Carrel name: keyword-cost-cord Creating study carrel named keyword-cost-cord Initializing database file: cache/cord-011701-toevn37u.json key: cord-011701-toevn37u authors: Venkatesan, Sudhir; Carias, Cristina; Biggerstaff, Matthew; Campbell, Angela P; Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S; Kahn, Emily; Myles, Puja R; Meltzer, Martin I title: Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness date: 2018-06-28 journal: J Public Health (Oxf) DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy108 sha: doc_id: 11701 cord_uid: toevn37u file: cache/cord-013244-d6saaiu9.json key: cord-013244-d6saaiu9 authors: Eijsink, Job F. H.; Al Khayat, Mohamed N. M. T.; Boersma, Cornelis; ter Horst, Peter G. J.; Wilschut, Jan C.; Postma, Maarten J. title: Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus screening, and subsequent monitoring or treatment among pregnant women in the Netherlands date: 2020-10-16 journal: Eur J Health Econ DOI: 10.1007/s10198-020-01236-2 sha: doc_id: 13244 cord_uid: d6saaiu9 file: cache/cord-012562-diqt998g.json key: cord-012562-diqt998g authors: Wang, Ying; Yuan, Yufeng; Lin, Likai; Tan, Xiaodong; Tan, Yibin title: Determining the ideal prevention strategy for multidrug-resistance organisms in resource-limited countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis study date: 2020-05-20 journal: nan DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820001120 sha: doc_id: 12562 cord_uid: diqt998g file: cache/cord-031702-jik4116j.json key: cord-031702-jik4116j authors: Agrawal, Anshu title: Sustainability of airlines in India with Covid-19: Challenges ahead and possible way-outs date: 2020-09-10 journal: J Revenue Pricing Manag DOI: 10.1057/s41272-020-00257-z sha: doc_id: 31702 cord_uid: jik4116j file: cache/cord-004925-fj068j67.json key: cord-004925-fj068j67 authors: Morin, B. R.; Kinzig, A. P.; Levin, S. A.; Perrings, C. A. title: Economic Incentives in the Socially Optimal Management of Infectious Disease: When [Formula: see text] is Not Enough date: 2017-09-29 journal: Ecohealth DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1270-9 sha: doc_id: 4925 cord_uid: fj068j67 file: cache/cord-254630-ed5gawoj.json key: cord-254630-ed5gawoj authors: Barron, Sarah P.; Kennedy, Marcus P. title: Single-Use (Disposable) Flexible Bronchoscopes: The Future of Bronchoscopy? date: 2020-09-17 journal: Adv Ther DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01495-8 sha: doc_id: 254630 cord_uid: ed5gawoj file: cache/cord-204060-ddve4mga.json key: cord-204060-ddve4mga authors: Li, Tianyang; Han, Zhongyi; Wei, Benzheng; Zheng, Yuanjie; Hong, Yanfei; Cong, Jinyu title: Robust Screening of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray via Discriminative Cost-Sensitive Learning date: 2020-04-27 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 204060 cord_uid: ddve4mga file: cache/cord-030926-vtids9ns.json key: cord-030926-vtids9ns authors: Laxminarayan, Ramanan title: Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date: 2016-02-15 journal: nan DOI: 10.1093/oxrep/grv030 sha: doc_id: 30926 cord_uid: vtids9ns file: cache/cord-103621-ts3llerc.json key: cord-103621-ts3llerc authors: Wang, Qiang; Shi, Naiyang; Huang, Jinxin; Cui, Tingting; Yang, Liuqing; Ai, Jing; Ji, Hong; Xu, Ke; Ahmad, Tauseef; Bao, Changjun; Jin, Hui title: Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of public health measures to control COVID-19: a modelling study date: 2020-03-23 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.20.20039644 sha: doc_id: 103621 cord_uid: ts3llerc file: cache/cord-026990-d3l1sbeb.json key: cord-026990-d3l1sbeb authors: Oberoi, Sumit; Kansra, Pooja title: Economic menace of diabetes in India: a systematic review date: 2020-06-17 journal: Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries DOI: 10.1007/s13410-020-00838-z sha: doc_id: 26990 cord_uid: d3l1sbeb file: cache/cord-292349-r2ljahss.json key: cord-292349-r2ljahss authors: Gudmundsson, Sveinn Vidar; Merkert, Rico; Redondi, Renato title: Cost structure effects of horizontal airline mergers and acquisitions date: 2020-08-27 journal: Transp Policy (Oxf) DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.08.017 sha: doc_id: 292349 cord_uid: r2ljahss file: cache/cord-259809-7glw6pir.json key: cord-259809-7glw6pir authors: Lloyd, Helen M.; Ekman, Inger; Rogers, Heather L.; Raposo, Vítor; Melo, Paulo; Marinkovic, Valentina D.; Buttigieg, Sandra C.; Srulovici, Einav; Lewandowski, Roman Andrzej; Britten, Nicky title: Supporting Innovative Person-Centred Care in Financially Constrained Environments: The WE CARE Exploratory Health Laboratory Evaluation Strategy date: 2020-04-28 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093050 sha: doc_id: 259809 cord_uid: 7glw6pir file: cache/cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.json key: cord-018497-oy7hsrpt authors: Beutels, Philippe P.A. title: Economic aspects of vaccines and vaccination: a global perspective date: 2005 journal: The Grand Challenge for the Future DOI: 10.1007/3-7643-7381-4_1 sha: doc_id: 18497 cord_uid: oy7hsrpt file: cache/cord-002586-gilnlwms.json key: cord-002586-gilnlwms authors: Nahar, Nazmun; Asaduzzaman, Mohammad; Sultana, Rebeca; Garcia, Fernando; Paul, Repon C.; Abedin, Jaynal; Sazzad, Hossain M. S.; Rahman, Mahmudur; Gurley, Emily S.; Luby, Stephen P. title: A large-scale behavior change intervention to prevent Nipah transmission in Bangladesh: components and costs date: 2017-06-26 journal: BMC Res Notes DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2549-1 sha: doc_id: 2586 cord_uid: gilnlwms file: cache/cord-000916-b22s00es.json key: cord-000916-b22s00es authors: Kelso, Joel K; Halder, Nilimesh; Postma, Maarten J; Milne, George J title: Economic analysis of pandemic influenza mitigation strategies for five pandemic severity categories date: 2013-03-08 journal: BMC Public Health DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-211 sha: doc_id: 916 cord_uid: b22s00es file: cache/cord-026169-j4navhku.json key: cord-026169-j4navhku authors: Zhang, Sicui; Genga, Laura; Dekker, Lukas; Nie, Hongchao; Lu, Xudong; Duan, Huilong; Kaymak, Uzay title: Towards Multi-perspective Conformance Checking with Aggregation Operations date: 2020-05-18 journal: Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50146-4_17 sha: doc_id: 26169 cord_uid: j4navhku file: cache/cord-271094-utpg9p5u.json key: cord-271094-utpg9p5u authors: Erdmann, Anett; Ponzoa, José M. title: Digital inbound marketing: Measuring the economic performance of grocery e-commerce in Europe and the USA date: 2020-10-20 journal: Technol Forecast Soc Change DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120373 sha: doc_id: 271094 cord_uid: utpg9p5u file: cache/cord-006226-fn7zlutj.json key: cord-006226-fn7zlutj authors: nan title: Abstracts of the 4th annual meeting of the German Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy: Hannover, 14–17 September 1994 date: 1994 journal: Eur J Clin Pharmacol DOI: 10.1007/bf00193489 sha: doc_id: 6226 cord_uid: fn7zlutj file: cache/cord-320228-vbzceozs.json key: cord-320228-vbzceozs authors: Hu, Zhi-Hua; Sheu, Jiuh-Biing; Xiao, Ling title: Post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement considering panic and panic spread date: 2014-11-30 journal: Transportation Research Part B: Methodological DOI: 10.1016/j.trb.2014.08.004 sha: doc_id: 320228 cord_uid: vbzceozs file: cache/cord-280718-hlyo4fys.json key: cord-280718-hlyo4fys authors: Acher, Alexandra W.; Barrett, James R.; Schwartz, Patrick B.; Stahl, Chris; Aiken, Taylor; Ronnekleiv-Kelly, Sean; Minter, Rebecca M.; Leverson, Glen; Weber, Sharon; Abbott, Daniel E. title: Early vs Late Readmissions in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients: Recognizing Comprehensive Episodic Cost to Help Guide Bundled Payment Plans and Hospital Resource Allocation date: 2020-07-15 journal: J Gastrointest Surg DOI: 10.1007/s11605-020-04714-3 sha: doc_id: 280718 cord_uid: hlyo4fys file: cache/cord-104095-g6l57s4x.json key: cord-104095-g6l57s4x authors: Flyvbjerg, Bent; Budzier, Alexander; Lunn, Daniel title: Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up date: 2020-09-28 journal: nan DOI: 10.1177/0308518x20958724 sha: doc_id: 104095 cord_uid: g6l57s4x file: cache/cord-104431-3rblzyry.json key: cord-104431-3rblzyry authors: Hill, Andrew; Wang, Junzheng; Levi, Jacob; Heath, Katie; Fortunak, Joseph title: Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for COVID-19 date: 2020-04-30 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 104431 cord_uid: 3rblzyry file: cache/cord-345836-74d2mb70.json key: cord-345836-74d2mb70 authors: Hogg, William; Gray, David; Huston, Patricia; Zhang, Wei title: The costs of preventing the spread of respiratory infection in family physician offices: a threshold analysis date: 2007-11-13 journal: BMC Health Serv Res DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-181 sha: doc_id: 345836 cord_uid: 74d2mb70 file: cache/cord-299309-p703e396.json key: cord-299309-p703e396 authors: Tan-Torres Edejer, Tessa; Hanssen, Odd; Mirelman, Andrew; Verboom, Paul; Lolong, Glenn; Watson, Oliver John; Boulanger, Lucy Linda; Soucat, Agnès title: Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study date: 2020-09-09 journal: Lancet Glob Health DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30383-1 sha: doc_id: 299309 cord_uid: p703e396 file: cache/cord-322123-z43vhxg5.json key: cord-322123-z43vhxg5 authors: Gardiner, Fergus W.; de Graaff, Barbara; Bishop, Lara; Campbell, Julie A; Mealing, Susan; Coleman, Mathew