id sid tid token lemma pos cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 1 key key JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 2 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 3 cord-229612 cord-229612 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 4 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 5 7xnredj7 7xnredj7 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 6 authors author NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 7 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 8 Pal Pal NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 10 Ankit Ankit NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 11 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 12 Sankarasubbu Sankarasubbu NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 1 13 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 2 1 Malaikannan Malaikannan NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 2 2 title title NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 2 3 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 1 Pay pay VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 2 Attention attention NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 3 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 5 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 6 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 7 Early Early NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 8 Diagnosis Diagnosis NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 9 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 10 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 11 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 12 Interpretable interpretable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 13 Symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 14 Embeddings Embeddings NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 15 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 16 Cough Cough NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 17 Sound Sound NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 18 Signal Signal NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 19 Processing Processing NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 20 date date NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 21 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 22 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 23 - - SYM cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 24 10 10 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 25 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 26 06 06 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 27 journal journal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 28 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 29 nan nan NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 30 DOI DOI NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 3 31 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 4 1 nan nan NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 4 2 sha sha NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 4 3 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 5 1 1fbe03e5d62d60e171bba87ec8bc2606bd67ce93 1fbe03e5d62d60e171bba87ec8bc2606bd67ce93 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 5 2 doc_id doc_id CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 5 3 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 5 4 229612 229612 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 5 5 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 5 6 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 1 7xnredj7 7xnredj7 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 2 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 5 disease disease NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 6 2019 2019 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 8 pandemic pandemic NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 9 caused cause VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 10 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 12 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 13 CoV-2 CoV-2 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 14 has have VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 15 led lead VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 16 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 17 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 18 treacherous treacherous JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 19 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 20 devastating devastating JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 21 catastrophe catastrophe NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 22 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 23 humanity humanity NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 6 24 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 1 At at IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 2 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 3 time time NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 4 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 5 writing writing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 6 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 7 no no DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 8 specific specific JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 9 antivirus antivirus JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 10 drugs drug NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 11 or or CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 12 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 13 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 14 recommended recommend VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 15 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 16 control control VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 17 infection infection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 18 transmission transmission NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 19 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 20 spread spread NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 7 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 2 current current JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 3 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 4 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 5 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 6 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 7 done do VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 8 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 9 Reverse Reverse NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 10 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 11 Transcription Transcription NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 12 Polymer Polymer NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 13 Chain Chain NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 14 Reaction Reaction NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 16 RT RT NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 17 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 18 PCR PCR NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 20 testing testing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 8 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 1 However however RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 3 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 4 method method NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 5 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 6 expensive expensive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 8 time time NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 9 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 10 consuming consume VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 11 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 12 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 13 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 14 easily easily RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 15 available available JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 16 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 17 straitened straitened JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 18 regions region NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 9 19 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 1 An an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 2 interpretable interpretable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 3 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 4 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 5 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 6 AI AI NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 7 framework framework NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 8 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 9 devised devise VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 10 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 11 developed develop VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 12 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 13 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 14 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 15 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 16 sounds sound VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 17 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 18 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 19 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 20 metadata metadata VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 21 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 22 overcome overcome VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 23 these these DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 24 limitations limitation NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 10 25 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 2 proposed propose VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 3 framework framework NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 4 's 's POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 5 performance performance NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 6 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 7 evaluated evaluate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 8 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 9 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 10 medical medical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 11 dataset dataset NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 12 containing contain VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 13 Symptoms Symptoms NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 14 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 15 Demographic demographic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 16 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 17 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 18 30000 30000 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 19 audio audio JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 20 segments segment NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 21 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 22 328 328 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 23 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 24 sounds sound VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 25 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 26 150 150 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 27 patients patient NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 28 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 29 four four CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 30 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 31 classes class NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 33 COVID-19 covid-19 VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 34 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 35 Asthma Asthma NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 36 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 37 Bronchitis Bronchitis NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 38 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 39 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 40 Healthy Healthy NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 11 42 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 1 Experiments experiment NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 2 ' ' POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 3 results result NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 4 show show VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 5 that that IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 7 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 8 captures capture VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 9 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 10 better well JJR cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 11 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 12 robust robust JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 13 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 14 embedding embed VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 15 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 16 distinguish distinguish VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 17 between between IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 18 COVID-19 covid-19 DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 19 patient patient NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 20 coughs cough NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 21 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 22 several several JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 23 types type NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 24 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 25 non non JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 26 - - JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 27 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 28 coughs cough NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 29 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 30 higher high JJR cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 31 specificity specificity NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 32 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 33 accuracy accuracy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 34 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 35 95.04 95.04 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 36 $ $ $ cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 37 pm$ pm$ CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 38 0.18 0.18 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 39 % % NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 40 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 41 96.83$pm$ 96.83$pm$ CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 42 0.18 0.18 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 43 % % NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 44 respectively respectively RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 45 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 46 all all PDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 47 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 48 while while NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 49 maintaining maintain VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 50 interpretability interpretability NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 12 51 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 2 novel novel JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 5 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 7 disease disease NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 8 has have VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 9 affected affect VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 10 over over IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 11 31.2 31.2 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 12 million million CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 13 lives life NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 14 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 15 claiming claim VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 16 more more JJR cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 17 than than IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 18 1.02 1.02 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 19 million million CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 20 fatalities fatality NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 21 globally globally RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 22 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 23 representing represent VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 24 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 25 epoch epoch NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 26 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 27 making make VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 28 global global JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 29 crisis crisis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 30 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 31 health health NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 32 care care NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 13 33 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 1 At at IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 2 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 3 time time NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 4 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 5 writing writing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 6 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 7 no no DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 8 specific specific JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 9 antivirus antivirus JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 10 drugs drug NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 11 or or CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 12 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 13 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 14 recommended recommend VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 15 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 16 control control VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 17 transmission transmission NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 18 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 19 spread spread VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 20 infection infection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 14 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 2 current current JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 3 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 4 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 5 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 6 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 7 made make VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 8 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 9 Reverse Reverse NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 10 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 11 Transcription Transcription NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 12 Polymer Polymer NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 13 Chain Chain NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 14 Reaction Reaction NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 16 RT RT NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 17 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 18 PCR PCR NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 20 testing testing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 21 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 22 which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 23 utilizes utilize VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 24 several several JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 25 primer primer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 26 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 27 probe probe NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 28 sets set NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 29 depending depend VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 30 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 31 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 32 assay assay NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 33 utilized utilize VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 35 Emery Emery NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 36 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 37 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 38 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 39 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 40 2004 2004 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 15 42 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 1 However however RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 3 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 4 method method NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 5 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 6 time time NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 7 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 8 consuming consume VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 10 expensive expensive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 11 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 12 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 13 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 14 easily easily RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 15 available available JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 16 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 17 straitened straitened JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 18 regions region NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 19 due due JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 20 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 21 lack lack NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 22 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 23 adequate adequate JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 24 supplies supply NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 25 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 26 healthcare healthcare NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 27 facilities facility NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 28 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 29 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 30 medical medical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 31 professionals professional NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 16 32 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 1 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 2 low low JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 3 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 4 cost cost NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 5 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 6 rapid rapid JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 8 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 9 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 10 easily easily RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 11 accessible accessible JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 12 testing testing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 13 solution solution NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 14 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 15 needed need VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 16 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 17 increase increase VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 18 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 19 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 20 capability capability NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 21 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 22 devise devise VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 23 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 24 treatment treatment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 25 plan plan NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 17 26 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 1 Computed compute VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 2 Tomography(CT Tomography(CT NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 4 helps help VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 5 clinicians clinician NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 6 perform perform VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 7 complete complete JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 8 patient patient NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 9 assessments assessment NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 10 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 11 describe describe VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 12 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 13 specific specific JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 14 characteristic characteristic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 15 manifestations manifestation NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 16 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 17 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 18 lungs lung NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 19 associated associate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 20 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 21 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 23 Li Li NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 24 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 25 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 26 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 27 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 28 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 18 30 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 1 Hence hence RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 3 serving serve VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 4 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 5 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 6 efficient efficient JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 7 tool tool NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 8 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 9 early early JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 10 screening screening NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 11 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 12 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 13 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 14 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 19 15 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 2 analyzing analyze VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 3 medical medical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 4 images image NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 5 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 6 AI ai NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 7 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 8 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 9 methods method NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 10 have have VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 11 shown show VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 12 great great JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 13 success success NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 20 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 21 1 Du Du NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 21 2 et et FW cord-229612-7xnredj7 21 3 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 21 4 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 22 1 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 22 2 2018 2018 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 22 3 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 22 4 Heidari Heidari NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 22 5 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 22 6 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 22 7 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 22 8 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 22 9 2018 2018 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 23 1 Heidari Heidari NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 23 2 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 23 3 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 23 4 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 24 1 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 24 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 24 3 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 24 4 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 1 These these DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 2 methods method NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 3 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 4 scalable scalable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 5 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 6 automatable automatable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 8 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 9 easy easy JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 10 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 11 apply apply VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 12 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 13 clinical clinical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 14 environments environment NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 16 Ahmed Ahmed NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 17 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 18 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 19 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 20 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 21 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 22 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 23 Shah Shah NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 24 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 25 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 26 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 27 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 28 2019 2019 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 25 30 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 1 Significant significant JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 2 attempts attempt NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 3 have have VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 4 been be VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 5 made make VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 6 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 7 use use VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 8 x x NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 9 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 10 ray ray JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 11 images image NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 12 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 13 automatic automatic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 14 