id sid tid token lemma pos cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 1 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 2 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 3 cord-259603-bh198xgl cord-259603-bh198xgl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 4 authors author NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 5 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 6 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 8 E.J. E.J. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 9 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 10 Decroly Decroly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 12 E. E. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 13 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 14 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 16 J. J. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 17 title title NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 18 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 19 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 20 Nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 21 Proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 22 Directing direct VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 23 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 25 Synthesis Synthesis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 27 Processing Processing NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 28 date date NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 29 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 30 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 31 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 32 09 09 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 33 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 34 14 14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 35 journal journal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1 36 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 2 1 Adv Adv NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 2 2 Virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 2 3 Res res NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 2 4 DOI doi NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 2 5 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 3 1 10.1016/ 10.1016/ CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 4 1 bs.aivir.2016.08.008 bs.aivir.2016.08.008 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 5 1 sha sha NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 5 2 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 5 3 2f907204bfc5354c091a17133e85c41e50a0b8d7 2f907204bfc5354c091a17133e85c41e50a0b8d7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 5 4 doc_id doc_id CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 5 5 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 5 6 259603 259603 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 6 1 cord_uid cord_uid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 6 2 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 1 bh198xgl bh198xgl NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 2 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 3 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 4 animal animal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 6 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 7 pathogens pathogen NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 8 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 9 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 10 cause cause VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 11 lethal lethal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 12 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 13 infections infection NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 14 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 15 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 17 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 7 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 2 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 3 polycistronic polycistronic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 4 plus plus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 6 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 8 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 10 belong belong VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 11 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 13 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 14 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 17 diverse diverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 18 group group NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 20 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 21 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 22 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 23 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 24 ancestry ancestry NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 25 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 26 inferred infer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 27 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 29 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 30 principles principle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 31 underlying underlie VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 32 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 33 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 34 organization organization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 36 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 38 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 39 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 41 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 42 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 43 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 44 array array NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 45 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 46 core core JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 47 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 48 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 49 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 50 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 51 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 52 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 53 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 54 synthesizing synthesize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 55 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 8 56 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 1 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 2 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 4 ~ ~ NFP cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 5 26–32 26–32 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 6 kilobases kilobases NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 8 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 10 largest large JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 12 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 13 known know VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 14 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 15 date date NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 18 expansion expansion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 19 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 20 likely likely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 21 enabled enable VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 22 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 23 acquiring acquire VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 24 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 25 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 26 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 27 counter counter VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 29 commonly commonly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 30 high high JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 31 error error NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 32 frequency frequency NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 34 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 35 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 36 polymerases polymerase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 9 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 2 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 3 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 4 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 5 direct direct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 7 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 8 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 10 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 11 reside reside VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 13 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 14 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 16 nsp nsp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 18 7 7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 19 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 20 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 22 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 23 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 24 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 25 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 27 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 28 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 29 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 30 polyproteins polyprotein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 31 translated translate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 32 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 34 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 35 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 10 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 1 Significant significant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 2 progress progress NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 3 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 4 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 5 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 6 made make VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 7 regarding regard VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 9 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 11 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 12 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 14 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 15 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 16 technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 17 advances advance NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 18 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 19 improved improve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 20 methods method NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 21 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 22 bioinformatics bioinformatic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 24 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 25 biology biology NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 27 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 28 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 29 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 30 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 32 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 33 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 35 directed direct VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 36 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 38 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 39 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 11 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 1 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 2 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 3 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 4 include include VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 5 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 6 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 7 less less RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 8 universal universal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 9 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 11 plus plus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 13 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 15 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 17 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 18 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 20 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 22 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 25 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 27 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 30 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 31 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 32 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 33 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 35 rare rare JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 36 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 37 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 38 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 39 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 40 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 41 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 42 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 43 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 45 nsp14 nsp14 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 47 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 49 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 50 fidelity fidelity NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 51 control control NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 53 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 12 55 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 1 Several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 2 smaller small JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 3 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 5 nsp7–nsp10 nsp7–nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 7 act act VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 8 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 9 crucial crucial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 10 cofactors cofactor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 12 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 13 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 15 contribute contribute VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 16 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 18 emerging emerge VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 19 “ " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 20 nsp nsp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 21 interactome interactome NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 13 23 ” " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 1 Understanding understand VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 3 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 5 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 8 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 13 synthesizing synthesize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 14 machinery machinery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 16 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 17 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 18 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 19 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 20 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 21 rationalizing rationalize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 23 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 24 success success NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 27 development development NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 28 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 29 improved improved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 30 control control NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 31 strategies strategy NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 14 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 1 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 3 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 5 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 7 best well RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 9 known know VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 11 best well RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 13 studied study VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 14 clade clade NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 17 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 18 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 20 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 21 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 22 comprised comprise VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 24 enveloped envelop VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 25 plus plus CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 27 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 29 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 32 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 33 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 34 currently currently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 35 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 36 comprises comprise VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 38 Arteriviridae Arteriviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 40 Roniviridae Roniviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 41 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 42 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 43 Mesoniviridae Mesoniviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 44 families family NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 46 de de FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 47 Groot Groot NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 48 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 49 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 50 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 51 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 52 2012a 2012a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 53 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 54 b b LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 55 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 56 Lauber Lauber NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 57 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 58 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 59 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 60 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 61 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 62 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 15 63 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 2 addition addition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 3 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 4 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 5 various various JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 6 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 7 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 8 CoVs cov NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 10 livestock livestock NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 12 Saif Saif NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 14 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 17 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 18 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 19 established establish VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 20 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 21 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 22 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 23 causing cause VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 24 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 25 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 26 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 28 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 29 colds cold NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 31 Pyrc Pyrc NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 32 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 33 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 34 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 36 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 39 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 40 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 41 attracted attract VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 42 abundant abundant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 43 attention attention NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 44 due due IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 45 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 46 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 47 potential potential NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 48 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 49 cause cause VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 50 lethal lethal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 51 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 52 infections infection NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 54 Graham Graham NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 55 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 56 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 57 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 58 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 59 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 16 61 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 2 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 3 exemplified exemplify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 4 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 6 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 7 outbreak outbreak NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 9 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 10 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 11 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 12 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 14 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 20 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 21 Southeast Southeast NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 22 Asia Asia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 25 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 26 transmission transmission NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 27 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 28 since since IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 29 2012-of 2012-of CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 31 Middle Middle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 32 East East NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 33 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 34 syndromecoronavirus syndromecoronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 36 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 37 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 38 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 41 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 42 causes cause VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 43 $ $ $ cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 44 35 35 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 45 % % NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 46 mortality mortality NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 47 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 48 patients patient NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 49 seeking seek VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 50 medical medical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 51 attention attention NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 17 52 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 1 Both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 2 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 3 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 4 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 5 closely closely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 6 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 7 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 8 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 9 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 10 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 11 circulating circulate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 13 bats bat NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 15 Ge Ge NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 16 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 17 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 18 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 20 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 21 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 22 Menachery Menachery NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 23 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 24 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 25 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 27 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 29 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 30 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 31 potential potential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 32 reservoir reservoir NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 33 species specie NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 18 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 2 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 3 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 4 transmitted transmit VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 5 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 6 humans human NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 7 either either CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 8 directly directly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 9 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 10 through through IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 11 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 12 hosts host NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 14 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 15 civet civet NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 16 cats cat NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 17 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 18 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 20 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 22 Song Song NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 23 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 24 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 25 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 27 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 29 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 30 dromedary dromedary NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 31 camels camel NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 32 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 33 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 19 35 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 20 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 20 2 Reusken Reusken NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 20 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 20 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 20 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 20 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 20 7 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 20 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 20 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 1 Formally formally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 4 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 5 Coronaviridae Coronaviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 6 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 7 includes include VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 8 about about IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 9 30 30 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 10 species specie NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 12 divided divide VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 13 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 21 15 subfamilies subfamily NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 1 Torovirinae Torovirinae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 2 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 3 Coronavirinae Coronavirinae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 6 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 7 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 8 further further RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 9 subdivided subdivide VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 12 genera genera NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 13 Alpha- Alpha- NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 15 Beta- Beta- NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 17 Gamma- Gamma- NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 20 Deltacoronavirus Deltacoronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 22 21 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 5 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 8 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 9 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 13 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 14 holds hold VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 15 true true JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 16 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 17 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 20 best well RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 22 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 23 animal animal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 24 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 25 models model NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 27 murine murine JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 28 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 29 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 31 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 23 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 2 explains explain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 3 why why WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 5 bulk bulk NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 7 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 8 current current JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 9 knowledge knowledge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 11 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 12 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 13 biology biology NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 14 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 15 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 16 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 18 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 19 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 20 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 21 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 23 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 24 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 25 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 26 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 28 central central JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 29 theme theme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 31 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 32 review review NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 34 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 35 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 36 mainly mainly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 37 summarize summarize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 38 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 39 obtained obtain VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 40 studying study VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 41 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 42 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 43 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 44 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 24 45 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 1 Despite despite IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 2 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 3 unification unification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 6 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 7 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 8 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 10 nidoviruses nidoviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 11 cover cover VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 12 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 13 unusually unusually RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 14 broad broad JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 15 range range NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 17 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 18 sizes size NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 20 ranging range VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 21 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 22 $ $ $ cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 23 13 13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 24 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 25 16 16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 26 kilobases kilobase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 28 kb kb NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 30 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 31 arteriviruses arteriviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 33 via via IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 34 $ $ $ cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 35 20 20 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 36 kb kb NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 37 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 38 mesoniviruses mesoniviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 40 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 41 $ $ $ cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 42 26 26 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 43 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 44 32 32 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 45 kb kb NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 46 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 47 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 49 Nga Nga NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 50 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 51 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 52 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 53 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 54 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 25 56 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 1 Together together RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 2 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 4 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 6 roniviruses roniviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 8 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 9 infect infect VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 10 invertebrate invertebrate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 11 hosts host NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 13 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 14 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 15 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 17 largest large JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 19 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 20 known know VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 21 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 22 date date NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 26 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 2 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 3 ancestry ancestry NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 5 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 6 extremely extremely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 7 diverse diverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 8 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 9 lineages lineage NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 10 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 11 inferred infer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 12 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 13 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 14 polycistronic polycistronic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 15 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 16 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 19 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 20 principles principle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 21 underlying underlie VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 23 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 25 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 26 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 29 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 30 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 31 importantly importantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 32 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 34 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 36 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 37 array array NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 38 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 39 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 40 core core JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 41 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 42 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 44 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 45 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 46 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 47 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 48 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 49 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 50 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 51 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 27 52 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 1 While while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 2 retaining retain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 3 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 4 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 5 genomic genomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 7 proteomic proteomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 8 blueprint blueprint NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 10 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 11 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 12 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 13 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 14 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 15 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 16 expanded expand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 17 gradually gradually RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 18 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 19 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 20 duplication duplication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 22 acquisition acquisition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 24 novel novel JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 25 genes gene NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 27 Lauber Lauber NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 28 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 29 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 30 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 32 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 35 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 36 likely likely JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 37 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 38 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 39 recombination recombination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 28 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 2 addition addition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 3 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 5 high high JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 6 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 7 rate rate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 8 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 9 characterizes characterize VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 10 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 12 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 14 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 15 genomic genomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 16 innovations innovation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 17 appear appear VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 18 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 19 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 20 enabled enable VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 21 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 22 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 23 explore explore VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 24 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 25 unprecedented unprecedented JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 26 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 27 space space NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 29 adapt adapt VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 30 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 31 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 32 wide wide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 33 variety variety NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 35 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 36 organisms organism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 38 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 39 mammals mammal NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 41 birds bird NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 43 reptiles reptile NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 44 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 45 fish fish NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 47 crustaceans crustacean NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 49 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 50 insects insect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 29 51 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 3 poor poor JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 4 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 5 fidelity fidelity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 6 generally generally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 7 restricts restrict VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 9 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 10 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 11 sizes size NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 13 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 14 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 15 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 16 postulated postulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 17 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 18 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 19 genome genome NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 20 expansion expansion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 21 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 22 enabled enable VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 23 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 25 acquisition acquisition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 27 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 28 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 29 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 30 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 31 counter counter VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 33 error error NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 34 rate rate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 37 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 30 38 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 31 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 31 2 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 31 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 31 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 31 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 2 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 4 Eckerle Eckerle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 9 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 10 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 11 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 12 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 13 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 14 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 16 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 32 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 33 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 33 2 discussed discuss VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 33 3 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 33 4 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 33 5 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 33 6 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 33 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 33 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 2 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 3 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 4 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 6 at at RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 7 least least JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 8 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 10 thirds third NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 13 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 14 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 15 capacity capacity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 16 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 17 occupied occupy VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 18 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 20 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 21 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 22 open open JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 23 reading reading NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 24 frames frame NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 26 ORFs ORFs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 28 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 29 together together RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 30 constitute constitute VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 32 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 33 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 35 ORF1a ORF1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 37 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 39 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 40 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 41 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 34 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 2 ORFs orf NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 3 overlap overlap VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 4 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 6 few few JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 7 dozen dozen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 8 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 10 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 11 both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 12 translated translate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 13 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 15 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 16 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 18 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 19 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 21 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 22 requiring require VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 23 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 24 -1 -1 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 25 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 26 frameshift frameshift NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 27 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 28 occur occur VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 29 just just RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 30 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 35 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 1 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 2 Outline Outline NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 6 genome genome NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 7 organization organization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 9 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 10 strategy strategy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 12 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 13 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 36 14 SARS- SARS- NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 37 1 CoV. CoV. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 2 top top JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 3 panel panel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 4 depicts depict VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 9 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 11 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 12 various various JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 13 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 15 elements element NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 19 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 20 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 21 -and -and SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 22 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 23 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 24 -coterminal -coterminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 25 nested nested JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 26 set set NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 28 subgenomic subgenomic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 29 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 30 used use VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 31 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 32 express express VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 34 genes gene NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 35 downstream downstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 38 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 39 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 38 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 1 UTR UTR NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 3 untranslated untranslated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 4 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 5 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 6 TRS TRS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 8 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 10 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 11 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 39 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 1 Below below IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 3 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 6 14 14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 7 open open JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 8 reading reading NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 9 frames frame NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 12 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 13 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 14 indicated indicate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 16 i.e. i.e. FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 19 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 20 ORFs ORFs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 21 1a 1a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 23 1b 1b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 26 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 27 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 28 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 29 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 30 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 31 genes gene NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 33 S S NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 35 E E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 37 M M NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 39 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 40 N N NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 42 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 43 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 44 ORFs orfs NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 45 encoding encode VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 46 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 47 accessory accessory NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 48 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 49 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 40 50 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 2 bottom bottom JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 3 panel panel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 4 explains explain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 6 organization organization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 8 proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 9 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 12 pp1a pp1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 14 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 15 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 16 polyproteins polyprotein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 19 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 20 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 21 produced produce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 22 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 23 -1 -1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 24 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 25 frameshifting frameshifting NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 41 26 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 2 nsp3 nsp3 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 4 PL PL NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 5 pro pro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 8 nsp5 nsp5 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 10 3CL 3CL NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 11 pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 13 proteases protease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 16 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 17 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 18 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 19 indicated indicate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 20 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 21 matching match VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 22 colors color NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 42 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 2 resulting result VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 3 16 16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 4 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 5 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 7 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 8 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 10 nsps nsps NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 13 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 14 indicated indicate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 16 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 17 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 19 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 20 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 21 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 22 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 23 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 24 relevant relevant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 25 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 26 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 27 review review NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 43 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 44 1 Domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 44 2 abbreviations abbreviation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 44 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 44 4 corresponding correspond VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 44 5 nsp nsp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 44 6 numbers number NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 44 7 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 1 PL PL NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 2 pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 4 papain papain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 6 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 7 proteinase proteinase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 9 nsp3 nsp3 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 11 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 12 3CL 3CL NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 13 pro pro NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 15 3C 3c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 17 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 18 proteinase proteinase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 20 nsp5 nsp5 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 22 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 23 TM TM NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 25 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 26 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 28 nsp3 nsp3 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 30 nsp4 nsp4 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 32 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 33 nsp6 nsp6 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 35 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 36 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 38 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 39 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 40 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 41 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 42 nucleotidyl nucleotidyl NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 43 transferase transferase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 45 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 47 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 48 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 49 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 50 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 51 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 52 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 53 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 54 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 56 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 58 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 59 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 60 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 61 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 62 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 63 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 64 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 65 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 66 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 67 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 68 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 69 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 70 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 71 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 72 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 73 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 74 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 75 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 76 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 77 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 78 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 79 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 80 exoribonuclease exoribonuclease NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 81 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 82 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 83 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 45 84 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 46 1 N7-MT N7-MT NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 46 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 46 3 N7-methyl N7-methyl NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 46 4 transferase transferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 46 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 46 6 nsp14 nsp14 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 46 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 2 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 4 uridylate uridylate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 6 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 7 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 9 nsp15 nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 11 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 12 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 13 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 14 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 16 MT MT NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 18 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 19 0 0 NFP cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 20 -Omethyl -omethyl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 21 transferase transferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 23 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 47 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 1 upstream upstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 4 ORF1a ORF1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 5 termination termination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 6 codon codon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 8 Brierley Brierley NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 9 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 10 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 11 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 13 1989 1989 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 48 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 2 efficiency efficiency NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 4 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 5 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 6 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 7 frameshift frameshift NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 8 event event NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 10 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 11 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 12 approach approach VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 13 50 50 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 14 % % NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 17 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 19 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 21 Irigoyen Irigoyen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 22 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 23 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 24 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 26 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 29 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 30 promoted promote VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 31 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 32 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 33 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 35 higher high JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 36 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 37 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 38 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 39 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 49 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 2 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 3 result result NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 6 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 8 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 9 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 12 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 13 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 14 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 16 ORF1a ORF1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 17 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 18 overexpressed overexpresse VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 20 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 21 fixed fix VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 22 ratio ratio NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 23 relative relative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 24 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 26 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 27 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 29 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 50 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 2 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 3 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 4 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 8 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 9 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 10 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 11 huge huge JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 12 polyproteins polyprotein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 15 ORF1a ORF1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 17 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 18 pp1a pp1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 21 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 23 terminally terminally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 24 extended extend VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 25 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 26 frameshift frameshift NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 27 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 29 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 31 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 51 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 2 former former JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 4 roughly roughly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 5 4000 4000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 6 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 7 4500 4500 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 8 amino amino NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 9 acids acid NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 10 long long RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 12 depending depend VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 13 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 15 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 16 species specie NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 17 analyzed analyze VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 52 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 2 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 5 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 7 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 8 extension extension NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 9 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 10 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 11 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 13 around around IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 14 2700 2700 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 15 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 18 resulting result VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 20 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 21 sizes size NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 22 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 24 range range NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 26 6700 6700 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 27 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 28 7200 7200 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 29 amino amino NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 30 acids acid NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 53 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 1 Probably probably RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 2 already already RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 3 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 4 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 5 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 7 either either CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 8 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 9 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 10 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 11 ORF1aencoded ORF1aencoded NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 12 proteases protease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 13 initiate initiate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 15 proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 16 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 18 pp1a pp1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 20 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 21 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 22 release release VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 24 sometimes sometimes RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 26 15 15 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 27 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 29 mostly mostly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 31 16 16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 32 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 33 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 34 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 36 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 37 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 38 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 39 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 40 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 54 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 2 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 3 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 4 nsp5 nsp5 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 5 protease protease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 6 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 8 chymotrypsin chymotrypsin JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 10 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 11 fold fold JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 13 3Clike 3clike JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 14 protease protease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 16 3CL 3CL NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 17 pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 55 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 56 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 56 2 Anand Anand NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 56 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 56 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 56 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 56 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 56 7 2002 2002 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 57 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 57 2 Anand Anand NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 57 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 57 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 57 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 3 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 4 Gorbalenya Gorbalenya NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 9 1989 1989 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 12 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 14 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 15 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 16 main main JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 17 protease protease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 18 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 20 therefore therefore RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 21 sometimes sometimes RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 22 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 23 referred refer VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 24 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 25 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 26 M M NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 27 pro pro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 58 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 2 3CL 3cl CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 3 pro pro NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 4 cleaves cleave VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 6 nsp4-nsp11 nsp4-nsp11 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 7 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 9 pp1a pp1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 12 nsp4-nsp16 nsp4-nsp16 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 13 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 15 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 16 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 17 7 7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 19 11 11 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 20 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 21 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 23 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 59 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 2 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 3 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 4 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 5 summarized summarize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 6 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 8 P4-P2 P4-P2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 9 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 10 consensus consensus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 11 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 13 small)-X-(L small)-x-(l CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 14 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 15 I I NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 16 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 17 V V NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 18 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 19 F F NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 20 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 21 M)-Q#(S m)-q#( VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 22 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 23 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 24 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 25 G G NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 28 where where WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 29 X x NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 30 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 31 any any DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 32 amino amino NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 33 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 35 # # NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 36 represents represent VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 38 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 60 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 2 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 4 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 5 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 8 nsp1-nsp4 nsp1-nsp4 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 9 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 10 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 11 performed perform VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 12 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 13 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 14 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 15 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 16 papain papain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 18 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 19 proteases protease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 21 PL PL NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 22 pro pro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 24 residing reside VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 25 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 27 very very RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 28 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 29 nsp3 nsp3 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 30 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 32 Mielech Mielech NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 33 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 34 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 35 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 37 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 61 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 2 alphacoronaviruses alphacoronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 4 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 5 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 7 though though IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 8 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 13 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 17 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 18 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 19 PL pl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 20 pro pro NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 21 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 22 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 23 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 24 nsp3 nsp3 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 26 presumably presumably RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 28 result result NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 30 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 31 ancient ancient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 32 duplication duplication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 33 event event NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 35 gamma gamma NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 36 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 37 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 38 deltacoronaviruses deltacoronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 39 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 40 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 41 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 42 single single JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 43 PL pl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 44 pro pro NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 62 45 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 2 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 3 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 5 LXGG LXGG NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 6 # # JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 7 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 8 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 10 resemble resemble VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 12 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 14 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 15 LRGG LRGG NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 16 # # NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 17 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 19 ubiquitin ubiquitin NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 21 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 22 explains explain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 23 why why WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 24 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 25 PL pl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 26 pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 27 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 28 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 29 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 30 capable capable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 31 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 32 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 33 act act VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 34 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 35 deubiquitinases deubiquitinase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 37 Ratia Ratia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 38 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 39 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 40 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 41 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 42 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 63 44 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 2 secondary secondary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 3 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 4 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 5 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 6 implicated implicate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 9 disruption disruption NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 11 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 12 innate innate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 13 immune immune JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 14 signaling signaling NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 15 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 16 removing remove VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 17 ubiquitin ubiquitin NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 18 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 19 certain certain JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 20 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 21 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 64 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 1 More More JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 2 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 3 any any DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 4 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 5 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 7 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 8 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 11 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 12 3CL 3cl CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 13 pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 15 PL pl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 16 pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 17 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 18 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 19 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 20 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 22 exquisite exquisite JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 23 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 25 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 26 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 28 both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 29 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 30 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 31 capacity capacity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 33 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 34 regulators regulator NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 36 nsp nsp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 37 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 38 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 39 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 40 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 41 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 43 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 44 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 45 targets target NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 46 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 47 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 48 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 49 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 65 50 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 1 Space space NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 2 limitations limitation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 3 unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 4 prevent prevent VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 5 us -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 6 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 7 summarizing summarize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 8 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 9 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 11 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 12 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 14 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 16 variety variety NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 18 excellent excellent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 19 reviews review NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 20 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 21 available available JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 22 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 23 compensate compensate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 24 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 25 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 26 omission omission NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 28 Baez Baez NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 30 Santos Santos NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 31 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 32 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 33 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 35 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 36 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 37 Hilgenfeld Hilgenfeld NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 39 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 40 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 41 Mielech Mielech NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 42 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 43 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 44 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 46 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 47 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 48 Steuber Steuber NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 49 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 50 Hilgenfeld Hilgenfeld NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 51 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 52 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 66 54 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 1 Once once RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 2 released release VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 3 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 4 pp1a pp1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 6 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 8 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 9 CoVs covs JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 10 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 11 studied study VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 12 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 13 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 14 assemble assemble VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 15 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 17 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 19 bound bind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 20 ribonucleoprotein ribonucleoprotein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 21 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 22 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 23 drives drive VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 25 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 27 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 28 forms form NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 30 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 31 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 33 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 34 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 37 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 38 sometimes sometimes RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 39 referred refer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 40 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 41 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 43 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 44 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 45 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 46 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 48 RTC RTC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 67 50 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 1 While while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 2 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 4 production production NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 5 takes take VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 6 off off RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 8 peculiar peculiar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 9 convoluted convoluted JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 10 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 11 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 13 spherules spherule NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 14 tethered tether VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 15 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 16 zippered zippered JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 17 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 18 reticulum reticulum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 21 doublemembrane doublemembrane NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 22 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 23 begin begin VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 24 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 25 accumulate accumulate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 26 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 27 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 29 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 68 30 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 69 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 69 2 Gosert Gosert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 69 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 69 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 69 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 69 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 69 7 2002 2002 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 69 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 1 Knoops Knoops NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 6 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 7 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 8 Maier Maier NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 9 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 10 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 11 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 13 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 70 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 2 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 3 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 4 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 6 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 8 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 9 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 10 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 11 postulated postulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 12 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 13 serve serve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 14 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 15 scaffolds scaffold NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 17 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 18 perhaps perhaps RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 19 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 20 suitable suitable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 21 microenvironments microenvironment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 23 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 24 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 26 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 71 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 3 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 4 questions question NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 5 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 6 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 7 biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 9 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 10 remain remain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 12 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 13 answered answer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 17 exact exact JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 18 location location NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 21 metabolically metabolically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 22 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 23 RTC RTC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 24 still still RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 25 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 26 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 27 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 28 pinpointed pinpoint VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 29 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 30 beyond beyond IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 31 reasonable reasonable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 32 doubt doubt NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 33 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 34 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 35 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 37 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 72 38 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 2 Hagemeijer Hagemeijer NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 7 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 9 Neuman Neuman NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 14 2014a 2014a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 15 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 16 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 17 der der NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 18 Hoeven Hoeven NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 19 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 20 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 21 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 23 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 73 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 1 Three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 2 ORF1a ORF1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 4 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 5 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 6 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 7 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 8 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 9 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 11 nsp3 nsp3 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 13 nsp4 nsp4 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 16 nsp6 nsp6 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 17 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 18 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 19 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 20 1 1 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 22 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 23 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 24 implicated implicate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 25 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 27 formation formation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 28 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 30 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 31 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 32 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 33 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 34 induced induce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 35 upon upon IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 36 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 37 infection infection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 38 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 39 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 40 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 41 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 42 RTC RTC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 43 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 44 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 45 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 46 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 74 47 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 2 Angelini Angelini NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 7 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 9 Hagemeijer Hagemeijer NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 14 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 75 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 2 addition addition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 3 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 4 actively actively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 5 engaging engage VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 7 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 8 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 9 remodeling remodeling NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 11 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 12 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 13 serve serve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 14 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 15 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 16 anchors anchor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 17 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 19 RTC RTC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 20 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 21 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 23 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 24 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 25 lack lack VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 26 hydrophobic hydrophobic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 27 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 29 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 30 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 33 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 35 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 36 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 76 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 2 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 3 details detail NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 6 reader reader NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 7 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 8 referred refer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 9 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 11 numerous numerous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 12 recent recent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 13 reviews review NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 16 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 17 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 18 organelles organelle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 19 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 21 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 23 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 77 24 + + . cord-259603-bh198xgl 78 1 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 78 2 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 78 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 78 4 den den NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 78 5 Boon Boon NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 78 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 78 7 Ahlquist Ahlquist NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 78 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 78 9 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 78 10 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 1 Hagemeijer Hagemeijer NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 6 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 7 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 8 Neuman Neuman NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 9 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 10 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 11 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 13 2014a 2014a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 14 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 15 Romero Romero NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 17 Brey Brey NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 19 Bartenschlager Bartenschlager NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 21 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 22 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 23 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 24 der der NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 25 Hoeven Hoeven NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 26 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 27 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 28 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 30 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 79 31 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 80 1 Xu Xu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 80 2 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 80 3 Nagy Nagy NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 80 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 80 5 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 80 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 80 7 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 2 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 3 ancestry ancestry NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 5 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 6 replicases replicases NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 7 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 8 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 9 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 10 reflected reflect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 13 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 14 core core NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 15 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 16 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 17 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 18 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 21 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 23 subgenomic subgenomic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 25 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 27 mRNAs mrnas XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 28 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 29 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 30 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 31 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 32 express express VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 34 genes gene NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 35 located locate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 36 downstream downstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 81 38 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 82 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 82 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 82 3 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 82 4 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 82 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 82 6 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 2 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 3 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 5 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 7 roniand roniand NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 8 mesoniviruses mesoniviruses NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 10 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 11 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 13 few few JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 15 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 16 genes gene NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 18 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 19 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 20 much much RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 21 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 22 numerous numerous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 23 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 24 arteriviruses arteriviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 26 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 28 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 29 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 30 going go VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 31 up up IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 32 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 33 about about RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 34 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 35 dozen dozen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 36 ORFs orfs NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 37 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 38 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 39 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 83 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 2 addition addition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 3 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 5 standard standard JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 6 set set NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 8 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 9 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 10 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 11 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 12 genes gene NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 14 encoding encode VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 16 spike spike NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 18 S S NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 21 envelope envelope NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 23 E E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 26 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 28 M M NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 32 nucleocapsid nucleocapsid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 34 N N NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 36 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 39 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 40 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 41 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 42 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 43 clusters cluster NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 44 contain contain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 45 varying vary VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 46 numbers number NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 47 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 48 ORFs orfs NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 49 encoding encoding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 50 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 51 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 52 called call VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 53 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 54 accessory accessory NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 55 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 56 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 57 Narayanan Narayanan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 58 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 59 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 60 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 61 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 62 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 63 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 84 64 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 2 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 4 encode encode VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 5 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 6 often often RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 7 dispensable dispensable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 8 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 10 basic basic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 11 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 12 cycle cycle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 14 cultured cultured JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 15 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 17 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 18 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 19 relevant relevant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 20 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 21 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 22 viability viability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 24 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 25 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 26 vivo vivo NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 28 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 29 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 31 because because IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 32 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 33 enable enable VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 35 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 36 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 37 interfere interfere VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 38 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 39 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 40 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 41 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 42 immune immune JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 43 response response NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 85 44 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 1 Most Most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 4 genes gene NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 5 downstream downstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 7 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 8 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 9 made make VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 10 accessible accessible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 11 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 12 ribosomes ribosome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 13 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 14 positioning position VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 15 them -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 16 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 18 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 19 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 20 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 23 own own JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 24 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 25 transcript transcript NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 86 26 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 1 Occasionally occasionally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 3 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 4 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 5 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 6 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 7 genes gene NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 8 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 9 expressed express VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 10 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 12 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 13 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 14 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 16 usually usually RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 17 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 18 employing employ VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 19 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 20 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 21 leaky leaky JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 22 scanning scanning NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 23 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 24 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 25 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 26 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 87 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 88 1 Nidoviral Nidoviral NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 88 2 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 88 3 mRNAs mRNAs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 88 4 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 88 5 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 1 0 0 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 2 -coterminal -coterminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 3 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 5 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 6 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 8 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 10 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 11 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 12 taxa taxon NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 14 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 15 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 18 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 19 transcripts transcript NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 20 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 21 carry carry VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 22 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 23 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 24 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 25 leader leader NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 26 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 28 $ $ $ cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 29 65 65 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 30 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 31 95 95 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 32 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 33 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 34 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 37 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 38 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 39 identical identical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 40 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 41 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 42 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 43 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 44 -terminal -terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 45 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 46 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 48 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 49 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 51 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 52 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 53 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 89 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 90 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 90 2 Pasternak Pasternak NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 90 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 90 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 90 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 90 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 90 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 91 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 91 2 Sawicki Sawicki NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 91 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 91 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 91 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 91 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 91 7 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 92 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 92 2 Sola Sola NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 92 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 92 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 92 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 92 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 92 7 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 92 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 92 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 2 joining joining NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 4 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 5 leader leader NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 7 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 8 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 10 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 11 body body NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 12 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 13 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 14 occurs occur VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 15 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 16 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 18 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 20 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 22 Sawicki Sawicki NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 24 Sawicki Sawicki NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 26 1995 1995 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 93 27 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 94 1 Sethna Sethna NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 94 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 94 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 94 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 94 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 94 6 1989 1989 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 94 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 94 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 2 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 3 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 4 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 5 either either CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 6 continuous continuous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 9 produce produce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 11 full full JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 95 13 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 1 minus minus CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 2 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 3 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 4 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 5 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 6 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 8 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 9 interrupted interrupt VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 11 discontinuous discontinuous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 14 produce produce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 16 subgenome subgenome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 18 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 19 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 21 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 22 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 23 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 24 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 25 subsequently subsequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 26 serve serve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 27 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 29 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 30 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 32 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 34 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 37 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 38 mRNAs mRNAs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 96 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 2 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 3 jumping jumping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 4 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 5 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 7 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 8 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 9 leader leader NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 11 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 13 body body NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 14 joining joining NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 15 occurs occur VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 16 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 17 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 18 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 19 transcriptionregulatory transcriptionregulatory NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 20 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 21 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 23 TRSs TRSs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 97 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 2 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 3 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 4 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 5 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 6 comprised comprise VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 8 up up IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 9 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 11 dozen dozen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 12 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 15 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 16 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 19 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 20 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 22 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 23 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 24 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 27 leader leader NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 28 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 29 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 30 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 32 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 33 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 34 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 36 each each DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 38 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 39 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 40 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 41 bodies body NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 98 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 1 Quite quite RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 2 likely likely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 4 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 5 higher high JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 7 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 9 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 11 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 13 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 14 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 15 factors factor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 16 play play VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 17 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 18 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 21 interruption interruption NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 23 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 25 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 27 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 28 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 29 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 30 body body NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 31 TRS TRS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 33 after after IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 34 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 36 nascent nascent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 37 minus minus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 38 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 40 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 41 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 42 body body NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 43 TRS trs NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 44 complement complement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 45 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 46 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 47 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 48 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 49 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 51 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 52 translocated translocate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 53 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 54 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 55 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 56 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 57 -proximal -proximal JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 58 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 59 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 60 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 61 genomic genomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 62 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 99 63 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 1 Guided guide VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 2 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 4 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 6 pairing pair VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 7 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 8 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 10 leader leader NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 11 TRS TRS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 14 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 17 subgenome subgenome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 19 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 20 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 22 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 24 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 25 resumed resume VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 27 completed complete VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 28 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 30 addition addition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 33 complement complement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 36 genomic genomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 37 leader leader NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 38 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 100 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 2 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 3 manner manner NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 6 nested nest VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 7 set set NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 9 subgenome subgenome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 11 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 12 templates template NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 14 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 15 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 16 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 17 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 18 produced produce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 20 providing provide VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 21 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 22 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 23 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 24 regulate regulate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 26 abundance abundance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 29 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 30 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 31 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 32 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 33 fine fine RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 35 tuning tuning VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 37 level level NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 38 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 39 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 41 corresponding correspond VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 42 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 43 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 44 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 45 generated generate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 47 Nedialkova Nedialkova NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 48 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 49 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 50 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 51 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 52 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 101 54 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 2 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 3 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 4 strategy strategy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 5 allows allow VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 7 RTC RTC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 9 use use VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 11 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 12 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 13 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 14 -terminal -terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 15 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 16 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 17 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 18 signals signal NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 20 both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 21 full full JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 24 subgenome subgenome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 26 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 27 templates template NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 28 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 29 either either DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 30 polarity polarity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 102 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 4 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 7 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 8 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 9 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 10 leader leader NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 11 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 12 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 13 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 14 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 15 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 16 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 17 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 18 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 19 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 20 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 22 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 23 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 103 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 1 During during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 3 past past JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 4 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 5 decades decade NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 7 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 8 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 10 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 11 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 12 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 13 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 14 controls control VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 15 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 16 elegant elegant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 17 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 19 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 20 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 21 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 22 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 23 accelerated accelerate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 24 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 25 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 26 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 27 developments development NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 104 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 1 First first RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 3 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 4 bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 6 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 7 systems system NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 10 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 12 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 13 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 16 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 17 polyprotein polyprotein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 18 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 19 scheme scheme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 22 proteases protease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 23 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 24 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 25 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 27 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 28 defining define VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 30 boundaries boundary NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 33 16 16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 34 mature mature JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 35 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 37 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 38 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 39 1 1 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 41 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 42 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 43 working work VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 44 together together RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 45 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 46 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 47 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 49 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 50 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 51 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 52 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 53 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 54 2000 2000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 55 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 105 56 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 1 Second second RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 3 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 4 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 5 information information NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 7 promoted promote VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 8 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 9 rapidly rapidly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 10 advancing advance VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 11 methods method NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 13 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 14 biology biology NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 16 X x NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 17 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 18 ray ray NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 19 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 20 NMR nmr NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 21 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 22 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 23 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 24 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 25 numerous numerous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 27 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 29 full full JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 30 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 31 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 32 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 33 nsps nsps NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 34 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 35 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 36 thereof thereof RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 38 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 39 particular particular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 40 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 41 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 42 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 43 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 45 Neuman Neuman NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 46 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 47 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 48 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 49 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 50 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 106 52 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 1 Third third JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 3 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 4 techniques technique NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 7 targeted target VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 8 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 10 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 11 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 12 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 13 developed develop VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 15 refined refined JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 17 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 18 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 20 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 21 technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 22 challenge challenge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 23 due due IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 24 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 26 exceptionally exceptionally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 27 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 28 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 31 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 32 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 107 33 genome genome NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 108 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 108 2 Almazan Almazan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 108 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 108 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 108 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 108 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 108 7 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 108 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 108 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 1 By by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 2 launching launch VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 3 engineered engineer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 4 mutant mutant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 5 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 7 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 8 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 13 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 14 players player NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 17 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 18 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 19 cycle cycle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 20 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 21 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 22 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 23 interrogated interrogate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 24 directly directly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 26 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 27 reveal reveal VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 28 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 29 importance importance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 109 30 , , . cord-259603-bh198xgl 110 1 function(s function(s NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 110 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 110 3 and/or and/or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 110 4 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 110 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 110 6 vivo vivo NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 110 7 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 1 Finally finally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 3 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 4 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 5 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 6 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 7 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 8 developed develop VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 9 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 11 variety variety NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 13 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 14 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 15 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 17 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 18 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 20 those those DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 21 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 22 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 24 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 26 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 111 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 3 purpose purpose NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 5 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 6 review review NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 8 we -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 9 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 10 chosen choose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 12 focus focus VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 13 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 14 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 15 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 16 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 18 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 19 performed perform VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 20 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 22 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 23 nsp7 nsp7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 24 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 25 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 26 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 27 Nga Nga NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 28 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 29 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 30 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 32 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 33 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 34 Sevajol Sevajol NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 35 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 36 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 37 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 39 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 112 40 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 113 1 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 113 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 113 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 113 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 113 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 113 6 2014a 2014a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 113 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 113 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 2 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 3 include include VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 4 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 5 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 6 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 7 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 8 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 9 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 10 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 11 less less RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 12 universal universal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 13 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 14 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 16 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 18 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 19 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 21 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 23 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 26 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 28 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 114 30 , , . cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 1 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 2 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 4 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 6 rare rare JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 7 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 8 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 9 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 10 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 11 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 14 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 16 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 17 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 19 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 20 modification modification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 23 promoting promote VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 25 fidelity fidelity NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 27 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 29 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 115 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 1 Several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 2 smaller small JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 3 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 6 particular particular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 7 nsp7 nsp7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 8 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 9 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 11 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 12 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 13 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 14 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 15 crucial crucial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 16 cofactors cofactor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 18 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 19 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 21 contribute contribute VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 22 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 24 emerging emerge VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 25 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 26 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 27 nsp nsp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 28 interactome interactome NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 30 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 31 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 32 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 33 likely likely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 34 need need VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 35 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 36 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 37 advanced advance VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 38 considerably considerably RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 39 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 40 achieve achieve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 41 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 42 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 43 complete complete JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 44 understanding understanding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 45 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 46 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 47 intricacies intricacy NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 48 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 49 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 50 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 51 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 116 52 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 1 Making make VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 2 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 3 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 4 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 5 obviously obviously RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 7 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 8 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 9 understanding understand VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 11 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 12 success success NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 14 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 17 nidoviruses nidoviruse VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 18 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 19 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 117 20 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 3 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 4 knowledge knowledge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 5 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 6 lay lay VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 8 foundation foundation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 9 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 11 development development NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 13 improved improved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 14 strategies strategy NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 15 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 16 combat combat VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 17 current current JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 19 future future JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 20 emerging emerge VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 21 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 23 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 24 targeted target VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 25 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 26 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 27 development development NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 118 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 119 1 2 2 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 119 2 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 1 CORONAVIRUS CORONAVIRUS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 2 nsp7 nsp7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 4 10 10 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 5 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 6 SMALL small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 7 BUT but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 8 CRITICAL critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 9 REGULATORY regulatory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 10 SUBUNITS subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 120 11 ? ? . cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 2 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 3 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 4 -terminal -terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 5 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 7 ORF1a ORF1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 10 approximately approximately RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 11 1.7 1.7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 12 kb kb NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 13 separating separate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 15 nsp6-coding nsp6-code VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 16 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 19 ORF1a/1b ORF1a/1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 20 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 21 frameshift frameshift NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 22 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 24 encodes encode VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 25 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 26 set set NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 28 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 29 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 30 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 31 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 33 named name VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 34 nsp7 nsp7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 35 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 36 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 38 Fig fig NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 40 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 121 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 2 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 3 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 4 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 5 Coronavirinae Coronavirinae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 7 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 8 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 9 seem seem VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 10 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 11 lack lack VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 12 enzymatic enzymatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 13 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 122 14 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 1 Instead instead RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 3 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 4 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 5 emerged emerge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 6 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 8 putative putative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 10 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 11 partners partner NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 13 modulators modulator NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 15 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 17 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 18 core core NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 19 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 20 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 21 nsp12 nsp12 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 25 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 27 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 29 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 123 31 , , . cord-259603-bh198xgl 124 1 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 2 exoribonuclease exoribonuclease UH cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 4 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 8 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 10 ribose ribose NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 11 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 12 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 13 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 15 methyl methyl JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 16 transferase transferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 18 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 19 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 20 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 22 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 125 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 3 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 5 them -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 6 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 7 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 8 predicted predict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 9 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 10 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 12 interact interact VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 13 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 126 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 4 fifth fifth JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 6 very very RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 7 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 8 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 9 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 10 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 11 assumed assume VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 12 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 13 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 14 released release VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 15 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 16 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 17 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 19 pp1a pp1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 20 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 22 nsp11 nsp11 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 23 peptide peptide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 24 resulting result VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 25 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 26 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 28 pp1a pp1a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 29 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 31 nsp10/11 nsp10/11 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 32 junction junction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 34 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 35 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 36 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 127 38 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 3 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 4 frameshift frameshift NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 5 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 8 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 10 terminal terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 11 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 13 nsp11 nsp11 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 15 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 16 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 18 nsp10/11 nsp10/11 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 19 junction junction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 21 ORF1a/1b ORF1a/1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 22 frameshift frameshift NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 23 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 25 equals equal VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 27 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 29 terminal terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 30 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 33 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 34 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 128 35 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 1 Depending depend VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 2 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 4 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 5 species specie NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 7 nsp11 nsp11 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 8 consists consist VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 10 13 13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 11 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 12 23 23 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 13 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 15 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 16 actual actual JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 17 release release NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 19 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 21 if if IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 22 any any DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 25 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 26 fate fate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 27 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 28 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 30 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 31 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 32 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 33 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 34 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 35 established establish VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 129 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 2 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 3 culture culture NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 4 models model NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 6 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 7 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 9 infectious infectious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 10 bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 11 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 13 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 16 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 17 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 18 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 20 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 22 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 25 nsp10/11 nsp10/11 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 27 nsp10/12 nsp10/12 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 28 cleavages cleavage NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 29 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 30 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 31 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 32 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 33 dispensable dispensable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 34 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 35 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 36 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 38 Deming Deming NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 39 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 40 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 41 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 43 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 130 44 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 1 Fang Fang NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 2 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 6 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 9 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 10 though though IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 12 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 14 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 15 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 16 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 17 suggests suggest VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 18 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 20 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 21 generally generally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 22 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 23 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 24 full full JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 25 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 26 functionality functionality NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 131 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 1 Processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 4 nsp7-nsp10 nsp7-nsp10 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 