title: Mental Health Crises in Rural and Remote Australia: An Assessment of Direct Medical Costs of Air Medical Retrievals and the Implications for the Societal Burden date: 2020-07-15 journal: Air Med J DOI: 10.1016/j.amj.2020.06.010 sha: doc_id: 322123 cord_uid: z43vhxg5 file: cache/cord-282716-gxv6cbom.json key: cord-282716-gxv6cbom authors: Juneau, Carl-Etienne; Pueyo, Toma; Bell, Matt; Gee, Genevieve; Potvin, Louise title: Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions to suppress the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review date: 2020-04-24 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.20.20054726 sha: doc_id: 282716 cord_uid: gxv6cbom file: cache/cord-252829-gn56tsz3.json key: cord-252829-gn56tsz3 authors: Higginson, Irene J.; Yi, Deokhee; Johnston, Bridget M.; Ryan, Karen; McQuillan, Regina; Selman, Lucy; Pantilat, Stephen Z.; Daveson, Barbara A.; Morrison, R. Sean; Normand, Charles title: Associations between informal care costs, care quality, carer rewards, burden and subsequent grief: the international, access, rights and empowerment mortality follow-back study of the last 3 months of life (IARE I study) date: 2020-11-03 journal: BMC Med DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01768-7 sha: doc_id: 252829 cord_uid: gn56tsz3 file: cache/cord-287067-rrsgl377.json key: cord-287067-rrsgl377 authors: Beutels, Philippe; Scuffham, Paul A; MacIntyre, C Raina title: Funding of drugs: do vaccines warrant a different approach? date: 2008-11-30 journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70258-5 sha: doc_id: 287067 cord_uid: rrsgl377 file: cache/cord-021959-1y67126b.json key: cord-021959-1y67126b authors: Madanoglu, Melih title: State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management date: 2009-11-16 journal: Handbook of Hospitality Strategic Management DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-045079-7.00006-5 sha: doc_id: 21959 cord_uid: 1y67126b file: cache/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.json key: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb authors: Adler, Nicole; Gellman, Aaron title: Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date: 2012-07-31 journal: Journal of Air Transport Management DOI: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.014 sha: doc_id: 353726 cord_uid: e0mr8kqb file: cache/cord-291645-63ftephy.json key: cord-291645-63ftephy authors: Aldridge, Arnie P.; Barbosa, Carolina; Barocas, Joshua A.; Bush, Joshua L.; Chhatwal, Jagpreet; Harlow, Kristin J.; Hyder, Ayaz; Linas, Benjamin P.; McCollister, Kathryn E.; Morgan, Jake R.; Murphy, Sean M.; Savitzky, Caroline; Schackman, Bruce R.; Seiber, Eric E.; E Starbird, Laura; Villani, Jennifer; Zarkin, Gary A. title: Health economic design for evaluating cost, cost-effectiveness and simulation analyses in the HEALing Communities Study date: 2020-10-03 journal: Drug Alcohol Depend DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108336 sha: doc_id: 291645 cord_uid: 63ftephy file: cache/cord-284813-jck9f7nx.json key: cord-284813-jck9f7nx authors: Ruffino, Paolo; Jarre, Matteo title: Appraisal of cycling and pedestrian projects date: 2020-10-14 journal: nan DOI: 10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.08.005 sha: doc_id: 284813 cord_uid: jck9f7nx file: cache/cord-281160-e00koo91.json key: cord-281160-e00koo91 authors: Shank, Nancy title: A Review of the Role of Cost–Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion date: 2012-12-31 journal: American Journal of Preventive Medicine DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.08.020 sha: doc_id: 281160 cord_uid: e00koo91 file: cache/cord-028178-77zq31tw.json key: cord-028178-77zq31tw authors: D’Acci, Luca S. title: Urbanicity mental costs valuation: a review and urban-societal planning consideration date: 2020-06-30 journal: Mind Soc DOI: 10.1007/s11299-020-00235-3 sha: doc_id: 28178 cord_uid: 77zq31tw file: cache/cord-318982-cbfiqvu5.json key: cord-318982-cbfiqvu5 authors: As'ad, Rami; Hariga, Moncer; Shamayleh, Abdulrahim title: Sustainable Dynamic Lot Sizing Models for Cold Products under Carbon Cap Policy date: 2020-09-04 journal: Comput Ind Eng DOI: 10.1016/j.cie.2020.106800 sha: doc_id: 318982 cord_uid: cbfiqvu5 file: cache/cord-287901-56goaqir.json key: cord-287901-56goaqir authors: Maudgil, D.D. title: Cost effectiveness and the role of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in interventional radiology date: 2020-10-17 journal: Clin Radiol DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.017 sha: doc_id: 287901 cord_uid: 56goaqir file: cache/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.json key: cord-302937-3yivxfi8 authors: Robertson, Christopher T; Schaefer, K Aleks; Scheitrum, Daniel; Puig, Sergio; Joiner, Keith