Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 107 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7622 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107 country 20 COVID-19 18 covid-19 14 health 8 China 7 disease 7 World 6 european 6 case 6 United 5 social 5 infection 5 Europe 5 Africa 4 vaccine 4 pandemic 4 model 4 USA 4 States 3 risk 3 international 3 food 3 figure 3 crisis 3 Italy 3 Health 3 FDI 2 system 2 region 2 outbreak 2 migration 2 income 2 government 2 global 2 environmental 2 development 2 death 2 cost 2 care 2 Spain 2 Middle 2 East 2 Coronavirus 2 Australia 2 Asia 1 zoonosis 1 worry 1 worker 1 water 1 wastewater Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 8478 country 3947 health 2337 case 1865 disease 1756 % 1564 number 1508 population 1353 system 1318 datum 1293 time 1182 food 1121 model 1090 pandemic 1083 rate 1072 study 1064 people 1059 risk 1049 policy 1027 level 956 government 951 death 950 vaccine 932 factor 917 care 902 infection 858 analysis 803 year 795 effect 780 service 751 outbreak 744 result 743 day 735 measure 723 income 720 development 702 epidemic 689 world 689 region 686 water 683 virus 658 response 658 cost 657 group 645 control 612 life 605 impact 600 term 598 crisis 592 value 590 resource Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1098 COVID-19 880 al 738 et 687 China 651 Health 612 . 495 World 463 United 439 Africa 417 Europe 361 US 351 EU 342 States 327 Italy 324 South 321 Spain 293 Coronavirus 279 UK 267 Germany 257 Asia 250 FDI 239 • 235 April 234 USA 221 France 210 India 208 Table 203 SARS 200 New 199 International 197 Global 194 Organization 193 Fig 188 WHO 184 May 184 Development 173 East 168 Bank 164 America 162 March 159 GDP 155 Japan 151 European 151 CC 142 Korea 141 Sweden 138 Australia 137 National 135 Canada 133 Portugal Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 2656 it 1966 we 1212 they 489 them 437 i 192 you 124 he 106 us 85 itself 83 themselves 80 one 43 she 17 me 14 him 10 her 7 ourselves 4 himself 3 yourself 2 theirs 1 yours 1 t)=0 1 t 1 oneself 1 o139 1 inst_own 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 22887 be 5953 have 1652 use 1341 develop 1235 include 1075 do 1041 show 971 provide 893 increase 892 report 867 make 716 base 694 take 631 reduce 628 consider 592 need 589 follow 583 find 582 see 563 affect 523 give 484 relate 479 require 467 become 416 lead 415 cause 406 confirm 393 estimate 375 identify 349 improve 346 allow 345 address 341 represent 337 associate 334 compare 329 indicate 329 emerge 315 accord 314 remain 310 spread 307 work 306 suggest 304 control 293 implement 283 determine 278 come 276 occur 275 produce 274 observe 265 create Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2686 not 1755 more 1725 also 1674 other 1505 high 1468 such 1202 social 1186 public 1077 global 1070 economic 1059 well 998 different 985 - 956 low 955 new 951 most 931 international 929 many 889 only 804 first 751 national 711 however 666 available 653 large 618 as 569 important 539 human 524 even 506 poor 502 medical 491 early 470 same 463 significant 461 local 451 covid-19 447 long 428 less 427 political 415 very 394 infectious 385 great 380 non 371 financial 364 thus 363 likely 363 good 363 environmental 361 effective 358 total 353 specific Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 391 most 173 high 172 good 151 least 88 Most 76 large 69 poor 52 great 48 low 42 bad 23 big 18 late 12 near 12 close 11 strong 7 early 6 weak 6 old 6 fast 5 small 5 short 4 wealthy 4 strict 4 rich 4 new 4 long 3 wide 3 hot 2 young 2 tough 2 simple 2 sharp 2 safe 2 costly 2 clear 2 broad 2 Least 1 warm 1 quick 1 pure 1 preharv 1 holy 1 heavy 1 happy 1 fit 1 fine 1 few 1 easy 1 dense 1 deep Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 560 most 65 least 16 well 9 hard 8 worst 3 highest 2 early 1 lowest 1 -particularly Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 110 doi.org 4 creativecommons.org 3 www.who.int 3 www.arcgis.com 3 github.com 3 bit.ly 2 www.legislation.gov.uk 2 www.gov.uk 2 www.eans.org 2 www.dovepress.com 2 systems.jhu.edu 2 orcid.org 2 labos.ulg.ac.be 2 ec.europa.eu 2 dataverse.harvard.edu 1 www.wto.org 1 www.worldometers.info 1 www.weatheronline.co.uk 1 www.weather-atlas.com 1 www.unctad.org 1 www.un.org 1 www.stati 1 www.rki.de 1 www.reuters.com 1 www.promedmail.org 1 www.primo-europe.eu 1 www.pewresearch.org 1 www.pewglobal.org 1 www.nytimes.com 1 www.nbcnews.com 1 www.nature.com 1 www.mefosa.com 1 www.jamovi.org 1 www.information.dk 1 www.ine.pt 1 www.independent.co.uk 1 www.iata.org 1 www.health-atlas.de 1 www.google.com 1 www.gesis.org 1 www.fao.org 1 www.ecdc.europa.eu 1 www.doingbusiness.org 1 www.census.gov 1 www.cdc.gov 1 www.cadc.uscourts.gov 1 www.bmz.de 1 www.travelreadymd.com): 1 www 1 unstats.un Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 16 http://doi.org/10.1101 14 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20120725 11 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107169 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047274 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.21.20199133 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.23.20161240 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.20100677 6 http://doi.org/10 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.18.20177261 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.20.20155390 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.09.20057257 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.12.20129825 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.17.20104687 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.12.20099721 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20070938 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20049478 2 http://www.who.int/ 2 http://systems.jhu.edu/research/public-health/ncov/ 2 http://labos.ulg.ac.be/socialprotection/ 2 http://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 2 http://dataverse.harvard.edu/ 2 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1 http://www.wto.org/english/ 1 http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ 1 http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports 1 http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/ 1 http://www.weather-atlas.com 1 http://www.unctad.org/Templates/WebFlyer.asp?intIte-mID=2162&lang=1 1 http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/briefingpapers/endviol/ 1 http://www.stati 1 http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/Neuartiges_Coronavirus/Fallzahlen.html 1 http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccines/astrazeneca-agrees-to-supplyeurope-with-400-million-doses-of-covid-19-vaccine-idUSKBN23K0HW 1 http://www.promedmail.org 1 http://www.primo-europe.eu/ 1 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/01/08/ 1 http://www.pewglobal.org/dataset/spring-2016-survey-data/ 1 http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-us-cases.html 1 http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/family-stones-pakistani-woman-death-honor-killing-outsidecourt-n115336 1 http://www.nature.com/reprintsPublisher's 1 http://www.mefosa.com/ 1 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/6/section/42/enacted 1 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/19 1 http://www.jamovi.org 1 http://www.information.dk/udland/2019/12/new-data-reveals-serious-problems-with-the-eus-officialpublic-opinion-polls 1 http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes&PUBLICACOEStipo=ea&PUBLICACOEScoleccao=107664 1 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/qatar-launches-campaign-for-modest-dresscode-for-tourists-9438452.html 1 http://www.iata.org/whatwedo/safety/health/ 1 http://www.health-atlas.de/models/28 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf 1 http://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health/about#our-priorities Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 aura.timen@rivm.nl 1 martin.isim@georgetown.edu Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 countries are not 10 countries are also 10 countries do not 8 countries did not 6 countries are more 6 populations are more 5 countries is very 5 data are not 5 people do not 4 % increased transmission 4 countries are generally 4 countries are now 4 countries have significant 4 countries having high 4 country does not 4 country is not 4 country reporting uncontained 4 data are available 4 data were available 4 diseases are zoonotic 4 health is not 4 pandemic has also 4 policies do not 4 population are more 3 countries are able 3 countries are less 3 countries have not 3 countries including united 3 countries is also 3 countries reported shortages 3 country was still 3 covid-19 is higher 3 disease is endemic 3 diseases are not 3 food is sufficient 3 model did not 3 model does not 3 people are likely 3 population is not 3 rate are not 3 systems are essential 2 analysis does not 2 analysis was directly 2 case is different 2 case is officially 2 cases had already 2 cases were not 2 cases were undetected 2 countries are almost 2 countries are inadequate Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 data are not available 3 rate are not significant 2 data were not available 2 population is not cooperative 2 risk is not uniform 1 care is not able 1 cases are not always 1 cases were not further 1 cases were not seriously 1 countries are no longer 1 countries are not alone 1 countries are not always 1 countries are not appropriate 1 countries are not completely 1 countries are not conducive 1 countries are not fully 1 countries are not identical 1 countries are not immune 1 countries did not fully 1 countries do not necessarily 1 countries have no registries 1 countries reporting no cases 1 country were not able 1 covid-19 is not strongly 1 covid-19 was not yet 1 disease is no longer 1 diseases are not endemic 1 diseases are not novel 1 effect does not necessarily 1 effect is not permanent 1 effect was not significant 1 factors have not only 1 food is not only 1 government had no option 1 government had not sufficiently 1 governments are not ready 1 governments do not always 1 governments have not unfortunately 1 health is not statistically 1 level are not readily 1 model did not adequately 1 model did not directly 1 model did not simultaneously 1 model does not only 1 model was not able 1 models are not flexible 1 numbers do not exclusively 1 pandemic are not completely 1 pandemic is not as 1 pandemic is not exponential A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-033356-ppn71yd0 author = Abbott, Frederick M title = Facilitating Access to Cross-Border Supplies of Patented Pharmaceuticals: The Case of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-09-28 keywords = Agreement; Article; COVID-19; TRIPS; country summary = The authors finally address the problem created by the decision of various high-income countries to ''opt out'' as eligible importing countries under the World Trade Organization TRIPS Agreement Article 31bis amendment that addresses the predominant export of pharmaceutical products under compulsory licenses. 18 At the time of writing, a number of pharmaceutical companies that are receiving substantial government subsidies to develop vaccines and treatments to address COVID-19 have declared that they intend to provide them on a ''not-for-profit'' basis, although nothing in their grant arrangements appears to require specific pricing commitments, 19 and there is limited public transparency on this account. 70 For present purposes, we emphasize that a pooled procurement strategy along these lines would also greatly strengthen the inherent power of governments in developing countries to threaten and, when needed, to issue compulsory licenses for patented pharmaceuticals under Articles 31 and 31bis of the TRIPS Agreement. doi = 10.1093/jiel/jgaa022 id = cord-311807-o7d2yure author = Abdelsalam, Omneya title = The Impact of Religiosity on Earnings Quality: International Evidence from the Banking Sector date = 2020-10-02 keywords = RELIG; bank; country; earning; religion; religiosity summary = doi = 10.1016/j.bar.2020.100957 id = cord-023853-y5g4ceq9 author = Affolder, Rebecca title = Global Immunization Challenge: Progress and Opportunities date = 2009-05-18 keywords = Alliance; GAVI; World; country; health; vaccine summary = Various innovative options for financing wider access to new and underused vaccines in poor countries are explored, including the role of the International Finance Facility for Immunization (IFFIm), the Advanced Market Commitment (AMCs), the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCI) and Multilateral Debt Relief (MDRI) initiatives, and the Debt Buy-Down program of the World Bank. Through this approach, which will be evaluated in 2010, GAVI Alliance partners are working to help countries to be on a trajectory of eventual independence from GAVI support, acknowledging, however, that, for most of the GAVI-eligible countries this is likely to require a very long time Over the next decade, the ability of developing countries to achieve sustainable introduction of new technologies will be largely dependent on how donor funds are provided, particularly whether there is a shift toward long-term, predictable aid and if innovative financing instruments are appropriately aligned and taken to scale. doi = 10.1007/b106524_23 id = cord-254234-8w1z3un6 author = Ahmed, Shahira A. title = Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Arabia; GCC; Gulf; Kuwait; Saudi; country; cryptosporidium summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186824 id = cord-333919-nrd9ajj2 author = Albi, G. title = Relaxing lockdown measures in epidemic outbreaks using selective socio-economic containment with uncertainty date = 2020-05-16 keywords = country; international; model summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.05.12.20099721 id = cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author = Allam, Zaheer title = The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = April; COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; Italy; President; States; United; case; country summary = The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00003-6 id = cord-272998-jx4xpbjl author = Alsan, Marcella title = The effect of population health on foreign direct investment inflows to low- and middle-income countries date = 2006-02-10 keywords = FDI; World; country; health; inflow summary = This paper investigates the effect of population health on gross inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). The Effect of Population Health on Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to