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 15 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 16 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 18 Pereira Pereira NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 19 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 20 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 21 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 22 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 23 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 26 24 ; ; . cord-229612-7xnredj7 27 1 Narin Narin NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 27 2 et et FW cord-229612-7xnredj7 27 3 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 27 4 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 28 1 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 28 2 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 28 3 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 28 4 Zhang Zhang NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 28 5 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 28 6 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 28 7 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 29 1 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 29 2 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 29 3 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 29 4 Apostolopoulos Apostolopoulos NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 29 5 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 29 6 Mpesiana Mpesiana NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 29 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 29 8 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 29 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 29 10 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 1 Studies study NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 2 dealing deal VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 3 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 5 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 6 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 7 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 8 show show VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 9 promising promising JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 10 results result NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 11 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 12 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 13 task task NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 30 14 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 1 However however RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 3 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 5 Cohen Cohen NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 6 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 7 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 8 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 10 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 12 work work NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 13 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 14 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 15 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 16 limitations limitation NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 17 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 18 x x NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 19 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 20 ray ray JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 21 images image NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 22 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 23 examined examine VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 24 since since IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 25 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 26 network network NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 27 may may MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 28 learn learn VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 29 more more RBR cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 30 unique unique JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 31 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 32 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 33 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 34 dataset dataset NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 35 than than IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 36 those those DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 37 unique unique JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 38 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 39 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 40 disease disease NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 31 41 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 1 Despite despite IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 2 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 3 success success NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 4 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 5 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 6 CT CT NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 7 scan scan NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 8 displays display VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 9 similar similar JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 10 imaging imaging NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 11 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 12 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 13 making make VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 15 difficult difficult JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 16 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 17 distinguish distinguish VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 18 between between IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 19 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 20 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 21 other other JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 22 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 23 types type NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 32 24 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 3 CT CT NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 4 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 5 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 6 methods method NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 7 can can MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 8 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 9 integrated integrate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 10 only only RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 11 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 12 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 13 Healthcare Healthcare NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 14 system system NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 15 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 16 help help VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 17 clinical clinical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 18 doctors doctor NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 19 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 20 radiologists radiologist NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 21 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 22 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 23 specialists specialist NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 24 detect detect VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 25 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 26 patients patient NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 27 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 28 chest chest NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 29 CT CT NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 30 images image NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 33 31 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 3 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 4 individual individual NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 5 can can MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 6 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 7 utilize utilize VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 8 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 9 method method NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 10 at at IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 11 home home NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 34 12 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 1 To to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 2 obtain obtain VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 4 CT CT NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 5 scan scan JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 6 image image NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 7 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 8 report report NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 10 one one PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 11 must must MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 12 visit visit VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 13 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 14 well well RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 15 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 16 equipped equip VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 17 clinical clinical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 18 facility facility NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 19 or or CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 20 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 21 center center NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 22 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 23 which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 24 may may MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 25 increase increase VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 26 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 27 risk risk NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 28 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 29 exposure exposure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 30 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 31 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 32 virus virus NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 35 33 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 1 According accord VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 2 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 4 WHO WHO NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 5 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 6 CDC CDC NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 7 official official JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 8 report report NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 10 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 11 four four CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 12 primary primary JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 13 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 14 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 15 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 16 COVID COVID NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 17 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 18 dry dry JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 19 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 20 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 21 fever fever NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 22 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 23 tiredness tiredness NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 24 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 25 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 26 difficulty difficulty NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 27 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 28 breathing breathing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 36 29 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 37 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 37 2 CDC CDC NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 37 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 37 4 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 1 However however RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 3 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 4 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 5 more more RBR cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 6 common common JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 7 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 9 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 10 one one CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 11 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 12 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 13 early early JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 14 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 15 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 16 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 17 tract tract NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 18 infections infection NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 38 19 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 1 Studies study NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 2 show show VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 3 that that IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 5 occurs occur VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 6 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 7 68 68 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 8 % % NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 9 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 10 83 83 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 11 % % NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 12 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 13 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 14 people people NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 15 showing show VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 16 up up RP cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 17 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 18 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 19 medical medical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 20 examination examination NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 39 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 1 Cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 2 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 3 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 4 usually usually RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 5 carried carry VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 6 out out RP cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 7 manually manually RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 8 during during IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 9 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 10 physical physical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 11 examination examination NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 12 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 13 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 14 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 15 clinician clinician NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 16 may may MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 17 listen listen VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 18 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 19 several several JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 20 episodes episode NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 21 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 22 voluntary voluntary JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 23 or or CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 24 natural natural JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 25 coughs cough NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 26 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 27 classify classify VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 28 them -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 40 29 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 41 1 This this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 41 2 information information NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 41 3 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 41 4 crucial crucial JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 41 5 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 41 6 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 41 7 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 41 8 treatment treatment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 41 9 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 2 previous previous JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 3 studies study NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 4 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 5 several several JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 6 methods method NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 7 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 8 speech speech NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 9 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 10 have have VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 11 been be VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 12 proposed propose VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 13 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 14 automate automate VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 15 different different JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 16 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 17 types type NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 18 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 42 19 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 2 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 3 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 4 published publish VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 5 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 7 Knocikova Knocikova NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 8 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 9 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 10 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 11 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 12 2008 2008 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 14 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 15 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 16 sound sound NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 17 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 18 voluntary voluntary JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 19 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 20 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 21 patients patient NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 22 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 23 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 24 diseases disease NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 25 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 26 investigated investigate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 43 27 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 1 Later later RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 3 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 4 2015 2015 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 5 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 7 Guclu Guclu NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 8 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 9 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 10 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 11 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 12 2015 2015 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 14 published publish VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 15 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 16 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 17 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 18 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 19 analysis analysis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 20 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 21 asthmatic asthmatic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 22 breathing breathing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 23 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 44 24 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 1 These these DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 2 studies study NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 3 utilized utilize VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 5 wavelet wavelet NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 6 transformation transformation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 8 which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 9 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 10 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 11 type type NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 12 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 13 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 14 processing processing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 15 technique technique NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 16 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 17 generally generally RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 18 used use VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 19 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 20 non non JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 21 - - JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 22 stationary stationary JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 23 signals signal NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 45 24 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 2 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 3 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 4 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 6 Swarnkar Swarnkar NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 7 et et FW cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 8 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 9 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 10 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 11 2012 2012 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 13 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 14 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 15 Logistic Logistic NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 16 Regression Regression NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 17 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 18 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 19 utilized utilize VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 20 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 21 classify classify VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 22 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 23 dry dry JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 24 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 25 wet wet JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 26 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 27 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 28 pediatric pediatric JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 29 patients patient NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 30 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 31 different different JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 32 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 33 illnesses illness NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 46 34 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 1 For for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 2 pertussis pertussis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 3 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 4 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 5 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 6 three three CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 7 separate separate JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 8 classifiers classifier NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 9 ' ' POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 10 performance performance NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 11 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 12 analyzed analyze VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 13 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 15 Parker Parker NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 16 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 17 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 18 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 19 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 20 2013 2013 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 22 research research NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 47 23 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 1 Several several JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 2 AIbased AIbased NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 3 approaches approach NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 4 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 5 motivated motivate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 6 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 7 prior prior JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 8 work work NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 10 have have VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 11 been be VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 12 presented present VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 13 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 14 detect detect VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 15 patients patient NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 16 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 17 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 18 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 19 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 20 sound sound NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 21 analysis analysis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 48 22 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 2 Deshpande Deshpande NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 3 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 4 Schuller Schuller NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 5 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 6 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 8 gives give VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 9 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 10 overview overview NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 11 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 12 Audio Audio NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 13 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 14 Signal Signal NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 15 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 16 Speech Speech NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 17 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 18 NLP NLP NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 19 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 20 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 21 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 23 Orlandic Orlandic NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 24 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 25 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 49 26 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 50 1 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 50 2 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 50 3 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 50 4 Brown Brown NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 50 5 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 50 6 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 50 7 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 1 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 2 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 3 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 4 Sharma Sharma NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 5 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 6 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 7 . . NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 8 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 9 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 11 have have VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 12 collected collect VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 13 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 14 crowdsourced crowdsourced JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 15 dataset dataset NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 16 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 17 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 18 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 19 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 20 shared share VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 21 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 22 findings finding NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 23 over over IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 24 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 25 subset subset NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 26 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 27 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 28 dataset dataset NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 51 29 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 52 1 Imran Imran NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 52 2 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 52 3 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 52 4 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 53 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 53 2 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 53 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 53 4 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 53 5 Furman Furman NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 53 6 et et NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 53 7 al al NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 53 8 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 2 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 4 performed perform VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 5 similar similar JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 6 analyses analysis NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 7 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 8 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 9 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 10 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 11 achieved