title: Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date: 2020-05-30 journal: J Law Biosci DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsaa032 sha: doc_id: 302937 cord_uid: 3yivxfi8 file: cache/cord-182166-x52i7xb4.json key: cord-182166-x52i7xb4 authors: Faugere, Louis; Klibi, Walid; White, Chelsea; Montreuil, Benoit title: Dynamic Pooled Capacity Deployment for Urban Parcel Logistics date: 2020-07-22 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 182166 cord_uid: x52i7xb4 file: cache/cord-288487-hs3wfffs.json key: cord-288487-hs3wfffs authors: Lambert, Stephen B; Allen, Kelly M; Carter, Robert C; Nolan, Terence M title: The cost of community-managed viral respiratory illnesses in a cohort of healthy preschool-aged children date: 2008-01-24 journal: Respir Res DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-11 sha: doc_id: 288487 cord_uid: hs3wfffs file: cache/cord-348992-8su58m68.json key: cord-348992-8su58m68 authors: Alam, Aatif; Jiang, Linda; Kittleson, Gregory A.; Steadman, Kenneth D.; Nandi, Somen; Fuqua, Joshua L.; Palmer, Kenneth E.; Tusé, Daniel; McDonald, Karen A. title: Technoeconomic Modeling of Plant-Based Griffithsin Manufacturing date: 2018-07-24 journal: Front Bioeng Biotechnol DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00102 sha: doc_id: 348992 cord_uid: 8su58m68 file: cache/cord-346984-36ryhc58.json key: cord-346984-36ryhc58 authors: Kettani, Maryème; Bandelier, Philippe title: Techno-economic assessment of solar energy coupling with large-scale desalination plant: The case of Morocco date: 2020-11-15 journal: Desalination DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114627 sha: doc_id: 346984 cord_uid: 36ryhc58 file: cache/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.json key: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu authors: Foreman, Stephen; Kilsdonk, Joseph; Boggs, Kelly; Mouradian, Wendy E.; Boulter, Suzanne; Casamassimo, Paul; Powell, Valerie J. H.; Piraino, Beth; Shoemaker, Wells; Kovarik, Jessica; Waxman, Evan(Jake); Cheriyan, Biju; Hood, Henry; Farman, Allan G.; Holder, Matthew; Torres-Urquidy, Miguel Humberto; Walji, Muhammad F.; Acharya, Amit; Mahnke, Andrea; Chyou, Po-Huang; Din, Franklin M.; Schrodi, Steven J. title: Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration date: 2011-10-08 journal: Integration of Medical and Dental Care and Patient Data DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2185-5_4 sha: doc_id: 23913 cord_uid: pnjhi8cu Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-cost-cord === file2bib.sh === id: cord-103621-ts3llerc author: Wang, Qiang title: Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of public health measures to control COVID-19: a modelling study date: 2020-03-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-103621-ts3llerc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-103621-ts3llerc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-103621-ts3llerc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-280718-hlyo4fys author: Acher, Alexandra W. title: Early vs Late Readmissions in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients: Recognizing Comprehensive Episodic Cost to Help Guide Bundled Payment Plans and Hospital Resource Allocation date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-280718-hlyo4fys.txt cache: ./cache/cord-280718-hlyo4fys.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-280718-hlyo4fys.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254630-ed5gawoj author: Barron, Sarah P. title: Single-Use (Disposable) Flexible Bronchoscopes: The Future of Bronchoscopy? date: 2020-09-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254630-ed5gawoj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254630-ed5gawoj.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-254630-ed5gawoj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-011701-toevn37u author: Venkatesan, Sudhir title: Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness date: 2018-06-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-011701-toevn37u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026169-j4navhku author: Zhang, Sicui title: Towards Multi-perspective Conformance Checking with Aggregation Operations date: 2020-05-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026169-j4navhku.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026169-j4navhku.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-026169-j4navhku.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299309-p703e396 author: Tan-Torres Edejer, Tessa title: Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study date: 2020-09-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299309-p703e396.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299309-p703e396.