Low-and Middle-Income Countries To investigate if health status of a population affects FDI inflows, we conduct a panel data analysis of 74 industrialized and developing countries over the period 1980-2000. The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 presents stylized facts regarding FDI and its relationship to developing countries and human capital; Section 3 reviews empirical evidence and theoretical arguments for considering health as a form of human capital; Section 4 describes the theory of FDI inflows and the empirical model used in the analysis; Section 5 details the data used and our sources; Section 6 presents our empirical results; and Section 7 concludes. This paper provides empirical evidence that health is indeed a positive and statistically significant determinant of gross FDI inflows to low-and middle-income countries. doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.09.006 id = cord-274548-yeucn13x author = Altobelli, Emma title = Lifestyle Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and National Diabetes Care Systems in European Countries date = 2020-09-13 keywords = Malta; country; diabetes summary = Full-text articles excluded, with reasons n = 48 type 1 diabetes registries n=14 paper without Studies included in qualitative synthesis (n = 18) (n = 9 EU-28 countries n = 9 outside EU-28 countries) The data covered the type of health system, presence or absence of a national diabetes plan (NDP), presence of a population-based register, care setting, methods for reimbursement of drugs, devices and coverage of any comorbidities associated with diabetes, and the prevalence of and mortality from diabetes, gathered from the institutional sites of individual European countries to investigate the presence of national data and policies for diabetes control. A multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was carried out in order to to evaluate the possible association between the variables taken into consideration, including EUROSTAT data for the countries of the European Union, data relating to mortality per 100,000 inhabitants and the mortality trend [32] , the prevalence of diabetes [32] , the organization of the health system [35, 36, 38] , the presence of a national diabetes plan, the year of approval [35, 36] , the general practitioners and diabetic centers involved, and the cost percentage of diabetes of the total health expenditure [38] . doi = 10.3390/nu12092806 id = cord-325034-oefmb10g author = Alvarez, E. title = Comparisons of COVID-19 dynamics in the different countries of the World using Time-Series clustering date = 2020-08-21 keywords = MST; cluster; country summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.08.18.20177261 id = cord-337275-phgfpzbt author = Andrew, Jones title = Is Spread of COVID-19 a Chaotic Epidemic? date = 2020-10-20 keywords = country; covid-19; system summary = doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110376 id = cord-017334-u1brl2bi author = Annandale, Ellen title = Society, Differentiation and Globalisation date = 2017-07-21 keywords = country; force; global; globalisation; health; social summary = By turn, ''forced migrants'' comprises refuges, defined under the United Nations (UN) Refugee Convention of 1951 as those forced to flee to save their life or preserve their freedom; asylum seekers, or people seeking international protection, awaiting a decision on whether they have refugee status; and internally displaced persons (IDPs) forced to leave their homes to avoid armed conflict, natural or human-made disasters, or violations of human rights, but who have not crossed an international border. Although we need to be wary of overgeneralising, where ''voluntary'' movement is concerned, research points to health selection since migrants often are healthier compared to people in their country of origin, yet it is important to recognise that migration itself can carry risks such as those of transit and adjusting to life in a new country. The health consequences of forced migration are a powerful illustration of the ''social suffering [that] results from what political, economic, and institutional power does to people, and reciprocally, from how these forms of power themselves influence responses to social problems'' (Kleinman et al. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-60786-3_2 id = cord-268822-o86zpu92 author = Anser, Muhammad Khalid title = Communicable Diseases (Including COVID-19)—Induced Global Depression: Caused by Inadequate Healthcare Expenditures, Population Density, and Mass Panic date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; coronavirus; country; economic summary = In a given scenario, the study focused on the following key variables: communicable diseases, healthcare expenditures, population density, poverty, economic growth, and COVID-19 dummy variable in a panel of 76 selected countries from 2010 through 2019. In a given scenario, the study focused on the following key variables: communicable diseases, healthcare expenditures, population density, poverty, economic growth, and COVID-19 dummy variable in a panel of 76 selected countries from 2010 through 2019. This study intended to explore the answers to the following critical questions: do communicable diseases, including COVID-19, exert a greater magnitude of stress in terms of negatively affecting countries economic growth which then converts into global depression? In a given context, the study prepared a set of research objectives to analyze global depression through some policy instruments, including healthcare expenditures, population density, and poverty incidence in a panel of 76 countries. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00398 id = cord-033671-b7lg8099 author = Athreye, Suma title = Twenty-five years since TRIPS: Patent policy and international business date = 2020-10-12 keywords = Uruguay; country; intellectual; patent; trip summary = We begin by providing a brief background on TRIPS, putting it in the historical context of international agreements on intellectual property (IP) and then looking at the logic of national patent policies, examining how policies may vary across countries, in theory, and reviewing literature that discusses the factors driving historical variation, in practice. The Uruguay Round of trade negotiations, which began in 1986 and concluded in 1994 with the signing of the Marrakesh Agreement by all 123 negotiating countries, was notable for numerous reasons, including the formal integration of intellectual property rights into international trade rules. When the World Trade Organization (WTO) was launched in 1995, a product of the Uruguay Round, one of its main pillars would be the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Intellectual property rights, the WTO and developing countries: The TRIPS agreement and policy options doi = 10.1057/s42214-020-00079-1 id = cord-318261-ndfzn1hh author = Austin, Kelly F. title = Degradation and disease: Ecologically unequal exchanges cultivate emerging pandemics date = 2020-09-09 keywords = Rice; country; environmental summary = New diseases like COVID-19 most often originate from biodiversity hotspots such as tropical rainforests, and forest loss represents one of the most significant forms of environmental degradation facilitating new human and animal interactions. A number of empirical studies of ecologically unequal exchange indeed find that the global organization of production facilitates greater resource degradation in poorer countries relative to rich countries, especially for outcomes such as deforestation and biodiversity loss, which have keen relevance to facilitating cross-species disease transmission (e.g. Burns, Kick, & Davis, 2003; Jorgenson et al., 2009; Shandra et al., 2009 ). Many of the studies utilizing ecologically unequal exchange perspectives find that some key agricultural products consumed in the Global North disproportionately drive peripheral deforestation and biodiversity loss, including beef, palm oil, coffee, and cocoa (e.g. Austin, 2010 Austin, , 2012 Bennett, Ravikumar, & Paltán, 2018; Noble, 2017; Shandra et al., 2009; Vijay, Pimm, Jenkins, & Smith, 2016) . doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105163 id = cord-275071-2uiaruhg author = Balmford, Ben title = Cross-Country Comparisons of Covid-19: Policy, Politics and the Price of Life date = 2020-08-04 keywords = GDP; Online; country; covid-19; death; lockdown summary = Linking decisions over the timing of lockdown and consequent deaths to economic data, we reveal the costs that national governments were implicitly prepared to pay to protect their citizens as reflected in the economic activity foregone to save lives. Accepting that they are a conservative estimate of the total impact of the pandemic, officially attributed Covid-19 deaths are used to investigate the price of life implied by lockdown policies. However, as far as we are aware, ours is the first study to use the SEIR modelling framework to examine the effects of lockdown timing across multiple countries in the same study, and the first to combine these results with financial forecasts to obtain cross-country implied price of life estimates. Table 5 shows that for those countries which under-report Covid-19 deaths, implied price of life is substantially reduced, highlighting once again that earlier lockdowns would have increased social welfare tremendously. doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00466-5 id = cord-355074-u5s3uzp6 author = Bamgboye, Ebun L. title = COVID-19 Pandemic: Is Africa Different? date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Africa; COVID-19; country summary = We also collected data on variables that could explain the apparent differences in COVID-19 case numbers, mortality, and tests in Africa, compared to other parts of the world. Case numbers, mortality, number of tests performed, and demographic data were summarized and compared by continents, regions, and countries within the continent of Africa. The number of cases per million population (pmp) globally is 2,278, with South America (9549 pmp), North America (9,331) and Europe (3,842) the most affected regions, while Africa has a lower rate of 695 pmp ( Figure 2 ). Within the continent as well, countries with slightly older populations like Egypt and South Africa are also the ones with the highest numbers and the greater case fatality rates ( Figure 5 ). The prevalence of these conditions is greatest in the countries of the Maghreb and South Africa all of which have the highest case numbers and the worst CFR on the continent (Figures 6 and 7) . doi = 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.10.001 id = cord-296863-xu0h92ac author = Berlinguer, Giovanni title = Bioethics, health, and inequality date = 2004-09-17 keywords = World; country; health; human summary = The International Bioethics Committee (IBC) of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) recommended that "PGD be limited to medical indications. The convention includes articles on the rights of the patient, on equitable access to health care, on respect for private life, on non-discrimination on genetic grounds, on transplants, and on prohibition of financial gains "from the human body and his parts as such" (article 21). The main difficulty in practising moral principles concerning human dignity and equity in health is that in the past 15 years a singular ethics (and a singular policy) prevailed in the world, which resulted in overturning the health paradigms that had successfully guided public health and health services for one century. As far as ethics is concerned, the difference is that WHO does have a moral obligation towards people''s health, whereas the WTO, the IMF, and the World Bank do not. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17066-9 id = cord-346498-m1v9q7gk author = Bidaisee, Satesh title = Zoonoses and One Health: A Review of the Literature date = 2014-01-30 keywords = approach; country; health; zoonosis summary = (3) Grants and funding allocations were characterized as proposals for funding research, policy development, and so forth in the collaborative subject matter of humans, animals, and the environment accessed from reviewing all professional publications available from the systematic search conducted. For data analysis, chi-square was conducted to determine if, in the resulting reviewed years, one health resources themselves, scopes, and country locale differed significantly from the averages expected. Since all the values were < 0.05, the null hypothesis was rejected and it was concluded that the years selected for the study showed a dependent relationship on the one health approach conducted, the scope topic areas and the represented country in the scholarly work. The distribution of the years of the one health approach, the scholarly resources, the scopes, and the countries'' locale were not equally represented. doi = 10.1155/2014/874345 id = cord-340713-v5sdowb7 author = Bird, Jordan J. title = Country-level pandemic risk and preparedness classification based on COVID-19 data: A machine learning approach date = 2020-10-28 keywords = COVID-19; country; model; risk summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241332 id = cord-317583-jhulvfev author = Blanchflower, David G. title = Is happiness U-shaped everywhere? Age and subjective well-being in 145 countries date = 2020-09-09 keywords = USA; age; country; life; shape summary = Blanchflower and Oswald (2008a) find a U-shape for 39 developing countries in World Values Survey sweeps 1-4 4 that averages out at a minimum around age 43 when including control variables. I then turn to examining data for the UK and 36 European countries and find there is evidence of a U-shape whether controls are included or not, with very little difference in the age minima. Blanchflower and Graham examined the same data Ingelhardt used and estimated a series of happiness equations and found there were U-shapes in age with controls in all the countries and variables Ingelhardt examined. Fourteen of those countries have significant and well-defined U-shapes in age and they are not available in any of the other data files, so in Table 14 we report results for these developing countries using the Q1 question above for Cantril''s life satisfaction ladder measure. doi = 10.1007/s00148-020-00797-z id = cord-284810-fs5rx07q author = Blasius, Bernd title = Power-law distribution in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases date = 2020-09-17 keywords = Fig; case; country; distribution summary = To test this hypothesis, we use empirical data 14 to compute the