achieve VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 12 good good JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 13 accuracy accuracy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 54 14 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 1 Most Most JJS cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 2 studies study NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 3 use use VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 4 short short JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 5 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 6 term term NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 7 magnitude magnitude NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 8 spectrograms spectrogram NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 9 transformed transform VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 10 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 11 cough cough JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 12 sound sound JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 13 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 14 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 15 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 16 convolutional convolutional JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 17 neural neural JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 18 network network NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 20 CNN CNN NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 55 22 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 56 1 However however RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 56 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 56 3 these these DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 56 4 methods method NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 56 5 have have VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 56 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 56 7 following following JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 56 8 limitations limitation NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 56 9 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 56 10 • • XX cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 1 Ignoring ignore VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 2 domain domain NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 3 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 4 specific specific JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 5 sound sound JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 6 information information NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 7 Cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 8 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 9 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 10 non non JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 11 - - JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 12 stationary stationary JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 13 acoustic acoustic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 14 event event NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 57 15 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 1 CNN CNN NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 2 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 3 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 4 only only RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 5 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 6 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 7 spectrogram spectrogram NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 8 input input NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 9 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 10 some some DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 11 domain domain NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 12 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 13 specific specific JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 14 important important JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 15 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 17 besides besides IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 18 spectrogram spectrogram NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 20 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 21 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 22 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 23 might may MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 24 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 25 overlooked overlook VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 26 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 27 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 28 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 29 space space NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 58 30 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 59 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 1 Using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 2 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 3 features feature VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 4 only only RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 5 These these DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 6 methods method NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 7 exploit exploit VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 8 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 9 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 10 features feature VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 11 only only RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 12 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 13 ignoring ignore VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 14 patient patient JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 15 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 16 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 17 medical medical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 18 conditions condition NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 19 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 20 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 21 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 22 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 60 23 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 1 Both both DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 2 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 3 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 4 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 5 other other JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 6 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 7 accompanied accompany VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 8 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 9 demographic demographic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 10 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 11 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 12 responsible responsible JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 13 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 14 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 15 infection infection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 61 16 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 1 Wherein wherein WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 2 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 3 prior prior JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 4 carries carry VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 5 vital vital JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 6 information information NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 7 about about IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 8 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 9 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 10 system system NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 11 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 12 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 13 pathologies pathology NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 14 involved involve VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 15 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 16 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 17 latter latter JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 18 encodes encode VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 19 patient patient JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 20 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 21 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 22 signs sign NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 23 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 24 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 25 health health NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 26 conditions condition NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 28 fever fever NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 29 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 30 chest chest NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 31 pain pain NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 32 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 33 dyspnea dyspnea NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 62 35 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 1 However however RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 4 existence existence NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 5 alone alone RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 6 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 7 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 8 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 9 precise precise JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 10 enough enough JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 11 marker marker NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 12 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 13 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 14 disease disease NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 63 15 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 3 determining determine VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 5 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 7 besides besides IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 8 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 10 presented present VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 11 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 12 suspected suspect VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 13 cases case NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 14 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 15 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 16 best good JJS cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 17 predictors predictor NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 18 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 19 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 20 positive positive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 21 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 22 would would MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 23 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 24 useful useful JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 25 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 26 make make VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 27 rapid rapid JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 28 decisions decision NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 29 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 30 treatment treatment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 31 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 32 isolation isolation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 33 needs need NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 64 34 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 65 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 1 Lack lack NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 2 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 3 interpretability interpretability NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 4 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 5 AI AI NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 6 research research NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 8 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 9 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 10 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 11 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 12 limited limit VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 13 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 14 accuracy accuracy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 15 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 16 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 17 reports report NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 18 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 19 instead instead RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 20 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 22 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 23 expected expect VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 24 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 25 describe describe VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 26 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 27 predictions prediction NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 28 ' ' POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 29 underlying underlie VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 30 reasons reason NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 31 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 32 enhance enhance VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 33 medical medical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 34 understanding understanding NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 35 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 36 knowledge knowledge NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 66 37 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 1 Clinical clinical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 2 selection selection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 3 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 4 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 5 algorithm algorithm NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 6 depends depend VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 7 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 8 two two CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 9 main main JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 10 factors factor NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 11 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 12 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 13 clinical clinical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 14 usefulness usefulness NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 15 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 16 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 17 trustworthiness trustworthiness NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 67 18 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 1 When when WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 2 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 3 prediction prediction NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 4 does do VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 5 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 6 directly directly RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 7 explain explain VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 8 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 9 particular particular JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 10 clinical clinical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 11 question question NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 12 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 13 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 14 use use NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 15 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 16 limited limited JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 68 17 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 1 To to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 2 overcome overcome VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 4 limitation limitation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 5 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 7 existing exist VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 8 methods method NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 10 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 11 novel novel NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 12 interpretable interpretable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 13 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 14 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 15 AI AI NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 16 framework framework NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 17 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 18 proposed propose VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 19 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 20 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 21 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 22 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 23 which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 24 uses use VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 25 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 26 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 27 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 28 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 29 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 30 classify classify VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 31 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 32 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 33 cases case NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 34 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 35 non non JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 36 - - JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 37 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 38 cases case NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 39 accurately accurately RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 69 40 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 1 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 2 three three CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 3 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 4 layer layer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 5 Deep Deep NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 6 Neural Neural NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 7 Network Network NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 8 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 9 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 10 used use VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 11 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 12 generate generate VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 13 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 14 embeddings embedding NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 15 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 16 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 17 handcrafted handcraft VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 18 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 19 processing processing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 20 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 21 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 22 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 23 embeddings embedding NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 24 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 25 generated generate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 26 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 27 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 28 transformer transformer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 29 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 30 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 31 self self NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 32 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 33 attention attention NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 34 network network NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 35 called call VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 36 TabNet TabNet NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 70 37 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 71 1 Arik Arik NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 71 2 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 71 3 Pfister Pfister NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 71 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 71 5 2020 2020 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 71 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 1 Finally finally RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 4 prediction prediction NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 5 score score NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 6 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 7 obtained obtain VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 8 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 9 concatenating concatenate VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 10 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 11 Symptoms Symptoms NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 12 Embeddings Embeddings NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 13 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 14 Cough Cough NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 15 Embeddings Embeddings NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 16 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 17 followed follow VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 18 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 19 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 20 Fully fully RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 21 Connected connect VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 22 layer layer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 72 23 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 2 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 3 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 4 discipline discipline NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 5 such such JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 6 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 7 healthcare healthcare NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 8 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 9 where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 10 any any DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 11 decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 12 comes come VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 13 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 14 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 15 extended extended JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 16 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 17 long long JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 18 term term NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 19 responsibility responsibility NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 20 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 21 making make VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 22 wrong wrong JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 23 predictions prediction NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 24 can can MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 25 lead lead VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 26 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 27 critical critical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 28 judgments judgment NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 29 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 30 life life NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 31 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 32 death death NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 33 situations situation NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 73 34 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 2 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 3 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 4 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 6 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 7 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 8 that that IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 9 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 10 framework framework NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 11 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 12 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 13 limited limited JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 14 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 15 accurate accurate JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 16 predictions prediction NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 17 or or CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 18 projections projection NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 74 19 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 1 Instead instead RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 4 explains explain VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 5 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 6 underlying underlie VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 7 reasons reason NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 8 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 9 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 10 same same JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 11 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 12 answers answer VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 13 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 14 question question NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 15 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 16 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 17 why why WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 18 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 19 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 20 predicts predict VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 75 22 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 2 contributions contribution NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 3 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 5 paper paper NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 6 can can MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 7 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 8 summarized summarize VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 9 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 10 follows follow VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 76 11 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 2 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 3 novel novel NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 4 explainable explainable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 5 & & CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 6 interpretable interpretable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 7 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 8 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 9 framework framework NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 10 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 11 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 12 deep deep JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 13 learning learning NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 15 AI AI NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 17 uses use VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 18 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 19 information information NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 20 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 21 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 22 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 23 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 24 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 25 processing processing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 26 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 77 27 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 2 proposed propose VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 3 solution solution NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 4 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 5 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 6 low low JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 7 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 8 cost cost NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 10 rapid rapid JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 11 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 12 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 13 easily easily RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 14 accessible accessible JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 15 testing testing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 16 solution solution NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 17 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 18 increase increase VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 19 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 20 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 21 capability capability NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 22 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 23 devise devise VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 24 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 25 treatment treatment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 26 plan plan NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 27 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 28 areas area NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 29 where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 30 adequate adequate JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 31 supplies supply NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 32 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 33 healthcare healthcare NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 34 facilities facility NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 35 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 36 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 37 medical medical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 38 professionals professional NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 39 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 40 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 41 