7 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 8 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 9 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 10 was be VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 11 12639 12639 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 12 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 13 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 14 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 15 observed observed JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 16 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 100 17 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 2 have have VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 3 chosen choose VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 4 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 5 15th 15th NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 6 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 7 March March NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 8 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 9 beginning beginning NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 10 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 11 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 12 observational observational JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 13 period period NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 101 14 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 1 However however RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 2 other other JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 3 dates date NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 4 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 5 possible possible JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 6 as as RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 7 well well RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 8 so so IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 9 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 11 looked look VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 12 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 13 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 14 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 15 dependence dependence NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 16 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 17 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 18 beginning beginning NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 19 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 20 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 21 observation observation NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 22 period period NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 102 23 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 103 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 103 2 can can MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 103 3 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 103 4 seen see VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 103 5 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 103 6 results result NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 103 7 change change VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 103 8 slightly slightly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 103 9 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 1 Of of RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 2 course course RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 3 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 4 if if IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 5 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 6 window window NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 7 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 8 made make VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 9 too too RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 10 small small JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 11 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 12 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 13 hidden hide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 14 numbers number NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 15 will will MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 16 only only RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 17 refer refer VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 18 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 19 observations observation NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 20 made make VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 21 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 22 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 23 window window NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 104 24 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 2 major major JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 3 question question NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 4 arises arise VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 5 if if IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 6 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 7 es- es- NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 8 Table table NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 9 3 3 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 10 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 11 realistic realistic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 105 12 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 1 For for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 2 Austria Austria NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 4 have have VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 5 an an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 6 independent independent JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 7 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 8 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 9 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 10 size size NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 11 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 12 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 13 Covid19 Covid19 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 14 outbreak outbreak NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 16 https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/-article207187759/Coronavirus-Eisberg-hoeher-als-gedacht-Oesterreich-legt-Dunkelziffer--Studie-vor.html https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/-article207187759/coronavirus-eisberg-hoeher-als-gedacht-oesterreich-legt-dunkelziffer--studie-vor.html ADD cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 106 18 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 2 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 3 was be VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 4 led lead VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 5 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 6 Christoph Christoph NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 7 Fassmann Fassmann NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 8 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 9 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 10 known know VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 11 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 12 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 13 dark dark JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 14 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 15 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 107 16 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 2 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 3 was be VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 4 rolled roll VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 5 out out RP cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 6 during during IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 8 1 1 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 9 April April NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 10 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 11 6 6 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 12 April April NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 13 200 200 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 14 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 15 sampled sample VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 16 1544 1544 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 17 persons person NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 18 across across IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 19 Austria Austria NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 20 covering cover VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 21 all all DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 22 ages age NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 23 up up IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 24 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 25 94 94 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 26 years year NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 108 27 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 1 According accord VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 2 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 3 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 4 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 5 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 6 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 7 proportion proportion NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 8 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 9 infected infected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 10 people people NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 11 was be VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 12 0.0033 0.0033 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 109 13 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 1 If if IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 2 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 3 proportion proportion NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 4 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 5 applied apply VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 6 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 8 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 9 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 10 Austria Austria NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 11 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 12 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 13 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 14 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 15 media medium NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 16 release release NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 17 points point VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 18 out out RP cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 19 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 20 during during IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 21 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 22 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 23 period period NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 24 there there EX cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 25 were be VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 26 28500 28500 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 27 infected infect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 28 persons person NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 29 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 30 Austria Austria NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 110 31 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 2 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 3 estimates estimate VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 4 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 6 have have VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 7 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 8 matches match NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 9 very very RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 10 well well RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 11 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 12 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 13 results result NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 14 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 15 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 16 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 17 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 18 independent independent JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 19 where where WRB cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 20 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 21 start start VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 22 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 23 observational observational JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 24 window window NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 111 25 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 2 dark dark JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 3 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 4 study study NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 5 also also RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 6 reports report VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 7 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 8 95 95 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 9 % % NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 10 confidence confidence NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 11 interval interval NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 12 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 13 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 14 proportion proportion NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 15 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 16 infected infected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 17 persons person NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 18 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 19 ranges range VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 20 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 21 0.0012 0.0012 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 22 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 23 0.0076 0.0076 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 24 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 25 corresponding correspond VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 26 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 27 10200 10200 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 28 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 29 67400 67400 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 30 infected infected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 31 persons person NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 32 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 33 respectively respectively RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 112 34 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 1 Clearly clearly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 3 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 4 capture capture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 5 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 6 recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 7 estimate estimate NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 8 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 9 included include VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 10 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 11 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 12 large large JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 13 interval interval NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 14 but but CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 15 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 16 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 17 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 18 able able JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 19 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 20 utilize utilize VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 21 much much RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 22 larger large JJR cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 23 routinely routinely RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 24 collected collect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 25 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 26 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 27 infected infected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 28 persons person NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 29 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 30 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 31 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 32 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 33 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 34 capture capture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 35 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 36 reacpture reacpture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 37 approach approach NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 38 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 39 considerably considerably RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 40 reduced reduce VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 41 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 42 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 43 reflected reflect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 44 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 45 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 46 relative relative JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 47 short short JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 48 confidence confidence NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 49 intervals interval NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 113 50 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 114 1 6 6 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 115 1 All all DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 115 2 rights right NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 115 3 reserved reserve VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 115 4 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 116 1 No no DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 116 2 reuse reuse NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 116 3 allowed allow VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 116 4 without without IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 116 5 permission permission NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 116 6 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 2 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 3 was be VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 4 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 5 certified certify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 6 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 7 peer peer NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 8 review review NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 10 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 11 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 12 author author NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 13 / / SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 14 funder funder NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 15 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 16 who who WP cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 17 has have VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 18 granted grant VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 19 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 20 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 21 license license NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 22 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 23 display display VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 24 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 25 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 26 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 27 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 117 28 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 2 copyright copyright NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 3 holder holder NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 4 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 5 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 6 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 7 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 8 version version NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 9 posted post VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 10 April April NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 11 24 24 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 12 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 13 2020 2020 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 14 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 15 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 118 16 _SP cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 2 proposed propose VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 3 method method NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 4 answers answer NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 5 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 6 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 7 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 8 open open JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 9 question question NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 10 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 11 " " `` cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 12 How how WRB cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 13 many many JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 14 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 15 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 16 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 17 going go VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 18 around around RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 19 ? ? . cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 20 " " '' cord-326692-kq903zbo 119 21 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 1 Of of RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 2 course course RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 3 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 5 provide provide VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 6 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 7 lower lower RBR cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 8 bound bind VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 9 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 10 but but CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 11 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 12 information information NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 13 may may MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 14 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 15 treated treat VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 16 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 17 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 18 starting starting NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 19 point point NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 20 whenever whenever WRB cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 21 interventions intervention NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 22 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 23 tools tool NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 24 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 25 dampen dampen VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 26 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 27 spread spread NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 28 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 29 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 30 epidemic epidemic NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 31 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 32 rolled roll VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 33 out out RP cord-326692-kq903zbo 120 34 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 1 CR CR NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 2 methods method NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 3 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 4 easy easy JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 5 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 6 apply apply VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 7 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 8 practice practice NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 9 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 10 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 11 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 12 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 13 one one CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 14 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 15 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 16 merits merit NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 17 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 18 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 19 method method NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 121 20 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 4 simply simply RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 5 use use VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 6 time time NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 7 series series NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 8 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 9 cumulated cumulated JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 10 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 11 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 12 readily readily RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 13 available available JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 14 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 15 governments government NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 16 sources source NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 122 17 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 1 Given give VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 2 that that DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 3 individual individual JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 4 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 5 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 6 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 7 publicly publicly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 8 available available JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 9 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 10 CR cr NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 11 methods method NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 12 provide provide VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 13 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 14 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 15 solution solution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 16 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 17 shed shed VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 18 light light NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 19 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 20 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 21 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 22 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 23 incorporating incorporate VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 24 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 25 that that WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 26 may may MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 27 arise arise VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 28 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 29 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 30 probability probability NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 31 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 32 being be VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 33 detected detect VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 34 simply simply RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 35 considering consider VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 36 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 37 widely widely RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 38 known know VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 39 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 40 used use VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 41 geometric geometric JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 42 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 123 43 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 2 example example NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 3 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 4 here here RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 5 relies rely VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 6 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 7 Austrian austrian JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 8 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 9 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 10 but but CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 11 many many JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 12 other other JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 13 Countries country NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 14 can can MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 15 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 16 analyzed analyze VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 17 even even RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 18 if if IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 19 there there EX cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 20 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 21 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 22 benchmark benchmark JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 23 survey survey NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 24 studies study NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 25 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 26 compare compare VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 27 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 124 28 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 1 For for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 2 example example NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 3 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 4 taking take VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 5 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 6 up up IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 7 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 8 18/04/2020 18/04/2020 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 9 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 10 https://github.com/opencovid-19/data https://github.com/opencovid-19/data NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 11 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 12 several several JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 13 European european JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 14 countries country NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 15 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 