country-level distribution, P, of confirmed COVID-19 cases, n, at the end of March 2020 worldwide and find that it is closely approximated by a truncated power-law, 4, 38 Here, we provide a conceptual dual-scale model that explains the emergence of the power-law distribution by the "superposition" of two concurrent processes: large-scale spread of the virus between countries and small-scale snowballing of case numbers within each country. By combining real world data, modeling, and numerical simulations, we make the case that the distribution of epidemic prevalence, and possibly that of spreading processes in general, might follow universal rules. A straightforward calculation shows that the combination of the two exponential processes generically yields a truncated power-law distribution in the number of cases in countries: Consider an epidemic outbreak that started (the first case reported in a country) at time t = 0. doi = 10.1063/5.0013031 id = cord-301082-sikgk58i author = Breevoort, Arnar title = High-altitude populations need special considerations for COVID-19 date = 2020-07-01 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = We argue that high altitude human populations require special attention to access the international supply of ventilators. Yet, with altitude there is a progressive reduction in barometric pressure and subsequently in oxygen pressure leading to major physiological adaptations in the lungs 9 , which are not usually considered in ventilator quality tests. In these tests, the majority of commercial ventilators failed at high altitude, delivering tidal volumes with up to 40% error from the set volume 10 . Similarly, failure to contain the virus in Ethiopia, the second most populated country in Africa, would negatively affect the treatment efforts of the region. The further spread of COVID-19 can be halted under international collaboration and the understanding that success is dependent on the containment of COVID-19 in all countries, including economically challenged countries 15 . doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17131-6 id = cord-021492-z2bjkl9g author = Brossman, Charles title = Planning for known and unknown risks date = 2016-04-15 keywords = Khan; TRM; business; company; country; crisis; employee; risk; traveler summary = In some countries, lack of planning or resources to support business travelers has the potential to be grounds for claims of negligence in a company''s duty of care responsibilities, and can lead to a criminal offense, such as with the United Kingdom''s (UK) Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act of 2007. The chief operating officer at iJET, John Rose, comments that, "A percentage of calls into our crisis response center are for minor, individual medical issues." However, callers may not always know that the situation is minor until they reach someone for support, which is why having an easy-to-identify, easy-to-access, single contact number or hotline for medical and security support is so important to all companies. All of these considerations provide a strong business case for why employers should have unique and specific programs in place for medical services and evacuations for employees and contractors traveling abroad in addition to their standard domestic health care plans and workers'' compensation plans. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-801925-2.00001-1 id = cord-347182-oj3v1x99 author = Catala, M. title = Robust estimation of diagnostic rate and real incidence of COVID-19 for European policymakers date = 2020-05-06 keywords = CFR; case; country; european summary = While total deaths immediately indicate that countries like Italy and Spain have the worst situation as of mid April 2020, on its own, reported cases do not provide a correct picture of the situation. Then we discuss our key assumption: the real 41 case fatality rate (CFR) in European countries experiencing a significative incidence will 42 be roughly the same, given the similar structure of the population. Using this rate is straightforward to give a present-day estimate of the 63 incidence given the number of reported infected people in each country as long as we 64 can observe that the rate of diagnosis remains fairly constant. This value can 86 be compared with the number of cases detected 18 days ago, obtaining a diagnostic depending on the availability of tests, saturation of the health system and other 91 external factors, countries have a great variability in the time of diagnosis delay. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087023 id = cord-326618-0ci9irxl author = Chien, Lung-Chang title = COVID-19 Outbreak, Mitigation, and Governance in High Prevalent Countries date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; country; governance summary = doi = 10.5334/aogh.3011 id = cord-270969-zb6ih5dl author = Chongsuvivatwong, Virasakdi title = Health and health-care systems in southeast Asia: diversity and transitions date = 2011-01-25 keywords = Asia; Singapore; country; health; region summary = Southeast Asia is a region of enormous social, economic, and political diversity, both across and within countries, shaped by its history, geography, and position as a major crossroad of trade and the movement of goods and services. Rapid but inequitable socioeconomic development, coupled with differing rates of demographic and epidemiological transitions, have accentuated health disparities and posed great public health challenges for national health systems, particularly the control of emerging infectious diseases and the rise of non-communicable diseases within ageing populations. • The diversity of geography and history, including social, cultural, and economic diff erences, have contributed to highly divergent health status and health systems across and within countries of southeast Asia. Regional collaboration in standards of data collection and health systems analysis is hampered by WHO''s division of the ASEAN region into two areas under separate regional offi ces: the South-East Asia Regional Offi ce, encompassing Indonesia, Myanmar, and Thailand, and the Western Pacifi c Regional Offi ce, consisting of the remaining countries. doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61507-3 id = cord-035137-uxtaw02u author = Chowdhury, Anis Z. title = Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Developing Countries: Lessons from Selected Countries of the Global South date = 2020-11-10 keywords = COVID-19; Health; Kerala; PPE; Vietnam; country summary = But most national authorities outside of East Asia did not take adequate early precautionary measures speedily enough to contain the spread of the outbreak, typically by promoting safe ''physical distancing'', obligatory use of masks in public areas, and other measures to reduce the spread and likelihood of infection. Government capacity to respond depends crucially on system capacity and capabilities-e.g., authorities'' ability to speedily trace, isolate and treat the infected-and available fiscal resources-e.g., to quickly enhance testing capacity and secure personal protective equipment (PPE). Finally, it draws some implications of different policy responses in East Asia, Southeast Asia-especially Vietnam, and India''s Kerala state-Argentina, Brazil and Peru, that are relevant for other countries. And where communities or clusters had significant infection rates, urgent, targeted measures could have helped ''turn the tide'' on COVID-19 with decisive early actions, as in China, Korea and Vietnam, without imposing nationwide ''stay in shelter'' or ''shelter in place'' lockdowns, 16 or restrictions on movements of people within its borders. doi = 10.1057/s41301-020-00256-y id = cord-327865-xxov2x33 author = Cisneros, B.J. title = Safe Sanitation in Low Economic Development Areas date = 2011-01-24 keywords = Box; Development; Jiménez; country; high; need; reuse; sanitation; treatment; wastewater; water summary = As part of the text and to face the requirements for poor rural and urban areas and water-scarce regions, basic sanitation, wastewater treatment, and water reuse alternatives are described with emphasis on their constraints and limitations for developing countries. In addition, in the developed countries, the term sanitation applies not only to the installation of sewers but also to the full implementation of systems for the safe disposal and reuse of treated wastewater, sludge, and septage. In addition, they offer the following benefits (Lenghton et al., 2005; Correlje and Schuetze, 2008) : (1) they allow investments to be made stepwise, in line with available funds, local development, and population growth; (2) they are used in smaller areas of service that are easier to manage; (3) they allow the use of different technologies to provide services to different socioeconomic groups; and (4) they facilitate the reuse of water on-site. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-53199-5.00082-8 id = cord-354656-9ao33rq8 author = Cossart, Yvonne E title = The rise and fall of infectious diseases: Australian perspectives, 1914‐2014 date = 2014-07-07 keywords = Australia; country; disease; infection summary = 2 The success of rat extermination in controlling plague in Sydney 3 provided a triumphant validation of new microbiological theories; Joseph Lister''s carbolic spray was adopted by local surgeons; 4 Emil von Behring''s antitoxin treatment reduced mortality from diphtheria; 5 and Paul Ehrlich''s vision of a magic bullet to cure all infections was given credibility by the effi cacy of Salvarsan (arsphenamine, an arsenic-containing compound) against syphilis. 9,10 9,10 During World War II (WWII), intensive screening of Australian troops by miniature x-ray was followed up with bacteriological testing to identify patients with active infection, for whom treatment was compulsory. Tests were developed to screen donated blood and it soon became apparent that injecting drug use had silently amplifi ed prevalence of hepatitis C infection in young people in Western countries. doi = 10.5694/mja14.00112 id = cord-297940-xp8uoj9z author = Das, S. K. title = Spread of COVID-19: Investigation of universal features in real data date = 2020-05-25 keywords = country summary = We present results on the existence of various common patterns in the growth of the total number of patients affected by COVID-19, a disease acquired through infection by a novel coronavirus, in different countries. Outcome of our study, for COVID-19, via application of this model, suggests that in most of the countries, after the ''onset'' of spread, the growths are described by rapid exponential function, for significantly long periods. In addition to accurately identifying this superuniversal feature, we point out that the model is helpful in grouping countries into universality classes, based on the late time behavior, characterized by physical distancing practices, in a natural way. Outcome of our study, using real data [5], suggests that, for a large number of countries, the early time growth can be described by a prolonged "universal" exponential form, varying from country to country only via a metric factor. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107797 id = cord-344866-vhuw4gwn author = Demertzis, Nicolas title = Covid-19 as cultural trauma date = 2020-09-10 keywords = Greece; Sweden; country; cultural; death; pandemic; swedish; trauma summary = Explaining this, Smelser writes: ''with respect to the dimension of time alone, the traumatic process was truncated… The moment of the attacks to the recognition that they constituted a national trauma was a matter of short days, if not hours…The scope of the trauma and the identity of the victims were established immediately… there was an instant consensus that it was a trauma for everybody, for the nation… there was no significant divergence in the reactions of government and community leaders, the media, and the public in assigning meaning to the events as a national tragedy and outrage…there was little evidence of social division around the trauma'' (Smelser 2004, p. However, despite initial high levels of anxiety the pandemic did not evolve into cultural trauma in either, even with an exceptionally high death rate in Sweden and the great difference in trust in authority that distinguishes the two countries. doi = 10.1057/s41290-020-00112-z id = cord-326861-qooax2xc author = Drozdov, A. V. title = Rhythmic components of COVID-19 daily cases in various countries date = 2020-07-24 keywords = country; period summary = The scope of this study consisted in assessment of COVID-19 daily case increment dynamics in various countries in order to identify rhythmic components. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.23.20161240 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 1 shows the global dynamics of COVID-19 daily case increment and the results of the time series analysis using three approaches: periodogram ( fig. Since the beginning of the review interval falls on 1 March (Sunday) and the source data reflect incidence increment reported for the previous 24 hours, the first two points on the X-line correspond to weekend days in figure 3 distribution As follows from figure 2, phasal dips and peaks occur on different days of the weekly period depending on the country. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.23.20161240 doi: medRxiv preprint As follows from figure 3, the pandemic spread phases almost coincide in these two countries. 4. In the incidence dynamics of some countries consistent and statistically significant periods other than weekly have been recorded, i.e. 6, 8 or 10 days. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.23.20161240 id = cord-313384-v4g6dq6p author = Dönmez, Nergis Feride Kaplan title = Desirability Optimization Models to Create the Global Healthcare Competitiveness Index date = 2020-06-24 keywords = GHCI; country; healthcare summary = The aim of this research is to enhance desirability optimization models to create a global healthcare competitiveness index (GHCI) covering 53 countries with gross domestic product per capita (GDP PC) of over $10,000. The optimum and feasible values of the factors considered influential on objective functions have been determined as the basis of healthcare expenditure (HE) and GHCI in those relevant countries. The problem statement which is an optimization model with the help of statistical analysis was developed to create GHCI to measure the structural and economic status of healthcare of considered countries in this research. Finally, after calculating GHCI optimization values not included in the flowchart, an index was created to list the healthcare systems of the countries considered in this study. The desirability equations obtained as a result of statistical analysis and the GHCI values belonging to the countries were calculated to construct the optimization models. doi = 10.1007/s13369-020-04718-w id = cord-312197-d5d8amk7 author = Edmond, Karen title = New Approaches to Preventing, Diagnosing, and Treating Neonatal Sepsis date = 2010-03-09 keywords = PCR; country; infection; neonatal; sepsis summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000213 id = cord-291234-rozpps6v author = Faye, C. title = A DISSYMMETRY IN THE FIGURES RELATED TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE WORLD: WHAT FACTORS EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AFRICA AND THE REST OF THE WORLD? date = 2020-05-22 keywords = Africa; country; covid-19; pandemic summary = The method was applied to 60 countries (30 in Africa and 30 in other continents) and 6 variables which are: the Covid-19 situation on Monday 13 April 2020 (confirmed cases and reported deaths), the mean annual temperature and the structure of the proportion (0 to 14 years, 15 to 64 years and over 65 years). The opposing relationship between the Covid-19 pandemic (confirmed cases and reported deaths) and the proportion of elderly (and/or young) is apparent, suggesting that generally the younger a country''s population is (and therefore the fewer vulnerable people), the less likely it is to be affected by the Coronavirus pandemic, and vice versa. Axis 2, with 23.24% variance, is positively related, strongly with the number of confirmed Covid-19 cases, the number of reported deaths and the proportion of elderly in the total population, weakly with the average annual temperature of the country and the proportion of young people in the total population of the country. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.17.20104687 id = cord-341132-arhpqgl6 author = Gangemi, Sebastiano title = Rich at risk: socio-economic drivers of COVID-19 pandemic spread date = 2020-07-01 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1186/s12948-020-00127-4 id = cord-032269-zhk5fyfc author = Gerard, François title = Social protection response to the COVID-19 crisis: options for developing countries date = 2020-08-29 keywords = country; government; programme; social; worker summary = These strategies could include expanding their social insurance system, building on existing social assistance programmes, and involving local governments and non-state institutions to identify and assist vulnerable groups who are otherwise harder to reach. Moreover, setting up a new job retention scheme might be logistically easier than setting up an unemployment insurance programme, as governments could use firms as intermediaries to channel the income support to their workers. Social insurance programmes will fail to reach a large share of households in developing countries, in particular those mostly active in the informal sector of the economy. A comprehensive social protection response could involve local governments and a range of non-state actors to collect better information on these unmet needs and to deliver targeted assistance. Government responses based on social insurance programmes may reach many formal employees and registered self-employed (although coarsely), but will miss the informal sector, which is an important part of developing countries'' workforce. doi = 10.1093/oxrep/graa026 id = cord-128436-xndrlnav author = Granozio, Fabio Miletto title = Comparative analysis of the diffusion of Covid-19 infection in different countries date = 2020-03-18 keywords = case; country summary = The comparative analysis of the registered cases curves highlights remarkable similarities, especially among Western countries, together with some minor but crucial differences. We analyse here the data of three of the countries that registered at the date of March 15 the highest cumulative number of registered cases, i.e. China, Italy, and South Korea. The comparison of the plots shows that, in spite of the extremely fast growth rate ( =2.4d, corresponding to a doubling time of one day) the rapid response of the Korean society allowed to switch the growth to a slower rate before reaching 500 registered infected people. When plotted with the appropriate relative time scale (IT reference, DE, FR -9d, ES -10d, US -11d), the data show how early or late the different countries deviated from the red exponential "phase #1" curve with  ~2.0d, D ~2.0d. doi = nan id = cord-311694-2b2swi0l author = Grima, Simon title = A Country Pandemic Risk Exposure Measurement Model date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; PREM; Risk; country; factor summary = doi = 10.2147/rmhp.s270553 id = cord-298052-mbg6e2j1 author = Hardstaff, Jo L title = Livestock trade networks for guiding animal health surveillance date = 2015-04-01 keywords = Europe; animal; country summary = doi = 10.1186/s12917-015-0354-4 id = cord-254620-xcblqg4z author = Harmon, Shawn H.E. title = Immunization governance: Mandatory immunization in 28 Global NITAG Network countries() date = 2020-09-26 keywords = GNN; country; immunization; mandatory summary = More detailed empirical case studies would be necessary to uncover the policy reasons for the presence or absence of mandates within NIPs. Nonetheless, it may be reasonable to infer that lower-income countries have fewer human and financial resources to undertake, administer, and enforce mandayWe were unable to verify the legal basis for mandatory immunization in Jordan. Survey participants in countries with mandatory immunization were asked about specific populations subject to mandates (i.e., age [children under 1 and 5 years of age and school-aged children -that yExcludes Canada and the USA due to subnational variation in those countries. However, it should be noted that these subnational jurisdictions appear also to have relatively broad mandates -Ontario and New Brunswick require immunization against 9 and 11 infectious diseases, respectively, for school entry, with similarthough varying -numbers for US states. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.053 id = cord-280747-k0x6rjdi author = Hashim, Muhammad Jawad title = Population Risk Factors for COVID-19 Mortality in 93 Countries date = 2020-09-17 keywords = CMR; COVID-19; country summary = Data on COVID-19 CMR in 93 countries was analyzed for associations with preexisting prevalence rates of eight diseases [asthma, lung cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Alzheimer''s Disease (AD), hypertension, ischemic heart disease, depression and diabetes], and six socio-demographic factors [Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, unemployment, age over 65 years, urbanization, population density, and socio-demographic index]. Bivariate analysis revealed that COVID-19 CMR were higher in countries that had high prevalence of population risk factors such as AD, lung cancer, asthma and COPD. From amongst the clinical risk factors, positive correlations with CMR included Alzheimer''s disease (r = 0.36), lung cancer (r = 0.39), and weakly with asthma (r = 0.28) and COPD (r = 0.27). With COVID-19 CMR per 100,000 population as the primary outcome (dependent) variable, multivariate modeling showed that certain risk factors were independent predictors (R 2 = 0.35, log likelihood ratio tests, p < 0.05). doi = 10.2991/jegh.k.200721.001 id = cord-017615-zjr6csla author = Hillman, John R. title = Food Security in an Insecure Future date = 2016-11-25 keywords = Arab; East; International; Middle; Region; United; country; food summary = Food security in the Middle East is directly affected by a challenging combination of ongoing destructive conflicts, a global economic downturn, widespread poverty, high population growth, corruption, intolerance, and the potentially damaging consequences of climate change. In a previous article , we considered definitions of food security in the modern era of rising global populations, discussing how food security might be attained in terms of security of water and fossil-fuel-derived energy supplies, climate change, rapid urbanisation, changing dietary trends, and modification of the natural environment leading to depleted natural resources, increasing environmental pollution, and the need to introduce modern technologies. Here, we consider potential adaptations to an insecure global future generally, and to the concerns in the Arab Middle East specifically, in the light of the economic realities of wide disparities in wealth, competition for resources, and widespread poverty in many parts of the globe, coupled to a relatively high population growth, on-going conflicts, attempted cultural genocides, potential conflicts, endemic corruption and nepotism, and epidemics of infectious diseases. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_12 id = cord-265292-yyh1kikb author = Hossain, Liaquat title = Evolutionary longitudinal network dynamics of global zoonotic research date = 2015-03-18 keywords = United; country summary = Our results show increasing close collaboration among scientists from the United States, several European countries including United Kingdom, Italy, France, Netherland, Switzerland, China and Australia with scientists from other parts of the world. The search for publications has been carried out with 240 search queries using combinations of keywords including ''''coordination, collaboration, cooperation, communication, preparedness, surveillance, emergency response, crisis management, containment, recovery, zoonotic, zoonosis, animal human, disease outbreak, illness outbreak, epidemic, pandemic and social network'''' occurring in the articles'' titles, abstracts and keywords. In the first period (1991) (1992) (1993) (1994) (1995) (1996) (1997) (1998) (1999) (2000) (2001) , the density of the network is very low (3.9 %) indicating that a limited number of all possible collaboration links among countries are realized (see Fig. 5a ). doi = 10.1007/s11192-015-1557-y id = cord-000255-73nlxqgk author = Hosseini, Parviez title = Predictive Power of Air Travel and Socio-Economic Data for Early Pandemic Spread date = 2010-09-15 keywords = H1N1; Mexico; country summary = CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that strategies to prevent pandemic influenza virus emergence and spread in the future should include: 1) enhanced surveillance for strains resulting from reassortment in traded livestock; 2) rapid deployment of control measures in the initial spreading phase to countries where travel data predict the pathogen will reach and to countries where lower healthcare resources will likely cause delays in reporting. Of all the models evaluated, a multivariate model with three predictors, (1) total country-level healthcare spending per capita, (2) estimated passenger volume arriving from Mexico via direct flights (direct flight capacity), and (3) passenger volume from Mexico via indirect, or two-leg, flights (indirect flight capacity), provided the best fit to the data using AIC, as detailed under Methods (Table 1 , DAIC = 0, overall x 2 = 54.33 on 5 degrees of freedom, p-value,0.0001). We validated the model by determining how well a model fit to data up until May 8th predicted reporting dates for fourteen countries where the disease was detected between May 9 th and May 19 th (Supplemental Online Figure S2 ). doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0012763 id = cord-355726-44x0idzn author = Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham Mohamed title = Introduction: Discovering Issues and Challenges in Low- and Middle-Income Countries date = 2017-11-10 keywords = country; health; pharmacy; social summary = This book also provides knowledge and understanding about social and administrative aspects of pharmacy in healthcare in lowand middle-income countries. On the other hand, there are growing problems with medicines, the health system, and human resources, especially in the LMICs. There are countries with high prices of medicines, a wide prevalence of nonquality medicines (i.e., substandard and counterfeit), lack of access to medicines, and absence of a national medicines policy (NMP) even with strong encouragement from World Health Organization (WHO). Further according to Frieden and Henning (2009) , a progress of public health in developing countries is possible but will require sufficient funding and human resources; improved physical infrastructure and information systems; effective program implementation and regulatory capacity; and, most importantly, political will at the highest levels of government. Social pharmacy scientists utilize both sciences to improve clinical practice, enhance the effectiveness of pharmaceutical regulations and policy, advocate political awareness, and promote improvements in pharmaceutical health services and healthcare delivery. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-811228-1.00001-7 id = cord-332412-lrn0wpvj author = Ibrahim, Mohamed R. title = Variational-LSTM Autoencoder to forecast the spread of coronavirus across the globe date = 2020-04-24 keywords = LSTM; country; model; spread summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.20.20070938 id = cord-254737-pv68fb7d author = Imtyaz, Ayman title = Analysing governmental response to the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-08-14 keywords = country; covid-19; rate summary = The data that will be considered for the study are aggregated COVID-19 patient statistics like daily cases, deaths, recoveries, testing data, etc. The data used in the analysis conducted were obtained from publically available, and the government reported statistics on COVID-19 patients in their countries. Countries were separated into groups based on the percentage of their elderly population, and the COVID-19 mortality rate (total deaths/total cases). The mortality rate is the total number of deaths attributed to the virus divided by the total number of COVID-19 positive cases. The variance in the chart may/can be attributed to other factors, such as handling of COVID-19positive patients, methods of data collection and reporting, other population demographics like genetic makeup, trends in disease, disabilities, and malnutrition, competency, scale, and accessibility of the country''s medical apparatus, economic status of the country (GDP, PPP, poverty levels, etc.). doi = 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.08.005 id = cord-294468-0v4grqa7 author = Kasilingam, Dharun title = Exploring the Growth of COVID‐19 Cases using Exponential Modelling Across 42 Countries and Predicting Signs of Early Containment using Machine Learning date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; country; infection summary = This research uses exponential growth modelling studies to understand the spreading patterns of the COVID‐19 virus and identifies countries that have shown early signs of containment until 26(th) March 2020. Machine learning models based on logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, and support vector machines are developed and show accuracies between 76.2% to 92.9% to predict early signs of infection containment. The objective of the research is to develop a mathematical model using exponential growth analysis coupled with machine learning, to predict worldwide COVID-19 early containment signs. Secondly, the research aims at building supervised machine learning models with high accuracies for predicting signs of early containment with infrastructure availability, environmental factors, infection severity factors, and government policies of countries as independent variables. The research presents machine learning models based on variables such as infrastructure, environment, policies, and the infection itself, to predict early signs of containment in the country. doi = 10.1111/tbed.13764 id = cord-352247-baqbxez9 author = Kobayashi, Yoshiharu title = Public Support for Development Aid during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; aid; country; foreign; support; worry summary = The second experiment exposes respondents to a message linking COVID-19 to increased hardships for people in poorer countries or to a message suggesting aid that helps African countries deal with COVID-19 will also have public health benefits at home in several months. The second channel stresses the effects of COVID-19 on people in recipient countries and how news, arguments, and messages about them influence donor-side public attitudes. First, we estimate the ITT effect by comparing the expressed aid support under the treatment about household financial worries against the control condition. Prompting respondents to worry about the country''s financial situation causes them to be less supportive of foreign aid, while asking them to consider their own household finances does little to their aid opinions. The results from two experiments demonstrate that voters'' worry about the financial impact of COVID-19 on their own country reduces their support for aid and that their awareness of the benefits of assisting developing countries in curbing the second wave of outbreak at home substantially increase support. doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105248 id = cord-028627-22d90q83 author = Kobrin, Stephen J. title = How globalization became a thing that goes bump in the night date = 2020-07-06 keywords = China; U.S.; country; globalization summary = It has emphasized the dangers rather than the benefits of efficient linkages between markets, laying bare the dangers of complex global supply chains where any node can become a "choke point", and the risks of overspecialization or the concentration of technological knowledge and/or production capacity in a single country or region. Although it may be an over-generalization, it is fair to say that, until the very late twentieth century, globalization was seen as a net positive, that international trade, investment, and economic integration (e.g., the European Union) allowed both the more efficient use of the world''s resources and the development of large-scale technology. Both the rise of economic nationalism (e.g., America First) and the COVID pandemic revealed the serious risks of reliance on very complex networks of global supply chains in many industries. doi = 10.1057/s42214-020-00060-y id = cord-301479-dc1oyftd author = Koehlmoos, Tracey Pérez title = Global Health: Chronic Diseases and Other Emergent Issues in Global Health date = 2011-09-30 keywords = country; disease; health; mental; risk summary = doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.008 id = cord-339360-vm4yy47i author = Krywyk, J. title = DYNAMICS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMICS: GLOBAL PATTERN AND BETWEEN COUNTRIES VARIATIONS date = 2020-07-26 keywords = COVID-19; country summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.07.20.20155390 id = cord-034575-kio60itg author = Lafleur, Jean-Michel title = Do EU Member States Care About their Diasporas’ Access to Social Protection? A Comparison of Consular and Diaspora Policies across EU27 date = 2020-10-31 keywords = Member; States; country; diaspora summary = Drawing on data from two original surveys with national experts, we operationalize the concepts of descriptive infrastructure for non-residents (i.e. the presence of diaspora-related institutions) and substantive infrastructure (i.e. policies that provide and facilitate access to welfare for nationals abroad) in order to propose a new typology of states'' engagement with their diaspora in the area of social protection. With the concept of diaspora infrastructure, we aim to highlight the fact that sending states'' engagement with nationals abroad in the area of welfare consists of both institutions (consulates, ministries or sub-ministries in charge of emigration issues) and policies (rights and support services) aiming to protect the diaspora against vulnerability or social risks. As previously mentioned, we operationalise sending states'' descriptive infrastructure as the institutional framework that comprises home countries'' public institutions at the national level which meet both conditions of having a mandate to engage primarily with the diaspora and being active in the adoption or implementation of social protection policies that benefit this population. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-51245-3_1 id = cord-298003-6yvcl92q author = Lawrence, Roderick J. title = Responding to COVID-19: What’s the Problem? date = 2020-06-05 keywords = city; country; health summary = doi = 10.1007/s11524-020-00456-4 id = cord-030926-vtids9ns author = Laxminarayan, Ramanan title = Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date = 2016-02-15 keywords = Global; Malaria; cost; country; disease summary = Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Other examples of country-level actions with global consequences include inadequate vaccination coverage; slow progress on disease elimination; failure to report and contain pandemic flu, antibiotic resistance, and counterfeit drugs; and climate-related health threats. More recently, campaigns to eliminate smallpox and eradicate malaria have been built on the idea that infectious disease control depends not just on national priorities but also on the priorities of one''s neighbours and trading partners. Current International Health Regulations, which were first enacted in 1951 and most recently revised in 2005, require countries to report disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is often essential to have cooperative financing mechanisms for global health interventions, whether to eradicate disease, encourage appropriate levels of disease surveillance and reporting, or to reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. doi = 10.1093/oxrep/grv030 id = cord-290930-438td98a author = Lazcano-Ponce, Eduardo title = The Contribution of International Agencies to the Control of Communicable Diseases date = 2005-10-08 keywords = country; disease; health summary = The principle strategies include: 1) implementation of mechanisms for international epidemiologic surveillance; 2) use of international law to support the control of communicable diseases; 3) international cooperation on health matters; 4) strategies to strengthen primary care services and health systems in general; 5) promotion of the transfer of resources for research and development from the North to the South. The WHO proposal for modernization of the International Health Regulation includes the following: 1) a mission with a stronger focus on control of infectious diseases, 2) emphasis on broader health care coverage and better access to treatment schemes, 3) global surveillance including data from official and non-official sources, 4) strengthening of national public health systems through the establishment of comparable productivity indicators and outcome measurements, 5) giving priority to the protection of human rights, 6) guidelines for good health governance defined as adoption of the principles of impartiality, objectivity and transparency (13). doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.07.002 id = cord-337730-mqcgqwrb author = Leroy, Gregoire title = Food securers or invasive aliens? Trends and consequences of non-native livestock introgression in developing countries date = 2020-08-20 keywords = Africa; breed; country summary = doi = 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100420 id = cord-171089-z4oya6kz author = Liu, Meijun title = Can pandemics transform scientific novelty? Evidence from COVID-19 date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; country; entity; novelty; paper summary = Our analysis of 58,728 coronavirus papers suggests that scientific novelty measured by the BioBERT model that is pre-trained on 29 million PubMed articles, and parachuting collaboration dramatically increased after the outbreak of COVID-19, while international collaboration witnessed a sudden decrease. Building on the "knowledge recombination" theory (4) and the combinatorial perspective of novelty (3, 9) , we assess papers'' scientific novelty by quantifying how extraordinary a combination of bio-entities is in a coronavirus-related paper using BioBERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers for Biomedical Text Mining) (10), a language model that is pre-trained on 29 million PubMed articles. We examine the association between monthly change in scientific novelty, parachuting collaboration ratio and international collaboration of coronavirus papers by 50 sampled countries and their status as a confirmed COVID-19 infection site from January 2018 to April 2020 by month. doi = nan id = cord-252244-y5w9hjy8 author = Loeffler-Wirth, H. title = Covid-19 trajectories: Monitoring pandemic in the worldwide context date = 2020-06-05 keywords = Germany; country; covid-19; figure summary = Different models, mostly assuming a series of diseases states such as the ''Susceptible-Infected-Removed'' (SIR) types (see below) have been used to describe ''epi-curves'' of selected countries and regions under consideration of i) spatial heterogeneous outbreak and transmission scenarios, and ii) the effect of NPIs [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] . The obtained trajectories then enable to visually estimate the dynamic state of epidemic in terms of simple shape characteristics such as slope, parallel shifts or turning points with direct relations to transmission and removal rates of the disease. They enable monitoring the state in terms of differences and similarities between the countries and geographic regions revealing specifics and commons of epidemic spread: (i) A unique linear slope of most of the trajectories in the intermediate abscissa range is indicative for exponential growth in early phases of the outbreak of the pandemic (low level of immunity in the population). doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20120725 id = cord-022176-hprwqi4n author = Löscher, Thomas title = Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2009-07-28 keywords = Africa; Europe; United; case; country; disease; infection summary = Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2). doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3 id = cord-293599-ng002ydl author = Marques, António Cardoso title = The impact of foreign direct investment on emission reduction targets: evidence from high- and middle-income countries date = 2020-08-29 keywords = FDI; country; environmental; income summary = doi = 10.1016/j.strueco.2020.08.005 id = cord-017554-yvx1gyp9 author = Martin, Susan F. title = Forced Migration and Refugee Policy date = 2017-09-15 keywords = Convention; States; UNHCR; United; country; crisis; migration summary = Migration resulting from these natural and man-made events may correspond to current international, regional and national frameworks that are designed to protect and assist refugees-that is, persons who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of persecution-but often, these movements fall outside of the more traditional legal norms and policies. These crises lead to many different forms of displacement, including internal and cross border movements of nationals, evacuation of migrant workers, sea-borne departures that often involve unseaworthy vessels, and trafficking of persons. The State-led Nansen Initiative on cross-border disaster displacement issued an Agenda for Protection that spells out actions that governments can take today to provide humanitarian relief to persons requiring either admission or non-return in these contexts. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_14 id = cord-284201-2ofqm7a0 author = Mate, Kedar title = Review of Health Systems of the Middle East and North Africa Region date = 2017-12-31 keywords = MENA; country; health; region summary = MENA countries can be divided into three main groups that differ in terms of their economic and health outcomes achievements: (1) low-income countries (Yemen and Djibouti), which have the highest infant mortality rates and maternal mortality ratios in the region and are facing the greatest health-related challenges; (2) middle-income countries (Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia, and West Bank and Gaza), which have made significant progress in improving health outcomes although some of these countries continue to face rural/urban disparities in both health outcomes and gaps in health coverage; and (3) high-income countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (CCASG) (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates), which have achieved good health outcomes as a benefit of oil revenues used to achieve universal access to health services. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00303-9 id = cord-351666-q7dqsl7n author = Milani, Fabio title = COVID-19 outbreak, social response, and early economic effects: a global VAR analysis of cross-country interdependencies date = 2020-08-19 keywords = Italy; USA; country; covid-19; social summary = 2 In my global framework, for each country, COVID-19 cases can affect risk perceptions about the virus, which can trigger a social distancing response. The paper exploits a variety of newly available datasets to study the interrelationship between health shocks originating from the COVID-19 pandemic, people''s real-time perceptions about coronavirus risk, the extent of their social distancing response, and unemployment. 