available available JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 78 42 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 79 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 2 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 3 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 4 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 5 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 6 interpretable interpretable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 7 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 8 solution solution NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 9 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 10 presented present VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 11 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 12 capable capable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 13 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 14 explaining explain VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 15 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 16 establishing establish VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 17 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 18 dialogue dialogue NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 19 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 21 endusers enduser NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 22 about about IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 23 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 24 underlying underlying JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 25 process process NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 80 26 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 81 1 Hence hence RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 81 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 81 3 resulting result VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 81 4 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 81 5 transparent transparent JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 81 6 human human JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 81 7 interpretable interpretable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 81 8 outputs output NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 81 9 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 82 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 1 Three three CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 2 binary binary JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 3 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 4 one one CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 5 multi multi JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 6 - - JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 7 class class JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 8 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 9 tasks task NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 10 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 11 developed develop VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 12 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 13 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 14 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 15 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 16 Task task NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 17 1 1 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 18 uses use VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 19 only only RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 20 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 21 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 22 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 23 classify classify VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 24 between between IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 25 COVID-19 covid-19 DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 26 positive positive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 27 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 28 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 29 negative negative NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 83 30 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 2 Task Task NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 3 2 2 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 4 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 5 only only RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 6 demographic demographic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 7 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 8 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 9 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 10 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 11 used use VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 12 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 13 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 14 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 15 Task Task NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 16 3 3 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 17 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 18 both both DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 19 types type NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 20 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 21 information information NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 22 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 23 used use VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 24 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 25 which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 26 helps help VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 27 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 28 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 29 learn learn VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 30 deeper deep JJR cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 31 relationships relationship NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 32 between between IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 33 temporal temporal JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 34 acoustic acoustic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 35 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 36 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 84 37 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 85 1 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 85 2 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 85 3 Symptoms Symptoms NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 85 4 ' ' POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 85 5 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 85 6 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 85 7 hence hence RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 85 8 perform perform VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 85 9 better well RBR cord-229612-7xnredj7 85 10 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 2 Task Task NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 3 4 4 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 4 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 5 multiclass multiclass VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 6 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 7 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 8 performed perform VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 9 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 10 explain explain VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 11 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 12 proposed propose VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 13 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 14 's 's POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 15 effectiveness effectiveness NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 16 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 17 classifying classify VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 18 between between IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 19 four four CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 20 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 21 types type NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 22 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 23 including include VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 24 Bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 25 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 26 Asthma Asthma NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 27 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 28 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 29 Positive Positive NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 30 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 31 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 32 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 33 Negative negative JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 86 34 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 87 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 1 An an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 2 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 3 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 4 depth depth NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 5 analysis analysis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 6 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 7 performed perform VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 8 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 9 different different JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 10 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 11 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 88 12 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 2 observations observation NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 3 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 4 findings finding NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 5 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 6 presented present VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 8 distinguishing distinguish VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 9 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 10 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 11 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 12 other other JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 13 types type NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 14 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 15 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 89 16 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 90 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 1 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 2 python python NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 3 module module NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 4 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 5 developed develop VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 6 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 7 extract extract VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 8 better well JJR cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 9 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 10 re re NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 11 - - JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 12 boost boost JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 13 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 14 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 15 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 16 raw raw JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 17 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 18 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 91 19 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 1 This this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 2 module module NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 3 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 4 opensourced opensource VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 5 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 6 help help VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 7 users user NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 8 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 9 developers developer NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 10 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 11 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 12 researchers researcher NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 92 13 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 1 Those those DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 2 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 3 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 4 necessarily necessarily RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 5 experts expert NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 6 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 7 domain domain NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 8 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 9 specific specific JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 10 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 11 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 12 extraction extraction NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 13 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 14 contributing contribute VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 15 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 16 real real JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 17 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 18 time time NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 19 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 20 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 21 research research NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 22 application application NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 23 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 24 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 25 provide provide VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 26 better well JJR cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 27 mobile mobile JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 28 health health NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 29 solutions solution NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 93 30 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 94 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 95 1 This this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 95 2 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 95 3 hence hence RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 95 4 provides provide VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 95 5 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 95 6 medicallyvetted medicallyvette VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 95 7 approach approach NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 95 8 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 2 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 3 architecture architecture NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 4 consists consist VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 5 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 6 two two CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 7 subnetworks subnetwork NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 8 components component NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 10 including include VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 11 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 12 Symptoms Symptoms NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 13 Embedddings Embedddings NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 14 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 15 Cough Cough NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 16 Embeddings Embeddings NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 17 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 18 that that DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 19 process process NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 20 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 21 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 22 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 23 different different JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 24 modalities modality NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 96 25 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 1 Symptoms Symptoms NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 2 Embeddings Embeddings NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 3 capture capture VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 5 hidden hide VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 6 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 7 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 8 patient patient NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 9 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 10 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 11 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 12 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 13 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 97 14 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 1 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 2 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 3 that that WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 4 has have VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 5 been be VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 6 masked mask VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 7 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 8 lot lot NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 9 has have VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 10 low low JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 11 importance importance NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 12 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 13 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 14 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 15 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 16 vice vice NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 17 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 18 versa versa RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 98 19 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 1 Averaged average VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 2 Attention attention NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 3 masks mask NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 4 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 5 used use VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 6 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 7 explain explain VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 8 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 9 overall overall JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 10 importance importance NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 11 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 12 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 13 features feature VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 99 14 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 100 1 TabNet tabnet NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 100 2 stacks stack VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 100 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 100 4 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 100 5 DS DS NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 100 6 one one NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 100 7 after after IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 100 8 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 100 9 other other JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 100 10 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 101 1 Decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 101 2 steps step NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 101 3 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 101 4 composed compose VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 101 5 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 101 6 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 101 7 Feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 101 8 Transformer(FT transformer(ft NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 101 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 1 Appendix Appendix NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 2 B.0.2 B.0.2 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 3 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 4 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 5 Attentive attentive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 6 Transformer(AT)Appendix Transformer(AT)Appendix NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 7 B.0.3 B.0.3 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 8 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 9 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 10 masking masking NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 102 11 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 1 Symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 2 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 3 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 4 mapped map VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 5 into into IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 6 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 7 D d JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 8 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 9 dimensional dimensional JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 10 trainable trainable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 11 embeddings embedding NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 12 q q NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 13 ∈ ∈ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 14 R r NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 15 B×D b×d NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 16 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 17 where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 18 B b NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 19 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 20 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 21 batch batch NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 22 size size NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 23 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 24 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 25 D d NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 26 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 27 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 28 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 29 dimension dimension NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 103 30 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 1 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 2 batch batch NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 3 normalization normalization NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 5 BN BN NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 7 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 8 performed perform VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 9 across across IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 10 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 11 whole whole JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 12 batch batch NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 104 13 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 1 For for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 2 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 3 selection selection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 4 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 5 specific specific JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 6 soft soft JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 7 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 8 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 9 explain explain VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 10 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 11 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 105 12 importance importance NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 106 1 TabNet TabNet NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 106 2 uses use VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 106 3 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 106 4 learnable learnable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 106 5 mask mask NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 107 1 M[i m[i NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 108 1 ] ] -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 108 2 ∈ ∈ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 108 3 R r NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 108 4 B×D b×d NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 108 5 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 1 Each each DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 2 decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 3 step step NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 4 has have VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 5 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 6 specific specific JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 7 mask mask NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 8 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 9 selects select VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 11 own own JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 12 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 13 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 14 steps step NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 15 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 16 sequential sequential JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 17 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 18 so so RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 19 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 20 second second JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 21 step step NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 22 needs need VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 23 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 24 first first JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 25 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 26 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 27 finished finish VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 109 28 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 2 obtain obtain VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 4 mask(M mask(m CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 6 output output NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 7 at at IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 8 each each DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 9 decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 10 step step NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 11 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 12 multiplying multiply VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 13 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 14 mask mask NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 15 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 16 Normalised Normalised NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 110 17 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 1 features features NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 2 q q NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 3 i i PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 4 M[i M[i NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 6 · · NFP cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 7 q q NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 8 Normalized normalized JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 9 domain domain NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 10 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 11 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 12 passed pass VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 13 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 14 FT FT NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 15 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 16 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 17 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 18 split split NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 19 block block NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 20 divides divide VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 21 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 22 processed process VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 23 representation representation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 24 into into IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 25 two two CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 26 chunks chunk NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 27 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 28 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 29 next next JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 30 decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 31 step step NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 111 32 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 1 where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 2 d[i d[i NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 4 ∈ ∈ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 5 R r NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 6 B×n b×n NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 7 d d NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 8 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 9 a[i a[i NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 11 ∈ ∈ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 12 R r NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 112 13 B×n b×n NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 113 1 a a LS cord-229612-7xnredj7 113 2 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 113 3 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 113 4 n n NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 113 5 d d XX cord-229612-7xnredj7 113 6 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 1 n n LS cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 2 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 3 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 4 size size NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 5 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 7 decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 8 layer layer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 9 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 10 size size NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 11 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 12 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 13 attention attention NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 14 bottleneck bottleneck NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 15 respectively