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-299309-p703e396.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-322123-z43vhxg5 author: Gardiner, Fergus W. title: Mental Health Crises in Rural and Remote Australia: An Assessment of Direct Medical Costs of Air Medical Retrievals and the Implications for the Societal Burden date: 2020-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-012562-diqt998g author: Wang, Ying title: Determining the ideal prevention strategy for multidrug-resistance organisms in resource-limited countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis study date: 2020-05-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-012562-diqt998g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-012562-diqt998g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-012562-diqt998g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291645-63ftephy author: Aldridge, Arnie P. title: Health economic design for evaluating cost, cost-effectiveness and simulation analyses in the HEALing Communities Study date: 2020-10-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291645-63ftephy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291645-63ftephy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291645-63ftephy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288487-hs3wfffs author: Lambert, Stephen B title: The cost of community-managed viral respiratory illnesses in a cohort of healthy preschool-aged children date: 2008-01-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288487-hs3wfffs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288487-hs3wfffs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288487-hs3wfffs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-013244-d6saaiu9 author: Eijsink, Job F. H. title: Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus screening, and subsequent monitoring or treatment among pregnant women in the Netherlands date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-013244-d6saaiu9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-013244-d6saaiu9.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-013244-d6saaiu9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252829-gn56tsz3 author: Higginson, Irene J. title: Associations between informal care costs, care quality, carer rewards, burden and subsequent grief: the international, access, rights and empowerment mortality follow-back study of the last 3 months of life (IARE I study) date: 2020-11-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252829-gn56tsz3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252829-gn56tsz3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-252829-gn56tsz3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002586-gilnlwms author: Nahar, Nazmun title: A large-scale behavior change intervention to prevent Nipah transmission in Bangladesh: components and costs date: 2017-06-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-026990-d3l1sbeb author: Oberoi, Sumit title: Economic menace of diabetes in India: a systematic review date: 2020-06-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-026990-d3l1sbeb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-026990-d3l1sbeb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-026990-d3l1sbeb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author: Robertson, Christopher T title: Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date: 2020-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-028178-77zq31tw author: D’Acci, Luca S. title: Urbanicity mental costs valuation: a review and urban-societal planning consideration date: 2020-06-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-028178-77zq31tw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-028178-77zq31tw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-028178-77zq31tw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287067-rrsgl377 author: Beutels, Philippe title: Funding of drugs: do vaccines warrant a different approach? date: 2008-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-287901-56goaqir author: Maudgil, D.D. title: Cost effectiveness and the role of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in interventional radiology date: 2020-10-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-287901-56goaqir.txt cache: ./cache/cord-287901-56goaqir.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-287901-56goaqir.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281160-e00koo91 author: Shank, Nancy title: A Review of the Role of Cost–Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion date: 2012-12-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-281160-e00koo91.