7 In the analysis, the number k * i is also equal to 4, as the vector x * i,t contains the country-specific global counterparts for the same variables in x i,t , i.e., the growth rate of COVID-19 cases, coronavirus risk perceptions, social mobility, and unemployment. Figures 4 and 5 show the impulse response functions for all countries in the sample for the risk perception and social distancing variables to a one-standard-deviation COVID shock originating in Italy. doi = 10.1007/s00148-020-00792-4 id = cord-281330-x8e9cz8a author = Mishra, Devanshu title = Analysing the behaviour of doubling rates in 8 major countries affected by COVID-19 virus date = 2020-08-14 keywords = country; double; time summary = This study''s prime target is to develop relationships between the variation in the doubling time of the number of cases of COVID-19 virus and various socio-economic factors responsible for them. Thus, in the long term, these countries may observe a slight increase in the doubling rates and show an exploding number of cases [7] [8] [9] [10] .The measures taken by the governing bodies are also an essential factor in coronavirus''s behaviour in countries. The improvement in doubling time of several cases also displays the significance of governing bodies and transparent data in controlling the virus''s extent. As seen in figure 5 , the starting 15 days of the coronavirus spread show no improvement in the doubling time mostly due to the government light response and the country held nationwide parliamentary elections on 21st February. doi = 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.08.007 id = cord-339387-s2mydwff author = Murphy, M. M. title = COVID-19 containment in the Caribbean: the experience of Small Island Developing States date = 2020-06-02 keywords = June; caribbean; country summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.05.27.20114538 id = cord-325177-7fzbbn99 author = Nagano, Hitoshi title = The ‘Heart Kuznets Curve’? Understanding the relations between economic development and cardiac conditions date = 2020-04-30 keywords = GDPPC; Kuznets; SBP; country; health; income summary = doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104953 id = cord-027905-edb9yozz author = Narula, Rajneesh title = Policy opportunities and challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic for economies with large informal sectors date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; country; economy; enterprise; informal summary = I suggest the crisis provides the circumstances for greater active engagement with informal actors, by placing informal enterprises on a par with formal firms within industrial policy. The most visible effect of the COVID-19 crisis in the developed world has been to the unemployed, the self-employed, casual and gig-workers, and small-scale entrepreneurs and businesses, which can be imperfectly described as those people and enterprises being in the informal sector. Second, in the medium term, we will see a greater exclusion of the informal economy from productive activity by GVCs. Both will be to the detriment of countries seeking to leverage their low labour costs by engaging with manufacturing supply chains. The crisis has exposed significant market failures (e.g. allocative and productive inefficiencies, ''strategic'' restrictions on exports) that represent new opportunities for entrepreneurs, and provide the circumstances for a modest infant industry industrialisation, by placing informal enterprises on a par with formal domestic firms. doi = 10.1057/s42214-020-00059-5 id = cord-144860-a4i9vnjz author = Nason, Guy P. title = Rapidly evaluating lockdown strategies using spectral analysis: the cycles behind new daily COVID-19 cases and what happens after lockdown date = 2020-04-16 keywords = case; country; covid-19 summary = Here we show that transformed new daily COVID-19 cases for many countries generally contain three cycles operating at wavelengths of around 2.7, 4.1 and 6.7 days (weekly). However, we show that there are considerable and useful similarities in the underlying cyclic (spectral) behaviours of the numbers of new daily COVID-19 cases for a range of different countries (see Extended Data figures). Using data [2] from all of the countries we considered, our results show that transformed new daily COVID-19 cases have three underlying cycles: one operating at a wavelength of 2.7 days, a second at 4.1 days and a third at 6.7 days, which we take to be a weekly effect. Given the similarity of the cycles across countries, this indicates that cases could be monitored and pooled across regions, over a short number of days to be fused into longer effective samples using the methods described here. doi = nan id = cord-319365-v75pvlka author = Navajas-Romero, Virginia title = Comparing working conditions and job satisfaction in hospitality workers across Europe date = 2020-07-23 keywords = Europe; country; european; job; satisfaction summary = The research seeks: (i) to analyze the different models of working conditions-what likely leads to differences in perceived job satisfaction-that exist in Europe; and (ii) to explore whether these models differ among the clusters of countries based on institutional characteristics identified in the previous literature. From these objectives, the following research question is derived: Does the clustering of European countries according to institutional characteristics correctly reflect the differences in labor conditions and subsequently job satisfaction across Europe? The main objective of the empirical analysis is to determine whether the classification of countries based on the institutional context adequately reflects the different models of working conditions-and subsequently differing levels of job satisfaction-existing in Europe in the tourism sector, and if not, to propose a more appropriate classification of countries. doi = 10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102631 id = cord-319844-94587n2h author = Nawaz, Muhammad Atif title = Nexus between green finance and climate change mitigation in N-11 and BRICS countries: empirical estimation through difference in differences (DID) approach date = 2020-09-30 keywords = China; FDI; N-11; country; green summary = After analyzing with a dummy for the treated countries, it was confirmed that the outcome covariates: rescon (renewable energy sources consumption), population, FDI, CO(2), inflation, technical corporation grants, domestic credit to the private sector, and research and development are very significant in promoting green financing and climate change mitigation in the study countries. The probit regression results give a different outcome, as rescon, FID, CO(2), Human Development Index (HDI), and investment in the energy sector by the private sector that will likely have an impact on the green financing and climate change mitigation of the study countries. The findings show that FDI, R&D, technical corporation grants, CO 2 , POP, Human Development Index, renewable energy consumption, as the covariates, have significant outcome effects on green financing and climate change mitigation strategies for these countries. doi = 10.1007/s11356-020-10920-y id = cord-322838-s82tyeis author = Norden, M. J. title = National Smoking Rates Correlate Inversely with COVID-19 Mortality date = 2020-06-14 keywords = country; covid-19; smoker; smoking summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.06.12.20129825 id = cord-234737-trshrh6f author = Notari, Alessio title = Temperature dependence of COVID-19 transmission date = 2020-03-27 keywords = country summary = The recent coronavirus pandemic follows in its early stages an almost exponential growth, with the number of cases quite well fit in time by $N(t)propto e^{alpha t}$, in many countries. We start our analysis from the empirical observation that the data for the coronavirus disease in many different countries follow a common pattern: once the number of confirmed cases reaches order 10 there is a very rapid subsequent growth, which is well fit by an exponential behavior. Finally we have tested the existence of a possible bias on the data: the fact that poor countries V: In the left panel: best-estimate, standard deviation (σ) and 95% C.L. intervals for the parameters of the linear interpolation, for the extended set of 125 countries. Table VI: In the top panel: best-estimate, standard error (σ), t−statistic and p−value for the parameters of the linear interpolation in two-variables, temperature (T) and GDP per capita (GDP ), for the extended set of 125 countries. doi = nan id = cord-293145-b1rxh4bd author = Nouhjah, Sedigheh title = Challenges of diabetes care management in developing countries with a high incidence of COVID-19: A brief report date = 2020-05-19 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = Challenges of diabetes care management in developing countries with a high incidence of COVID-19: a brief report Highlights • COVID-19 pandemic may be a potentially diabetogenic situation and may worsen hyperglycemia and possibly diabetes-related complications • Challenges faced by developing countries in managing diabetes during COVID-19 outbreak is different from those in developed countries. Results: Current challenges faced by clinicians in the management of diabetic patients in developing countries are as follows: lack of preventive measures, inadequate number of visits, loss of the traditional method of communication with the patient, shortage of medications, impaired routine diabetic care, and absence of telehealth services. Results: Current challenges faced by clinicians in the management of diabetic patients in developing countries are as follows: lack of preventive measures, inadequate number of visits, loss of the traditional method of communication with the patient, shortage of medications, impaired routine diabetic care, and absence of telehealth services. doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.012 id = cord-331601-3w4c40qr author = Ojong, Nathanael title = The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Pathology of the Economic and Political Architecture in Cameroon date = 2020-06-17 keywords = COVID-19; Cameroon; World; country; government; health summary = The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in December 2019 [1] , and on 31 December 2019, China informed the World Health Organisation (WHO) of numerous cases of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, a city of 11 million inhabitants [2] . That said, the goal of this review is to provide a deeper understanding of the factors that have contributed to weakening Cameroon''s health sector over the years and to shed light on socio-economic and political factors that are currently restricting an effective response to the pandemic in the country. An independent local news agency in the country reported that some public health institutions in Douala required COVID-19 patients to cover their health care costs. Using Cameroon as a case study, I have examined the economic, political, and social forces that negatively affect the fight against COVID-19, and argue that the country''s weak health care system makes it challenging to tackle the disease there as well as in other countries. doi = 10.3390/healthcare8020176 id = cord-303414-fwamdr08 author = Oztig, Lacin Idil title = Human Mobility and COVID-19: A Negative Binomial Regression Analysis date = 2020-07-10 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = Abstract Objectives This study aimed to examine the link between human mobility and the number of COVID-19 infected people in countries. In order to analyze the link between human mobility and COVID-19 infected people, our study focused on the volume of air travel, the number of airports and the Schengen system. Results Our findings suggest a positive relationship between higher volume of airline passenger traffic carried in a country and higher numbers of COVID-19 patients. 2 The global spread of COVID-19 that has led to the infection, and deaths, of thousands of people at a rapid scale, is indicative of how infectious diseases can become a global health problem that have the ability to reach more people, and at a faster rate, in an increasingly globalized world. doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.07.002 id = cord-338143-2v4lrlcl author = Pana, T. A. title = Number of International Arrivals Predicts Severity of the first Global Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-16 keywords = World; country; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.05.13.20100677 id = cord-016508-39glgeft author = Possas, Cristina title = Vaccines: Biotechnology Market, Coverage, and Regulatory Challenges for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals date = 2019-06-13 keywords = country; development; disease; global; vaccine summary = Innovative preventive vaccines against emerging and neglected infectious diseases, such as Zika, dengue, chikungunya, influenza, and HIV/AIDS, are examined here from bioeconomics and global sustainability perspectives, aiming to integrate public health and biotechnology market approaches. This scenario of increasing global demand for vaccines in the next decade is supported by epidemiological indicators: annual burden of new HPV-related cancers worldwide to the tune of 670,000; rise of Zika into a public health emergency with over 86 countries reporting 230,000 cumulative confirmed cases of infection between 2015 and 2018; very high prevalence of HSV which infects approximately 67% of the world population under 50 years of age; continued prevalence of tuberculosis which infects 10 million and takes 1.5 million lives each year despite the progress made toward eliminating the disease; and rise in HIV infections worldwide over 36.9 million (WHO 2018; Global Industry Analysts 2018). doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-9431-7_14 id = cord-271153-c0aw6jkz author = Privor-Dumm, Lois title = Archetype analysis of older adult immunization decision-making and implementation in 34 countries date = 2020-05-27 keywords = NITAG; adult; country; vaccine summary = Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. Considering common barriers and facilitators of decision-making and implementation of adult vaccines within a primary archetype could help provide a framework for strategies to support countries with similar needs and approaches. By characterizing groups of countries by features other than disease