id sid tid token lemma pos cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 1 1 key key JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 1 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 2 cord-031106-h1h5q9qo cord-031106-h1h5q9qo NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 3 authors author NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 4 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 5 Schivardi Schivardi NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 7 Fabiano Fabiano NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 8 ; ; : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 9 Sette Sette NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 10 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 11 Enrico Enrico NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 12 ; ; : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 13 Tabellini Tabellini NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 15 Guido Guido NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 16 title title NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 2 17 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 3 1 Identifying identify VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 3 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 3 3 Real real JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 3 4 Effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 3 5 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 3 6 Zombie Zombie NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 3 7 Lending Lending NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 3 8 date date NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 4 1 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 4 2 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 4 3 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 4 4 07 07 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 4 5 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 4 6 07 07 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 4 7 journal journal NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 4 8 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 5 1 nan nan NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 5 2 DOI DOI NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 5 3 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 1 10.1093 10.1093 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 2 / / SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 3 rcfs rcfs NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 4 / / SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 5 cfaa010 cfaa010 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 6 sha sha NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 7 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 8 f97ebfa2795051f824d45afcc9a46bca05ccf712 f97ebfa2795051f824d45afcc9a46bca05ccf712 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 9 doc_id doc_id CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 10 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 11 31106 31106 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 12 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 6 13 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 7 1 h1h5q9qo h1h5q9qo NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 2 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 3 response response NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 4 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 5 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 6 includes include VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 8 provision provision NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 9 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 10 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 11 guarantees guarantee NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 12 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 13 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 15 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 16 provision provision NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 17 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 18 may may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 19 generate generate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 20 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 21 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 8 22 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 1 According accord VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 2 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 4 recent recent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 5 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 8 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 9 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 11 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 12 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 13 deteriorates deteriorate VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 14 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 16 fraction fraction NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 18 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 19 increases increase VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 9 20 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 2 argue argue VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 3 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 4 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 5 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 6 faces face VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 7 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 8 serious serious JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 9 identification identification NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 10 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 12 because because IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 13 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 14 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 15 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 16 often often RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 17 used use VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 18 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 19 define define VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 20 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 22 sometimes sometimes RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 23 implicitly implicitly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 10 25 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 2 show show VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 3 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 5 under under IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 6 general general JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 7 conditions condition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 8 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 10 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 12 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 13 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 16 correlation correlation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 17 between between IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 18 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 19 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 20 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 21 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 22 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 23 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 24 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 25 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 26 consequence consequence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 27 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 28 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 29 increase increase NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 30 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 31 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 32 fraction fraction NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 33 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 34 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 35 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 36 no no DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 37 causal causal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 38 meaning meaning NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 11 39 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 1 Many many JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 2 countries country NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 3 adopted adopt VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 4 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 5 strict strict JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 6 lockdown lockdown NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 7 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 8 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 9 tackle tackle VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 11 diffusion diffusion NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 14 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 15 pandemic pandemic NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 17 forcing force VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 18 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 19 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 20 nonessential nonessential JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 21 sectors sector NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 22 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 23 completely completely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 24 shut shut VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 25 down down RP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 26 operations operation NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 12 27 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 1 Even even RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 2 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 3 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 4 restrictions restriction NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 5 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 6 lifted lift VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 7 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 8 economic economic JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 9 activity activity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 10 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 11 bound bind VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 12 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 13 remain remain VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 14 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 15 potential potential NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 16 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 17 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 18 prolonged prolonged JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 19 period period NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 20 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 21 time time NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 22 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 23 several several JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 24 sectors sector NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 13 25 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 1 Loss loss NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 2 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 3 revenues revenue NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 4 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 5 lower low JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 6 productivity productivity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 7 could could MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 8 push push VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 9 solvent solvent NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 10 but but CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 11 illiquid illiquid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 12 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 13 into into IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 14 bankruptcy bankruptcy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 14 15 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 2 response response NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 3 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 4 many many JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 5 governments government NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 6 has have VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 7 been be VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 8 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 9 set set VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 10 up up RP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 11 schemes scheme NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 13 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 14 guarantees guarantee NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 15 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 16 bank bank NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 17 loans loan NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 19 particularly particularly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 20 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 21 small small JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 22 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 23 medium medium JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 24 enterprises enterprise NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 26 SME SME NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 15 28 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 1 According accord VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 2 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 3 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 4 OECD OECD NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 5 report report NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 7 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 9 April April NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 10 20 20 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 12 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 14 52 52 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 17 54 54 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 18 countries country NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 19 considered consider VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 20 had have VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 21 set set VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 22 up up RP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 23 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 24 form form NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 25 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 26 government government NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 27 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 28 provided provide VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 29 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 30 support support NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 31 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 32 small small JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 33 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 34 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 35 medium medium JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 36 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 37 sized sized JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 38 enterprises enterprise NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 40 SMEs sme NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 43 see see VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 44 OECD OECD NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 45 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 46 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 47 table table NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 48 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 16 50 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 1 Clearly clearly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 3 avoiding avoid VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 5 bankruptcy bankruptcy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 7 solvent solvent NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 8 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 9 due due JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 10 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 11 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 12 shortages shortage NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 13 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 15 right right JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 16 thing thing NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 17 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 18 do do VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 19 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 21 acute acute JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 22 phase phase NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 23 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 24 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 25 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 17 26 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 1 However however RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 4 need need NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 5 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 6 act act VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 7 fast fast RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 8 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 10 reduction reduction NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 12 incentives incentive NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 13 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 14 screen screen NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 15 borrowers borrower NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 16 created create VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 17 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 19 government government NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 20 guarantees guarantee VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 21 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 22 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 24 large large JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 25 number number NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 26 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 27 applications application NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 28 received receive VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 29 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 30 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 31 may may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 32 lead lead VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 33 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 34 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 35 substantial substantial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 36 amount amount NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 37 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 38 funds fund NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 39 flowing flow VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 40 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 41 weak weak JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 42 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 43 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 44 aka aka RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 45 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 46 " " `` cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 47 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 48 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 18 49 " " '' cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 19 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 19 2 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 19 3 seminal seminal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 19 4 paper paper NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 19 5 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 19 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 19 7 1990s 1990s CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 1 Japanese japanese JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 2 stagnation stagnation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 4 Caballero Caballero NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 6 Hoshi Hoshi NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 7 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 8 Kashyap Kashyap NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 10 2008 2008 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 12 argue argue VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 13 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 14 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 15 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 16 reduces reduce VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 17 restructuring restructuring NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 18 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 19 delays delay NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 20 recovery recovery NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 21 because because IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 22 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 23 impedes impede VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 24 reallocation reallocation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 25 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 26 assets asset NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 27 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 28 low low JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 29 productivity productivity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 30 uses use VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 32 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 33 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 35 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 36 high high JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 37 productivity productivity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 38 uses use NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 40 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 41 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 43 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 44 increasing increase VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 45 misallocation misallocation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 47 Hsieh Hsieh NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 48 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 49 Klenow Klenow NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 50 2009 2009 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 20 52 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 1 Zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 2 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 3 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 4 hurt hurt VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 5 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 6 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 7 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 8 two two CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 9 ways way NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 10 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 11 first first RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 14 reduces reduce VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 16 flow flow NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 18 bank bank NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 19 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 20 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 21 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 22 available available JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 23 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 24 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 25 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 26 if if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 27 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 28 supply supply NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 29 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 30 limited limit VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 31 ; ; : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 32 second second RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 33 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 34 lending lend VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 35 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 36 nonviable nonviable JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 37 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 38 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 39 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 40 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 41 offering offer VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 42 subsidies subsidy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 43 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 44 hurt hurt VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 45 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 46 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 47 competitors competitor NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 48 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 49 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 50 product product NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 51 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 52 input input NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 53 markets market NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 21 54 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 1 While while IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 2 extensive extensive JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 3 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 4 indiscriminate indiscriminate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 5 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 6 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 7 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 8 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 9 sensible sensible JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 10 response response NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 13 acute acute JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 14 phase phase NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 17 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 19 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 20 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 21 arising arise VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 22 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 23 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 24 consequence consequence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 25 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 26 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 27 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 28 guarantees guarantee NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 29 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 30 slow slow VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 31 recovery recovery NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 32 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 33 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 34 economic economic JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 35 healing healing NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 36 process process NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 22 37 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 2 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 3 therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 4 important important JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 5 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 6 assess assess VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 7 whether whether IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 8 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 9 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 10 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 11 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 12 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 13 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 14 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 16 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 17 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 23 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 2 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 3 nature nature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 4 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 6 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 7 makes make VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 9 difficult difficult JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 10 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 11 draw draw VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 12 lessons lesson NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 13 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 15 past past NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 24 16 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 1 Yet yet RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 4 experience experience NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 5 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 7 recent recent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 8 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 9 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 10 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 11 Europe Europe NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 12 offers offer VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 13 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 14 guidance guidance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 15 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 16 how how WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 17 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 18 test test VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 19 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 20 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 21 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 22 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 23 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 24 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 25 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 26 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 25 27 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 1 A a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 2 recent recent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 3 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 4 documents document NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 5 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 6 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 7 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 8 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 9 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 10 weak weak JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 11 capital capital NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 12 structure structure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 15 tend tend VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 16 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 17 engage engage VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 18 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 19 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 20 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 21 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 22 avoid avoid VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 23 provisioning provision VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 24 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 25 raising raise VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 26 capital capital NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 26 27 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 3 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 4 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 5 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 7 subject subject NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 9 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 10 growing grow VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 11 number number NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 13 papers paper NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 14 studying study VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 16 European european JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 17 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 18 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 19 sovereign sovereign JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 20 debt debt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 21 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 23 see see VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 24 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 25 e.g. e.g. RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 26 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 27 Acharya Acharya NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 28 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 29 Eisert Eisert NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 30 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 31 Eufinger Eufinger NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 32 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 33 Hirsch Hirsch NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 34 2019 2019 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 35 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 36 McGowan McGowan NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 37 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 38 Andrews Andrews NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 39 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 40 Millot Millot NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 41 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 42 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 43 Schivardi Schivardi NNPS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 44 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 45 Sette Sette NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 46 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 47 Tabellini Tabellini NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 48 2019 2019 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 49 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 50 Storz Storz NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 51 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 52 Koetter Koetter NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 53 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 54 Setzer Setzer NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 55 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 56 Westphal Westphal NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 57 2017 2017 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 58 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 59 Blattner Blattner NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 60 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 61 Farinha Farinha NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 62 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 63 Rebelo Rebelo NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 64 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 65 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 66 Anderson Anderson NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 67 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 68 Riley Riley NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 69 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 70 Young Young NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 71 2019 2019 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 27 72 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 28 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 28 2 line line NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 28 3 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 28 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 28 5 results result NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 28 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 28 7 Caballero Caballero NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 28 8 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 28 9 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 28 10 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 2 2008 2008 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 5 most most RBS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 7 but but CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 8 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 9 all all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 12 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 13 papers paper NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 14 conclude conclude VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 15 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 16 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 17 larger large JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 18 presence presence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 19 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 20 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 21 hurts hurt VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 22 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 23 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 24 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 25 slows slow VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 26 recovery recovery NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 29 27 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 1 Compared compare VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 2 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 4 2008 2008 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 5 - - SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 6 2009 2009 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 7 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 8 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 9 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 11 2011 2011 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 12 - - SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 13 2012 2012 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 14 sovereign sovereign JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 15 debt debt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 16 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 17 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 19 banking banking NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 20 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 21 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 22 most most JJS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 23 countries country NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 24 was be VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 25 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 26 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 27 much much RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 28 better well JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 29 condition condition NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 30 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 31 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 32 outset outset NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 33 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 34 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 35 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 36 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 30 37 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 1 One one PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 2 could could MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 3 therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 4 argue argue VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 5 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 6 nowadays nowadays RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 7 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 8 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 9 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 10 should should MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 11 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 12 arise arise VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 31 13 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 32 1 However however RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 32 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 32 3 other other JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 32 4 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 32 5 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 32 6 create create VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 32 7 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 32 8 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 32 9 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 1 Rather rather RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 2 than than IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 3 deriving derive VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 4 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 6 distorted distorted JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 7 incentives incentive NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 9 weak weak JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 10 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 11 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 12 subsidize subsidize VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 13 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 15 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 17 current current JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 18 situation situation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 19 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 20 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 21 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 22 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 23 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 24 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 25 result result NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 26 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 27 government government NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 28 programs program NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 29 designed design VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 30 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 31 boost boost VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 32 bank bank NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 33 corporate corporate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 34 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 35 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 36 particularly particularly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 37 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 38 SMEs sme NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 33 39 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 1 If if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 3 default default NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 4 risk risk NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 5 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 6 absorbed absorb VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 7 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 9 government government NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 10 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 11 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 12 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 13 incentives incentive NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 14 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 15 allocate allocate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 16 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 17 according accord VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 18 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 19 underlying underlie VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 20 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 21 risk risk NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 22 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 23 weakened weaken VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 24 so so IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 25 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 26 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 27 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 28 accrue accrue VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 29 disproportionately disproportionately RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 30 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 31 nonviable nonviable JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 32 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 33 more more RBR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 34 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 35 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 36 demand demand VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 37 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 34 38 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 2 concerns concern NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 3 introduced introduce VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 4 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 6 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 7 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 8 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 9 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 10 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 11 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 12 crises crisis NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 13 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 14 therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 15 apply apply VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 16 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 18 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 19 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 20 too too RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 35 21 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 2 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 3 paper paper NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 6 argue argue VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 7 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 8 despite despite IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 10 results result NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 13 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 14 mentioned mention VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 15 above above RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 17 there there EX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 18 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 19 no no DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 20 solid solid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 21 support support NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 22 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 24 assertion assertion NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 25 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 26 government government NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 27 policies policy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 28 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 29 sustain sustain VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 30 corporate corporate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 31 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 32 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 33 have have VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 34 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 35 consequences consequence NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 36 due due IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 37 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 38 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 39 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 36 40 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 1 First first RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 4 offer offer VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 5 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 6 evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 7 using use VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 8 Italian italian JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 9 data datum NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 10 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 12 bulk bulk NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 13 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 14 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 15 needs need NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 16 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 18 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 19 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 20 come come VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 21 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 22 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 23 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 24 were be VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 25 financially financially RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 26 sound sound JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 27 before before IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 28 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 29 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 37 30 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 2 reflects reflect VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 4 fact fact NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 5 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 7 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 8 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 9 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 11 pandemic pandemic NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 12 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 13 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 14 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 15 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 16 including include VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 18 policies policy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 19 enacted enact VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 20 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 21 contrast contrast VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 22 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 23 spread spread NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 24 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 25 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 26 unrelated unrelated JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 27 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 28 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 29 firm firm NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 30 's 's POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 31 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 32 health health NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 38 33 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 1 Second second JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 3 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 4 more more RBR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 5 importantly importantly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 7 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 8 argue argue VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 9 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 11 empirical empirical JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 12 framework framework NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 13 commonly commonly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 14 applied apply VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 15 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 17 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 18 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 19 estimate estimate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 21 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 22 