5 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 7 pp1a pp1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 8 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 9 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 10 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 11 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 12 studied study VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 14 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 15 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 16 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 17 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 19 Bost Bost NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 20 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 21 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 22 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 24 2000 2000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 25 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 26 Deming Deming NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 27 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 28 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 29 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 31 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 34 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 35 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 36 229E 229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 38 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 132 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 2 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 4 Siddell Siddell NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 6 1999 1999 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 10 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 12 Ng Ng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 13 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 14 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 15 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 17 2001 2001 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 20 confirming confirm VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 22 release release NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 24 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 25 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 26 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 27 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 28 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 29 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 31 use use NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 34 predicted predict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 35 3CL 3CL NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 36 pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 37 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 38 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 133 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 1 Processing process VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 2 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 3 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 4 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 5 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 6 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 7 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 8 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 9 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 10 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 11 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 12 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 15 exception exception NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 16 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 17 inactivation inactivation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 20 nsp9/10 nsp9/10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 21 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 22 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 24 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 25 yielded yield VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 26 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 27 crippled crippled JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 28 mutant mutant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 29 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 134 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 1 Depending depend VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 2 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 3 antibody antibody NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 4 availability availability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 7 subcellular subcellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 8 localization localization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 10 nsp7 nsp7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 11 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 12 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 13 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 14 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 15 studied study VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 16 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 17 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 18 CoVs covs NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 19 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 20 immunofluorescence immunofluorescence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 21 microscopy microscopy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 135 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 1 Without without IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 2 exception exception NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 6 line line NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 7 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 9 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 10 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 11 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 12 partner partner NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 14 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 15 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 16 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 18 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 19 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 20 localize localize VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 21 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 23 perinuclear perinuclear NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 24 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 26 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 136 27 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 2 Bost Bost NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 7 2000 2000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 10 where where WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 12 membranous membranous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 13 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 14 organelles organelle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 16 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 137 17 accumulate accumulate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 138 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 138 2 Gosert Gosert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 138 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 138 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 138 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 138 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 138 7 2002 2002 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 138 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 1 Knoops Knoops NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 6 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 7 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 8 Maier Maier NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 9 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 10 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 11 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 13 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 139 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 2 should should MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 3 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 4 noted note VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 6 however however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 8 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 9 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 10 labeling labeling NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 11 techniques technique NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 12 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 13 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 14 distinguish distinguish VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 15 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 16 fully fully RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 17 processed process VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 18 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 20 polyprotein polyprotein JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 21 precursors precursor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 22 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 23 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 24 intermediates intermediate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 140 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 2 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 5 83-amino 83-amino CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 6 acid acid JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 10 nsp7 nsp7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 11 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 12 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 13 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 14 both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 15 NMR NMR NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 17 Peti Peti NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 18 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 19 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 20 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 22 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 25 X x NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 26 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 27 ray ray NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 141 28 crystallography crystallography NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 2 Zhai Zhai NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 7 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 10 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 12 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 13 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 14 resolving resolve VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 16 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 18 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 19 hexadecameric hexadecameric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 20 supercomplex supercomplex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 21 consisting consist VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 23 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 24 nsp7 nsp7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 142 26 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 143 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 143 2 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 143 3 later later RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 143 4 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 143 5 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 143 6 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 143 7 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 143 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 143 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 2 both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 3 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 6 nsp7-fold nsp7-fold NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 7 includes include VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 8 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 9 helices helix NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 11 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 13 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 15 spatial spatial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 16 orientation orientation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 17 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 18 quite quite RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 19 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 21 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 22 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 24 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 25 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 26 conformation conformation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 27 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 28 strongly strongly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 29 affected affect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 30 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 32 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 33 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 34 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 36 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 37 particular particular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 39 where where WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 40 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 41 concerns concern VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 42 helix helix NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 144 43 α4 α4 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 145 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 145 2 Johnson Johnson NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 145 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 145 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 145 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 145 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 145 7 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 145 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 145 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 1 Reverse reverse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 3 genetics genetics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 4 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 5 targeting target VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 6 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 7 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 12 nsp7 nsp7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 13 confirmed confirm VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 15 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 16 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 17 importance importance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 18 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 19 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 20 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 22 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 23 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 24 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 25 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 27 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 30 although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 32 impact impact NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 34 single single JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 35 point point NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 36 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 37 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 38 smaller small JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 39 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 40 anticipated anticipate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 41 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 43 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 44 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 45 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 46 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 47 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 48 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 49 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 50 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 51 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 52 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 53 properties property NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 54 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 55 nsp7-containing nsp7-containing NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 56 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 57 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 58 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 59 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 60 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 61 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 62 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 63 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 146 64 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 2 $ $ $ cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 3 200-amino 200-amino CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 5 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 7 long long JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 8 nsp8 nsp8 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 9 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 10 initially initially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 11 took take VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 12 center center JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 13 stage stage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 14 due due IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 15 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 16 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 17 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 20 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 21 describing describe VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 22 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 23 fascinating fascinating JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 24 hexadecameric hexadecameric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 25 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 26 consisting consist VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 28 eight eight CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 29 copies copy NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 30 each each DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 32 nsp7 nsp7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 33 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 34 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 36 Fig fig NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 37 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 38 2 2 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 41 Zhai Zhai NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 42 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 43 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 44 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 46 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 49 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 50 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 51 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 52 reporting report VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 53 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 54 nsp8-specific nsp8-specific NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 55 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 56 secondary secondary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 57 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 58 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 59 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 60 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 61 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 62 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 63 Crystal Crystal NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 64 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 65 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 66 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 67 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 68 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 69 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 147 70 nsp7-nsp8 nsp7-nsp8 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 148 1 hexadecamer hexadecamer NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 148 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 148 3 pdb pdb NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 148 4 2AHM 2ahm CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 148 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 149 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 149 2 Zhai Zhai NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 149 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 149 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 149 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 149 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 149 7 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 149 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 149 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 1 Purified purify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 2 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 6 nsp7 nsp7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 8 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 9 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 10 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 11 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 12 self self NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 14 assemble assemble VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 15 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 17 supercomplex supercomplex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 19 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 21 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 22 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 23 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 24 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 25 2.4 2.4 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 26 Å å NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 27 resolution resolution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 150 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 151 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 151 2 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 151 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 2 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 3 forms form VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 5 doughnut doughnut NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 7 shaped shape VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 8 hollow hollow JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 9 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 11 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 13 central central JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 14 channel channel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 15 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 16 lined line VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 17 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 18 positively positively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 19 charged charge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 20 side side NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 21 chains chain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 23 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 24 blue blue JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 27 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 28 postulated postulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 29 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 30 mediate mediate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 31 doublestranded doublestranded JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 32 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 33 binding binding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 152 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 2 outside outside NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 5 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 6 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 7 predominantly predominantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 8 negatively negatively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 9 charged charge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 11 red red JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 13 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 14 shading shading NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 153 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 154 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 154 2 B b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 154 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 154 4 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 154 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 4 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 5 resembles resemble VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 7 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 8 golf golf NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 9 club"-like club"-like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 10 shape shape NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 11 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 12 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 13 adopt adopt VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 14 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 15 conformations conformation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 17 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 18 presented present VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 19 here here RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 20 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 21 orange orange JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 23 green green JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 155 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 2 nsp8 nsp8 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 3 conformations conformation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 4 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 5 integrated integrate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 6 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 8 much much RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 9 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 11 hexadecameric hexadecameric NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 12 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 13 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 14 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 15 composed compose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 17 eight eight CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 18 nsp8 nsp8 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 19 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 21 eight eight CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 22 nsp7 nsp7 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 23 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 26 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 27 one one NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 28 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 29 shaded shade VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 30 pink pink NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 156 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 3 B b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 7 hexadecamer hexadecamer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 8 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 9 depicted depict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 10 against against IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 12 background background NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 15 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 16 plot plot NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 17 presented present VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 20 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 157 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 1 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 3 Imbert Imbert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 4 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 6 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 8 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 10 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 11 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 12 implicated implicate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 15 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 17 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 19 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 21 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 158 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 2 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 4 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 5 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 6 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 7 reported report VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 9 depend depend VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 10 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 12 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 14 Mn Mn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 15 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 16 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 17 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 18 Mg Mg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 19 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 20 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 22 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 23 typically typically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 24 generate generate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 25 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 27 up up IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 28 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 29 six six CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 30 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 32 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 33 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 34 details detail NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 36 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 37 Section section NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 38 3.2 3.2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 159 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 1 Around around IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 3 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 4 time time NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 6 purified purify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 7 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 8 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 10 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 11 nsp7 nsp7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 13 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 14 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 15 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 16 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 17 self self NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 19 assemble assemble VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 20 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 22 hexadecameric hexadecameric NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 23 supercomplex supercomplex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 25 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 27 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 28 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 29 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 30 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 31 2.4 2.4 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 32 Å å NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 33 resolution resolution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 35 Zhai Zhai NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 36 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 37 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 38 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 40 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 160 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 2 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 4 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 7 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 8 visualized visualize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 9 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 10 electron electron NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 11 microscopy microscopy NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 13 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 14 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 15 doughnut doughnut NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 17 shaped shape VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 18 hollow hollow JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 19 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 21 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 23 central central JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 24 channel channel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 25 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 26 lined line VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 27 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 28 positively positively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 29 charged charge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 30 side side NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 31 chains chain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 33 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 35 2A 2a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 161 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 2 combination combination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 4 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 5 modeling modeling NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 7 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 9 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 10 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 13 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 15 directed direct VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 16 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 17 led lead VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 18 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 20 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 21 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 23 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 24 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 25 slide slide VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 26 along along IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 28 replicating replicate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 29 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 31 together together RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 32 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 33 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 34 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 35 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 37 possibly possibly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 38 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 39 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 40 processivity processivity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 41 factor factor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 42 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 43 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 44 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 46 nsp12 nsp12 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 47 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 48 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 49 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 162 51 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 1 Within within IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 3 nsp7-nsp8 nsp7-nsp8 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 4 hexadecamer hexadecamer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 9 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 10 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 11 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 12 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 13 adopt adopt VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 14 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 15 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 16 conformations conformation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 18 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 19 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 20 2B 2B NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 22 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 163 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 2 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 3 named name VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 4 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 5 golf golf NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 6 club club NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 7 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 9 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 10 golf golf NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 11 club club NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 12 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 13 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 14 bent bent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 15 shaft shaft NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 164 16 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 2 Zhai Zhai NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 7 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 10 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 12 globular globular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 13 head head NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 16 golf golf NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 17 club club NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 18 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 19 considered consider VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 20 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 21 new new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 22 fold fold NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 165 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 3 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 5 feline feline JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 8 FCoV FCoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 10 nsp7 nsp7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 12 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 13 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 14 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 15 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 16 resemble resemble VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 18 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 20 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 21 equivalents equivalent NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 23 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 24 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 25 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 26 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 27 assemble assemble VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 28 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 29 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 30 quite quite RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 31 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 32 higher high JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 34 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 35 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 37 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 38 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 39 copies copy NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 40 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 41 nsp7 nsp7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 42 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 43 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 44 single single JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 45 copy copy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 46 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 47 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 48 forming form VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 49 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 50 heterotrimer heterotrimer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 52 Xiao Xiao NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 53 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 54 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 55 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 56 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 57 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 166 59 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 1 Biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 2 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 3 reverse reverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 5 genetics genetics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 6 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 7 pointed point VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 8 toward toward IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 9 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 10 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 11 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 14 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 15 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 19 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 20 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 21 K58 K58 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 23 P183 P183 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 26 R190 R190 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 28 whose whose WP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 29 replacement replacement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 30 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 31 lethal lethal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 32 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 33 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 35 CoV. CoV. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 36 Of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 37 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 38 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 40 P183 p183 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 41 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 42 R190 R190 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 43 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 44 postulated postulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 45 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 46 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 47 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 48 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 49 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 50 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 51 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 52 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 53 whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 54 K58 K58 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 55 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 56 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 57 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 58 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 59 nsp8-RNA nsp8-RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 60 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 61 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 62 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 63 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 64 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 65 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 66 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 67 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 68 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 167 69 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 1 Reverse reverse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 3 genetics genetics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 4 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 5 targeting target VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 7 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 8 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 9 -proximal -proximal HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 11 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 12 signals signal NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 15 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 16 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 17 provided provide VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 18 strong strong JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 19 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 20 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 21 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 22 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 23 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 24 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 26 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 27 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 28 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 30 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 31 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 33 called call VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 34 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 35 bulged bulge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 36 stemloop stemloop NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 37 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 38 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 39 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 40 pseudoknot pseudoknot NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 168 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 1 When when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 2 making make VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 4 particular particular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 5 6-nucleotide 6-nucleotide CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 6 insertion insertion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 10 pseudoknot pseudoknot NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 12 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 13 strongly strongly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 14 affected affect VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 15 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 16 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 18 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 19 suppressor suppressor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 20 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 21 evolved evolve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 24 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 25 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 26 mapped map VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 27 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 29 genomic genomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 30 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 31 encoding encode VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 32 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 33 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 169 34 nsp9 nsp9 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 170 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 170 2 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 170 3 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 170 4 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 170 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 170 6 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 170 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 170 8 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 170 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 170 10 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 2 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 3 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 4 postulated postulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 7 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 9 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 10 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 11 switch switch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 12 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 13 controls control VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 14 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 16 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 18 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 20 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 21 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 22 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 23 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 25 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 26 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 27 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 28 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 30 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 31 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 33 te te NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 34 Velthuis Velthuis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 35 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 36 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 37 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 39 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 40 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 41 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 42 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 43 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 44 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 45 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 47 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 171 49 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 1 Using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 2 screening screening NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 3 approaches approach NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 4 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 5 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 6 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 7 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 9 hybrid hybrid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 11 glutathione glutathione NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 12 S s NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 14 transferase transferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 16 GST gst NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 18 pull pull VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 20 down down RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 21 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 23 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 25 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 26 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 27 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 28 reported report VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 29 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 30 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 31 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 32 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 33 partner partner NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 35 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 36 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 37 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 38 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 40 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 41 nsp2 nsp2 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 43 nsp3 nsp3 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 44 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 45 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 46 nsp5 nsp5 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 47 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 48 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 50 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 51 although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 52 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 53 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 54 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 55 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 56 remain remain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 57 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 58 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 59 verified verify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 60 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 61 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 62 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 63 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 64 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 65 von von NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 66 Brunn Brunn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 67 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 68 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 69 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 70 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 71 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 72 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 172 73 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 2 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 3 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 4 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 5 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 6 about about RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 7 110 110 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 8 amino amino NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 9 acids acid NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 10 long long RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 12 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 14 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 15 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 16 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 17 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 19 after after IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 20 nsp5 nsp5 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 22 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 23 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 24 crystal crystal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 25 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 26 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 173 27 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 174 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 174 2 Egloff Egloff NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 174 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 174 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 174 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 174 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 174 7 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 175 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 175 2 Sutton Sutton NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 175 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 175 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 175 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 175 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 175 7 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 175 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 175 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 2 biologically biologically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 3 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 4 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 7 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 8 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 9 believed believe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 10 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 11 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 13 dimer dimer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 14 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 15 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 16 capable capable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 18 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 19 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 20 acids acid NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 22 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 23 nonsequence nonsequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 25 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 26 manner manner NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 28 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 29 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 30 apparent apparent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 31 preference preference NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 32 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 33 single single RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 35 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 176 36 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 177 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 177 2 Egloff Egloff NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 177 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 177 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 177 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 178 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 178 2 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 178 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 178 4 Ponnusamy Ponnusamy NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 178 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 178 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 178 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 178 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 178 9 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 179 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 179 2 Sutton Sutton NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 179 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 179 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 179 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 179 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 179 7 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 179 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 179 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 1 Several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 2 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 3 point point NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 4 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 5 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 6 block block VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 7 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 8 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 9 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 10 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 11 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 180 12 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 181 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 181 2 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 181 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 181 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 181 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 2 2009a 2009a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 4 Miknis Miknis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 9 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 12 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 14 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 15 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 16 exact exact JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 17 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 18 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 19 remained remain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 20 enigmatic enigmatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 21 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 22 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 182 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 2 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 3 monomer monomer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 4 consists consist VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 7 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 9 barrel barrel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 11 composed compose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 13 seven seven CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 14 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 16 strands strand NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 20 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 22 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 23 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 24 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 25 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 26 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 27 single single JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 28 α α NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 30 helix helix NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 183 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 2 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 3 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 4 plays play VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 6 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 7 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 10 formation formation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 13 parallel parallel JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 14 helix helix NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 16 helix helix NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 17 dimer dimer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 18 conformation conformation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 19 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 21 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 22 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 23 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 24 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 26 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 27 considerations consideration NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 29 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 30 experimental experimental JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 31 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 33 Miknis Miknis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 34 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 35 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 36 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 38 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 184 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 1 -is -is : cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 2 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 3 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 4 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 6 biologically biologically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 7 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 8 relevant relevant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 9 state state NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 14 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 185 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 3 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 4 alternative alternative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 5 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 6 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 7 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 9 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 13 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 14 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 15 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 16 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 17 stabilized stabilize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 18 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 19 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 21 sheet sheet NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 22 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 24 Sutton Sutton NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 25 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 26 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 27 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 29 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 33 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 34 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 35 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 37 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 38 antiparallel antiparallel JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 39 helix helix NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 40 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 41 helix helix NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 42 dimer dimer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 43 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 44 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 45 stabilized stabilize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 46 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 47 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 48 disulfide disulfide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 49 bond bond NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 51 Ponnusamy Ponnusamy NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 52 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 53 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 54 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 55 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 56 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 186 58 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 1 Replacement replacement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 4 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 5 Cys Cys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 6 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 7 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 9 dimerization dimerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 11 Cys-69 Cys-69 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 13 resulted result VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 15 conversion conversion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 16 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 18 parallel parallel JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 19 helix helix NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 21 helix helix NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 22 dimer dimer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 23 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 24 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 25 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 27 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 28 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 187 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 2 wild wild JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 4 type type NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 5 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 6 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 7 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 8 organized organize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 9 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 11 trimer trimer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 13 dimers dimer NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 16 Cys-69 Cys-69 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 188 17 ! ! . cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 1 Ala Ala NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 2 mutant mutant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 7 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 8 both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 9 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 10 rod rod NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 12 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 13 polymers polymer NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 15 Ponnusamy Ponnusamy NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 16 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 17 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 18 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 20 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 189 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 190 1 Disulfide disulfide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 190 2 bonding bonding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 190 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 190 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 190 5 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 190 6 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 190 7 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 190 8 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 190 9 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 190 10 detected detect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 191 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 191 2 Miknis Miknis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 191 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 191 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 191 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 191 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 191 7 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 191 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 191 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 6 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 7 betacoronaviruses betacoronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 8 do do VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 9 contain contain VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 10 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 11 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 12 Cys Cys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 13 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 16 feature feature NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 17 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 18 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 19 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 20 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 21 alphacoronaviruses alphacoronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 22 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 23 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 24 much much RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 25 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 26 closely closely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 27 related related JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 28 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 192 29 HCoV-229E. HCoV-229E. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 1 Thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 4 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 5 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 7 excluded exclude VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 8 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 10 disulfide disulfide RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 12 bonded bond VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 13 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 15 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 16 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 17 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 18 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 19 artifact artifact NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 21 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 22 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 23 purification purification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 25 crystallization crystallization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 27 although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 28 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 29 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 30 suggested suggest VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 31 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 32 oxidative oxidative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 33 stress stress NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 34 due due IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 35 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 36 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 37 infection infection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 38 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 39 favor favor VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 40 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 41 formation formation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 42 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 43 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 44 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 45 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 193 46 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 194 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 194 2 Ponnusamy Ponnusamy NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 194 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 194 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 194 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 194 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 194 7 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 194 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 194 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 2 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 3 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 4 aware aware JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 6 experiments experiment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 7 directly directly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 8 addressing address VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 10 existence existence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 12 such such PDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 13 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 14 disulfide disulfide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 16 linked link VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 17 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 18 dimer dimer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 20 CoVinfected CoVinfected NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 21 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 195 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 2 importance importance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 4 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 5 dimerization dimerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 6 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 11 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 12 viability viability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 13 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 14 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 16 reverse reverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 18 genetics genetics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 19 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 196 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 197 1 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 197 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 197 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 197 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 2 2009a 2009a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 4 Miknis Miknis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 9 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 11 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 12 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 13 independently independently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 14 confirmed confirm VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 16 importance importance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 18 dimerization dimerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 21 α α NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 23 helical helical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 24 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 26 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 27 particular particular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 28 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 29 putative putative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 30 GxxxG GxxxG NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 31 proteinprotein proteinprotein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 32 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 33 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 198 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 3 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 5 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 6 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 7 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 8 disrupted disrupt VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 10 dimerization dimerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 12 incompetent incompetent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 16 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 17 variants variant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 20 affinity affinity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 21 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 22 ssRNA ssRNA VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 23 20-mers 20-mers CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 24 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 25 reduced reduce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 26 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 27 5-to 5-to CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 28 12-fold 12-fold CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 29 compared compare VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 30 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 32 wild wild JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 34 type type NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 35 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 37 Miknis Miknis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 38 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 39 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 40 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 41 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 42 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 43 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 199 44 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 1 Replacement replacement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 3 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 6 basic basic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 7 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 9 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 11 Lys-10 Lys-10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 13 Lys-51 Lys-51 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 16 Lys-90 lys-90 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 20 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 22 barrel barrel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 23 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 25 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 26 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 27 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 28 significantly significantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 29 reduced reduce VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 31 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 32 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 33 capability capability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 34 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 35 bind bind VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 36 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 37 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 38 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 40 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 41 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 42 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 43 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 44 modestly modestly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 45 affected affect VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 46 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 47 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 48 upon upon IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 49 reverse reverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 200 50 engineering engineering NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 201 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 201 2 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 201 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 201 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 201 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 201 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 201 7 2009a 2009a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 201 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 201 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 2 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 3 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 4 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 5 studied study VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 6 how how WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 7 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 8 dimerization dimerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 10 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 11 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 12 affect affect VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 13 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 14 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 15 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 16 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 17 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 19 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 20 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 22 nsp12-RdRp nsp12-rdrp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 202 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 2 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 3 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 4 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 5 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 6 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 7 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 8 partners partner NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 9 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 10 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 11 technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 12 approaches approach NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 14 Brockway Brockway NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 15 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 16 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 17 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 19 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 20 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 21 Sutton Sutton NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 22 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 23 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 24 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 26 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 27 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 28 von von NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 29 Brunn Brunn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 30 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 31 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 32 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 34 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 37 colocalize colocalize NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 38 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 39 nsp9 nsp9 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 40 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 41 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 42 membranous membranous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 43 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 44 organelles organelle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 46 Bost Bost NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 47 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 48 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 49 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 50 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 51 2000 2000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 203 53 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 1 At at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 2 present present NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 5 available available JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 6 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 7 suggest suggest VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 8 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 10 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 11 efficient efficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 12 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 13 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 15 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 16 homodimerization homodimerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 17 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 18 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 19 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 20 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 21 feature feature NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 22 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 24 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 25 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 26 affinity affinity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 27 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 29 per per FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 30 se se FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 204 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 1 Alternatively alternatively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 4 correct correct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 5 positioning positioning NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 8 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 9 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 10 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 11 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 12 consisting consist VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 15 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 16 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 205 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 1 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 2 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 3 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 4 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 7 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 8 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 9 correct correct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 10 functioning functioning NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 12 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 206 14 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 207 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 207 2 Miknis Miknis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 207 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 207 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 207 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 207 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 207 7 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 207 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 207 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 1 Currently currently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 4 fact fact NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 5 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 6 suppressor suppressor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 7 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 8 arose arise VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 10 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 11 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 14 nsp8 nsp8 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 16 after after IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 17 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 19 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 20 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 208 21 -proximal -proximal ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 1 MHV mhv NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 2 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 3 signals signal NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 5 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 6 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 8 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 10 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 11 compelling compelling JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 12 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 15 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 17 nsp9-RNA nsp9-rna CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 18 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 20 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 21 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 22 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 24 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 25 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 209 26 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 2 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 3 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 4 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 5 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 8 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 9 switch switch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 11 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 12 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 13 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 14 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 15 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 17 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 210 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 1 and/or and/or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 2 possess possess VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 3 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 4 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 5 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 6 relevant relevant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 7 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 8 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 9 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 11 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 12 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 14 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 15 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 16 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 17 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 18 contribute contribute VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 19 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 20 increased increase VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 21 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 23 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 24 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 25 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 26 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 27 animal animal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 28 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 29 employing employ VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 30 young young JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 31 mice mouse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 32 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 33 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 34 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 35 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 36 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 37 adapted adapt VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 38 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 39 strain strain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 41 MA-15 ma-15 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 211 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 212 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 212 2 Frieman Frieman NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 212 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 212 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 212 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 212 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 212 7 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 212 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 212 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 2 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 3 nsp10 nsp10 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 4 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 6 139 139 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 7 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 10 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 16 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 17 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 19 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 20 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 21 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 22 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 24 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 25 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 26 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 27 serve serve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 28 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 29 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 30 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 31 multifunctional multifunctional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 32 cofactor cofactor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 33 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 34 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 213 35 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 1 Using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 2 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 3 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 5 hybrid hybrid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 6 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 8 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 9 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 10 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 12 interact interact VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 13 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 14 itself -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 16 as as RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 17 well well RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 18 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 19 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 20 nsp1 nsp1 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 22 nsp7 nsp7 UH cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 24 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 27 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 214 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 2 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 3 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 4 confirmed confirm VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 5 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 6 coimmunoprecipitation coimmunoprecipitation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 7 and/or and/or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 8 GST GST NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 9 pull pull VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 11 down down RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 12 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 14 Brockway Brockway NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 15 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 16 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 17 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 19 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 215 20 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 216 1 Imbert Imbert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 216 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 216 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 216 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 216 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 216 6 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 216 7 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 217 1 Pan Pan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 217 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 217 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 217 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 2 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 4 von von NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 5 Brunn Brunn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 6 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 7 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 8 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 10 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 218 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 2 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 3 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 5 nsp10 nsp10 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 7 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 8 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 9 first first RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 10 inferred infer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 11 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 13 phenotype phenotype NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 15 temperature temperature NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 17 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 18 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 20 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 22 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 23 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 24 nsp10 nsp10 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 25 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 26 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 27 responsible responsible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 28 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 29 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 30 defect defect NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 31 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 32 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 34 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 35 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 219 36 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 220 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 220 2 Sawicki Sawicki NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 220 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 220 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 220 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 220 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 220 7 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 220 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 220 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 2 addition addition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 5 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 6 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 7 implicated implicate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 10 regulation regulation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 12 polyprotein polyprotein JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 13 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 14 since since IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 15 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 16 engineered engineer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 17 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 18 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 19 double double JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 20 mutant mutant NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 22 Asp-47 asp-47 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 24 His-48 His-48 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 25 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 26 Ala Ala NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 28 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 29 partially partially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 30 impaired impair VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 31 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 33 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 36 nsp4-nsp11 nsp4-nsp11 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 37 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 39 Donaldson Donaldson NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 40 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 41 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 42 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 44 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 221 46 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 1 When when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 2 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 4 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 6 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 8 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 9 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 12 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 13 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 14 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 15 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 16 bind bind VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 17 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 18 Zn Zn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 19 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 20 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 21 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 22 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 23 high high JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 24 affinity affinity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 26 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 28 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 30 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 31 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 33 finger finger NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 34 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 36 Matthes Matthes NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 37 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 38 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 39 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 41 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 222 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 3 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 4 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 5 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 6 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 8 nsp10 nsp10 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 9 displayed display VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 11 weak weak JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 12 affinity affinity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 14 single single JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 17 doublestranded doublestrande VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 20 DNA DNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 22 although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 23 no no DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 24 obvious obvious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 25 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 26 specificity specificity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 27 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 28 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 29 established establish VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 31 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 32 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 34 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 35 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 36 function function VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 37 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 38 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 39 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 40 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 41 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 42 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 43 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 44 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 45 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 223 46 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 1 Crystal crystal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 2 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 4 monomeric monomeric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 6 dodecameric dodecameric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 7 forms form NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 12 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 13 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 14 solved solve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 15 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 16 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 17 laboratories laboratory NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 19 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 20 obvious obvious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 21 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 22 rearrangements rearrangement NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 23 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 25 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 26 forms form NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 27 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 28 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 29 detected detect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 31 Joseph Joseph NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 32 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 33 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 34 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 36 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 37 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 38 Su Su NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 39 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 40 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 41 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 43 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 224 45 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 2 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 3 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 5 new new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 6 fold fold NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 8 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 10 Zn Zn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 11 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 12 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 13 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 14 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 15 coordinated coordinate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 17 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 18 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 19 conformation conformation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 22 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 23 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 24 cluster cluster NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 26 basic basic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 27 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 28 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 30 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 31 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 32 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 33 probably probably RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 34 contributes contribute VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 35 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 37 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 38 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 39 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 40 properties property NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 41 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 42 nsp10 nsp10 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 225 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 1 More more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 2 recent recent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 3 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 4 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 5 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 6 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 7 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 8 interacts interact VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 9 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 10 nsp14 nsp14 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 12 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 14 regulates regulate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 16 respective respective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 17 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 19 ribose-2 ribose-2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 226 20 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 1 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 2 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 3 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 5 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 6 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 7 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 9 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 11 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 13 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 14 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 15 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 16 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 227 18 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 228 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 228 2 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 228 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 228 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 228 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 229 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 229 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 229 3 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 229 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 1 Both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 2 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 3 cofactor cofactor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 4 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 5 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 7 discussed discuss VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 9 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 10 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 11 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 14 Section section NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 15 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 230 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 2 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 3 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 5 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 6 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 7 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 8 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 10 hub hub NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 13 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 15 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 17 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 19 special special JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 20 properties property NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 21 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 22 long long RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 23 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 24 attributed attribute VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 25 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 27 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 28 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 231 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 2 ideas idea NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 3 find find VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 4 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 5 origin origin NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 8 combination combination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 10 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 11 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 13 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 15 exceptionally exceptionally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 16 long long JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 18 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 21 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 22 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 23 underlying underlie VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 24 subgenomic subgenomic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 232 26 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 233 1 Pasternak Pasternak NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 233 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 233 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 233 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 233 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 233 6 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 234 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 234 2 Sawicki Sawicki NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 234 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 234 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 234 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 234 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 234 7 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 2 Sola Sola NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 7 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 11 reported report VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 12 high high JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 14 recombination recombination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 15 frequency frequency NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 235 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 1 Graham Graham NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 2 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 3 Baric Baric NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 5 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 6 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 7 Lai Lai NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 9 Cavanagh Cavanagh NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 11 1997 1997 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 16 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 18 positioning positioning NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 21 RdRpcontaining RdRpcontaining NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 22 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 24 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 26 within within IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 28 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 29 polyprotein polyprotein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 236 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 2 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 3 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 4 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 5 elucidated elucidate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 6 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 7 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 8 extent extent NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 9 features feature VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 10 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 11 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 12 processivity processivity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 14 fidelity fidelity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 17 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 18 switching switching NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 20 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 21 either either DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 22 genomic genomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 23 recombination recombination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 24 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 25 subgenome subgenome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 27 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 28 negative negative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 30 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 31 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 32 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 34 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 35 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 36 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 38 properties property NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 39 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 41 nsp12-RdRp nsp12-RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 42 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 43 itself -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 44 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 45 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 46 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 47 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 48 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 49 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 50 cofactors cofactor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 51 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 52 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 53 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 54 nsp7 nsp7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 55 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 56 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 57 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 58 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 59 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 237 61 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 2 fact fact NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 4 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 5 cofactors cofactor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 6 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 7 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 8 studied study VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 9 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 10 extensively extensively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 11 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 12 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 13 itself -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 17 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 18 holds hold VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 19 true true JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 20 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 21 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 24 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 26 signals signal NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 27 employed employ VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 28 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 30 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 31 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 33 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 35 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 37 subgenomic subgenomic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 38 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 39 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 238 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 1 Protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 2 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 5 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 6 RNAsynthesizing rnasynthesizing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 7 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 9 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 10 nsp7-nsp8 nsp7-nsp8 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 13 nsp13-helicase nsp13-helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 17 nsp14-ExoN nsp14-ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 19 likely likely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 20 exert exert VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 21 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 22 strong strong JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 23 influence influence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 24 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 25 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 26 behavior behavior NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 27 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 28 performance performance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 239 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 1 On on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 3 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 4 hand hand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 7 recent recent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 8 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 9 employing employ VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 10 homology homology NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 11 modeling model VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 13 reverse reverse VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 14 genetics genetic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 17 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 18 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 19 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 20 described describe VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 22 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 23 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 24 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 25 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 26 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 27 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 28 induce induce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 29 resistance resistance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 30 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 31 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 32 mutagen mutagen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 33 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 34 reduce reduce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 36 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 37 RdRp rdrp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 38 error error NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 39 rate rate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 40 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 41 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 42 passaging passaging NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 44 Sexton Sexton NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 45 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 46 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 47 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 49 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 240 51 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 1 So so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 3 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 4 unexpectedly unexpectedly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 6 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 7 features feature VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 8 within within IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 9 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 10 itself -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 11 contribute contribute VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 12 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 13 properties property NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 14 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 15 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 16 selectivity selectivity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 18 fidelity fidelity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 19 regulation regulation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 241 20 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 1 All all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 4 currently currently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 5 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 6 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 7 cofactors cofactor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 10 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 11 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 12 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 13 nsps nsps NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 15 assemble assemble VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 16 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 17 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 19 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 20 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 21 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 23 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 24 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 242 26 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 2 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 3 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 5 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 6 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 8 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 9 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 11 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 12 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 13 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 14 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 16 2014a 2014a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 20 likely likely JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 21 requirement requirement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 22 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 23 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 24 factors factor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 26 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 27 Hemert Hemert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 28 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 29 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 30 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 32 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 37 concept concept NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 38 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 39 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 40 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 41 occurring occur VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 42 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 43 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 44 dedicated dedicated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 45 microenvironment microenvironment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 46 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 48 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 49 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 51 Knoops Knoops NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 52 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 53 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 54 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 55 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 56 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 57 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 58 V'Kovski V'Kovski NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 59 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 60 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 61 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 62 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 63 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 64 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 65 complicate complicate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 66 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 67 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 68 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 69 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 70 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 71 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 72 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 243 73 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 1 To to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 2 reconstitute reconstitute VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 4 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 5 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 6 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 8 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 10 purified purify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 11 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 12 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 13 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 14 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 15 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 16 reagent reagent NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 17 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 19 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 20 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 21 years year NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 23 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 24 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 25 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 26 hampered hamper VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 27 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 28 poor poor JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 29 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 30 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 31 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 32 Escherichia Escherichia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 33 coli coli NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 244 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 2 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 3 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 4 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 5 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 6 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 7 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 8 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 9 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 10 developed develop VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 245 11 recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 2 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 7 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 9 te te NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 10 Velthuis Velthuis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 11 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 12 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 13 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 15 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 20 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 21 technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 22 issues issue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 23 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 24 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 25 production production NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 26 explain explain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 28 current current JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 29 lack lack NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 31 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 32 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 33 crystal crystal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 34 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 246 35 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 3 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 4 information information NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 5 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 6 restricted restrict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 7 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 8 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 9 comparisons comparison NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 11 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 12 homology homology NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 14 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 15 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 16 models model NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 19 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 21 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 22 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 23 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 26 $ $ $ cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 27 930-residue 930-residue CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 29 long long JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 30 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 32 Xu Xu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 33 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 34 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 35 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 37 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 247 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 3 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 5 what what WP cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 7 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 8 learned learn VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 9 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 10 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 11 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 12 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 13 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 15 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 17 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 18 single single JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 19 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 20 homolog homolog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 21 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 23 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 26 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 27 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 248 28 CoV. CoV. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 2 nsp12-coding nsp12-coding JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 3 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 4 includes include VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 6 ORF1a/1b ORF1a/1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 7 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 8 frameshift frameshift NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 9 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 12 programmed program VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 13 -1 -1 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 14 frameshifting frameshifting NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 15 event event NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 16 directs direct VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 17 ORF1b orf1b JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 18 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 20 yield yield VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 22 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 23 polyprotein polyprotein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 24 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 25 includes include VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 26 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 249 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 2 3CL 3cl CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 3 pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 4 -driven -driven JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 5 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 6 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 7 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 8 release release VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 10 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 12 terminus terminus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 14 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 15 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 17 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 18 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 19 separates separate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 20 nsp10 nsp10 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 22 nsp11 nsp11 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 250 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 1 About about IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 2 925 925 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 3 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 4 940 940 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 5 amino amino JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 6 acids acid NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 7 downstream downstream JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 9 932 932 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 12 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 16 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 20 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 21 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 22 nsp13 nsp13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 23 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 24 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 25 separates separate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 27 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 28 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 29 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 30 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 32 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 34 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 35 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 36 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 38 whichuniquely whichuniquely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 39 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 40 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 41 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 42 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 43 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 44 resides reside VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 45 downstream downstream NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 46 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 48 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 49 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 50 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 51 reasons reason NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 52 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 53 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 54 poorly poorly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 55 understood understand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 56 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 57 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 251 58 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 1 Nsp12 Nsp12 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 2 consists consist VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 4 at at RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 5 least least RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 6 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 7 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 10 recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 11 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 12 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 14 terminal terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 15 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 16 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 18 wide wide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 19 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 20 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 21 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 22 nucleotidyl nucleotidyl NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 23 transferase transferase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 24 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 25 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 27 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 28 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 30 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 31 nucleotidyltransferase nucleotidyltransferase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 33 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 35 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 36 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 37 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 252 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 2 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 7 2015a 2015a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 11 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 13 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 14 canonical canonical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 15 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 16 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 18 Gorbalenya Gorbalenya NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 19 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 20 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 21 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 23 1989 1989 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 253 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 2 latter latter NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 3 possesses possess VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 5 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 6 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 8 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 9 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 10 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 12 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 14 polymerases polymerase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 16 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 17 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 18 often often RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 19 summarized summarize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 20 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 21 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 22 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 23 cupped cup VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 24 right right JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 25 hand hand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 26 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 27 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 28 subdomains subdomain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 29 called call VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 30 fingers finger NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 32 palm palm NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 35 thumb thumb NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 36 each each DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 37 playing play VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 38 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 39 roles role NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 40 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 41 binding binding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 42 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 43 templates template NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 44 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 45 NTPs ntp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 47 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 49 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 50 elongation elongation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 52 te te NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 53 Velthuis Velthuis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 54 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 55 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 56 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 57 Xu Xu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 58 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 59 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 60 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 61 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 62 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 63 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 254 64 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 2 simplified simplified JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 3 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 6 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 7 catalyzed catalyze VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 8 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 10 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 11 comes come VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 12 down down RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 13 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 14 selecting select VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 16 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 17 NTP ntp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 18 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 19 match match VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 20 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 22 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 25 formation formation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 27 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 28 phosphodiester phosphodiester NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 29 bond bond NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 30 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 31 extend extend VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 33 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 34 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 35 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 38 nascent nascent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 39 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 40 chain chain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 41 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 42 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 43 incoming incoming JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 44 nucleotide nucleotide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 46 Ng Ng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 47 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 48 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 49 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 50 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 51 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 52 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 53 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 54 Dijk Dijk NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 55 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 56 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 57 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 58 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 59 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 255 61 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 1 Reconstituting reconstitute VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 2 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 3 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 5 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 6 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 8 purified purify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 9 RdRp rdrp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 10 preparation preparation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 11 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 12 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 13 relatively relatively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 14 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 16 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 17 sometimes sometimes RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 18 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 20 huge huge JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 21 technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 22 challenge challenge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 23 depending depending NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 24 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 25 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 26 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 27 factors factor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 28 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 29 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 31 efficiency efficiency NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 33 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 34 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 35 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 37 purification purification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 39 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 40 existence existence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 41 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 42 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 43 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 44 requirements requirement NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 46 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 48 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 49 signals signal NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 51 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 52 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 53 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 54 need need NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 55 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 56 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 57 cofactors cofactor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 256 58 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 2 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 3 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 7 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 9 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 10 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 11 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 12 de de FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 13 novo novo NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 15 continues continue VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 16 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 17 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 18 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 19 much much RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 21 debated debate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 22 issue issue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 24 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 25 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 26 implications implication NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 27 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 29 question question NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 31 how how WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 32 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 33 maintain maintain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 35 integrity integrity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 38 crucial crucial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 39 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 40 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 41 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 42 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 43 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 257 44 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 1 Compared compare VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 2 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 4 de de FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 5 novo novo NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 7 initiating initiate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 8 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 11 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 12 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 13 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 14 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 16 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 17 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 18 enclosed enclose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 19 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 21 thumb thumb NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 23 fingers finger NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 24 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 26 needs need VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 27 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 28 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 29 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 30 accessible accessible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 31 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 32 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 33 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 35 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 36 duplex duplex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 37 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 38 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 39 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 40 accommodated accommodate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 258 41 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 1 De De NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 2 novo novo NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 3 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 5 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 7 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 8 hand hand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 10 requires require VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 11 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 12 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 13 elements element NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 15 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 17 called call VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 18 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 19 priming prime VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 20 loops loop NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 21 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 23 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 24 serve serve VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 25 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 26 properly properly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 27 position position VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 29 initiating initiate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 30 NTPs ntp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 31 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 32 catalysis catalysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 34 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 35 creating create VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 36 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 37 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 38 platform platform NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 39 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 40 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 41 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 259 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 1 Bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 2 analyses analysis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 3 grouped grouped VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 5 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 6 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 7 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 8 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 10 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 11 RdRps RdRps NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 13 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 14 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 15 in in RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 17 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 19 picornaviruses picornavirus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 21 caliciviruses caliciviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 23 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 24 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 25 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 26 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 28 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 30 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 31 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 32 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 33 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 35 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 36 G G NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 38 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 39 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 40 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 41 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 42 mediate mediate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 43 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 260 44 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 261 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 261 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 261 3 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 261 4 3A 3A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 261 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 262 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 262 2 Beerens Beerens NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 262 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 262 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 262 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 262 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 262 7 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 262 8 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 263 1 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 263 2 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 1 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 2 Comparison comparison NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 5 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 7 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 8 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 10 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 12 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 13 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 14 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 16 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 17 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 264 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 2 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 4 Similarity similarity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 5 density density NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 6 plot plot NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 7 derived derive VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 8 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 9 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 10 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 11 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 12 alignment alignment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 13 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 14 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 15 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 16 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 17 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 18 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 19 lineages lineage NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 265 20 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 1 To to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 2 highlight highlight VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 3 local local JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 4 deviations deviation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 5 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 7 average average JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 9 areas area NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 10 displaying display VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 11 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 12 above above IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 14 below below IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 16 mean mean JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 17 similarity similarity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 18 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 19 shaded shade VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 20 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 21 black black JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 23 gray gray JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 25 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 266 26 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 1 Conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 2 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 3 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 5 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 7 subscript subscript NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 8 N n NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 9 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 10 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 11 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 12 B B NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 15 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 17 subscript subscript NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 18 R r NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 20 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 21 labeled label VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 267 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 1 Domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 2 boundaries boundary NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 3 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 4 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 5 bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 6 analyses analysis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 8 uncertainty uncertainty NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 9 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 10 respect respect NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 11 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 13 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 14 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 15 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 16 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 17 boundary boundary NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 18 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 19 indicated indicate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 20 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 21 vertical vertical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 23 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 24 dashed