burden, geography or demographics, the analysis seeks to support global efforts to address country needs in strengthening processes for vaccine decision-making and implementation; facilitating sharing of best practices amongst countries with similar characteristics; and providing evidence, system or advocacy support to help countries succeed within their specific context. Domains (Table 1) were identified as part of a framework of potential barriers and facilitators for adult vaccine decisionmaking: country characteristics, adult vaccine/aging policies and decision-making, health immunization systems, uptake, and stakeholders and champions. doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.027 id = cord-343553-07c9ec2b author = Radfar, S. R. title = Reorganization of Substance Use Treatment and Harm Reduction Services during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global Survey date = 2020-09-22 keywords = COVID-19; September; country; international summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.09.21.20199133 id = cord-254874-ug0ler5e author = Ramos-Rincón, José M. title = A snapshot of pneumonia research activity and collaboration patterns (2001–2015): a global bibliometric analysis date = 2019-09-05 keywords = China; USA; country; pneumonia; research summary = BACKGROUND: This article describes a bibliometric review of the scientific production, geographical distribution, collaboration, impact, and subject area focus of pneumonia research indexed on the Web of Science over a 15-year period. The only document types we studied were original articles and reviews, analyzing descriptive indicators by five-year periods and the scientific production by country, adjusting for population, economic, and research-related parameters. In this study, by analyzing scientific papers on pneumonia published in the main international scientific journals, we aimed to identify the scientific contribution of different countries to the worldwide research effort, the most cited landmark articles, the degree and nature of scientific collaboration, and the topics addressed. Specifically, we will analyze: (1) the evolution of scientific production; (2) its distribution by countries and regions; (3) the impact of the research papers; and (4) the degree of international collaboration. doi = 10.1186/s12874-019-0819-4 id = cord-023993-rncleqqy author = Ramírez, J. Martín title = Long-Lasting Solutions to the Problem of Migration in Europe date = 2020-03-12 keywords = Africa; Europe; Mediterranean; border; country; european; migrant; migration summary = In a previous publication on the refugee crisis in Europe and its security challenges, I concluded that a global problem like this one could not be solved without an adequate orderly, and controlled immigration policy, creating systematic and controlled arrival and integration programs, because the mental structure of European societies is not prepared to face a disorderly increase in migration flows (Ramirez 2017 (Ramirez , 2019 . A key move to avoid the "calling effect" is to guarantee security and economic agreements -migration control has to be paid with money-, with those countries migrants transit through in their way to Europe, preventing them from leaving its coasts and returning to their country of origin those people whose asylum in the EU has been denied. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-43253-9_10 id = cord-275395-w2u7fq1g author = Romero-Severson, Ethan Obie title = Change in global transmission rates of COVID-19 through May 6 2020 date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; country; model summary = In this report, we developed a deterministic-stochastic hybrid model and fitted the model to case incidence and death incidence time series data from 55 countries. We model the spread of COVID-19 as a partially observed Markov process with real-valued states S (susceptible), E (exposed), I (infected), and R (removed) to describe the latent population dynamics, and integer-valued states C 0 (to be counted), Y 1 (counted cases), D 0:3 (dying), and Y 2 (counted deaths) to model sampling into the data. Generally, countries that were found to have both variable transmission rates and variable detection probabilities (model 3 in Table 1) show a pattern of level or increasing deaths coupled with a level or slightly declining incidence in number of reported cases. The deaths due to COVID-19 in Europe are lower than the average number of reported deaths in a period of the same length for all countries in the data set that also had all-cause death counts from previous years. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0236776 id = cord-343677-0buclszd author = Roussel, Yanis title = Hydroxychloroquine recommendations toward the world: first evaluations date = 2020-09-22 keywords = country summary = doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100759 id = cord-027960-qzg2jsz6 author = Royo, Sebastián title = From Boom to Bust: The Economic Crisis in Spain 2008–2013 date = 2020-06-28 keywords = Spain; country; crisis; spanish summary = Indeed, EMU membership (and the Stability Pact) provided the country with unprecedented stability because it forced successive governments to implement responsible economic policies, which led to greater credibility and the improvement of the ratings of Spain''s public debt (and consequently to lower financing costs). The global liquidity freeze and the surge in commodities, food, and energy prices brought to the fore the unbalances in the Spanish economy: the record current account deficit, persisting inflation, low productivity growth, dwindling competitiveness, increasing unitary labor costs, excess consumption, and low savings, had all set the ground for the current devastating economic crisis (see Royo 2013) . During the years of euphoria following the launching of Europe''s economic and monetary union and prior to the onset of the financial crisis, private capital flowed freely into Spain and, as a result as we have seen, the country ran current account deficits of close to 10% of GDP. doi = 10.1057/978-1-137-53228-2_4 id = cord-324923-29kudfjp author = Sarma, U. title = Quantitative modeling and analysis show country-specific quarantine measures can circumvent COVID19 infection spread post lockdown date = 2020-05-26 keywords = country; figure; infection summary = Our data driven modeling and analysis of the trajectories from multiple countries thus pave a way to understand the infection dynamics during and post lockdown phases in various countries and it can help strategize the testing and quarantine processes and influence the spread of the disease in future. By quantitatively calibrating the time series data(Data from WHO [1]) for confirmed, recovered and dead population for 23 different countries with various stages of infection, we made an estimate of different important parameters like incubation time, transmission rate, rate of quarantine, recovery and death rate, that controls the infection dynamics in a given country. Immediate early lock-down and rigorous testing coupled to systematic quarantining could be the most effective way to rapidly contain the second wave of infection and hence reduce the time of lockdown as well as size of infected population in a country. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107169 id = cord-322078-cli7mpev author = Schaller, Karl title = Neurosurgeons in the Corona crisis: striving for remedy and redemption. A message from the president of the EANS date = 2020-03-27 keywords = country; european summary = All together that will be put on a very big bill, once all will be over, and it will take a long time to reinstall confidence in our political leadership, in our idea of a Europe without limits in humanity, as a model for the world, and as THE place to be. There is a significant lack of doctors and of nursing staff, and in terms of access to ICU-beds with ventilators in some countries, whereas in others, the situation seems to be less precarious. Other countries on the other hand, were deprived of their medical staff due to more precarious general economic situations, with doctors and nurses following the westward stream toward politically more transparent and wealthier countries. We have to provide an example to show how to stand together, across all national borders, and with the optimism of pragmatic and generous people, who we should always strive to be. doi = 10.1007/s00701-020-04306-9 id = cord-308431-l4sv28hj author = Schindler, Seth title = Covid-19, China and the future of global development date = 2020-08-04 keywords = China; World; american; chinese; country; covid-19; development summary = doi = 10.1016/j.resglo.2020.100020 id = cord-316050-mqrx003q author = Seabra, Claudia title = The influence of terrorism in tourism arrivals: A longitudinal approach in a Mediterranean country date = 2020-01-31 keywords = Portugal; Spain; country; european; terrorism; tourist summary = The main results show that terrorist attacks have a strong impact on tourist arrivals and confirm the existence of terrorism spillover, namely the substitution and generalization effects phenomena. The decline in tourists'' arrivals and receipts caused by terrorism is well documented in several countries and regions since the 90s and has affected countries like Spain (Enders & Sandler, 1991) , European countries ( (Enders, Sandler, & Parise, 1992; Radić, Dragičević, & Sotošek, 2018) , the Mediterranean region (Drakos & Kutan, 2003) , non-democratic countries and Africa (Blomberg, Hess, & Orphanides, 2004) , the USA (Bonham, Edmonds, & Mak, 2006; Goodrich, 2002) , Israel (Eckstein & Tsiddon, 2004; Fleisher & Buccola, 2002; Morag, 2006; Pizam & Fleischer, 2002) , Italy (Greenbaum & Hultquist, 2006) , Nepal (Baral, Baral, & Nigel, 2004) , Ireland (O''Connor, Stafford, & Gallagher, 2008) , Fiji and Kenya (Fletcher & Morakabati, 2008) , Nigeria (Adora, 2010) ; Turkey (Feridun, 2011; Ozsoy & Sahin, 2006) , Pakistan (Raza & Jawaid, 2013) , the Middle East (Bassil, 2014) , the Caribbean (Lutz & Lutz, 2018) , Tunisia (Lanouar & Goaied, 2019) , and worlwide (Liu & Pratt, 2017; Llorca-Vivero, 2008; Neumayer & Plümper, 2016) . Terrorism in Greece, Germany, and France positively affects tourist arrivals from America, while terrorist events occurred in Israel, Russia and Spain will have a negative effect on the number of American tourists who choose Portugal as their destination. doi = 10.1016/j.annals.2019.102811 id = cord-354339-tchu91av author = Shahzad, Naeem title = Rapid assessment of COVID-19 suspected cases: A community based approach for developing countries like Pakistan date = 2020-05-06 keywords = country; covid-19 summary = Photo: Nurse wearing locally produced low cost COVID-19 kit and filling the score card from a suspected patient for initial screening and triage at the emergency control room (from the collection of Dr Naeem Shahzad, used with permission). Therefore, this study has made an effort to design a rapid assessment score card using bottom up approach starting from community level which will help the low-income and developing countries to ascertain the suspected COVID-19 cases at community level. To develop an effective tool for patient screening without overburdening the health care infrastructure while still not compromising the control over the spread of the disease and preventive measures, an effective score card has been developed covering numerous effective parameters for rapid assessment of the probable COIVD-19 cases, as shown in Figure 1 . doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.010353 id = cord-316373-v48mz21d author = Shearer, Freya title = Assessing the risk of spread of COVID-19 to the Asia Pacific region date = 2020-04-11 keywords = Australia; China; country summary = Analytical risk assessment is a valuable approach to guide decision-making on travel restrictions and border measures during the early phase of an outbreak, when transmission is primarily contained within a source country. However, with travel restrictions from mainland China to Australia imposed from February 1, our framework was designed to consider the importation risk from China into Australia via potential intermediary countries in the Asia Pacific region. While the detailed analysis presented here is specific to Australia and the South East Asia and Western Pacific regions during the early phase of COVID-19 emergence, the framework itself is adaptable to other contexts for future outbreak response. A framework was developed to assess the risk of COVID-19 infections being imported by passengers travelling on flights from the South East Asia and Western Pacific regions to Australia as of February 19, 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.09.20057257 id = cord-260826-1n96pz86 author = Shet, Anita title = Differential COVID-19-attributable mortality and BCG vaccine use in countries date = 2020-04-06 keywords = BCG; country; covid-19 summary = Using publicly available data we built a simple log-linear regression model to assess the association of BCG use and COVID-19-attributable mortality per 1 million population after adjusting for confounders including country economic status (GDP per capita), and proportion of elderly among the population. Notwithstanding limitations due to testing constraints in LMICs, case ascertainment bias and a plausible rise of cases as countries progress along the epidemiological trajectory, these analyses provide intriguing observations that urgently warrant mobilization of resources for prospective randomized interventional studies and institution of systematic disease surveillance, particularly in LMICs. Novel SARS-CoV2 continues to wreak global havoc. To evaluate the effect of BCG vaccine on mortality attributable to COVID-19, we built a simple log-linear regression model using crude COVID-19-attributable mortality data per 1 million population for each country as outcome, BCG vaccine inclusion in the national immunization schedule as exposure, and adjusted for the effects of the following variables on mortality: country-specific GDP per capita, the percentage of population 65 years and above, and the relative position of each country on the epidemic timeline (days since 100 th case reported as of 29 March 2020). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.01.20049478 id = cord-016593-t0dn27bc author = Spring, Úrsula Oswald title = Food as a New Human and Livelihood Security Challenge date = 2009 keywords = FAO; Oswald; South; country; food; production; security; sovereignty summary = Their understanding of food sovereignty includes: a.) local production and trade of agricultural products with access to land, water, native seeds, credits, technical support and financial facilities for all participants; b.) women are the main food producers worldwide 1) and they are often in charge of transformation and local trade; c.) therefore, access to land, credit and basic production means for women and girls at home and in the community is a guarantee of food security, but it is also able to overcome the violent and unjust patriarchal structures within families, communities, social organizations, countries, and global economic systems; d.) inclusion of the indigenous, women, and peasants in regional and national rural policy and decision-making processes related to agriculture and food sovereignty; e.) the basic right to consume safe, sufficient, and culturally accepted non-toxic food, locally produced, transformed and sold, since food is more than intake of proteins and calories: it is a cultural act of life; f.) the rights of regions and nations to establish compensations and subsidies to get protection from dumping and artificial low prices as a result of subsidies in industrialized countries; g.) the obligation of national and local governments to improve the food disposal of its citizens through stimulus of production and transformation of food, subsidies, and economic programmes to achieve food sovereignty in basic crops; discounts in urban poor regions, able to guarantee the basic food basket; popular kitchens; breakfast in schools, and special food for undernourished babies and pregnant mothers; doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-68488-6_33 id = cord-032256-7yrh16ab author = Susskind, Daniel title = The economics of the COVID-19 pandemic: an assessment date = 2020-08-29 keywords = COVID-19; country; issue; pandemic summary = The two are closely related: it is becoming clear that the use of compulsory lockdowns-by the end of March 2020, over 100 countries had one in place-had an important signalling effect at the start of the pandemic, making clear how critical it was for individuals to change their behaviour. In turn, there appear to be important age inequalities, too: the International Labour Office (ILO), for instance, argues that young people have been ''disproportionately affected'' by the pandemic, which has disrupted their education and training, and forced them out of work; one in six young people surveyed by the ILO, for example, had stopped working since the start of the COVID-19 crisis (ILO, 2020). (2020, this issue) argue, as we move out of lockdown and into a tentative period of recovery, it will be necessary to consider a new set of policy options: extension of short-time work and possible temporary subsidy for re-employment; corporation tax incentives; VAT reductions; and a holiday from taxes on business property. doi = 10.1093/oxrep/graa036 id = cord-299309-p703e396 author = Tan-Torres Edejer, Tessa title = Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; cost; country summary = title: Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study This study aimed to identify what the additional health-care costs of a strategic preparedness and response plan (SPRP) would be if current transmission levels are maintained in a status quo scenario, or under scenarios where transmission is increased or decreased by 50%. Evidence before this study Since Jan 30, 2020, when WHO labelled the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, countries have tried to limit its spread, instituting measures on physical distancing and restrictions on movement. As of June 26, 2020, the costs of the full, nine-pillar response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middleincome countries after 4 weeks, on July 24, 2020, were projected to be approximately $52 billion, assuming that the Rt was unchanged and the status quo continued. doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30383-1 id = cord-288818-6uvb4qsk author = Tanveer, Faouzia title = Ethics, pandemic and environment; looking at the future of low middle income countries date = 2020-10-15 keywords = SARS; country; covid-19; health; pandemic summary = From the restrictions on public freedom and burgeoning socio-economic impacts to the rationing of scarce medical resources, the spread of COVID-19 is an extraordinary ethical dilemma for resource constrained nations with less developed health and research systems. International regimes are on high alert to stop its spread, however, as far as the global scenario is concerned, countries and governments are clueless in stopping the expanding pandemic as not much is known about SARS-CoV-2, while left only with implementing nationwide lock downs and curfews which opened new economic fronts and social challenges. COVID-19 has presented itself as a test case for the humanity in terms of global fraternity, decision making, technology and expertise sharing, rapid pandemic response mechanisms, stability, crises management and policy making. doi = 10.1186/s12939-020-01296-z id = cord-298870-22lf1cp5 author = Timen, Aura title = Control Measures Used during Lymphogranuloma Venereum Outbreak, Europe date = 2008-04-17 keywords = LGV; country; outbreak summary = The resurgence of LGV in Europe contained many features similar to an infectious disease emergency: it occurred unexpectedly; there was delay in the recognition of cases, which allowed the disease to spread within the risk group; and there was no preconceived outbreak control plan. The third section included 9 questions about the content of outbreak control measures (i.e., case identifi cation, case defi nitions, laboratory confi rmation, treatment, reporting, and interventions for health professionals and the groups at risk). Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 4, April 2008 However, in the management of LGV patients, differences were seen between countries with respect to case defi nitions, laboratory testing, and antimicrobial drug treatment. Because only 1 of these new European Union member countries completed the questionnaire, it was also impossible to assess how outbreak control measures were developed and implemented. doi = 10.3201/eid1404.061583 id = cord-017731-xzfo5jjq author = Todd, Ewen C. D. title = Foodborne Disease in the Middle East date = 2016-11-25 keywords = East; Egypt; Iraq; Lebanon; Middle; Ministry; Pakistan; Qatar; Salmonella; Turkey; country; egyptian; food; outbreak summary = Food safety is a concern worldwide and according to the World Health Organization, developing countries are probably more at risk of foodborne illness because many of these, including those in the Middle East, have limited disease surveillance and prevention and control strategies. Like many other parts of the developing world, foodborne disease surveillance is limited and outbreaks are most often reported through the Press but with insufficient detail to determine the etiological agents and the factors contributing to the outbreaks, leading to speculation to the cause by those interested or responsible for food prevention and control. Thus, the main foodborne disease issues are with homemade, restaurant and street food, where isolated claims of illness are followed up by inspections and possible punitive action by public health agencies responsible for food safety. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-48920-9_17 id = cord-021937-p9vqpazu author = Tsai, Theodore F. title = Immunization in the Asia-Pacific Region date = 2017-07-17 keywords = Asia; China; India; Japan; Korea; country; vaccine summary = However, an increasing global integration is taking place, as multinational companies acquire Asian manufacturers (e.g., Sanofi-Aventis, France, acquired Shantha Biotechnics, India); Asian companies acquire or obtain technologies and distribution rights from European countries (e.g., inactivated polio vaccine by Serum Institute of India Ltd. acquiring Bilthoven Biologicals, Netherlands; Astellas, Japan, acquiring recombinant influenza hemagglutinin from Protein Sciences, U.S.; Thai Government Pharmaceutical Organization acquiring chimeric JE vaccine from Sanofi-Pasteur, France; and Biological Evans, India, acquiring JE vaccine from Intercell AG, Austria); and vaccine codevelopment is agreed between entities in developed and Asian countries (e.g., genetically modified, inactivated HIV vaccine codeveloped by Sumagen, Korea, and the University of Western Ontario, Canada; mycobacterial proteinAg85A candidate tuberculosis vaccine codeveloped by Tianjin CanSino Biotechnology, China, and McMaster University, Canada; universal influenza vaccine codeveloped by Xiamen Wantai and Sanofi-Pasteur, France; and novel pneumococcal conjugate vaccine codeveloped by SK Chemicals, Korea and Sanofi-Pasteur, France). The widely used first-generation inactivated suckling mouse brain (SMB)-derived vaccine is being replaced rapidly in economically disadvantaged countries by the Chinese developed and manufactured live attenuated or inactivated vaccine (SA14-14-2 strain) grown in primary baby hamster kidney (PHK) cells and in higher-income countries with Vero cell-derived inactivated vaccines (licensed in the United States, Australia, Canada, and Europe, as well as several Asian countries) or a replicating chimeric yellow fever-JE virus recombinant vaccine (manufactured in Thailand). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00075-4 id = cord-263261-xhem8l39 author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Bismarck and the Long Road to Universal Health Coverage date = 2018-03-30 keywords = Canada; Health; National; States; United; World; care; country; system summary = Each nation will develop its own unique approach to national health systems, but there are models used by a number of countries based on principles of national responsibility for health, social solidarity for providing funding, and for effective ways of providing care with comprehensiveness, efficiency, quality, and cost containment. Health reform is necessarily a continuing process as all countries must adapt to face challenges of cost constraints, inequalities in access to care, aging populations, emergence of new disease conditions and advancing technology including the growing capacity of medicine, public health and health promotion. Despite rapid increases in health care expenditures during the 1970s and 1980s, despite improved health promotion activities and rapidly developing medical technology, the health status of the American population G Preventive programs strong tradition; screening for cancer; smoking reduction; food fortification, school lunch programs; nutrition support for poor pregnant women and children (WIC); G Hospitals obliged to provide emergency care to all regardless of insurance status, citizenship, legal status or ability to pay has improved less rapidly than that in other western countries and universal coverage has not been achieved. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-804571-8.00031-7 id = cord-303165-ikepr2p2 author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = Expanding the Concept of Public Health date = 2014-10-10 keywords = Europe; HIV; Health; New; Public; USA; care; chapter; community; country; disease; population; social summary = It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1 id = cord-326509-1cpybatu author = Varkey, Rittu S. title = Socioeconomic determinants of COVID‐19 in Asian countries: An empirical analysis date = 2020-10-23 keywords = asian; country; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1002/pa.2532 id = cord-258885-ev2pvr3s author = Werth, Annette title = Impact analysis of COVID-19 responses on energy grid dynamics in Europe date = 2020-10-22 keywords = COVID-19; country; european summary = With this methodology, energy load, generation and international transmission were studied for 16 European countries, for which data were available, to understand how Europe''s electric grid was affected by the epidemic. To understand and measure the impact of governmental restrictions on the electrical power system, at a country level, it is necessary to assess the data recorded during COVID-19 emergency against a counterfactual scenario where the epidemic did not occur. This procedure enabled a systematic determination of the interval of time to study how European countries modulated electrical energy generation, and transmission in order to balance for the reduced consumption. The non-renewable energy sources, such as nuclear and fossil (which includes gas, oil and coal) that typically cover the baseline load, were observed decreasing in generation for most countries, although yearly productions were quite variable (Fig. 5B,C) . doi = 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116045 id = cord-317184-vz829rsy author = Wodarz, Dominik title = Patterns of the COVID19 epidemic spread around the world: exponential vs power laws date = 2020-04-01 keywords = Italy; country; law summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.03.30.20047274 id = cord-301570-yuuumno9 author = Zarikas, Vasilios title = Clustering analysis of countries using the COVID-19 cases dataset date = 2020-05-29 keywords = country; figure summary = doi = 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105787 id = cord-029981-1jk9mp8r author = Zhang, Cheng title = COVID-19 Pandemic with Human Mobility Across Countries date = 2020-08-03 keywords = China; country; international summary = By using a unique human mobility dataset containing 547 166 flights with a total capacity of 101 455 913 passengers from January 22 to April 24, 2020, we analyze the epidemic correlations across 22 countries in six continents and particularly the changes in such correlations before and after implementing the international travel restriction policies targeting different countries. This study responds to this urgent call by developing a spatial-temporal model with network dynamics [15, 16] to understand the correlation between the COVID-19 epidemics in different countries accounting for the inter-country human mobility and international travel restrictions targeting different countries. Given the spatial nature of this research, we develop a dynamic network model based on the spatial-temporal features [15, 16] to examine the extent to which the number of newly confirmed infections in each country is correlated with the cumulative number of infections in each of the remaining 21 countries, by taking into account (1) the mobility volume between countries, (2) the introduction of inter-country travel restriction policies targeting different countries at different time point, and (3) internal movement restriction within each country. doi = 10.1007/s40305-020-00317-6