Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 42 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8366 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 cost 4 study 4 patient 3 risk 3 firm 3 disease 3 Health 3 COVID-19 2 vaccine 2 vaccination 2 influenza 2 drug 2 country 2 airline 2 United 2 India 1 urban 1 treatment 1 time 1 system 1 sufb 1 strategy 1 school 1 sap 1 return 1 result 1 resettlement 1 readmission 1 quarantine 1 psychological 1 price 1 precaution 1 plant 1 periodontal 1 panic 1 pandemic 1 oral 1 mmc 1 mitigation 1 mental 1 medical 1 marketing 1 market 1 intervention 1 industry 1 individual 1 increase 1 hub 1 health 1 grid Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 4228 cost 1195 health 1193 % 1161 study 950 patient 840 care 808 disease 765 intervention 733 time 689 model 660 analysis 628 risk 595 datum 566 case 515 effect 514 result 490 treatment 466 number 423 system 423 country 407 year 399 value 394 rate 393 impact 382 level 379 infection 377 airline 370 strategy 348 effectiveness 337 individual 333 capacity 332 pandemic 327 influenza 327 decision 325 drug 324 use 322 community 317 service 309 day 303 market 302 process 302 policy 299 example 292 method 290 firm 288 period 288 approach 286 term 284 research 284 child Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 942 al 806 et 529 . 266 Health 206 Games 165 COVID-19 134 • 134 United 129 Fig 125 HCV 110 India 109 C 103 Griffithsin 100 States 97 US 93 t 89 Table 82 National 81 PCC 76 PV 70 M&As 70 CBA 69 NAI 68 Medicare 67 CSP 66 benefi 63 CTH 58 World 57 mg 57 SARS 57 Care 56 Institute 55 A 53 Research 52 UK 52 Olympics 52 International 52 IOC 52 Dental 51 S 51 HCS 51 China 51 Australia 50 IC 49 Medicaid 48 fi 46 T 46 H1N1 46 EHR 45 s Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1071 we 904 it 410 they 152 i 103 them 37 us 36 themselves 35 one 35 itself 32 he 27 you 16 she 3 me 3 herself 2 yourself 2 s 2 p-450 2 him 2 her 2 's 1 ⌈ 1 outt 1 ourselves 1 ours 1 mg 1 himself Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 10640 be 1877 have 975 use 663 base 612 include 478 do 457 increase 445 provide 421 reduce 368 consider 362 show 362 estimate 348 make 300 follow 291 associate 277 require 276 find 262 develop 258 relate 250 compare 237 need 237 give 227 take 225 improve 201 report 196 see 193 determine 183 affect 180 suggest 174 expect 172 represent 170 assume 168 present 167 lead 162 allow 160 assess 155 apply 154 propose 154 become 152 conduct 150 identify 149 prevent 145 result 143 remain 143 measure 142 implement 140 perform 139 calculate 138 support 138 occur Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1159 not 757 more 673 high 614 other 591 - 534 such 534 also 506 dental 456 economic 408 only 407 low 387 however 379 most 335 medical 333 different 330 total 324 large 318 well 285 clinical 283 first 282 oral 277 effective 268 public 257 new 222 therefore 217 as 214 available 210 non 205 important 203 social 201 less 197 even 196 average 180 many 180 long 180 early 178 single 176 human 175 likely 173 thus 168 direct 167 small 165 then 164 psychological 163 private 162 same 161 further 159 specific 157 current 155 significant Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 122 most 76 good 58 least 55 high 39 low 31 Most 28 large 23 great 9 small 5 late 5 big 4 strong 4 short 4 fast 3 tough 3 long 3 cheap 2 simple 2 costly 2 close 2 bad 1 ribulose-1,5bisphosphate 1 quick 1 poor 1 old 1 furth 1 few 1 early 1 deep 1 common 1 busy Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 257 most 41 least 8 well 3 highest 2 worst Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24 doi.org 2 www.biomedcentral.com 1 www.wenchuan.gov.cn 1 www.retailytics.com 1 www.intelligen.com 1 www.goodrx.com 1 www.frontiersin.org 1 respiratory-research.com 1 newsroom.cigna.com 1 ecommercedb.com 1 creat Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 13 http://doi.org/10.1101 10 http://doi.org/10 1 http://www.wenchuan.gov.cn 1 http://www.retailytics.com/ 1 http://www.intelligen.com/ 1 http://www.goodrx.com/ 1 http://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe 1 http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1472-6963-7-181-S1.doc] 1 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/181/pre 1 http://respiratory-research.com/content/9/1/11 1 http://newsroom.cigna.com/NewsReleases/research-from-cigna-supports-potential-association-between-treated-gum-disease-and-reduced-medical-costs-for-people-with-diabetes 1 http://ecommercedb.com/ 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2020.114627 1 http://creat Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 fergus.gardiner@rfds.org.au Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 data were available 4 % increased transmission 4 costs are not 3 case report forms 3 costs are also 3 costs are high 3 costs are likely 3 costs are more 3 costs were then 3 infections are more 3 studies did not 2 % had diabetes 2 airlines have always 2 analysis does not 2 case report form 2 cost did not 2 cost is high 2 cost is minor 2 cost is non 2 cost is sufficient 2 costs are lower 2 costs are typically 2 costs were also 2 costs were not 2 countries is due 2 data are available 2 data are consistent 2 data are not 2 data have not 2 diseases is very 2 effects were also 2 interventions is urgently 2 model does not 2 models are not 2 studies are not 2 studies have mainly 2 studies was available 2 study did not 2 time did not 2 time was more 2 value does not 1 % being asymptomatic 1 % does not 1 % had cancer 1 % had copd 1 % had hyperlipidemia 1 % had osteoarthritis 1 % have periodontitis 1 % include provisions 1 % increased risk Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 analyses do not routinely 1 analysis is not constant 1 care are no guarantee 1 cases was no less 1 cases were no less 1 costs are not equal 1 costs is not very 1 countries are not identical 1 countries have no difficulty 1 data are not easily 1 data were not available 1 disease is not very 1 effects are not systematically 1 health are not necessarily 1 model does not explicitly 1 model is not appropriate 1 models are not always 1 models are not tractable 1 models is not necessarily 1 numbers are not sufficient 1 numbers is not fast 1 patient does not wastefully 1 patient has no further 1 patients is not cost 1 patients was not satisfactory 1 results are not directly 1 results were not particularly 1 risk is not uniform 1 risks are not uncommon 1 studies are not conclusive 1 studies made no distinction 1 study do not substantially 1 study is not able 1 time was no less 1 value is not specifically A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-280718-hlyo4fys author = Acher, Alexandra W. title = Early vs Late Readmissions in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients: Recognizing Comprehensive Episodic Cost to Help Guide Bundled Payment Plans and Hospital Resource Allocation date = 2020-07-15 keywords = DGE; cost; readmission summary = title: Early vs Late Readmissions in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients: Recognizing Comprehensive Episodic Cost to Help Guide Bundled Payment Plans and Hospital Resource Allocation INTRODUCTION: Previous studies on readmission cost in pancreaticoduodenectomy patients use estimated cost data and do not delineate etiology or cost differences between