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104431-3rblzyry author: Hill, Andrew title: Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for COVID-19 date: 2020-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104431-3rblzyry.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104431-3rblzyry.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-104431-3rblzyry.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345836-74d2mb70 author: Hogg, William title: The costs of preventing the spread of respiratory infection in family physician offices: a threshold analysis date: 2007-11-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345836-74d2mb70.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345836-74d2mb70.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-345836-74d2mb70.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-282716-gxv6cbom author: Juneau, Carl-Etienne title: Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions to suppress the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review date: 2020-04-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-282716-gxv6cbom.txt cache: ./cache/cord-282716-gxv6cbom.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-282716-gxv6cbom.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-030926-vtids9ns author: Laxminarayan, Ramanan title: Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date: 2016-02-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt cache: ./cache/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-031702-jik4116j author: Agrawal, Anshu title: Sustainability of airlines in India with Covid-19: Challenges ahead and possible way-outs date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-031702-jik4116j.txt cache: ./cache/cord-031702-jik4116j.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-031702-jik4116j.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018497-oy7hsrpt author: Beutels, Philippe P.A. title: Economic aspects of vaccines and vaccination: a global perspective date: 2005 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-204060-ddve4mga author: Li, Tianyang title: Robust Screening of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray via Discriminative Cost-Sensitive Learning date: 2020-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-204060-ddve4mga.txt cache: ./cache/cord-204060-ddve4mga.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-204060-ddve4mga.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-004925-fj068j67 author: Morin, B. R. title: Economic Incentives in the Socially Optimal Management of Infectious Disease: When [Formula: see text] is Not Enough date: 2017-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt cache: ./cache/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-004925-fj068j67.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-259809-7glw6pir author: Lloyd, Helen M. title: Supporting Innovative Person-Centred Care in Financially Constrained Environments: The WE CARE Exploratory Health Laboratory Evaluation Strategy date: 2020-04-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-259809-7glw6pir.txt cache: ./cache/cord-259809-7glw6pir.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-259809-7glw6pir.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000916-b22s00es author: Kelso, Joel K title: Economic analysis of pandemic influenza mitigation strategies for five pandemic severity categories date: 2013-03-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000916-b22s00es.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000916-b22s00es.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000916-b22s00es.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318982-cbfiqvu5 author: As'ad, Rami title: Sustainable Dynamic Lot Sizing Models for Cold Products under Carbon Cap Policy date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318982-cbfiqvu5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318982-cbfiqvu5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318982-cbfiqvu5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-182166-x52i7xb4 author: Faugere, Louis title: Dynamic Pooled Capacity Deployment for Urban Parcel Logistics date: 2020-07-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-182166-x52i7xb4.txt cache: ./cache/cord-182166-x52i7xb4.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 5 resourceName b'cord-182166-x52i7xb4.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348992-8su58m68 author: Alam, Aatif title: Technoeconomic Modeling of Plant-Based Griffithsin Manufacturing date: 2018-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348992-8su58m68.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348992-8su58m68.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-348992-8su58m68.