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 23 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 24 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 25 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 26 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 27 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 28 suffers suffer VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 29 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 30 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 31 serious serious JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 32 identification identification NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 33 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 34 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 35 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 36 bias bias VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 37 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 38 results result NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 39 toward toward IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 40 finding find VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 41 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 42 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 43 spillover spillover NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 44 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 45 even even RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 46 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 47 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 48 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 49 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 50 actually actually RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 51 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 52 case case NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 39 53 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 2 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 3 nutshell nutshell NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 6 framework framework NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 7 correlates correlate VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 9 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 11 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 12 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 13 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 14 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 16 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 17 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 19 sectoral sectoral JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 20 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 21 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 22 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 23 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 24 interpreting interpret VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 25 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 26 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 27 coefficient coefficient NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 28 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 29 measuring measure VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 30 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 31 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 32 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 33 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 34 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 35 more more JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 36 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 37 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 38 active active JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 39 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 40 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 41 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 42 perform perform VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 43 relatively relatively RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 44 worse worse RBR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 40 45 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 1 To to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 2 account account VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 3 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 4 common common JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 5 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 8 regression regression NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 9 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 10 saturated saturate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 11 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 12 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 13 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 14 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 15 dummies dummy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 41 16 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 2 show show VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 3 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 4 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 5 correlation correlation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 6 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 7 arise arise VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 8 naturally naturally RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 9 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 10 standard standard JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 11 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 12 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 14 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 15 shifting shift VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 17 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 18 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 19 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 20 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 21 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 22 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 23 left left NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 24 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 25 mechanically mechanically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 26 increase increase VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 28 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 29 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 30 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 31 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 32 reduce reduce VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 33 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 34 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 35 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 36 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 37 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 38 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 39 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 40 absent absent VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 41 any any DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 42 spillover spillover NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 42 43 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 2 provide provide VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 3 analytical analytical JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 4 conditions condition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 5 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 7 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 8 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 9 under under IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 10 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 11 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 12 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 13 actually actually RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 15 case case NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 16 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 17 show show VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 18 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 19 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 20 conditions condition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 21 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 22 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 23 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 24 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 25 satisfied satisfied JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 26 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 28 settings setting NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 29 typically typically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 30 considered consider VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 31 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 32 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 33 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 43 34 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 2 effect effect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 3 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 4 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 5 accounted account VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 6 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 7 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 8 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 9 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 10 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 11 dummies dummy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 13 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 14 only only RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 15 control control NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 16 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 17 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 18 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 19 hit hit VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 20 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 21 equally equally RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 44 22 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 2 danger danger NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 3 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 4 defining define VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 5 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 6 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 7 solely solely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 8 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 10 basis basis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 12 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 13 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 14 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 15 recognized recognize VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 16 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 17 Caballero Caballero NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 18 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 19 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 45 20 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 2 2008 2008 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 5 who who WP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 6 propose propose VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 7 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 8 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 9 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 10 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 11 defined define VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 12 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 13 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 14 whether whether IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 16 receives receive VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 17 subsidized subsidized JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 18 financing financing NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 46 19 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 2 Section section NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 3 4 4 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 6 argue argue VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 7 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 8 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 9 definition definition NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 10 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 12 fact fact NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 13 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 14 immune immune JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 15 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 16 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 17 critique critique NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 47 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 2 remedy remedy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 3 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 4 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 5 problems problem NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 6 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 8 usual usual JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 9 one one NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 10 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 11 finding find VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 12 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 13 variation variation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 14 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 16 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 18 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 19 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 20 respect respect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 21 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 22 aggregate aggregate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 23 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 48 24 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 1 However however RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 4 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 5 has have VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 6 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 7 generally generally RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 8 followed follow VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 9 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 10 approach approach NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 11 given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 12 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 13 reliance reliance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 14 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 15 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 16 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 17 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 18 dummies dummy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 49 19 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 3 final final JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 4 section section NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 7 review review VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 9 main main JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 10 contributions contribution NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 11 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 13 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 14 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 15 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 16 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 17 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 18 argue argue VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 19 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 20 none none NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 21 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 22 them -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 23 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 24 completely completely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 25 immune immune JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 26 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 28 possibility possibility NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 29 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 30 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 31 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 32 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 33 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 34 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 35 correlated correlate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 36 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 37 aggregate aggregate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 38 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 50 39 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 1 As as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 2 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 3 consequence consequence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 6 conclude conclude VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 7 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 9 claim claim NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 10 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 12 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 13 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 14 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 15 hurt hurt VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 16 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 17 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 18 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 19 likely likely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 20 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 21 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 22 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 23 spurious spurious JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 24 correlation correlation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 25 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 26 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 27 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 28 offer offer VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 29 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 30 solid solid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 31 scientific scientific JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 32 basis basis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 33 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 34 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 35 prescriptions prescription NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 51 36 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 1 Finally finally RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 3 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 4 other other JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 5 reasons reason NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 6 specific specific JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 7 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 9 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 10 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 12 one one PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 13 should should MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 14 question question VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 16 usefulness usefulness NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 19 approach approach NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 20 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 22 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 23 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 24 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 25 current current JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 26 situation situation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 52 27 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 1 First first RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 3 given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 5 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 6 responses response NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 7 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 9 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 10 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 12 identifying identify VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 13 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 14 through through IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 15 subsidized subsidized JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 16 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 17 may may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 18 create create VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 19 additional additional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 20 identification identification NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 21 problems problem NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 22 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 24 current current JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 25 scenario scenario NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 53 26 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 1 Governments government NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 2 provide provide VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 3 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 4 subsidies subsidy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 6 including include VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 7 caps cap NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 8 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 9 interest interest NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 10 rates rate NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 12 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 13 facilitate facilitate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 14 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 15 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 16 access access NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 17 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 18 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 19 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 20 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 21 central central JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 22 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 23 enact enact VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 24 aggressive aggressive JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 25 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 26 measures measure NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 27 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 28 bring bring VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 29 interest interest NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 30 rates rate NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 31 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 32 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 33 low low JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 34 levels level NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 54 35 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 2 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 3 setting setting NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 5 distinguishing distinguish VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 6 between between IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 7 subsidized subsidized JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 8 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 9 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 10 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 11 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 12 cheap cheap JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 13 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 14 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 15 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 16 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 17 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 18 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 19 problematic problematic JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 55 20 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 1 More more RBR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 2 generally generally RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 4 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 5 argued argue VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 6 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 7 Barrero Barrero NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 8 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 9 Bloom Bloom NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 10 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 11 Davis Davis NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 13 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 15 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 17 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 18 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 19 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 20 require require VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 21 substantial substantial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 22 reallocation reallocation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 23 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 24 production production NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 25 across across IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 26 sectors sector NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 56 27 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 3 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 4 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 5 looked look VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 6 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 7 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 9 basis basis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 11 operating operate VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 12 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 13 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 14 January January NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 15 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 16 may may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 17 suddenly suddenly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 18 become become VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 19 weak weak JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 20 performers performer NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 21 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 22 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 23 long long JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 24 term term NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 25 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 26 vice vice NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 27 versa versa RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 57 28 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 2 traditional traditional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 3 definitions definition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 4 used use VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 5 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 7 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 8 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 9 identify identify VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 10 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 11 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 12 therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 13 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 15 limited limited JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 16 use use NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 17 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 18 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 19 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 58 20 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 2 paper paper NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 3 contributes contribute VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 4 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 5 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 6 important important JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 7 academic academic JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 8 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 9 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 10 debate debate NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 59 11 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 2 fact fact NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 4 while while IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 5 keeping keep VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 6 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 7 alive alive JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 8 increases increase VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 9 misallocation misallocation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 10 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 12 long long JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 13 run run NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 15 doing do VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 16 so so RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 17 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 18 downturns downturn NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 19 may may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 20 have have VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 21 beneficial beneficial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 22 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 23 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 24 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 25 short short JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 26 run run NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 60 27 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 61 1 First first RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 61 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 61 3 avoiding avoid VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 61 4 bankruptcies bankruptcy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 61 5 prevents prevent VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 61 6 layoffs layoff NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 61 7 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 2 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 3 turn turn NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 4 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 5 mitigate mitigate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 7 adverse adverse JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 8 aggregate aggregate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 9 demand demand NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 10 externalities externality NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 11 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 12 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 13 important important JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 14 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 15 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 16 recession recession NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 18 Mian Mian NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 19 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 20 Sufi Sufi NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 21 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 22 Trebbi Trebbi NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 23 2015 2015 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 62 25 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 1 Firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 2 closures closure NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 3 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 4 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 5 disrupt disrupt VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 6 inputoutput inputoutput NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 7 relationships relationship NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 8 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 10 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 11 least least JJS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 12 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 14 short short JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 15 run run NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 17 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 18 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 19 difficult difficult JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 20 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 21 substitute substitute VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 22 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 24 Barrot Barrot NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 25 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 26 Sauvagnat Sauvagnat NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 27 2016 2016 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 28 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 29 Bernstein Bernstein NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 30 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 31 Colonnelli Colonnelli NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 32 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 33 Giroud Giroud NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 34 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 35 Iverson Iverson NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 36 2019 2019 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 63 37 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 64 1 1 1 LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 1 Given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 2 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 4 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 5 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 6 ex ex FW cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 7 ante ante RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 8 ambiguous ambiguous JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 10 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 11 prescriptions prescription NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 12 should should MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 13 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 14 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 15 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 16 uncontroversial uncontroversial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 17 evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 65 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 1 These these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 2 considerations consideration NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 3 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 4 particularly particularly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 5 important important JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 6 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 8 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 9 generated generate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 10 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 12 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 13 pandemic pandemic NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 15 whose whose WP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 16 speed speed NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 18 diffusion diffusion NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 19 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 20 severity severity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 21 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 22 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 66 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 2 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 3 induced induce VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 4 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 6 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 7 pandemic pandemic NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 8 has have VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 9 hit hit VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 11 economy economy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 12 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 13 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 14 speed speed NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 15 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 16 strength strength NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 17 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 18 several several JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 19 countries country NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 21 forcing force VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 22 many many JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 23 businesses business NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 24 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 25 completely completely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 26 shut shut VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 27 down down RP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 28 operations operation NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 29 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 30 months month NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 67 31 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 1 Sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 2 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 3 cash cash NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 4 flows flow NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 5 dropped drop VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 6 dramatically dramatically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 7 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 8 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 9 remain remain VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 10 low low JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 11 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 12 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 13 extended extended JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 14 period period NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 16 time time NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 68 17 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 1 To to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 2 prevent prevent VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 4 ensuing ensue VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 5 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 6 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 7 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 8 pushing push VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 9 many many JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 10 solvent solvent NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 11 but but CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 12 illiquid illiquid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 13 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 14 out out IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 16 business business NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 17 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 18 almost almost RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 19 all all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 20 countries country NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 21 set set VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 22 up up RP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 23 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 24 form form NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 25 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 26 public public JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 27 guarantee guarantee NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 28 scheme scheme NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 29 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 30 loans loan NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 31 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 32 nonfinancial nonfinancial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 33 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 35 OECD OECD NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 36 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 69 38 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 2 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 3 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 4 necessary necessary JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 5 measure measure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 6 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 7 avoid avoid VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 8 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 9 massive massive JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 10 wave wave NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 12 bankruptcies bankruptcy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 70 13 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 1 At at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 3 same same JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 4 time time NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 6 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 7 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 8 have have VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 9 unintended unintended JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 10 consequences consequence NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 13 medium medium JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 14 run run NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 71 15 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 2 public public JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 3 guarantee guarantee NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 4 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 6 pressure pressure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 7 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 9 banking banking NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 10 system system NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 11 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 12 act act VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 13 quickly quickly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 14 imply imply VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 15 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 16 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 17 standards standard NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 18 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 19 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 20 weakened weaken VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 21 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 22 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 23 loans loan NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 24 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 25 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 26 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 27 extended extend VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 28 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 29 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 30 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 31 were be VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 32 already already RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 33 suffering suffer VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 34 before before IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 35 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 36 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 37 ; ; : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 38 that that RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 39 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 40 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 41 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 42 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 43 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 44 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 45 characterized characterize VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 46 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 47 massive massive JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 48 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 49 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 72 50 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 1 Evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 3 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 5 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 6 discuss discuss VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 7 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 9 next next JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 10 sections section NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 12 indicates indicate VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 13 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 14 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 15 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 16 may may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 17 slow slow VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 18 recovery recovery NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 73 19 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 2 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 3 section section NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 6 use use VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 7 data datum NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 8 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 9 Italy Italy NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 10 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 11 supply supply VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 12 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 13 evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 14 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 16 potential potential JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 17 dimensions dimension NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 18 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 19 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 20 phenomenon phenomenon NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 74 21 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 2 data datum NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 3 come come VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 4 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 6 Firm Firm NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 7 Register Register NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 8 compiled compile VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 9 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 11 data data NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 12 provider provider NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 13 Cerved Cerved NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 14 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 15 contain contain VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 16 detailed detailed JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 17 balance balance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 18 sheets sheet NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 19 information information NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 20 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 21 all all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 22 incorporated incorporate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 23 businesses business NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 75 24 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 76 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 76 2 consider consider VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 76 3 nonfinancial nonfinancial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 76 4 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 76 5 but but CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 76 6 exclude exclude VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 76 7 agriculture agriculture NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 76 8 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 2 data datum NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 3 refer refer VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 4 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 5 almost almost RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 6 650,000 650,000 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 7 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 8 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 9 accounting account VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 10 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 11 approximately approximately RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 12 70 70 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 13 % % NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 15 private private JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 16 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 17 value value NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 18 added add VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 77 19 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 1 Most Most JJS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 2 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 4 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 5 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 6 SMEs sme NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 7 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 9 main main JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 10 target target NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 13 public public JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 14 guarantee guarantee NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 15 schemes scheme NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 78 16 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 1 Cerved Cerved NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 2 produces produce VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 3 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 4 Altman Altman NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 5 z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 6 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 7 score score NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 8 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 9 measures measure VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 10 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 11 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 12 creditworthiness creditworthiness NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 14 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 15 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 16 extensively extensively RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 17 used use VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 18 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 19 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 20 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 21 evaluating evaluate VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 22 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 23 applications application NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 79 24 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 2 score score NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 3 takes take VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 4 values value NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 5 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 6 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 7 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 8 10 10 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 10 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 11 higher high JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 12 values value NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 13 signaling signal VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 14 higher high JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 15 probability probability NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 