early and late readmissions. Early readmission was associated with index stay deep vein thrombosis (p < 0.01), delayed gastric emptying (p < 0.01), and grade B pancreatic fistula (p < 0.01). Bivariate analysis of risk factors for early and late readmissions was based on preoperative patient factors, surgeon, and type of postoperative index stay complication. The high-cost late readmissions were related to time-dependent or chronic postoperative issues, some of which required reoperation: recurrent small bowel obstruction requiring reoperation, DGE, PF-related enterocutaneous fistula, and organ space infection requiring invasive intervention (Fig. 2, Table 3 ). doi = 10.1007/s11605-020-04714-3 id = cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author = Adler, Nicole title = Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date = 2012-07-31 keywords = States; United; airline; airport; american; cost; market summary = Abstract Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. These strategies need to provide a cushion whereby companies can reasonably handle the risk of fuel price instability, the introduction of carbon cap and trade regulation, the need to finance airport infrastructure, air traffic management systems, aircraft and other assets, the competitive inequalities drawing from subsidies across the globe at various levels of the supply chain and the effects of increasing ad-hoc consumer protection laws. We discuss the on-going process of deregulation of the airline markets in section 5.1, the conditions under which airport regulation continues to be a necessity in a gradually privatized and corporatized airport industry in section 5.2 and the issues arising as a result of the changes in ownership form of the air traffic control sector in section 5.3. doi = 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.014 id = cord-031702-jik4116j author = Agrawal, Anshu title = Sustainability of airlines in India with Covid-19: Challenges ahead and possible way-outs date = 2020-09-10 keywords = India; PLF; airline; cost; industry summary = Fragile to withstand the cyclic momentary shocks of oil price fluctuation, demand flux, declining currency, airlines in India warrants for robust structural changes in their operating strategies, business model, revenue and pricing strategies to survive the long-lasting consequences of Covid-19. According to ICAO united Aviation study, depending upon the duration and intensity of outbreak, control measures and economic and psychological impact, the global Pink cells portray risky zone and green cells represent safe zone as per Altman Z-score airlines industry may witness decline of 33 to 60% seats offered, reduced passenger traffic from 1878 to 3227 million and gross operating revenue loss of approximately USD 244 to 420 million for the year 2020. Table 5 exhibits the degree of operating leverage of four airlines in India and the consequences on the EBITDA of the airlines, with the different expectations of possible decline in sales amid covid impact. doi = 10.1057/s41272-020-00257-z id = cord-348992-8su58m68 author = Alam, Aatif title = Technoeconomic Modeling of Plant-Based Griffithsin Manufacturing date = 2018-07-24 keywords = Griffithsin; TMV; cost; plant summary = With an assumed commercial launch volume of 20 kg Griffithsin/year for 6.7 million doses of Griffithsin microbicide at 3 mg/dose, a transient vector expression yield of 0.52 g Griffithsin/kg leaf biomass, recovery efficiency of 70%, and purity of >99%, we calculated a manufacturing cost for the drug substance of $0.32/dose and estimated a bulk product cost of $0.38/dose assuming a 20% net fee for a contract manufacturing organization (CMO). The main analysis in this study was conducted using data available from pilot-scale manufacturing of Griffithsin in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-induced transient gene expression, and assuming that manufacturing would take place in an existing and fully equipped state-of-the-art plant-based biomanufacturing facility. Nicotiana benthamiana host plants are generated from seed and propagated indoors under controlled environmental conditions until sufficient biomass is obtained for inoculation with the TMV vector carrying the Griffithsin gene. doi = 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00102 id = cord-291645-63ftephy author = Aldridge, Arnie P. title = Health economic design for evaluating cost, cost-effectiveness and simulation analyses in the HEALing Communities Study date = 2020-10-03 keywords = CTH; HCS; OUD; cost summary = BACKGROUND: The HEALing Communities Study (HCS) is designed to implement and evaluate the Communities That HEAL (CTH) intervention, a conceptually driven framework to assist communities in selecting and adopting evidence-based practices to reduce opioid overdose deaths. The objectives of the HES are to estimate the economic costs to communities of implementing and sustaining CTH; estimate broader societal costs associated with CTH; estimate the cost-effectiveness of CTH for overdose deaths avoided; and use simulation modeling to evaluate the shortand long-term health and economic impact of CTH, including future overdose deaths avoided and quality-adjusted life years saved, and to develop a simulation policy tool for communities that seek to implement CTH or a similar community intervention. The HCS HES will use simulation modeling to evaluate the short-and long-term health and economic impacts of the CTH intervention and to develop a policy tool for communities that want to implement CTH. doi = 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108336 id = cord-318982-cbfiqvu5 author = As''ad, Rami title = Sustainable Dynamic Lot Sizing Models for Cold Products under Carbon Cap Policy date = 2020-09-04 keywords = cap; carbon; cost; emission summary = Amid the ever growing interest in operational supply chain models that incorporate environmental aspects as an integral part of the decision making process, this paper addresses the dynamic lot sizing problem of a cold product while accounting for carbon emissions generated during temperature-controlled storage and transportation activities. More specifically, cold or perishable products in general, typically exhibit time varying demand stressing the need for dynamic lot sizing modeling approach to optimize inventory and transportation related decisions on a periodic basis, and accordingly control costs and carbon emissions. The impact of the carbon cap (both total and periodic) as well as other key problem parameters on the lot sizing policy, the operational cost and the carbon footprint generated is assessed in Section 4 through sensitivity analysis. Min TCF(Q) subject to constraints (3) to (11) The upper bound, , is the total carbon emissions of the optimal lot sizing policy of the following carbon cap-unconstrained operational cost optimization problem. doi = 10.1016/j.cie.2020.106800 id = cord-254630-ed5gawoj author = Barron, Sarah P. title = Single-Use (Disposable) Flexible Bronchoscopes: The Future of Bronchoscopy? date = 2020-09-17 keywords = SARS; bronchoscope; cost; sufb summary = Additionally, RFBs pose a risk of nosocomial infection transmission between patients with the identification of human proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and pathogenic organisms on fully reprocessed bronchoscopes