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271094-utpg9p5u author: Erdmann, Anett title: Digital inbound marketing: Measuring the economic performance of grocery e-commerce in Europe and the USA date: 2020-10-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271094-utpg9p5u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271094-utpg9p5u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271094-utpg9p5u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author: Adler, Nicole title: Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date: 2012-07-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292349-r2ljahss author: Gudmundsson, Sveinn Vidar title: Cost structure effects of horizontal airline mergers and acquisitions date: 2020-08-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292349-r2ljahss.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292349-r2ljahss.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-292349-r2ljahss.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-021959-1y67126b author: Madanoglu, Melih title: State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management date: 2009-11-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-021959-1y67126b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-104095-g6l57s4x author: Flyvbjerg, Bent title: Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up date: 2020-09-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-104095-g6l57s4x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-104095-g6l57s4x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-104095-g6l57s4x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-284813-jck9f7nx author: Ruffino, Paolo title: Appraisal of cycling and pedestrian projects date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-284813-jck9f7nx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-284813-jck9f7nx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-284813-jck9f7nx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320228-vbzceozs author: Hu, Zhi-Hua title: Post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement considering panic and panic spread date: 2014-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320228-vbzceozs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320228-vbzceozs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320228-vbzceozs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-346984-36ryhc58 author: Kettani, Maryème title: Techno-economic assessment of solar energy coupling with large-scale desalination plant: The case of Morocco date: 2020-11-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-346984-36ryhc58.txt cache: ./cache/cord-346984-36ryhc58.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-346984-36ryhc58.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-006226-fn7zlutj author: nan title: Abstracts of the 4th annual meeting of the German Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy: Hannover, 14–17 September 1994 date: 1994 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-006226-fn7zlutj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-006226-fn7zlutj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-006226-fn7zlutj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu author: Foreman, Stephen title: Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration date: 2011-10-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-cost-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-011701-toevn37u author = Venkatesan, Sudhir title = Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness date = 2018-06-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4204 sentences = 207 flesch = 41 summary = METHODS: We developed a spreadsheet-based, decision tree model to assess outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment for outpatient use from the perspective of the healthcare payer in the UK. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that across pandemic scenarios, antiviral treatment can be cost-saving for population groups at high risk of influenza-related complications. [15] [16] [17] Two meta-analyses of the extant clinical trial data, examining outcomes based on the intention-to-treat-influenza infected (ITTI) approach, found that early NAI treatment (≤48 h of symptom onset) was associated with a risk reduction of 59 18 and 63% 19 for hospital admission in otherwise healthy patients with influenza. We present a spreadsheet-based decision tree model that evaluates the impact of community-based NAI treatment in terms of the averted influenza-related hospitalizations and associated costeffectiveness in a range of pandemic scenarios. We found that community-based NAI treatment would avert a significant proportion of hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in high-risk patients, across the