respectively RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 114 16 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 115 1 After after IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 115 2 n n XX cord-229612-7xnredj7 115 3 th th XX cord-229612-7xnredj7 115 4 step step NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 115 5 two two CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 115 6 outputs output NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 115 7 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 115 8 produced produce VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 115 9 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 116 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 1 Mask mask NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 2 outputs output NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 3 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 4 aggregated aggregate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 5 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 6 all all PDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 7 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 8 decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 9 steps step VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 10 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 11 provide provide VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 12 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 13 interpretability interpretability NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 14 result result NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 117 15 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 118 1 Figure figure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 118 2 7 7 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 118 3 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 118 4 Figure Figure NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 118 5 8 8 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 118 6 shows show VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 118 7 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 118 8 interpretability interpretability NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 118 9 result result NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 118 10 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 2 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 3 final final JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 4 output output NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 5 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 6 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 7 linear linear JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 8 combination combination NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 9 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 10 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 11 all all PDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 12 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 13 summed sum VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 14 decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 15 steps step NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 16 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 17 similar similar JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 18 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 19 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 20 decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 21 tree tree NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 22 result result NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 119 23 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 1 Pairwise pairwise JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 2 dot dot NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 3 product product NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 4 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 5 computed compute VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 6 between between IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 7 output output NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 8 d d NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 9 out out NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 10 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 11 FC FC NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 12 layer layer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 13 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 14 obtain obtain VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 15 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 16 Symptoms Symptoms NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 17 Embeddings Embeddings NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 18 S S NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 19 e e NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 20 ∈ ∈ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 21 R r NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 22 B×F b×f NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 23 where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 24 B b NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 25 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 26 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 27 batch batch NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 28 size size NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 29 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 30 F f NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 31 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 32 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 33 output output NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 34 dimension dimension NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 120 35 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 1 TabNet TabNet NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 2 uses use VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 3 regularized regularize VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 4 sparse sparse JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 5 entropy entropy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 6 loss loss NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 7 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 8 control control VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 9 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 10 sparsity sparsity NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 11 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 12 attentive attentive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 13 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 121 14 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 2 regularization regularization NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 3 factor factor NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 4 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 5 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 6 mathematical mathematical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 7 aggregation aggregation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 8 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 9 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 10 attention attention NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 11 mask mask NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 122 12 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 2 3 3 LS cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 4 Where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 5 ε ε NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 6 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 7 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 8 small small JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 9 positive positive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 10 value value NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 123 11 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 1 Cough Cough NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 2 Embeddigs Embeddigs NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 3 learn learn VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 4 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 5 capture capture VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 6 deeper deep JJR cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 7 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 8 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 9 temporal temporal JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 10 acoustic acoustic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 11 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 12 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 13 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 14 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 124 15 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 1 Before before IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 2 extracting extract VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 3 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 4 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 5 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 6 feeding feed VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 8 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 9 Deep deep JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 10 Neural Neural NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 11 Networks(DNN Networks(DNN NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 13 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 14 some some DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 15 preprocessing preprocessing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 16 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 17 raw raw JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 18 audio audio JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 19 data data NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 20 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 21 needed need VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 125 22 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 1 Each each DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 2 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 3 recording recording NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 4 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 5 downsampled downsample VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 6 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 7 16 16 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 8 kHz kHz NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 9 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 10 normalization normalization NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 11 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 12 applied apply VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 13 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 14 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 15 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 16 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 17 level level NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 18 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 19 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 20 target target NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 21 amplitude amplitude NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 22 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 23 -28.0 -28.0 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 24 dBFS dbfs FW cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 25 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 26 Normalized normalized JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 27 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 28 were be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 29 split split VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 30 into into IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 31 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 32 segments segment NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 33 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 34 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 35 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 36 silence silence NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 37 threshold threshold NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 126 38 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 1 Let let VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 2 s[t s[t NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 4 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 5 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 6 discrete discrete JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 7 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 8 time time NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 9 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 10 sound sound NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 11 recording recording NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 127 12 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 2 expression expression NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 3 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 4 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 5 s[t s[t NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 7 can can MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 8 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 9 written write VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 10 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 11 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 12 see see VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 13 Appendix Appendix NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 14 C C NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 15 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 16 detailed detailed JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 17 information information NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 18 about about IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 19 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 20 data data NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 21 collection collection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 22 process process NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 128 23 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 2 final final JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 3 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 4 matrix matrix NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 5 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 6 grouped group VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 7 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 8 chunks chunk NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 9 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 10 n n NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 11 Consecutive Consecutive NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 12 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 13 matrix matrix NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 14 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 15 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 16 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 17 total total NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 18 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 19 44 44 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 20 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 21 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 22 were be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 23 extracted extract VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 24 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 25 taking take VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 26 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 27 mean mean JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 28 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 29 standard standard JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 30 deviation deviation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 31 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 32 all all PDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 33 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 34 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 35 features feature VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 36 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 37 each each DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 38 chunked chunk VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 39 matrix matrix NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 129 40 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 1 Later later RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 3 feed feed VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 5 final final JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 6 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 7 matrix matrix NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 8 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 9 3 3 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 10 layers layer NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 11 Deep deep JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 12 Neural Neural NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 13 Network(DNN Network(DNN NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 15 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 16 ReLu ReLu NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 17 activation activation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 18 function function NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 19 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 20 get get VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 21 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 22 final final JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 23 Cough Cough NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 24 Embeddings embeddings NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 25 C c NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 26 e e NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 27 ∈ ∈ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 28 R r NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 130 29 B×F b×f XX cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 1 where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 2 B B NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 3 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 5 batch batch NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 6 size size NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 7 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 8 F f NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 9 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 10 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 11 output output NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 12 dimension dimension NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 131 13 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 2 Multi multi JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 3 - - JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 4 class class JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 5 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 6 setting setting NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 9 use use VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 10 Categorical Categorical NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 11 Crossentropy Crossentropy NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 12 loss loss NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 13 function function NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 14 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 15 calculate calculate VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 16 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 17 loss loss NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 18 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 19 Cough Cough NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 20 Embeddings Embeddings NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 21 where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 22 N N NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 23 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 24 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 25 number number NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 26 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 27 classes class NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 28 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 29 dataset dataset NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 30 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 31 ŷ ŷ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 32 i i PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 33 denotes denote VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 34 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 35 i i NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 36 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 37 th th NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 38 predicted predict VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 39 class class NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 40 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 41 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 42 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 43 out- out- VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 132 44 _SP cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 2 get get VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 4 prediction prediction NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 5 score score NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 6 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 7 concatenating concatenate VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 8 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 9 Symptoms Symptoms NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 10 Embeddings Embeddings NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 11 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 12 Cough Cough NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 133 13 Embeddings Embeddings NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 134 1 followed follow VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 134 2 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 134 3 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 134 4 FC FC NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 134 5 layer layer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 134 6 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 2 7 7 LS cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 4 Figure figure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 5 1 1 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 6 shows show VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 7 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 8 overall overall JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 9 structure structure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 10 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 11 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 12 proposed propose VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 13 architecture architecture NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 135 14 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 1 After after IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 2 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 3 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 4 Total total JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 5 loss loss NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 6 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 7 calculated calculate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 8 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 9 follows follow VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 11 8) 8) LS cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 12 Where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 13 α α NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 14 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 15 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 16 small small JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 17 constant constant JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 18 value value NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 19 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 20 balance balance VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 21 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 22 contribution contribution NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 23 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 24 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 25 different different JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 26 losses loss NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 136 27 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 2 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 3 section section NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 4 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 5 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 6 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 7 evaluation evaluation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 8 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 9 carried carry VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 10 out out RP cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 11 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 12 investigate investigate VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 13 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 14 results result NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 15 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 16 four four CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 17 clinical clinical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 18 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 19 tasks task NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 137 20 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 1 Based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 2 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 4 dataset dataset NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 5 collected collect VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 6 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 7 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 8 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 9 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 10 trained train VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 11 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 12 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 13 following follow VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 14 combination combination NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 15 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 16 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 138 17 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 139 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 1 Task task NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 2 1 1 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 3 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 4 Using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 5 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 6 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 7 only only RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 8 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 9 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 10 experiment experiment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 11 setup setup NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 12 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 13 only only RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 14 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 15 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 16 were be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 17 utilized utilize VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 18 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 19 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 20 collected collect VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 21 dataset dataset NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 22 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 23 train train VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 24 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 25 Model Model NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 26 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 27 distinguish distinguish VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 28 between between IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 29 COVID-19 covid-19 DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 30 positive positive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 31 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 32 negative negative JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 33 cases case NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 140 34 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 1 Cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 2 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 3 were be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 4 extracted extract VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 5 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 7 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 8 processing processing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 9 pipeline pipeline NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 10 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 11 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 12 described describe VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 13 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 14 section section NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 15 1 1 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 141 16 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 142 1 • • NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 142 2 _SP cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 2 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 3 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 4 that that IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 5 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 6 proposed propose VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 7 framework framework NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 8 benefits benefit NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 9 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 10 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 11 high high JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 12 accuracy accuracy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 13 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 14 generality generality NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 15 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 16 deep deep JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 