despite full adherence to the guidelines. Until now, disposable or single-use flexible bronchoscopes (SUFBs) have primarily been used by anaesthetists in an ICU or peri-operative setting where they perform to an acceptable level in comparison to RFBs [12, 13] combined with the distinct advantage of a reduced risk of infection owing to their sterility [14] . In this review, the risk of infection with standard RFBs will be outlined as will the advantages of SUFBs, with comment on their cost profile compared to RFBs and attempt to suggest a rationale for their use during the COVID-19 pandemic and in a respiratory setting. doi = 10.1007/s12325-020-01495-8 id = cord-287067-rrsgl377 author = Beutels, Philippe title = Funding of drugs: do vaccines warrant a different approach? date = 2008-11-30 keywords = cost; eff; vaccination; vaccine summary = 2 The individual perception of risks of disease and risks of adverse events drives the demand Panel: Why many vaccines require a diff erent approach • Primary prevention in healthy people, but with possibility of adverse events • Unvaccinated or poorly vaccinated people may experience benefi cial or, more rarely, detrimental impact from herd immunity • Many vaccines prevent short-lived illness in very young children, causing extra family care and work loss, for which evaluation methods lack credibility and acceptability • The cost-eff ectiveness of many vaccines is highly sensitive to the choice of discount method • Some infections are eradicable • Some emerging infections (eg, SARS, pandemic infl uenza) would have a major macroeconomic impact that goes beyond lost productivity of sick people SARS=severe acute respiratory syndrome. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70258-5 id = cord-018497-oy7hsrpt author = Beutels, Philippe P.A. title = Economic aspects of vaccines and vaccination: a global perspective date = 2005 keywords = cost; health; vaccination; vaccine summary = The share of health-care expenditures in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of most industrialised countries has increased from 3%-5% in the early sixties to 7%-11% in 2001 (from 5% to 14% in the USA) [1] This rise has been attributed to medical advances (increasing the number and technological complexity of medical interventions), population aging, sociological changes (more, but smaller families and less familial support for the elderly) and insufficient productivity increases in the services sector. Because of the very long time spans over which benefits accrue, the analysis of most vaccination programs is very sensitive to discounting (of costs as well as health effects). It seems clear, though, that the smallpox eradication program and the establishment of the EPI have generated enormous benefits, not only by directly protecting against important vaccine-preventable diseases, but also by providing opportunities for health education and infrastructure in developing countries [30] . doi = 10.1007/3-7643-7381-4_1 id = cord-028178-77zq31tw author = D’Acci, Luca S. title = Urbanicity mental costs valuation: a review and urban-societal planning consideration date = 2020-06-30 keywords = cost; mental; urban summary = (2004) of 68 studies found a schizophrenia incidence rate 2 times higher in urban areas than in mixed rural/urban areas; a rate that rises up to a 2.75 times greater risk of schizophrenia when one has lived 15 years of her early life in a capital city rather than a rural area (Pedersen and Mortensen 2001a) . 2012 ) used different methods (although non comparable among each other) to estimate mental disorders costs: (1) direct and indirect costs by human capital approach (the standard cost-of-illness method), (2) impact on economic growth (macroeconomic simulation), and (3) value of statistical life (willingness to pay). Let''s speculate that by planning better structural-infrastructural urban environments and forms (D''Acci 2020) and their socio-economic systems/life styles, (eliminating crowd-congestion, pollution, greenless, noise, crime, overwork, stress, over-pace…) of our current cities we are also able to entirely reduce their extra psychosis incidences and then levelling the urban psychosis rate to the rural one. doi = 10.1007/s11299-020-00235-3 id = cord-013244-d6saaiu9 author = Eijsink, Job F. H. title = Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus screening, and subsequent monitoring or treatment among pregnant women in the Netherlands date = 2020-10-16 keywords = HCV; Netherlands; cost summary = However, it is conceivable that in the near future DAA treatment of HCV-infected women during pregnancy becomes available, not only to limit disease progression in the patient, but also to prevent vertical transmission of the virus to the child. A screening model linked to HCV-disease states within a Markov model was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness (CE) of HCV screening of pregnant women, with initial treatment during pregnancy, compared to current practice (no screening and no intervention) from a health-care payer perspective in the Netherlands. We subsequently determined the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of HCV screening and treatment among the four cohorts of pregnant women following the different scenarios and comparisons. Our present study demonstrates that HCV screening of pregnant women and subsequent immediate treatment of all HCV-positive individuals with DAAs is a cost-effective intervention in the Netherlands. doi = 10.1007/s10198-020-01236-2 id = cord-271094-utpg9p5u author = Erdmann, Anett title = Digital inbound marketing: Measuring the economic performance of grocery e-commerce in Europe and the USA date = 2020-10-20 keywords = SEM; SEO; cost; dim; firm; marketing summary = Concretely, in the environment of grocery e-commerce (GE) and from a classic economic perspective of evaluation of the optimal marketing budget of Dorfman and Steiner (1954) , which has been adapted by the authors of this research to the nature of digital marketing, an analytical model is proposed which allows to optimize the investment in marketing based on a marginal analysis and respond to a fundamental question in DIM: the analysis of its economic performance. The analysis of the optimal DIM mix of SEO and SEM oriented towards the generation of website traffic is conducted for a total of 29 leading grocery e-commerce firms in Europe (UK, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Norway) and the USA over a time horizon of six years (2014 -2019) at a monthly level to evaluate the relationship between DIM and economic performance. doi = 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120373 id = cord-182166-x52i7xb4 author = Faugere, Louis title = Dynamic Pooled Capacity Deployment for Urban Parcel Logistics date = 2020-07-22 keywords = access; capacity; cost; hub summary = In particular, it proposes a two-stage stochastic optimization model for the access hub dynamic pooled capacity deployment problem with synchronization of underlying operations through travel time estimates, and a solution approach based on a rolling horizon algorithm with lookahead and a benders decomposition able to solve large scale instances of a real-sized megacity. This paper studies a novel tactical optimization problem: the dynamic deployment of pooled storage capacity in an urban