dash VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 25 horizontal horizontal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 26 lines line NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 28 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 268 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 1 Below below IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 2 each each DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 3 plot plot NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 6 predicted predict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 7 secondary secondary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 8 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 9 elements element NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 10 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 11 presented present VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 13 gray gray NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 14 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 15 α α NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 17 helices helix NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 19 black black JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 20 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 21 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 23 strands strand NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 269 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 270 1 Gorbalenya Gorbalenya NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 270 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 270 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 270 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 2 2002 2002 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 4 Xu Xu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 9 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 271 11 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 2 prediction prediction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 3 appeared appear VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 4 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 5 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 6 further further RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 7 supported support VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 8 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 10 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 15 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 16 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 17 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 18 de de FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 19 novoinitiating novoinitiate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 20 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 22 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 24 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 25 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 28 capable capable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 30 synthesizing synthesize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 31 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 33 up up IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 34 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 35 six six CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 36 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 37 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 38 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 39 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 40 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 41 serve serve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 42 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 43 prime prime NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 44 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 45 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 46 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 48 nsp12-RdRp nsp12-RdRp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 50 Imbert Imbert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 51 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 52 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 53 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 54 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 55 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 56 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 272 57 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 1 Support support NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 2 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 4 direct direct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 5 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 6 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 7 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 9 nsp12 nsp12 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 10 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 11 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 12 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 13 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 14 technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 15 approaches approach NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 16 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 17 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 18 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 19 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 21 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 22 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 23 von von NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 24 Brunn Brunn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 25 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 26 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 27 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 29 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 273 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 1 However however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 3 although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 5 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 6 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 8 independent independent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 9 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 10 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 11 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 12 reported report VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 15 FCoV FCoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 274 16 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 275 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 275 2 Xiao Xiao NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 275 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 275 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 275 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 2 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 5 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 6 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 7 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 8 called call VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 9 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 10 question question NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 11 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 12 concept concept NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 14 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 15 primase primase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 17 main main JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 18 RdRp rdrp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 20 i.e. i.e. FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 22 nsp8 nsp8 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 23 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 24 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 26 tandem tandem NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 27 working work VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 29 concert concert NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 30 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 31 achieve achieve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 32 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 34 processive processive NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 35 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 36 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 37 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 39 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 40 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 276 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 1 Using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 2 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 6 nsp12 nsp12 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 8 preliminary preliminary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 9 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 10 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 11 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 13 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 14 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 15 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 16 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 17 poly(A poly(A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 277 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 1 templates template NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 2 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 3 first first RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 4 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 5 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 7 GST GST NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 9 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 10 fusion fusion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 11 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 13 although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 14 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 15 efforts effort NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 16 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 17 hampered hamper VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 18 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 19 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 20 instability instability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 22 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 23 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 24 led lead VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 25 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 27 conclusion conclusion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 28 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 30 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 31 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 32 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 33 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 35 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 36 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 37 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 38 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 39 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 41 Cheng Cheng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 42 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 43 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 44 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 46 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 278 48 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 1 Subsequently subsequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 4 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 6 terminally terminally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 7 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 8 6 6 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 9 -tagged -tagged CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 13 nsp12 nsp12 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 14 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 15 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 16 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 17 mediate mediate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 18 homopolymeric homopolymeric NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 20 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 22 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 23 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 25 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 279 26 manner manner NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 280 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 280 2 te te NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 280 3 Velthuis Velthuis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 280 4 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 280 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 280 6 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 280 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 280 8 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 280 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 280 10 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 1 Both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 2 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 3 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 4 must must MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 5 probably probably RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 7 considered consider VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 8 relatively relatively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 9 weak weak JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 11 nonprocessive nonprocessive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 12 compared compare VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 13 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 15 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 16 observed observe VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 17 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 18 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 19 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 21 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 22 nsp12 nsp12 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 23 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 24 assay assay NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 25 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 26 supplemented supplement VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 27 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 28 nsp7 nsp7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 29 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 30 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 32 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 33 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 34 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 35 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 37 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 281 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 1 However however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 3 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 5 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 6 time time NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 8 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 9 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 10 reinvigorated reinvigorate VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 12 debate debate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 13 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 15 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 16 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 19 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 20 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 22 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 24 nsp7 nsp7 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 26 8 8 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 27 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 28 12 12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 29 tripartite tripartite JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 30 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 31 displayed display VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 32 both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 33 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 35 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 37 de de FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 38 novo novo NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 39 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 40 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 41 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 42 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 44 whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 45 no no DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 46 de de FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 47 novo novo NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 48 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 49 initiating initiate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 50 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 51 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 52 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 53 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 54 detected detect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 55 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 56 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 57 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 58 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 59 nsp7-nsp8 nsp7-nsp8 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 60 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 282 61 alone alone RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 283 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 283 2 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 283 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 283 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 283 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 283 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 283 7 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 283 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 283 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 1 To to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 2 add add VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 3 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 5 confusion confusion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 7 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 8 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 9 reported report VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 10 de de IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 11 novo novo NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 12 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 13 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 14 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 16 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 17 nsp12 nsp12 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 284 18 alone alone JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 2 Ahn Ahn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 7 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 10 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 12 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 13 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 14 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 19 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 21 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 22 expressed express VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 23 without without IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 24 affinity affinity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 25 tags tag NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 26 commonly commonly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 27 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 28 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 29 facilitate facilitate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 30 purification purification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 32 te te NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 33 Velthuis Velthuis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 34 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 35 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 36 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 38 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 285 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 1 Technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 2 differences difference NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 3 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 4 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 5 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 7 those those DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 8 summarized summarize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 9 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 11 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 13 regarding regard VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 14 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 15 constructs construct NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 17 templates template NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 18 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 20 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 21 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 22 contributed contribute VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 23 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 25 contradictory contradictory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 26 results result NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 27 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 28 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 30 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 31 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 33 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 35 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 286 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 1 Thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 2 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 4 five five CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 5 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 6 laboratories laboratory NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 7 addressed address VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 9 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 11 putative putative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 13 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 14 RdRps RdRps NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 16 seven seven CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 17 independent independent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 18 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 20 none none NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 22 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 23 succeeded succeed VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 24 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 25 exactly exactly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 26 reproducing reproduce VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 28 results result NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 30 any any DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 33 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 34 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 36 Ahn Ahn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 37 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 38 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 39 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 41 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 42 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 43 Cheng Cheng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 44 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 45 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 46 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 48 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 287 49 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 1 Imbert Imbert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 6 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 7 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 8 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 9 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 10 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 11 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 13 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 14 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 15 te te NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 16 Velthuis Velthuis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 17 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 18 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 288 19 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 289 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 289 2 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 290 1 te te NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 290 2 Velthuis Velthuis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 290 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 290 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 290 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 3 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 4 Xiao Xiao NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 9 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 291 11 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 1 Nidovirus Nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 2 RdRps RdRps NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 3 appear appear VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 4 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 5 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 6 technically technically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 7 challenging challenging JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 9 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 10 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 11 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 12 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 13 respond respond VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 14 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 15 minute minute VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 16 changes change NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 18 purification purification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 19 protocols protocol NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 20 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 21 assay assay NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 22 conditions condition NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 292 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 1 Clearly clearly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 3 both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 5 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 7 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 9 primase primase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 10 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 11 processivity processivity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 12 factor factor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 13 ? ? . cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 17 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 18 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 19 employed employ VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 20 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 22 nsp12-RdRp nsp12-RdRp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 23 require require VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 24 further further JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 25 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 293 26 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 3 bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 5 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 6 prediction prediction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 7 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 8 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 9 uses use VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 11 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 13 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 14 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 15 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 16 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 17 compelling compelling JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 20 lacks lack VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 22 direct direct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 23 support support NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 25 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 26 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 27 crystal crystal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 28 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 294 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 1 At at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 3 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 4 time time NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 7 question question NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 10 nature nature NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 12 source source NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 15 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 16 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 17 would would MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 18 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 19 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 20 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 21 nsp12 nsp12 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 22 seems seem VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 23 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 24 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 25 wide wide RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 26 open open JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 27 again again RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 295 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 2 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 3 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 5 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 8 nsp12-RdRp nsp12-rdrp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 10 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 11 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 13 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 14 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 15 target target NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 16 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 17 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 20 principle principle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 22 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 23 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 24 without without IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 25 major major JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 26 toxic toxic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 27 side side NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 28 effects effect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 29 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 31 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 32 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 296 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 1 Nucleoside nucleoside JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 2 analogs analog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 3 constitute constitute VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 4 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 5 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 6 class class NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 8 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 9 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 10 candidates candidate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 11 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 12 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 13 target target VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 14 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 15 RdRps RdRps NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 17 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 18 efforts effort NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 20 use use VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 21 them -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 22 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 23 inhibit inhibit VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 24 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 25 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 26 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 27 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 28 very very RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 29 successful successful JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 30 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 297 31 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 298 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 298 2 Chu Chu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 298 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 298 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 298 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 298 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 298 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 299 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 299 2 Ikejiri Ikejiri NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 299 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 299 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 299 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 299 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 299 7 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 299 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 299 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 4 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 7 established establish VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 8 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 10 target target NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 13 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 14 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 15 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 16 indeed indeed RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 18 nsp12-RdRp nsp12-rdrp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 300 19 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 2 mismatch mismatch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 3 repair repair NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 4 capabilities capability NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 5 attributed attribute VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 6 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 8 nsp14-ExoN nsp14-ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 9 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 11 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 12 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 301 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 2 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 7 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 9 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 10 pose pose VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 11 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 12 additional additional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 13 hurdle hurdle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 15 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 17 efficacy efficacy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 20 nucleoside nucleoside NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 21 analogue analogue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 22 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 23 anticoronavirus anticoronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 24 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 25 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 26 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 27 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 28 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 30 balance balance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 31 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 32 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 33 propensity propensity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 34 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 35 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 36 incorporated incorporate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 37 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 38 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 39 nsp12-RdRp nsp12-rdrp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 40 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 41 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 42 tendency tendency NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 43 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 44 resist resist VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 45 excision excision NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 46 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 48 mismatch mismatch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 49 repair repair NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 50 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 51 mediated mediate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 52 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 302 53 nsp14-ExoN. nsp14-exon. NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 1 Similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 2 considerations consideration NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 3 apply apply VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 4 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 5 ribavirin ribavirin NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 8 guanosine guanosine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 9 analog analog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 10 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 11 broadspectrum broadspectrum NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 12 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 13 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 14 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 15 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 16 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 17 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 18 treat treat VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 19 patients patient NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 20 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 21 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 22 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 23 variety variety NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 26 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 303 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 2 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 4 action action NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 5 appears appear VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 7 differ differ VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 8 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 9 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 10 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 12 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 14 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 15 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 17 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 18 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 19 include include VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 21 induction induction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 23 lethal lethal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 24 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 25 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 26 increasing increase VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 28 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 29 error error NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 30 rate rate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 32 inhibition inhibition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 34 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 35 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 36 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 38 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 39 reduction reduction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 40 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 41 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 42 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 43 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 44 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 45 inhibition inhibition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 46 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 48 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 304 49 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 1 inosine inosine NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 2 monophosphate monophosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 3 dehydrogenase dehydrogenase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 5 IMPDH IMPDH NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 8 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 9 decreases decrease VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 11 availability availability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 13 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 14 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 16 Crotty Crotty NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 17 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 18 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 19 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 21 2000 2000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 23 Crotty Crotty NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 24 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 25 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 26 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 29 2002 2002 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 30 Smith Smith NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 31 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 32 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 33 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 305 35 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 306 1 Smith Smith NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 306 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 306 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 306 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 307 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 307 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 307 3 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 307 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 2 ribavirin ribavirin NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 4 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 6 treat treat VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 7 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 8 numbers number NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 10 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 12 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 13 patients patient NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 15 high high JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 16 doses dose NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 17 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 18 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 21 benefits benefit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 24 treatment treatment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 25 remained remain VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 26 essentially essentially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 308 27 unclear unclear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 309 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 309 2 Zumla Zumla NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 309 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 309 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 309 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 309 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 309 7 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 309 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 309 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 310 1 Experiments experiment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 310 2 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 310 3 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 310 4 CoVs covs NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 310 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 310 6 animal animal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 310 7 models model NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 1 Falzarano Falzarano NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 2 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 6 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 9 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 10 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 311 11 cultures culture NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 312 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 312 2 Ikejiri Ikejiri NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 312 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 312 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 312 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 312 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 312 7 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 2 Pyrc Pyrc NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 9 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 10 established establish VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 11 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 12 poor poor JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 13 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 15 strongly strongly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 16 suggested suggest VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 17 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 18 ribavirin ribavirin NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 19 does do VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 20 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 21 target target VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 23 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 24 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 25 directly directly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 26 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 27 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 28 targeted target VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 30 itself -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 32 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 34 nsp14-ExoN nsp14-ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 313 35 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 314 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 314 2 Smith Smith NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 314 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 314 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 314 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 315 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 315 2 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 315 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 315 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 1 Innovative innovative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 2 nucleoside nucleoside NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 3 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 4 continue continue VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 7 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 8 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 9 developed develop VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 11 Peters Peters NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 12 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 13 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 14 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 16 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 17 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 18 Warren Warren NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 19 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 20 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 21 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 23 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 27 recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 28 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 29 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 30 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 31 RdRp rdrp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 32 assay assay NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 34 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 35 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 36 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 37 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 39 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 41 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 42 prove prove VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 43 very very RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 44 useful useful JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 45 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 46 establishing establish VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 47 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 48 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 49 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 50 inhibition inhibition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 51 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 52 precisely precisely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 316 53 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 2 better well JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 3 understanding understanding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 5 nsp12-RdRp nsp12-RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 6 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 8 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 9 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 10 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 11 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 12 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 14 design design VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 15 strategies strategy NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 16 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 17 minimize minimize VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 19 impact impact NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 21 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 22 resistance resistance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 23 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 24 inducing induce VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 25 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 27 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 28 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 29 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 30 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 31 problem problem NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 32 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 33 targeting target VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 34 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 36 rapidly rapidly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 37 evolving evolve VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 38 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 39 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 317 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 1 Since since IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 3 delineation delineation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 6 borders border NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 10 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 12 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 13 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 14 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 318 15 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 2 Boursnell Boursnell NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 7 1987 1987 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 9 Gorbalenya Gorbalenya NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 14 1989 1989 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 17 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 18 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 19 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 20 known know VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 21 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 22 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 25 had have VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 26 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 27 clear clear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 28 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 30 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 31 must must MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 32 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 33 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 34 multidomain multidomain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 35 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 37 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 38 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 39 canonical canonical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 40 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 41 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 42 roughly roughly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 43 occupying occupy VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 44 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 45 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 46 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 47 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 48 half half NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 50 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 51 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 52 3A 3A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 319 54 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 1 Only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 2 recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 4 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 5 clues clue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 6 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 7 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 10 properties property NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 12 possible possible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 13 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 16 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 18 terminal terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 19 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 21 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 22 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 23 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 25 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 26 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 27 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 28 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 30 2015a 2015a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 320 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 2 renewed renew VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 3 bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 4 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 5 across across IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 8 still still RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 9 expanding expand VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 11 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 12 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 13 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 14 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 16 nidoviral nidoviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 17 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 19 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 20 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 21 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 22 contains contain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 23 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 24 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 25 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 27 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 28 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 30 200 200 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 31 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 32 300 300 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 33 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 35 $ $ $ cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 36 225 225 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 37 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 38 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 39 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 40 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 41 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 42 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 44 3B 3B NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 321 46 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 2 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 3 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 5 about about IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 6 175 175 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 7 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 8 separate separate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 10 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 12 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 13 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 15 leaving leave VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 16 space space NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 17 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 19 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 21 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 22 additional additional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 23 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 24 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 26 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 322 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 1 Based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 2 mainly mainly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 3 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 4 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 5 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 6 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 7 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 9 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 10 homolog homolog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 12 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 13 later later RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 17 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 19 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 20 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 21 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 22 concluded conclude VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 23 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 24 possess possess VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 25 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 26 essential essential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 27 nucleotidylation nucleotidylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 28 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 29 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 30 hence hence RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 31 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 32 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 33 coined coin VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 34 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 35 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 36 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 37 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 38 nucleotidyltransferase nucleotidyltransferase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 40 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 323 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 324 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 324 2 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 324 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 324 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 324 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 324 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 324 7 2015a 2015a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 324 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 324 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 1 NiRAN niran JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 2 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 4 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 7 lower low JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 8 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 9 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 12 downstream downstream JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 13 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 14 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 16 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 17 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 18 3A 3A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 21 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 23 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 24 suggested suggest VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 25 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 27 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 28 constraints constraint NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 29 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 30 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 31 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 32 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 33 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 34 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 35 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 36 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 37 lineages lineage NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 39 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 40 would would MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 41 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 42 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 43 line line NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 44 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 45 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 46 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 47 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 325 48 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 1 Gorbalenya gorbalenya NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 2 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 3 colleagues colleague NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 4 identified identify VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 5 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 6 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 7 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 8 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 10 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 12 B b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 14 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 16 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 17 seven seven CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 18 invariant invariant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 19 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 21 Fig fig NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 23 3B 3B NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 26 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 27 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 28 B b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 29 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 30 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 31 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 32 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 33 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 35 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 36 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 37 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 38 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 40 2015a 2015a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 326 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 2 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 5 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 6 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 7 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 8 further further RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 9 supported support VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 10 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 12 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 14 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 15 predicted predict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 16 secondary secondary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 17 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 18 elements element NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 20 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 21 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 22 families family NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 24 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 26 3A 3A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 327 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 1 Extensive extensive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 2 database database NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 3 searches search NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 4 did do VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 5 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 6 reveal reveal VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 7 potential potential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 8 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 9 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 11 either either CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 13 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 14 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 16 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 17 world world NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 19 although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 21 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 22 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 23 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 24 excluded exclude VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 25 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 27 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 28 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 29 diverged diverge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 30 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 31 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 32 ancestors ancestor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 33 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 34 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 35 level level NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 36 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 37 prevents prevent VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 38 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 39 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 40 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 41 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 42 currently currently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 43 available available JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 44 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 45 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 46 tools tool NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 328 47 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 3 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 4 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 5 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 7 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 9 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 10 association association NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 11 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 13 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 14 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 15 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 16 suggest suggest VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 17 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 18 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 19 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 20 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 21 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 22 crucial crucial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 23 regulator regulator NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 24 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 25 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 26 partner partner NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 29 downstream downstream JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 30 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 31 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 32 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 33 must must MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 34 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 35 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 36 acquired acquire VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 37 before before IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 38 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 39 currently currently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 40 known know VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 41 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 42 lineages lineage NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 43 diverged diverge VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 329 44 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 330 1 NiRAN niran JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 1 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 3 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 5 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 6 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 8 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 10 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 11 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 12 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 13 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 15 nsp13-helicase nsp13-helicase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 16 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 18 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 19 later later RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 21 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 23 only only JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 24 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 25 genetic genetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 26 markers marker NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 29 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 30 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 31 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 32 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 33 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 331 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 1 Mainly mainly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 2 due due IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 3 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 5 lack lack NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 7 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 8 amounts amount NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 10 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 12 nsp12 nsp12 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 15 preliminary preliminary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 16 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 17 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 19 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 20 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 21 restricted restrict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 22 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 23 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 24 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 25 homolog homolog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 27 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 28 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 29 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 31 equine equine JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 32 arteritis arteritis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 33 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 35 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 332 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 333 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 333 2 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 333 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 333 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 333 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 333 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 333 7 2015a 2015a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 333 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 333 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 2 both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 3 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 10 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 11 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 12 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 13 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 14 replacement replacement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 16 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 17 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 18 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 19 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 20 cripple cripple VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 21 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 22 completely completely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 23 block block VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 24 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 25 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 26 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 27 cultured cultured JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 28 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 334 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 2 combination combination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 4 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 5 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 6 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 7 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 9 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 11 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 12 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 13 exhibits exhibit VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 14 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 15 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 17 Mn Mn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 18 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 19 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 20 -dependent -dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 21 enzymatic enzymatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 22 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 23 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 24 results result VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 25 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 27 self self NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 29 nucleotidylation nucleotidylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 31 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 32 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 335 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 2 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 4 abolished abolish VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 5 upon upon IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 6 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 8 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 9 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 10 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 12 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 13 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 14 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 16 B b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 19 C. C. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 20 Although Although NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 21 UTP UTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 22 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 23 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 24 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 25 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 27 preferred preferred JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 28 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 29 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 30 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 31 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 32 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 33 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 34 nucleotidylation nucleotidylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 35 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 37 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 38 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 39 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 40 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 41 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 43 albeit albeit IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 44 less less RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 45 efficiently efficiently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 336 46 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 337 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 337 2 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 337 3 lysine lysine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 337 4 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 337 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 338 1 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 338 2 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 3 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 4 equivalent equivalent NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 6 Lys-73 Lys-73 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 8 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 10 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 11 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 13 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 14 concluded conclude VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 15 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 16 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 18 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 19 likely likely JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 20 target target NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 21 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 22 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 23 nucleotidylation nucleotidylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 24 via via IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 25 formation formation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 27 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 28 phosphoamide phosphoamide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 29 bond bond NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 339 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 3 importance importance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 6 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 7 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 9 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 10 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 12 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 13 nps12 nps12 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 14 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 15 supported support VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 16 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 18 outcome outcome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 20 reverse reverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 22 genetics genetics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 23 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 25 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 26 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 27 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 28 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 30 2015a 2015a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 34 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 37 produced produce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 38 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 39 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 40 nucleoside nucleoside NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 41 adducts adduct NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 42 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 43 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 44 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 45 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 46 unclear unclear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 47 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 48 present present NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 340 49 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 2 fact fact NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 5 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 6 dual dual JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 7 specificity specificity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 8 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 9 UTP UTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 11 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 12 seems seem VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 14 argue argue VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 15 against against IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 16 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 17 initially initially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 18 considered consider VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 19 potential potential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 20 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 21 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 23 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 24 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 25 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 26 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 28 2015a 2015a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 341 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 2 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 4 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 5 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 7 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 8 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 9 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 11 ligase ligase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 13 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 14 type type NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 16 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 17 however however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 18 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 19 commonly commonly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 20 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 21 ATP ATP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 22 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 342 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 2 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 4 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 5 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 7 synthesizing synthesize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 8 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 9 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 10 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 343 11 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 1 One one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 4 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 5 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 6 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 7 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 8 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 9 process process NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 12 crucial crucial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 13 guanylyl guanylyl JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 14 transferase transferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 16 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 19 still still RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 20 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 21 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 22 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 23 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 24 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 25 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 27 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 28 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 344 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 1 However however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 3 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 4 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 5 substrate substrate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 6 preference preference NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 7 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 8 UTP UTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 9 over over IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 10 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 11 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 12 difficult difficult JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 14 reconcile reconcile VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 15 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 16 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 17 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 19 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 20 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 21 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 22 observed observe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 23 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 24 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 25 GTases GTases NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 26 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 27 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 28 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 29 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 345 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 2 third third JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 3 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 4 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 5 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 6 put put VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 7 forward forward RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 8 links link NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 9 back back RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 10 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 12 open open JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 13 question question NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 16 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 18 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 20 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 22 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 23 presumably presumably RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 24 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 25 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 26 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 27 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 28 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 29 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 31 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 32 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 346 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 1 Nsp12 Nsp12 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 2 nucleotidylation nucleotidylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 3 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 4 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 5 envisioned envision VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 7 play play VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 8 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 9 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 11 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 13 primed prime VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 15 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 17 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 18 strategy strategy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 19 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 20 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 22 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 24 picornaviruses picornavirus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 26 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 27 relatives relative NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 29 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 30 covalently covalently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 31 attach attach VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 32 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 33 oligonucleotide oligonucleotide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 34 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 35 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 36 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 37 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 39 called call VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 40 VPg VPg NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 41 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 43 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 44 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 45 picornaviruses picornavirus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 47 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 48 subsequently subsequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 49 mediates mediate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 50 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 51 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 52 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 53 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 347 54 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 348 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 348 2 Paul Paul NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 348 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 348 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 348 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 348 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 348 7 2000 2000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 348 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 348 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 2 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 3 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 6 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 9 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 10 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 11 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 12 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 13 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 14 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 15 nucleotidylation nucleotidylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 16 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 17 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 18 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 20 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 21 monophosphate monophosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 22 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 23 covalently covalently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 24 attached attach VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 25 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 27 VPg VPg NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 349 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 1 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 2 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 3 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 4 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 7 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 8 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 9 either either CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 10 directly directly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 11 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 12 indirectly indirectly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 14 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 15 transferring transfer VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 17 bound bind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 18 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 19 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 20 another another DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 21 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 22 player player NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 350 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 2 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 4 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 5 would would MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 6 definitely definitely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 7 revolutionize revolutionize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 9 concept concept NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 12 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 16 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 18 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 19 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 20 clearly clearly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 21 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 22 very very RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 23 compatible compatible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 24 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 25 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 28 currently currently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 29 available available JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 30 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 32 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 33 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 35 reported report VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 36 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 38 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 39 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 40 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 41 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 42 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 44 rather rather RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 45 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 46 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 47 VPg vpg NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 48 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 49 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 50 molecule molecule NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 52 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 53 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 54 mRNAs mrnas CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 351 55 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 1 Evidently evidently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 4 further far RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 7 depth depth NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 8 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 10 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 11 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 12 needed need VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 14 fill fill VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 16 current current JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 17 knowledge knowledge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 18 gaps gap NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 20 starting start VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 21 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 23 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 24 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 26 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 27 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 28 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 29 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 31 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 32 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 33 confirm confirm VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 35 extend extend VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 37 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 38 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 39 deduced deduce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 40 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 41 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 42 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 43 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 44 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 45 distantly distantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 46 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 47 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 48 homolog homolog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 352 49 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 1 Helicases Helicases NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 2 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 3 versatile versatile JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 4 NTP ntp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 6 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 7 motor motor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 8 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 9 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 10 play play VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 12 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 14 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 15 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 16 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 17 metabolism metabolism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 20 broadest broad JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 21 possible possible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 22 sense sense NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 24 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 25 processes process NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 26 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 27 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 28 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 30 recombination recombination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 32 repair repair NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 34 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 36 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 38 as as RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 39 well well RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 40 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 41 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 42 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 353 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 1 Helicases Helicases NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 2 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 3 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 4 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 5 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 6 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 7 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 8 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 9 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 10 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 12 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 13 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 14 exceeding exceed VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 15 7 7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 16 kb kb NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 18 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 19 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 20 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 21 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 22 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 24 efficient efficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 25 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 27 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 28 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 29 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 30 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 31 above above IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 32 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 33 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 34 threshold threshold NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 354 35 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 1 Given give VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 3 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 4 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 7 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 9 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 11 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 12 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 14 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 15 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 16 depend depend VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 17 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 19 function(s function(s NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 22 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 23 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 24 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 25 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 26 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 27 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 28 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 29 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 30 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 31 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 32 taxa taxon NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 355 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 1 However however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 3 despite despite IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 4 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 5 abundance abundance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 7 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 10 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 11 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 13 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 356 15 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 357 1 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 357 2 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 357 3 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 357 4 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 357 5 poorly poorly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 357 6 understood understand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 357 7 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 2 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 3 extensive extensive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 4 recent recent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 5 review review NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 7 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 8 helicases helicases NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 11 reader reader NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 12 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 13 referred refer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 14 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 15 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 16 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 17 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 358 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 359 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 359 2 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 359 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 359 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 1 Currently currently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 3 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 4 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 5 classified classify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 6 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 7 six six CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 8 superfamilies superfamily NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 10 SFs SFs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 13 Singleton Singleton NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 14 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 15 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 16 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 18 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 21 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 22 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 24 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 25 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 26 belonging belong VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 27 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 28 SF1 SF1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 30 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 32 alphaviruses alphaviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 33 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 34 nidoviruses nidoviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 37 SF2 SF2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 39 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 41 flaviviruses flaviviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 44 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 45 SF3 SF3 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 47 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 49 picornaviruses picornaviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 360 51 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 2 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 5 SF1 SF1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 6 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 8 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 10 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 14 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 15 polyprotein polyprotein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 16 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 17 discovered discover VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 18 upon upon IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 20 early early JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 23 depth depth NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 24 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 27 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 28 full full JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 30 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 31 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 32 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 33 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 34 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 35 became become VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 36 available available JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 38 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 361 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 362 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 362 2 Gorbalenya Gorbalenya NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 362 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 362 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 362 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 362 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 362 7 1989 1989 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 362 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 362 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 2 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 3 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 4 maps map NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 5 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 7 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 9 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 10 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 13 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 14 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 15 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 16 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 17 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 18 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 19 known know VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 20 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 21 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 23 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 24 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 25 about about RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 26 600 600 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 27 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 28 long long RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 363 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 2 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 3 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 4 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 5 contains contain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 6 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 7 characteristic characteristic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 8 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 9 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 12 SF1 SF1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 13 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 364 14 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 2 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 4 terminal terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 5 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 7 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 8 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 9 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 10 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 12 multinuclear multinuclear NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 13 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 15 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 18 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 19 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 20 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 21 across across IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 23 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 24 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 26 Gorbalenya Gorbalenya NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 28 2001 2001 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 29 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 30 Nga Nga NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 31 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 32 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 33 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 35 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 365 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 2 qualification qualification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 3 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 4 applies apply VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 5 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 7 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 9 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 10 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 11 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 13 whole whole NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 15 despite despite IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 16 considerable considerable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 17 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 18 differences difference NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 19 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 21 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 23 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 24 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 26 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 27 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 28 homolog homolog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 30 designated designate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 31 nsp10 nsp10 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 366 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 367 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 367 2 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 367 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 367 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 367 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 367 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 367 7 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 367 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 367 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 2 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 4 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 5 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 6 occupy occupy VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 8 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 9 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 10 downstream downstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 13 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 14 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 16 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 17 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 18 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 19 polyproteins polyproteins NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 20 studied study VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 21 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 22 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 368 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 1 SF1 SF1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 2 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 3 contain contain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 4 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 5 least least JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 7 dozen dozen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 8 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 9 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 10 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 11 direct direct VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 13 binding binding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 15 NTPs ntp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 17 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 18 acids acid NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 369 19 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 1 Of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 2 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 4 motifs motifs VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 5 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 7 II II NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 9 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 10 known know VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 11 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 13 Walker Walker NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 14 A A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 16 B b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 17 boxes box NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 19 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 20 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 21 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 22 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 24 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 25 SFs sf NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 26 as as RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 27 well well RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 28 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 29 NTPases ntpase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 370 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 1 Structurally structurally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 4 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 5 core core NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 7 SF1 SF1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 8 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 9 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 11 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 12 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 13 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 14 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 15 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 16 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 17 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 18 RecA RecA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 20 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 21 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 23 designated designate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 24 1A 1a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 371 26 2A 2a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 3 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 4 4 4 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 7 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 8 bind bind VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 9 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 10 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 11 acids acid NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 12 through through IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 13 stacking stack VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 14 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 16 aromatic aromatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 17 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 18 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 20 bases basis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 22 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 23 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 24 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 25 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 27 Velankar Velankar NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 28 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 29 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 30 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 32 1999 1999 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 372 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 1 Cyclic cyclic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 2 conformational conformational JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 3 changes change NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 6 RecA RecA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 8 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 9 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 10 mediate mediate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 12 conversion conversion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 15 energy energy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 16 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 17 hydrolysis hydrolysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 20 phosphodiester phosphodiester NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 21 bonds bond NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 23 NTPs ntp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 24 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 25 directional directional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 26 movement movement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 27 along along IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 29 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 30 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 31 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 33 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 35 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 36 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 37 called call VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 38 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 39 inchworm inchworm NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 40 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 41 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 42 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 43 widely widely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 44 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 45 considered consider VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 46 as as RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 47 best good JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 48 supported support VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 49 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 50 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 51 available available JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 52 experimental experimental JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 373 53 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 374 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 374 2 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 374 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 374 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 374 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 374 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 374 7 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 374 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 375 1 Velankar Velankar NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 375 2 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 375 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 375 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 376 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 376 2 1999 1999 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 376 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 376 4 Yarranton Yarranton NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 376 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 376 6 Gefter Gefter NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 376 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 376 8 1979 1979 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 376 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 376 10 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 1 Additional additional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 2 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 4 located locate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 5 upor upor JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 6 downstream downstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 8 1A 1a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 10 2A 2a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 12 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 13 inserted insert VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 14 internally internally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 16 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 17 mediate mediate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 18 supplemental supplemental JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 19 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 21 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 23 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 25 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 26 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 27 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 28 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 29 enzymatic enzymatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 30 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 32 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 33 contributing contribute VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 34 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 36 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 37 versatility versatility NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 38 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 39 specificity specificity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 40 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 41 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 42 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 44 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 45 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 46 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 47 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 49 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 50 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 51 Singleton Singleton NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 52 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 53 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 54 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 55 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 56 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 377 58 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 1 Within within IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 2 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 3 SF1 SF1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 6 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 7 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 8 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 9 belongs belong VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 10 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 12 Upf1-like Upf1-like NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 13 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 15 SF1B sf1b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 17 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 18 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 19 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 20 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 21 moving move VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 22 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 24 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 25 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 26 -to-3 -to-3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 27 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 28 direction direction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 29 along along IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 31 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 32 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 33 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 34 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 35 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 36 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 37 bind bind VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 378 38 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 1 Upf1-like upf1-like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 2 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 3 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 4 unwind unwind VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 5 either either CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 6 DNA DNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 7 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 12 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 13 cases case NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 15 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 16 both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 17 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 18 without without IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 20 clear clear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 21 preference preference NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 23 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 24 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 25 readily readily RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 26 observed observe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 27 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 29 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 30 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 31 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 33 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 34 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 35 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 379 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 2 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 3 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 4 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 5 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 6 first first RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 7 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 9 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 10 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 11 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 12 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 380 13 nsp13 nsp13 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 381 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 381 2 Seybert Seybert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 381 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 381 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 381 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 381 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 381 7 2000a 2000a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 381 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 381 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 1 Bacterially Bacterially NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 2 expressed express VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 3 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 4 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 5 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 12 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 14 homologous homologous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 15 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 17 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 21 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 22 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 24 displayed display VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 25 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 26 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 27 -to-3 -to-3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 28 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 29 unwinding unwind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 30 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 31 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 32 double double RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 34 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 35 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 36 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 37 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 38 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 39 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 40 single single RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 41 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 42 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 43 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 44 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 45 overhangs overhang NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 47 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 48 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 49 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 50 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 51 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 52 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 53 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 54 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 55 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 56 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 57 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 58 2004b 2004b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 382 59 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 383 1 Seybert Seybert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 383 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 383 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 383 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 383 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 383 6 2000a 2000a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 383 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 383 8 b b LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 384 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 384 2 Tanner Tanner NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 384 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 384 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 384 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 384 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 384 7 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 384 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 384 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 1 Following follow VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 3 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 4 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 9 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 11 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 12 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 13 calculated calculate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 14 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 15 unwinding unwinding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 16 occurs occur VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 18 discrete discrete JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 19 steps step NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 21 9.3 9.3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 22 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 23 pairs pair NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 24 each each DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 26 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 27 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 28 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 29 rate rate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 31 30 30 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 32 steps step NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 33 per per IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 34 second second NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 36 Adedeji Adedeji NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 37 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 38 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 39 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 41 2012a 2012a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 385 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 2 nsp13 nsp13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 3 NTPase NTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 4 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 5 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 6 use use VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 7 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 8 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 9 natural natural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 10 ribonucleotides ribonucleotide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 12 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 13 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 14 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 16 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 17 ATP ATP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 19 dATP datp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 22 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 23 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 24 hydrolyzed hydrolyze VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 25 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 26 efficiently efficiently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 29 UTP UTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 30 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 32 least least RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 33 preferred preferred JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 34 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 36 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 37 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 38 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 40 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 41 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 42 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 43 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 44 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 45 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 47 2004b 2004b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 386 48 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 387 1 Tanner Tanner NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 387 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 387 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 387 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 387 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 387 6 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 387 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 387 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 1 Replacement replacement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 4 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 5 Lys Lys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 7 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 8 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 11 Walker Walker NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 12 A A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 13 box box NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 15 Walker Walker NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 16 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 17 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 18 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 20 1982 1982 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 23 kills kill VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 25 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 26 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 27 NTPase NTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 28 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 30 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 31 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 32 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 33 tested test VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 34 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 35 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 38 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 39 introduced introduce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 40 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 41 reverse reverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 42 genetics genetic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 44 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 45 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 46 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 47 abolished abolish VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 48 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 49 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 50 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 51 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 52 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 53 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 54 Seybert Seybert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 55 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 56 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 57 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 58 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 59 2000b 2000b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 388 61 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 2 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 3 preferences preference NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 4 summarized summarize VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 5 earlier early JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 6 support support VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 8 threedimensional threedimensional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 9 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 15 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 16 core core NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 17 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 19 1A 1a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 21 2A 2a LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 23 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 24 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 25 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 26 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 27 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 28 information information NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 29 available available JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 30 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 31 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 32 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 33 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 35 Hoffmann Hoffmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 36 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 37 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 38 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 40 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 389 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 2 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 3 predicts predict VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 4 both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 6 existence existence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 8 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 9 hydrogen hydrogen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 10 bonding bonding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 11 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 12 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 14 βand βand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 15 γ γ NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 16 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 17 phosphates phosphate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 20 NTP NTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 22 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 23 lack lack NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 25 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 26 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 27 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 29 nucleobase nucleobase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 390 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 1 Thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 4 mere mere JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 5 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 8 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 9 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 10 triphosphate triphosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 11 group group NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 12 appears appear VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 14 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 16 main main JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 17 determinant determinant NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 18 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 19 NTP NTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 20 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 21 dNTP dntp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 22 binding binding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 391 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 1 Since since IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 2 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 3 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 4 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 5 presumed presume VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 7 unwind unwind VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 8 double double RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 10 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 12 intermediates intermediate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 13 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 14 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 15 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 16 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 17 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 18 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 20 considerable considerable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 21 attention attention NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 22 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 23 given give VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 24 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 26 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 27 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 28 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 30 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 31 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 32 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 33 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 34 preferences preference NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 36 Seybert Seybert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 37 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 38 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 39 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 41 2000a 2000a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 43 b b LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 392 45 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 2 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 4 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 5 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 6 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 7 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 8 unwind unwind VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 9 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 10 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 11 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 12 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 13 single single RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 15 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 16 tails tail NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 17 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 18 blunt blunt RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 20 ended end VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 21 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 393 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 2 contrast contrast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 6 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 7 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 8 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 9 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 10 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 11 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 12 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 13 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 14 single single RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 16 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 17 regions region NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 18 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 19 unwound unwind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 20 efficiently efficiently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 22 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 23 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 25 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 26 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 27 must must MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 28 bind bind VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 29 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 30 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 31 single single RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 33 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 34 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 35 before before IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 36 initiating initiate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 37 unwinding unwind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 38 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 39 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 40 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 41 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 42 -to-3 -to-3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 43 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 44 direction direction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 394 45 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 1 However however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 4 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 5 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 6 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 7 did do VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 8 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 9 yield yield VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 10 any any DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 11 clear clear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 12 indications indication NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 15 preferred preferred JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 16 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 18 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 19 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 20 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 21 higher high JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 23 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 24 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 25 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 27 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 29 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 30 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 31 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 32 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 34 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 395 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 1 Also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 2 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 3 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 6 depth depth NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 7 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 8 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 10 performed perform VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 11 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 12 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 14 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 15 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 17 confirmed confirm VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 18 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 20 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 21 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 22 does do VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 23 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 24 discriminate discriminate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 25 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 27 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 28 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 29 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 31 Adedeji Adedeji NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 32 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 33 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 34 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 36 2012a 2012a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 396 38 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 4 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 5 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 7 excluded exclude VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 8 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 10 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 13 addition addition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 14 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 15 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 16 engaged engage VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 18 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 20 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 22 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 23 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 24 target target VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 25 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 26 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 397 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 1 Nuclear nuclear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 2 translocation translocation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 4 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 5 helicases helicases NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 6 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 7 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 8 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 9 reported report VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 10 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 11 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 13 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 15 light light JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 16 microscopy microscopy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 17 techniques technique NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 18 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 20 study study VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 22 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 23 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 24 subcellular subcellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 25 distribution distribution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 26 would would MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 27 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 28 suffice suffice VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 29 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 30 detect detect VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 32 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 33 import import NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 35 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 36 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 37 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 38 fraction fraction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 39 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 41 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 398 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 2 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 3 final final JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 4 caveat caveat NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 6 should should MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 7 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 8 stressed stress VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 9 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 11 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 12 properties property NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 13 summarized summarize VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 14 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 15 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 16 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 17 derived derive VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 18 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 20 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 21 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 22 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 23 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 24 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 26 expressed express VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 27 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 28 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 29 systems system NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 30 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 31 sometimes sometimes RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 32 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 33 substantial substantial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 34 foreign foreign JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 35 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 399 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 2 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 3 situ situ JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 4 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 7 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 8 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 9 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 12 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 13 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 16 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 19 synthesizing synthesize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 20 machinery machinery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 21 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 22 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 23 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 24 addressed address VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 400 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 2 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 3 context context NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 5 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 6 specificity specificity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 8 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 9 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 11 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 12 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 13 conveyed convey VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 14 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 15 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 16 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 19 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 20 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 22 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 23 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 24 target target VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 26 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 27 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 29 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 32 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 33 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 34 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 35 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 36 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 37 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 38 antigenome antigenome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 39 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 41 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 42 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 43 signals signal NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 44 controlling control VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 45 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 46 production production NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 47 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 48 subgenomic subgenomic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 49 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 401 50 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 402 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 402 2 summarized summarize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 402 3 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 402 4 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 402 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 402 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 402 7 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 2 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 5 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 6 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 7 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 8 features feature VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 9 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 10 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 11 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 12 dramatically dramatically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 13 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 16 setting setting NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 19 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 20 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 21 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 24 need need NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 25 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 27 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 28 oligomerization oligomerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 30 cooperativity cooperativity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 31 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 32 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 33 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 34 molecules molecule NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 35 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 36 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 38 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 39 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 41 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 42 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 43 consequentlythe consequentlythe DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 44 overall overall JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 45 processivity processivity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 46 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 48 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 49 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 50 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 51 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 52 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 53 appeared appear VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 54 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 55 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 56 quite quite RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 57 low low JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 58 given give VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 59 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 60 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 61 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 62 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 63 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 64 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 65 Adedeji Adedeji NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 66 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 67 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 68 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 69 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 70 2012a 2012a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 