17 neural neural JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 18 networks network NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 19 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 20 TabNet TabNet NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 21 's 's POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 22 interpretability interpretability NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 23 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 24 which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 25 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 26 crucial crucial JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 27 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 28 AI ai NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 29 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 30 empowered empower VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 31 healthcare healthcare NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 143 32 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 1 Figure figure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 2 7 7 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 3 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 4 Figure Figure NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 5 8 8 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 6 visualizes visualize VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 7 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 8 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 9 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 10 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 11 healthy healthy JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 12 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 13 COVID-19 covid-19 VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 14 infected infected JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 15 individual individual NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 144 16 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 2 shows show VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 3 that that IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 5 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 6 comprehends comprehend VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 7 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 8 hidden hidden JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 9 pattern pattern NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 10 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 11 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 12 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 13 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 14 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 15 relationship relationship NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 16 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 17 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 18 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 145 19 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 1 To to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 2 intuitively intuitively RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 3 show show VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 5 representation representation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 6 's 's POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 7 quality quality NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 8 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 9 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 10 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 11 features feature VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 12 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 13 t t NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 14 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 15 sne sne NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 16 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 17 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 18 correlation correlation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 19 matrix matrix NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 20 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 21 visualized visualize VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 22 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 23 Figure Figure NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 24 9 9 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 25 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 26 Figure figure VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 27 10 10 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 146 28 _SP cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 1 An an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 2 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 3 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 4 depth depth NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 5 analysis analysis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 6 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 7 conducted conduct VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 8 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 9 different different JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 10 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 11 sounds sound VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 12 diagnosed diagnose VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 13 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 14 different different JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 15 diseases disease NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 16 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 17 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 18 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 19 collected collect VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 20 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 147 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 1 Different different JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 2 types type NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 3 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 4 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 5 samples sample NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 6 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 7 visualized visualize VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 8 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 9 Figure Figure NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 10 6 6 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 148 11 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 1 Based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 2 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 4 analyzed analyze VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 5 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 6 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 7 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 8 findings finding NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 9 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 10 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 11 follows follow VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 149 12 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 2 coughing cough VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 3 sound sound NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 4 consists consist VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 5 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 6 three three CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 7 phases phase NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 8 - - : cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 9 Phase phase NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 10 1-Initial 1-initial JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 11 burst burst NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 12 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 13 Phase phase NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 14 2-Noisy 2-noisy CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 15 airflow airflow NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 16 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 17 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 18 Phase Phase NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 19 3-Glottal 3-glottal CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 20 closure closure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 150 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 2 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 3 observed observe VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 4 that that IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 5 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 7 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 8 sample sample NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 9 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 10 healthy healthy JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 11 individuals individual NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 12 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 13 phase phase NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 14 3 3 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 15 finished finish VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 16 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 17 vocal vocal JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 18 folds fold NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 19 activity activity NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 151 20 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 1 Figure figure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 2 2 2 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 3 shows show VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 4 that that IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 5 after after IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 6 Phase phase NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 7 1 1 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 8 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 9 i.e. i.e. FW cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 10 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 11 initial initial JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 12 burst burst NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 13 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 14 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 15 energy energy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 16 levels level NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 17 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 18 high high JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 19 at at IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 20 higher high JJR cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 21 frequencies frequency NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 152 22 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 2 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 3 observed observe VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 4 that that IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 5 COVID-19 covid-19 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 6 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 7 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 8 continuous continuous JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 9 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 10 energy energy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 11 distribution distribution NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 12 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 13 spread spread VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 14 across across IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 15 frequencies frequency NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 16 preceded precede VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 17 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 18 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 19 short short JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 20 catch catch NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 153 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 1 By by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 2 analyzing analyze VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 4 mean mean JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 5 energy energy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 6 distribution distribution NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 7 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 8 many many JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 9 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 10 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 11 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 12 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 13 Energy energy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 14 distribution distribution NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 15 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 16 high high JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 17 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 18 Phase phase NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 19 2 2 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 20 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 21 Phase phase NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 22 3 3 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 154 23 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 2 abnormal abnormal JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 3 oscillatory oscillatory JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 4 motion motion NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 5 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 7 vocal vocal JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 8 folds fold NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 9 may may MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 10 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 11 produced produce VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 12 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 13 altered altered JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 14 aerodynamics aerodynamic NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 15 over over IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 16 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 17 glottis glottis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 18 due due IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 19 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 20 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 21 irritation irritation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 155 22 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 1 Figure figure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 2 5 5 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 3 shows show VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 5 result result NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 6 Mass Mass NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 7 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 8 monitoring monitoring NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 9 has have VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 10 proved prove VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 11 essential essential JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 12 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 13 governments government NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 14 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 15 successfully successfully RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 16 track track VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 17 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 18 disease disease NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 19 's 's POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 20 spread spread NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 21 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 22 isolate isolate VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 23 infected infect VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 24 individuals individual NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 25 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 26 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 27 effectively effectively RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 28 " " `` cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 29 flatten flatten VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 30 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 31 curve curve NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 32 " " '' cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 33 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 34 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 35 infection infection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 36 over over IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 37 time time NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 156 38 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 2 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 3 wake wake NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 4 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 5 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 6 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 7 pandemic pandemic NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 8 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 9 many many JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 10 countries country NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 11 can can MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 12 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 13 conduct conduct VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 14 rapid rapid JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 15 enough enough JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 16 tests test NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 17 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 18 hence hence RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 19 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 20 alternative alternative NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 21 could could MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 22 prove prove VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 23 very very RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 24 useful useful JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 157 25 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 1 This this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 2 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 3 brings bring VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 4 forth forth RP cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 5 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 6 Low low JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 7 cost cost NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 8 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 9 accurate accurate JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 10 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 11 interpretable interpretable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 12 AI ai NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 13 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 14 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 15 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 16 tool tool NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 17 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 18 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 19 screening screening NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 20 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 21 incorporating incorporate VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 22 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 23 demographic demographic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 24 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 25 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 26 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 27 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 28 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 29 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 30 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 31 achieving achieve VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 32 mean mean JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 33 accuracy accuracy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 34 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 35 precision precision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 36 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 37 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 38 precision precision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 39 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 40 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 41 mentioned mention VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 42 tasks task NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 158 43 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 1 This this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 2 significant significant JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 3 achievement achievement NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 4 supports support VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 5 large large JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 6 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 7 scale scale NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 8 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 9 disease disease NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 10 screening screening NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 11 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 12 areas area NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 13 where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 14 healthcare healthcare NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 15 facilities facility NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 16 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 17 not not RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 18 easily easily RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 19 accessible accessible JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 159 20 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 160 1 Data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 160 2 collection collection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 160 3 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 160 4 being be VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 160 5 performed perform VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 160 6 daily daily RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 160 7 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 1 Experiments experiment NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 2 will will MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 3 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 4 carried carry VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 5 out out RP cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 6 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 7 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 8 future future NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 9 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 10 incorporating incorporate VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 11 different different JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 12 voice voice NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 13 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 14 features feature VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 15 such such JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 16 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 17 breathing breathe VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 18 sound sound NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 19 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 20 counting count VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 21 sound sound NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 23 natural natural JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 24 voice voice NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 25 samples sample NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 27 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 28 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 29 sustained sustained JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 30 vowel vowel NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 31 phonation phonation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 161 32 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 2 results result NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 3 prove prove VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 4 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 5 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 6 transparent transparent JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 8 interpretable interpretable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 10 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 11 multi multi JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 12 - - JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 13 model model JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 14 learning learning NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 15 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 16 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 17 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 18 research research NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 19 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 162 20 _SP cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 2 10 10 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 4 where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 5 i i PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 6 = = SYM cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 7 1 1 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 8 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 9 2 2 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 10 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 11 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 12 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 163 13 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 1 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 2 l l NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 3 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 4 l l NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 5 denotes denote VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 7 cepstrum cepstrum NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 8 order order NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 10 E(m E(m NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 164 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 1 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 2 M M NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 3 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 5 filter filter NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 6 bank bank NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 7 energies energy NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 8 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 9 total total JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 10 number number NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 11 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 12 mel mel NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 13 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 14 filters filters NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 15 respectively respectively RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 165 16 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 1 To to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 2 calculate calculate VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 4 log log NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 5 energy energy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 6 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 7 each each DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 8 sub sub NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 9 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 10 segment segment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 11 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 12 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 13 following following JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 14 formula formula NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 15 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 16 used use VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 17 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 18 where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 19 ε ε NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 20 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 21 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 22 minimal minimal JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 23 positive positive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 24 value value NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 166 25 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 1 ZCR ZCR NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 2 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 3 used use VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 4 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 5 calculate calculate VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 7 number number NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 8 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 9 times time NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 10 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 11 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 12 crosses cross VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 13 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 14 zero zero CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 15 axis axis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 167 16 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 1 To to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 2 detect detect VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 4 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 5 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 6 's 's POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 7 periodic periodic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 8 nature nature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 11 compute compute VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 12 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 13 number number NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 14 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 