parcel network operating under space-time uncertainty. (1) the characterization of a new tactical problem for capacity deployment, motivated by dynamic aspects of urban parcel logistics needs, (2) the modeling of the access hub dynamic pooled capacity deployment problem as a two-stage stochastic program with synchronization of underlying operations through travel time estimates, and (3) the design of a solution approach based on a rolling horizon algorithm with lookahead and a benders decomposition able to solve large scale instances of a real-sized megacity. doi = nan id = cord-104095-g6l57s4x author = Flyvbjerg, Bent title = Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up date = 2020-09-28 keywords = Games; IOC; Olympics; Summer; Winter; cost summary = The paper tests theoretical statistical distributions against empirical data for the costs of the Games, in order to explain the cost risks faced by host cities and nations. Finally, the paper develops measures for good practice in planning and managing the Games, including how to mitigate the extreme risks of the Olympic power law. While conventional thinking is that a lognormal distribution is thin-tailed, because it has all the moments (mean, variance, etc.), it actually behaves like a power law at a σ > 0.4 (Taleb 2020: 139 ff.) , which is the case for our Olympic costs dataset. In sum, we find: (a) convexity is the root cause of the power-law nature and extreme randomness of cost and cost overrun for the Olympics; (b) convexity is strong for the Games, documented by alpha-values smaller than 2, indicating infinite variance; and (c) convexity at the Games is driven by irreversibility, fixed time schedules, misaligned incentives, tight coupling, long planning horizons, and the Eternal Beginner Syndrome. doi = 10.1177/0308518x20958724 id = cord-023913-pnjhi8cu author = Foreman, Stephen title = Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration date = 2011-10-08 keywords = Association; EHR; Fig; Health; Institute; Medicaid; Medicare; National; clinical; cost; dental; disease; medical; oral; patient; periodontal; school; study; system summary = So while there has been no shortage of effort paid to improving Medicare, the one common theme in all of the recent initiatives is that dental care has been conspicuously 1 A new study by Hedlund, Jeffcoat, Genco and Tanna funded by CIGNA of patients with Type II diabetes and periodontal disease found that medical costs of patients who received maintenance therapy were $2483.51 per year lower than patients who did not. Examples of integrated care models do exist, such as that presented by (Heuer 2007 ) involving school-linked and school-based clinics with an "innovative health infrastructure." According to Heuer, "Neighborhood Outreach Action for Health (NOAH)" is staffed by two nurse practitioners and a part-time physician to provide "primary medical services to more than 3,200 uninsured patients each year" in Scottsdale, Arizona. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-2185-5_4 id = cord-322123-z43vhxg5 author = Gardiner, Fergus W. title = Mental Health Crises in Rural and Remote Australia: An Assessment of Direct Medical Costs of Air Medical Retrievals and the Implications for the Societal Burden date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Australia; Health; cost summary = METHODS: All patients with a primary working diagnosis of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Version, Australian Modification F00 to F99 (mental and behavioral disorders) who underwent an air medical retrieval were included in this cost analysis. The primary aim of this article is to determine the annual air medical retrieval and in-patient hospital-direct medical costs associated with mental and behavioral disorders from a health payer perspective. 15, 16 Design and Participants A partial economic evaluation was undertaken using routinely collected air medical data for patients diagnosed in flight with a mental and behavioral disorder (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition, Australian Modification [ICD-10 AM], Chapter V) between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017. Further research is required to fully understand the true costs, including indirect (loss of productivity) and intangible costs (quality of life), associated with air medical retrievals for mental health care and the current level of service provision to rural and remote communities in location. doi = 10.1016/j.amj.2020.06.010 id = cord-292349-r2ljahss author = Gudmundsson, Sveinn Vidar title = Cost structure effects of horizontal airline mergers and acquisitions date = 2020-08-27 keywords = M&As; cost; firm summary = We offer support that the ex-post cost structure effects of airline M&As depend on the incentives to improve efficiency, reflected in the ex-ante performance of the merging firms. In the background of this literature, we develop our cost structure arguments taking into account different types of M&As guided by specific conditions surrounding target selection and timing that affect the ex-ante performance disparity of the merging firms and therefore efficiency improvement incentives ex-post. Along these arguments we attempt to reveal evidence supporting our prediction that horizontal M&As involving unprofitable firm(s) have stronger management incentive for efficiency improvement ex-post than if both firms are profitable, which is important for competition policy and relevant to regulators approving mergers. doi = 10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.08.017 id = cord-252829-gn56tsz3 author = Higginson, Irene J. title = Associations between informal care costs, care quality, carer rewards, burden and subsequent grief: the international, access, rights and empowerment mortality follow-back study of the last 3 months of life (IARE I study) date = 2020-11-03 keywords = care; cost; patient summary = title: Associations between informal care costs, care quality, carer rewards, burden and subsequent grief: the international, access, rights and empowerment mortality follow-back study of the last 3 months of life (IARE I study) Data: ICrs reported hours and activities, care quality, positive aspects and burdens of caregiving, and completed the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG). Multivariable logistic regression analysis explored the association of potential explanatory variables, including IC costs and care quality, on three outcomes: positive aspects and burdens of caregiving, and subsequent grief. Therefore, as part of the International, Access, Rights, and Empowerment (IARE I) study of palliative care in three countries, we aimed to determine and compare the informal care (IC) costs and their associations with selfreported caregiver burden, rewards and subsequent caregiver grief, taking account of care quality, as reported by ICrs. We conducted a mortality follow-back postal survey of key informants (normally relatives and informal carers) of decedents identified by palliative care services in participating hospitals. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01768-7 id = cord-104431-3rblzyry author = Hill, Andrew title = Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for COVID-19 date = 2020-04-30 keywords = cost; drug; price; treatment summary = RESULTS: Minimum estimated costs of production were US $0.93/day for remdesivir, $1.45/day for favipiravir, $0.08/day for hydroxychloroquine, $0.02/day for chloroquine, $0.10/day for azithromycin, $0.28/day for lopinavir/ritonavir, $0.39/day for sofosbuvir/daclatasvir and $1.09/day for pirfenidone. large donor organisations such as the global Fund for aiDs, TB and Malaria (gFaTM) and the President''s emergency Plan for aiDs relief (PePFar) order drugs to treat >20 million people with hiV, at prices close to the cost of production [20, 21] . We used all available costing data for each drug aPi found on Panjiva, excluding shipments <1kg in size, alongside the lowest and highest 15% of results based on prices per kg. Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for cOViD-19 67 Different dosing protocols are being used for hydroxychloroquine, including 600 mg daily in the small, open-label, non-randomised French study by gautret et al. doi = nan id = cord-345836-74d2mb70 author = Hogg, William title = The costs of preventing the spread of respiratory infection in family physician offices: a threshold analysis date = 2007-11-13 keywords = cost; influenza; intervention summary = CONCLUSION: Based on our conservative estimates for the direct cost savings, there are indications that the outreach facilitation intervention program would be cost effective if it can achieve a reduction in the probability of infection on the order of 0.83 (0.77, 1.05) percentage points. The potential cost savings for this intervention referred to the costs of medical care averted due to the improved respiratory infection control practices that reduce the probability of infection in the physicians'' offices. In order to generate an accurate estimate of the total health-care costs averted by this intervention, one would require the following pieces of information: i) the incidence or frequencies of transmission at physicians'' office, ii) the effect of the intervention in reducing those rates, iii) the probabilities of the various potential health outcomes that could arise given infection, and iv) the cost of the treatments associated with those outcomes. doi = 10.1186/1472-6963-7-181 id = cord-320228-vbzceozs author = Hu, Zhi-Hua title = Post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement considering panic and panic spread date = 2014-11-30 keywords = cost; panic; psychological; resettlement summary = A novel mixed-integer linear program is constructed for multi-step evacuation and temporary resettlement under minimization of panic-induced psychological penalty cost, psychological intervention cost, and costs associated with transportation and building shelters. Third, psychological penalty cost perceived by victims due to wait for evacuation, psychological intervention cost, cost of transporting victims from disaster sites to resettlement sites, and cost of building resettlement shelters are minimized in this formulation. Next, the time-varying strength of panic, and the time-varying costs and limits of shelters and mental health workers are modeled to study the effects of wait times on evacuation and resettlement solutions. Due to urgent demands for mental health workers and temporary shelters, and the marginally increasing degree of panic perceived by victims while waiting for evacuation and resettlement, three parameters (C P t ; C INC t and a t ) are defined as functions of wait times. This study addressed the post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement problem for victims affected by psychological penalty induced by panic and panic spread. doi = 10.1016/j.trb.2014.08.004 id = cord-282716-gxv6cbom author = Juneau, Carl-Etienne title = Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions to suppress the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review date = 2020-04-24 keywords = April; cost; effective summary = A cautious interpretation of this body of lower-quality evidence suggests that: (1) the most cost-effective interventions are swift contact tracing and case isolation, surveillance networks, protective equipment for healthcare workers, and early vaccination (when available); (2) home quarantines and stockpiling antivirals are less cost-effective; (3) social distancing measures like workplace and school closures are effective but costly, making them the least cost-effective options; (4) combinations are more cost-effective than single interventions; (5) interventions are more cost-effective when adopted early and for severe viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: A cautious interpretation of this body of evidence suggests that for COVID-19: (1) social distancing is effective but costly, especially when adopted late and (2) adopting as early as possible a combination of interventions that includes hand washing, face masks, swift contact tracing and case isolation, and protective equipment for healthcare workers is likely to be the most cost-effective strategy. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.20.20054726 id = cord-000916-b22s00es author = Kelso, Joel K title = Economic analysis of pandemic influenza mitigation strategies for five pandemic severity categories date = 2013-03-08 keywords = CFR; H1N1; cost; pandemic summary = This study estimates the effectiveness and total cost (from a societal perspective, with a lifespan time horizon) of a comprehensive range of social distancing and antiviral drug strategies, under a range of pandemic severity categories. For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. Keywords: Pandemic influenza, Economic analysis, Antiviral medication, Social distancing, Pandemic severity, Case fatality ratio Background While the H1N1 2009 virus spread world-wide and was classed as a pandemic, the severity of resulting symptoms, as quantified by morbidity and mortality rates, was lower than that which had previously occurred in many seasonal epidemics [1] [2] [3] . doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-13-211 id = cord-346984-36ryhc58 author = Kettani, Maryème title = Techno-economic assessment of solar energy coupling with large-scale desalination plant: The case of Morocco date = 2020-11-15 keywords = CSP; cost; desalination; electricity; grid summary = This paper examines the cost competitiveness of an extra-large-scale (275,000 m(3)/d) solar-powered desalination, taking as a case study the Chtouka Ait Baha plant in Morocco. This section briefly describes the Chtouka Ait Baha project, introduces the cost of water model (detailed in the Appendix A), gives an overview of the methodology used to calculate the cost of solar electricity and the cost of storage, and finally displays the four main scenarios of power supply retained in this paper. Indeed, as the paper mainly focused on the impact of different power supply options on the competitivity of a large scale desalination plant, the specific consumption of the SWRO (kWh/m 3 ) is first calculated, then the power required (kW) and finally the corresponding energy (kWh) over a given period (a year) are computed. When assessing the impact of the cost of electricity supply on the cost of desalinate water, this paper demonstrates that solar energy is a competitive way to feed large scale reverse osmosis plant today. doi = 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114627 id = cord-288487-hs3wfffs author = Lambert, Stephen B title = The