17 default default NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 80 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 2 define define VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 3 " " `` cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 4 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 5 " " '' cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 6 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 7 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 8 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 9 scores score NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 11 8 8 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 13 9 9 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 15 or or CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 16 10 10 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 17 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 19 categories category NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 20 used use VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 21 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 22 flag flag VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 23 troubled troubled JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 24 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 81 25 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 82 1 2 2 LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 2 use use VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 4 most most RBS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 5 recent recent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 6 available available JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 7 data datum NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 8 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 9 referring refer VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 10 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 11 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 83 12 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 2 means mean VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 3 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 4 flows flow NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 6 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 7 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 8 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 9 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 10 costs cost NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 12 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 13 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 15 full full JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 16 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 17 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 18 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 19 stocks stock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 21 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 22 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 23 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 24 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 25 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 26 measured measure VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 27 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 28 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 29 end end NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 30 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 31 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 84 32 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 1 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 2 Table table NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 3 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 4 reports report VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 5 descriptive descriptive JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 6 statistics statistic NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 7 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 8 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 10 separately separately RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 11 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 12 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 13 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 14 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 85 15 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 1 Firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 2 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 4 three three CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 5 riskiest risky JJS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 6 score score NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 7 classes class NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 8 - - , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 10 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 11 - - , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 12 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 13 11 11 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 14 % % NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 17 total total NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 86 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 2 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 3 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 4 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 5 smaller small JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 7 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 8 terms term NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 9 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 10 both both DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 11 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 13 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 14 1.3 1.3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 15 million million CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 16 against against IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 17 4.3 4.3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 19 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 20 employment employment NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 22 9 9 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 23 vs. vs. IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 24 16 16 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 87 26 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 1 Zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 2 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 3 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 4 clearly clearly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 5 financially financially RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 6 fragile fragile JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 7 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 9 median median JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 10 firm firm NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 11 has have VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 12 2,000 2,000 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 13 euros euro NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 15 equity equity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 17 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 19 25th 25th JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 20 percentile percentile NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 21 has have VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 22 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 23 equity equity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 88 24 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 1 Their -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 2 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 3 holdings holding NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 4 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 5 liquid liquid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 6 assets asset NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 8 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 9 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 10 what what WP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 11 follows follow VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 13 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 14 122,000 122,000 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 15 euros euro NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 17 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 18 little little JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 19 more more JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 20 than than IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 21 one one CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 22 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 23 fourth fourth NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 24 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 25 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 26 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 27 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 89 28 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 1 Next next RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 4 forecast forecast VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 6 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 7 needs need NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 9 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 10 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 12 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 13 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 14 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 15 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 16 take take VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 17 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 18 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 19 measure measure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 20 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 22 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 23 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 24 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 25 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 26 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 27 demand demand VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 90 28 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 2 construct construct VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 3 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 4 accounting accounting NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 5 framework framework NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 6 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 7 allows allow VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 8 us -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 9 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 10 predict predict VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 12 month month NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 13 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 14 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 15 each each DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 16 firm firm NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 17 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 18 become become VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 19 illiquid illiquid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 20 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 22 amount amount NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 23 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 24 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 25 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 26 shortages shortage NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 27 afterward afterward RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 91 28 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 92 1 4 4 LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 2 general general JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 3 logic logic NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 4 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 5 simple simple JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 6 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 7 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 8 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 9 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 10 three three CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 11 ingredients ingredient NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 12 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 14 initial initial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 15 stock stock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 17 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 19 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 20 estimate estimate NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 21 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 22 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 23 evolution evolution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 24 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 25 cash cash NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 26 flow flow NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 27 month month NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 28 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 29 month month NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 30 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 31 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 32 budget budget NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 33 equation equation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 34 governing govern VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 35 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 36 evolution evolution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 37 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 38 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 93 39 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 3 given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 4 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 5 S s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 6 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 7 costs cost VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 8 C C NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 11 evolution evolution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 13 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 14 L l NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 15 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 16 firm firm NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 17 i i PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 18 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 19 month month NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 20 m m CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 21 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 22 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 23 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 24 where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 25 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 26 consider consider VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 28 months month NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 29 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 30 March March NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 31 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 32 December December NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 33 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 94 34 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 1 Given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 2 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 3 initial initial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 4 value value NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 5 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 7 stock stock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 9 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 10 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 11 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 12 estimate estimate NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 13 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 15 evolution evolution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 17 cash cash NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 18 flow flow NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 20 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 21 minus minus IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 22 costs cost NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 24 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 25 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 26 equation equation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 27 allows allow VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 28 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 29 detect detect VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 30 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 31 each each DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 32 firm firm NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 33 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 34 month month NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 35 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 36 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 37 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 38 turns turn VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 39 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 40 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 41 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 42 amount amount NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 43 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 44 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 45 shortages shortage NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 46 afterward afterward RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 95 47 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 2 compute compute VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 4 values value NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 5 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 7 variables variable NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 8 above above RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 9 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 11 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 12 level level NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 13 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 14 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 16 balance balance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 17 sheets sheet NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 18 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 19 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 22 most most RBS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 23 recent recent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 24 available available JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 96 26 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 1 For for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 2 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 5 assume assume VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 6 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 8 initial initial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 9 stock stock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 10 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 11 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 12 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 13 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 14 reported report VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 15 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 17 balance balance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 18 sheets sheet NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 97 19 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 1 For for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 2 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 5 consider consider VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 7 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 9 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 10 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 11 assume assume VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 12 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 13 absent absent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 15 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 16 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 17 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 18 monthly monthly JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 19 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 20 would would MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 21 have have VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 22 been be VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 23 equal equal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 24 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 25 onetwelfth onetwelfth NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 26 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 28 total total JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 29 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 30 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 31 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 98 32 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 2 then then RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 3 apply apply VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 4 forecasts forecast NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 5 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 6 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 7 growth growth NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 8 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 9 approximately approximately RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 10 500 500 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 11 sectors sector NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 12 produced produce VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 13 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 14 Cerved Cerved NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 15 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 16 experts expert NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 99 17 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 2 forecasts forecast NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 3 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 4 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 5 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 6 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 7 scenario scenario NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 8 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 9 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 11 lockdown lockdown NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 12 applies apply VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 13 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 15 sectoral sectoral JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 16 level level NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 17 according accord VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 18 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 19 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 20 government government NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 21 decrees decree NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 100 22 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 1 There there EX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 2 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 3 then then RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 4 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 5 period period NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 7 partial partial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 8 opening opening NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 9 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 10 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 11 varies vary VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 12 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 13 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 15 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 17 after after IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 18 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 19 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 20 activity activity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 21 gradually gradually RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 22 recovers recover VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 101 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 2 sectoral sectoral JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 3 estimates estimate NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 4 take take VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 5 into into IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 6 account account NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 7 sectoral sectoral JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 8 exposure exposure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 9 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 10 COVID-19-specific covid-19-specific NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 11 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 13 including include VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 15 possibility possibility NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 16 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 17 work work VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 18 remotely remotely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 19 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 21 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 22 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 23 social social JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 24 distancing distancing NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 25 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 26 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 27 reductions reduction NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 28 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 29 mobility mobility NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 102 30 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 1 Firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 2 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 3 outlays outlay NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 4 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 5 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 6 capital capital NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 7 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 8 labor labor NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 10 intermediates intermediate NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 11 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 12 taxes taxis NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 103 13 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 1 As as RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 2 far far RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 3 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 4 capital capital NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 5 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 6 concerned concern VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 7 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 9 Decree Decree NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 10 Cura Cura NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 11 Italia Italia NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 13 Cure Cure NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 14 Italy Italy NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 17 March March NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 18 17 17 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 19 freezes freeze VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 20 all all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 21 interest interest NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 22 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 23 mortgage mortgage NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 24 payments payment NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 25 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 26 as as RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 27 well well RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 28 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 29 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 30 granted grant VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 31 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 32 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 33 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 34 lines line NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 104 35 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 2 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 3 suspends suspend VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 5 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 6 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 7 later later JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 8 decree decree NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 9 partially partially RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 10 cancels cancel VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 12 corporate corporate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 13 taxes taxis NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 105 14 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 4 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 5 assume assume VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 6 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 7 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 8 freeze freeze VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 10 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 11 ε ε NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 12 W W NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 13 S S NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 14 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 15 0.40 0.40 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 17 indicating indicate VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 18 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 19 large large JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 20 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 21 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 22 more more RBR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 23 difficult difficult JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 24 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 25 accommodate accommodate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 106 26 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 2 therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 3 assume assume VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 4 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 5 conservative conservative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 6 value value NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 7 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 9 elasticity elasticity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 11 intermediates intermediate NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 13 0.5 0.5 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 107 14 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 1 For for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 2 labor labor NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 5 government government NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 6 provides provide VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 7 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 8 job job NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 9 retention retention NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 10 scheme scheme NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 11 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 12 allows allow VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 13 all all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 14 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 15 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 16 reduce reduce VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 17 paid pay VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 18 work work NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 19 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 20 any any DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 21 amount amount NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 22 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 23 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 24 let let VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 25 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 26 government government NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 27 pay pay VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 28 workers worker NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 29 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 30 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 31 income income NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 32 loss loss NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 34 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 35 Cassa Cassa NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 36 integrazione integrazione FW cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 37 guadagni guadagni NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 38 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 39 i.e. i.e. FW cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 40 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 41 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 42 Fund Fund NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 43 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 44 integrate integrate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 45 income income NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 108 47 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 2 greatly greatly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 3 increases increase VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 5 elasticity elasticity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 8 wage wage NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 9 bill bill NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 10 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 11 production production NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 109 12 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 2 scheme scheme NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 3 has have VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 4 been be VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 5 extensively extensively RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 6 used use VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 7 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 8 Italian italian JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 9 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 10 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 12 April April NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 15 number number NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 17 hours hour NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 18 paid pay VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 19 was be VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 20 almost almost RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 21 900 900 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 22 million million CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 23 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 24 equal equal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 25 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 26 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 27 total total JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 28 amount amount NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 29 paid pay VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 30 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 31 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 32 2009 2009 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 33 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 34 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 35 worst bad JJS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 36 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 37 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 38 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 39 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 40 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 41 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 42 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 43 GDP GDP NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 44 contracted contract VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 45 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 46 more more JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 47 than than IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 48 5 5 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 49 % % NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 110 50 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 1 To to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 2 account account VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 3 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 4 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 7 set set VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 8 ε ε NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 9 W W NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 10 S S NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 11 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 12 0.75 0.75 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 111 13 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 1 Changing change VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 2 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 3 elasticities elasticity NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 4 obviously obviously RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 5 affects affect VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 7 absolute absolute JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 8 values value NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 10 but but CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 11 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 13 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 14 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 15 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 16 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 17 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 18 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 112 19 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 2 apply apply VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 3 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 4 framework framework NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 5 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 6 identify identify VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 8 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 9 whose whose WP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 10 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 11 turns turn VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 12 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 13 between between IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 14 March March NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 15 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 16 December December NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 17 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 18 separately separately RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 19 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 20 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 21 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 22 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 113 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 114 1 Figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 114 2 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 114 3 reports report VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 114 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 114 5 results result NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 114 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 114 7 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 114 8 exercise exercise NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 114 9 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 1 Panel Panel NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 2 A A NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 3 shows show VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 5 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 7 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 8 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 9 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 10 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 11 become become VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 12 illiquid illiquid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 115 13 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 1 Already already RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 2 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 3 March March NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 5 more more JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 6 than than IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 7 27 27 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 8 % % NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 9 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 10 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 11 hit hit VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 13 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 14 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 15 constraint constraint NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 17 consistent consistent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 18 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 19 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 20 fact fact NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 21 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 22 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 23 25th 25th JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 24 percentile percentile NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 25 had have VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 26 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 27 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 28 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 29 3,000 3,000 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 30 euros euro NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 32 see see VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 33 Table table NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 34 _SP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 35 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 116 37 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 2 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 3 increases increase VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 4 steadily steadily RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 5 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 6 over over IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 7 51 51 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 8 % % NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 9 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 11 end end NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 14 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 117 15 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 2 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 3 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 4 illiquid illiquid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 5 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 6 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 7 less less JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 8 than than IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 9 half half NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 10 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 11 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 12 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 13 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 14 surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 15 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 16 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 17 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 18 more more RBR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 19 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 20 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 21 become become VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 22 illiquid illiquid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 118 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 1 However however RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 3 given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 4 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 5 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 6 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 7 only only RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 8 11 11 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 9 % % NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 12 total total NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 15 absolute absolute JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 16 number number NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 18 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 19 turning turn VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 20 illiquid illiquid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 21 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 22 approximately approximately RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 23 one one CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 24 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 25 third third NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 26 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 27 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 28 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 29 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 31 panel panel NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 32 B B NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 119 34 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 1 Zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 2 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 3 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 4 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 5 smaller small JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 7 so so CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 9 value value NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 10 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 11 lower low JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 12 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 13 terms term NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 15 workers worker NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 16 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 18 number number NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 19 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 20 workers worker NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 21 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 22 illiquid illiquid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 23 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 24 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 25 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 26 10 10 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 27 % % NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 28 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 29 those those DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 30 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 31 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 120 32 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 2 difference difference NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 3 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 4 similar similar JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 5 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 6 total total JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 7 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 8 needs need NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 10 defined define VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 11 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 12 Lmt<0 Lmt<0 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 13 |L |l CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 14 mt mt NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 15 | | NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 17 arguably arguably RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 18 due due JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 19 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 21 lower low JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 22 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 121 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 2 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 3 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 4 seen see VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 5 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 6 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 7 proxy proxy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 9 loan loan NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 10 demand demand NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 122 11 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 2 starts start VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 3 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 4 one one CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 5 billion billion CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 6 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 7 March March NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 8 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 9 reaches reach VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 10 7 7 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 11 billion billion CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 12 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 14 end end NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 17 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 123 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 1 For for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 2 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 5 values value NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 6 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 7 12 12 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 8 billion billion CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 9 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 10 March March NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 11 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 12 65 65 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 13 billion billion CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 14 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 15 December December NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 124 16 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 1 These these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 2 numbers number NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 3 suggest suggest VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 4 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 5 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 6 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 7 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 8 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 9 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 10 issue issue NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 11 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 13 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 14 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 15 but but CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 16 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 17 most most JJS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 18 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 19 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 20 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 21 becoming become VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 22 illiquid illiquid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 23 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 24 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 25 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 26 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 27 were be VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 28 solid solid JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 29 before before IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 30 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 31 start start NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 32 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 33 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 34 pandemic pandemic NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 125 35 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 2 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 3 expected expect VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 4 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 6 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 7 has have VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 8 hit hit VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 9 sectors sector NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 10 differentially differentially RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 11 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 12 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 13 characteristics characteristic NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 15 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 16 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 17 producing produce VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 18 nonessential nonessential JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 19 goods good NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 20 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 21 therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 22 having have VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 23 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 25 temporarily temporarily RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 27 shut shut VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 28 down down RP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 29 and/or and/or CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 30 transitioning transition VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 31 employees employee NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 32 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 33 remote remote JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 34 work work NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 35 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 36 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 37 extent extent NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 38 possible possible JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 39 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 40 unrelated unrelated JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 41 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 42 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 43 health health NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 126 44 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 1 However however RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 3 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 4 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 5 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 6 inevitably inevitably RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 7 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 8 given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 9 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 10 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 11 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 127 12 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 1 According accord VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 2 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 4 received receive VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 5 wisdom wisdom NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 7 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 8 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 9 slow slow VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 10 recovery recovery NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 128 11 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 2 next next RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 3 show show VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 4 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 5 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 6 received receive VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 7 wisdom wisdom NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 8 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 9 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 10 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 11 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 12 problematic problematic JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 13 evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 129 14 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 2 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 3 section section NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 6 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 8 approach approach NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 9 used use VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 10 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 12 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 13 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 15 corresponding corresponding JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 16 identification identification NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 17 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 130 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 2 regression regression NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 3 framework framework NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 4 typically typically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 5 used use VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 6 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 7 analyze analyze VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 9 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 11 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 12 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 13 heathy heathy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 14 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 15 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 17 following follow VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 131 18 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 1 where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 2 X x NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 3 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 4 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 5 measure measure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 7 activity activity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 9 say say VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 10 employment employment NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 11 growth growth NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 13 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 14 firm firm NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 15 i i PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 16 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 17 sector sector NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 18 j j NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 19 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 20 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 21 t t NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 22 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 23 D D NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 24 N N NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 25 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 26 ijt ijt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 27 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 28 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 29 dummy dummy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 30 equal equal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 31 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 32 one one CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 33 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 34 nonzombie nonzombie NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 35 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 36 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 37 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 38 jt jt NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 39 measures measure VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 40 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 41 presence presence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 42 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 43 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 44 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 45 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 46 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 48 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 49 Caballero Caballero NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 50 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 51 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 132 52 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 2 2008 2008 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 6 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 8 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 9 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 10 assets asset NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 12 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 13 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 14 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 15 total total JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 16 sectoral sectoral JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 17 assets asset NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 19 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 20 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 21 Acharya Acharya NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 22 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 23 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 133 24 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 134 1 Blattner Blattner NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 134 2 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 134 3 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 134 4 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 2 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 6 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 8 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 9 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 10 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 11 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 12 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 13 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 14 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 17 D D NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 18 t t NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 19 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 20 D D NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 21 j j NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 22 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 23 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 24 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 25 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 26 dummies dummy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 27 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 28 ijt ijt VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 29 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 30 error error NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 31 term term NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 135 32 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 2 coefficient coefficient NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 3 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 4 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 5 measures measure NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 7 correlation correlation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 8 between between IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 10 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 12 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 13 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 15 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 16 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 18 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 19 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 21 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 22 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 23 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 24 captures capture VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 25 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 26 differential differential JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 27 effect effect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 28 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 29 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 136 30 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 1 A a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 2 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 3 estimate estimate NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 4 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 5 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 6 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 7 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 8 interpreted interpret VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 9 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 10 evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 12 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 13 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 14 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 15 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 16 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 17 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 18 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 19 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 20 higher high JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 22 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 23 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 24 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 25 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 26 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 27 worse bad JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 28 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 29 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 30 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 31 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 32 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 33 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 137 34 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 2 key key JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 3 identification identification NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 4 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 5 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 6 estimating estimate VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 7 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 8 regression regression NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 9 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 10 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 12 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 13 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 14 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 15 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 16 correlated correlate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 17 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 18 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 19 affecting affect VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 21 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 22 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 23 both both DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 24 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 25 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 26 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 27 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 28 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 29 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 30 demand demand NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 31 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 138 32 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 1 An an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 2 adverse adverse JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 3 demand demand NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 4 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 5 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 6 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 7 j j NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 8 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 9 bound bind VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 10 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 11 increase increase VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 13 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 15 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 17 while while IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 18 negatively negatively RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 19 affecting affect VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 21 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 22 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 23 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 24 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 25 operating operate VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 26 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 28 same same JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 29 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 139 30 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 2 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 3 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 4 well well RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 5 understood understand VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 6 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 8 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 10 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 11 addresses address VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 13 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 14 specifying specify VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 16 vector vector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 18 dummy dummy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 19 variables variable NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 20 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 21 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 22 full full JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 23 set set NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 24 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 26 country-)sector country-)sector NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 27 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 28 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 29 5 5 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 30 dummy dummy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 31 variables variable NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 32 D D NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 33 jt jt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 34 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 35 estimate estimate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 36 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 37 equation equation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 38 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 39 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 40 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 41 equation equation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 42 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 43 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 44 absolute absolute JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 45 effect effect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 46 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 47 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 48 presence presence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 49 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 50 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 51 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 52 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 53 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 54 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 55 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 56 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 57 estimated estimate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 58 anymore anymore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 59 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 60 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 61 absorbed absorb VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 62 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 63 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 64 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 65 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 66 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 67 dummy dummy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 68 ; ; : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 69 one one PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 70 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 71 only only RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 72 estimate estimate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 73 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 74 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 75 effect effect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 76 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 77 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 78 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 79 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 80 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 81 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 82 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 83 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 84 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 140 85 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 1 Still still RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 3 provided provide VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 4 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 6 coefficient coefficient NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 7 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 8 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 9 correctly correctly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 10 identifies identify VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 12 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 13 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 15 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 16 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 17 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 18 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 19 state state VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 20 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 141 21 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 1 if if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 2 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 3 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 4 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 5 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 7 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 8 hurt hurt VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 9 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 10 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 12 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 13 least least JJS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 14 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 15 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 16 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 17 sense sense NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 142 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 1 Given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 2 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 4 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 5 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 6 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 7 dummies dummy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 8 take take VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 9 care care NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 11 all all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 12 unobserved unobserved JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 13 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 14 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 16 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 17 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 18 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 19 level level NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 21 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 22 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 23 seem seem VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 24 like like IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 25 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 26 robust robust JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 27 empirical empirical JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 28 framework framework NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 143 29 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 3 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 4 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 5 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 7 case case NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 8 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 9 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 10 standard standard JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 11 setting setting NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 13 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 14 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 15 heterogeneity heterogeneity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 144 16 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 145 1 Figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 145 2 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 145 3 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 145 4 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 145 5 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 145 6 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 3 figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 6 continuous continuous JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 7 curve curve NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 8 depicts depict VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 9 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 10 hypothetical hypothetical JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 11 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 13 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 14 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 15 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 16 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 17 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 18 using use VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 19 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 20 normal normal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 21 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 22 mean mean JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 23 five five CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 24 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 25 unit unit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 26 standard standard JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 27 deviation deviation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 146 28 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 2 horizontal horizontal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 3 axis axis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 4 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 5 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 6 measure measure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 7 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 8 firm firm NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 9 " " `` cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 10 quality,"such quality,"such NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 11 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 12 growth growth NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 13 prospects prospect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 15 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 16 translates translate VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 17 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 18 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 19 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 21 that that RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 22 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 23 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 24 actual actual JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 25 growth growth NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 147 26 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 1 Zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 2 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 3 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 4 those those DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 5 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 6 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 7 given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 8 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 9 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 10 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 13 figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 148 14 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 1 Healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 2 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 3 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 4 those those DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 5 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 7 right right NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 9 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 10 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 149 11 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 2 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 3 interested interested JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 4 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 6 difference difference NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 7 between between IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 9 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 10 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 12 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 13 versus versus IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 14 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 15 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 17 namely namely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 19 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 20 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 21 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 22 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 23 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 24 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 25 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 26 where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 27 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 28 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 29 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 30 ≡ ≡ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 31 E(X|X e(x|x NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 32 > > XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 33 T t NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 34 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 36 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 37 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 38 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 39 ≡ ≡ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 40 E(X|X e(x|x NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 41 ≤ ≤ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 42 T t NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 43 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 150 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 1 denote denote VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 3 mean mean JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 4 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 5 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 6 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 7 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 8 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 9 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 10 respectively respectively RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 12 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 13 X x NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 14 denotes denote VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 15 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 16 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 151 17 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 2 particular particular JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 5 want want VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 6 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 7 know know VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 8 how how WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 9 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 10 changes change NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 12 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 13 jt jt NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 16 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 18 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 19 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 20 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 21 j j NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 22 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 23 t t NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 24 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 25 affect affect VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 26 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 27 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 28 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 29 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 30 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 31 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 32 through through IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 33 possible possible JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 34 spillover spillover NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 35 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 36 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 37 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 38 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 39 distortions distortion NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 40 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 41 competition competition NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 42 or or CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 43 lower low JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 44 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 45 supply supply NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 46 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 47 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 48 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 152 49 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 1 According accord VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 2 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 4 empirical empirical JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 5 framework framework NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 8 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 10 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 11 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 12 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 13 assessed assess VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 14 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 16 estimate estimate NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 18 β β NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 19 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 20 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 21 Equation equation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 23 4 4 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 25 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 26 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 27 fact fact NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 28 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 29 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 30 OLS OLS NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 31 estimation estimation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 32 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 33 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 34 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 35 captures capture VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 36 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 37 conditional conditional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 38 correlation correlation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 39 between between IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 40 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 41 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 42 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 43 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 44 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 45 jt jt NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 46 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 47 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 48 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 49 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 50 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 51 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 52 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 53 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 54 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 55 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 56 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 57 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 58 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 153 59 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 2 implicit implicit JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 3 identifying identify VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 4 assumption assumption NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 5 behind behind IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 6 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 7 approach approach NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 8 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 9 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 10 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 12 absence absence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 13 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 14 spillover spillover NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 15 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 17 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 18 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 19 change change VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 21 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 22 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 23 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 24 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 25 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 26 same same JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 27 effect effect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 28 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 29 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 30 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 31 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 32 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 33 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 34 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 35 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 36 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 154 37 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 1 That that RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 2 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 4 they -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 5 do do VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 6 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 7 affect affect VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 8 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 9 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 10 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 11 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 12 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 13 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 155 14 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 1 Under under IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 2 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 3 assumption assumption NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 5 observed observe VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 6 variations variation NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 7 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 8 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 9 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 10 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 11 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 12 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 13 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 14 associated associate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 15 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 16 variations variation NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 17 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 19 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 20 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 21 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 22 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 23 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 24 entirely entirely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 25 attributed attribute VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 26 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 27 spillover spillover NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 28 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 156 29 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 3 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 4 assumption assumption NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 5 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 6 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 7 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 8 hold hold VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 9 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 11 data datum NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 12 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 14 therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 15 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 16 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 17 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 18 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 19 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 20 identify identify VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 22 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 23 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 24 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 25 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 26 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 27 even even RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 28 if if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 29 one one CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 30 includes include VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 31 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 32 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 33 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 34 dummy dummy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 35 variables variable NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 36 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 37 Equation equation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 38 Figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 39 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 40 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 41 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 42 effect effect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 43 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 44 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 45 common common JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 46 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 47 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 48 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 49 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 157 50 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 2 figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 3 plots plot VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 4 two two CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 5 normal normal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 6 distributions distribution NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 7 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 8 unit unit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 9 variance variance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 10 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 11 mean mean VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 12 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 13 L l NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 14 = = NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 15 4 4 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 16 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 17 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 18 H h NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 19 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 20 5 5 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 21 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 22 respectively respectively RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 158 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 1 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 2 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 3 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 5 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 6 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 7 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 8 classified classify VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 9 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 10 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 11 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 159 12 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 160 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 160 2 4 4 LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 160 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 160 4 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 1 To to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 2 see see VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 3 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 5 suppose suppose VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 6 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 8 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 9 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 10 hit hit VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 11 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 12 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 13 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 14 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 15 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 16 shifts shift VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 18 whole whole JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 19 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 20 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 21 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 22 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 24 left left NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 25 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 26 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 28 dashed dash VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 29 curve curve NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 30 depicted depict VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 31 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 32 Figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 33 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 161 34 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 162 1 Three three CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 162 2 things thing NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 162 3 happen happen VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 162 4 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 1 First first RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 4 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 5 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 6 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 7 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 8 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 9 j j NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 10 increases increase VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 13 area area NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 14 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 16 left left NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 18 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 19 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 20 rises rise VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 21 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 22 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 23 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 24 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 25 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 26 shaded shaded JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 27 area area NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 28 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 29 Figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 30 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 163 32 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 1 Second second RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 3 both both DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 4 conditional conditional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 5 means mean VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 6 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 7 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 8 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 9 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 10 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 11 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 12 change change NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 13 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 14 presumably presumably RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 15 drop drop VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 164 16 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 165 1 6 6 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 2 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 4 standard standard JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 5 identification identification NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 6 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 7 discussed discuss VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 8 above above RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 10 addressed address VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 13 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 14 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 16 inclusion inclusion NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 18 area area NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 19 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 20 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 21 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 22 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 23 dummy dummy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 24 variables variable NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 166 25 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 1 Third third RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 4 difference difference NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 5 between between IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 7 conditional conditional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 8 means mean VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 9 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 10 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 11 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 12 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 13 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 14 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 15 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 16 could could MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 17 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 18 affected affect VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 19 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 20 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 21 manner manner NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 22 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 23 depends depend VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 24 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 25 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 26 shape shape NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 27 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 28 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 29 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 30 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 31 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 32 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 33 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 167 34 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 2 third third JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 3 identification identification NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 4 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 5 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 6 neglected neglect VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 7 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 9 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 10 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 11 but but CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 13 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 14 lead lead VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 15 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 16 totally totally RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 17 spurious spurious JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 18 conclusions conclusion NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 19 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 21 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 22 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 23 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 24 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 25 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 26 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 168 27 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 1 Consider consider VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 2 first first RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 3 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 4 symmetric symmetric JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 5 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 7 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 8 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 10 that that RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 11 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 13 X X NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 14 ∼ ∼ NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 15 F F NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 17 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 169 19 , , . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 170 1 where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 170 2 F F NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 170 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 170 4 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 170 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 170 6 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 170 7 symmetric symmetric JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 170 8 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 1 A a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 2 shift shift NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 3 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 5 left left NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 8 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 9 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 10 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 11 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 12 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 13 shift shift NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 14 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 16 right right NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 19 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 20 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 21 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 22 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 23 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 24 defines define VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 25 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 26 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 171 27 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 1 But but CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 2 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 3 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 4 large large JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 5 class class NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 7 symmetric symmetric JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 8 distributions distribution NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 10 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 11 shift shift NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 12 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 14 right right NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 17 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 18 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 19 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 20 automatically automatically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 21 causes cause VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 22 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 23 reduction reduction NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 24 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 25 6 6 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 26 Note note VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 27 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 28 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 29 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 30 distributions distribution NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 31 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 32 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 33 leftward leftward JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 34 shift shift NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 35 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 36 actually actually RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 37 increase increase VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 38 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 39 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 40 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 41 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 42 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 43 conditional conditional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 44 mean mean NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 45 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 46 above above IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 47 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 48 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 172 49 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 1 However however RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 4 mean mean NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 5 surely surely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 6 decreases decrease VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 7 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 8 log log NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 9 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 10 concave concave NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 11 distributions distribution NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 13 Barlow Barlow NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 14 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 15 Proschan Proschan NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 16 1975 1975 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 19 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 20 family family NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 21 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 22 includes include VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 23 many many JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 24 commonly commonly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 25 used use VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 26 distributions distribution NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 27 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 28 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 29 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 30 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 31 normal normal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 32 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 33 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 34 Laplace Laplace NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 35 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 36 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 37 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 38 logistic logistic NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 173 39 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 1 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 2 difference difference NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 3 between between IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 5 conditional conditional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 6 means mean VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 7 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 8 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 9 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 10 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 11 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 12 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 14 provided provide VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 15 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 17 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 18 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 19 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 20 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 21 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 22 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 23 unconditional unconditional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 24 mean mean NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 25 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 26 X x NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 27 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 28 that that RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 29 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 30 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 31 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 32 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 33 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 34 E(X E(X NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 174 36 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 1 That that RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 2 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 4 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 5 drop drop NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 6 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 9 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 11 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 13 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 14 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 15 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 16 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 17 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 18 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 19 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 20 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 21 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 22 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 23 interpreted interpret VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 24 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 25 evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 26 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 27 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 28 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 29 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 30 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 31 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 32 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 33 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 175 34 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 2 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 3 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 4 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 5 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 6 consequence consequence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 7 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 8 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 9 deterioration deterioration NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 12 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 13 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 15 all all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 16 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 17 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 18 or or CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 19 equivalently equivalently RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 20 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 21 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 22 increase increase NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 23 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 24 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 25 fraction fraction NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 26 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 27 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 28 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 176 29 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 4 appendix appendix NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 5 proves prove VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 7 following following JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 8 result result NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 9 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 10 Proposition proposition NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 11 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 177 12 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 1 Consider consider VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 2 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 3 random random JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 4 variable variable NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 5 X x NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 6 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 7 density density NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 8 f f NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 10 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 12 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 13 cumulative cumulative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 14 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 15 F f NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 17 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 19 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 20 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 21 let let VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 22 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 23 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 24 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 178 25 ≡ ≡ NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 179 1 E(X|X e(x|x NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 179 2 > > : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 179 3 T t NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 179 4 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 179 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 179 6 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 180 1 µ µ NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 180 2 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 180 3 ≡ ≡ NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 180 4 E(X|X e(x|x NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 180 5 ≤ ≤ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 180 6 T t NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 180 7 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 180 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 180 9 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 1 Suppose suppose VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 2 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 4 following follow VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 5 conditions condition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 6 hold hold VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 7 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 8 All all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 9 four four CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 10 conditions condition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 13 Proposition Proposition NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 14 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 15 satisfied satisfied JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 16 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 17 any any DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 18 normal normal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 19 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 181 20 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 2 first first JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 3 three three CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 4 conditions condition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 5 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 6 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 7 satisfied satisfied JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 8 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 9 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 10 large large JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 11 class class NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 13 symmetric symmetric JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 14 distributions distribution NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 15 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 16 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 17 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 19 Cauchy Cauchy NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 22 Logistic Logistic NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 23 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 24 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 25 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 26 Student Student NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 27 's 's POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 28 t. t. NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 182 29 7 7 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 2 illustrate illustrate VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 3 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 4 result result NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 5 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 6 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 7 normal normal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 8 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 9 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 10 unit unit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 11 variance variance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 12 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 13 mean mean VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 14 equal equal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 15 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 16 5 5 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 19 choice choice NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 20 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 22 mean mean NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 23 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 24 variance variance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 25 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 26 inconsequential inconsequential JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 27 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 28 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 29 results result NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 30 since since IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 31 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 32 conditions condition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 33 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 34 Proposition Proposition NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 35 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 36 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 37 satisfied satisfied JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 38 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 39 any any DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 40 normal normal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 41 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 183 43 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 1 Assume assume VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 2 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 3 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 4 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 5 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 6 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 7 classified classify VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 8 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 9 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 10 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 11 that that RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 12 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 14 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 15 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 16 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 17 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 184 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 185 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 185 2 perform perform VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 185 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 185 4 following follow VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 185 5 experiment experiment NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 185 6 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 186 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 186 2 generate generate VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 186 3 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 186 4 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 186 5 s s POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 186 6 = = NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 1 0.01 0.01 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 3 0.02 0.02 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 5 ... ... : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 7 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 8 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 9 progressively progressively RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 10 shift shift VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 12 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 13 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 15 left left NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 17 µ(s µ(s NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 187 19 = = NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 1 5 5 LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 2 − − NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 3 s s NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 5 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 6 compute compute VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 7 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 8 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 9 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 11 s s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 13 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 14 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 15 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 17 s s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 188 19 , , . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 1 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 2 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 5 difference difference NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 6 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 8 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 9 quality quality NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 11 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 12 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 13 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 15 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 16 each each DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 17 value value NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 18 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 19 s. s. NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 20 Panel Panel NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 21 A A NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 22 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 23 Figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 24 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 25 plots plot NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 26 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 27 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 28 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 30 s s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 32 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 33 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 34 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 36 s s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 38 against against IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 39 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 40 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 41 s s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 42 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 43 shows show VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 44 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 45 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 46 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 47 decreasing decrease VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 48 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 49 s s PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 50 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 51 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 189 52 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 1 as as RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 2 long long RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 3 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 5 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 6 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 7 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 8 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 9 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 10 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 12 left left NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 13 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 15 mean mean NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 18 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 20 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 21 s s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 22 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 23 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 24 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 25 µ(s µ(s NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 190 27 = = NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 191 1 3 3 LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 191 2 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 191 3 T t NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 191 4 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 191 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 191 6 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 1 Panel panel NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 2 B B NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 3 plots plot NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 4 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 5 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 6 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 8 s s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 10 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 11 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 12 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 14 s s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 16 against against IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 18 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 19 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 20 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 21 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 22 that that RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 23 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 24 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 25 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 26 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 27 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 28 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 29 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 30 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 31 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 32 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 33 obviously obviously RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 34 increases increase VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 35 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 192 36 s. s. NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 1 Here here RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 2 too too RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 5 find find VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 6 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 7 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 8 relationship relationship NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 10 as as RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 11 long long RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 12 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 14 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 16 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 17 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 18 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 19 50 50 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 20 % % NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 193 21 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 2 condition condition NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 3 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 4 T t NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 5 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 6 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 7 E(X E(X NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 9 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 10 generally generally RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 11 met meet VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 12 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 14 papers paper NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 15 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 16 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 17 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 194 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 2 graphs graph NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 3 report report VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 5 difference difference NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 6 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 8 conditional conditional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 9 mean mean NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 11 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 12 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 13 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 15 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 16 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 17 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 18 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 19 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 20 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 195 21 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 2 panel panel NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 3 A A NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 6 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 7 plotted plot VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 8 against against IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 10 aggregate aggregate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 11 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 12 s s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 13 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 14 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 15 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 16 0.01 0.01 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 17 ... ... NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 19 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 21 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 22 determines determine VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 24 leftward leftward JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 25 shift shift NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 26 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 28 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 29 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 30 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 31 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 32 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 33 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 34 Figure Figure NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 35 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 196 36 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 2 panel panel NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 3 B b NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 6 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 7 plotted plot VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 8 against against IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 10 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 12 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 13 implied imply VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 14 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 16 leftward leftward JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 17 shift shift NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 18 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 19 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 20 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 21 shown show VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 22 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 23 panel panel NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 197 24 A. a. NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 1 Thus thus RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 3 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 4 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 5 very very RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 6 standard standard JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 7 setting setting NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 8 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 9 without without IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 10 any any DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 11 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 12 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 13 occurring occur VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 14 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 15 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 16 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 17 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 19 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 20 estimation estimation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 21 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 22 Equation equation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 24 4 4 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 26 would would MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 27 deliver deliver VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 28 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 29 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 30 coefficient coefficient NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 31 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 32 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 33 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 34 corresponding correspond VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 35 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 36 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 37 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 38 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 39 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 40 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 41 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 42 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 43 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 44 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 45 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 46 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 47 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 48 increases increase NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 198 49 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 1 But but CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 2 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 3 simply simply RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 4 reflects reflect VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 5 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 6 property property NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 7 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 9 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 11 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 13 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 14 has have VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 15 nothing nothing NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 16 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 17 do do VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 18 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 19 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 20 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 21 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 22 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 23 larger large JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 24 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 25 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 26 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 27 hurts hurt VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 28 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 29 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 30 through through IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 31 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 32 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 33 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 34 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 35 product product NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 36 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 37 or or CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 38 input input NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 39 markets market NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 199 40 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 2 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 3 experimented experiment VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 4 numerically numerically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 5 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 6 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 7 nonsymmetric nonsymmetric JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 8 distributions distribution NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 9 typically typically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 10 used use VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 13 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 14 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 15 model model VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 17 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 18 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 19 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 20 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 200 21 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 4 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 5 computed compute VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 7 conditional conditional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 8 expectations expectation NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 9 above above IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 10 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 11 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 12 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 13 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 14 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 15 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 16 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 18 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 19 shifts shift NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 20 leftward leftward RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 22 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 24 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 25 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 26 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 27 increases increase NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 201 29 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 2 unreported unreported JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 3 results result NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 6 find find VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 7 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 9 correlation correlation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 10 between between IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 12 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 13 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 14 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 15 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 16 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 17 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 18 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 19 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 20 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 21 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 22 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 23 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 24 both both DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 25 positive positive JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 26 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 27 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 28 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 29 depending depend VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 30 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 31 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 32 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 33 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 34 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 35 parameters parameter NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 36 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 37 characterize characterize VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 38 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 202 39 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 1 For for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 2 example example NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 5 relationship relationship NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 6 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 7 continuously continuously RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 8 decreasing decrease VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 10 i.e. i.e. FW cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 12 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 13 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 14 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 15 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 16 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 17 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 18 decreases decrease VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 19 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 21 fraction fraction NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 22 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 23 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 24 increases increase VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 26 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 28 exponential exponential JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 29 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 30 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 31 while while IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 32 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 33 opposite opposite NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 34 occurs occur VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 35 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 36 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 37 Pareto Pareto NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 38 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 203 39 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 1 For for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 3 lognormal lognormal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 6 depends depend VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 7 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 9 parametrization parametrization NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 10 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 11 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 13 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 14 go go VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 15 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 16 decreasing decrease VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 17 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 18 increasing increase VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 19 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 20 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 22 normal normal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 23 case case NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 24 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 25 continuous continuous JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 26 increasing increase VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 27 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 28 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 29 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 30 Pareto Pareto NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 204 31 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 1 Not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 2 surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 5 first first JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 6 case case NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 7 occurs occur VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 8 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 9 parameterizations parameterization NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 10 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 11 make make VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 13 lognormal lognormal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 14 similar similar JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 15 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 17 normal normal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 19 i.e. i.e. FW cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 21 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 22 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 23 lognormal lognormal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 24 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 25 parameters parameter NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 26 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 27 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 28 σ σ NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 29 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 30 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 31 low low JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 32 σ σ NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 34 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 35 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 36 second second JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 37 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 38 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 39 Pareto Pareto NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 41 large large JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 42 σ σ NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 205 44 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 206 1 Only only RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 206 2 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 206 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 206 4 uniform uniform JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 206 5 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 206 6 does do VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 206 7 