15 zero zero CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 16 crossings crossing NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 17 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 18 each each DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 19 sub sub NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 20 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 21 segment segment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 168 22 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 1 Where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 2 Π[A Π[A NFP cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 4 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 5 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 6 indicator indicator NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 7 function function NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 8 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 9 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 10 defined define VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 11 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 12 Skewness Skewness NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 13 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 14 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 15 third third JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 16 order order NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 17 moment moment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 18 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 19 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 20 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 21 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 22 Which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 23 measures measure VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 24 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 25 symmetry symmetry NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 26 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 27 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 28 probability probability NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 29 distribution distribution NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 169 30 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 1 Where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 2 µ µ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 3 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 4 σ σ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 5 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 6 mean mean JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 7 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 8 stand stand VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 9 deviation deviation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 10 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 11 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 12 sub sub NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 13 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 14 segment segment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 15 y y NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 16 i i CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 18 t t NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 20 respectively respectively RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 170 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 2 compute compute VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 4 Entropy Entropy NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 5 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 6 each each DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 7 sub sub NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 8 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 9 segment segment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 10 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 11 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 12 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 13 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 14 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 15 capture capture VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 16 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 17 difference difference NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 18 between between IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 19 signal signal JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 20 energy energy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 21 distributions distribution NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 171 22 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 172 1 A.6 A.6 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 172 2 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 173 1 Formant Formant NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 173 2 frequencies frequency NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 1 In in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 2 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 3 analysis analysis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 4 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 5 speech speech NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 6 signals signal NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 8 Formant Formant NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 9 frequencies frequency NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 10 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 11 used use VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 12 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 13 capture capture VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 14 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 15 human human JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 16 vocal vocal JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 17 tract tract NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 18 resonance resonance NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 19 's 's POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 20 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 174 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 2 compute compute VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 4 Formant Formant NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 5 frequencies frequency NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 6 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 7 peak peak NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 8 picking pick VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 9 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 10 Linear Linear NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 11 Predictive Predictive NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 12 Coding(LPC Coding(LPC NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 14 spectrum spectrum NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 175 15 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 2 used use VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 4 Levinson Levinson NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 5 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 6 Durbin Durbin NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 7 recursive recursive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 8 procedure procedure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 9 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 10 select select VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 11 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 12 parameters parameter NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 13 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 14 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 15 14th 14th JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 16 order order NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 17 LPC LPC NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 18 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 176 19 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 2 first first JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 3 four four CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 4 Formant Formant NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 5 frequencies(F1-F4 frequencies(F1-F4 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 7 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 8 enough enough JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 9 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 10 discriminate discriminate VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 11 various various JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 12 acoustic acoustic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 13 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 14 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 15 airways airway NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 177 16 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 1 Kurtosis kurtosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 2 can can MD cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 3 be be VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 4 defined define VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 5 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 7 fourth fourth JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 8 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 9 order order NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 10 moment moment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 11 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 12 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 13 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 14 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 15 which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 16 measures measure VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 17 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 18 peakiness peakiness NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 19 or or CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 20 heaviness heaviness NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 21 associated associate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 22 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 23 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 24 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 25 subsegment subsegment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 26 probability probability NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 27 distribution distribution NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 178 28 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 1 Where where WRB cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 2 µ µ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 3 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 4 σ σ NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 5 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 6 mean mean JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 7 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 8 stand stand VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 9 deviation deviation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 10 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 11 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 12 sub sub NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 13 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 14 segment segment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 15 y y NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 16 i i CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 18 t t NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 20 respectively respectively RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 179 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 1 To to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 2 estimate estimate VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 4 fundamental fundamental JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 5 frequency frequency NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 7 F0 F0 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 9 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 10 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 11 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 12 sub sub NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 13 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 14 segment segment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 15 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 16 we -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 17 used use VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 18 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 19 centerclipped centerclipped NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 20 auto auto NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 21 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 22 correlation correlation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 23 method method NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 24 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 25 removing remove VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 26 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 27 formant formant JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 28 structure structure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 29 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 30 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 31 auto auto NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 32 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 33 correlation correlation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 34 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 35 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 36 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 37 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 180 38 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 2 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 3 transformer transformer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 4 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 5 one one CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 6 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 7 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 8 main main JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 9 components component NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 10 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 11 TabNet TabNet NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 12 ; ; : cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 14 consists consist VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 15 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 16 4 4 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 17 GLU GLU NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 18 layers layer NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 19 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 20 two two CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 21 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 22 shared share VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 23 across across IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 24 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 25 entire entire JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 26 network network NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 27 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 28 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 29 two two CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 30 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 31 step step NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 32 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 33 dependent dependent JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 34 across across IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 35 each each DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 36 decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 37 step step NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 38 allowing allow VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 39 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 40 more more JJR cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 41 modeling modeling NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 42 flexibility flexibility NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 181 43 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 1 GLU GLU NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 2 layers layer NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 3 are be VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 4 concatenated concatenate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 5 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 6 each each DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 7 other other JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 8 after after IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 9 being be VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 10 multiplied multiply VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 11 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 12 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 13 constant constant JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 14 scaling scaling NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 15 factor factor NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 17 √ √ NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 18 0.5 0.5 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 182 20 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 183 1 Feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 183 2 Transformer transformer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 183 3 process process NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 183 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 183 5 filtered filter VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 183 6 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 183 7 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 183 8 looking look VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 183 9 at at IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 1 all all PDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 2 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 3 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 4 features feature VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 5 assessed assess VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 6 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 7 deciding decide VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 8 which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 9 ones one NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 10 indicate indicate VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 11 which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 12 class class NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 184 13 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 185 1 Attention attention NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 185 2 Transformer Transformer NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 185 3 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 185 4 another another DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 185 5 main main JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 185 6 component component NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 185 7 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 185 8 TabNet TabNet NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 185 9 architecture architecture NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 185 10 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 2 utilizes utilize VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 3 sparse sparse JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 4 intense intense JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 5 wise wise JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 6 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 7 selection selection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 8 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 9 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 10 learned learn VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 11 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 12 dataset dataset NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 13 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 14 directs direct VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 15 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 16 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 17 's 's POS cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 18 attention attention NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 19 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 20 forcing force VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 21 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 22 sparsity sparsity NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 23 into into IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 24 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 25 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 26 set set VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 27 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 28 focusing focus VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 29 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 30 specific specific JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 31 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 32 features feature VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 33 only only RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 186 34 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 2 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 3 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 4 powerful powerful JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 5 way way NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 6 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 7 prioritizing prioritizing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 8 which which WDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 9 features feature VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 10 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 11 look look VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 12 at at IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 13 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 14 each each DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 15 decision decision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 16 step step NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 187 17 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 188 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 188 2 FC FC NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 188 3 handles handle VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 188 4 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 188 5 learning learn VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 188 6 part part NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 188 7 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 188 8 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 188 9 block block NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 188 10 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 1 TabNet TabNet NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 2 uses use VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 3 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 4 Sparsemax Sparsemax NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 5 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 6 Martins Martins NNPS cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 7 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 8 Astudillo Astudillo NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 10 2016 2016 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 12 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 13 alternative alternative NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 14 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 15 softmax softmax NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 16 function function NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 17 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 18 soft soft JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 19 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 20 selection selection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 189 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 1 Sparsemax Sparsemax NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 2 activation activation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 3 function function NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 4 is be VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 5 differentiable differentiable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 6 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 7 has have VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 8 forward forward RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 9 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 10 backward backward JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 11 propagation propagation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 190 12 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 1 Due due IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 2 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 3 projection projection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 4 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 5 thresholding thresholding NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 6 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 7 sparsemax sparsemax NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 8 process process VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 9 sparse sparse JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 10 probabilities probability NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 11 lead lead VBP cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 12 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 13 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 14 selective selective JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 15 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 16 more more RBR cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 17 compact compact JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 18 attention attention NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 19 focus focus NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 20 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 21 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 22 features feature VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 23 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 191 24 _SP cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 1 All all PDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 2 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 3 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 4 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 5 utilized utilize VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 6 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 7 this this DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 8 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 9 were be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 10 obtained obtain VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 11 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 12 200 200 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 13 subjects subject NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 14 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 15 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 16 Dr. Dr. NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 17 Ram Ram NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 18 Manohar Manohar NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 19 Lohia Lohia NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 20 Hospital Hospital NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 21 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 22 New New NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 23 Delhi Delhi NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 24 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 25 India India NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 192 26 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 1 Out out IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 2 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 3 100 100 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 4 were be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 5 confirmed confirm VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 6 positive positive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 7 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 8 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 9 reverse reverse JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 10 transcription transcription NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 11 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 12 polymerase polymerase NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 13 chain chain NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 14 reaction reaction NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 16 RT RT NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 17 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 18 PCR PCR NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 20 results result NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 193 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 2 Clinical Clinical NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 3 Trials Trials NNPS cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 4 Registry Registry NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 5 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 6 India India NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 8 CTRI CTRI NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 10 had have VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 11 approved approve VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 12 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 13 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 14 protocols protocol NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 15 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 16 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 17 patient patient JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 18 recruitment recruitment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 19 procedure procedure NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 194 20 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 1 After after IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 2 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 3 preprocessing preprocessing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 4 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 5 Out out IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 6 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 7 200 200 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 8 samples sample NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 10 50 50 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 