cost of community-managed viral respiratory illnesses in a cohort of healthy preschool-aged children date = 2008-01-24 keywords = ARI; cost; influenza; study summary = The point estimate of the mean cost of community-managed influenza illnesses in healthy preschool aged children is three times greater than those illnesses caused by RSV and other respiratory viruses. Even for influenza, the most studied of all respiratory viruses, cost-of-illness and vaccine cost-effectiveness evaluations in children have tended to rely on assumptions or use retrospectively collected estimates, often from surveys, for resource utilisation, such as carer time away from work in seeking healthcare or caring for an ill child [6] [7] [8] [9] . Despite overlapping confidence intervals, the finding of most note in this study was the dramatically higher point estimate of the mean cost of influenza A ARIs, being three times higher than illnesses caused by RSV and the other common respiratory viral infections of childhood. Further studies that collect primary, integrated epidemiologic and economic data, particularly indirect costs, directly from families about community-managed ARIs in children, are required. doi = 10.1186/1465-9921-9-11 id = cord-030926-vtids9ns author = Laxminarayan, Ramanan title = Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date = 2016-02-15 keywords = Global; Malaria; cost; country; disease summary = Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Other examples of country-level actions with global consequences include inadequate vaccination coverage; slow progress on disease elimination; failure to report and contain pandemic flu, antibiotic resistance, and counterfeit drugs; and climate-related health threats. More recently, campaigns to eliminate smallpox and eradicate malaria have been built on the idea that infectious disease control depends not just on national priorities but also on the priorities of one''s neighbours and trading partners. Current International Health Regulations, which were first enacted in 1951 and most recently revised in 2005, require countries to report disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is often essential to have cooperative financing mechanisms for global health interventions, whether to eradicate disease, encourage appropriate levels of disease surveillance and reporting, or to reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. doi = 10.1093/oxrep/grv030 id = cord-204060-ddve4mga author = Li, Tianyang title = Robust Screening of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray via Discriminative Cost-Sensitive Learning date = 2020-04-27 keywords = COVID-19; DCSL; cost summary = In this paper, we report our solution, discriminative cost-sensitive learning (DCSL), which should be the choice if the clinical needs the assisted screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. In this paper, we propose an innovative discriminative cost-sensitive learning (DCSL) for the robust screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. We combine both advances into a deep neural network with end-to-end optimization, successfully achieving fine-grained cost-sensitive screening of COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that we insightfully view the screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays as a fine-grained cost-sensitive classification problem. In this study, we introduce a score-level cost-sensitive learning approach based on an expert-provided cost matrix to improve the screening accuracy of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. The proposed discriminative cost-sensitive learning algorithm (DCSL) achieves the highest results on the screen-ing of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. doi = nan id = cord-259809-7glw6pir author = Lloyd, Helen M. title = Supporting Innovative Person-Centred Care in Financially Constrained Environments: The WE CARE Exploratory Health Laboratory Evaluation Strategy date = 2020-04-28 keywords = EHL; Health; PCC; cost summary = The COST CARES project aims to support healthcare cost containment and improve healthcare quality across Europe by developing the research and development necessary for person-centred care (PCC) and health promotion. COST Action 15222 ''Cost Cares'' was funded by the EU Commission to create the impetus in both the research and development required to design and test innovative exploratory health laboratories (EHLs) to implement PCC and HP across the EU. Repeated here for clarity the critical enablers are (1) information technology (IT), which describes the use of computers or other computerized devises to store, transmit, and receive data to support PCC planning and care coordination, for handling and communicating health and evaluation data, and for delivering PCC and HP interventions. (4) Incentive systems that reward PCC processes and outcomes, such as personal health goals, PCC plans, improvements in patient self-efficacy and experiences of care, and HP activities. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17093050 id = cord-021959-1y67126b author = Madanoglu, Melih title = State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management date = 2009-11-16 keywords = CAPM; cost; equity; firm; return; risk summary = However, prior to investing in a project, an executive/manager should make three key estimates to ensure the viability of a business project: economic useful life of the asset, future cash flows that the project will generate, and the discount rate that properly accounts for the time value of the capital invested and compensates the investors for the risk they bear by investing in that project ( Olsen et al. These researchers challenged the model by contending that it is difficult to find the right proxy for the market portfolio and that CAPM does not appear to accurately reflect the firm size in the cost of equity calculation, and that not all systematic risk factors are reflected in returns of the market portfolio. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-08-045079-7.00006-5 id = cord-287901-56goaqir author = Maudgil, D.D. title = Cost effectiveness and the role of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in interventional radiology date = 2020-10-17 keywords = CES; cost; effectiveness; patient summary = Costs for the same procedure can vary widely, e.g., the "Getting it Right First Time" (GIRFT) Vascular Surgery report noted that reported cost for elective endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) varied between £2,251 and £19,690 for no apparent reason and with no indication that lower cost procedures were less effective 2,4 ; CES encompass a wider societal perspective than just the clinician''s or patient''s point of view alone, helping demonstrate equitable resource allocation in a publicly funded service 3 ; CES allow evaluation of short-and long-term costs and benefits, which are often under-or overestimated; and 4 CES provide an explicit and accountable framework for decision making, which can be re-examined as data accumulate, particularly important with evolving techniques and experience as in interventional radiology (IR). doi = 10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.017 id = cord-004925-fj068j67 author = Morin, B. R. title = Economic Incentives in the Socially Optimal Management of Infectious