71 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 403 72 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 2 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 3 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 4 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 5 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 6 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 7 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 8 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 9 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 10 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 12 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 13 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 15 having have VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 17 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 18 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 20 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 21 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 23 80 80 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 24 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 25 100 100 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 26 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 27 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 28 contains contain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 29 12 12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 30 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 31 13 13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 32 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 33 Cys Cys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 34 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 35 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 36 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 38 den den NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 39 Boon Boon NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 40 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 41 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 42 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 44 1991 1991 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 45 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 46 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 47 Dinten Dinten NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 48 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 49 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 50 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 51 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 52 2000 2000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 404 54 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 2 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 4 recognized recognize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 5 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 7 potential potential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 8 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 10 Gorbalenya Gorbalenya NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 11 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 12 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 13 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 15 1989 1989 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 18 early early RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 20 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 21 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 22 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 24 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 25 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 27 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 28 helicases helicases NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 29 confirmed confirm VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 30 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 31 Zn Zn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 32 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 33 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 34 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 35 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 36 essential essential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 37 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 38 retaining retain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 39 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 40 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 41 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 42 enzymatic enzymatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 43 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 44 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 45 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 46 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 47 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 48 modulates modulate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 49 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 50 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 51 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 53 Seybert Seybert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 54 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 55 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 56 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 57 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 58 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 405 60 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 406 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 406 2 recent recent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 406 3 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 406 4 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 406 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 406 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 406 7 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 406 8 nsp10-helicase nsp10-helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 407 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 407 2 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 407 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 407 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 407 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 2 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 4 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 5 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 6 discussed discuss VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 8 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 9 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 10 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 408 11 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 2 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 3 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 4 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 5 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 6 confirmed confirm VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 8 binding binding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 10 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 11 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 12 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 13 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 15 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 17 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 18 adopts adopt VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 20 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 21 fold fold NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 22 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 23 combines combine VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 24 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 25 RING ring NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 27 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 28 module module NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 29 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 30 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 31 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 33 called call VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 34 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 35 treble treble JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 36 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 37 clef clef NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 38 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 39 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 40 finger finger NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 409 41 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 410 1 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 410 2 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 410 3 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 410 4 interact interact VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 410 5 extensively extensively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 410 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 411 1 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 411 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 411 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 411 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 412 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 412 2 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 412 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 1 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 3 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 5 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 6 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 7 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 9 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 10 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 11 separated separate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 12 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 13 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 14 variable variable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 16 uncharacterized uncharacterized JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 17 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 18 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 19 essentially essentially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 20 explains explain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 22 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 23 difference difference NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 25 about about IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 26 130 130 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 27 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 28 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 29 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 30 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 31 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 32 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 33 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 35 Seybert Seybert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 36 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 37 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 38 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 40 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 413 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 1 Using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 3 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 4 prototype prototype NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 5 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 8 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 9 importance importance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 11 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 12 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 13 probed probe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 14 extensively extensively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 15 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 16 combining combine VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 17 biochemistry biochemistry NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 19 reverse reverse VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 20 genetics genetic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 22 Seybert Seybert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 23 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 24 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 25 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 27 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 28 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 29 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 30 Dinten Dinten NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 31 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 32 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 33 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 35 2000 2000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 414 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 2 yielded yield VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 4 variety variety NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 6 phenotypes phenotype NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 7 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 8 nsp10-ZBD nsp10-ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 9 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 12 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 13 striking striking JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 14 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 15 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 16 deficient deficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 18 subgenomic subgenomic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 19 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 20 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 21 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 22 remaining remain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 23 capable capable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 27 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 28 enhancing enhance VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 30 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 31 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 32 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 34 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 35 Dinten Dinten NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 36 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 37 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 38 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 40 1997 1997 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 42 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 43 Dinten Dinten NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 44 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 45 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 46 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 49 2000 2000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 50 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 51 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 52 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 53 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 415 54 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 1 Most Most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 2 replacements replacement NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 4 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 5 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 6 Cys Cys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 8 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 9 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 10 profoundly profoundly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 11 impacted impact VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 13 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 14 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 16 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 17 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 19 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 20 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 21 performed perform VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 22 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 23 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 24 semiconservative semiconservative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 25 manner manner NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 26 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 27 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 28 preserve preserve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 29 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 30 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 416 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 2 reverse reverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 4 genetics genetics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 5 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 7 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 9 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 10 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 11 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 12 rendered render VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 14 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 15 nonviable nonviable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 417 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 1 Recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 4 impact impact NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 6 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 7 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 8 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 9 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 10 integrity integrity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 12 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 14 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 15 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 16 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 17 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 18 rationalized rationalize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 19 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 21 help help NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 24 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 25 crystal crystal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 26 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 28 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 29 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 30 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 31 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 33 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 418 35 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 1 Despite despite IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 2 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 3 importance importance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 4 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 6 potential potential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 7 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 8 target target NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 11 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 12 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 13 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 14 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 15 crystal crystal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 16 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 17 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 18 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 19 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 20 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 21 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 22 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 23 due due JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 24 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 25 technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 26 complications complication NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 27 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 28 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 29 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 30 production production NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 32 crystallization crystallization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 419 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 1 Instead instead RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 3 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 4 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 5 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 6 models model NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 7 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 8 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 9 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 11 mainly mainly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 12 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 13 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 14 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 15 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 16 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 18 Bernini Bernini NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 19 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 20 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 21 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 23 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 24 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 25 Hoffmann Hoffmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 26 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 27 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 28 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 30 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 31 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 32 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 33 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 34 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 35 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 37 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 420 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 1 Given give VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 2 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 3 limitation limitation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 6 despite despite IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 8 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 9 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 10 distance distance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 11 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 13 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 14 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 17 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 18 interesting interesting JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 20 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 21 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 22 closer close JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 23 look look NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 24 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 26 recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 27 published publish VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 28 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 29 nsp10-helicase nsp10-helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 30 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 32 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 33 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 34 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 35 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 37 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 421 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 2 overall overall JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 3 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 5 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 6 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 8 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 10 4 4 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 12 consists consist VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 15 N N NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 17 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 18 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 20 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 21 new new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 22 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 23 designated designate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 24 1B 1b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 27 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 28 recA reca JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 30 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 31 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 32 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 34 1A 1a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 36 2A 2a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 39 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 40 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 41 short short JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 42 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 43 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 44 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 45 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 47 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 48 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 49 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 50 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 51 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 52 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 53 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 54 needed need VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 55 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 56 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 57 deleted delete VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 58 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 59 allow allow VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 60 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 61 crystallization crystallization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 422 62 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 2 65-amino 65-amino CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 4 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 5 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 7 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 8 truncation truncation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 9 did do VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 10 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 11 affect affect VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 13 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 14 core core NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 15 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 17 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 18 modestly modestly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 19 influenced influence VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 20 levels level NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 22 ATPase ATPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 24 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 25 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 26 compared compare VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 27 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 29 full full JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 30 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 31 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 32 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 34 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 35 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 36 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 37 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 39 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 423 41 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 1 Compared compare VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 2 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 3 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 4 representatives representative NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 7 SF1 SF1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 8 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 9 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 11 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 12 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 13 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 14 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 15 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 16 Upf1 Upf1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 18 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 19 close close JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 20 homolog homolog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 21 Ighmbp2 Ighmbp2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 23 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 24 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 25 contain contain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 26 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 27 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 29 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 30 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 424 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 4 location location NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 6 orientation orientation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 9 newly newly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 10 discovered discover VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 11 1B 1b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 12 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 14 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 16 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 17 83 83 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 18 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 19 137 137 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 21 resembles resemble VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 22 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 25 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 26 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 28 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 29 name name NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 30 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 31 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 33 Upf1-like upf1-like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 34 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 35 subfamily subfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 425 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 2 nsp10 nsp10 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 3 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 4 uses use VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 5 12 12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 6 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 7 Cys Cys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 9 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 10 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 12 coordinate coordinate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 13 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 14 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 15 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 17 folds fold VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 18 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 19 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 20 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 22 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 23 modules module NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 24 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 25 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 26 connected connect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 27 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 28 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 29 disordered disordered JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 30 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 426 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 2 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 4 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 5 RING ring NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 7 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 8 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 10 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 11 coordinates coordinate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 12 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 13 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 14 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 17 closest close JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 18 similarity similarity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 19 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 20 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 21 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 22 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 23 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 24 module module NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 25 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 26 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 28 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 30 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 31 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 33 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 34 CH ch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 35 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 36 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 38 Upf1 Upf1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 427 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 1 Both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 2 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 3 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 5 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 6 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 8 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 9 module module NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 10 downstream downstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 13 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 15 called call VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 16 treble treble JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 18 clef clef NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 19 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 20 finger finger NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 23 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 25 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 28 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 29 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 30 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 31 structurally structurally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 32 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 34 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 35 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 37 nidoviral nidoviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 38 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 39 represents represent VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 40 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 41 new new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 42 kind kind NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 43 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 44 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 45 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 46 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 47 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 48 element element NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 428 49 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 2 previous previous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 3 suggestion suggestion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 5 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 6 codetermining codetermine VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 7 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 8 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 9 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 10 strengthened strengthen VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 11 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 13 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 15 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 16 extensive extensive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 17 interface interface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 19 1019 1019 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 20 Å å NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 21 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 22 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 23 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 24 proposed propose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 25 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 26 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 27 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 29 intramolecular intramolecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 30 signaling signaling NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 32 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 33 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 34 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 35 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 37 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 429 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 2 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 3 crystal crystal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 4 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 5 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 6 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 7 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 8 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 10 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 11 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 13 partially partially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 14 double double RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 16 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 17 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 18 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 20 revealing reveal VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 21 possible possible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 22 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 23 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 25 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 26 clefts cleft NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 27 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 29 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 30 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 31 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 32 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 33 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 34 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 35 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 37 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 38 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 39 1B 1b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 40 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 41 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 42 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 43 1A 1a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 44 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 430 45 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 3 exact exact JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 4 path path NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 7 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 8 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 9 strands strand NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 10 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 11 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 12 yet yet RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 13 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 14 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 17 became become VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 18 clear clear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 19 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 21 positively positively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 22 charged charge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 23 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 26 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 27 particular particular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 28 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 29 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 30 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 31 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 32 RING ring NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 34 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 35 module module NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 37 must must MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 38 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 39 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 40 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 41 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 42 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 43 binding binding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 431 44 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 2 line line NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 3 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 5 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 6 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 7 summarized summarize VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 8 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 10 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 13 nsp10-substrate nsp10-substrate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 14 contacts contact NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 15 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 16 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 17 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 18 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 20 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 22 occur occur VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 23 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 25 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 26 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 27 backbone backbone NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 432 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 3 HEL1 HEL1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 4 core core NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 5 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 6 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 7 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 9 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 10 quite quite RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 11 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 14 absence absence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 15 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 16 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 18 bound bind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 19 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 21 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 22 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 23 29 29 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 24 degree degree NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 25 rotation rotation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 26 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 27 observed observe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 28 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 29 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 30 1B 1b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 32 enlarging enlarge VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 34 dimensions dimension NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 37 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 38 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 39 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 40 channel channel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 41 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 42 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 43 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 44 1A 1a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 45 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 46 1B 1b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 48 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 49 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 50 allowing allow VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 51 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 52 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 53 accommodate accommodate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 54 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 55 duplex duplex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 56 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 433 57 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 4 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 5 postulated postulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 6 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 7 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 8 element element NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 9 near near IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 11 entrance entrance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 14 substrate substrate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 15 channel channel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 16 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 17 destabilize destabilize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 19 duplex duplex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 21 facilitate facilitate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 23 entrance entrance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 25 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 28 strands strand NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 29 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 31 channel channel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 434 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 1 Since since IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 3 double double RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 5 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 6 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 9 duplex duplex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 10 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 11 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 12 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 13 modeled model VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 15 additional additional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 16 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 17 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 18 needed need VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 20 verify verify VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 22 existence existence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 24 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 25 details detail NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 27 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 28 proposed propose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 29 unwinding unwinding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 30 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 32 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 33 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 34 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 35 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 37 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 38 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 39 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 40 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 41 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 42 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 44 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 435 46 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 1 Likewise likewise RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 3 direct direct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 4 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 5 information information NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 6 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 8 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 9 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 10 needed need VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 12 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 13 able able JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 14 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 15 assess assess VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 16 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 17 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 18 extent extent NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 20 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 21 observations observation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 22 made make VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 23 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 24 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 25 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 26 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 27 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 28 translated translate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 29 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 30 distantly distantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 31 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 33 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 34 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 36 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 37 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 39 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 40 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 41 4 4 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 436 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 2 general general JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 4 however however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 7 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 9 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 10 provided provide VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 12 clear clear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 13 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 14 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 16 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 18 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 20 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 23 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 24 RecA RecA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 26 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 27 core core NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 28 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 30 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 31 helicases helicases NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 32 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 33 modulated modulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 34 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 35 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 36 extension extension NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 37 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 39 presumably presumably RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 40 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 41 facilitate facilitate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 43 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 44 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 45 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 46 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 47 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 48 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 49 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 50 processes process NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 51 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 52 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 53 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 54 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 56 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 57 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 58 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 437 59 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 2 outlined outline VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 3 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 6 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 7 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 9 purified purify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 10 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 11 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 12 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 15 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 16 probing probing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 20 particular particular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 23 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 24 nsp10-helicase nsp10-helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 25 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 26 reverse reverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 27 genetics genetic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 30 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 31 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 32 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 35 advanced advanced JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 36 bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 37 analyses analysis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 38 together together RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 39 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 40 painted paint VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 41 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 42 picture picture NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 43 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 44 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 45 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 46 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 47 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 48 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 49 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 50 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 51 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 52 steps step NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 53 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 54 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 55 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 56 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 57 cycle cycle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 438 58 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 1 Space space NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 2 limitations limitation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 3 do do VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 4 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 5 allow allow VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 6 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 9 depth depth NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 10 discussion discussion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 12 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 14 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 16 putative putative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 18 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 20 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 22 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 23 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 439 24 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 1 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 2 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 3 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 4 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 5 include include VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 7 poorly poorly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 8 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 9 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 11 virion virion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 12 biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 14 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 15 Dinten Dinten NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 16 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 17 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 18 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 20 2000 2000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 23 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 24 unlike unlike IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 25 what what WP cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 26 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 27 uncovered uncover VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 28 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 30 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 33 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 35 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 36 NS3 ns3 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 37 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 38 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 440 39 flaviviruses flavivirus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 441 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 441 2 Liu Liu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 441 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 441 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 441 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 2 2002 2002 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 4 Ma Ma NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 9 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 442 11 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 1 Likewise likewise RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 4 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 5 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 6 discuss discuss VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 8 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 9 reports report NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 10 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 11 possible possible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 12 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 13 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 14 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 15 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 17 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 18 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 20 Ddx5 Ddx5 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 21 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 23 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 24 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 26 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 27 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 28 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 29 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 30 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 31 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 32 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 34 2009b 2009b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 37 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 38 δ δ NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 40 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 41 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 42 nsp13 nsp13 '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 43 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 44 Xu Xu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 45 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 46 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 47 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 49 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 443 51 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 1 Instead instead RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 4 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 5 focus focus VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 6 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 8 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 9 significant significant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 10 findings finding NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 11 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 12 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 13 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 14 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 15 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 18 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 20 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 22 specifically specifically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 24 i i NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 26 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 27 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 30 ii ii NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 32 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 34 subgenomic subgenomic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 35 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 38 iii iii NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 444 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 1 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 2 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 6 iv iv LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 8 posttranscriptional posttranscriptional NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 9 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 10 quality quality NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 11 control control NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 445 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 2 presumed presumed JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 3 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 4 default default NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 5 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 6 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 8 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 10 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 11 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 12 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 14 cooperate cooperate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 15 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 17 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 18 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 20 achieve achieve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 22 efficient efficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 23 amplification amplification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 26 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 446 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 2 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 3 context context NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 5 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 6 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 7 presumed presume VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 9 promote promote VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 10 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 11 processivity processivity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 12 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 13 opening open VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 14 up up RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 16 double double RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 18 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 20 intermediates intermediate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 22 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 23 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 26 possibly possibly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 27 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 28 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 29 removing remove VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 31 secondary secondary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 32 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 33 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 34 single single RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 35 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 36 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 37 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 38 strands strand NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 40 Kadare Kadare NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 41 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 42 Haenni Haenni NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 44 1997 1997 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 447 46 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 2 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 3 light light NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 5 reports report NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 6 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 7 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 8 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 9 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 11 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 12 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 14 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 17 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 19 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 21 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 22 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 23 unexpected unexpected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 24 von von NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 25 Brunn Brunn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 26 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 27 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 28 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 30 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 448 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 2 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 3 holds hold VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 4 true true JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 7 observation observation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 8 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 12 nsp12 nsp12 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 13 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 14 stimulate stimulate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 16 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 17 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 18 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 19 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 21 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 23 Adedeji Adedeji NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 24 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 25 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 26 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 28 2012a 2012a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 30 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 31 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 33 fact fact NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 34 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 35 both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 36 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 37 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 449 38 nsp13 nsp13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 2 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 3 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 4 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 5 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 6 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 7 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 8 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 10 associate associate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 11 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 13 membranous membranous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 14 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 15 organelles organelle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 17 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 19 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 450 20 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 451 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 451 2 Denison Denison NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 451 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 451 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 451 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 451 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 451 7 1999 1999 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 452 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 452 2 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 452 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 452 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 452 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 2 2004b 2004b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 4 Knoops Knoops NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 9 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 453 11 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 2 spite spite NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 4 all all PDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 5 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 6 indications indication NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 7 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 8 RdRp rdrp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 10 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 11 interplay interplay NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 14 polarity polarity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 16 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 17 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 19 mediated mediate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 20 unwinding unwinding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 22 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 23 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 24 -to-3 -to-3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 25 0 0 NFP cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 27 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 28 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 29 major major JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 30 conundrum conundrum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 32 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 33 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 34 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 35 opposite opposite JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 36 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 38 polarities polarity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 39 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 41 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 42 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 43 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 44 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 454 45 + + . cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 1 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 2 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 4 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 5 move move VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 8 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 9 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 10 -to-5 -to-5 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 11 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 12 direction direction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 13 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 16 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 17 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 18 initially initially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 19 bind bind VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 20 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 22 Seybert Seybert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 23 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 24 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 25 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 27 2000a 2000a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 455 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 2 strongly strongly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 3 suggests suggest VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 4 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 6 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 7 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 8 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 9 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 10 simply simply RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 11 operate operate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 12 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 13 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 14 tandem tandem NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 15 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 16 moves move VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 17 along along IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 19 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 20 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 21 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 22 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 23 copying copy VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 24 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 26 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 27 consideration consideration NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 28 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 29 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 30 applies apply VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 31 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 33 SF1B sf1b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 34 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 35 employed employ VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 36 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 37 alphaviruses alphavirus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 456 38 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 2 problem problem NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 3 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 4 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 5 resolved resolve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 6 if if IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 7 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 9 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 10 would would MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 11 move move VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 12 along along IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 13 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 14 strands strand NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 17 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 19 duplex duplex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 21 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 22 might may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 23 allow allow VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 25 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 26 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 27 separate separate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 29 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 30 strands strand NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 32 provide provide VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 33 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 34 single single JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 35 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 36 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 37 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 38 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 39 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 40 copied copy VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 41 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 457 43 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 458 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 458 2 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 458 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 458 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 458 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 458 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 458 7 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 458 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 458 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 1 Also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 4 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 5 tempting tempt VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 7 speculate speculate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 8 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 10 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 12 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 13 trailing trail VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 14 along along IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 16 nascent nascent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 17 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 19 following follow VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 21 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 22 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 23 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 24 certain certain JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 27 possibly possibly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 29 somewhat somewhat RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 30 flexible flexible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 31 distance distance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 34 provides provide VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 36 i.e. i.e. FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 38 leaves leave VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 39 behind behind RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 41 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 42 single single RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 43 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 44 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 45 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 47 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 48 facilitating facilitate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 49 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 50 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 51 elongation elongation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 52 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 53 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 54 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 55 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 56 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 57 next next JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 58 RTC RTC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 459 59 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 3 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 4 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 6 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 7 occur occur VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 9 cases case NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 10 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 11 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 12 RTCs RTCs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 13 act act NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 14 simultaneously simultaneously RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 15 / / , cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 16 consecutively consecutively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 17 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 19 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 20 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 21 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 22 produce produce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 23 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 24 plus plus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 26 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 27 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 28 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 30 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 31 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 33 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 34 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 36 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 37 process process NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 38 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 39 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 40 generally generally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 41 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 42 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 43 add add VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 44 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 45 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 46 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 47 excess excess NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 48 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 49 plus plus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 50 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 51 over over RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 52 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 53 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 54 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 55 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 56 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 57 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 58 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 59 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 60 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 460 61 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 1 Clearly clearly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 3 significantly significantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 4 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 5 work work NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 6 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 7 needed need VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 9 explore explore VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 10 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 11 possibility possibility NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 461 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 1 Nidovirus Nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 2 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 3 mRNAs mRNAs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 4 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 5 each each DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 6 produced produce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 7 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 9 own own JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 10 subgenomelength subgenomelength NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 11 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 13 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 14 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 16 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 17 Section section NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 18 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 462 20 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 3 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 5 arteri arteri NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 8 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 10 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 11 derive derive VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 12 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 13 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 14 process process NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 16 discontinuous discontinuous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 17 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 19 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 21 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 23 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 24 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 25 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 26 likely likely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 27 requires require VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 28 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 29 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 30 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 31 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 33 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 34 others other NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 36 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 37 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 38 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 463 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 2 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 3 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 4 contribute contribute VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 5 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 6 maintaining maintain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 8 proper proper JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 9 balance balance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 10 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 11 continuous continuous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 13 discontinuous discontinuous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 14 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 16 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 18 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 21 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 22 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 24 production production NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 26 new new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 27 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 29 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 30 mRNAs mRNAs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 464 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 2 serendipitous serendipitous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 3 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 5 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 6 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 7 nsp10-ZBD nsp10-ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 8 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 10 Ser-59 Ser-59 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 11 ! ! . cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 12 Pro Pro NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 14 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 15 essentially essentially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 16 inactivated inactivate VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 17 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 18 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 19 leaving leave VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 20 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 21 unaffected unaffected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 22 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 23 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 24 early early JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 25 indication indication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 26 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 28 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 31 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 32 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 33 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 35 control control NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 37 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 38 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 39 synthesis synthesis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 41 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 42 Dinten Dinten NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 43 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 44 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 45 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 47 1997 1997 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 48 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 465 49 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 1 Such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 2 control control NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 3 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 4 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 5 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 7 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 8 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 10 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 12 TRSs TRSs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 14 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 15 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 16 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 20 frequency frequency NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 21 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 22 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 23 each each DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 26 TRSs trs NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 27 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 28 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 29 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 30 produce produce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 31 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 32 subgenome subgenome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 34 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 35 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 36 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 38 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 39 mechanistic mechanistic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 40 aspects aspect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 41 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 43 stalling stalling NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 44 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 45 reinitiation reinitiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 46 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 47 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 48 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 49 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 50 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 51 transfer transfer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 52 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 53 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 54 nascent nascent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 55 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 56 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 57 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 58 upstream upstream JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 59 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 60 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 61 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 62 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 63 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 64 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 65 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 66 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 67 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 68 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 69 must must MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 70 occur occur VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 71 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 72 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 73 discontinuous discontinuous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 74 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 75 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 76 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 77 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 466 78 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 467 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 467 2 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 467 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 467 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 467 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 467 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 467 7 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 467 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 467 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 468 1 Recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 468 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 468 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 468 4 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 468 5 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 468 6 Ser-59 Ser-59 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 468 7 ! ! . cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 1 Pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 2 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 4 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 5 selectively selectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 6 reduces reduce VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 7 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 9 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 10 subgenomic subgenomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 11 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 12 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 13 below below IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 14 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 15 % % NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 18 normal normal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 19 levels level NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 21 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 22 reanalyzed reanalyze VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 23 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 25 context context NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 28 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 29 crystal crystal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 30 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 469 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 2 postulated postulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 3 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 4 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 5 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 6 mutant mutant NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 7 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 8 first first RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 9 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 11 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 12 phenotype phenotype NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 13 appears appear VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 14 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 15 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 16 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 17 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 19 special special JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 20 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 21 properties property NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 24 Pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 25 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 26 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 27 combination combination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 28 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 30 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 32 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 33 59 59 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 34 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 35 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 36 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 37 hinge hinge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 38 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 39 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 40 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 41 connects connect VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 42 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 43 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 44 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 45 rest rest NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 46 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 470 48 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 471 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 471 2 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 471 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 471 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 471 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 472 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 472 2 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 472 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 472 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 2 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 3 59 59 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 5 located locate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 6 just just RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 7 downstream downstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 10 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 11 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 13 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 14 module module NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 17 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 19 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 20 fairly fairly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 21 distant distant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 22 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 26 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 27 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 29 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 30 resides reside VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 31 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 32 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 33 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 34 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 35 connects connect VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 37 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 38 treble treble JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 39 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 40 clef clef NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 41 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 42 finger finger NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 43 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 44 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 45 helix helix NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 46 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 47 interacts interact VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 48 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 49 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 50 1A 1a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 51 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 52 1B 1b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 53 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 54 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 55 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 56 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 57 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 473 58 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 1 Thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 3 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 4 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 5 affecting affect VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 7 flexibility flexibility NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 9 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 10 hinge hinge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 11 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 12 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 13 drastically drastically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 14 influence influence VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 16 long long JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 18 distance distance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 19 signaling signaling NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 20 within within IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 21 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 23 apparently apparently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 24 preventing prevent VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 26 RNAsynthesizing rnasynthesize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 27 machinery machinery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 28 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 29 work work VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 30 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 31 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 32 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 33 mode mode NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 34 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 36 dedicating dedicate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 37 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 38 exclusively exclusively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 39 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 40 full full JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 41 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 42 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 43 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 44 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 45 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 46 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 47 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 48 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 49 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 50 amplification amplification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 474 51 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 1 Since since IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 2 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 3 kind kind NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 5 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 6 barely barely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 7 affected affect VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 8 nsp10s nsp10s NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 10 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 11 NTPase NTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 13 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 475 14 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 2 Seybert Seybert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 7 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 10 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 11 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 12 well well RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 13 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 14 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 15 changed change VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 16 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 17 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 18 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 19 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 20 partners partner NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 21 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 22 turn turn VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 23 out out RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 24 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 25 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 27 key key NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 28 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 29 explaining explain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 31 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 33 negative negative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 34 phenotype phenotype NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 37 corresponding corresponding JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 38 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 39 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 41 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 42 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 43 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 44 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 46 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 476 48 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 4 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 7 point point NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 8 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 11 somewhat somewhat RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 12 comparable comparable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 13 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 15 nsp13 nsp13 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 17 Arg-132 arg-132 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 477 18 ! ! . cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 1 Pro pro JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 2 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 3 just just RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 4 downstream downstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 6 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 8 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 9 reported report VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 10 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 11 cause cause VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 13 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 14 block block NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 16 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 17 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 18 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 20 Fang Fang NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 21 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 22 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 23 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 25 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 478 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 1 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 3 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 4 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 6 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 7 observation observation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 8 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 9 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 10 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 11 followed follow VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 12 up up RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 14 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 15 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 16 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 17 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 18 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 19 confirmed confirm VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 20 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 21 nsp13 nsp13 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 479 23 another another DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 480 1 CoV. CoV. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 2 addition addition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 3 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 4 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 5 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 7 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 8 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 11 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 12 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 13 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 14 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 15 assumed assume VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 16 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 17 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 18 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 21 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 22 pathway pathway NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 24 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 25 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 26 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 27 exhibiting exhibit VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 28 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 29 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 30 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 481 31 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 1 -triphosphatase -triphosphatase : cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 3 RTPase RTPase NFP cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 5 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 6 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 7 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 8 remove remove VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 10 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 11 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 12 -terminal -terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 13 triphosphate triphosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 14 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 17 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 482 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 6 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 7 nsp13 nsp13 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 9 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 10 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 11 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 13 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 14 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 15 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 16 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 17 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 18 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 19 rely rely VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 20 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 22 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 23 NTPase NTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 24 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 25 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 26 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 27 provides provide VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 29 energy energy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 30 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 32 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 33 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 34 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 35 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 37 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 38 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 39 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 41 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 42 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 43 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 44 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 45 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 46 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 48 2004b 2004b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 483 50 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 2 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 3 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 4 pathway pathway NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 5 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 6 discussed discuss VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 8 Section section NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 9 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 11 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 12 review review NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 484 13 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 1 Finally finally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 4 remarkable remarkable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 5 similarities similarity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 6 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 7 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 8 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 11 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 12 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 13 Upf1 Upf1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 15 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 16 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 17 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 18 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 20 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 22 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 23 given give VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 24 rise rise NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 25 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 27 intriguing intriguing JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 28 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 29 still still RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 30 speculative speculative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 31 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 32 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 34 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 35 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 36 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 37 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 38 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 39 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 41 posttranscriptional posttranscriptional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 42 quality quality NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 43 control control NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 44 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 45 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 46 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 485 47 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 1 Common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 2 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 5 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 6 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 7 include include VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 8 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 9 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 10 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 11 -to-3 -to-3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 12 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 13 polarity polarity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 15 unwinding unwind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 18 lack lack NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 20 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 21 specificity specificity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 23 striking strike VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 24 similarities similarity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 25 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 26 terms term NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 28 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 29 organization organization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 30 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 31 fold fold VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 33 Fig fig NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 35 4 4 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 38 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 39 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 40 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 41 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 43 2015c 2015c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 486 45 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 1 Using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 2 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 3 pathways pathway NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 5 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 6 nonsense nonsense NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 8 mediated mediate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 9 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 10 decay decay NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 12 Upf1 Upf1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 13 mediates mediate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 15 quality quality NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 16 control control NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 18 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 19 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 21 Cheng Cheng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 22 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 23 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 24 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 26 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 487 27 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 1 Clerici Clerici NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 6 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 9 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 10 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 11 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 12 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 13 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 14 modulated modulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 15 through through IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 16 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 18 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 19 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 21 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 22 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 488 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 2 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 3 postulated postulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 4 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 6 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 7 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 9 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 10 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 12 e.g. e.g. RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 14 detection detection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 16 elimination elimination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 18 defective defective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 19 viral viral NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 20 mRNAs mRNAs . cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 22 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 24 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 27 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 28 explain explain VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 30 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 33 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 34 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 35 across across IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 37 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 38 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 40 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 41 stands stand VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 42 out out RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 43 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 44 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 45 members member NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 46 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 47 very very RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 48 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 49 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 50 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 51 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 489 52 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 1 Such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 2 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 3 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 4 would would MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 5 prevent prevent VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 7 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 9 defective defective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 10 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 11 polypeptides polypeptide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 13 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 14 might may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 15 interfere interfere VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 16 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 18 proper proper JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 19 functioning functioning NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 21 full full JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 23 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 24 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 25 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 490 26 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 2 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 3 manner manner NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 5 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 6 unlike unlike IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 8 nsp14-ExoN nsp14-ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 9 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 11 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 12 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 16 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 17 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 18 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 19 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 20 contributed contribute VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 21 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 22 genome genome VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 23 expansion expansion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 24 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 25 providing provide VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 26 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 27 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 28 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 29 compensation compensation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 30 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 32 relatively relatively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 33 poor poor JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 34 fidelity fidelity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 36 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 37 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 38 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 39 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 40 nidoviral nidoviral NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 491 41 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 492 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 492 2 Deng Deng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 492 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 492 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 492 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 492 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 492 7 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 492 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 492 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 1 Clearly clearly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 3 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 4 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 5 just just RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 6 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 9 scenarios scenario NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 10 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 12 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 15 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 18 posttranscriptional posttranscriptional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 19 fate fate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 21 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 22 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 23 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 493 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 1 Further further JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 2 experimental experimental JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 3 work work NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 4 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 5 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 6 needed need VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 7 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 8 explore explore VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 9 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 10 possibilities possibility NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 12 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 13 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 15 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 16 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 17 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 18 compatible compatible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 19 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 21 much much RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 22 broader broad JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 23 realization realization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 24 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 26 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 29 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 30 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 31 extend extend VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 32 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 33 beyond beyond IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 34 merely merely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 36 unwinding unwinding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 38 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 39 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 494 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 1 Due due IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 2 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 3 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 4 multifunctionality multifunctionality NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 6 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 8 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 9 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 10 processes process NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 12 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 14 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 16 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 19 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 20 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 21 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 22 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 23 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 24 target target NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 25 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 26 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 27 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 28 development development NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 30 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 31 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 32 mainly mainly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 33 explored explore VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 34 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 35 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 36 following follow VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 38 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 39 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 40 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 41 outbreak outbreak NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 495 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 2 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 3 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 4 nature nature NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 7 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 8 offers offer VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 10 interesting interesting JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 11 perspective perspective NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 13 developing develop VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 14 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 15 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 17 potential potential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 18 broad broad JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 20 spectrum spectrum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 21 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 496 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 1 On on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 3 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 4 hand hand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 6 avoiding avoid VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 7 toxicity toxicity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 8 resulting result VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 9 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 10 inhibition inhibition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 13 abundant abundant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 14 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 15 NTPases ntpase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 16 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 17 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 18 poses pose VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 20 serious serious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 21 challenge challenge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 23 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 24 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 25 why why WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 26 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 27 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 30 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 33 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 35 obtaining obtain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 36 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 37 crystal crystal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 38 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 39 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 40 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 41 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 42 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 43 should should MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 44 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 45 considered consider VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 46 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 47 research research NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 48 priority priority NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 497 49 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 2 theory theory NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 5 variety variety NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 7 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 8 properties property NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 9 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 10 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 11 targeted target VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 12 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 13 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 14 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 16 ranging range VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 17 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 19 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 21 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 22 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 23 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 24 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 25 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 28 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 29 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 30 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 31 surfaces surface NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 32 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 33 multimerization multimerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 35 modulation modulation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 36 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 37 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 498 38 cofactors cofactor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 499 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 499 2 Kwong Kwong NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 499 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 499 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 499 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 499 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 499 7 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 499 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 499 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 1 Several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 2 compound compound NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 3 families family NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 4 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 5 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 7 target target VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 9 ATPase ATPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 11 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 14 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 15 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 17 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 18 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 500 19 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 2 include include VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 3 naturally naturally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 4 occurring occur VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 5 flavonoids flavonoid NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 7 Yu Yu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 8 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 9 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 10 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 12 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 15 chromones chromone NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 17 Kim Kim NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 18 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 19 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 20 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 22 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 26 bananins bananin NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 28 Kesel Kesel NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 30 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 31 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 32 Tanner Tanner NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 33 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 34 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 35 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 37 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 40 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 41 exhibiting exhibit VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 42 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 43 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 44 IC IC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 45 50 50 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 46 values value NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 47 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 48 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 49 low low JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 50 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 51 micromolar micromolar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 52 range range NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 501 53 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 1 Other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 2 compounds compound NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 3 appear appear VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 4 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 5 target target VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 7 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 9 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 10 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 11 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 12 specifically specifically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 14 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 16 triazole triazole NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 17 SSYA10 SSYA10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 19 001 001 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 21 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 22 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 23 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 24 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 25 inhibit inhibit VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 27 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 28 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 29 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 30 beta beta JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 31 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 32 CoVs covs JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 34 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 35 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 36 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 38 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 39 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 40 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 41 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 42 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 43 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 45 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 46 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 47 culture culture NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 48 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 49 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 50 infection infection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 51 models model NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 502 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 503 1 Adedeji Adedeji NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 503 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 503 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 503 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 504 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 504 2 2012b 2012b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 505 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 505 2 Adedeji Adedeji NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 505 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 505 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 505 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 506 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 506 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 506 3 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 506 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 507 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 507 2 IC IC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 507 3 50 50 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 507 4 value value NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 507 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 1 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 2 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 3 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 4 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 5 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 6 about about RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 7 5.5 5.5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 8 μM μm CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 10 whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 11 EC EC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 12 50 50 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 13 values value NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 15 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 16 cultures culture NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 17 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 18 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 21 range range NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 23 7 7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 24 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 25 25 25 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 26 μM μm NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 28 depending depend VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 29 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 31 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 32 analyzed analyze VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 34 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 35 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 36 broad broad JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 37 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 38 spectrum spectrum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 39 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 40 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 41 indeed indeed RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 42 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 43 achieved achieve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 508 44 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 1 To to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 2 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 3 knowledge knowledge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 6 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 7 potential potential NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 9 toxicity toxicity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 11 SSYA10 SSYA10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 13 001 001 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 15 animal animal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 16 models model NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 17 remain remain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 18 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 19 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 20 tested test VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 509 21 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 1 Another another DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 2 interesting interesting JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 3 group group NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 5 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 7 directed direct VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 8 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 9 hits hit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 10 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 11 bismuth bismuth NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 12 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 14 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 15 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 16 postulated postulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 17 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 18 inhibit inhibit VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 20 NTPase NTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 22 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 23 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 24 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 25 competing compete VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 26 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 27 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 28 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 29 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 31 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 510 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 6 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 7 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 8 cultures culture NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 10 determined determined JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 11 EC EC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 12 50 50 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 14 CC cc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 15 50 50 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 16 values value NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 17 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 18 6 6 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 19 μM μm NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 21 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 22 mM mm CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 24 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 26 Yang Yang NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 27 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 28 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 29 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 31 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 511 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 1 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 3 13 13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 5 14 14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 6 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 7 16 16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 8 Cap Cap NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 9 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 10 consists consist VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 13 7-methylguanosine 7-methylguanosine CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 15 m7 m7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 16 G g NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 18 linked link VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 19 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 21 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 22 nucleotide nucleotide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 26 transcript transcript NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 27 through through IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 28 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 29 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 30 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 31 -5 -5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 32 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 33 triphosphate triphosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 34 bridge bridge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 36 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 37 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 38 review review NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 40 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 41 Decroly Decroly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 42 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 43 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 44 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 46 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 512 48 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 2 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 3 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 6 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 9 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 10 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 11 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 13 multistep multistep JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 14 process process NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 15 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 16 occurs occur VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 19 nucleus nucleus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 21 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 22 coupled couple VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 23 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 24 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 25 pol pol NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 26 II II NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 27 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 28 driven drive VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 29 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 31 Shatkin Shatkin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 33 1976 1976 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 513 35 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 1 Capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 2 begins begin VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 3 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 5 hydrolysis hydrolysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 8 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 9 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 10 γ γ NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 12 phosphate phosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 15 nascent nascent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 17 transcript transcript NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 18 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 19 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 21 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 514 22 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 515 1 -triphosphatase -triphosphatase : cord-259603-bh198xgl 515 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 515 3 RTPase RTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 515 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 515 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 1 Subsequently subsequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 4 GMP GMP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 5 molecule molecule NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 6 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 7 transferred transfer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 8 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 10 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 11 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 12 -diphosphate -diphosphate CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 16 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 17 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 18 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 20 leading lead VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 21 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 23 formation formation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 25 GpppN GpppN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 27 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 516 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 2 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 3 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 4 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 5 methylated methylate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 6 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 8 N7 N7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 9 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 12 guanosine guanosine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 13 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 14 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 16 AdoMet)-dependent AdoMet)-dependent NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 17 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 19 yielding yield VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 20 cap-0 cap-0 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 22 m7 m7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 23 GpppN GpppN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 517 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 518 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 518 2 cap-0 cap-0 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 518 3 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 518 4 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 518 5 then then RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 518 6 converted convert VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 518 7 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 519 1 cap-1 cap-1 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 519 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 519 3 m7 m7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 519 4 GpppN GpppN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 519 5 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 519 6 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 519 7 -Om -Om NFP cord-259603-bh198xgl 519 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 519 9 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 1 cap-2 cap-2 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 2 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 3 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 4 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 6 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 7 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 8 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 9 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 10 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 11 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 12 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 13 methylates methylate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 15 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 16 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 17 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 18 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 21 ribose ribose NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 24 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 25 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 26 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 27 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 28 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 29 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 30 nucleotide nucleotide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 32 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 520 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 1 Due due IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 2 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 4 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 5 localization localization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 7 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 8 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 9 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 11 nidoviruses nidoviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 14 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 15 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 16 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 17 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 18 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 20 eukaryotes eukaryote NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 22 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 23 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 24 rely rely VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 25 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 27 standard standard JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 28 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 29 pathway pathway NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 30 outlined outline VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 31 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 33 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 34 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 35 executed execute VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 36 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 37 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 38 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 39 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 40 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 41 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 42 nucleus nucleus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 521 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 1 Cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 2 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 3 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 4 protect protect VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 5 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 6 mRNAs mrnas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 7 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 8 degradation degradation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 9 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 11 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 12 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 13 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 14 -to-3 -to-3 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 15 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 16 exoribonuclases exoribonuclase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 17 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 20 turnover turnover NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 22 Liu Liu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 24 Kiledjian Kiledjian NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 26 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 522 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 1 Cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 2 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 4 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 6 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 7 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 8 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 9 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 10 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 11 factor factor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 523 12 eIF4E eif4e CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 524 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 524 2 Filipowicz Filipowicz NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 524 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 524 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 524 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 524 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 524 7 1976 1976 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 524 8 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 1 Ohlmann Ohlmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 2 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 6 1996 1996 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 10 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 11 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 12 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 13 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 15 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 16 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 17 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 18 whole whole NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 525 19 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 2 addition addition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 3 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 4 promoting promote VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 5 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 6 stability stability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 8 securing secure VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 10 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 11 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 12 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 13 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 14 ribosomes ribosome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 16 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 18 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 19 mRNAs mRNAs : cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 20 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 21 promotes promote VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 22 escape escape NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 23 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 24 certain certain JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 25 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 26 responses response NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 29 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 30 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 526 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 2 retinoic retinoic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 3 acidinducible acidinducible NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 4 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 5 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 7 melanoma melanoma NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 8 differentiation differentiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 10 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 11 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 527 12 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 2 Mda5 Mda5 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 4 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 5 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 7 detect detect VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 8 either either DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 9 uncapped uncapped JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 10 triphosphorylated triphosphorylate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 12 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 13 cap-0-containing cap-0-containing NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 16 Devarkar Devarkar NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 17 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 18 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 19 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 21 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 22 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 23 Hyde Hyde NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 25 Diamond Diamond NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 27 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 28 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 29 Hyde Hyde NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 30 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 31 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 32 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 34 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 528 35 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 529 1 Schuberth Schuberth NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 529 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 529 3 Wagner Wagner NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 529 4 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 529 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 529 6 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 2 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 4 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 5 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 6 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 7 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 8 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 10 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 13 resulting result VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 16 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 18 