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 206 8 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 206 9 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 206 10 − − NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 207 1 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 207 2 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 207 3 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 207 4 vary vary VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 207 5 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 207 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 207 7 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 207 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 207 9 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 207 10 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 2 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 3 shown show VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 4 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 5 regressions regression NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 8 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 9 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 11 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 12 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 13 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 15 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 17 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 18 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 19 give give VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 20 rise rise NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 21 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 22 estimates estimate NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 23 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 24 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 25 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 26 different different JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 27 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 28 zero zero CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 29 even even RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 30 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 31 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 32 absence absence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 33 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 34 any any DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 35 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 208 36 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 2 estimated estimate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 3 coefficient coefficient NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 4 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 5 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 6 positive positive JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 7 or or CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 8 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 10 depending depend VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 11 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 13 shape shape NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 16 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 17 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 209 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 1 While while IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 2 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 3 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 4 enough enough JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 5 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 6 show show VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 7 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 8 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 9 regressions regression NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 10 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 11 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 12 able able JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 13 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 14 identify identify VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 15 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 17 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 18 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 19 interesting interesting JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 20 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 21 discuss discuss VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 22 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 23 most most RBS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 24 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 25 direction direction NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 26 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 28 bias bias NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 29 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 30 since since IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 31 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 32 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 33 has have VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 34 generally generally RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 35 estimated estimate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 36 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 37 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 38 coefficient coefficient NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 39 using use VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 40 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 41 methodology methodology NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 210 42 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 1 If if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 3 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 4 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 5 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 6 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 8 difference difference NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 9 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 10 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 11 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 12 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 13 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 14 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 15 decreases decrease VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 16 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 18 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 19 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 20 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 21 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 22 then then RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 24 regression regression NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 25 results result NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 26 would would MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 27 imply imply VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 28 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 29 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 30 even even RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 31 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 32 there there EX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 33 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 34 none none NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 211 35 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 1 When when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 3 difference difference NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 4 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 5 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 6 increases increase NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 7 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 9 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 11 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 13 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 15 other other JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 16 hand hand NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 17 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 19 regression regression NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 20 coefficient coefficient NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 21 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 22 biased bias VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 23 toward toward IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 24 zero zero CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 25 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 26 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 27 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 28 provides provide VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 29 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 30 lower low JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 31 bound bind VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 32 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 33 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 34 true true JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 35 effect effect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 212 36 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 1 While while IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 3 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 4 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 5 possible possible JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 6 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 7 give give VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 8 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 9 general general JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 10 answer answer NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 11 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 13 direction direction NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 16 bias bias NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 17 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 18 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 19 believe believe VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 20 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 21 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 22 practice practice NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 23 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 24 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 25 spurious spurious JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 26 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 27 estimate estimate NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 28 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 29 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 30 most most RBS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 31 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 32 result result NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 33 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 34 two two CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 35 reasons reason NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 213 36 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 2 second second JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 3 reason reason NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 4 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 5 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 6 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 7 spurious spurious JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 8 correlation correlation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 9 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 10 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 11 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 12 emerge emerge VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 13 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 14 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 15 there there EX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 16 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 17 another another DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 18 factor factor NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 19 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 20 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 21 induce induce VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 22 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 23 decrease decrease NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 24 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 25 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 26 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 27 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 28 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 29 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 30 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 31 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 32 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 33 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 34 shifts shift NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 35 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 36 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 37 left left NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 214 38 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 1 Very very RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 2 low low JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 3 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 4 quality quality NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 5 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 6 could could MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 7 exit exit VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 9 market market NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 10 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 11 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 12 would would MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 13 limit limit VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 15 drop drop NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 16 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 17 Figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 18 5 5 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 215 19 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 216 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 216 2 effect effect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 216 3 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 216 4 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 216 5 common common JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 216 6 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 216 7 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 216 8 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 216 9 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 216 10 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 2 figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 3 plots plot VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 4 two two CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 5 normal normal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 6 distributions distribution NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 7 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 8 unit unit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 9 variance variance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 10 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 11 mean mean VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 12 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 13 L l NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 14 = = NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 15 4 4 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 16 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 17 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 18 H h NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 19 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 20 5 5 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 21 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 22 respectively respectively RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 217 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 1 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 2 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 3 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 5 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 6 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 7 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 8 classified classify VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 9 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 10 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 11 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 13 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 14 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 15 D d NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 16 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 18 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 19 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 20 exit exit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 218 21 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 1 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 2 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 4 surviving survive VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 6 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 8 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 9 hence hence RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 11 drop drop NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 12 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 13 µ µ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 14 Z z NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 16 s s NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 19 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 20 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 21 hit hit VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 219 22 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 2 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 3 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 4 seen see VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 5 again again RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 6 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 7 Figure figure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 8 5 5 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 10 where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 11 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 12 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 13 added add VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 14 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 15 exit exit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 16 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 17 T t NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 18 D d NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 220 19 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 1 When when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 3 shift shift VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 5 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 6 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 8 left left NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 11 drop drop NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 12 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 14 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 15 quality quality NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 17 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 18 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 19 reduced reduce VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 20 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 22 fact fact NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 23 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 24 extremely extremely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 25 low low JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 26 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 27 quality quality NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 28 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 29 drop drop VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 30 out out IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 31 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 32 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 33 market market NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 221 34 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 1 At at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 3 same same JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 4 time time NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 6 as as RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 7 long long RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 8 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 10 density density NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 11 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 12 higher high JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 13 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 15 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 16 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 17 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 18 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 19 than than IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 20 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 22 exit exit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 23 threshold threshold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 24 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 25 D d NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 26 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 27 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 28 still still RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 29 obtain obtain VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 30 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 31 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 32 leftward leftward JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 33 shift shift NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 34 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 35 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 36 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 37 increases increase VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 38 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 39 mass mass NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 40 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 41 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 222 42 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 2 identification identification NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 3 issue issue NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 4 illustrated illustrate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 5 above above RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 6 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 7 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 8 restated restate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 9 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 10 standard standard JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 11 econometric econometric JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 12 language language NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 13 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 14 saying say VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 16 error error NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 17 term term NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 18 w w NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 19 ijt ijt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 20 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 21 Equation Equation NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 23 4 4 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 25 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 26 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 27 correlated correlate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 28 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 29 D D NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 30 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 31 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 32 ijt ijt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 33 * * NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 34 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 35 jt jt NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 36 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 37 despite despite IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 38 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 39 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 40 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 41 dummies dummy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 223 42 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 2 formulation formulation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 3 clarifies clarify VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 4 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 6 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 7 usual usual JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 8 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 10 causal causal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 11 interpretation interpretation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 14 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 15 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 16 coefficient coefficient NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 17 requires require VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 18 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 19 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 20 variation variation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 21 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 22 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 23 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 24 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 25 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 26 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 27 respect respect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 28 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 29 aggregate aggregate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 30 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 31 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 224 32 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 2 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 3 implicitly implicitly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 4 assumes assume VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 5 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 6 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 7 variability variability NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 8 comes come VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 9 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 10 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 11 behavior behavior NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 13 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 14 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 15 increase increase VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 17 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 18 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 19 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 20 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 21 engaging engage VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 22 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 23 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 24 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 225 25 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 1 However however RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 3 possibly possibly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 4 because because IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 5 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 6 subtle subtle JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 7 identification identification NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 8 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 9 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 10 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 11 fully fully RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 12 understood understand VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 14 given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 15 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 16 aggregate aggregate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 17 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 18 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 19 controlled control VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 20 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 21 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 22 time time NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 23 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 24 sector sector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 25 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 26 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 27 almost almost RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 28 no no DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 29 paper paper NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 30 takes take VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 31 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 32 standard standard JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 33 approach approach NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 34 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 35 finding find VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 36 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 37 instrument instrument NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 226 38 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 227 1 9 9 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 228 1 Rather rather RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 228 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 228 3 bank bank NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 228 4 behavior behavior NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 228 5 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 228 6 9 9 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 2 only only JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 3 exceptions exception NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 4 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 5 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 6 aware aware JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 7 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 8 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 9 Blattner Blattner NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 10 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 11 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 229 12 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 2 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 5 who who WP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 6 uses use VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 8 industry industry NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 9 exposure exposure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 10 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 11 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 12 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 13 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 14 imposed impose VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 15 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 17 European European NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 18 Banking Banking NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 19 Authority Authority NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 21 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 22 Acharya Acharya NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 23 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 24 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 230 25 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 2 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 5 who who WP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 6 uses use VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 8 incorporated incorporate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 9 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 11 definitions definition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 13 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 231 14 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 2 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 3 therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 4 useful useful JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 5 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 6 discuss discuss VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 7 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 8 definitions definition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 9 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 10 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 11 detail detail NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 12 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 13 assess assess VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 14 if if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 15 they -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 16 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 17 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 18 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 19 satisfy satisfy VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 21 exogeneity exogeneity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 22 requirement requirement NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 232 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 233 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 233 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 233 3 seminal seminal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 233 4 work work NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 233 5 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 233 6 Caballero Caballero NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 233 7 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 233 8 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 233 9 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 2 2008 2008 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 5 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 6 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 7 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 8 defined define VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 9 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 10 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 11 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 12 receive receive VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 13 subsidized subsidized JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 14 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 15 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 16 that that RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 17 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 19 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 20 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 22 interest interest NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 23 payments payment NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 24 over over IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 25 outstanding outstanding JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 26 debt debt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 28 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 29 measure measure NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 30 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 31 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 32 interest interest NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 33 rate rate NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 35 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 36 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 37 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 38 prime prime JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 39 rate rate NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 40 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 41 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 42 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 43 measured measure VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 44 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 45 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 46 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 47 rate rate NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 48 charged charge VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 49 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 50 high high JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 51 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 52 quality quality NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 53 borrowers borrower NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 234 54 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 1 If if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 2 one one PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 3 believes believe VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 4 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 6 number number NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 7 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 8 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 9 allowed allow VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 10 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 11 survive survive VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 12 varies varie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 13 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 14 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 15 result result NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 17 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 18 change change NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 19 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 20 lending lend VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 21 policies policy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 22 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 23 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 24 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 25 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 26 such such PDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 27 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 28 change change NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 29 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 30 uncorrelated uncorrelated JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 31 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 32 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 33 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 34 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 35 economywide economywide JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 36 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 37 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 38 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 39 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 40 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 41 then then RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 42 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 43 critique critique NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 44 would would MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 45 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 46 apply apply VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 235 47 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 1 Yet yet RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 3 such such PDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 4 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 5 assumption assumption NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 6 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 7 fragile fragile JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 8 since since IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 9 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 10 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 11 incentives incentive NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 12 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 13 subsidize subsidize VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 14 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 15 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 16 stronger strong JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 17 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 18 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 19 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 20 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 21 more more JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 22 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 23 risk risk NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 24 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 25 defaulting default VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 236 26 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 3 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 4 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 5 aggregate aggregate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 6 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 7 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 8 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 9 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 10 would would MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 11 increase increase VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 13 number number NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 15 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 16 at at IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 17 risk risk NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 18 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 19 therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 20 increase increase VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 22 incentives incentive NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 23 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 24 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 25 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 26 extend extend VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 27 subsidized subsidized JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 28 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 237 29 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 3 even even RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 4 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 5 definition definition NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 6 purely purely RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 7 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 8 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 9 whether whether IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 10 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 11 obtain obtain VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 12 cheap cheap JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 13 financing financing NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 14 may may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 15 result result VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 16 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 17 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 18 larger large JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 19 number number NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 20 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 21 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 22 being be VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 23 classified classify VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 24 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 25 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 26 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 27 sectors sector NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 28 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 29 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 30 performing perform VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 31 poorly poorly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 238 32 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 1 Things thing NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 2 become become VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 3 more more RBR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 4 problematic problematic JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 5 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 7 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 8 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 10 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 11 moved move VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 12 toward toward IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 13 definitions definition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 15 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 16 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 17 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 18 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 19 measures measure NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 21 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 22 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 23 cases case NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 24 integrated integrate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 25 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 26 indicators indicator NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 27 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 28 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 29 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 30 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 31 policies policy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 239 32 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 240 1 Storz Storz NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 240 2 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 240 3 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 240 4 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 2 2017 2017 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 4 use use VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 6 combination combination NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 7 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 8 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 9 return return NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 10 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 11 assets asset NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 13 ROA ROA NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 15 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 16 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 17 net net JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 18 investment investment NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 19 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 20 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 21 low low JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 22 EBITDA EBITDA NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 23 over over IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 24 debt debt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 241 25 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 242 1 Acharya Acharya NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 242 2 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 242 3 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 242 4 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 2 2019 2019 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 4 classify classify VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 5 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 6 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 7 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 8 those those DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 9 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 10 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 12 addition addition NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 13 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 14 receiving receive VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 15 subsidized subsidized JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 16 financing financing NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 17 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 18 have have VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 19 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 20 rating rating NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 21 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 22 BB bb NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 23 or or CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 24 lower low JJR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 25 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 26 whereas whereas IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 27 Acharya Acharya NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 28 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 29 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 243 30 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 2 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 4 use use VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 5 interest interest NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 6 coverage coverage NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 7 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 9 median median NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 10 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 11 leverage leverage NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 12 above above IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 14 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 16 definition definition NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 17 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 18 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 19 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 244 20 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 245 1 McGowan McGowan NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 245 2 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 245 3 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 245 4 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 2 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 4 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 5 Gouveia Gouveia NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 6 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 7 Osterhold Osterhold NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 9 2018 2018 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 11 only only RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 12 use use VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 14 interest interest NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 15 coverage coverage NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 16 ratio ratio NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 17 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 18 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 19 definition definition NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 20 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 21 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 246 22 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 247 1 Schivardi Schivardi NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 247 2 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 247 3 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 247 4 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 2 2019 2019 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 4 define define VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 5 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 6 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 7 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 8 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 9 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 10 low low JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 11 ROA roa NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 12 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 13 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 14 high high JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 15 leverage leverage NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 17 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 19 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 21 sample sample NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 22 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 23 mostly mostly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 24 private private JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 25 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 26 small small JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 27 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 28 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 29 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 30 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 31 attributed attribute VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 32 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 33 high high JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 34 bank bank NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 35 debt debt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 248 36 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 1 All all PDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 2 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 3 definitions definition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 4 contain contain VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 5 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 6 component component NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 7 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 8 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 10 possibly possibly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 11 coupled couple VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 12 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 13 some some DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 14 indication indication NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 16 evergreening evergreening NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 17 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 18 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 20 subsidized subsidized JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 21 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 22 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 23 high high JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 24 debt debt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 249 26 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 250 1 10 10 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 2 seems seem VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 3 unlikely unlikely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 4 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 5 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 6 definitions definition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 7 pass pass VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 9 exogeneity exogeneity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 10 requirement requirement NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 12 that that RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 13 is is RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 15 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 16 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 17 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 18 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 19 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 20 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 21 orthogonal orthogonal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 22 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 23 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 24 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 25 shift shift VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 26 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 27 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 28 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 251 29 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 1 average average JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 2 capitalization capitalization NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 4 measured measure VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 5 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 7 tier-1-to tier-1-to NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 8 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 9 risk risk NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 10 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 11 weighted weight VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 12 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 13 assets asset NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 14 ratio ratio NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 15 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 18 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 19 connected connect VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 20 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 22 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 23 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 24 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 25 market market NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 26 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 27 weighted weight VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 28 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 29 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 30 number number NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 31 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 32 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 33 relationships relationship NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 252 34 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 253 1 10 10 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 2 definition definition NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 3 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 4 subsidized subsidized JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 5 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 6 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 7 may may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 8 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 9 affected affect VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 10 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 11 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 12 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 13 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 14 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 15 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 16 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 17 based base VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 18 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 19 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 20 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 21 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 22 ratings rating NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 254 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 1 As as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 2 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 3 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 4 proxies proxy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 5 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 6 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 7 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 8 default default NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 9 probability probability NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 10 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 11 they -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 12 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 13 depend depend VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 14 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 15 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 16 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 17 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 255 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 1 To to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 2 assess assess VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 3 whether whether IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 5 results result NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 8 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 9 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 10 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 11 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 12 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 13 biased bias VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 15 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 16 Schivardi Schivardi NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 17 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 18 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 256 19 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 2 2019 2019 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 6 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 7 replicated replicate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 9 regressions regression NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 10 run run VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 11 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 13 previous previous JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 14 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 15 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 16 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 17 large large JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 18 sample sample NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 19 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 20 Italian italian JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 21 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 22 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 24 period period NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 25 2008 2008 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 26 - - SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 27 2013 2013 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 257 28 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 2 dependent dependent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 3 variables variable NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 4 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 5 various various JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 6 measures measure NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 7 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 8 firm firm JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 9 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 12 growth growth NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 13 rates rate NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 16 wage wage NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 17 bill bill NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 18 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 19 capital capital NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 20 spending spending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 21 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 22 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 23 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 25 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 26 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 28 specifications specification NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 29 correspond correspond VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 30 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 31 Equations equation NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 33 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 35 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 37 4 4 LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 39 above above RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 40 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 41 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 42 j j NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 43 denoting denote VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 44 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 45 provincesector provincesector NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 46 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 47 t t NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 48 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 49 year year NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 258 50 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 2 define define VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 3 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 4 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 5 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 6 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 7 firm firm NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 8 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 9 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 10 highly highly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 11 indebted indebted JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 12 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 13 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 14 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 16 returns return NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 17 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 18 assets asset NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 19 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 20 been be VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 21 systematically systematically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 22 below below IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 24 cost cost NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 25 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 26 capital capital NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 27 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 28 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 29 safest safe JJS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 30 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 259 31 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 2 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 3 find find VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 4 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 5 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 7 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 9 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 10 increases increase VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 12 all all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 13 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 14 measures measure NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 15 deteriorate deteriorate VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 16 more more RBR cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 17 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 18 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 19 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 20 than than IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 22 do do VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 23 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 24 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 25 under under IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 26 both both DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 27 specifications specification NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 260 28 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 1 Despite despite IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 3 substantial substantial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 4 differences difference NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 5 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 7 sample sample NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 9 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 10 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 11 institutional institutional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 12 setting setting NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 14 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 15 obtain obtain VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 16 magnitudes magnitude NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 17 similar similar JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 18 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 19 those those DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 20 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 22 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 23 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 24 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 25 estimates estimate NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 26 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 27 β β NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 28 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 29 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 30 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 31 capital capital NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 32 growth growth NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 33 Equation Equation NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 35 4 4 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 37 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 38 -0.08 -0.08 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 39 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 40 Caballero Caballero NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 41 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 42 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 261 43 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 262 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 262 2 2008 2008 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 262 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 262 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 262 5 -0.018 -0.018 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 262 6 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 262 7 Acharya Acharya NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 262 8 et et NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 262 9 al al NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 262 10 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 263 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 263 2 2019 2019 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 263 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 263 4 , , . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 1 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 2 -0.043 -0.043 NNPS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 3 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 4 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 5 case case NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 7 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 8 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 9 similar similar JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 10 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 11 employment employment NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 12 growth growth NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 264 13 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 3 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 4 finding finding NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 5 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 6 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 7 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 8 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 9 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 10 mechanical mechanical JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 11 consequence consequence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 12 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 14 leftward leftward JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 15 shift shift NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 16 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 18 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 19 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 20 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 21 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 22 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 23 itself -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 24 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 25 interpreted interpret VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 26 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 27 evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 28 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 29 negative negative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 30 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 31 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 32 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 33 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 34 nonzombies nonzombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 265 35 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 2 fact fact NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 3 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 4 when when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 6 replace replace VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 8 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 9 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 10 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 11 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 12 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 14 right right JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 15 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 16 hand hand NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 17 side side NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 18 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 20 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 22 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 23 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 24 jt jt NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 25 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 26 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 27 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 28 arguably arguably RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 29 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 30 supply supply NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 31 side side NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 32 indicator indicator NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 33 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 34 bank bank NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 35 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 36 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 37 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 38 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 39 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 40 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 41 find find VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 42 no no DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 43 evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 44 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 45 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 46 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 47 hurts hurt VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 48 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 49 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 266 50 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 267 1 11 11 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 2 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 3 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 4 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 5 creating create VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 6 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 7 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 8 risk risk NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 9 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 10 massive massive JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 11 bankruptcies bankruptcy NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 12 due due JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 13 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 14 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 15 ' ' POS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 16 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 17 shortages shortage NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 18 following follow VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 19 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 20 drop drop NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 21 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 22 sales sale NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 23 caused cause VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 24 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 25 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 26 lockdowns lockdown NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 27 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 28 most most JJS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 29 countries country NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 30 enacted enact VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 268 31 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 1 Brunnermeier Brunnermeier NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 2 & & CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 3 Krishnamurthy Krishnamurthy NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 5 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 7 argue argue VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 8 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 10 contrary contrary JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 11 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 12 " " `` cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 13 normal normal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 14 " " '' cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 15 recessions recession NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 18 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 19 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 20 action action NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 21 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 22 contrast contrast VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 24 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 25 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 26 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 27 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 28 incentive incentive VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 29 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 30 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 31 engage engage VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 32 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 33 evergreening evergreening NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 269 34 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 1 In in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 2 line line NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 3 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 4 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 5 prescription prescription NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 7 many many JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 8 governments government NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 9 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 10 set set VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 11 up up RP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 12 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 13 guarantee guarantee NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 14 schemes scheme NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 15 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 16 foster foster VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 17 corporate corporate JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 18 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 19 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 21 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 23 OECD OECD NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 24 2020 2020 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 270 26 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 1 One one CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 2 potential potential JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 3 side side NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 4 effect effect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 5 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 6 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 7 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 8 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 10 increase increase NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 12 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 13 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 14 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 15 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 16 according accord VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 17 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 18 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 19 recent recent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 20 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 21 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 22 might may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 23 slow slow VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 24 recovery recovery NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 271 25 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 2 argue argue VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 3 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 4 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 5 side side NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 6 effect effect NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 7 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 8 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 9 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 10 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 11 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 12 important important JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 13 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 15 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 16 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 272 17 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 2 argue argue VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 3 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 4 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 5 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 6 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 7 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 8 likely likely JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 9 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 10 prompt prompt VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 11 slow slow JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 12 recovery recovery NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 13 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 14 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 15 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 16 itself -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 273 17 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 1 First first RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 3 using use VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 4 data datum NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 5 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 6 Italy Italy NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 7 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 9 show show VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 10 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 12 bulk bulk NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 13 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 14 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 15 needs need NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 16 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 17 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 18 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 19 come come VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 20 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 21 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 22 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 23 were be VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 24 financially financially RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 25 sound sound JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 26 before before IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 27 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 28 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 29 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 30 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 31 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 32 hit hit VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 33 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 34 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 35 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 36 intensity intensity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 37 that that WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 38 was be VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 39 independent independent JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 40 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 41 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 42 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 43 conditions condition NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 274 44 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 1 Second second RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 4 show show VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 5 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 7 framework framework NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 8 used use VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 9 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 11 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 12 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 13 identify identify VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 15 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 17 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 18 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 19 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 21 real real JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 22 economy economy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 23 suffers suffer VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 24 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 25 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 26 serious serious JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 27 identification identification NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 28 problem problem NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 29 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 30 even even RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 31 though though IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 32 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 33 share share NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 34 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 35 zombies zombie NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 36 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 37 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 38 mechanically mechanically RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 39 correlated correlate VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 40 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 41 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 42 relative relative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 43 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 44 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 45 healthy healthy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 46 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 275 47 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 1 As as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 2 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 3 consequence consequence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 5 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 6 correlation correlation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 7 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 8 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 9 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 10 interpreted interpret VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 11 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 12 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 13 causal causal JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 14 sense sense NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 276 15 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 2 believe believe VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 3 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 4 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 5 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 6 important important JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 7 result result NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 8 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 9 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 11 casts cast VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 12 doubts doubt NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 13 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 14 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 15 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 16 prescription prescription NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 17 emerging emerge VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 18 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 19 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 20 literature literature NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 21 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 22 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 23 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 24 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 25 slows slow VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 26 recovery recovery NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 277 27 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 1 These these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 2 prescriptions prescription NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 3 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 4 played play VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 5 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 6 important important JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 7 role role NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 8 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 9 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 10 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 11 debate debate NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 12 following follow VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 13 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 14 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 15 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 16 sovereign sovereign JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 17 debt debt NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 18 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 19 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 20 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 21 they -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 22 may may MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 23 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 24 become become VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 25 relevant relevant JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 26 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 27 addressing address VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 28 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 29 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 30 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 278 31 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 2 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 3 therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 4 important important JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 5 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 6 they -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 7 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 8 backed back VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 9 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 10 flawless flawless JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 11 evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 279 12 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 1 Future future JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 2 research research NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 3 should should MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 4 emphasize emphasize VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 5 exogenous exogenous JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 6 variation variation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 7 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 9 number number NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 11 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 12 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 13 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 14 determine determine VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 15 whether whether IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 16 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 17 prescriptions prescription NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 18 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 19 correct correct JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 280 20 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 1 All all RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 2 in in RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 3 all all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 6 conclude conclude VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 7 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 9 risk risk NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 10 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 11 government government NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 12 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 13 guaranteed guarantee VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 14 schemes scheme NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 15 incentive incentive NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 16 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 17 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 18 should should MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 19 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 20 hold hold VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 21 back back RP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 22 governments government NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 23 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 24 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 25 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 26 providing provide VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 27 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 28 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 29 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 30 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 31 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 32 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 33 pandemic pandemic NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 34 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 35 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 36 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 37 essential essential JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 38 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 39 avoid avoid VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 40 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 41 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 42 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 43 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 44 pushes push VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 45 many many JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 46 solvent solvent NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 47 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 48 out out IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 49 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 50 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 51 market market NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 281 52 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 282 1 Proof proof NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 282 2 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 1 For for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 2 ease ease NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 3 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 4 notation notation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 7 replace replace VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 8 T T NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 9 Z Z NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 10 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 283 11 c. c. NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 284 1 Fix fix VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 284 2 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 285 1 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 285 2 E E NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 285 3 [ [ -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 285 4 X x NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 285 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 285 6 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 1 Without without IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 2 loss loss NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 3 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 4 generality generality NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 6 assume assume VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 7 E[X E[X NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 8 ] ] -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 9 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 10 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 12 otherwise otherwise RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 13 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 14 consider consider VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 15 Y Y NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 16 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 17 X X NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 18 − − NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 19 E[X E[X NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 21 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 22 f f NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 23 Y Y NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 25 y y NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 286 27 = = NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 287 1 f f LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 287 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 287 3 E[X E[X NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 287 4 ] ] -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 287 5 + + CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 287 6 y y NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 287 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 287 8 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 288 1 By by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 288 2 ease ease NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 288 3 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 288 4 notation notation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 288 5 call call NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 289 1 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 289 2 It -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 289 3 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 289 4 easy easy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 289 5 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 289 6 show show VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 289 7 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 1 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 2 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 3 Where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 4 F F NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 5 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 6 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 7 cumulative cumulative JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 8 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 9 function function NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 10 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 290 11 X. X. NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 1 Then then RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 3 proof proof NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 4 becomes become VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 5 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 6 prove prove VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 7 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 8 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 9 strictly strictly RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 10 decreasing decrease VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 11 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 12 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 13 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 14 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 291 15 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 292 1 Our -PRON- PRP$ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 292 2 proof proof NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 292 3 will will MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 292 4 rely rely VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 292 5 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 292 6 three three CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 292 7 different different JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 292 8 lemmas lemma NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 292 9 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 293 1 Lemma Lemma NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 293 2 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 293 3 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 294 1 g g NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 294 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 294 3 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 294 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 294 5 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 294 6 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 294 7 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 295 1 Proof proof NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 295 2 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 1 Differentiating differentiate VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 2 g(c g(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 6 obtain obtain VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 7 By by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 8 symmetry symmetry NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 10 F F NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 12 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 296 14 = = NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 297 1 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 297 2 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 297 3 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 298 1 Hence hence RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 298 2 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 298 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 298 4 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 298 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 298 6 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 298 7 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 298 8 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 299 1 QED QED NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 299 2 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 300 1 Proof proof NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 300 2 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 301 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 301 2 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 301 3 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 301 4 where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 301 5 h(c h(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 301 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 301 7 = = NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 302 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 302 2 2F 2F NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 302 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 302 4 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 302 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 302 6 − − NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 302 7 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 302 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 303 1 M M NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 303 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 303 3 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 303 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 303 5 − − NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 304 1 cF cF NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 305 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 305 2 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 305 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 305 4 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 1 Thus thus RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 3 g g NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 5 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 7 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 8 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 9 if if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 10 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 11 only only RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 12 if if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 13 h(c h(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 306 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 307 1 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 307 2 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 307 3 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 308 1 Note note VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 308 2 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 308 3 h(0 h(0 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 308 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 308 5 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 308 6 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 309 1 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 309 2 symmetry symmetry NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 309 3 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 310 1 Next next RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 310 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 310 3 differentiate differentiate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 310 4 h(c h(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 310 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 310 6 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 311 1 Now now RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 311 2 consider consider VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 311 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 311 4 point point NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 311 5 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 311 6 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 311 7 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 311 8 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 312 1 By by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 312 2 symmetry symmetry NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 312 3 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 312 4 above above JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 312 5 inequality inequality NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 312 6 reads read VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 312 7 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 3 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 4 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 5 symmetry symmetry NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 7 one one PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 8 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 9 show show VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 10 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 11 where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 13 second second JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 14 equality equality NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 15 follows follow VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 16 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 17 substituting substitute VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 18 y y NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 19 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 20 −x −x NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 21 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 22 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 23 third third JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 24 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 25 true true JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 26 thanks thank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 27 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 28 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 29 symmetry symmetry NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 30 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 31 f f NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 33 x x NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 313 35 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 1 Hence hence RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 4 7 7 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 6 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 8 6 6 LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 10 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 11 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 12 written write VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 13 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 14 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 16 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 18 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 19 holds hold VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 20 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 21 assumption assumption NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 22 4 4 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 314 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 315 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 315 2 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 315 3 shown show VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 315 4 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 315 5 h(0 h(0 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 315 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 315 7 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 315 8 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 316 1 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 316 2 h h NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 316 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 316 4 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 316 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 316 6 > > XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 316 7 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 316 8 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 1 Since since IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 2 h(c h(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 4 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 5 continuously continuously RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 6 differentiable differentiable JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 7 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 8 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 9 means mean VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 10 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 11 h(c h(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 13 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 14 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 15 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 16 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 17 left left JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 18 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 19 neighbourhood neighbourhood NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 20 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 21 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 22 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 23 h(c h(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 317 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 318 1 > > XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 319 1 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 319 2 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 319 3 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 319 4 right right JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 319 5 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 319 6 neighborhood neighborhood NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 319 7 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 319 8 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 319 9 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 1 As as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 2 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 3 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 4 consequence consequence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 6 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 8 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 10 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 11 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 12 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 13 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 15 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 17 > > NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 18 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 19 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 20 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 21 left left JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 22 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 23 neighbourhood neighbourhood NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 24 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 25 rightneighborhood rightneighborhood NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 26 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 27 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 28 respectively respectively RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 320 29 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 321 1 QED QED NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 321 2 Lemma Lemma NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 321 3 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 321 4 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 1 Suppose suppose VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 2 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 3 there there EX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 4 exists exist VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 5 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 6 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 7 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 8 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 9 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 10 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 11 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 13 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 14 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 16 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 17 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 322 18 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 323 1 Then then RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 323 2 g g NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 323 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 323 4 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 323 5 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 323 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 323 7 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 323 8 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 323 9 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 324 1 Proof proof NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 324 2 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 325 1 Suppose suppose VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 325 2 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 325 3 there there EX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 325 4 exists exist VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 325 5 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 325 6 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 325 7 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 325 8 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 326 1 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 326 2 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 326 3 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 326 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 326 5 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 326 6 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 326 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 326 8 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 326 9 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 326 10 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 1 By by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 3 5 5 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 5 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 6 which which WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 7 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 8 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 9 rewritten rewrite VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 10 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 11 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 12 Then then RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 13 replacing replace VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 14 M M NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 16 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 17 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 19 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 20 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 21 RHS RHS NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 22 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 24 9 9 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 26 into into IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 28 6 6 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 30 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 31 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 32 obtain obtain VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 33 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 34 where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 35 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 36 sign sign NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 37 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 38 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 39 inequality inequality NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 40 has have VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 41 been be VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 42 changed change VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 43 since since IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 44 2F 2F NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 46 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 47 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 327 49 − − NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 328 1 1 1 LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 328 2 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 328 3 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 1 This this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 2 follows follow VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 3 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 4 symmetry symmetry NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 5 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 6 given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 7 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 8 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 9 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 10 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 11 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 12 ⇒ ⇒ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 13 F F NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 15 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 16 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 329 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 330 1 < < NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 330 2 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 330 3 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 1 So so RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 4 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 5 shown show VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 6 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 7 h h NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 9 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 10 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 12 > > XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 331 13 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 332 1 if if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 332 2 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 332 3 only only RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 332 4 if if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 332 5 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 332 6 p(c p(c CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 332 7 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 332 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 332 9 = = NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 333 1 2c 2c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 333 2 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 334 1 f f LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 334 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 334 3 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 334 4 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 334 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 334 6 − − NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 335 1 2F 2F NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 335 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 336 1 c c LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 336 2 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 336 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 336 4 + + CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 1 1 1 LS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 2 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 3 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 4 Consider consider VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 6 function function NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 7 p(c p(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 9 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 10 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 11 ≤ ≤ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 12 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 337 13 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 338 1 Then then RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 338 2 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 338 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 338 4 i i NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 338 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 338 6 p(0 p(0 . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 339 1 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 339 2 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 339 3 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 340 1 ; ; : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 340 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 340 3 ii ii NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 340 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 340 5 p p NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 340 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 340 7 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 340 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 340 9 = = NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 341 1 2cf 2cf NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 2 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 4 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 5 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 6 if if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 7 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 8 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 9 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 10 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 11 assumption assumption NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 12 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 342 13 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 1 Since since IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 2 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 3 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 4 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 5 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 6 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 7 p(c p(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 9 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 10 continuously continuously RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 11 differentiable differentiable JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 14 i i NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 16 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 18 ii ii NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 20 imply imply VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 21 p(c p(c CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 22 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 343 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 344 1 > > XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 345 1 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 345 2 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 346 1 Now now RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 346 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 346 3 want want VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 346 4 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 346 5 evaluate evaluate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 346 6 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 346 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 346 8 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 346 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 346 10 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 1 Note note VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 2 first first RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 3 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 4 all all DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 5 that that DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 7 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 9 5 5 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 12 g g NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 14 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 16 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 17 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 18 written write VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 19 as as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 20 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 21 Differentiating differentiate VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 22 w.r w.r NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 23 . . NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 24 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 25 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 26 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 347 27 _SP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 1 Now now RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 3 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 4 recognize recognize VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 5 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 6 h(c h(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 7 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 9 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 10 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 11 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 12 given give VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 13 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 14 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 16 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 17 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 19 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 20 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 21 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 22 assumption assumption NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 348 23 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 1 As as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 2 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 3 consequence consequence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 4 N n NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 6 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 7 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 9 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 10 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 11 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 12 hence hence RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 13 D D NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 15 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 16 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 18 N N NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 20 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 21 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 23 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 349 24 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 1 Thus thus RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 4 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 5 where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 6 both both DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 7 equalities equality NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 8 follow follow VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 9 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 10 h(c h(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 11 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 13 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 14 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 350 15 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 1 Since since IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 2 h h NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 4 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 5 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 7 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 8 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 9 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 10 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 11 thus thus RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 12 have have VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 13 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 15 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 16 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 18 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 19 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 351 20 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 352 1 QED QED NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 1 Now now RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 3 complete complete VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 4 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 5 proof proof NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 6 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 7 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 8 Proposition Proposition NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 9 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 10 contraddiction contraddiction NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 353 11 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 1 By by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 2 Lemmas Lemmas NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 3 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 4 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 5 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 6 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 7 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 8 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 9 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 10 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 11 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 12 point point NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 13 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 14 local local JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 15 minimum minimum NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 16 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 17 g(c g(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 354 19 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 1 By by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 2 Lemma Lemma NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 3 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 5 any any DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 6 point point NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 7 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 8 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 9 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 10 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 11 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 12 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 13 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 15 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 16 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 18 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 19 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 20 must must MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 21 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 22 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 23 local local JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 24 maximum maximum NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 25 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 26 g(c g(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 355 28 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 1 Thus thus RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 3 Lemma Lemma NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 4 3 3 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 5 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 6 implies imply VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 7 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 8 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 9 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 10 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 11 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 12 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 13 if if IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 15 exists exist VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 16 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 17 must must MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 18 be be VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 19 unique unique JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 20 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 21 since since IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 22 g(c g(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 24 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 25 continuously continuously RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 26 differentiable differentiable JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 27 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 28 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 29 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 30 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 31 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 32 have have VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 33 two two CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 34 consecutive consecutive JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 35 local local JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 36 maxima maxima NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 356 37 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 1 Thus thus RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 3 existence existence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 4 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 5 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 6 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 7 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 8 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 9 implies imply VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 10 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 11 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 13 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 15 > > NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 16 0 0 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 17 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 18 any any DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 19 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 20 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 357 21 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 358 1 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 358 2 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 1 But but CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 2 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 3 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 4 impossible impossible JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 5 because because IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 6 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 7 where where WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 8 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 9 second second JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 10 equality equality NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 11 follows follow VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 12 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 13 m(c m(c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 359 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 360 1 = = NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 1 − − CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 2 1−F 1−f CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 4 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 6 F F NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 8 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 10 M M NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 12 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 361 14 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 1 Thus thus RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 3 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 4 point point NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 5 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 6 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 7 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 8 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 9 such such JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 10 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 11 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 13 c c NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 14 * * NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 16 = = SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 17 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 18 can can MD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 19 not not RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 20 exist exist VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 362 21 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 1 Therefore therefore RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 2 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 3 by by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 4 Lemmas Lemmas NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 5 1 1 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 6 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 7 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 8 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 9 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 10 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 11 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 12 only only JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 13 critical critical JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 14 point point NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 15 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 16 g g NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 18 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 20 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 21 0 0 NFP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 22 for for IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 23 any any DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 24 c c NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 25 < < XX cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 363 26 0.QED 0.QED . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 1 As as IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 2 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 3 application application NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 4 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 6 show show VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 7 that that IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 8 X X VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 9 ∼ ∼ NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 10 N N NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 12 µ µ NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 14 σ σ NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 15 2 2 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 17 satisfies satisfy VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 18 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 19 assumptions assumption NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 364 20 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 2 first first JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 3 three three CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 4 ones one NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 5 are be VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 6 obvious obvious JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 7 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 8 so so RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 9 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 10 focus focus VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 11 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 13 fourth fourth JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 365 14 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 1 By by IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 2 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 3 properties property NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 4 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 5 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 6 Gaussian gaussian JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 7 distribution distribution NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 8 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 9 Zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 10 credit credit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 11 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 13 dis- dis- NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 366 15 inflation inflation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 367 1 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 367 2 Evidence evidence NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 367 3 from from IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 367 4 Europe Europe NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 367 5 . . . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 368 1 Mimeo Mimeo NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 1 Whatever whatever WDT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 3 takes take VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 4 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 5 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 6 real real JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 7 effects effect NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 8 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 9 unconventional unconventional JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 10 monetary monetary JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 11 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 12 Distressed distressed JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 13 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 14 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 15 distorted distorted JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 16 decisions decision NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 369 17 ? ? . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 370 1 Mimeo Mimeo NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 370 2 Statistical Statistical NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 370 3 Theory Theory NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 370 4 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 370 5 Reliability Reliability NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 370 6 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 1 Life life NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 2 Testing Testing NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 3 Covid-19 Covid-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 4 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 5 also also RB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 6 a a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 7 reallocation reallocation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 8 shock shock NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 9 Input input NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 10 specificity specificity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 11 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 12 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 13 propagation propagation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 14 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 15 idiosyncratic idiosyncratic JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 16 shocks shock NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 17 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 18 production production NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 19 networks network NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 20 Bankruptcy bankruptcy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 21 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 22 When when WRB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 23 losses loss NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 24 turn turn VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 25 into into IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 26 loans loan NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 371 27 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 2 cost cost NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 3 of of IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 4 undercapitalized undercapitalized JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 5 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 6 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 7 SME SME NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 8 evergreening evergreening NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 9 proposal proposal NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 10 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 11 Inverted invert VBN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 12 economics economic NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 13 Zombie Zombie NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 14 lending lending NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 15 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 16 depressed depressed JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 17 restructuring restructuring NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 18 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 19 Japan Japan NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 20 Golden Golden NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 21 fetters fetter NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 22 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 23 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 24 gold gold NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 25 standard standard NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 26 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 27 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 28 Great Great NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 29 Depression Depression NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 30 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 31 1919 1919 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 32 - - SYM cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 33 1939 1939 CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 34 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 35 NBER NBER NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 36 series series NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 37 on on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 38 long long JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 39 - - HYPH cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 40 term term NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 41 factors factor NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 42 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 43 economic economic JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 44 development development NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 45 Fear fear VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 46 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 47 walking walk VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 48 dead dead JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 49 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 50 Zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 51 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 52 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 53 spillovers spillover NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 54 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 55 exit exit NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 56 barriers barrier NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 57 Misallocation misallocation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 58 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 59 manufacturing manufacturing NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 60 TFP tfp NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 61 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 62 China China NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 63 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 372 64 India India NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 373 1 The the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 373 2 walking walk VBG cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 373 3 dead dead JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 373 4 ? ? . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 1 Zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 2 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 3 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 4 productivity productivity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 5 performance performance NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 6 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 7 OECD OECD NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 8 countries country NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 9 Foreclosures foreclosure NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 10 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 11 house house NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 12 prices price NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 13 , , , cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 14 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 15 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 16 real real JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 17 economy economy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 18 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 20 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 22 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 23 SME SME NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 24 policy policy NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 374 25 responses response NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 1 A a DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 2 simple simple JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 3 method method NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 4 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 5 estimate estimate VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 6 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 7 liquidity liquidity NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 8 needs need NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 9 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 10 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 11 COVID-19 COVID-19 NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 12 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 13 with with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 14 an an DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 15 application application NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 16 to to IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 17 Italy Italy NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 18 Credit Credit NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 19 misallocation misallocation NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 20 during during IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 21 the the DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 22 European european JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 23 financial financial JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 375 24 crisis crisis NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 376 1 Do do VBP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 376 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 376 3 want want VB cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 376 4 these these DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 376 5 two two CD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 376 6 to to TO cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 376 7 tango tango NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 376 8 ? ? . cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 1 On on IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 2 zombie zombie NN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 3 firms firm NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 4 and and CC cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 5 stressed stress VBD cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 6 banks bank NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 7 in in IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 8 Europe Europe NNP cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 9 With with IN cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 10 easy easy JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 11 computations computation NNS cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 12 : : : cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 13 this this DT cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 14 is be VBZ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 15 true true JJ cord-031106-h1h5q9qo 377 16 . . .