Disease: When [Formula: see text] is Not Enough date = 2017-09-29 keywords = cost; disease; mitigation summary = Since private disease risk mitigation efforts reflect the costs of illness and illness avoidance, interventions that change those costs are also among the options available to public health authorities . Of the many intervention options open to public health authorities-quarantine, social distancing measures such as school closures, vaccination campaigns and so on-we focus on instruments that change risk mitigation by changing the private cost of illness. For R 0 (b) [ [0.95, 1.91] , the optimal public health authority intervention involves an increase in the private cost of illness-a ''tax'' on illness that will stimulate higher levels of private disease risk mitigation. For diseases where infectiousness is either very low (R 0 (b) < 0.941) or very high (i.e., R 0 (b) > 1.91), the optimal public health authority intervention involves a reduction in the cost of illness-a ''subsidy'' on illness that lowers private diseaserisk mitigation effort (Fig. 1) . doi = 10.1007/s10393-017-1270-9 id = cord-002586-gilnlwms author = Nahar, Nazmun title = A large-scale behavior change intervention to prevent Nipah transmission in Bangladesh: components and costs date = 2017-06-26 keywords = Bangladesh; cost; sap summary = METHODS: We implemented a behavior change communication intervention in two districts, testing different approaches to reduce the risk of NiV transmission using community mobilization, interpersonal communication, posters and TV public service announcements on local television during the 2012–2014 sap harvesting seasons. Based on previous pilot studies on interrupting bats access to sap [8] [9] [10] , and on the Government of Bangladesh''s recommendation to abstain from drinking raw sap, we developed and implemented a behavior change communication intervention using two different approaches to reduce the risk of NiV transmission. The objective of our paper is to describe and calculate the cost of an already implemented behavior change communication intervention, and estimate the cost of scaling it up to districts where NiV spillover was identified in Bangladesh, using risk-based scenarios. To implement an "only safe sap" intervention with community meetings, gachhi training, poster and the TV public service announcement in the six districts with 48% of all spillover would cost $715,000. doi = 10.1186/s13104-017-2549-1 id = cord-026990-d3l1sbeb author = Oberoi, Sumit title = Economic menace of diabetes in India: a systematic review date = 2020-06-17 keywords = India; cost; diabetes; study summary = Thus, the present study aims at capturing the evidence from the literature on the cost of diabetes mellitus in India, reviewing the materials and methods used to estimate the costs and, lastly, exploring future research area. Majority of research publications were excluded on the grounds if they (a) did not provide the detailed analysis of how costs were estimated; (b) were conference articles or posters; (c) only presented the costs of diabetes prevention; and (d) were published in non-peer-reviewed journals. (cost for patients with foot complication was ₹19,020/-, also average cost for renal patients Under the north zone, 8 studies were included to calculate both direct and indirect costs of diabetes at the individual/household level (Fig. 1) . Therefore, the findings of the present study suggest that per annum median direct and indirect cost of diabetes at the individual/household level is very colossal in India. doi = 10.1007/s13410-020-00838-z id = cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author = Robertson, Christopher T title = Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; cost; individual; precaution; risk summary = For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. Under a strategy of social distancing, lockdown, or quarantine, individuals are directed or suggested to exercise precautions including staying home, closing businesses, wearing masks, and avoiding physical proximity to other persons. 17 For health insurance design, primary moral hazard may have a relatively small effect on risk-taking behavior, because individuals personally suffer many of the other risks associated with illness or injury (including pain, suffering, lost work, chance of death). In this case, although the risk does not approach zero, it is as if relative youth provides partial indemnity insurance against not only the healthcare costs, but also the pain, suffering, lost work, and chance of death that are associated with COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1093/jlb/lsaa032 id = cord-284813-jck9f7nx author = Ruffino, Paolo title = Appraisal of cycling and pedestrian projects date = 2020-10-14 keywords = CBA; CEA; MCA; cost; cycling summary = Increased planning and financing activity has followed, targeting larger infrastructure projects such as bicycle and pedestrian networks, cycling highways, mass bicycle parking, diffused traffic calming measures and carfree areas, as well as the experimentation of behavioral interventions such as (non) monetary incentives such as bike-to-work or walk-to-school programs (Banister, 1990; Bertolini and le Clercq, 2003; Braun et al., 2016; Martens, 2007; Pucher and Buehler, 2012; Pucher et al., 2010) . In the field of transport appraisal, MCA is the most common alternative to Cost-Benefit Analysis as it allows to consider effects that are typically difficult to quantify and monetize (such as social inclusion, aesthetics, image, equity, etc.) (Browne and Ryan, 2011) . (2009) performed a CEA to measure the health outcomes against the costs of six different physical activity interventions compared to identify the most cost-effective option (the comparison included travel smart programs that rewarded travelers for reducing car trips and choosing to walk and cycle). doi = 10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.08.005 id = cord-281160-e00koo91 author = Shank, Nancy title = A Review of the Role of Cost–Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion date = 2012-12-31 keywords = United; Way; cost summary = Context The 2-1-1 helpline is a social services innovation that has spread rapidly throughout the U.S. Policy diffusion theory suggests that policymakers seek to reduce uncertainty by anticipating the effects of a proposed innovation through tools such as cost–benefit analyses. 