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 19 interferon interferon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 21 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 22 genes gene NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 24 ISGs ISGs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 26 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 27 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 29 neighboring neighboring NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 30 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 530 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 531 1 Interferon interferon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 531 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 531 3 induced induce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 531 4 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 531 5 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 531 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 531 7 tetratricopeptide tetratricopeptide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 531 8 repeat repeat NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 531 9 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 2 IFIT1/56 IFIT1/56 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 5 IFIT2/54 IFIT2/54 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 7 IFIT2 ifit2 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 9 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 10 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 11 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 12 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 13 recognize recognize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 14 miscapped miscapped JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 15 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 18 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 20 restrict restrict VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 21 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 22 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 24 Daffis Daffis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 25 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 26 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 27 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 29 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 30 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 31 Pichlmair Pichlmair NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 32 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 33 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 34 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 36 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 532 38 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 2 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 3 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 4 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 5 IFIT1 ifit1 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 6 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 8 only only JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 9 interferon interferon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 11 induced induce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 12 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 13 whose whose WP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 16 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 17 affinity affinity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 18 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 19 affected affect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 20 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 22 ribose-2 ribose-2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 23 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 24 -O -o ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 25 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 26 state state NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 29 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 30 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 31 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 32 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 34 cap-0 cap-0 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 35 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 36 cap-1 cap-1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 533 38 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 2 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 3 support support VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 5 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 7 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 8 IFIT1 ifit1 VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 9 efficiently efficiently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 10 binds bind VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 12 sequesters sequester VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 13 capped cap VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 14 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 15 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 16 lacks lack VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 17 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 18 ribose-2 ribose-2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 19 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 20 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 22 methyl methyl JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 23 group group NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 534 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 1 Consistent consistent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 2 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 3 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 5 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 6 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 7 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 8 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 9 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 10 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 11 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 12 reduced reduce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 14 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 15 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 16 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 17 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 18 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 19 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 21 MTase mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 23 deficient deficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 24 CoVs covs NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 26 Habjan Habjan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 27 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 28 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 29 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 31 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 535 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 1 Other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 2 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 3 suggested suggest VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 4 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 5 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 6 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 7 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 8 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 10 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 11 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 12 prevents prevent VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 13 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 14 delays delay VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 16 Mda5-dependent Mda5-dependent NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 17 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 19 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 20 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 21 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 22 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 23 nonself nonself NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 536 25 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 2 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 3 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 4 modification modification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 5 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 6 limits limit VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 8 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 9 response response NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 10 launched launch VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 11 upon upon IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 12 infection infection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 14 thereby thereby RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 15 affecting affect VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 16 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 17 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 19 Daffis Daffis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 20 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 21 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 22 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 24 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 537 25 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 538 1 Schuberth Schuberth NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 538 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 538 3 Wagner Wagner NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 538 4 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 538 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 538 6 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 2 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 4 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 5 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 6 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 7 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 8 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 10 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 539 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 2 genomic genomic NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 4 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 5 mRNAs mRNAs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 7 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 8 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 9 presumed presume VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 10 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 11 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 12 capped cap VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 13 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 14 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 15 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 16 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 17 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 19 polyadenylated polyadenylate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 20 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 21 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 22 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 23 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 540 24 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 541 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 541 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 541 3 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 541 4 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 541 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 541 6 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 2 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 5 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 6 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 7 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 8 first first RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 9 suggested suggest VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 10 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 11 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 12 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 13 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 14 32 32 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 15 P p NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 17 labeled label VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 18 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 20 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 21 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 22 digested digest VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 23 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 24 RNase RNase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 25 T1 T1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 27 T2 T2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 29 subjected subject VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 30 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 31 DEAEcellulose deaecellulose VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 32 chromatography chromatography NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 34 Lai Lai NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 36 Stohlman Stohlman NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 38 1981 1981 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 542 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 2 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 5 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 6 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 7 further further RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 8 substantiated substantiate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 9 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 10 immunoprecipitation immunoprecipitation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 11 experiments experiment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 12 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 13 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 14 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 16 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 17 monoclonal monoclonal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 18 antibody antibody NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 19 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 20 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 21 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 22 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 23 specifically specifically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 24 bind bind VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 25 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 26 equine equine JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 543 27 torovirus torovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 544 1 mRNAs mRNAs . cord-259603-bh198xgl 545 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 545 2 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 545 3 Vliet Vliet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 545 4 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 545 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 545 6 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 545 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 545 8 2002 2002 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 545 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 545 10 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 4 presumed presumed JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 6 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 7 machinery machinery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 9 arteriviruses arteriviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 10 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 11 remained remain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 12 essentially essentially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 13 uncharacterized uncharacterized JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 14 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 546 15 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 2 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 7 2015b 2015b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 10 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 11 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 12 putative putative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 13 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 14 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 15 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 16 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 19 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 20 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 22 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 23 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 26 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 28 Coronaviridae Coronaviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 30 Roniviridae Roniviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 32 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 33 Mesoniviridae Mesoniviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 35 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 36 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 37 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 38 substantially substantially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 39 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 40 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 547 41 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 2 enzymatic enzymatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 3 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 5 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 6 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 7 proposed propose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 9 participate participate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 12 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 14 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 15 cap-1 cap-1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 16 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 18 N7 N7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 19 m m NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 20 GpppN GpppN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 21 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 22 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 23 Om Om NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 26 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 28 following follow VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 29 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 31 i i NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 548 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 549 1 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 549 2 nsp13 nsp13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 549 3 helicase/ helicase/ CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 550 1 RTPase RTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 2 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 4 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 6 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 10 ii ii NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 551 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 552 1 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 552 2 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 552 3 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 553 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 553 2 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 553 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 553 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 553 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 553 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 553 7 2009c 2009c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 553 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 1 Ma Ma NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 6 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 11 iii iii NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 554 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 1 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 2 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 3 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 4 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 5 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 7 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 9 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 14 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 15 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 16 Decroly Decroly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 17 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 18 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 19 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 21 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 22 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 23 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 24 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 25 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 26 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 555 28 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 2 von von NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 3 Grotthuss Grotthuss NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 4 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 6 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 8 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 9 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 10 Zeng Zeng NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 11 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 12 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 13 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 15 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 556 17 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 1 At at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 2 present present JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 4 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 6 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 7 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 9 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 10 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 11 mainly mainly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 12 performed perform VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 13 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 14 purified purify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 15 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 19 nsps nsps NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 21 suggest suggest VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 22 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 23 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 24 follow follow VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 25 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 26 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 27 pathway pathway NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 28 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 29 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 30 very very RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 31 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 32 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 33 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 35 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 36 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 557 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 1 Cap Cap NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 2 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 4 presumed presume VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 6 start start VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 7 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 8 hydrolysis hydrolysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 11 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 12 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 13 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 16 nascent nascent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 18 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 20 RTPase RTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 21 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 23 nsp13 nsp13 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 24 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 25 yield yield VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 26 pp pp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 27 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 30 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 32 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 34 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 558 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 1 Then then RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 4 still still RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 5 elusive elusive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 6 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 7 must must MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 8 transfer transfer VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 9 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 10 GMP GMP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 11 molecule molecule NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 12 onto onto IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 14 pp pp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 17 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 18 yield yield VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 19 Gppp Gppp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 559 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 2 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 3 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 4 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 5 then then RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 6 methylated methylate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 7 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 9 N7 N7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 10 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 11 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 13 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 14 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 17 bifunctional bifunctional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 560 18 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 2 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 7 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 9 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 561 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 562 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 562 2 2009c 2009c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 562 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 562 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 1 Cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 2 modification modification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 4 completed complete VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 5 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 7 conversion conversion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 10 cap-0 cap-0 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 11 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 13 cap-1 cap-1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 14 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 16 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 17 involves involve VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 19 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 20 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 21 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 22 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 24 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 25 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 26 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 27 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 29 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 30 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 31 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 32 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 33 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 563 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 564 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 564 2 2009c 2009c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 564 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 1 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 2 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 3 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 4 possesses possess VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 5 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 6 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 7 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 9 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 10 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 565 11 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 3 following following JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 4 paragraphs paragraph NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 6 we -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 7 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 8 describe describe VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 10 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 11 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 12 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 13 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 15 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 16 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 18 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 19 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 566 20 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 2 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 3 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 6 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 7 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 8 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 9 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 10 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 12 unwind unwind VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 13 double double RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 15 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 18 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 19 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 20 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 21 -to-3 -to-3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 22 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 23 direction direction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 25 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 26 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 27 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 28 energetically energetically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 29 depends depend VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 30 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 32 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 33 triphosphatase triphosphatase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 35 NTPase NTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 37 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 38 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 39 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 40 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 42 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 43 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 44 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 46 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 47 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 48 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 49 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 50 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 51 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 52 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 53 2004b 2004b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 54 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 55 Seybert Seybert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 56 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 57 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 58 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 59 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 60 2000a 2000a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 61 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 567 62 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 1 Additionally additionally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 3 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 5 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 6 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 7 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 10 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 11 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 12 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 14 exhibit exhibit VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 15 RTPase rtpase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 16 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 18 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 20 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 22 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 25 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 26 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 27 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 28 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 29 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 30 abolished abolish VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 31 if if IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 33 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 34 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 35 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 36 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 37 Lys Lys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 38 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 39 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 41 Walker Walker NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 42 A A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 43 box box NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 44 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 45 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 46 replaced replace VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 47 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 48 Ala Ala NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 50 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 51 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 52 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 53 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 54 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 55 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 56 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 57 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 58 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 59 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 60 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 61 2004b 2004b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 62 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 568 63 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 1 Specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 2 RTPase rtpase CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 3 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 4 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 5 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 6 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 7 species specie NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 8 would would MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 9 require require VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 10 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 11 recruitment recruitment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 13 nsp13 nsp13 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 14 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 16 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 17 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 18 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 20 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 21 mRNAs mrna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 23 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 24 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 25 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 26 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 27 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 28 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 29 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 30 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 31 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 32 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 33 involve involve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 34 yet yet RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 35 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 36 factors factor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 569 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 2 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 3 context context NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 6 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 7 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 8 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 9 studied study VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 10 if if IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 12 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 13 leader leader NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 14 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 15 present present JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 16 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 17 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 18 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 19 contributes contribute VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 20 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 22 recruitment recruitment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 24 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 25 and/or and/or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 26 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 27 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 28 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 29 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 30 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 31 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 32 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 33 reactions reaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 570 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 1 Several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 2 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 3 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 5 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 6 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 7 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 8 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 9 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 10 possess possess VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 11 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 12 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 13 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 14 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 15 target target VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 17 phosphodiester phosphodiester NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 18 bond bond NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 19 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 21 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 23 γ γ NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 24 phosphate phosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 25 groups group NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 28 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 29 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 30 -terminal -terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 31 NTP ntp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 33 diverse diverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 34 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 35 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 37 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 38 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 39 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 40 dual dual JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 41 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 42 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 43 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 44 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 45 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 46 RTPase RTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 47 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 48 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 49 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 50 feature feature NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 51 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 52 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 53 group group NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 54 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 55 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 56 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 57 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 58 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 59 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 60 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 61 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 571 62 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 1 Even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 2 though though IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 3 experimental experimental JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 4 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 5 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 6 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 7 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 9 suggest suggest VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 10 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 11 nsp13-associated nsp13-associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 12 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 13 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 14 RTPase rtpase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 15 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 17 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 18 nsp13 nsp13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 19 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 20 proved prove VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 21 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 22 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 23 unable unable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 24 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 25 transcomplement transcomplement VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 27 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 28 strain strain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 29 YBS20 ybs20 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 31 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 32 lacks lack VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 34 CET1 CET1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 35 locus locus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 36 encoding encode VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 572 38 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 573 1 RTPase rtpase LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 573 2 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 573 3 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 573 4 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 573 5 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 574 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 574 2 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 574 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 574 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 574 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 575 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 575 2 2009c 2009c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 575 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 575 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 2 lack lack NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 4 trans trans NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 5 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 6 complementation complementation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 7 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 8 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 9 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 10 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 11 due due JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 12 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 13 technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 14 reasons reason NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 16 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 17 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 18 inappropriate inappropriate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 19 subcellular subcellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 20 localization localization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 22 nsp13 nsp13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 24 misfolding misfolde VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 27 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 29 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 30 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 31 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 32 mismatch mismatch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 33 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 34 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 35 players player NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 38 distantly distantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 39 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 40 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 41 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 42 machinery machinery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 576 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 1 Alternatively alternatively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 4 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 5 indicate indicate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 6 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 7 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 8 requirements requirement NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 9 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 10 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 11 nsp13-associated nsp13-associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 12 RTPase RTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 13 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 577 14 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 2 any any DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 3 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 6 possible possible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 7 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 9 nsp13 nsp13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 12 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 13 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 16 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 17 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 18 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 20 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 21 corroborated corroborate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 22 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 23 further further JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 24 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 26 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 27 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 29 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 30 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 31 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 32 reconstitution reconstitution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 33 experiments experiment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 36 entire entire JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 37 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 38 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 39 pathway pathway NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 578 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 2 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 3 nsp nsp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 4 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 7 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 8 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 11 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 13 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 15 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 16 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 17 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 18 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 579 19 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 1 Bioinformatics Bioinformatics NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 2 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 5 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 6 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 7 failed fail VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 9 identify identify VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 10 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 11 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 13 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 14 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 15 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 16 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 17 perform perform VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 18 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 19 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 580 20 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 1 Eukaryotic Eukaryotic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 3 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 4 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 5 belong belong VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 6 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 8 ligase ligase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 9 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 11 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 12 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 13 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 14 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 15 form form VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 17 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 19 GMP GMP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 20 adduct adduct NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 21 upon upon IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 22 incubation incubation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 23 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 24 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 581 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 2 substantial substantial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 3 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 8 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 9 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 10 expressed express VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 12 purified purify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 14 nsp7 nsp7 UH cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 16 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 18 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 21 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 22 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 23 16 16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 26 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 27 covalent covalent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 28 linkage linkage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 30 GMP GMP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 31 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 32 any any DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 33 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 34 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 35 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 36 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 37 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 38 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 40 Jin Jin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 41 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 42 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 43 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 44 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 45 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 582 47 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 2 addition addition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 4 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 5 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 6 screened screen VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 7 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 8 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 9 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 12 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 13 trans trans NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 14 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 15 complementation complementation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 16 system system NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 17 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 19 YBS2 YBS2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 20 strain strain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 21 lacking lack VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 23 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 25 ceg1 ceg1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 27 encoding encode VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 583 29 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 584 1 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 585 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 585 2 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 585 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 585 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 585 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 585 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 585 7 2009c 2009c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 585 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 585 9 , , . cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 1 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 2 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 3 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 4 powerful powerful JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 5 approach approach NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 6 failed fail VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 7 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 8 identify identify VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 10 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 11 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 586 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 587 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 587 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 587 3 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 587 4 hypotheses hypothesis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 587 5 remain remain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 587 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 587 7 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 587 8 explored explore VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 587 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 1 First first RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 4 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 5 possible possible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 6 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 8 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 10 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 11 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 12 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 14 nsp12 nsp12 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 16 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 17 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 19 forms form VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 20 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 21 covalent covalent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 22 adduct adduct NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 23 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 24 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 26 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 27 observed observe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 28 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 29 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 30 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 31 homolog homolog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 588 32 nsp9 nsp9 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 589 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 589 2 Lehmann Lehmann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 589 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 589 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 589 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 589 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 589 7 2015a 2015a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 589 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 589 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 1 Another another DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 2 possibility possibility NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 4 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 6 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 7 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 8 pathway pathway NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 9 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 10 unconventional unconventional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 14 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 16 resembles resemble VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 17 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 19 alphaviruses alphavirus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 20 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 21 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 23 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 24 molecule molecule NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 25 needs need VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 26 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 27 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 28 methylated methylate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 29 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 30 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 31 N7 N7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 32 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 33 before before IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 35 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 36 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 37 m m NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 38 GMP GMP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 39 adduct adduct NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 40 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 41 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 42 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 44 Ahola Ahola NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 45 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 46 Ahlquist Ahlquist NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 48 1999 1999 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 590 50 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 3 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 4 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 5 possibility possibility NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 6 might may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 7 explain explain VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 8 nsp14s nsp14s DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 9 capability capability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 10 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 11 convert convert VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 12 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 13 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 14 m m NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 15 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 17 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 18 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 591 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 592 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 592 2 Jin Jin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 592 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 592 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 592 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 592 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 592 7 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 592 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 592 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 593 1 Finally finally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 593 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 593 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 593 4 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 593 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 593 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 593 7 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 1 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 2 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 3 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 4 interesting interesting JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 5 possibility possibility NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 8 particular particular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 9 since since IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 10 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 11 forms form NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 13 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 14 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 15 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 16 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 17 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 18 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 19 recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 594 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 595 1 Mukherjee Mukherjee NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 595 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 595 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 595 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 596 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 596 2 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 596 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 596 4 Schoenberg Schoenberg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 596 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 596 6 Maquat Maquat NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 596 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 596 8 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 596 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 596 10 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 1 Further further JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 2 work work NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 4 needed need VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 6 explore explore VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 7 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 8 various various JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 9 hypotheses hypothesis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 11 resolve resolve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 12 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 13 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 14 question question NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 597 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 1 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 2 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 5 bifunctional bifunctional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 6 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 7 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 8 plays play VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 9 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 10 crucial crucial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 11 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 13 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 15 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 598 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 1 Its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 2 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 4 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 5 exonuclease exonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 7 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 9 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 11 Minskaia Minskaia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 12 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 13 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 14 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 16 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 17 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 18 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 19 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 20 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 21 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 23 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 26 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 27 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 28 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 29 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 30 promote promote VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 32 fidelity fidelity NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 34 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 35 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 36 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 38 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 39 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 40 discussed discuss VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 41 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 42 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 43 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 44 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 45 Section section NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 46 6 6 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 599 47 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 2 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 4 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 5 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 7 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 8 carries carry VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 9 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 10 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 12 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 13 guanosine guanosine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 14 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 15 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 600 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 3 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 6 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 9 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 11 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 12 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 15 bioinformatics bioinformatics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 16 analyses analysis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 19 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 20 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 21 failed fail VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 22 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 23 identify identify VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 24 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 25 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 26 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 27 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 28 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 29 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 30 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 31 and/or and/or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 32 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 33 N7-MTases n7-mtase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 35 again again RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 36 illustrating illustrate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 38 significant significant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 39 divergence divergence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 40 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 41 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 42 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 43 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 44 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 45 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 46 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 47 systems system NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 601 48 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 1 However however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 3 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 5 trans trans JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 6 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 7 complementation complementation JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 8 assay assay NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 11 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 12 strain strain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 13 lacking lack VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 15 abd1 abd1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 17 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 19 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 21 Guo Guo NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 22 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 23 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 24 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 25 discovered discover VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 26 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 27 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 29 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 602 30 nsp14-associated nsp14-associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 603 1 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 603 2 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 604 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 604 2 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 604 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 604 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 604 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 2 2009c 2009c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 4 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 5 demonstrating demonstrate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 6 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 8 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 9 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 10 able able JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 12 restore restore VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 14 growth growth NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 17 △ △ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 18 abd1 abd1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 19 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 20 mutant mutant NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 605 21 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 2 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 3 showed show VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 4 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 6 range range NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 8 alphacoronavirus alphacoronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 9 nsp14 nsp14 . cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 10 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 11 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 12 able able JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 14 complement complement VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 16 defect defect NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 19 △ △ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 20 abd1 abd1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 21 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 22 strain strain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 606 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 2 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 3 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 5 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 6 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 7 subsequently subsequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 8 confirmed confirm VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 10 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 11 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 12 purified purify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 13 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 14 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 16 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 17 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 18 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 19 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 21 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 607 22 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 608 1 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 608 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 608 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 608 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 608 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 608 6 2009c 2009c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 608 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 608 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 5 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 6 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 7 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 9 methylate methylate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 10 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 11 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 12 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 13 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 16 sequenceindependent sequenceindependent NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 17 manner manner NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 18 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 20 range range NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 609 22 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 1 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 3 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 4 proved prove VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 7 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 8 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 9 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 10 analogues analogue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 12 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 14 Jin Jin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 15 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 16 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 17 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 19 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 22 corroborating corroborate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 24 trans trans JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 25 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 26 complementation complementation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 27 experiments experiment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 29 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 30 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 31 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 32 rescue rescue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 33 required require VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 34 efficient efficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 35 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 37 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 38 wide wide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 39 range range NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 40 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 41 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 42 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 610 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 2 contrast contrast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 3 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 5 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 6 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 9 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 10 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 11 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 12 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 13 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 14 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 15 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 16 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 17 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 18 affected affect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 19 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 20 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 21 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 22 nsp10 nsp10 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 24 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 25 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 26 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 27 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 29 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 611 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 2 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 3 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 4 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 5 further further RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 6 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 7 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 8 alanine alanine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 9 scanning scanning NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 10 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 12 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 13 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 14 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 15 enzymatic enzymatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 16 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 17 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 612 18 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 613 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 613 2 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 613 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 613 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 613 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 2 2009c 2009c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 4 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 5 10 10 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 6 crucial crucial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 7 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 8 distributed distribute VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 9 throughout throughout IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 11 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 13 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 14 clusters cluster NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 16 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 17 essential essential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 18 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 19 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 20 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 22 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 24 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 614 26 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 2 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 3 cluster cluster NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 5 nsp14 nsp14 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 6 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 7 331 331 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 8 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 9 336 336 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 11 corresponds correspond VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 12 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 14 DXGXPXA DXGXPXA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 15 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 18 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 20 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 21 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 615 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 2 cross cross JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 3 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 4 linking link VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 5 experiments experiment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 7 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 9 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 10 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 11 strongly strongly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 12 decreased decrease VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 14 binding binding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 16 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 17 H h NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 19 labeled label VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 20 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 616 21 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 2 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 5 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 6 cluster cluster NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 8 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 9 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 10 414 414 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 12 428 428 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 14 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 15 revealed reveal VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 16 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 17 X x NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 18 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 19 ray ray JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 20 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 21 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 23 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 24 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 26 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 27 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 28 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 29 nsp14 nsp14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 30 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 31 expressed express VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 32 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 33 E. E. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 34 coli coli NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 36 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 38 6 6 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 617 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 618 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 618 2 Ma Ma NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 618 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 618 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 618 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 618 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 618 7 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 618 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 618 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 2 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 3 form form VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 5 constricted constricted JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 6 pocket pocket NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 7 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 8 holds hold VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 10 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 11 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 13 GpppA GpppA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 15 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 16 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 17 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 19 strands strand NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 21 β1 β1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 23 β2 β2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 26 helix helix NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 27 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 29 placing place VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 31 N7 N7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 32 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 35 guanine guanine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 36 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 37 close close JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 38 proximity proximity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 39 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 40 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 41 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 42 ready ready JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 43 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 44 methyl methyl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 45 transfer transfer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 46 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 47 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 48 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 49 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 50 line line NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 51 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 619 52 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 620 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 620 2 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 620 3 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 620 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 620 5 genus genus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 620 6 Gammacoronavirus Gammacoronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 620 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 620 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 2 alignment alignment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 4 generated generate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 5 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 6 Clustal Clustal NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 7 Omega Omega NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 9 Sievers Sievers NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 14 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 17 rendered render VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 18 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 19 ESPript ESPript NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 20 version version NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 21 3.0 3.0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 23 Robert Robert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 25 Gouet Gouet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 27 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 621 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 622 1 Conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 622 2 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 622 3 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 3 II II NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 6 III III NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 8 clusters cluster NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 10 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 11 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 13 SAM SAM NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 14 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 16 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 17 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 19 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 21 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 23 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 24 highlighted highlight VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 25 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 26 gray gray JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 623 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 1 Catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 2 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 4 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 6 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 7 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 10 formation formation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 12 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 13 fingers finger NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 14 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 15 indicated indicate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 16 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 17 asterisks asterisk NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 19 arrowheads arrowhead NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 21 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 624 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 1 Also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 2 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 3 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 5 secondary secondary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 6 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 7 elements element NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 625 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 626 1 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 2 pdb pdb NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 3 5C8S 5c8s CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 7 border border NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 8 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 10 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 12 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 13 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 15 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 17 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 18 N7-MT N7-MT NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 20 NMT NMT NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 22 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 627 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 2 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 3 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 4 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 5 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 7 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 8 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 9 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 10 exhibits exhibit VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 12 noncanonical noncanonical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 13 MTase mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 14 fold fold VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 628 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 3 canonical canonical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 4 fold fold NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 5 contains contain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 7 7-strand 7-strand CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 8 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 10 sheet sheet NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 11 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 12 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 13 commonly commonly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 14 present present JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 17 Rossman Rossman NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 18 fold fold VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 20 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 21 contains contain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 22 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 23 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 24 5-strand 5-strand CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 25 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 27 sheet sheet NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 29 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 30 insertion insertion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 32 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 33 3-strand 3-strand CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 34 antiparallel antiparallel RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 35 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 36 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 37 sheet sheet NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 38 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 39 β5 β5 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 40 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 41 β6 β6 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 629 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 2 line line NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 3 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 4 previous previous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 5 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 6 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 8 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 9 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 10 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 11 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 13 2009c 2009c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 17 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 18 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 19 6 6 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 20 Surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 21 representation representation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 24 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 26 dimensional dimensional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 27 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 28 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 30 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 31 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 32 nsp14 nsp14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 33 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 35 pdb pdb NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 36 5C8S 5c8s CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 37 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 630 38 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 2 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 3 ribbon ribbon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 4 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 5 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 6 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 7 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 8 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 9 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 10 colored color VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 12 blue blue JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 14 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 16 scale scale NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 17 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 18 dark dark JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 19 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 20 light light JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 21 blue blue JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 631 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 2 coloring coloring NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 5 nsp14 nsp14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 6 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 7 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 8 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 9 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 11 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 14 respective respective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 15 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 16 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 17 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 19 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 20 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 21 scale scale NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 22 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 23 dark dark JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 24 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 25 light light JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 26 red red NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 632 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 2 upper upper JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 3 panel panel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 4 shows show VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 6 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 7 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 9 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 10 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 11 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 12 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 13 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 14 Mg Mg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 15 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 16 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 17 ion ion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 18 bound bind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 21 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 22 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 24 green green JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 25 sphere sphere NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 633 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 2 lower low JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 3 panel panel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 4 shows show VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 6 opposite opposite JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 7 side side NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 10 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 11 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 13 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 14 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 15 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 634 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 2 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 3 analog analog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 4 GpppA GpppA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 6 SAH SAH NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 7 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 8 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 10 stick stick NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 11 representation representation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 635 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 2 figures figure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 3 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 4 generated generate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 5 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 6 UCSF UCSF NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 7 Chimera Chimera NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 9 Pettersen Pettersen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 14 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 636 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 2 degree degree NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 4 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 6 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 7 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 8 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 9 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 10 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 11 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 12 alignment alignment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 14 nsp10 nsp10 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 16 nsp14 nsp14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 17 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 19 eight eight CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 20 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 21 representing represent VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 23 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 24 genera genus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 27 Coronavirinae Coronavirinae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 28 subfamily subfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 30 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 31 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 32 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 34 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 35 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 36 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 38 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 40 TGEV TGEV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 41 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 42 FCoV FCoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 44 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 46 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 48 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 49 bulbul bulbul NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 50 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 51 HKU11 HKU11 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 637 53 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 638 1 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 1 X x NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 2 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 3 ray ray JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 4 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 5 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 6 functionally functionally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 7 relevant relevant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 8 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 9 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 11 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 13 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 15 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 18 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 20 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 22 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 24 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 26 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 27 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 28 α α NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 30 helices helix NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 32 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 33 stabilizing stabilize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 35 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 38 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 39 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 40 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 41 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 42 pocket pocket NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 639 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 2 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 3 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 5 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 6 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 8 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 9 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 10 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 11 supported support VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 12 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 13 reverse reverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 14 genetics genetic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 640 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 1 Nsp14 Nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 2 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 3 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 4 introduced introduce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 10 replicons replicon NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 11 expressing express VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 13 luciferase luciferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 14 reporter reporter NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 15 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 641 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 2 D331A D331A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 3 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 6 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 8 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 9 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 11 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 12 blocks block VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 14 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 15 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 17 nsp14 nsp14 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 19 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 20 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 21 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 22 reduce reduce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 24 luciferase luciferase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 25 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 27 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 28 90 90 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 29 % % NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 32 indicating indicate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 33 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 34 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 35 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 36 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 37 and/or and/or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 38 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 39 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 40 impaired impair VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 41 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 42 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 43 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 44 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 642 45 system system NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 643 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 643 2 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 643 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 643 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 643 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 643 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 643 7 2009c 2009c CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 643 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 643 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 2 nsp14 nsp14 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 3 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 4 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 5 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 6 attractive attractive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 7 target target NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 8 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 9 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 10 strategies strategy NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 12 especially especially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 13 because because IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 15 exhibits exhibit VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 17 range range NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 19 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 20 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 21 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 22 distinct distinct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 23 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 24 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 25 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 26 MTases mtase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 644 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 2 druggability druggability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 5 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 6 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 7 explored explore VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 8 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 9 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 10 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 11 set set NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 13 previously previously RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 14 documented document VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 15 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 16 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 645 17 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 2 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 3 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 4 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 5 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 6 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 7 AdoHcy AdoHcy NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 10 coproduct coproduct NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 13 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 14 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 17 sinefungin sinefungin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 19 another another DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 20 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 21 analog analog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 25 ATA ATA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 26 efficiently efficiently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 27 inhibited inhibit VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 28 nsp14 nsp14 CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 29 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 30 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 31 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 32 IC IC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 33 50 50 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 34 values value NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 36 12 12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 37 μM μm NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 39 39.5 39.5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 40 nM nm NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 41 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 42 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 43 2.1 2.1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 44 μM μm CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 46 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 48 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 49 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 50 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 51 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 52 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 53 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 54 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 646 55 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 1 ATA ATA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 2 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 3 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 4 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 6 limit limit VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 9 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 10 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 12 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 13 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 647 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 648 1 He -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 648 2 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 648 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 648 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 648 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 648 6 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 648 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 648 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 3 yeast- yeast- NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 4 △ △ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 5 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 6 trans trans NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 7 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 8 complementation complementation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 9 assay assay NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 10 mentioned mention VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 11 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 13 micromolar micromolar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 14 concentrations concentration NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 16 sinefungin sinefungin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 17 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 18 reported report VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 20 effectively effectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 21 suppress suppress VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 23 nsp14 nsp14 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 24 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 25 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 27 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 29 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 31 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 33 transmissible transmissible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 34 gastroenteritis gastroenteritis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 35 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 37 TGEV TGEV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 40 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 41 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 42 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 43 Sun Sun NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 44 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 45 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 46 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 48 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 649 50 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 1 However however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 3 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 4 compounds compound NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 6 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 7 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 8 ATA ATA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 10 AdoHcy AdoHcy NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 12 did do VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 13 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 14 exert exert VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 15 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 16 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 17 effect effect NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 20 context context NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 22 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 23 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 650 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 2 discrepancies discrepancy NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 3 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 4 reflect reflect VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 5 differences difference NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 7 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 8 penetration penetration NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 11 compounds compound NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 12 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 13 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 16 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 18 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 20 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 21 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 651 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 2 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 3 system system NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 4 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 5 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 6 applied apply VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 7 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 8 screen screen VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 9 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 10 library library NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 12 3000 3000 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 13 natural natural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 14 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 15 extracts extract NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 18 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 19 hits hit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 20 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 21 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 22 displaying display VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 23 potent potent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 24 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 25 effects effect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 26 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 28 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 652 29 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 653 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 653 2 Sun Sun NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 653 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 653 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 653 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 654 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 654 2 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 654 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 654 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 1 Further further JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 2 work work NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 4 needed need VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 6 optimize optimize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 7 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 8 hits hit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 10 test test VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 11 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 12 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 13 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 15 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 16 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 17 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 19 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 20 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 655 21 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 2 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 5 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 6 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 7 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 9 methyl methyl JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 10 transferase transferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 12 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 13 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 14 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 16 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 18 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 20 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 21 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 22 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 23 first first RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 24 inferred infer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 25 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 26 bioinformatics bioinformatic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 28 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 29 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 30 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 31 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 33 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 34 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 35 von von NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 36 Grotthuss Grotthuss NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 37 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 38 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 39 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 41 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 656 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 1 Computational computational JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 2 threading threading NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 3 produced produce VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 5 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 6 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 8 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 9 K K NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 11 D D NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 13 K k NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 15 E e NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 16 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 17 tetrad tetrad NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 18 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 19 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 20 characteristic characteristic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 22 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 23 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 24 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 25 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 26 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 27 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 29 MTases mtase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 30 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 31 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 32 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 33 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 34 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 35 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 36 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 38 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 39 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 40 7 7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 657 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 658 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 658 2 von von NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 658 3 Grotthuss Grotthuss NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 658 4 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 658 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 658 6 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 658 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 658 8 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 658 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 658 10 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 2 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 3 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 4 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 6 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 7 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 8 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 9 then then RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 10 confirmed confirm VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 11 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 12 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 13 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 14 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 15 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 16 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 17 purified purify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 18 FCoV FCoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 659 19 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 660 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 660 2 Decroly Decroly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 660 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 660 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 660 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 660 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 660 7 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 660 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 660 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 2 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 3 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 4 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 5 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 7 specifically specifically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 8 recognize recognize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 9 short short JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 11 cap-0-containing cap-0-containe VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 12 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 14 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 15 transfer transfer VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 17 methyl methyl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 18 group group NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 19 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 20 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 21 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 23 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 24 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 25 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 26 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 29 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 30 nucleotide nucleotide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 33 N7-methylated n7-methylate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 34 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 661 35 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 2 contrast contrast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 5 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 6 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 12 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 13 homolog homolog NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 14 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 15 inactive inactive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 16 under under IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 17 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 18 experimental experimental JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 19 conditions condition NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 662 20 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 1 Since since IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 2 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 3 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 5 hybrid hybrid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 6 experiments experiment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 8 GST GST NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 9 pull pull VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 11 down down RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 12 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 13 had have VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 14 revealed reveal VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 15 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 19 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 20 strongly strongly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 21 interacts interact VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 22 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 23 nsp10 nsp10 HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 24 Pan Pan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 25 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 26 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 27 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 29 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 32 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 33 possible possible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 34 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 37 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 38 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 39 regulating regulate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 40 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 41 supporting support VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 43 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 44 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 45 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 46 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 47 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 48 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 49 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 50 tested test VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 663 51 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 2 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 3 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 4 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 5 purified purify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 6 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 7 interacts interact VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 8 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 9 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 11 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 13 thereby thereby RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 14 triggers trigger VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 16 robust robust JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 17 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 18 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 19 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 21 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 22 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 24 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 25 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 26 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 27 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 29 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 664 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 1 Effective effective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 2 methyl methyl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 3 transfer transfer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 4 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 5 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 6 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 7 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 8 capped cap VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 9 N7-methylated N7-methylated NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 12 longer long RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 14 mimicking mimic VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 16 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 17 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 18 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 21 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 23 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 24 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 26 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 27 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 28 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 29 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 31 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 665 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 666 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 666 2 contrast contrast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 666 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 666 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 666 5 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 666 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 666 7 nonmethylated nonmethylated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 666 8 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 666 9 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 2 Gppp Gppp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 6 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 7 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 8 bound bind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 9 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 667 11 nsp10/ nsp10/ NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 1 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 2 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 5 consequently consequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 7 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 8 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 9 serve serve VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 10 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 12 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 668 13 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 2 observations observation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 3 suggest suggest VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 4 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 8 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 9 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 10 follows follow VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 12 strict strict JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 13 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 15 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 16 steps step NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 17 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 18 after after IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 19 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 20 transfer transfer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 21 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 23 still still RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 24 elusive elusive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 25 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 28 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 29 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 30 methylated methylate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 31 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 33 nsp14 nsp14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 34 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 35 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 37 guanosine guanosine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 38 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 39 N7 n7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 40 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 41 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 42 produce produce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 43 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 44 cap-0 cap-0 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 45 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 46 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 48 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 49 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 50 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 51 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 52 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 53 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 54 bound bind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 55 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 56 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 669 57 nsp10/ nsp10/ NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 1 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 2 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 4 converted convert VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 5 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 7 cap-1 cap-1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 8 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 9 employing employ VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 11 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 12 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 13 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 15 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 16 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 18 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 670 19 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 1 Mutagenesis Mutagenesis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 6 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 8 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 9 confirmed confirm VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 11 importance importance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 14 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 15 tetrad tetrad NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 18 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 19 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 20 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 21 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 23 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 25 Decroly Decroly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 26 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 27 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 28 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 30 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 32 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 33 showed show VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 34 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 36 nsp10-nsp16 nsp10-nsp16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 37 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 38 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 39 absolutely absolutely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 40 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 41 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 42 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 44 Decroly Decroly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 45 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 46 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 47 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 49 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 671 50 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 672 1 Lugari Lugari NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 672 2 et et IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 672 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 672 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 672 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 672 6 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 672 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 672 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 1 Crystallographic crystallographic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 2 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 5 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 6 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 7 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 8 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 9 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 11 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 12 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 15 stimulation stimulation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 18 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 19 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 20 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 21 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 23 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 24 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 25 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 673 26 nsp10 nsp10 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 674 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 674 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 674 3 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 1 7 7 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 4 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 9 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 10 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 11 Decroly Decroly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 12 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 13 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 14 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 16 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 675 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 2 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 3 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 4 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 5 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 7 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 8 belongs belong VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 9 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 11 RrmJ RrmJ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 12 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 13 fibrillarin fibrillarin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 14 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 16 ribose ribose NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 17 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 18 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 19 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 21 methyl methyl JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 22 transferases transferase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 24 Feder Feder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 25 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 26 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 27 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 29 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 31 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 32 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 33 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 34 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 36 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 37 orthologs ortholog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 38 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 39 flaviviruses flavivirus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 41 alphaviruses alphaviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 43 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 44 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 45 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 676 46 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 3 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 5 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 6 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 7 contains contain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 8 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 9 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 10 K K NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 12 D D NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 14 K k NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 16 E e NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 17 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 18 tetrad tetrad NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 20 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 21 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 22 7 7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 24 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 25 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 26 located locate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 27 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 28 close close JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 29 proximity proximity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 30 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 32 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 34 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 35 pocket pocket NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 36 accommodating accommodate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 38 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 39 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 677 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 2 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 3 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 4 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 5 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 6 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 7 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 8 allosteric allosteric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 9 regulator regulator NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 10 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 11 stabilizes stabilize VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 12 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 678 13 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 1 Moreover moreover RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 3 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 5 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 6 analyses analysis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 7 indicated indicate VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 8 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 9 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 10 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 11 extends extend NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 13 narrows narrow VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 17 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 18 groove groove NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 19 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 20 accommodates accommodate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 22 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 23 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 25 thereby thereby RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 26 promoting promote VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 28 RNAand RNAand NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 29 AdoMet AdoMet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 30 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 31 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 32 capabilities capability NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 679 34 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 680 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 680 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 680 3 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 1 7 7 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 3 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 7 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 9 genus genus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 10 Gammacoronavirus Gammacoronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 681 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 2 alignment alignment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 4 generated generate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 5 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 6 Clustal Clustal NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 7 Omega Omega NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 9 Sievers Sievers NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 14 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 17 rendered render VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 18 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 19 ESPript ESPript NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 20 version version NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 21 3.0 3.0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 23 Robert Robert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 25 Gouet Gouet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 27 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 682 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 1 Residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 4 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 5 tetrad tetrad NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 6 K K NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 8 D D NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 10 K k NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 12 E E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 13 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 14 indicated indicate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 15 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 16 asterisks asterisk NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 18 secondary secondary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 19 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 20 elements element NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 22 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 23 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 24 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 25 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 27 pdb pdb NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 28 2XYV 2XYV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 30 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 31 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 683 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 2 B b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 4 Surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 5 representation representation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 8 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 10 dimensional dimensional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 11 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 684 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 685 1 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 685 2 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 685 3 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 685 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 685 5 Continued continue VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 685 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 2 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 3 relevance relevance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 5 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 6 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 7 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 9 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 10 regulation regulation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 11 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 12 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 14 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 15 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 16 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 17 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 18 yet yet RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 19 understood understand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 686 20 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 2 nsp16-associated nsp16-associated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 3 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 4 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 5 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 7 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 8 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 10 itself itself NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 12 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 13 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 14 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 15 across across IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 17 Coronaviridae Coronaviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 18 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 20 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 21 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 22 relevance relevance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 23 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 24 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 25 supported support VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 26 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 27 reverse reverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 29 genetics genetics NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 30 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 31 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 32 genetically genetically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 33 engineered engineer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 34 alpha alpha NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 35 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 37 betacoronavirus betacoronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 38 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 39 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 40 lack lack VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 41 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 42 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 43 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 44 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 45 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 46 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 48 Devarkar Devarkar NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 49 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 50 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 51 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 52 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 53 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 54 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 55 Hyde Hyde NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 56 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 57 Diamond Diamond NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 58 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 59 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 687 60 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 1 Schuberth Schuberth NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 3 Wagner Wagner NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 4 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 6 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 8 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 9 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 10 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 11 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 12 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 13 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 14 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 16 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 688 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 4 phenotype phenotype NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 6 temperature temperature NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 8 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 9 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 10 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 11 suggested suggest VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 12 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 14 play play VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 16 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 19 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 20 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 23 stability stability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 25 plus plus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 27 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 689 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 690 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 690 2 Sawicki Sawicki NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 690 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 690 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 690 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 690 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 690 7 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 690 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 690 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 1 An an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 2 early early JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 5 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 6 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 7 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 8 able able JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 9 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 10 show show VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 11 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 13 insertion insertion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 16 stop stop NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 17 codon codon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 18 immediately immediately RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 19 upstream upstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 22 nsp16-coding nsp16-coding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 23 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 24 blocked block VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 25 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 27 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 29 Almazan Almazan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 30 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 31 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 32 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 34 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 691 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 1 Subsequently subsequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 3 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 4 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 6 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 9 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 13 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 14 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 15 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 16 reduced reduced JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 17 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 18 ablated ablate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 19 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 20 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 21 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 23 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 24 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 25 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 26 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 27 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 28 generally generally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 29 retained retain VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 30 robust robust JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 31 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 32 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 33 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 34 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 692 35 culture culture NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 693 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 693 2 Menachery Menachery NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 693 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 693 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 693 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 2 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 4 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 5 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 6 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 7 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 8 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 10 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 694 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 2 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 3 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 4 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 5 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 7 impact impact NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 9 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 10 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 11 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 12 depend depend VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 13 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 15 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 16 types type NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 17 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 19 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 21 lack lack NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 23 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 24 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 25 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 27 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 28 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 29 causes cause VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 30 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 31 profound profound JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 32 effects effect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 33 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 34 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 35 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 37 immune immune JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 38 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 695 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 5 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 6 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 7 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 8 further further RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 9 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 11 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 12 mice mouse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 14 showed show VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 16 robust robust JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 17 attenuation attenuation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 18 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 19 judged judge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 20 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 21 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 22 titers titer NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 24 weight weight NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 25 loss loss NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 27 lung lung NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 28 histology histology NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 30 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 31 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 32 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 696 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 2 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 3 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 4 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 5 displayed display VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 6 increased increase VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 7 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 8 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 9 treatment treatment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 10 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 11 type type NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 12 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 13 interferon interferon VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 697 14 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 2 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 3 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 4 observed observe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 7 corresponding corresponding JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 8 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 10 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 11 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 12 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 14 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 