16 considering consider VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 17 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 18 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 19 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 20 day day NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 21 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 22 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 23 record record VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 24 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 25 first first JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 26 death death NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 27 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 28 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 29 obtain obtain VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 30 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 31 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 32 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 33 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 34 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 35 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 36 Italy Italy NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 37 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 38 Germany Germany NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 39 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 40 Spain Spain NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 41 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 42 UK UK NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 43 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 44 Greece Greece NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 46 see see VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 47 Table Table NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 48 4 4 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 125 50 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 2 last last JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 3 column column NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 4 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 5 Table Table NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 6 _SP cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 7 4 4 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 8 shows show VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 9 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 10 ratio ratio NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 11 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 12 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 13 total total JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 14 estimated estimate VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 15 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 16 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 17 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 18 observed observed JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 19 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 126 20 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 1 There there EX cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 2 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 3 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 4 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 5 stability stability NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 6 around around IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 7 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 8 value value NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 9 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 10 2.3 2.3 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 127 11 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 128 1 All all PDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 128 2 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 128 3 obtained obtain VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 128 4 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 128 5 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 128 6 surrounded surround VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 128 7 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 128 8 some some DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 128 9 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 128 10 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 1 Confidence confidence NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 2 intervals interval NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 3 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 4 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 5 " " `` cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 6 modified modify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 7 " " '' cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 8 Chao Chao NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 9 lower lower RBR cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 10 bound bind VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 11 have have VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 12 been be VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 13 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 14 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 15 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 16 seemingly seemingly RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 17 reliable reliable JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 18 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 19 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 20 particular particular JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 21 compared compare VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 22 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 23 those those DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 24 presented present VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 25 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 26 other other JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 27 studies study NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 129 28 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 2 emphasize emphasize VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 3 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 4 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 5 estimates estimate NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 6 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 7 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 8 conservative conservative JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 9 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 10 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 11 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 12 sense sense NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 13 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 15 provide provide VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 16 lower low JJR cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 17 bounds bound NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 18 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 19 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 20 size size NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 21 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 22 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 23 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 130 24 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 1 However however RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 2 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 4 have have VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 5 provided provide VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 6 some some DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 7 evidence evidence NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 8 such such JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 9 as as IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 10 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 11 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 12 situation situation NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 13 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 14 Austria Austria NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 15 that that IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 16 these these DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 17 lower low JJR cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 18 bound bind VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 19 are be VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 20 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 21 far far RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 22 away away RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 23 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 24 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 25 true true JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 26 size size NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 27 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 28 infection infection NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 29 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 30 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 31 target target NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 32 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 131 33 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 1 This this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 2 needs need VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 3 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 4 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 5 followed follow VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 6 up up RP cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 7 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 8 further further JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 9 comparisons comparison NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 10 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 11 representative representative JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 12 sampling sampling NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 13 studies study NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 14 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 15 target target NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 16 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 17 infection infection NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 132 18 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 1 This this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 2 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 3 just just RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 4 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 5 first first JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 6 evidence evidence NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 7 on on IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 8 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 9 use use NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 10 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 11 capture capture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 12 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 13 recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 14 methods method NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 15 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 16 study study VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 17 Covid-19 Covid-19 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 18 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 133 19 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 1 Another another DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 2 question question NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 3 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 4 still still RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 5 open open JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 6 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 7 " " `` cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 8 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 9 there there EX cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 10 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 11 way way NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 12 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 13 estimating estimate VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 14 an an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 15 upper upper JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 16 bound bind VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 17 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 18 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 19 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 20 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 21 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 22 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 23 ? ? . cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 24 " " '' cord-326692-kq903zbo 134 25 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 1 Again again RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 2 capture capture VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 3 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 4 recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 5 methods method NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 6 could could MD cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 7 be be VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 8 implemented implement VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 9 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 10 provide provide VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 11 an an DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 12 answer answer NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 13 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 14 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 15 question question NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 16 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 17 help help VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 18 policy policy NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 19 makers maker NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 20 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 21 evaluate evaluate VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 22 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 23 Covid-19 covid-19 NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 24 epidemic epidemic NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 25 situation situation NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 26 locally locally RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 27 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 28 at at IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 29 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 30 7 7 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 31 All All NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 32 rights right NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 33 reserved reserve VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 135 34 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 136 1 No no DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 136 2 reuse reuse NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 136 3 allowed allow VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 136 4 without without IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 136 5 permission permission NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 136 6 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 2 which which WDT cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 3 was be VBD cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 4 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 5 certified certify VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 6 by by IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 7 peer peer NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 8 review review NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 10 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 11 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 12 author author NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 13 / / SYM cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 14 funder funder NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 15 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 16 who who WP cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 17 has have VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 18 granted grant VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 19 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 20 a a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 21 license license NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 22 to to TO cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 23 display display VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 24 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 25 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 26 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 27 perpetuity perpetuity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 137 28 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 2 copyright copyright NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 3 holder holder NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 4 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 5 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 6 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 7 this this DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 8 version version NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 9 posted post VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 10 April April NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 11 24 24 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 12 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 13 2020 2020 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 14 April April NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 15 24 24 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 16 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 17 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 138 18 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 139 1 https://doi.org/10.1101 https://doi.org/10.1101 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 139 2 April April NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 139 3 24 24 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 139 4 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 140 1 /2020 /2020 NFP cord-326692-kq903zbo 140 2 doi doi XX cord-326692-kq903zbo 140 3 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 141 1 medRxiv medRxiv NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 141 2 preprint preprint NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 141 3 current current JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 141 4 phase phase NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 141 5 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 141 6 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-326692-kq903zbo 141 7 development development NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 141 8 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 1 Estimating estimate VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 2 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 3 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 4 size size NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 5 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 6 capturerecapture capturerecapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 7 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 8 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 9 unequal unequal JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 10 catchability catchability NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 11 Estimating estimate VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 12 population population NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 13 size size NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 14 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 15 sparse sparse JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 16 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 17 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 18 capture capture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 19 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 20 recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 21 experiments experiment NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 22 Thirty thirty CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 23 years year NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 24 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 25 progeny progeny NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 26 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 27 Chao Chao NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 28 's 's POS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 29 inequality inequality NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 30 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 31 estimating estimate VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 32 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 33 comparing compare VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 34 richness richness NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 35 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 36 incidence incidence NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 37 data datum NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 38 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 39 incomplete incomplete JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 40 sampling sampling NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 41 A a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 42 Timedependent Timedependent NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 43 SIR SIR NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 44 model model NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 45 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 46 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 47 Early Early NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 48 Transmission Transmission NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 49 Dynamics Dynamics NNPS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 50 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 51 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 52 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 53 China China NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 54 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 55 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 56 Novel Novel NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 57 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 58 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 59 Infected Infected NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 60 Pneumonia Pneumonia NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 61 Estimating estimate VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 62 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 63 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 64 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 65 undetected undetected JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 66 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 67 cases case NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 68 exported export VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 69 internationally internationally RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 70 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 71 all all DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 72 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 73 China China NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 74 Estimation Estimation NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 75 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 76 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 77 asymptomatic asymptomatic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 78 ratio ratio NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 79 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 80 novel novel JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 81 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 82 infections infection NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 83 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 84 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 85 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 86 Capture capture VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 87 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 88 recapture recapture NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 89 estimation estimation NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 90 based base VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 91 upon upon IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 92 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 93 geometric geometric JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 94 distribution distribution NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 95 allowing allow VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 96 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 97 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 98 Case case NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 99 - - HYPH cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 100 fatality fatality NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 101 rate rate NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 102 and and CC cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 103 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 104 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 105 patients patient NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 106 dying die VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 107 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 108 relation relation NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 109 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 110 COVID-19 covid-19 VB cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 111 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 112 Italy Italy NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 113 Estimating estimate VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 114 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 115 final final JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 116 epidemic epidemic NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 117 size size NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 118 for for IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 119 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 120 outbreak outbreak NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 121 using use VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 122 improved improve VBN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 123 epidemiological epidemiological JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 124 models model NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 125 Iceland Iceland NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 126 is be VBZ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 127 doing do VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 128 science science NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 129 50 50 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 130 % % NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 131 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 132 people people NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 133 with with IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 134 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 135 not not RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 136 showing show VBG cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 137 symptoms symptom NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 138 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 139 50 50 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 140 % % NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 141 have have VBP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 142 very very RB cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 143 moderate moderate JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 144 cold cold JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 145 symptoms symptom NNS cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 146 Estimation Estimation NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 147 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 148 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 149 outbreak outbreak NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 150 size size NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 151 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 152 Italy Italy NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 142 153 . . . cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 1 The the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 2 Lancet Lancet NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 3 Infectious Infectious NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 4 Disease Disease NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 5 Preliminary preliminary JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 6 estimation estimation NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 7 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 8 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 9 basic basic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 10 reproduction reproduction NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 11 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 12 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 13 novel novel JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 14 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 16 2019-nCoV 2019-ncov CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 18 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 19 China China NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 20 , , , cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 21 from from IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 22 2019 2019 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 23 to to IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 24 2020 2020 CD cord-326692-kq903zbo 143 25 : : : cord-326692-kq903zbo 144 1 A a DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 144 2 datadriven datadriven JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 144 3 analysis analysis NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 144 4 in in IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 144 5 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 144 6 early early JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 144 7 phase phase NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 144 8 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 144 9 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 144 10 outbreak outbreak NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 1 Preliminary preliminary JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 2 prediction prediction NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 3 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 4 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 5 basic basic JJ cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 6 reproduction reproduction NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 7 number number NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 8 of of IN cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 9 the the DT cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 10 Wuhan Wuhan NNP cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 11 novel novel NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 12 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-326692-kq903zbo 145 13 2019-nCoV 2019-ncov CD