13 United Way Worldwide and AIRS have served as networks for information sharing about the costs and benefıts of 2-1-1, typically by equipping local 2-1-1 supporters who were in contact with their state and local policymakers. AIRS and United Way Worldwide publicized documents and toolkits with information about the service''s costs and benefıts through e-mail discussion groups, at national conferences, and through personal communications. Excluded from the study were analyses not specifıc to 2-1-1, information sources that were not formalized, or that presented costs or benefıts only in a very general way. doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.08.020 id = cord-299309-p703e396 author = Tan-Torres Edejer, Tessa title = Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study date = 2020-09-09 keywords = COVID-19; cost; country summary = title: Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study This study aimed to identify what the additional health-care costs of a strategic preparedness and response plan (SPRP) would be if current transmission levels are maintained in a status quo scenario, or under scenarios where transmission is increased or decreased by 50%. Evidence before this study Since Jan 30, 2020, when WHO labelled the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, countries have tried to limit its spread, instituting measures on physical distancing and restrictions on movement. As of June 26, 2020, the costs of the full, nine-pillar response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middleincome countries after 4 weeks, on July 24, 2020, were projected to be approximately $52 billion, assuming that the Rt was unchanged and the status quo continued. doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30383-1 id = cord-011701-toevn37u author = Venkatesan, Sudhir title = Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness date = 2018-06-28 keywords = NAI; cost; risk summary = METHODS: We developed a spreadsheet-based, decision tree model to assess outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment for outpatient use from the perspective of the healthcare payer in the UK. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that across pandemic scenarios, antiviral treatment can be cost-saving for population groups at high risk of influenza-related complications. [15] [16] [17] Two meta-analyses of the extant clinical trial data, examining outcomes based on the intention-to-treat-influenza infected (ITTI) approach, found that early NAI treatment (≤48 h of symptom onset) was associated with a risk reduction of 59 18 and 63% 19 for hospital admission in otherwise healthy patients with influenza. We present a spreadsheet-based decision tree model that evaluates the impact of community-based NAI treatment in terms of the averted influenza-related hospitalizations and associated costeffectiveness in a range of pandemic scenarios. We found that community-based NAI treatment would avert a significant proportion of hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in high-risk patients, across the pandemic scenarios we explored in this analysis. doi = 10.1093/pubmed/fdy108 id = cord-103621-ts3llerc author = Wang, Qiang title = Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of public health measures to control COVID-19: a modelling study date = 2020-03-23 keywords = cost; quarantine summary = Method The stochastic agent-based model was used to simulate the process of COVID-19 outbreak in scenario I (imported one case) and II (imported four cases) with a series of public health measures, involving the personal protection, isolation-and-quarantine, gathering restriction, and community containment. The strategy including community containment could protect more lives and was cost-effective, when the number of imported cases was no less than 65, or the delay-time of quarantine was more than five days, or the quarantine probability was below 25%, based on current assumptions. In scenario II (table 3) , compared with no intervention, personal protection or gathering restriction was not cost-effectiveness (ICERs > three times of per capita GDP). The threshold analysis showed that program C became cost-effective (ICERs< three times of per capita GDP) comparing to program A when initial cases increased to imported 65 cases (appendix table 6). doi = 10.1101/2020.03.20.20039644 id = cord-012562-diqt998g author = Wang, Ying title = Determining the ideal prevention strategy for multidrug-resistance organisms in resource-limited countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis study date = 2020-05-20 keywords = cost; strategy summary = The aim of this study was to determine the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in intensive care units (ICUs) in areas with limited health resources. Hospitals with low-and mid-level budgets and resources need to select and focus on an optimal strategy based on practical cost-effectiveness, rather than implementing a whole host of measures against MDROs. Given the importance of the scientific and rationale prevention strategies for MDROs worldwide, the limited isolation resources in developing countries and the lack of related cost-effectiveness analysis researches, this study aimed to determine the ideal prevention strategy for MDROs in ICUs in areas with limited health resources, based on a decision tree model. The cost-effectiveness analysis of four prevention strategies against MDROs in ICUs was studied in China, a country with limited health resources. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001120 id = cord-026169-j4navhku author = Zhang, Sicui title = Towards Multi-perspective Conformance Checking with Aggregation Operations date = 2020-05-18 keywords = cost; function summary = Given an event log, i.e., a log file tracking data related to activities performed during process executions, conformance checking techniques are able to pinpoint discrepancies (aka, deviations) between the log and the corresponding model. However, the previous work used basic strategy of standard conformance checking techniques for dealing with multiple constraints deviations; namely, the total degree of data deviations of that activity is computed by summing up the costs for all the violated constraints. With respect to previous work, the approach brings two main contributions: a) it applies fuzzy aggregation operators to assess the level of deviation severity for a set of constraints, and b) it allows to customize the tolerance to deviations of multiple constraints. In this work, we investigated the use of fuzzy aggregation operations in conformance checking of process executions to deal with multiple data constraints for an activity. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-50146-4_17 id = cord-006226-fn7zlutj author = nan title = Abstracts of the 4th annual meeting of the German Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy: Hannover, 14–17 September 1994 date = 1994 keywords = ASA; HPLC; PGE1; blood; concentration; cost; dose; drug; effect; increase; mmc; patient; result; study; time summary = The following were analysed: heart rate (HR, bpm), pre-ejection time (PEP, ms), ejection time (VET, ms), HR-corrected electromechanical systole (QS2c, ms), impedance-cardiographic estimates of stroke volume (SV, ml), cardiac output (CO, I/min) and peripheral resistance (TPR, dyn.s.cm -5) calculated from CO and mean blood pressure (SBP and DBP according to auscultatory Korotkoff-I and -IV sounds This indicates that 1) about half the rise of HR and CO and half the shortening of PEP is 131-respectively 1~2-determined, 2) that predominant 132-adrenergic responses, whilst not affecting VET, take optimal benefit from the inodilatory enhancement of pump performance, 3) that an additional 131-adrenergic stimulation is proportionally less efficient, as VET is dramatically shortened, thus blunting the gain in SV so that the rise in CO relies substantially on the amplified increase of HR and 4), VET is more sensitive than QS2c in expressing additional 131-adrenoceptor agonism and 5) prime systolic time intervals provide a less speculative and physiologically more meaningful represenation of cardiac pump dynamics than HR-corrected ones. doi = 10.1007/bf00193489