11 samples sample NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 12 were be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 13 discarded discard VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 14 due due IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 15 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 16 low low JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 17 data data NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 18 quality quality NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 195 19 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 1 Aside aside RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 2 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 3 COVID-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 4 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 5 healthy healthy JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 6 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 8 We -PRON- PRP cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 9 also also RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 10 collected collect VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 11 Bronchitis Bronchitis NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 12 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 13 Asthma Asthma NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 14 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 15 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 16 different different JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 17 online online NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 18 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 19 offline offline JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 20 sources source NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 196 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 2 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 3 collection collection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 4 person person NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 5 followed follow VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 6 all all PDT cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 7 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 8 clinical clinical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 9 safety safety NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 10 measures measure NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 11 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 12 inclusion inclusion NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 13 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 14 exclusion exclusion NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 15 criteria criterion NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 16 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 17 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 18 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 19 sounds sound VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 20 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 21 breathing breathing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 22 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 23 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 24 counting count VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 25 1 1 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 26 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 27 10 10 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 29 natural natural JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 30 voice voice NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 31 samples sample NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 33 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 34 sustained sustained JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 35 phonation phonation NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 36 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 37 ' ' '' cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 38 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 39 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 40 ' ' '' cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 41 ' ' '' cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 42 e e NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 43 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 44 ' ' '' cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 45 ' ' `` cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 46 o o NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 47 ' ' '' cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 48 vowel vowel NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 49 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 50 demographic demographic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 51 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 52 symptoms symptom NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 53 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 54 such such JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 55 as as IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 56 fever fever NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 57 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 58 headache headache NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 59 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 60 sore sore JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 61 Thorat Thorat NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 62 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 63 or or CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 64 any any DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 65 other other JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 66 medical medical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 67 conditions condition NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 68 were be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 69 also also RB cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 70 collected collect VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 71 at at IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 72 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 73 same same JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 74 time time NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 197 75 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 2 average average JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 3 interaction interaction NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 4 time time NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 5 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 6 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 7 subject subject NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 8 was be VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 9 10 10 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 10 - - SYM cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 11 12 12 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 12 mins min NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 198 13 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 1 Artificial artificial JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 2 intelligence intelligence NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 3 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 4 multi multi JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 5 - - JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 6 functional functional JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 7 machine machine NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 8 learning learn VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 9 platform platform NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 10 development development NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 11 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 12 better well JJR cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 13 healthcare healthcare NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 14 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 15 precision precision NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 16 medicine medicine NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 17 Covid-19 Covid-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 18 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 19 automatic automatic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 20 detection detection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 21 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 22 x x NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 23 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 24 ray ray NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 25 images image NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 26 utilizing utilize VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 27 transfer transfer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 28 learning learn VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 29 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 30 convolutional convolutional JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 31 neural neural JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 32 networks network NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 33 Tabnet Tabnet NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 199 34 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 1 Attentive attentive JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 2 interpretable interpretable JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 3 tabular tabular JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 4 learning learn VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 5 Exploring explore VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 6 automatic automatic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 7 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 8 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 9 covid-19 covid-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 10 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 11 crowdsourced crowdsourced JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 12 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 13 sound sound NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 14 data datum NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 15 On on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 16 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 17 limits limit NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 18 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 19 cross cross JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 20 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 21 domain domain JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 22 generalization generalization NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 23 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 24 automated automate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 25 x x NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 26 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 27 ray ray JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 28 prediction prediction NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 29 Language language NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 30 modeling model VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 31 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 32 gated gated JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 33 convolutional convolutional NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 200 34 networks network NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 1 An an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 2 overview overview NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 3 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 4 audio audio NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 5 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 6 signal signal NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 8 speech speech NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 9 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 10 & & CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 11 language language NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 12 processing processing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 13 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 14 covid-19 covid-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 15 Bin Bin NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 16 Zheng Zheng NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 17 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 18 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 19 Yuchen Yuchen NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 20 Qiu Qiu NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 201 21 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 1 Classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 2 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 3 tumor tumor NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 4 epithelium epithelium NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 5 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 6 stroma stroma NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 7 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 8 exploiting exploit VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 9 image image NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 10 features feature NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 11 learned learn VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 12 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 13 deep deep JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 14 convolutional convolutional NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 15 neural neural JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 16 networks network NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 17 Real real JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 18 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 19 time time NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 20 reverse reverse NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 21 transcription transcription NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 22 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 23 polymerase polymerase NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 24 chain chain NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 25 reaction reaction NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 26 assay assay NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 27 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 28 sars sars NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 29 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 30 associated associate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 202 31 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 203 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 203 2 remote remote JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 203 3 analysis analysis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 203 4 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 203 5 breath breath NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 203 6 sound sound NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 203 7 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 203 8 covid-19 covid-19 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 203 9 patients patient NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 203 10 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 1 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 2 series series NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 3 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 4 clinical clinical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 5 cases case NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 6 Classification Classification NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 7 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 8 asthmatic asthmatic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 9 breath breath NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 10 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 11 by by IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 12 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 13 wavelet wavelet NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 14 transforms transform NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 15 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 16 neural neural JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 17 networks network NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 18 Prediction Prediction NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 19 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 20 breast breast NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 21 cancer cancer NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 22 risk risk NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 23 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 24 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 25 machine machine NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 26 learning learning NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 27 approach approach NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 28 embedded embed VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 29 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 30 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 31 locality locality NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 32 preserving preserve VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 33 projection projection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 34 algorithm algorithm NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 35 Development development NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 36 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 37 assessment assessment NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 38 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 39 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 40 new new JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 41 global global JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 42 mammographic mammographic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 43 image image NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 44 feature feature NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 45 analysis analysis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 46 scheme scheme NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 47 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 48 predict predict VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 49 likelihood likelihood NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 50 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 51 malignant malignant JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 52 cases case NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 53 Train train VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 54 longer long RBR cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 55 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 56 generalize generalize VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 57 better well RBR cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 58 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 59 closing close VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 60 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 61 generalization generalization NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 62 gap gap NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 63 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 64 large large JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 65 batch batch NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 66 training training NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 67 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 68 neural neural JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 69 networks network NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 70 Ai4covid-19 ai4covid-19 XX cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 71 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 72 Ai Ai NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 73 enabled enable VBD cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 74 preliminary preliminary JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 75 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 76 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 77 covid-19 covid-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 78 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 79 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 80 samples sample NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 81 via via IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 82 an an DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 83 app app JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 84 Wavelet wavelet JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 85 analysis analysis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 86 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 87 voluntary voluntary JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 88 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 89 sound sound NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 90 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 91 patients patient NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 92 with with IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 93 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 94 diseases disease NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 95 Using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 96 artificial artificial JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 97 intelligence intelligence NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 98 to to TO cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 99 detect detect VB cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 100 covid-19 covid-19 CD cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 101 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 102 community community NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 103 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 104 acquired acquire VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 105 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 106 based base VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 107 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 108 pulmonary pulmonary NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 109 ct ct NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 110 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 111 Evaluation Evaluation NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 112 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 113 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 114 diagnostic diagnostic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 115 accuracy accuracy NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 116 Martins Martins NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 117 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 118 Ramón Ramón NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 119 Fernandez Fernandez NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 120 Astudillo Astudillo NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 204 121 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 1 From from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 2 softmax softmax NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 3 to to IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 4 sparsemax sparsemax NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 5 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 6 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 7 sparse sparse JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 8 model model NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 9 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 10 attention attention NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 11 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 12 multi multi JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 13 - - JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 14 label label JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 15 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 16 Automatic automatic JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 17 detection detection NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 18 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 19 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 20 disease disease NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 22 covid-19 covid-19 NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 24 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 25 x x NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 26 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 27 ray ray NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 28 images image NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 29 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 30 deep deep JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 31 convolutional convolutional NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 32 neural neural JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 205 33 networks network NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 1 The the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 2 coughvid coughvid NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 3 crowdsourcing crowdsourcing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 4 dataset dataset NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 5 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 6 A a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 7 corpus corpus NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 8 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 9 the the DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 10 study study NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 11 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 12 large large JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 13 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 14 scale scale NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 15 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 16 analysis analysis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 17 algorithms algorithm NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 206 18 . . . cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 1 ArXiv ArXiv NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 2 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 3 abs abs NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 4 Detecting detect VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 5 paroxysmal paroxysmal JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 6 coughing coughing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 7 from from IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 8 pertussis pertussis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 9 cases case NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 10 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 11 voice voice NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 12 recognition recognition NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 13 technology technology NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 14 Covid-19 covid-19 NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 15 identification identification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 16 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 207 17 chest chest NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 1 x x LS cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 2 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 3 ray ray JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 4 images image NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 5 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 6 flat flat JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 7 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 8 hierarchical hierarchical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 9 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 10 scenarios scenario NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 11 Artificial artificial JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 12 intelligence intelligence NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 13 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 14 machine machine NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 15 learning learn VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 16 in in IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 17 clinical clinical JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 18 development development NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 19 : : : cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 20 a a DT cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 21 translational translational JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 22 perspective perspective NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 208 23 Coswara Coswara NNP cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 1 -a -a : cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 2 database database NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 3 of of IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 4 breathing breathing NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 5 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 6 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 7 , , , cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 8 and and CC cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 9 voice voice NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 10 sounds sound NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 11 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 12 covid-19 covid-19 JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 13 diagnosis diagnosis NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 14 Automated automate VBN cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 15 algorithm algorithm NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 16 for for IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 17 wet wet JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 18 / / SYM cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 19 dry dry JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 209 20 cough cough NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 210 1 sounds sound VBZ cord-229612-7xnredj7 210 2 classification classification NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 210 3 Viral viral JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 210 4 pneumonia pneumonia NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 210 5 screening screen VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 210 6 on on IN cord-229612-7xnredj7 210 7 chest chest NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 211 1 x x LS cord-229612-7xnredj7 211 2 - - NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 211 3 ray ray NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 211 4 images image NNS cord-229612-7xnredj7 211 5 using use VBG cord-229612-7xnredj7 211 6 confidence confidence NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 211 7 - - HYPH cord-229612-7xnredj7 211 8 aware aware JJ cord-229612-7xnredj7 211 9 anomaly anomaly NN cord-229612-7xnredj7 211 10 detection detection NN