15 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 16 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 17 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 18 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 20 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 698 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 1 However however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 3 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 4 contrast contrast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 5 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 7 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 8 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 14 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 15 mutant mutant NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 16 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 17 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 18 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 20 induce induce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 21 type type NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 22 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 23 interferons interferon NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 25 either either CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 26 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 27 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 28 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 29 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 699 30 vivo vivo NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 700 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 700 2 Menachery Menachery NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 700 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 700 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 700 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 700 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 700 7 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 700 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 700 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 2 observation observation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 3 suggests suggest VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 4 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 8 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 9 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 11 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 12 repertoire repertoire NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 14 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 15 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 16 preventing prevent VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 17 induction induction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 701 19 type type NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 1 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 2 interferons interferon NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 3 following follow VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 4 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 5 sensing sensing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 7 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 8 nonself nonself FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 9 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 10 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 12 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 13 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 14 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 15 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 16 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 17 incompletely incompletely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 18 methylated methylate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 19 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 20 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 21 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 22 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 702 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 1 Together together RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 3 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 4 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 5 established establish VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 6 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 8 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 9 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 10 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 11 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 12 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 13 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 15 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 16 plays play VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 17 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 18 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 19 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 20 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 21 limiting limit VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 23 detection detection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 25 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 26 Fig fig NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 703 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 704 1 7 7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 705 1 -Cont'd -Cont'd . cord-259603-bh198xgl 706 1 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 706 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 706 3 pdb pdb NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 706 4 2XYV 2xyv CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 706 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 706 6 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 1 Nsp10 Nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 2 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 3 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 5 ribbon ribbon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 6 representation representation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 7 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 8 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 9 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 10 colored color VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 12 dark dark NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 13 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 14 light light JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 15 blue blue JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 16 according accord VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 17 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 18 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 19 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 20 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 21 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 707 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 1 Zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 2 molecules molecule NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 3 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 4 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 5 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 6 spheres sphere NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 8 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 10 coordinating coordinate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 11 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 12 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 13 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 15 stick stick NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 16 representation representation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 708 17 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 2 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 4 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 5 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 6 colored color VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 8 dark dark NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 9 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 10 light light JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 11 red red JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 12 according accord VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 13 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 15 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 18 respective respective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 19 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 20 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 21 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 709 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 710 1 SAH SAH NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 710 2 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 710 3 depicted depict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 710 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 710 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 710 6 stick stick NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 710 7 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 710 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 2 figure figure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 4 generated generate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 5 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 6 UCSF UCSF NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 7 Chimera Chimera NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 9 Pettersen Pettersen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 14 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 711 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 2 degree degree NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 4 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 6 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 7 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 8 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 9 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 10 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 11 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 12 alignment alignment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 14 nsp10 nsp10 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 16 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 17 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 19 eight eight CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 20 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 22 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 23 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 25 6 6 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 712 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 1 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 2 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 4 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 5 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 6 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 7 sensors sensor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 9 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 10 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 12 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 13 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 15 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 16 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 18 escaping escape VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 19 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 20 innate innate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 21 immune immune JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 22 responses response NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 23 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 24 differ differ VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 25 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 26 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 27 extent extent NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 28 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 29 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 713 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 2 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 3 underlying underlie VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 5 induction induction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 8 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 9 immune immune JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 10 response response NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 11 following follow VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 12 infection infection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 13 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 14 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 15 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 16 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 18 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 19 knockout knockout NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 20 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 21 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 22 studied study VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 23 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 24 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 25 knockout knockout NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 26 mice mouse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 27 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 28 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 29 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 30 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 31 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 32 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 33 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 34 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 35 restored restore VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 714 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 2 absence absence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 4 Mda5 Mda5 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 7 cap-0 cap-0 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 8 sensor sensor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 10 restored restore VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 11 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 12 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 14 whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 16 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 17 translocation translocation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 19 IRF3 IRF3 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 21 interferon interferon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 22 induction induction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 23 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 24 reduced reduce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 26 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 27 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 28 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 29 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 30 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 32 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 715 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 2 suggested suggest VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 3 Mda5 Mda5 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 4 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 5 function function VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 8 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 9 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 13 produced produce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 14 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 16 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 17 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 18 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 20 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 21 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 23 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 24 initiate initiate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 26 ISG ISG NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 27 cascade cascade NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 28 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 29 restricts restrict VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 30 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 31 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 716 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 1 Among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 3 ISG ISG NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 4 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 7 IFIT IFIT NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 8 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 10 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 11 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 12 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 14 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 15 critically critically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 16 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 18 reducing reduce VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 20 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 22 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 23 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 24 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 717 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 2 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 4 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 6 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 7 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 8 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 10 wild wild JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 12 type type NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 13 controls control NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 14 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 15 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 17 IFIT1À IFIT1À NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 18 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 19 À à NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 20 knockout knockout NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 718 21 mice mouse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 719 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 719 2 Habjan Habjan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 719 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 719 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 719 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 2 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 4 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 5 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 6 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 7 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 8 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 10 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 720 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 1 Likewise likewise RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 3 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 9 Δnsp16 Δnsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 10 mutant mutant NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 11 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 12 increased increase VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 14 both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 15 IFIT1 ifit1 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 17 IFIT2 IFIT2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 18 knockdown knockdown NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 721 19 mice mouse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 722 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 722 2 Menachery Menachery NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 722 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 722 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 722 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 2 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 5 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 6 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 7 IFIT IFIT NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 8 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 9 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 10 mediate mediate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 12 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 13 attenuation attenuation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 15 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 17 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 18 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 19 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 20 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 22 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 23 knockout knockout NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 24 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 723 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 2 earlier early JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 3 results result NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 4 indicate indicate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 5 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 7 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 8 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 9 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 10 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 12 MTase MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 13 constitutes constitute VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 14 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 15 new new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 17 attractive attractive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 18 target target NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 19 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 21 development development NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 23 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 24 drugs drug NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 25 against against IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 26 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 27 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 28 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 29 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 30 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 32 as as RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 33 well well RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 34 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 35 newly newly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 36 emerging emerge VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 37 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 38 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 39 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 40 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 41 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 42 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 43 porcine porcine JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 44 epidemic epidemic NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 45 diarrhea diarrhea NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 46 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 47 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 48 PEDV PEDV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 49 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 724 50 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 2 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 5 nsp10-nsp16 nsp10-nsp16 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 6 interface interface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 7 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 8 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 9 targeted target VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 10 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 11 limit limit VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 12 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 13 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 14 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 15 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 17 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 18 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 20 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 21 restore restore VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 23 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 24 responses response NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 25 mediated mediate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 26 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 27 Mda5 Mda5 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 725 29 IFIT1 IFIT1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 726 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 726 2 Menachery Menachery NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 726 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 726 4 Baric Baric NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 726 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 726 6 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 726 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 726 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 4 nsp10 nsp10 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 5 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 6 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 9 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 10 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 11 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 12 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 13 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 14 quite quite RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 15 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 16 within within IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 18 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 19 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 22 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 23 recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 24 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 25 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 26 nsp10 nsp10 JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 28 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 29 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 31 FCoV FCoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 33 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 35 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 36 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 37 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 39 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 40 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 41 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 43 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 44 functionally functionally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 45 interchangeable interchangeable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 46 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 48 stimulation stimulation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 49 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 50 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 51 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 52 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 53 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 54 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 55 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 56 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 727 57 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 1 Thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 3 molecules molecule NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 4 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 5 peptides peptide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 6 blocking block VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 7 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 8 interface interface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 9 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 10 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 11 broad broad JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 13 spectrum spectrum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 14 anti anti JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 15 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 16 CoV cov JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 17 effects effect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 20 concept concept NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 21 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 22 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 23 explored explore VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 25 supported support VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 26 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 27 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 28 peptides peptide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 29 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 30 mimic mimic VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 32 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 33 interface interface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 35 suppress suppress VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 36 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 37 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 38 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 39 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 40 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 41 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 42 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 43 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 44 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 728 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 1 Ke Ke NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 6 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 7 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 8 Wang Wang NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 9 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 10 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 11 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 13 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 729 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 2 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 3 effect effect NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 6 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 7 TP29 TP29 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 8 peptide peptide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 10 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 11 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 13 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 14 first first RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 15 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 17 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 19 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 20 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 22 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 23 subsequently subsequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 24 confirmed confirm VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 25 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 26 limit limit VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 27 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 28 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 29 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 30 mice mouse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 32 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 33 enhance enhance VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 35 type type NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 36 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 37 interferon interferon VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 38 response response NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 730 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 2 same same JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 3 peptide peptide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 4 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 5 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 6 effective effective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 8 blocking block VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 10 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 16 replicon replicon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 731 17 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 2 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 3 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 4 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 5 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 6 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 7 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 9 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 11 comparative comparative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 12 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 13 analyses analysis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 15 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 16 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 17 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 18 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 20 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 22 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 23 suggested suggest VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 24 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 25 distant distant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 26 relationship relationship NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 29 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 30 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 31 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 32 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 33 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 36 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 37 polyprotein polyprotein JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 38 regions region NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 39 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 40 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 41 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 43 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 44 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 45 DEDD DEDD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 46 exonucleases exonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 48 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 49 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 50 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 51 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 52 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 53 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 54 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 55 DNA DNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 56 exonucleases exonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 57 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 58 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 59 kingdoms kingdom NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 60 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 61 life life NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 62 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 63 Zuo Zuo NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 64 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 65 Deutscher Deutscher NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 66 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 67 2001 2001 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 68 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 732 69 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 2 designation designation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 3 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 4 DEDD DEDD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 5 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 6 alludes allude VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 7 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 8 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 9 invariant invariant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 10 Asp Asp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 11 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 12 Glu Glu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 13 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 14 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 15 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 16 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 18 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 19 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 20 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 22 I I NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 23 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 24 III III NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 26 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 27 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 28 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 29 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 30 members member NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 32 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 33 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 35 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 37 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 733 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 2 DEDD DEDD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 3 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 4 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 5 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 6 referred refer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 7 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 8 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 9 DnaQ DnaQ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 11 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 12 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 13 because because IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 14 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 15 includes include VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 16 DnaQ DnaQ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 19 ε ε NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 20 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 22 E. E. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 23 coli coli VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 24 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 25 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 26 III III NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 28 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 29 well well RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 30 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 31 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 32 proofreading proofreading NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 33 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 34 Scheuermann Scheuermann NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 35 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 36 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 37 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 39 1983 1983 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 734 41 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 1 Conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 4 fifth fifth JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 5 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 7 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 9 located locate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 10 four four CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 11 positions position NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 12 upstream upstream RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 15 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 16 Asp Asp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 735 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 1 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 2 III III NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 3 identifies identify VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 4 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 5 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 7 member member NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 10 DEDDh DEDDh NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 11 subgroup subgroup NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 13 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 14 members member NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 17 DEDDy deddy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 18 exonucleases exonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 19 contain contain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 20 Tyr Tyr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 21 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 23 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 24 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 736 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 2 acidic acidic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 3 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 4 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 5 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 7 form form VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 8 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 9 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 11 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 12 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 737 13 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 1 Based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 2 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 3 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 4 models model NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 5 initially initially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 6 developed develop VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 7 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 8 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 9 exonucleases exonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 11 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 14 Beese Beese NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 16 Steitz Steitz NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 18 1991 1991 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 19 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 20 Steitz Steitz NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 22 Steitz Steitz NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 24 1993 1993 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 28 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 29 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 30 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 32 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 33 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 34 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 35 ion ion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 36 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 37 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 38 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 39 activate activate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 40 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 41 water water NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 42 molecule molecule NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 43 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 44 launches launch VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 45 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 46 nucleophilic nucleophilic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 47 attack attack NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 48 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 49 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 50 phosphorus phosphorus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 51 group group NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 52 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 53 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 54 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 55 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 56 -terminal -terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 57 phosphodiester phosphodiester NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 58 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 59 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 60 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 61 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 62 B b NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 63 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 64 ion ion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 65 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 66 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 67 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 68 stabilize stabilize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 69 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 70 transition transition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 71 state state NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 72 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 73 Derbyshire Derbyshire NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 74 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 75 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 76 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 77 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 78 1991 1991 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 79 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 738 80 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 1 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 2 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 3 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 5 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 7 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 8 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 9 known know VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 10 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 11 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 12 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 13 sizes size NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 15 > > $ cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 16 20 20 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 17 kb kb NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 18 Minskaia Minskaia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 19 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 20 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 21 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 23 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 24 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 25 Nga Nga NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 26 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 27 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 739 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 2 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 4 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 9 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 10 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 11 Zirkel Zirkel NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 12 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 13 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 14 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 16 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 740 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 2 correlation correlation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 3 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 4 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 5 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 7 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 8 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 9 suggests suggest VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 10 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 13 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 14 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 15 medium medium NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 18 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 20 size size NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 21 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 24 correct correct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 25 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 26 selection selection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 27 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 28 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 30 properly properly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 31 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 32 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 33 pairs pair NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 34 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 36 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 37 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 38 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 39 enough enough JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 40 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 41 accomplish accomplish VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 43 necessary necessary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 44 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 45 fidelity fidelity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 46 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 48 therefore therefore RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 49 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 50 requires require VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 51 additional additional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 52 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 53 suitable suitable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 54 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 55 detect detect VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 56 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 57 remove remove VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 58 misincorporated misincorporated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 59 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 741 60 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 1 Recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 3 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 4 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 5 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 6 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 7 provided provide VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 9 suggest suggest VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 10 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 11 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 12 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 13 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 14 exactly exactly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 15 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 16 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 18 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 19 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 20 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 21 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 23 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 742 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 1 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 2 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 3 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 4 lack lack VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 5 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 6 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 7 provided provide VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 8 additional additional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 9 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 10 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 11 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 12 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 13 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 15 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 16 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 17 keep keep VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 19 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 20 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 21 rate rate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 22 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 23 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 24 relatively relatively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 25 low low JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 26 level level NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 28 < < NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 29 10 10 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 30 À6 À6 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 31 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 32 per per IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 33 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 34 per per IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 35 round round NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 37 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 38 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 39 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 40 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 41 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 42 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 43 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 743 44 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 744 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 744 2 Eckerle Eckerle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 744 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 744 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 744 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 744 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 744 7 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 2 Eckerle Eckerle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 8 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 10 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 11 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 13 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 14 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 15 much much RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 16 higher high JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 17 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 18 rates rate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 20 ranging range VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 21 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 22 10 10 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 23 À3 à3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 24 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 25 10 10 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 26 À5 À5 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 27 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 28 per per IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 29 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 30 per per IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 31 round round NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 33 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 35 Drake Drake NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 36 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 37 Holland Holland NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 39 1999 1999 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 745 40 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 746 1 Sanjuan Sanjuan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 746 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 746 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 746 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 746 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 746 6 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 746 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 746 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 1 ExoN exon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 2 knockout knockout NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 3 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 7 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 9 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 10 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 11 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 12 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 13 display display VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 14 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 15 mutator mutator NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 16 phenotype phenotype NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 17 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 18 significantly significantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 19 increased increase VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 20 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 21 frequencies frequency NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 22 approaching approach VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 23 those those DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 25 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 27 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 29 Eckerle Eckerle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 30 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 31 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 32 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 747 34 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 748 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 748 2 Eckerle Eckerle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 748 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 748 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 748 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 748 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 748 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 748 8 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 748 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 1 Considering consider VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 2 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 3 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 4 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 5 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 6 performed perform VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 7 under under IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 8 selection selection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 9 pressure pressure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 10 favoring favor VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 11 genotypes genotype NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 12 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 13 high high JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 14 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 15 efficiency efficiency NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 18 total total JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 19 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 21 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 22 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 23 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 24 produced produce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 25 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 26 ExoN exon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 27 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 28 deficient deficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 29 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 30 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 31 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 32 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 33 higher high JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 34 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 35 calculated calculate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 36 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 37 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 38 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 40 especially especially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 41 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 42 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 43 regions region NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 44 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 45 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 46 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 47 subject subject JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 48 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 49 selection selection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 50 in in RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 51 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 52 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 53 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 54 culture culture NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 55 systems system NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 749 56 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 1 While while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 2 inactivation inactivation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 4 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 5 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 6 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 7 tolerated tolerate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 8 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 9 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 15 albeit albeit IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 16 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 17 reductions reduction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 19 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 20 efficiency efficiency NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 23 stable stable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 24 ExoN exon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 26 deficient deficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 27 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 28 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 30 alphacoronaviruses alphacoronaviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 31 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 32 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 33 TGEV TGEV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 34 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 35 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 36 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 750 37 recovered recover VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 751 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 751 2 Becares Becares NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 751 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 751 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 751 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 2 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 4 Minskaia Minskaia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 9 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 12 supporting support VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 14 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 15 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 17 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 18 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 20 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 21 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 752 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 1 Taken take VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 2 together together RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 5 available available JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 6 information information NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 7 provides provide VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 8 compelling compelling JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 9 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 10 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 11 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 12 playing play VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 13 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 14 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 15 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 17 high high JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 19 fidelity fidelity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 20 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 22 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 753 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 1 Consistent consistent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 2 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 3 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 4 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 6 genetically genetically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 7 engineered engineer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 8 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 9 knockout knockout NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 10 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 11 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 12 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 14 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 15 significantly significantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 16 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 17 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 18 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 19 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 20 mutagens mutagen NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 21 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 22 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 23 ribavirin ribavirin NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 25 5-fluorouracil 5-fluorouracil CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 27 up up IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 28 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 29 300-fold 300-fold CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 754 31 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 3 compared compare VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 4 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 5 wild wild JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 7 type type NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 8 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 11 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 12 knockout knockout NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 13 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 14 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 15 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 16 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 17 accumulate accumulate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 18 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 19 much much RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 20 higher high JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 21 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 23 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 24 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 25 propagated propagate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 26 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 28 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 30 mutagens mutagen NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 32 Smith Smith NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 33 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 34 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 35 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 37 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 755 39 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 2 lack lack NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 4 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 5 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 6 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 7 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 8 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 9 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 10 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 11 profound profound JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 12 effects effect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 13 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 14 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 15 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 17 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 756 19 vivo vivo NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 757 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 757 2 Graham Graham NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 757 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 757 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 757 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 757 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 757 7 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 757 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 757 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 1 ExoN exon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 3 negative negative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 4 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 5 displayed display VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 7 stable stable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 8 mutator mutator NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 9 phenotype phenotype NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 12 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 14 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 15 models model NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 17 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 18 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 20 providing provide VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 21 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 22 promising promising JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 23 approach approach NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 24 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 26 stable stable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 27 attenuation attenuation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 28 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 29 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 30 pathogenic pathogenic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 31 CoVs covs NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 32 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 33 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 34 implications implication NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 35 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 36 vaccine vaccine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 758 37 development development NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 759 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 759 2 Graham Graham NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 759 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 759 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 759 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 759 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 759 7 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 759 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 759 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 1 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 2 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 5 bifunctional bifunctional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 6 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 7 comprised comprise VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 9 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 10 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 12 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 13 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 14 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 17 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 19 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 20 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 21 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 760 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 1 Surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 4 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 5 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 6 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 7 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 8 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 11 Torovirinae Torovirinae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 13 genera genera DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 14 Torovirus Torovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 16 Bafinivirus Bafinivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 19 representing represent VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 21 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 22 subfamily subfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 25 Coronaviridae Coronaviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 27 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 29 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 31 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 32 distantly distantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 33 related related JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 35 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 36 branches branch NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 38 Lauber Lauber NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 39 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 40 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 41 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 43 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 44 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 45 Nga Nga NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 46 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 47 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 48 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 49 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 50 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 761 52 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 2 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 3 pattern pattern NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 4 suggests suggest VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 5 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 7 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 8 ancestor ancestor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 11 Corona- Corona- NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 13 Mesoni- Mesoni- NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 16 Roniviridae Roniviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 17 contained contain VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 19 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 21 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 22 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 23 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 24 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 25 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 26 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 27 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 28 lineages lineage NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 29 lost lose VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 31 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 32 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 33 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 34 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 35 later later JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 36 stage stage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 762 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 2 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 3 does do VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 4 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 5 require require VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 6 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 7 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 8 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 9 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 10 Minskaia Minskaia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 11 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 12 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 13 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 15 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 18 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 19 ribonucleolytic ribonucleolytic NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 21 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 22 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 24 N7-MTase n7-mtase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 26 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 27 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 28 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 29 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 30 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 31 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 32 significantly significantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 33 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 35 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 36 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 763 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 2 line line NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 3 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 4 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 6 nsp10 nsp10 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 7 variants variant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 8 carrying carry VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 9 amino amino NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 10 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 11 substitutions substitution NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 12 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 13 prevent prevent VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 15 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 16 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 17 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 18 failed fail VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 20 stimulate stimulate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 21 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 22 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 24 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 25 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 26 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 27 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 29 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 31 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 32 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 33 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 34 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 37 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 764 38 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 1 To to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 2 date date NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 4 there there EX cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 5 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 6 no no DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 7 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 9 suggest suggest VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 11 direct direct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 12 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 14 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 16 catalysis catalysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 765 17 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 1 Most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 2 likely likely JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 4 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 5 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 7 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 10 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 12 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 13 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 15 nsp14 nsp14 TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 16 stabilize stabilize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 18 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 19 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 20 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 22 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 23 catalytically catalytically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 24 competent competent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 25 conformation conformation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 766 26 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 1 Mutagenesis Mutagenesis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 2 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 5 recent recent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 6 X x NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 7 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 8 ray ray NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 9 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 10 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 767 15 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 768 1 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 768 2 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 768 3 nsp14 nsp14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 768 4 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 2 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 3 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 5 6 6 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 7 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 8 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 10 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 11 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 12 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 14 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 15 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 16 nsp14 nsp14 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 17 overlaps overlap VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 18 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 20 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 21 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 22 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 24 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 26 activation activation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 29 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 30 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 31 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 32 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 34 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 35 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 37 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 38 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 769 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 2 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 7 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 9 Ma Ma NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 14 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 770 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 1 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 2 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 3 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 4 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 5 first first RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 6 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 7 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 8 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 9 forms form NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 14 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 15 expressed express VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 17 E. E. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 18 coli coli NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 20 Minskaia Minskaia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 21 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 22 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 23 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 25 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 771 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 2 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 3 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 4 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 6 require require VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 7 Mg Mg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 8 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 9 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 10 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 11 Mn Mn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 12 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 13 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 14 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 15 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 16 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 18 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 19 degrade degrade VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 20 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 21 range range NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 23 single single RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 25 stranded stranded JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 26 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 27 ss ss NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 29 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 30 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 31 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 32 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 33 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 34 -to-5 -to-5 NFP cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 35 0 0 NFP cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 36 directionality directionality NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 37 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 38 yield yield VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 39 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 40 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 41 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 42 about about RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 43 8 8 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 44 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 45 12 12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 46 nucleotides nucleotide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 772 47 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 2 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 3 further further RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 4 suggested suggest VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 5 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 7 secondary secondary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 8 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 9 affects affect VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 10 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 11 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 13 Minskaia Minskaia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 14 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 15 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 16 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 18 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 773 20 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 1 Mutational mutational JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 2 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 4 predicted predict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 5 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 7 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 9 Asp Asp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 10 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 11 Glu Glu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 13 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 14 confirmed confirm VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 16 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 17 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 19 catalysis catalysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 21 Minskaia Minskaia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 22 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 23 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 24 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 26 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 774 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 2 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 3 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 4 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 6 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 7 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 8 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 9 nsp14 nsp14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 10 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 13 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 14 specificity specificity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 15 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 16 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 18 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 19 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 21 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 22 dsRNA dsrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 23 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 24 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 25 terminal terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 26 mismatch mismatch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 27 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 28 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 30 preferred preferred JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 31 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 32 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 33 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 34 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 775 35 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 1 Excision excision NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 2 efficiencies efficiency NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 3 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 4 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 5 mismatched mismatch VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 6 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 7 pairs pair NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 9 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 10 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 11 G g NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 13 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 14 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 15 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 17 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 18 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 19 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 21 U u NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 22 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 23 G g NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 25 U u NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 26 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 27 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 29 U u NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 30 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 31 U U NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 33 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 34 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 35 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 36 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 37 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 39 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 40 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 41 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 42 mismatch mismatch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 43 rather rather RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 44 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 45 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 46 nature nature NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 47 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 48 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 49 nucleotide nucleotide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 50 misincorporated misincorporate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 51 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 52 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 53 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 54 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 55 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 56 determines determine VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 57 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 58 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 60 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 61 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 62 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 63 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 64 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 65 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 66 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 776 67 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 2 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 3 recent recent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 4 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 7 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 9 unliganded unligande VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 11 SAM SAM NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 13 bound bind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 16 SAH SAH NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 18 GpppA GpppA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 777 20 bound bind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 4 nsp10-nsp14 nsp10-nsp14 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 5 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 6 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 7 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 8 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 9 X x NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 10 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 11 ray ray NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 12 crystallography crystallography NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 14 Ma Ma NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 15 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 16 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 17 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 19 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 778 21 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 2 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 3 provide provide VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 4 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 5 insight insight NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 6 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 8 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 10 subdomain subdomain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 11 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 13 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 16 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 17 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 18 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 20 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 22 N7-MTase N7-MTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 24 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 25 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 27 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 28 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 31 contribution contribution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 33 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 34 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 35 enhancing enhance VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 36 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 37 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 39 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 41 roles role NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 42 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 43 as as RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 44 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 45 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 46 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 47 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 48 fingers finger NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 49 present present JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 50 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 779 51 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 780 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 780 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 780 3 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 780 4 6 6 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 780 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 780 6 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 3 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 5 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 6 molecule molecule NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 8 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 9 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 10 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 12 bind bind VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 13 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 14 molecule molecule NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 16 nsp10 nsp10 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 781 17 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 1 Given give VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 2 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 3 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 4 tends tend VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 6 form form VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 7 multimers multimer NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 9 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 10 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 11 tempting tempt VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 12 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 13 speculate speculate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 14 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 17 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 18 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 21 nsp10-nsp14 nsp10-nsp14 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 22 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 23 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 24 form form VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 25 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 26 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 27 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 29 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 30 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 32 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 33 interacting interact VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 34 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 35 nsp10-nsp16 nsp10-nsp16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 36 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 37 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 38 might may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 39 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 40 stabilized stabilize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 41 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 42 nsp10-nsp10 nsp10-nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 43 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 782 44 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 2 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 3 way way NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 5 consecutive consecutive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 6 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 7 reactions reaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 10 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 11 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 12 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 13 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 14 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 15 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 16 spatially spatially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 17 coordinated coordinate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 783 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 1 Comparison comparison NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 4 nsp10 nsp10 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 5 surfaces surface NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 6 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 7 interact interact VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 8 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 9 nsp14 nsp14 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 11 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 13 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 15 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 17 significant significant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 18 overlap overlap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 20 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 21 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 22 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 23 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 25 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 28 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 29 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 30 substantially substantially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 31 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 32 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 33 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 34 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 35 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 36 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 37 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 38 nsp10 nsp10 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 39 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 40 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 784 41 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 1 Buried bury VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 2 solvent solvent NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 3 accessible accessible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 4 areas area NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 6 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 7 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 8 nsp14 nsp14 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 10 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 11 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 12 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 14 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 15 2236 2236 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 17 938 938 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 18 Å å NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 19 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 785 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 786 1 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 786 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 786 3 Decroly Decroly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 786 4 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 786 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 786 6 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 786 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 786 8 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 787 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 787 2 Ma Ma NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 787 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 787 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 787 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 787 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 787 7 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 787 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 787 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 2 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 5 nsp10-nsp14 nsp10-nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 6 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 7 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 8 helps help VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 9 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 10 explain explain VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 12 observed observed JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 13 stimulation stimulation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 15 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 16 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 17 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 18 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 20 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 21 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 788 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 1 Two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 2 regions region NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 4 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 5 interact interact VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 6 extensively extensively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 7 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 8 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 9 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 10 elements element NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 13 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 14 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 16 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 17 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 19 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 20 likely likely JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 21 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 22 maintain maintain VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 24 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 25 integrity integrity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 28 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 29 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 789 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 4 observed observed JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 5 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 7 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 9 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 10 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 12 nsp10 nsp10 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 13 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 14 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 15 led lead VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 16 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 17 interpretable interpretable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 18 electron electron NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 19 density density NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 20 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 21 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 22 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 23 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 24 had have VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 25 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 26 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 27 observed observe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 29 previous previous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 30 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 790 32 nsp10 nsp10 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 791 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 791 2 Joseph Joseph NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 791 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 791 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 791 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 791 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 791 7 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 2 Su Su NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 9 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 11 nsp10-nsp16 nsp10-nsp16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 12 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 14 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 15 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 16 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 17 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 19 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 792 20 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 1 Decroly Decroly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 6 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 9 consistent consistent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 10 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 12 proposed propose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 13 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 16 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 18 terminal terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 19 loop loop NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 21 nsp10 nsp10 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 22 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 23 stabilizing stabilize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 24 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 25 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 26 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 793 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 2 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 5 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 6 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 7 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 8 essentially essentially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 9 comprised comprise VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 12 twisted twisted JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 13 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 15 sheet sheet NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 16 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 17 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 18 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 19 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 20 five five CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 21 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 23 strands strand NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 25 flanked flank VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 26 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 27 α α NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 29 helices helix NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 30 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 31 either either DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 32 side side NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 794 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 2 resembles resemble VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 3 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 5 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 6 DEDD DEDD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 7 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 8 exonucleases exonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 10 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 11 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 13 ε ε NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 14 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 16 E. E. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 17 coli coli VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 18 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 19 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 20 III iii CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 22 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 23 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 24 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 25 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 26 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 795 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 2 include include VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 3 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 4 segments segment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 6 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 7 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 8 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 9 76 76 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 11 119 119 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 12 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 13 145 145 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 15 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 16 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 17 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 20 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 21 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 22 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 24 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 25 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 26 fingers finger NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 27 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 29 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 30 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 31 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 32 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 33 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 34 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 35 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 796 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 2 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 3 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 4 finger finger NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 5 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 6 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 8 close close JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 9 proximity proximity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 10 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 12 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 13 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 797 14 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 1 Both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 2 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 3 position position NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 6 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 8 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 9 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 10 support support VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 12 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 14 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 15 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 16 finger finger NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 17 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 18 catalysis catalysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 20 Ma Ma NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 21 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 22 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 23 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 25 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 798 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 2 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 3 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 4 finger finger NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 5 appears appear VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 7 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 8 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 9 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 10 maintain maintain VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 12 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 13 integrity integrity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 15 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 799 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 1 Consistent consistent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 2 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 3 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 5 nsp14 nsp14 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 6 variants variant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 7 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 8 substitutions substitution NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 10 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 11 finger finger NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 12 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 13 proved prove VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 14 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 15 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 16 insoluble insoluble JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 17 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 18 expressed express VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 20 E. E. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 21 coli coli NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 800 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 1 Five five CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 2 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 3 predicted predict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 4 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 5 coordinate coordinate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 6 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 7 Mg Mg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 8 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 9 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 10 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 13 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 14 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 17 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 18 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 20 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 21 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 22 Mg Mg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 23 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 24 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 25 ion ion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 26 being being NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 27 coordinated coordinate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 28 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 29 Asp-90 Asp-90 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 31 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 32 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 33 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 36 Glu-191 Glu-191 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 38 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 39 II ii CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 801 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 802 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 802 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 802 3 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 802 4 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 802 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 802 6 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 2 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 3 Mg Mg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 4 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 5 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 6 ion ion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 7 expected expect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 8 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 9 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 10 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 13 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 15 metalion metalion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 17 assisted assist VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 18 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 19 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 21 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 23 Beese Beese NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 25 Steitz Steitz NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 27 1991 1991 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 28 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 29 Chen Chen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 30 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 31 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 32 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 34 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 35 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 36 Ulferts Ulferts NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 37 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 38 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 40 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 42 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 43 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 44 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 46 presumably presumably RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 47 due due IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 48 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 49 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 50 lack lack NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 51 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 52 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 53 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 54 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 55 and/or and/or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 56 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 57 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 58 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 59 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 803 60 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 1 With with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 2 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 3 exception exception NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 5 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 6 ion ion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 8 coordinating coordinate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 9 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 10 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 13 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 14 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 15 corresponded correspond VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 16 well well RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 17 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 18 those those DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 19 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 20 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 21 related related JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 22 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 23 proofreading proofreading NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 804 24 exonucleases exonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 805 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 805 2 Beese Beese NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 805 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 805 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 805 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 2 1993 1993 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 4 Hamdan Hamdan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 9 2002 2002 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 12 previous previous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 13 predictions prediction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 14 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 15 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 806 16 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 807 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 807 2 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 807 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 807 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 807 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 807 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 807 7 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 807 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 807 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 2 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 3 clearly clearly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 4 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 6 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 7 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 9 catalysis catalysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 11 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 12 revising revise VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 13 previous previous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 14 predictions prediction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 15 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 17 identity identity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 19 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 20 motif motif NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 21 II II NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 22 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 24 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 25 nsp14 nsp14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 26 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 27 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 29 making make VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 30 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 31 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 32 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 33 DEED deed NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 34 outlier outlier NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 35 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 36 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 38 DEDD DEDD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 39 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 40 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 41 exonucleases exonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 808 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 2 combined combined JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 3 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 5 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 6 information information NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 7 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 8 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 9 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 10 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 11 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 12 subdomains subdomain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 15 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 809 16 cofactor cofactor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 1 provides provide VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 2 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 3 excellent excellent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 4 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 6 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 7 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 8 even even RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 9 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 10 multisubunit multisubunit NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 11 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 12 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 13 obtain obtain VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 14 insight insight NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 15 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 17 coordinated coordinated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 18 action action NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 20 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 21 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 22 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 23 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 24 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 26 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 28 quality quality NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 29 control control NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 31 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 33 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 36 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 37 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 38 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 39 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 40 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 41 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 42 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 44 2014a 2014a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 810 46 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 2 nsp15-associated nsp15-associated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 3 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 4 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 5 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 6 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 9 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 10 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 11 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 12 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 13 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 15 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 811 16 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 3 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 4 8) 8) NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 6 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 7 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 8 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 11 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 12 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 13 cycle cycle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 812 14 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 1 Already already RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 2 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 4 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 5 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 6 analyses analysis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 8 torovirus torovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 10 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 11 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 12 genes gene NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 13 published publish VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 14 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 15 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 16 25 25 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 17 years year NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 813 18 ago ago RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 2 den den NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 3 Boon Boon NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 4 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 5 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 6 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 8 1991 1991 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 9 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 10 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 11 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 12 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 13 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 15 1990 1990 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 19 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 21 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 22 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 23 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 24 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 26 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 27 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 28 -terminal -terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 29 ORF1b orf1b JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 30 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 32 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 35 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 37 time time NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 38 unknown unknown JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 40 endoU endou JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 41 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 43 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 44 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 45 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 46 establishing establish VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 47 phylogenetic phylogenetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 48 relationships relationship NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 49 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 50 corona corona NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 51 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 52 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 53 toroviruses toroviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 54 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 55 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 56 subsequently subsequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 57 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 58 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 59 arteriviruses arteriviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 60 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 61 Cavanagh Cavanagh NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 62 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 63 Horzinek Horzinek NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 64 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 65 1993 1993 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 814 66 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 815 1 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 815 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 815 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 815 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 815 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 815 6 1993 1993 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 815 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 815 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 1 Outside outside IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 3 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 5 no no DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 6 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 7 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 9 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 10 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 11 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 12 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 13 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 14 date date NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 816 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 1 Together together RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 2 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 4 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 6 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 7 ZBD ZBD NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 9 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 10 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 14 nidoviral nidoviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 15 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 16 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 17 therefore therefore RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 18 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 19 proposed propose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 20 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 21 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 22 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 23 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 25 universally universally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 26 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 27 genetic genetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 28 marker marker NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 29 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 30 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 31 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 817 32 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 2 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 7 2004a 2004a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 9 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 14 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 818 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 1 Only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 2 recently recently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 4 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 6 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 9 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 10 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 12 insects insect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 14 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 15 classified classify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 18 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 19 Mesoniviridae Mesoniviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 22 reanalysis reanalysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 25 ronivirus ronivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 26 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 27 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 29 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 30 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 31 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 32 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 33 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 34 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 35 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 36 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 37 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 38 those those DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 39 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 40 branches branch NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 41 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 42 replicate replicate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 43 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 44 invertebrate invertebrate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 45 hosts host NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 47 Mesoniviridae Mesoniviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 49 Roniviridae Roniviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 819 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 820 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 820 2 Lauber Lauber NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 820 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 820 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 820 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 821 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 821 2 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 822 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 822 2 Lauber Lauber NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 822 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 822 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 822 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 823 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 823 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 823 3 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 1 Nga Nga NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 6 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 7 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 8 Zirkel Zirkel NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 9 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 10 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 824 11 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 2 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 5 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 6 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 7 roles role NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 9 vertebrate vertebrate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 10 hosts host NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 825 11 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 1 To to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 2 date date NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 4 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 5 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 8 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 9 specifically specifically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 12 biologically biologically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 13 relevant relevant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 14 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 16 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 17 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 18 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 19 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 20 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 826 21 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 1 Characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 3 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 4 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 5 knockout knockout NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 6 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 7 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 8 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 9 minor minor JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 10 effects effect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 11 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 12 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 14 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 16 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 17 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 19 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 20 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 22 species specie NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 23 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 24 equally equally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 25 affected affect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 26 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 27 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 28 caused cause VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 29 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 30 slight slight JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 31 reduction reduction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 32 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 33 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 34 titers titer NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 36 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 37 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 38 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 39 evident evident JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 40 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 41 later later JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 42 time time NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 43 points point NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 44 post post NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 827 45 infection infection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 828 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 828 2 Kang Kang NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 828 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 828 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 828 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 828 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 828 7 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 828 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 828 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 3 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 4 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 6 substitutions substitution NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 8 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 9 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 10 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 13 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 14 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 15 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 16 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 17 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 18 cause cause VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 19 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 20 profound profound JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 21 effects effect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 23 both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 24 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 25 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 26 reproduction reproduction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 27 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 28 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 29 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 30 accumulation accumulation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 32 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 33 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 34 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 35 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 36 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 37 affected affect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 38 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 39 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 40 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 41 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 42 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 43 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 829 44 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 2 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 3 cases case NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 5 reduction reduction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 7 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 8 titers titer NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 9 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 10 up up IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 12 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 13 log log NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 14 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 15 observed observe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 17 Posthuma Posthuma NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 18 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 19 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 20 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 22 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 830 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 2 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 3 limited limited JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 5 information information NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 6 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 8 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 9 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 10 suggests suggest VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 11 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 12 endoU endou JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 13 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 14 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 15 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 16 strictly strictly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 17 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 18 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 19 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 21 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 23 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 24 least least JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 25 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 26 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 27 culture culture NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 831 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 1 However however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 4 strong strong JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 5 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 6 clearly clearly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 7 suggests suggest VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 8 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 9 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 11 vivo vivo NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 12 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 13 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 14 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 15 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 16 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 17 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 19 suitable suitable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 20 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 21 systems system NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 832 22 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 1 Initial initial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 2 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 3 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 4 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 5 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 7 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 8 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 9 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 11 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 12 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 13 was be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 14 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 16 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 17 showing show VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 18 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 19 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 21 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 22 nsp15 nsp15 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 24 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 25 surprisingly surprisingly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 26 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 28 homologous homologous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 29 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 30 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 31 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 33 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 35 HCoV HCoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 36 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 37 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 39 counteracts counteract VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 40 MAVS mavs RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 41 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 42 induced induce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 43 apoptosis apoptosis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 45 Lei Lei NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 46 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 47 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 48 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 49 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 50 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 51 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 833 52 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 1 Further further JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 2 experiments experiment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 3 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 4 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 5 necessary necessary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 7 confirm confirm VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 9 assess assess VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 11 significance significance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 13 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 14 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 15 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 16 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 17 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 18 and/or and/or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 19 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 21 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 22 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 834 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 1 Nidovirus Nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 3 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 4 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 5 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 6 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 7 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 8 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 9 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 10 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 11 forms form NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 835 13 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 836 1 nsp15 nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 6 HCoV-229E HCoV-229E NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 8 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 10 A59 A59 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 12 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 837 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 838 1 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 838 2 nsp11 nsp11 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 838 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 838 4 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 838 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 838 6 PRRSV PRRSV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 838 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 839 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 839 2 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 839 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 839 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 839 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 839 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 839 7 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 840 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 840 2 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 840 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 840 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 840 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 2 2004a 2004a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 4 Kang Kang NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 9 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 10 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 11 Nedialkova Nedialkova NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 12 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 13 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 14 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 16 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 841 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 2 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 3 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 5 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 7 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 8 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 9 endoUs endoUs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 10 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 11 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 13 i i NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 15 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 16 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 17 endonucleolytic endonucleolytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 18 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 21 ii ii NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 23 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 24 cleave cleave VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 25 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 26 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 28 pyrimidines pyrimidine NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 29 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 30 preferring prefer VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 31 uridine uridine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 32 over over IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 33 cytidine cytidine NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 37 iii iii NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 39 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 40 release release VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 41 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 42 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 43 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 44 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 45 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 47 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 48 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 49 -cyclic -cyclic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 50 phosphate phosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 51 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 52 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 53 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 54 -OH -oh NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 55 ends end NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 842 56 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 1 Using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 2 suitable suitable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 3 test test NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 4 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 6 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 7 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 8 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 9 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 10 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 12 affect affect VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 13 endoU endou NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 14 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 15 efficiency efficiency NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 17 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 18 unpaired unpaired JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 19 pyrimidines pyrimidine NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 20 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 21 processed process VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 22 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 843 23 efficiently efficiently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 844 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 844 2 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 844 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 844 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 844 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 844 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 844 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 845 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 845 2 Nedialkova Nedialkova NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 845 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 845 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 845 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 845 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 845 7 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 845 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 845 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 2 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 4 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 5 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 7 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 8 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 9 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 10 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 11 entirely entirely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 12 clear clear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 14 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 15 somewhat somewhat RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 16 contradictory contradictory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 17 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 18 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 19 reported report VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 20 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 21 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 22 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 846 23 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 1 While while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 3 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 5 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 7 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 8 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 9 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 10 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 12 require require VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 14 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 15 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 16 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 17 significantly significantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 18 stimulated stimulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 19 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 21 Mn Mn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 22 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 23 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 847 24 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 848 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 848 2 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 848 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 848 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 848 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 848 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 848 7 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 849 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 849 2 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 849 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 849 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 849 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 850 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 850 2 2004a 2004a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 850 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 850 4 Laneve Laneve NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 850 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 850 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 850 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 850 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 850 9 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 851 1 Laneve Laneve NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 851 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 851 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 851 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 3 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 5 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 6 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 7 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 8 proved prove VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 9 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 10 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 11 less less RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 12 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 13 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 14 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 15 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 852 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 1 Low low JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 2 concentrations concentration NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 4 Mn Mn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 5 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 6 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 7 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 8 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 9 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 10 stimulate stimulate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 11 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 12 marginally marginally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 14 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 15 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 16 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 18 whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 19 higher high JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 20 concentrations concentration NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 22 previously previously RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 23 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 24 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 25 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 26 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 27 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 28 optimal optimal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 29 nucleolytic nucleolytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 30 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 31 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 32 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 33 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 34 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 35 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 37 inhibited inhibit VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 38 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 39 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 40 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 41 EAV EAV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 42 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 43 PRRSV PRRSV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 853 44 endoUs endoUs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 854 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 854 2 Nedialkova Nedialkova NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 854 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 854 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 854 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 854 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 854 7 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 854 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 854 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 1 Metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 2 ion ion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 3 requirements requirement NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 4 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 5 commonly commonly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 6 used use VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 7 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 8 distinguish distinguish VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 9 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 11 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 12 basic basic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 13 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 14 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 15 employed employ VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 16 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 17 ribonucleases ribonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 18 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 20 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 22 independent independent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 23 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 24 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 26 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 27 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 29 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 30 employed employ VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 31 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 32 RNase RNase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 33 A A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 35 results result VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 36 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 37 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 38 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 39 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 40 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 41 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 42 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 43 0cyclic 0cyclic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 44 phosphate phosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 45 ends end NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 46 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 47 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 48 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 49 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 50 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 51 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 53 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 54 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 55 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 56 metaldependent metaldependent NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 57 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 58 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 59 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 60 catalysis catalysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 61 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 62 aided aid VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 63 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 64 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 65 divalent divalent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 66 cations cation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 67 coordinated coordinate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 68 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 69 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 70 acidic acidic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 71 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 72 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 73 generates generate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 74 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 75 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 76 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 77 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 78 -OH -oh NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 79 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 80 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 81 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 82 -phosphate -phosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 83 ends end NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 84 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 85 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 86 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 87 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 88 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 89 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 90 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 855 91 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 2 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 4 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 5 supportive supportive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 7 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 9 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 10 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 11 observed observe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 12 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 13 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 14 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 16 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 17 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 18 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 19 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 20 inconsistent inconsistent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 21 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 22 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 23 RNase RNase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 24 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 26 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 28 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 30 independent independent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 32 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 33 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 856 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 1 Also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 3 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 4 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 5 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 6 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 7 detected detect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 9 any any DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 12 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 13 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 14 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 15 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 16 nsp15s nsp15s NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 17 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 18 XendoU xendou NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 20 arguing argue VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 21 against against IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 22 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 23 direct direct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 24 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 26 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 27 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 29 catalysis catalysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 31 Renzi Renzi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 32 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 33 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 34 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 36 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 857 37 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 858 1 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 858 2 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 858 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 858 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 858 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 858 6 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 858 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 858 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 1 However however RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 3 Mn Mn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 4 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 5 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 6 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 7 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 8 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 9 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 10 change change VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 12 intrinsic intrinsic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 13 tryptophan tryptophan NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 14 fluorescence fluorescence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 18 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 19 nsp15 nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 21 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 22 conformational conformational JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 23 changes change NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 24 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 26 potentially potentially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 28 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 29 affect affect VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 30 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 32 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 33 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 34 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 35 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 36 unrelated unrelated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 37 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 38 protein protein VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 859 39 multimerization multimerization NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 2 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 7 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 9 Guarino Guarino NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 14 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 860 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 1 Also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 3 regarding regard VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 5 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 7 Mn Mn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 8 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 9 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 12 binding binding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 14 contradicting contradict VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 15 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 16 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 17 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 18 reported report VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 20 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 22 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 23 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 24 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 26 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 27 nsp15 nsp15 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 28 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 29 enhanced enhance VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 30 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 32 presence presence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 34 Mn Mn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 35 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 36 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 37 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 38 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 39 affected affect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 40 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 41 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 42 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 43 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 44 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 45 case case NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 46 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 861 47 XendoU xendou NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 862 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 862 2 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 862 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 862 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 862 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 862 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 862 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 862 8 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 863 1 Gioia Gioia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 863 2 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 863 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 863 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 863 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 863 6 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 863 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 863 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 1 Structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 2 information information NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 3 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 4 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 5 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 6 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 7 X x NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 8 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 9 ray ray NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 10 crystallography crystallography NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 12 cryoelectron cryoelectron NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 13 microscopy microscopy NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 14 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 15 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 16 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 17 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 19 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 20 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 21 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 23 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 24 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 25 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 26 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 28 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 29 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 30 Renzi Renzi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 31 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 32 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 33 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 35 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 864 36 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 865 1 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 865 2 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 865 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 865 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 865 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 865 6 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 866 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 866 2 Xu Xu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 866 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 866 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 866 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 866 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 866 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 866 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 866 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 3 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 5 MHV MHV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 6 nsp15s nsp15s NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 7 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 8 shown show VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 9 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 10 form form VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 11 homohexamers homohexamer NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 12 comprised comprise VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 14 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 15 dimer dimer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 17 trimers trimer NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 867 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 2 nsp15 nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 3 monomers monomer NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 4 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 5 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 6 α α NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 7 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 8 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 9 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 10 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 11 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 12 subdomains subdomain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 14 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 15 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 16 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 18 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 20 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 21 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 23 sized sized JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 24 middle middle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 27 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 28 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 29 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 30 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 31 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 32 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 35 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 36 basically basically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 37 representing represent VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 38 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 39 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 40 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 41 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 42 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 43 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 44 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 45 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 46 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 47 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 48 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 49 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 50 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 51 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 868 53 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 1 One one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 2 side side NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 4 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 5 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 6 contains contain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 7 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 8 β β NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 10 sheets sheet NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 11 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 12 line line VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 14 positively positively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 15 charged charge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 16 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 18 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 19 groove groove NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 21 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 23 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 24 side side NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 25 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 26 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 27 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 28 five five CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 29 α α NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 30 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 31 helices helix NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 869 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 2 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 5 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 6 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 7 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 8 largely largely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 9 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 10 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 11 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 12 endoUs endoUs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 14 XendoU XendoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 16 supporting support VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 18 proposed propose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 19 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 20 phylogeny phylogeny NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 21 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 22 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 23 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 24 members member NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 26 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 27 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 28 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 870 29 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 871 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 871 2 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 871 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 871 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 871 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 871 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 871 7 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 2 Renzi Renzi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 9 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 14 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 872 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 873 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 873 2 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 873 3 hexamer hexamer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 873 4 reported report VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 873 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 873 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 873 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 873 8 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 874 1 nsp15 nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 2 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 9 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 10 dimensions dimension NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 12 80 80 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 13 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 14 96 96 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 15 Â â CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 16 110 110 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 17 Å å NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 19 forming form VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 20 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 21 three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 23 petal petal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 25 shaped shape VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 26 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 27 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 28 surrounds surround VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 29 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 30 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 32 predominantly predominantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 33 negatively negatively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 34 charged charge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 35 central central JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 36 channel channel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 37 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 38 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 39 inner inner JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 40 diameter diameter NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 41 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 42 $ $ $ cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 43 15 15 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 44 Å å NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 875 45 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 2 hexamer hexamer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 3 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 4 six six CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 6 independent independent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 7 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 8 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 9 located locate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 10 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 12 surface surface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 15 molecule molecule NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 876 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 1 Interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 2 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 3 individual individual JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 4 protomers protomer NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 5 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 6 predominantly predominantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 7 mediated mediate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 8 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 9 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 10 located locate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 13 N N NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 15 terminal terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 17 middle middle JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 18 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 877 19 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 1 Database database NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 2 searches search NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 3 failed fail VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 4 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 5 identify identify VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 6 closely closely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 7 related related JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 8 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 9 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 11 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 12 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 13 endoUs endoUs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 14 diverged diverge VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 15 profoundly profoundly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 16 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 17 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 18 ribonucleases ribonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 20 Renzi Renzi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 21 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 22 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 23 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 25 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 26 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 27 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 28 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 29 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 30 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 32 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 878 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 1 Nevertheless nevertheless RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 4 presumed presume VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 5 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 6 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 7 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 9 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 10 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 11 His/ His/ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 12 Lys Lys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 14 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 15 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 16 8 8 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 18 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 19 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 20 superimposed superimpose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 21 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 23 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 24 His His NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 25 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 26 His His NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 27 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 28 Lys Lys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 29 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 31 bovine bovine JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 32 RNase RNase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 33 A A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 36 prototype prototype NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 38 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 39 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 40 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 41 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 42 pyrimidinespecific pyrimidinespecific NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 879 43 ribonucleases ribonucleases NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 880 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 880 2 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 880 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 880 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 880 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 880 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 880 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 880 8 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 881 1 Ulferts Ulferts NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 881 2 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 881 3 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 881 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 881 5 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 881 6 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 881 7 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 2 superposition superposition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 3 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 4 includes include VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 6 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 8 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 9 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 11 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 12 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 882 13 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 2 comparison comparison NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 4 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 5 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 6 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 7 endoU endou JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 8 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 9 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 10 that that DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 12 RNase RNase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 13 A A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 15 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 16 nucleases nuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 17 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 19 PDBefold pdbefold NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 20 server server NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 21 revealed reveal VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 22 similarities similarity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 23 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 25 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 26 cores core NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 28 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 29 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 30 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 31 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 32 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 33 described describe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 34 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 35 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 36 interrelated interrelate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 37 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 38 topological topological JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 39 permutation permutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 41 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 42 providing provide VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 43 initial initial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 44 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 45 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 46 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 47 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 48 ancestry ancestry NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 49 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 50 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 51 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 52 endonuclease endonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 53 families family NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 54 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 55 Ulferts Ulferts NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 56 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 57 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 58 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 59 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 60 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 883 61 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 1 Further further JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 2 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 3 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 4 required require VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 6 substantiate substantiate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 7 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 8 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 10 see see VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 11 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 884 13 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 2 hexameric hexameric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 3 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 4 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 5 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 7 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 9 fully fully RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 10 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 11 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 13 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 14 nsp15 nsp15 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 885 15 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 2 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 3 supported support VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 4 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 6 exponential exponential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 7 increase increase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 9 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 10 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 11 increased increase VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 12 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 13 concentrations concentration NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 16 reduced reduce VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 17 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 18 determined determine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 19 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 20 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 21 variants variant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 22 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 23 do do VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 24 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 25 multimerize multimerize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 28 increased increase VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 29 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 30 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 31 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 32 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 33 observed observe VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 34 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 35 hexameric hexameric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 36 forms form NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 886 38 endoU endou NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 887 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 887 2 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 887 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 887 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 887 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 887 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 887 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 887 8 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 888 1 Guarino Guarino NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 888 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 888 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 888 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 888 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 888 6 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 889 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 889 2 Xu Xu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 889 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 889 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 889 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 889 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 889 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 889 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 889 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 1 Consistent consistent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 2 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 3 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 5 hexamerization hexamerization NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 6 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 7 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 8 confirmed confirm VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 9 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 10 different different JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 11 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 12 endoU endou NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 13 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 15 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 16 confirmed confirm VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 17 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 18 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 19 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 20 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 21 intersubunit intersubunit JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 22 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 23 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 24 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 25 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 26 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 27 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 890 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 3 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 6 truncated truncated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 8 monomeric monomeric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 9 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 13 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 14 nsp15 nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 15 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 16 lacks lack VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 17 28 28 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 18 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 20 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 22 11 11 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 23 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 25 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 26 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 28 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 29 loops loop NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 31 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 32 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 33 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 34 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 35 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 36 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 37 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 38 displaced displace VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 39 compared compare VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 40 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 41 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 42 location location NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 43 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 44 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 45 hexamer hexamer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 47 resulting result VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 48 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 49 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 50 destruction destruction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 51 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 52 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 53 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 54 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 56 Joseph Joseph NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 57 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 58 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 59 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 60 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 61 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 62 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 891 63 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 2 hexameric hexameric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 3 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 6 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 7 loops loop NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 8 pack pack VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 9 against against IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 10 each each DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 11 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 13 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 14 stabilized stabilize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 15 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 16 intermonomer intermonomer JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 17 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 19 suggesting suggest VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 20 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 21 hexamerization hexamerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 22 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 23 induce induce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 24 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 25 allosteric allosteric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 26 switch switch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 892 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 3 cross cross NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 4 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 5 linking linking JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 7 cryoelectron cryoelectron NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 8 microscopy microscopy NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 9 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 10 support support VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 12 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 13 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 15 hexamerization hexamerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 18 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 20 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 21 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 22 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 23 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 893 25 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 894 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 894 2 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 894 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 894 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 894 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 894 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 894 7 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 894 8 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 894 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 3 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 4 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 7 proposed propose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 8 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 10 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 11 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 13 Lys Lys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 14 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 16 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 17 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 18 8) 8) NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 19 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 20 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 21 comparative comparative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 22 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 23 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 25 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 27 directed direct VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 895 28 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 2 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 7 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 9 Gioia Gioia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 10 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 896 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 897 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 897 2 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 897 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 897 4 Guarino Guarino NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 897 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 897 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 897 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 897 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 897 9 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 898 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 898 2 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 898 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 898 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 898 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 2 2004a 2004a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 4 Kang Kang NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 9 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 10 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 11 Snijder Snijder NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 12 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 13 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 14 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 16 2003 2003 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 18 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 19 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 20 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 21 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 22 embedded embed VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 23 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 24 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 25 positively positively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 26 charged charge VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 27 groove groove NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 28 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 30 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 31 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 899 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 1 Other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 2 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 3 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 6 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 7 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 9 proposed propose VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 10 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 11 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 12 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 14 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 15 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 17 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 18 phosphate phosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 19 include include VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 21 side side NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 22 chain chain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 24 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 25 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 26 Thr Thr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 28 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 30 8 8 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 32 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 34 main main JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 35 chain chain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 36 amide amide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 38 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 39 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 40 Gly Gly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 41 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 42 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 44 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 900 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 901 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 901 2 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 901 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 901 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 901 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 901 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 901 7 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 902 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 902 2 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 902 3 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 902 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 902 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 902 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 902 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 903 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 903 2 Xu Xu NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 903 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 903 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 903 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 903 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 903 7 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 903 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 903 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 2 proposed propose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 3 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 4 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 7 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 8 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 9 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 10 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 11 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 12 corroborated corroborate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 13 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 14 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 15 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 16 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 17 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 18 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 19 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 21 Kang Kang NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 22 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 23 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 24 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 26 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 27 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 28 Renzi Renzi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 29 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 30 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 31 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 33 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 34 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 35 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 36 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 37 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 38 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 40 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 904 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 3 earlier early RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 5 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 7 RNase RNase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 8 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 9 share share NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 11 number number NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 13 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 15 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 16 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 17 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 905 18 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 2 RNase RNase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 3 A A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 5 pyrimidine pyrimidine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 6 binding binding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 7 primarily primarily RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 8 involves involve VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 9 Thr-45 Thr-45 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 11 Phe-120 Phe-120 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 906 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 1 While while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 2 Thr-45 thr-45 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 3 forms form VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 4 hydrogen hydrogen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 5 bonds bond NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 6 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 8 pyrimidine pyrimidine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 9 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 11 Phe-120 Phe-120 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 12 interacts interact VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 13 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 15 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 16 through through IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 17 stacking stack VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 18 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 20 Raines Raines NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 22 1998 1998 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 907 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 2 Ser-293 Ser-293 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 3 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 4 Tyr-342 tyr-342 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 5 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 10 nsp15 nsp15 '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 13 Thr-45 Thr-45 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 14 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 15 Phe-120 Phe-120 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 16 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 18 RNase RNase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 19 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 20 occupy occupy VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 21 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 22 positions position NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 23 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 25 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 27 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 28 clefts cleft NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 31 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 32 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 34 Ulferts Ulferts NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 36 Ziebuhr Ziebuhr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 38 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 39 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 908 40 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 2 Ser Ser NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 3 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 4 Thr Thr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 5 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 6 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 7 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 9 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 11 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 12 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 14 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 15 Tyr-342 Tyr-342 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 16 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 17 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 19 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 20 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 21 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 22 while while IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 23 conservative conservative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 24 substitutions substitution NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 26 Phe Phe NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 28 Trp Trp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 29 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 30 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 31 occasionally occasionally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 32 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 33 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 34 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 35 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 36 homologs homolog NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 37 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 38 Renzi Renzi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 39 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 40 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 41 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 43 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 909 44 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 910 1 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 910 2 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 910 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 910 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 910 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 910 6 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 910 7 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 910 8 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 2 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 6 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 7 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 8 Ser-293 Ser-293 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 10 Tyr-342 Tyr-342 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 13 equivalent equivalent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 14 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 16 related related JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 17 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 20 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 21 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 22 received receive VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 23 strong strong JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 24 support support NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 25 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 26 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 27 modeling modeling NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 29 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 30 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 31 directed direct VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 32 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 33 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 35 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 37 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 38 Ser Ser NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 39 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 40 Thr Thr NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 41 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 42 being be VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 43 confirmed confirm VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 44 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 45 have have VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 46 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 47 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 48 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 49 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 50 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 51 differential differential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 52 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 53 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 54 uridine uridine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 55 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 56 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 57 cytidinecontaining cytidinecontaining NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 58 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 59 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 60 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 61 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 62 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 63 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 64 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 65 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 66 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 67 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 911 68 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 912 1 Nedialkova Nedialkova NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 912 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 912 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 912 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 2 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 4 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 5 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 9 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 913 11 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 1 Similarities similarity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 2 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 4 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 6 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 7 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 9 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 10 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 11 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 12 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 13 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 15 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 16 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 17 -cyclic -cyclic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 18 phosphate phosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 19 ends end NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 20 suggest suggest VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 21 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 22 endoUs endous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 24 RNase RNase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 25 A A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 27 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 28 endoribonucleases endoribonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 29 employ employ VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 30 similar similar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 31 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 32 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 34 Nedialkova Nedialkova NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 35 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 36 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 37 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 39 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 40 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 41 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 42 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 43 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 44 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 46 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 914 48 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 2 RNase RNase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 3 A A NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 5 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 6 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 7 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 8 established establish VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 9 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 10 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 11 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 12 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 15 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 16 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 17 act act NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 18 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 19 general general JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 20 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 22 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 24 respectively respectively RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 915 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 2 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 3 residue residue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 4 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 5 acts act VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 6 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 8 general general JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 9 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 10 attracts attract VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 12 hydrogen hydrogen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 13 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 15 ribose ribose NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 16 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 17 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 18 -hydroxyl -hydroxyl CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 19 group group NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 20 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 21 subsequently subsequently RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 22 attacks attack VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 24 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 25 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 26 P p NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 27 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 28 O o NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 29 bond bond NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 916 30 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 2 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 3 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 4 donates donate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 6 hydrogen hydrogen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 7 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 9 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 10 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 11 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 13 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 14 facilitating facilitate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 15 displacement displacement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 17 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 18 group group NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 20 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 21 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 22 release release NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 24 Raines Raines NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 25 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 26 1998 1998 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 917 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 2 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 3 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 4 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 7 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 8 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 10 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 11 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 12 -cyclic -cyclic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 13 phosphate phosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 14 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 15 hydrolyzed hydrolyze VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 17 resulting result VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 19 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 20 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 21 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 22 -phosphomonoester -phosphomonoester NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 23 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 25 recovery recovery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 28 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 918 29 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 2 latter latter JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 4 essentially essentially RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 6 reverse reverse JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 7 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 10 transphosphorylation transphosphorylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 11 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 13 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 15 protonated protonated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 16 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 17 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 18 acting act VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 19 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 20 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 21 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 919 24 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 920 1 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 920 2 acting acting NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 920 3 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 920 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 920 5 base base NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 920 6 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 2 both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 3 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 4 steps step NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 6 Lys Lys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 7 interacts interact VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 8 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 10 phosphate phosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 12 stabilize stabilize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 14 pentavalent pentavalent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 15 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 16 intermediate intermediate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 921 17 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 1 Although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 3 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 4 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 5 employed employ VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 6 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 7 endoUs endous CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 8 have have VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 9 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 10 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 11 studied study VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 13 detail detail NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 16 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 17 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 18 thought think VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 19 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 20 use use VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 21 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 22 RNase rnase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 23 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 25 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 26 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 27 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 922 28 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 2 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 3 supported support VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 4 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 5 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 6 lines line NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 8 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 10 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 12 i i NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 15 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 16 spatial spatial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 17 positions position NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 18 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 20 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 23 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 24 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 25 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 27 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 28 His -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 29 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 30 one one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 31 Lys Lys NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 32 residue(s residue(s NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 35 Ricagno Ricagno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 36 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 37 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 38 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 39 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 40 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 41 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 43 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 44 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 45 ii ii NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 48 release release NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 49 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 50 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 51 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 52 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 53 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 54 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 55 -cyclic -cyclic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 56 phosphate phosphate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 57 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 58 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 59 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 60 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 61 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 62 Bhardwaj Bhardwaj NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 63 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 64 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 65 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 66 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 67 2004 2004 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 68 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 69 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 70 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 71 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 72 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 73 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 74 2004a 2004a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 75 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 76 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 77 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 78 converted convert VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 79 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 80 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 81 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 82 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 83 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 84 -hydroxyl -hydroxyl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 85 ends end NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 86 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 87 Nedialkova Nedialkova NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 88 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 89 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 90 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 91 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 92 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 93 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 923 94 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 1 Since since IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 3 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 6 depth depth NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 7 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 9 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 10 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 11 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 13 1989 1989 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 15 Gorbalenya Gorbalenya NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 16 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 17 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 18 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 20 1989 1989 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 23 significant significant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 24 progress progress NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 25 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 26 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 27 made make VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 29 terms term NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 31 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 32 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 33 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 34 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 35 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 924 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 2 multitude multitude NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 4 enzymatic enzymatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 5 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 6 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 7 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 8 identified identify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 10 characterized characterize VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 12 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 14 although although IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 15 mainly mainly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 16 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 17 artificial artificial JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 18 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 19 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 20 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 925 21 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 1 Protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 2 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 3 were be VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 4 obtained obtain VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 6 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 9 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 10 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 12 nsp7 nsp7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 14 16 16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 15 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 17 Neuman Neuman NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 18 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 19 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 20 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 22 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 25 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 26 unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 27 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 28 prominent prominent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 29 remaining remain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 30 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 31 blank blank JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 32 spots spot NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 33 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 34 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 35 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 36 map map NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 37 concern concern NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 38 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 39 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 40 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 41 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 42 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 43 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 44 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 46 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 47 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 48 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 926 49 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 1 Filling fill VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 2 those those DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 3 gaps gap NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 4 would would MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 5 constitute constitute VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 6 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 7 important important JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 8 step step NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 9 forward forward RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 11 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 12 address address VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 13 basic basic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 14 questions question NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 15 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 17 priming priming NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 18 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 19 employed employ VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 20 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 22 RdRp RdRp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 25 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 28 NiRAN NiRAN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 29 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 32 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 33 accelerate accelerate VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 34 targeted target VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 35 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 36 discovery discovery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 37 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 38 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 39 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 41 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 43 area area NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 44 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 45 nucleoside nucleoside NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 46 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 47 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 48 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 49 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 50 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 51 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 52 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 53 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 54 received receive VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 55 little little JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 56 attention attention NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 57 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 58 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 927 59 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 1 Clearly clearly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 3 where where WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 4 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 5 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 6 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 7 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 8 concerned concern VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 10 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 13 elusive elusive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 14 GTase GTase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 15 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 16 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 17 research research NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 928 18 priority priority NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 929 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 929 2 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 929 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 929 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 929 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 930 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 930 2 2014a 2014a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 930 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 930 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 2 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 3 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 5 potential potential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 6 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 8 nsp9 nsp9 UH cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 11 N n CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 13 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 14 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 16 nsp15 nsp15 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 18 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 19 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 21 nsp15-endoU nsp15-endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 23 remain remain VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 24 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 25 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 26 found find VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 931 27 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 2 highlighted highlight VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 3 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 4 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 5 nsp nsp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 7 wide wide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 8 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 9 screening screening NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 10 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 11 Pan Pan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 12 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 13 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 14 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 16 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 17 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 18 von von NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 19 Brunn Brunn NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 20 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 21 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 22 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 24 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 27 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 28 specifically specifically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 29 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 31 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 32 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 33 data datum NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 34 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 36 interplay interplay NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 37 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 38 nsp7 nsp7 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 39 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 40 8 8 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 41 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 42 12 12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 43 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 44 14 14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 45 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 46 Subissi Subissi NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 47 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 48 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 49 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 50 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 51 2014b 2014b CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 52 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 53 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 54 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 55 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 56 14 14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 57 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 58 16 16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 59 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 60 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 61 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 62 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 63 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 64 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 65 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 66 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 67 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 68 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 69 nsps nsps NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 70 need need VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 71 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 72 work work VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 73 together together RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 74 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 75 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 76 ways way NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 932 77 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 2 further further JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 3 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 6 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 7 nsp nsp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 8 interactome interactome NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 10 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 11 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 12 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 13 inside inside IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 15 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 17 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 18 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 20 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 21 undoubtedly undoubtedly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 22 provide provide VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 23 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 24 clues clue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 25 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 26 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 27 how how WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 28 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 29 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 30 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 31 switched switch VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 32 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 33 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 34 off off RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 35 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 36 modulated modulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 933 37 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 1 Likewise likewise RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 3 attention attention NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 4 should should MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 5 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 6 given give VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 7 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 8 defining define VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 10 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 12 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 13 nsps nsps NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 14 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 16 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 17 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 18 signals signal NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 19 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 20 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 21 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 23 Madhugiri Madhugiri NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 24 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 25 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 26 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 28 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 29 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 30 Yang Yang NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 32 Leibowitz Leibowitz NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 34 2015 2015 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 37 discontinuous discontinuous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 38 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 39 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 40 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 41 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 42 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 44 attenuation attenuation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 45 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 46 body body NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 47 TRSs trs NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 49 nascent nascent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 50 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 51 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 52 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 53 transfer transfer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 54 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 55 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 56 reinitiation reinitiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 57 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 58 Pasternak Pasternak NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 59 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 60 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 61 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 62 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 63 2006 2006 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 64 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 65 Sawicki Sawicki NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 66 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 67 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 68 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 69 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 70 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 71 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 72 Sola Sola NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 73 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 74 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 75 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 76 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 77 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 78 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 79 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 80 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 81 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 82 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 83 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 84 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 85 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 86 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 87 polyadenylation polyadenylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 88 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 89 sg sg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 934 90 mRNAs mRNAs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 935 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 935 2 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 935 3 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 935 4 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 935 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 935 6 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 3 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 5 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 7 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 8 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 9 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 10 cis cis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 12 acting acting NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 14 could could MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 15 provide provide VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 16 starting start VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 17 points point NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 18 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 19 improved improve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 20 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 21 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 23 ultimately ultimately RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 24 paving pave VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 26 way way NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 27 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 29 complete complete JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 30 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 31 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 32 reconstitution reconstitution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 34 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 36 these these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 37 multi multi JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 38 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 39 nsp nsp JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 40 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 41 driven drive VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 42 processes process NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 936 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 2 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 4 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 5 RTC RTC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 6 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 8 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 11 living live VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 12 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 13 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 14 remains remain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 15 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 16 enormous enormous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 17 technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 18 challenge challenge NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 20 requiring require VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 21 continued continue VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 22 toolbox toolbox NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 23 development development NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 937 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 2 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 3 likely likely JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 4 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 5 several several JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 6 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 7 riddles riddle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 8 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 9 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 10 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 11 solved solve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 12 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 13 studying study VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 14 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 15 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 938 16 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 2 example example NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 5 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 6 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 9 nsp15 nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 10 endoU endoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 11 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 13 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 14 potential potential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 15 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 16 suicide suicide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 17 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 18 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 19 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 20 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 22 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 24 must must MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 25 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 26 controlled control VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 27 tightly tightly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 30 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 31 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 939 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 1 Whereas whereas IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 3 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 4 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 5 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 6 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 7 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 8 displays display VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 9 only only RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 10 very very RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 11 limited limited JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 12 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 13 specificity specificity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 14 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 15 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 940 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 1 Ivanov Ivanov NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 4 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 6 2004a 2004a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 7 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 8 Nedialkova Nedialkova NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 9 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 10 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 11 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 13 2009 2009 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 15 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 16 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 17 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 18 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 19 confined confine VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 20 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 21 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 22 specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 23 compartment compartment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 24 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 26 infected infected JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 27 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 28 and/or and/or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 29 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 30 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 31 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 32 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 33 modulated modulate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 34 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 35 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 36 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 37 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 38 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 39 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 40 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 41 factors factor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 941 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 1 Such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 2 differences difference NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 3 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 4 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 5 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 8 vivo vivo NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 9 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 10 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 11 surely surely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 12 emerge emerge VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 14 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 15 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 16 as as RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 17 well well RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 20 they -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 21 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 22 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 23 better well RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 24 understood understand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 25 following follow VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 27 further further JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 28 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 30 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 31 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 32 lipid lipid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 33 composition composition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 37 membranous membranous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 38 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 39 organelles organelle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 40 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 41 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 43 metabolically metabolically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 44 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 45 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 46 RTC RTC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 47 presumably presumably RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 48 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 942 49 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 2 Hagemeijer Hagemeijer NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 7 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 8 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 9 Neuman Neuman NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 10 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 11 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 14 2014a 2014a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 15 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 16 van van NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 17 der der NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 18 Hoeven Hoeven NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 19 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 20 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 21 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 23 2016 2016 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 943 25 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 1 These these DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 2 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 3 should should MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 4 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 5 answer answer VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 7 question question NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 9 how how WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 10 both both CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 11 nsps nsp NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 13 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 15 substrates substrate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 16 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 17 targeted target VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 18 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 19 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 20 recruited recruit VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 21 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 23 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 25 bound bind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 26 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 27 RTC RTC NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 29 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 30 particular particular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 31 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 32 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 34 earlier early JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 35 stages stage NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 37 infection infection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 38 when when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 39 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 40 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 41 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 42 appears appear VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 43 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 44 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 45 taking take VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 46 off off RP cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 47 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 48 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 49 absence absence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 50 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 51 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 52 prominent prominent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 53 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 54 rearrangements rearrangement NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 55 observed observe VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 56 later later RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 57 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 58 infection infection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 944 59 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 1 Specific specific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 2 mutations mutation NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 3 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 4 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 5 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 6 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 7 now now RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 8 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 9 reverse reverse RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 10 engineered engineer VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 12 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 13 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 16 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 17 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 18 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 19 nsp7-nsp12 nsp7-nsp12 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 20 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 21 so so RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 22 basic basic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 23 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 24 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 25 inactivation inactivation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 26 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 27 merely merely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 28 result result VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 29 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 30 dead dead JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 31 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 32 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 33 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 34 do do VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 35 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 36 provide provide VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 37 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 38 deeper deep JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 39 insights insight NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 40 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 41 nsp nsp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 42 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 945 43 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 1 This this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 2 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 3 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 4 explains explain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 5 why why WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 6 most most JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 7 progress progress NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 8 thus thus RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 9 far far RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 10 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 11 been be VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 12 made make VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 14 some some DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 17 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 18 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 19 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 21 fortunatelybe fortunatelybe NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 22 inactivated inactivate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 23 without without IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 24 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 25 lethal lethal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 26 consequences consequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 28 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 30 nsp14 nsp14 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 31 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 32 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 946 33 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 947 1 2 2 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 947 2 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 947 3 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 947 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 947 5 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 947 6 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 947 7 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 948 1 Eckerle Eckerle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 948 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 948 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 948 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 949 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 949 2 2007 2007 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 950 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 950 2 Eckerle Eckerle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 950 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 950 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 950 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 951 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 951 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 951 3 2010 2010 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 951 4 Graham Graham NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 951 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 951 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 951 7 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 951 8 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 951 9 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 951 10 ; ; . cord-259603-bh198xgl 952 1 Menachery Menachery NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 952 2 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 952 3 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 952 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 953 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 953 2 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 953 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 953 4 Smith Smith NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 953 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 953 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 953 7 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 2 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 4 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 5 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 6 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 7 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 8 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 10 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 954 12 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 1 For for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 2 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 3 reason reason NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 6 field field NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 7 should should MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 8 continue continue VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 9 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 10 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 11 employ employ VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 12 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 13 traditional traditional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 14 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 16 forward forward RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 17 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 18 genetic genetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 19 methods method NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 20 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 21 characterize characterize VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 24 produce produce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 25 more more JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 27 conditionally conditionally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 28 defective defective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 29 CoVs CoVs NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 31 like like IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 32 temperature temperature NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 34 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 955 35 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 956 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 956 2 Sawicki Sawicki NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 956 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 956 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 956 5 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 956 6 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 956 7 2005 2005 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 956 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 956 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 1 Thanks thank NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 2 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 3 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 4 advent advent NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 6 next next JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 8 generation generation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 9 sequencing sequencing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 10 technologies technology NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 12 tracing trace VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 14 evolution evolution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 16 crippled crippled JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 17 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 18 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 21 pseudo pseudo JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 23 revertants revertant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 24 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 25 become become VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 26 much much RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 27 more more RBR cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 28 straightforward straightforward JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 29 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 30 before before RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 31 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 32 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 33 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 34 approach approach NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 36 letting let VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 37 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 38 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 39 do do VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 41 work work NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 43 likely likely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 44 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 45 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 46 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 47 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 48 economical economical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 49 ones one NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 50 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 51 uncovering uncover VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 52 previously previously RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 53 unknown unknown JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 54 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 55 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 56 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 57 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 58 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 59 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 60 players player NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 61 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 62 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 63 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 957 64 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 958 1 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 958 2 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 958 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 958 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 958 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 959 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 959 2 2008 2008 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 959 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 959 4 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 4 may may MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 5 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 6 possible possible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 7 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 8 develop develop VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 9 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 11 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 12 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 13 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 15 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 17 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 18 nsp nsp NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 19 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 20 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 21 do do VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 22 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 23 rely rely VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 24 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 25 having have VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 26 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 27 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 29 competent competent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 30 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 31 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 32 start start VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 33 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 960 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 1 Unraveling unravel VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 2 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 3 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 4 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 5 underlying underlie VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 7 presumed presume VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 8 mismatch mismatch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 9 excision excision NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 10 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 12 Bouvet Bouvet NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 13 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 14 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 15 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 17 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 21 nsp14-ExoN nsp14-ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 23 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 24 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 25 uniquely uniquely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 26 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 27 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 29 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 30 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 31 larger large JJR cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 32 than than IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 33 20 20 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 961 34 kb kb NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 962 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 962 2 Nga Nga NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 962 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 962 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 962 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 2 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 5 connects connect VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 6 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 8 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 9 driving drive VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 11 evolution evolution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 13 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 14 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 15 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 17 Lauber Lauber NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 18 et et FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 19 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 20 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 22 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 963 24 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 1 Also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 3 replicases replicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 4 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 5 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 6 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 7 branches branch NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 8 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 9 need need VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 10 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 11 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 12 studied study VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 14 fully fully RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 15 understand understand VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 17 basic basic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 18 principles principle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 19 governing govern VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 21 profound profound JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 22 divergence divergence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 23 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 24 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 25 expansion expansion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 27 this this DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 28 exceptional exceptional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 29 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 31 + + SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 32 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 33 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 964 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 2 error error NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 3 rate rate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 5 genomic genomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 6 plasticity plasticity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 9 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 10 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 11 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 12 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 13 most most RBS cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 14 fascinating fascinating JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 15 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 18 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 19 form form VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 20 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 21 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 22 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 24 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 25 problems problem NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 26 caused cause VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 27 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 29 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 30 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 32 adaptation adaptation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 34 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 35 successful successful JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 36 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 37 transfer transfer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 965 38 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 2 exemplified exemplify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 3 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 5 viable viable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 6 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 7 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 8 lacking lack VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 10 ExoN ExoN NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 11 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 12 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 13 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 14 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 15 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 16 MTase mtase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 17 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 19 Graham Graham NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 20 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 21 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 22 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 966 24 2012 2012 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 967 1 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 967 2 Habjan Habjan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 967 3 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 967 4 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 967 5 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 968 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 968 2 2013 2013 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 968 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 968 4 Menachery Menachery NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 968 5 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 968 6 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 968 7 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 1 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 2 2014 2014 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 3 ; ; : cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 4 Z€ Z€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 5 ust ust NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 6 et et NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 7 al al NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 8 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 10 2011 2011 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 11 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 14 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 15 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 17 CoV cov NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 18 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 19 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 20 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 21 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 22 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 23 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 25 development development NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 27 conceptually conceptually RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 28 new new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 29 live live JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 30 attenuated attenuated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 31 vaccine vaccine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 32 prototypes prototype NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 969 33 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 1 Likewise likewise RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 4 will will MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 5 contribute contribute VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 6 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 8 development development NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 10 broad broad JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 12 spectrum spectrum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 14 highly highly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 15 effective effective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 16 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 17 drugs drug NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 18 targeting target VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 19 essential essential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 20 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 21 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 22 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 23 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 24 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 25 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 26 nsp nsp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 27 cofactors cofactor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 29 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 30 " " `` cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 31 nonessential nonessential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 32 " " '' cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 33 nsp nsp NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 34 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 35 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 36 promote promote VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 37 efficient efficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 38 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 39 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 40 and/or and/or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 41 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 970 42 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 1 As as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 2 highlighted highlight VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 3 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 6 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 7 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 8 outbreaks outbreak NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 11 past past JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 12 15 15 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 13 years year NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 14 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 15 having have VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 16 such such JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 17 compounds compound NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 18 available available JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 19 would would MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 20 definitely definitely RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 21 strengthen strengthen VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 22 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 23 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 24 line line NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 26 defense defense NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 27 against against IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 28 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 29 infections infection NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 30 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 31 humans human NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 971 32 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 1 With with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 2 great great JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 3 respect respect NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 4 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 5 we -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 6 acknowledge acknowledge VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 8 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 9 ground ground NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 11 breaking break VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 12 contributions contribution NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 14 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 15 longterm longterm JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 16 collaborator collaborator NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 17 Dr. Dr. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 18 Alexander Alexander NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 19 Gorbalenya Gorbalenya NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 20 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 21 founding founding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 22 father father NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 25 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 26 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 29 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 31 coronaviruses coronaviruses NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 32 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 33 nidoviruses nidoviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 34 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 35 large large JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 972 36 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 2 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 3 also also RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 4 grateful grateful JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 7 scientific scientific JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 9 technical technical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 10 contributions contribution NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 11 over over IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 12 many many JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 13 years year NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 14 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 15 numerous numerous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 16 past past NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 18 present present JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 19 lab lab NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 20 members member NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 22 colleagues colleague NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 23 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 24 Leiden Leiden NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 25 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 26 E.J.S. E.J.S. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 27 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 28 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 29 Marseille Marseille NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 31 E.D. E.D. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 33 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 973 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 974 1 Giessen/ Giessen/ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 974 2 Belfast Belfast NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 974 3 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 974 4 W€ W€ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 974 5 urzburg urzburg NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 974 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 974 7 J.Z. J.Z. NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 974 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 974 9 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 1 Specifically specifically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 3 we -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 4 would would MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 5 like like VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 6 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 7 acknowledge acknowledge VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 9 input input NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 11 our -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 12 long long JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 14 term term NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 15 collaborators collaborator NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 16 Clara Clara NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 17 Posthuma Posthuma NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 18 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 19 Bruno Bruno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 20 Canard Canard NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 22 Bruno Bruno NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 23 Coutard Coutard NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 24 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 25 Isabelle Isabelle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 26 Imbert Imbert NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 28 Volker Volker NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 29 Thiel Thiel NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 30 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 32 Stuart Stuart NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 33 Siddell Siddell NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 975 34 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 1 We -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 2 thank thank VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 3 Aartjan Aartjan NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 4 te te NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 5 Velthuis Velthuis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 6 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 7 his -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 8 assistance assistance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 9 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 10 preparing prepare VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 11 Fig Fig NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 12 . . NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 13 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 14 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 976 15 _SP cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 1 Mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 3 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 4 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 5 unwinding unwind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 6 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 9 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 10 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 11 Severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 12 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 13 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 14 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 15 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 16 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 17 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 18 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 19 interferes interfere VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 20 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 22 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 23 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 24 unwinding unwind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 27 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 28 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 29 Evaluation Evaluation NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 31 SSYA10 SSYA10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 33 001 001 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 34 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 35 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 36 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 37 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 38 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 39 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 40 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 41 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 42 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 44 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 45 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 47 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 48 Middle Middle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 49 East East NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 50 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 51 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 52 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 977 53 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 978 1 Antimicrob Antimicrob NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 978 2 Biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 978 3 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 978 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 978 5 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 978 6 recombinant recombinant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 978 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 978 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 1 nsp12 nsp12 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 2 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 4 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 6 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 7 capable capable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 9 copying copy VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 10 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 12 templates template NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 13 Putative Putative NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 15 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 16 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 17 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 18 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 19 brome brome NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 20 mosaic mosaic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 21 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 22 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 23 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 25 covalent covalent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 26 binding binding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 28 guanylate guanylate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 29 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 30 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 31 protein protein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 32 1a 1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 33 Construction Construction NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 35 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 36 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 37 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 38 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 39 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 40 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 41 infectious infectious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 42 cDNA cdna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 43 clone clone NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 44 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 45 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 46 replicon replicon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 47 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 48 study study VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 49 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 50 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 51 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 52 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 53 reverse reverse VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 54 genetic genetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 55 systems system NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 56 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 57 infectious infectious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 58 clones clone NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 59 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 60 replicons replicon NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 61 Structure Structure NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 62 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 63 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 64 main main JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 65 proteinase proteinase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 66 reveals reveal VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 67 combination combination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 68 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 69 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 70 chymotrypsin chymotrypsin NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 71 fold fold JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 72 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 73 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 74 extra extra JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 75 alpha alpha JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 76 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 77 helical helical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 78 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 79 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 80 main main JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 81 proteinase proteinase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 82 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 83 3CLpro 3clpro CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 84 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 85 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 86 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 87 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 88 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 89 design design NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 90 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 91 anti anti JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 92 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 93 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 94 drugs drug NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 95 Severe severe VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 96 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 97 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 98 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 99 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 100 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 101 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 102 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 103 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 104 4 4 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 105 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 106 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 107 6 6 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 108 induce induce VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 109 doublemembrane doublemembrane NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 979 110 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 5 papain papain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 7 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 8 protease protease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 9 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 10 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 12 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 14 inhibition inhibition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 15 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 16 designed design VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 17 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 18 compounds compound NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 19 Enhancement Enhancement NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 22 infectivity infectivity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 23 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 24 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 26 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 27 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 28 BALB BALB NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 29 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 30 c c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 31 mice mouse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 32 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 33 IMP IMP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 34 dehydrogenase dehydrogenase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 35 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 36 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 37 including include VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 38 ribavirin ribavirin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 39 Mutagenesis Mutagenesis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 40 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 41 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 42 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 43 reveals reveal VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 44 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 45 potential potential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 46 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 47 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 48 modulation modulation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 49 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 50 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 51 innate innate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 52 immune immune JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 53 response response NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 54 De De NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 55 novo novo NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 56 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 57 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 58 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 59 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 60 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 61 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 62 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 63 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 64 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 65 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 66 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 67 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 68 Structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 69 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 70 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 71 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 72 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 73 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 74 -5 -5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 75 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 76 exonuclease exonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 77 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 78 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 79 Escherichia Escherichia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 80 coli coli VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 81 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 82 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 83 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 84 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 85 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 86 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 87 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 88 ion ion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 89 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 90 Structure Structure NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 91 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 92 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 93 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 94 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 95 Klenow Klenow NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 96 fragment fragment NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 97 bound bind VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 98 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 99 duplex duplex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 100 DNA DNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 101 Tertiary Tertiary NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 102 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 103 prediction prediction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 980 104 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 981 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 981 2 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 981 3 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 982 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 982 2 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 982 3 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 982 4 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 982 5 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 982 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 1 Nsp15 Nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 2 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 4 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 5 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 6 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 7 prefers prefer VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 8 manganese manganese NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 9 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 11 cofactor cofactor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 13 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 15 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 16 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 18 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 19 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 20 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 21 Structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 23 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 24 analyses analysis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 27 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 28 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 29 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 30 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 31 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 32 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 33 Nsp15 Nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 34 Four Four NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 35 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 36 processed process VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 37 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 38 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 39 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 40 gene gene NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 41 polyprotein polyprotein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 42 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 43 mouse mouse NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 44 hepatitis hepatitis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 45 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 46 colocalize colocalize NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 47 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 48 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 49 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 50 periphery periphery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 51 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 52 adjacent adjacent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 53 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 54 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 55 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 56 virion virion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 57 assembly assembly NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 58 Completion completion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 59 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 60 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 61 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 62 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 63 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 64 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 65 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 66 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 67 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 68 avian avian JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 69 infectious infectious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 70 bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 983 71 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 1 In in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 2 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 3 reconstitution reconstitution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 7 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 8 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 9 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 10 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 12 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 13 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 14 -end -end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 15 mismatch mismatch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 16 excision excision NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 17 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 19 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 20 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 21 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 22 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 23 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 24 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 984 25 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 985 1 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 985 2 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 985 3 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 1 exoribonuclease exoribonuclease NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 2 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 3 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 4 Nsp10 Nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 5 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 7 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 8 co co NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 9 - - NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 10 factor factor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 11 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 12 activation activation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 14 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 15 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 16 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 17 Characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 19 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 20 efficient efficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 21 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 22 ribosomal ribosomal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 23 frameshifting frameshifte VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 24 signal signal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 25 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 26 requirement requirement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 27 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 28 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 29 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 30 pseudoknot pseudoknot NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 31 Characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 34 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 35 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 36 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 37 localization localization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 38 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 39 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 40 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 41 complex complex NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 42 association association NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 43 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 44 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 45 putative putative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 46 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 47 hepatitis hepatitis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 48 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 49 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 50 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 51 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 52 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 53 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 54 Intracellular Intracellular NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 55 localization localization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 56 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 57 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 58 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 59 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 60 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 61 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 62 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 63 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 64 p28 p28 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 65 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 66 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 67 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 68 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 69 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 70 Genus Genus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 71 Torovirus Torovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 72 assigned assign VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 73 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 74 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 75 Coronaviridae Coronaviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 76 Biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 77 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 78 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 79 exoribonuclease exoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 80 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 81 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 82 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 83 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 84 Formation Formation NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 85 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 86 stable stable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 87 homodimer homodimer JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 88 via via IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 89 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 90 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 91 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 92 terminal terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 93 alpha alpha JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 94 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 95 helical helical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 96 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 97 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 98 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 99 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 100 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 101 9 9 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 102 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 103 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 104 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 105 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 106 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 107 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 108 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 109 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 110 Interaction Interaction NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 111 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 112 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 113 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 114 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 115 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 116 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 117 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 118 multifunctional multifunctional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 119 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 120 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 121 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 122 Ddx5 Ddx5 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 123 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 124 revealed reveal VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 125 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 126 yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 127 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 128 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 129 cell cell NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 130 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 131 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 132 hybrid hybrid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 133 systems system NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 134 Functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 135 screen screen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 136 reveals reveal VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 137 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 138 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 139 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 986 140 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 1 nsp14 nsp14 NFP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 2 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 4 novel novel NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 5 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 6 N7 N7 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 7 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 8 Biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 9 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 10 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 11 insights insight NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 12 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 14 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 17 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 19 ribose ribose NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 20 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 21 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 22 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 23 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 24 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 25 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 26 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 27 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 28 nsp10 nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 29 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 30 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 31 Expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 32 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 33 purification purification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 34 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 36 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 38 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 39 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 40 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 41 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 42 Structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 43 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 44 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 45 insights insight NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 46 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 48 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 49 Upf1 Upf1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 50 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 51 core core NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 52 Antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 53 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 54 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 55 nucleoside nucleoside JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 56 analogues analogue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 57 against against IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 58 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 59 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 60 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 61 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 62 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 63 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 64 coV coV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 987 65 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 1 Unusual unusual JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 2 bipartite bipartite JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 3 mode mode NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 5 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 6 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 8 nonsense nonsense NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 10 mediated mediate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 11 decay decay NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 12 factors factor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 14 UPF1 UPF1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 988 16 UPF2 UPF2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 2 broadspectrum broadspectrum NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 3 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 4 ribonucleoside ribonucleoside NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 5 ribavirin ribavirin RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 6 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 7 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 9 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 10 mutagen mutagen NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 11 Ribavirin Ribavirin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 12 's 's POS cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 13 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 14 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 16 action action NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 17 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 18 lethal lethal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 19 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 20 ? ? . cord-259603-bh198xgl 989 21 0 0 NFP cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 1 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 2 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 5 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 6 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 7 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 8 evades evade VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 9 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 10 restriction restriction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 11 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 12 IFIT IFIT NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 13 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 990 14 members member NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 1 Family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 2 Coronaviridae Coronaviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 3 Order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 4 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 5 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 6 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 7 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 8 16 16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 9 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 11 cap-0 cap-0 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 12 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 13 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 14 possessing possess VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 15 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 16 nucleoside-2 nucleoside-2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 17 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 18 O)-methyltransferase O)-methyltransferase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 19 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 20 Crystal Crystal NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 21 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 23 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 24 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 27 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 29 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 30 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 31 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 32 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 33 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 34 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 35 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 36 methyltransferase methyltransferase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 37 nsp10 nsp10 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 38 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 39 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 40 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 41 Conventional Conventional NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 42 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 43 unconventional unconventional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 44 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 45 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 46 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 47 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 48 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 49 Processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 50 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 51 open open JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 52 reading reading NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 53 frame frame NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 54 1a 1a CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 55 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 56 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 57 nsp7 nsp7 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 58 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 59 nsp10 nsp10 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 60 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 61 murine murine JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 62 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 63 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 64 strain strain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 65 A59 A59 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 66 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 67 Organelle Organelle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 68 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 69 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 70 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 71 compartmentalization compartmentalization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 72 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 73 positive positive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 74 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 75 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 76 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 77 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 78 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 79 factories factory NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 80 Structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 81 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 82 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 83 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 84 regulatory regulatory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 85 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 86 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 87 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 88 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 89 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 90 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 91 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 92 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 93 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 94 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 95 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 96 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 97 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 98 resembling resemble VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 99 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 100 nonsense nonsense NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 101 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 102 mediated mediate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 103 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 104 decay decay NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 991 105 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 2 putative putative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 3 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 5 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 7 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 8 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 9 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 10 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 11 processed process VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 12 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 13 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 14 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 15 gene gene NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 16 polyprotein polyprotein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 18 localizes localize VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 19 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 20 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 21 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 22 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 23 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 24 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 25 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 26 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 992 27 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 2 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 3 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 4 -5 -5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 5 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 6 exonuclease exonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 8 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 9 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 10 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 12 Escherichia Escherichia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 13 coli coli NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 14 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 15 contribution contribution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 17 each each DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 18 amino amino NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 19 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 20 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 22 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 23 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 24 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 26 reaction reaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 27 Structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 28 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 29 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 30 m7 m7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 31 G g NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 32 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 33 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 34 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 35 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 36 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 37 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 38 methyl methyl JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 39 discrimination discrimination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 40 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 41 capped cap VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 42 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 43 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 44 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 45 innate innate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 46 immune immune JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 47 receptor receptor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 48 RIG rig NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 49 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 50 I I NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 51 Murine Murine NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 52 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 53 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 54 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 55 protein protein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 56 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 57 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 58 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 59 critical critical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 60 regulator regulator NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 61 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 62 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 63 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 64 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 65 Mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 66 rates rate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 67 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 68 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 69 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 70 Mutator Mutator NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 71 strains strain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 72 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 73 Escherichia Escherichia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 74 coli coli NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 75 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 76 mutD mutd NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 77 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 78 dnaQ dnaQ NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 79 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 80 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 81 defective defective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 82 exonucleolytic exonucleolytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 83 editing editing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 84 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 85 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 86 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 87 III iii CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 88 holoenzyme holoenzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 89 High high JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 90 fidelity fidelity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 91 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 92 murine murine JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 93 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 94 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 95 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 96 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 97 decreased decrease VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 98 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 99 nsp14 nsp14 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 100 exoribonuclease exoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 101 mutants mutant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 102 Infidelity Infidelity NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 103 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 104 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 105 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 106 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 107 Nsp14-exonuclease Nsp14-exonuclease NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 108 mutant mutant JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 109 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 110 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 111 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 112 revealed reveal VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 113 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 114 complete complete JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 115 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 993 116 sequencing sequencing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 2 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 3 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 4 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 5 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 7 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 8 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 9 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 10 nsp9 nsp9 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 11 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 12 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 13 single single RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 14 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 15 stranded strand VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 16 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 18 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 19 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 20 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 24 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 25 world world NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 26 Treatment Treatment NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 27 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 28 interferon interferon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 29 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 30 alpha2b alpha2b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 32 ribavirin ribavirin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 33 improves improve VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 34 outcome outcome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 35 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 36 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 37 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 38 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 39 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 40 infected infect VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 41 rhesus rhesu NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 994 42 macaques macaque NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 1 An an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 2 arginine arginine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 4 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 6 proline proline NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 7 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 9 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 10 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 11 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 12 undefined undefined JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 13 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 14 within within IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 16 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 17 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 19 Nsp13 Nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 21 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 22 lethal lethal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 23 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 24 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 25 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 26 infectious infectious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 27 bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 28 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 29 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 30 cultured cultured JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 31 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 32 Proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 33 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 35 polyproteins polyproteins NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 36 1a 1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 37 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 38 1ab 1ab CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 39 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 40 non non JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 41 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 42 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 43 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 44 10 10 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 45 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 46 11/12 11/12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 47 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 48 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 49 infectious infectious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 50 bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 51 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 52 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 53 dispensable dispensable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 54 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 55 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 56 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 57 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 58 cultured cultured JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 59 cells cell NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 60 Molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 61 phylogenetics phylogenetic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 62 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 63 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 64 RrmJ RrmJ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 65 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 66 fibrillarin fibrillarin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 67 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 68 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 69 ribose ribose NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 70 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 71 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 72 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 73 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 995 74 methyltransferases methyltransferase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 2 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 3 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 4 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 5 machinery machinery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 6 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 8 target target NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 9 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 10 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 996 11 drugs drug NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 2 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 3 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 5 methylated methylate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 6 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 7 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 8 -terminal -terminal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 9 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 10 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 11 m7GpppN m7GpppN NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 12 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 14 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 15 messenger messenger NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 16 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 17 Molecular Molecular NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 18 determinants determinant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 20 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 21 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 22 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 23 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 24 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 25 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 27 virulence virulence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 29 young young JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 30 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 31 aged aged JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 32 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 33 models model NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 35 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 36 disease disease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 37 Isolation isolation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 38 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 39 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 40 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 41 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 42 bat bat NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 43 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 44 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 45 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 46 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 47 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 48 uses use VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 49 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 50 ACE2 ACE2 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 51 receptor receptor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 52 Functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 53 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 54 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 55 XendoU xendou NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 56 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 57 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 58 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 59 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 60 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 61 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 62 nucleolar nucleolar NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 63 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 64 biosynthesis biosynthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 65 Big big JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 66 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 67 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 997 68 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 1 When when WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 2 count count NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 4 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 6 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 7 matter matter VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 8 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 9 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 10 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 11 prediction prediction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 12 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 13 putative putative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 14 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 15 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 16 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 18 non non JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 19 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 20 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 21 polyprotein polyprotein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 22 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 23 comparative comparative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 24 amino amino NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 25 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 26 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 998 27 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 2 palm palm NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 3 subdomain subdomain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 5 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 6 active active JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 7 site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 8 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 9 internally internally RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 10 permuted permute VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 12 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 13 RNAdependent RNAdependent NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 15 polymerases polymerase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 17 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 18 ancient ancient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 19 lineage lineage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 20 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 21 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 22 evolving evolve VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 24 largest large JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 26 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 27 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 29 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 31 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 32 hepatitis hepatitis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 33 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 34 takes take VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 35 place place NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 36 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 37 double double JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 38 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 39 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 40 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 41 Recombination recombination NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 42 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 43 reservoirs reservoir NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 44 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 45 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 46 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 47 modular modular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 48 spike spike NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 49 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 50 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 51 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 52 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 53 cross cross JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 54 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 55 species species JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 999 56 transmission transmission NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 2 live live JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 4 impaired impair VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 6 fidelity fidelity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 7 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 8 vaccine vaccine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 9 protects protect VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 11 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 12 aged aged JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 14 immunocompromised immunocompromised JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 15 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 16 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 18 lethal lethal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1000 19 disease disease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1001 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1001 2 decade decade NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1001 3 after after IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1001 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1001 5 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1001 6 strategies strategy NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1001 7 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1001 8 controlling control VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1001 9 emerging emerge VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1001 10 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1002 1 Mutational mutational JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1002 2 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1002 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1002 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1002 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1002 6 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 1 Nsp15 Nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 2 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 3 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 4 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 6 residues residue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 7 affecting affect VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 8 hexamer hexamer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 9 formation formation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 10 Sequestration sequestration NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 11 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 12 IFIT1 ifit1 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 13 impairs impair VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 14 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 16 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 17 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 18 O o NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 19 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 20 unmethylated unmethylate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 21 capped cap VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 22 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 23 Biogenesis Biogenesis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 24 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 25 dynamics dynamic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 26 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 28 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 29 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 30 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 31 Membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 32 rearrangements rearrangement NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 33 mediated mediate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 34 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 35 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 36 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 37 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 38 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 39 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 40 4 4 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1003 41 . . . cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 1 Virology virology NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 2 458 458 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 3 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 4 459 459 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 5 Structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 6 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 7 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 8 proofreading proofread VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 9 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 10 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 11 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 13 Escherichia Escherichia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 14 coli coli NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 15 chromosome chromosome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 16 Potent potent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 18 selective selective JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 19 inhibition inhibition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 21 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 22 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 23 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 24 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 25 aurintricarboxylic aurintricarboxylic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 26 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 27 From from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 28 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 29 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 30 MERS MERS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 31 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 32 crystallographic crystallographic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 33 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 34 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 35 coronaviral coronaviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 36 proteases protease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 37 enable enable VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 38 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 39 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 40 design design NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 41 Three three CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 42 dimensional dimensional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 43 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 44 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 45 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 46 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 47 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 48 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 49 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 50 helicase helicase VBD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 51 ATPase ATPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 52 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 53 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 54 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 55 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 56 design design NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 57 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 58 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 59 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 60 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 61 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 62 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 63 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1004 64 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 1 Innate innate JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 2 immune immune JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 3 restriction restriction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 5 antagonism antagonism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 7 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 9 lacking lack VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 10 2-O 2-o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1005 11 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 2 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 3 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 4 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 5 element element NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 6 alters alter VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 7 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 8 recognition recognition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 10 nonself nonself NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 12 Synthesis Synthesis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 14 biological biological JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 15 evaluation evaluation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 17 nucleoside nucleoside JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 18 analogues analogue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 19 having have VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 20 6-chloropurine 6-chloropurine CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 21 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 22 anti anti JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 23 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 24 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 26 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1006 27 agents agent NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 2 second second JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 3 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 4 non non JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 5 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 6 canonical canonical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 7 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 9 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 11 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 13 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1007 14 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 4 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 5 PLnc PLnc NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 6 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 8 nsp3 nsp3 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 9 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 11 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 12 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 13 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 14 scaffolding scaffold VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 15 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 16 Highresolution Highresolution NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 17 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 19 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 20 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 21 expression expression NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 22 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 23 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 24 sequencing sequencing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 26 ribosome ribosome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 27 profiling profile VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 28 Human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 29 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 30 229E 229e CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 31 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 32 protein protein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 33 13 13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 34 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 35 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 37 duplex duplex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 38 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 39 unwinding unwinding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 40 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 41 nucleoside nucleoside RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 42 triphosphatase triphosphatase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 44 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 45 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 46 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1008 47 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1009 1 -triphosphatase -triphosphatase : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1009 2 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 1 Major major JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 2 genetic genetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 3 marker marker NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 5 nidoviruses nidoviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 6 encodes encode VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 7 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 8 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 9 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 10 Multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 11 enzymatic enzymatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 12 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 13 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 14 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 15 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 16 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 17 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 18 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 19 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 20 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 21 Characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 24 guanine guanine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 26 N7 n7 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 27 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 28 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 30 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 31 nsp14 nsp14 XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 32 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 33 nucleotide nucleotide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 34 GTP GTP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 35 NMR NMR NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 36 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 38 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 39 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 40 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 41 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 42 nonstructural nonstructural NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 43 protein protein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 44 7 7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 45 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 46 solution solution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 47 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 48 pH pH NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 49 6.5 6.5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 50 Crystal Crystal NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 51 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 52 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 53 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 54 monomeric monomeric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 55 form form NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 56 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 57 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 58 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 59 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 60 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 61 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1010 62 endonuclease endonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 1 nsp15 nsp15 PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 2 suggests suggest VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 4 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 6 hexamerization hexamerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 7 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 8 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 9 allosteric allosteric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 10 switch switch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 11 Virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 13 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 14 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 15 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 16 Biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 18 genetic genetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 19 analyses analysis NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 21 murine murine JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 22 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1011 23 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 1 Nsp15 Nsp15 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 2 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 3 Short short JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 4 peptides peptide NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 5 derived derive VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 6 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 8 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 9 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 11 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 12 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 13 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 14 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 15 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 16 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 17 suppress suppress VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 19 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 20 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 21 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 23 methyltransferase methyltransferase JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 24 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 26 nsp10 nsp10 NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 27 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 28 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 29 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 30 Synthesis Synthesis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 32 novel novel JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 33 test test NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 34 compounds compound NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 35 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 36 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 37 chemotherapy chemotherapy NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 38 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 39 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 40 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 41 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 42 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 43 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 44 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 45 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 46 2,6-Bisarylmethyloxy-5-hydroxychromones 2,6-bisarylmethyloxy-5-hydroxychromones CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 47 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 48 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 49 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 50 against against IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 51 both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 52 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 53 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 54 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 56 HCV HCV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 57 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 58 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 59 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 60 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 61 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1012 62 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 2 SCV SCV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 4 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 7 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 8 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 9 supported support VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 10 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 11 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 12 reticulovesicular reticulovesicular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 13 network network NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 15 modified modify VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 16 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 17 reticulum reticulum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 18 Viral Viral NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 20 cellular cellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 21 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 22 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 23 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 24 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 25 targets target NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 26 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 27 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 28 biology biology NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 30 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 31 Comparative Comparative NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 32 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 33 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 34 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 35 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 37 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 38 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 39 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 40 Purification purification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 41 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 42 cloning cloning NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 43 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 44 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 45 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 46 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 47 XendoU xendou NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 48 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 49 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 50 novel novel JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 51 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 52 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 53 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 54 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 55 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 56 intron intron NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 57 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 58 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 59 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 60 nucleolar nucleolar JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 61 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 62 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 63 Xenopus Xenopus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1013 64 laevis laevi NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1014 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1014 2 tumor tumor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1014 3 marker marker NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1014 4 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1014 5 placental placental NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1014 6 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1014 7 11 11 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1014 8 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1014 9 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1014 10 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 1 Mesoniviridae Mesoniviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 2 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 3 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 4 proposed propose VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 5 new new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 6 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 7 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 9 order order NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 10 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 11 formed form VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 12 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 13 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 14 single single JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 15 species species NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 17 mosquito mosquito NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 18 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 19 borne bear VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1015 20 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 2 footprint footprint NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 4 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 5 architecture architecture NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 8 largest large JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 9 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 10 expansion expansion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 13 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 14 Discovery Discovery NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 16 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 17 essential essential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 18 nucleotidylating nucleotidylate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 19 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 20 associated associate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 21 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 22 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 23 newly newly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 24 delineated delineate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 25 conserved conserved JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 26 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 27 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 28 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 29 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 30 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 31 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 32 containing contain VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 33 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 35 all all DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 36 nidoviruses nidoviruses NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 37 Arterivirus Arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 38 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 39 versus versus IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 41 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1016 42 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 1 2 2 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 2 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 3 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 5 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 6 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 7 comparison comparison NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 10 C C NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 12 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 13 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 14 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 16 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 17 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 18 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1017 19 polyproteins polyprotein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 1 What what WP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 2 we -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 3 know know VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 4 but but CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 5 do do VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 6 not not RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 7 understand understand VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 8 about about IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 9 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 10 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 11 MAVS mavs RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 12 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 13 mediated mediate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 14 apoptosis apoptosis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 17 inhibition inhibition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 18 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 19 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 20 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 21 Decapping decappe VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 22 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 23 message message NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 24 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 25 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 26 beginning beginning NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 27 or or CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 28 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 29 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 30 Complementation Complementation NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 31 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 33 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 34 flavivirus flavivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 35 Kunjin Kunjin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 36 NS3 NS3 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 37 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 38 NS5 ns5 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 39 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 40 defines define VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 41 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 42 minimal minimal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 43 regions region NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 44 essential essential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 45 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 46 formation formation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 47 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 48 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 49 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 50 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 51 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 52 shows show VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 53 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 54 requirement requirement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 55 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 56 NS3 ns3 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 57 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 58 cis cis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 59 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 60 virus virus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 61 assembly assembly NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 62 Accessory Accessory NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 63 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 64 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 65 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 66 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 67 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 68 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 69 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1018 70 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1019 1 Molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1019 2 mapping mapping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1019 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1019 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1019 5 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1019 6 Cap Cap NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 1 2 2 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 2 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 3 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 4 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 5 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 6 activation activation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 7 interface interface NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 8 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 9 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 10 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 11 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 12 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 13 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 14 nsp10 nsp10 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 15 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 16 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 17 NS3 ns3 RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 18 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 19 domains domain NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 20 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 21 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 22 infectious infectious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 23 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 24 hepatitis hepatitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 25 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 26 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 27 particle particle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 28 assembly assembly NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 29 Structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 30 basis basis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 32 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 33 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 35 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 36 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 37 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 38 nsp14-nsp10 nsp14-nsp10 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 39 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 40 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 41 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 42 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 43 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 44 alphacoronavirus alphacoronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 45 terminal terminal NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 46 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 47 regions region NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 48 Infectious infectious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 49 bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 50 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 51 generates generate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 52 spherules spherule NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 53 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 54 zippered zippered JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 55 endoplasmic endoplasmic NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 56 reticulum reticulum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 57 membranes membrane VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 58 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 59 non non JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 60 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 61 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 62 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 63 Nsp10 Nsp10 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 64 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 65 mouse mouse NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 66 hepatitis hepatitis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 67 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 68 binds bind VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 69 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 70 ions ion NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 71 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 72 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 73 acids acid NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 74 Bugs bug NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 75 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 76 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 77 system system NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 78 Attenuation attenuation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 79 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 80 restoration restoration NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 81 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 82 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 83 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 84 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 85 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 86 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 87 mutant mutant NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 88 lacking lack VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 89 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 90 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 91 -O -O : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 92 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 93 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1020 94 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 4 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 5 cluster cluster NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 7 circulating circulate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 8 bat bat NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 9 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 10 shows show VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 11 potential potential NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 12 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 13 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1021 14 emergence emergence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 1 Nidovirus Nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 2 papain papain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 4 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 5 proteases protease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 6 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 7 multifunctional multifunctional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 8 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 9 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 10 protease protease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 11 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 12 deubiquitinating deubiquitinating NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 14 deISGylating deisgylate VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1022 15 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1023 1 Severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1023 2 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1023 3 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1023 4 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1023 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 1 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 2 dimerization dimerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 4 essential essential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 6 efficient efficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 7 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 8 growth growth NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 9 Discovery Discovery NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 11 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 12 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 13 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 14 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 15 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1024 16 ! ! . cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 1 5 5 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 2 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 3 exoribonuclease exoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 4 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 5 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 6 critically critically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 7 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 11 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 12 Identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 14 cytoplasmic cytoplasmic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 15 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 16 targets target NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 17 reveals reveal VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 18 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 19 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 20 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 21 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 22 homeostasis homeostasis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 23 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 24 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1025 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 1 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 2 stability stability NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 5 accessory accessory NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 6 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 7 Biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 8 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 10 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 11 nonstructural nonstructural NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 12 protein protein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 13 11 11 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 14 reveals reveal VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 15 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 16 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 18 wide wide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 19 conservation conservation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 21 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 22 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 23 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 24 Arterivirus Arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 25 Nsp1 Nsp1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 26 modulates modulate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 27 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 28 accumulation accumulation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 29 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 30 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 31 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 32 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 33 templates template NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 34 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 35 control control VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 37 relative relative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 38 abundance abundance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 39 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 40 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 41 mRNAs mRNAs NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 42 Does do VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 43 form form VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 44 meet meet VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 45 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 46 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 47 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 48 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 49 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 50 organelle organelle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1026 51 ? ? . cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 1 Atlas Atlas NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 4 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 5 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 6 Further further JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 7 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 8 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 9 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 10 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 11 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 12 processed process VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 13 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 14 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 15 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 16 avian avian JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 17 infectious infectious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 18 bronchitis bronchitis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 19 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 21 IBV IBV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1027 22 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 1 1a 1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 2 polyprotein polyprotein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 3 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 5 3C 3c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 6 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 7 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 8 proteinase proteinase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 9 Structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 10 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 11 function function NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 12 relationships relationship NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 13 among among IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 14 RNAdependent RNAdependent NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 15 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 16 polymerases polymerase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 17 Discovery Discovery NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 20 first first JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 21 insect insect NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 22 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 24 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 25 missing miss VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 26 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 27 link link NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 29 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 30 emergence emergence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 32 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 33 largest large JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 34 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 35 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 36 genomes genome NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 37 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 38 C c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 39 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 40 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 41 domain domain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 42 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 43 eukaryotic eukaryotic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 44 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 45 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 46 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 47 factor factor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 48 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 49 eIF eIF NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1028 50 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 1 4 4 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 2 G g NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 3 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 4 sufficient sufficient JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 5 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 6 support support VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 7 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 8 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 9 independent independent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 10 translation translation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 13 absence absence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 15 eIF4E eif4e CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 16 Genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 17 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 18 wide wide JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 19 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 21 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 22 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 23 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 24 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 26 involvement involvement NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 28 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 29 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 30 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 31 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 33 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 34 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 35 Nidovirus Nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 36 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 37 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 38 how how WRB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 39 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 40 make make VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 41 sen sen NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 42 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 43 se se FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 44 … … NFP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1029 45 ? ? . cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 1 Identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 3 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 4 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 5 hairpin hairpin NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 6 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 7 poliovirus poliovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 8 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 9 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 10 serves serve VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 11 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 12 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 13 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 14 template template NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 15 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 16 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 17 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 18 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 19 uridylylation uridylylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 21 VPg VPg NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 22 Design Design NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 24 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 26 evaluation evaluation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 27 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 28 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 29 series series NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 30 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 31 acyclic acyclic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 32 fleximer fleximer NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 33 nucleoside nucleoside NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 34 analogues analogue NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 35 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 36 anti anti JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 37 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 38 coronavirus coronavirus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 39 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 40 Structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 41 genomics genomic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 42 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 43 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 44 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 45 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 46 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 47 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 48 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 49 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 50 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 51 magnetic magnetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 52 resonance resonance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 53 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 54 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 55 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 56 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1030 57 nsP7 nsP7 . cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 1 UCSF UCSF NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 2 Chimera Chimera NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 3 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 4 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 5 visualization visualization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 6 system system NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 7 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 8 exploratory exploratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 9 research research NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1031 11 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1032 1 IFIT1 IFIT1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1032 2 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1032 3 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1032 4 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1032 5 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1032 6 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1032 7 recognizes recognize VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1032 8 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1032 9 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1032 10 -triphosphate -triphosphate . cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 1 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 2 Variable variable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 3 oligomerization oligomerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 4 modes mode NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 5 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 7 non non JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 8 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 9 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 10 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 11 9 9 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 12 Site site NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 14 directed direct VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 15 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 18 Nidovirus Nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 19 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 20 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 21 NendoU NendoU NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 22 exerts exert VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 23 pleiotropic pleiotropic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 24 effects effect NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 25 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 26 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 27 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 28 life life NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 29 cycle cycle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 30 Inhibition Inhibition NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 31 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 32 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1033 33 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 1 NL63 nl63 JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 2 infection infection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 3 at at IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 4 early early JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 5 stages stage NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 8 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 9 cycle cycle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 10 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 11 novel novel JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 12 human human NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1034 13 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1035 1 NL63 NL63 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1035 2 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1035 3 HKU1 HKU1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 1 Ribonuclease Ribonuclease NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 2 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 3 Severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 4 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 5 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 6 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 7 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 8 papain papain NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 10 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 11 protease protease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 12 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 13 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 15 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 16 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 17 deubiquitinating deubiquitinating NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1036 18 enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 2 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 5 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 6 XendoU xendou NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 7 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 8 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 9 small small JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 10 nucleolar nucleolar NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 12 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 13 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 14 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 15 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 16 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 17 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 18 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 19 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 20 Middle Middle NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 21 East East NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 22 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 23 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 24 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 25 neutralising neutralise VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 26 serum serum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 27 antibodies antibody NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 28 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 29 dromedary dromedary NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 30 camels camel NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 31 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 32 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 33 comparative comparative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 34 serological serological JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 35 study study NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 36 Crystal Crystal NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 37 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 38 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 39 mechanistic mechanistic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 40 determinants determinant NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 41 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 42 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 43 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 44 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 45 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 46 15 15 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 47 define define VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 48 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 49 endoribonuclease endoribonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 50 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 51 Deciphering decipher VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 52 key key JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 53 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 54 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 55 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 56 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 57 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 58 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 59 new new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 60 ENDscript ENDscript NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 61 server server NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 62 Endoplasmic Endoplasmic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 63 reticulum reticulum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 64 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 65 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 66 favorite favorite JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 67 intracellular intracellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 68 niche niche NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 69 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 70 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 71 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 72 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 73 assembly assembly NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 74 Animal Animal NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 75 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 76 vaccines vaccine NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 77 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 78 lessons lesson NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 79 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 80 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 81 Viral Viral NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 82 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1037 83 rates rate NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 1 Coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 2 use use VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 3 discontinuous discontinuous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 4 extension extension NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 5 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 6 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 8 subgenome subgenome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 10 length length NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 11 negative negative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 12 strands strand NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 13 Functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 15 genetic genetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 16 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 18 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 19 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 20 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 21 transcriptase transcriptase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1038 22 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 1 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 2 contemporary contemporary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 3 view view NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 4 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 5 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 6 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 7 Identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 9 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 10 epsilon epsilon NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 11 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 12 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 14 Escherichia Escherichia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 15 coli coli VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 16 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 17 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 18 III iii CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 19 holoenzyme holoenzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 20 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 21 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 22 dnaQ dnaQ NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 23 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 24 product product NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 25 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 26 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 27 fidelity fidelity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 28 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 29 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 30 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1039 31 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 1 Re Re VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 2 - - VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 3 capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 5 message message NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 6 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 7 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 8 histidine histidine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 9 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 12 sensor sensor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 13 RIG rig NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 14 - - : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 15 I -PRON- PRP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 16 controls control VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 17 immune immune JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 18 tolerance tolerance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 19 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 20 N1 N1 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 21 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 22 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 23 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 24 O o NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 26 methylated methylated JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 27 self self NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 28 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 29 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 30 subgenomic subgenomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 31 minus minus JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 33 strand strand NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 34 RNAs rna NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 36 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 37 potential potential NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 38 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 39 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 40 replicons replicons NNPS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 41 Insights Insights NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 42 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 43 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 44 synthesis synthesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 45 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 46 capping capping NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 47 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 48 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 49 proofreading proofreading NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 50 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 51 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 52 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 53 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 54 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 55 Homology homology NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 56 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 57 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 58 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 59 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 60 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 61 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 62 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 63 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 64 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 65 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 66 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 67 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 68 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 69 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 70 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 71 confers confer VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 72 resistance resistance NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 73 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 74 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1040 75 mutagens mutagen NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 2 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 4 229E 229e CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 5 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 6 1 1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 7 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 8 has have VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 9 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 11 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 12 duplex duplex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 14 unwinding unwind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 15 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 16 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 17 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 18 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 19 -to-3 -to-3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 20 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 21 polarity polarity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 22 Biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 23 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 26 equine equine JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 27 arteritis arteritis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 28 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 29 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 30 suggests suggest VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 31 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 32 close close JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 33 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 34 relationship relationship NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 35 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 36 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 37 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 38 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 39 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 40 A a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 41 complex complex JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 42 zinc zinc NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 43 finger finger NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 44 controls control VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 45 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 46 enzymatic enzymatic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 47 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 48 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 49 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 50 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 51 Capping cap VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 52 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 53 eucaryotic eucaryotic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1041 54 mRNAs mrnas XX cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 1 Fast fast RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 2 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 3 scalable scalable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 4 generation generation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 6 high high JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 8 quality quality NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 9 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 10 multiple multiple JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 11 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 12 alignments alignment NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 13 using use VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 14 clustal clustal NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 15 omega omega NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 16 Structure Structure NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 18 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 19 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 20 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 22 nucleic nucleic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 23 acid acid NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 24 translocases translocase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1042 25 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1043 1 lacking lack VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 1 exoribonuclease exoribonuclease NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 2 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 3 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 4 susceptible susceptible JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 5 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 6 lethal lethal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 7 mutagenesis mutagenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 8 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 9 evidence evidence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 10 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 11 proofreading proofread VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 12 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 13 potential potential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 14 therapeutics therapeutic NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 15 Thinking think VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 16 outside outside IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 17 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 18 triangle triangle NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 19 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 20 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 21 fidelity fidelity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 24 largest large JJS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1044 26 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 2 carboxyl carboxyl NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 4 terminal terminal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 5 part part NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 7 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 8 putative putative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 9 Berne Berne NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 10 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 11 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 12 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 13 expressed express VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 14 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 15 ribosomal ribosomal JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 16 frameshifting frameshifting NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 17 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 18 contains contain VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 19 sequence sequence NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 20 motifs motif NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 21 which which WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 22 indicate indicate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 23 that that IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 24 toro toro NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 27 coronaviruses coronaviruse NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 28 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 29 evolutionarily evolutionarily RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 30 related relate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 31 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 32 coronaviruslike coronaviruslike JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 33 superfamily superfamily NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 34 Unique Unique NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 36 conserved conserve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 37 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 38 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 39 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 40 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 41 proteome proteome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 42 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 43 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 44 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 45 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 46 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 47 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 48 early early JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 49 split split NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 50 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 51 off off NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 52 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 53 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 54 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 55 group group NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 56 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 57 lineage lineage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 58 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 59 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 60 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 61 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 62 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 63 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 64 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 65 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 66 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 67 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 68 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 69 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 70 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 71 Crosshost Crosshost NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 72 evolution evolution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 73 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 74 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 75 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 76 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 77 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 78 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 79 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 80 palm palm NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 81 civet civet NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 82 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 83 human human NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1045 84 A a NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 1 general general JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 2 two two CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 4 metal metal NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 5 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 6 ion ion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 7 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 8 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 9 catalytic catalytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 10 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 11 Recent Recent NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 12 advances advance NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 13 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 14 targeting target VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 15 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 16 proteases protease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 17 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 19 discovery discovery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 20 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 21 novel novel JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 22 antivirals antiviral NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 23 Dodecamer Dodecamer NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 24 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 25 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 26 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 27 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 28 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 29 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 30 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 31 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 32 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 33 nsp10 nsp10 ADD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 34 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 35 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 36 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 37 ORF1b ORF1b NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 38 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 39 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 40 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1046 41 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 1 12 12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 2 - - SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 3 16 16 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 4 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 5 replicative replicative JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 6 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 7 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 8 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 9 targets target NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 10 One one CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 11 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 12 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 13 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 14 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 15 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 16 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 17 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 18 integrates integrate VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 19 processive processive JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 20 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 21 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 23 exonuclease exonuclease NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 24 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 25 Yeast yeast NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 27 based base VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 28 assays assay NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 29 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 30 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 31 high high JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 32 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 33 throughput throughput NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 34 screening screening NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 35 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 36 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 38 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 39 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 40 cap cap NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 41 guanine guanine NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 42 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1047 43 N7-methyltransferase n7-methyltransferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 2 nsp9 nsp9 DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 3 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 4 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 6 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 7 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 9 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 10 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 12 functional functional JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1048 13 insights insight NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1049 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1049 2 severe severe JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1049 3 acute acute JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1049 4 respiratory respiratory JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1049 5 syndrome syndrome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1049 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1049 7 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1049 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-259603-bh198xgl 1049 9 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 1 NTPase NTPase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 2 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 3 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 4 belongs belong VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 5 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 7 distinct distinct JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 8 class class NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 10 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 11 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 12 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 13 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 14 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 15 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1050 16 helicases helicase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 2 adamantane adamantane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 4 derived derive VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 5 bananins bananin NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 6 are be VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 7 potent potent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 8 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 9 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 10 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 11 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 12 activities activity NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 13 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 14 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 15 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 16 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 17 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 18 Common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 19 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 20 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 21 features feature NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 23 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 24 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 25 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 26 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 27 polymerases polymerase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 28 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 29 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 30 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 31 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1051 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1052 1 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1052 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1052 3 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1052 4 nsp12 nsp12 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1052 5 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1052 6 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1052 7 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 2 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 3 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 5 nsp7 nsp7 IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 6 + + CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 7 nsp8 nsp8 NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 8 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 9 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 11 unique unique JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 12 multimeric multimeric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 13 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 14 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 15 capable capable JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 16 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 17 both both DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 18 de de FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 19 novo novo NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 20 initiation initiation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 21 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 22 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 23 extension extension NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 24 Nidovirus Nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 25 ribonucleases ribonuclease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 26 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 27 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 28 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 29 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 30 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 31 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 32 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 33 Biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 34 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 35 architecture architecture NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 36 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 37 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 38 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 39 organelles organelle NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 40 Initiation Initiation NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 41 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 42 viral viral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 43 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 44 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 45 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 46 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1053 47 polymerization polymerization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 1 An an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 2 infectious infectious JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 3 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 4 cDNA cdna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 5 clone clone NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 6 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 7 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 8 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 9 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 10 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 11 point point NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 12 mutation mutation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 13 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 14 abolishes abolish VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 15 discontinuous discontinuous JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 16 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1054 17 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 2 predicted predict VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 3 metalbinding metalbinde VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 4 region region NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 6 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 7 arterivirus arterivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 8 helicase helicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 9 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 10 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 11 involved involve VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 12 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 13 subgenomic subgenomic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 14 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 15 synthesis synthesis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 16 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 17 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 18 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 19 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 20 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 21 virion virion NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1055 22 biogenesis biogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 2 in in FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 3 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 4 RNA rna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 5 synthesizing synthesize VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 6 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 7 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 8 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 9 isolated isolate VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 10 arterivirus arterivirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 11 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 12 / / SYM cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 13 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 14 complex complex NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 15 is be VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 16 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 17 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 18 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 19 host host NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 20 factor factor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 21 Discontinuous Discontinuous NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 22 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 23 nondiscontinuous nondiscontinuous NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 24 subgenomic subgenomic NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 25 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 26 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 27 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 28 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 29 nidovirus nidovirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 30 Crystal Crystal NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 31 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 33 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 34 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 35 PcrA PcrA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 36 DNA DNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 37 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 38 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 39 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 40 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 41 substrate substrate NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 42 indicate indicate VBP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 43 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 44 inchworm inchworm NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 45 mechanism mechanism NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 46 New new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 47 insights insight NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 48 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 49 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 50 role role NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 51 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 52 paired pair VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 53 membrane membrane NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 54 structures structure NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 55 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 56 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 57 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 58 Analysis Analysis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 59 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 60 intraviral intraviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 61 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 62 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 63 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 64 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 65 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 66 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 67 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 68 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 69 ORFeome ORFeome NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1056 70 mRNA mRNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 1 cap-1 cap-1 LS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 2 methyltransferase methyltransferase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 3 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 4 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 5 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 6 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 7 Distantly distantly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 8 related related JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 9 sequences sequence NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 10 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 11 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 12 alpha alpha NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 13 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 14 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 15 beta beta NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 17 subunits subunit NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 18 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 19 ATP ATP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 20 synthase synthase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 21 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 22 myosin myosin NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 23 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 24 kinases kinase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 25 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 26 other other JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 27 ATP ATP NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 28 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 29 requiring require VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 30 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 31 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 32 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 33 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 34 nucleotide nucleotide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 35 binding bind VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 36 fold fold IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 37 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1057 38 nsp10/ nsp10/ NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1058 1 nsp16 nsp16 NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 1 methyltransferase methyltransferase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 2 can can MD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 3 be be VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 4 targeted target VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 5 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 6 nsp10-derived nsp10-derived JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 7 peptide peptide NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 8 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 9 vitro vitro FW cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 11 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 12 vivo vivo NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 13 to to TO cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 14 reduce reduce VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 15 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 17 pathogenesis pathogenesis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 18 Protection Protection NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 19 against against IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 20 filovirus filovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 21 diseases disease NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 22 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 23 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 24 novel novel JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 25 broad broad JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 26 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 27 spectrum spectrum NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 28 nucleoside nucleoside NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 29 analogue analogue NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1059 30 BCX4430 BCX4430 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 1 Nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 2 proteins protein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 3 7 7 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 4 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 5 8 8 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 6 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 7 feline feline JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 8 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 9 form form VB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 10 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 11 2:1 2:1 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 12 heterotrimer heterotrimer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 13 that that WDT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 14 exhibits exhibit VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 15 primer primer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 16 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 17 independent independent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 18 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 19 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1060 20 activity activity NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 1 Expanding expand VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 2 use use NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 3 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 4 multi multi JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 5 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 6 origin origin JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 7 subcellular subcellular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 8 membranes membrane NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 9 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 10 positivestrand positivestrand NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 12 viruses virus NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 13 during during IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 14 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 15 Molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 16 model model NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 18 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 19 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 20 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 21 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 22 implications implication NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 23 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 24 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 25 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 26 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 27 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 28 design design NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 29 New new JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 30 antiviral antiviral JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 31 target target NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 32 revealed reveal VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 33 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 34 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 35 hexameric hexameric JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 36 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 37 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 38 mouse mouse NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 39 hepatitis hepatitis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 40 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 41 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 42 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 43 nsp15 nsp15 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 44 Coronavirus Coronavirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 45 infection infection NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 46 induces induce VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 47 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 48 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 49 stress stress NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 50 partly partly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 51 through through IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 52 interaction interaction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 53 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 54 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 55 nonstructural nonstructural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 56 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 57 13 13 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 58 with with IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 59 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 60 p125 p125 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 61 subunit subunit NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 62 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 63 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1061 64 polymerase polymerase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1062 1 delta delta NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 1 The the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 2 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 3 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 4 functions function NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 5 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 6 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 7 genomic genomic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 8 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 9 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 10 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 11 5 5 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 12 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1063 13 ends end NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1064 1 Inhibition inhibition NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1064 2 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1064 3 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1064 4 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1064 5 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1064 6 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1064 7 bismuth bismuth NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1064 8 complexes complex NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 1 Enzyme enzyme NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 2 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 3 catalyzed catalyze VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 4 DNA dna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 5 unwinding unwinding NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 6 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 7 studies study NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 8 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 9 Escherichia Escherichia NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 10 coli coli NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 11 rep rep NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 12 protein protein NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 13 Identification Identification NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 14 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 15 myricetin myricetin NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 16 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 17 scutellarein scutellarein NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 18 as as IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 19 novel novel JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 20 chemical chemical NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 21 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 22 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 23 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 24 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 25 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 26 helicase helicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 27 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 28 nsp13 nsp13 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 29 Identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 30 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 31 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 32 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 33 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 34 ribose ribose NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 35 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 36 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 37 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 38 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 39 methyltransferase methyltransferase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 40 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 41 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 42 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 43 ronivirus ronivirus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 44 branch branch NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 45 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 46 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 47 Insights Insights NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 48 into into IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 49 SARS SARS NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 50 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 51 CoV CoV NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 52 transcription transcription NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 53 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 54 replication replication NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 55 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 56 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 57 structure structure NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 58 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 59 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 60 nsp7-nsp8 nsp7-nsp8 NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 61 hexadecamer hexadecamer NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 62 Processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 63 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 64 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 65 human human JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 66 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 67 229E 229e CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 68 replicase replicase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 69 polyproteins polyprotein NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 70 by by IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 71 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 72 virus virus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 73 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 74 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 75 3C 3c NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 76 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 77 like like JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 78 proteinase proteinase NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 79 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 80 identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 81 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 82 proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 83 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 84 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 85 cleavage cleavage NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 86 sites site NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 87 common common JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 88 to to IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 89 pp1a pp1a NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 90 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 91 pp1ab pp1ab NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 92 Virus Virus NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 93 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 94 encoded encode VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 95 proteinases proteinase NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 96 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 97 proteolytic proteolytic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 98 processing processing NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 99 in in IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 100 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1065 101 Nidovirales Nidovirales NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 1 An an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 2 insect insect NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 3 nidovirus nidovirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 4 emerging emerge VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 5 from from IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 6 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 7 primary primary JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 8 tropical tropical JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 9 rainforest rainforest NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 10 Identification identification NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 11 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 12 characterization characterization NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 13 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 14 genetically genetically RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 15 divergent divergent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 16 members member NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 17 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 18 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 19 newly newly RB cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 20 established establish VBN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 21 family family NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 22 Mesoniviridae Mesoniviridae NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 23 Coronaviruses Coronaviruses NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 24 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 25 drug drug NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 26 discovery discovery NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 27 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 28 therapeutic therapeutic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 29 options option NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 30 Exoribonuclease Exoribonuclease NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 31 superfamilies superfamily NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 32 : : : cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 33 structural structural JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 34 analysis analysis NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 35 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 36 phylogenetic phylogenetic NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1066 37 distribution distribution NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 1 Genetic genetic JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 2 interactions interaction NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 3 between between IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 4 an an DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 5 essential essential JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 6 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 7 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 8 cis cis NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 9 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 10 acting act VBG cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 11 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 12 pseudoknot pseudoknot NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 13 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 14 replicase replicase NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 15 gene gene NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 16 products product NNS cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 17 , , , cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 18 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 19 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 20 extreme extreme JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 21 3 3 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 22 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 23 end end NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 24 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 25 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 26 mouse mouse NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 27 coronavirus coronavirus NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 28 genome genome NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 29 Ribose Ribose NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 30 2 2 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 31 0 0 CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 32 -O -o CD cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 33 - - HYPH cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 34 methylation methylation NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 35 provides provide VBZ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 36 a a DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 37 molecular molecular JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 38 signature signature NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 39 for for IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 40 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 41 distinction distinction NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 42 of of IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 43 self self NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 44 and and CC cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 45 non non JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 46 - - JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 47 self self JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 48 mRNA mrna NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 49 dependent dependent JJ cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 50 on on IN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 51 the the DT cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 52 RNA RNA NNP cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 53 sensor sensor NN cord-259603-bh198xgl 1067 54 Mda5 Mda5 NNP