pandemic scenarios we explored in this analysis. cache = ./cache/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-013244-d6saaiu9 author = Eijsink, Job F. H. title = Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus screening, and subsequent monitoring or treatment among pregnant women in the Netherlands date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5915 sentences = 310 flesch = 51 summary = However, it is conceivable that in the near future DAA treatment of HCV-infected women during pregnancy becomes available, not only to limit disease progression in the patient, but also to prevent vertical transmission of the virus to the child. A screening model linked to HCV-disease states within a Markov model was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness (CE) of HCV screening of pregnant women, with initial treatment during pregnancy, compared to current practice (no screening and no intervention) from a health-care payer perspective in the Netherlands. We subsequently determined the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of HCV screening and treatment among the four cohorts of pregnant women following the different scenarios and comparisons. Our present study demonstrates that HCV screening of pregnant women and subsequent immediate treatment of all HCV-positive individuals with DAAs is a cost-effective intervention in the Netherlands. cache = ./cache/cord-013244-d6saaiu9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-013244-d6saaiu9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-012562-diqt998g author = Wang, Ying title = Determining the ideal prevention strategy for multidrug-resistance organisms in resource-limited countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis study date = 2020-05-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4250 sentences = 181 flesch = 40 summary = The aim of this study was to determine the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in intensive care units (ICUs) in areas with limited health resources. Hospitals with low-and mid-level budgets and resources need to select and focus on an optimal strategy based on practical cost-effectiveness, rather than implementing a whole host of measures against MDROs. Given the importance of the scientific and rationale prevention strategies for MDROs worldwide, the limited isolation resources in developing countries and the lack of related cost-effectiveness analysis researches, this study aimed to determine the ideal prevention strategy for MDROs in ICUs in areas with limited health resources, based on a decision tree model. The cost-effectiveness analysis of four prevention strategies against MDROs in ICUs was studied in China, a country with limited health resources. cache = ./cache/cord-012562-diqt998g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-012562-diqt998g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-031702-jik4116j author = Agrawal, Anshu title = Sustainability of airlines in India with Covid-19: Challenges ahead and possible way-outs date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5724 sentences = 338 flesch = 52 summary = Fragile to withstand the cyclic momentary shocks of oil price fluctuation, demand flux, declining currency, airlines in India warrants for robust structural changes in their operating strategies, business model, revenue and pricing strategies to survive the long-lasting consequences of Covid-19. According to ICAO united Aviation study, depending upon the duration and intensity of outbreak, control measures and economic and psychological impact, the global Pink cells portray risky zone and green cells represent safe zone as per Altman Z-score airlines industry may witness decline of 33 to 60% seats offered, reduced passenger traffic from 1878 to 3227 million and gross operating revenue loss of approximately USD 244 to 420 million for the year 2020. Table 5 exhibits the degree of operating leverage of four airlines in India and the consequences on the EBITDA of the airlines, with the different expectations of possible decline in sales amid covid impact. cache = ./cache/cord-031702-jik4116j.txt txt = ./txt/cord-031702-jik4116j.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-004925-fj068j67 author = Morin, B. R. title = Economic Incentives in the Socially Optimal Management of Infectious Disease: When [Formula: see text] is Not Enough date = 2017-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9300 sentences = 471 flesch = 52 summary = Since private disease risk mitigation efforts reflect the costs of illness and illness avoidance, interventions that change those costs are also among the options available to public health authorities . Of the many intervention options open to public health authorities-quarantine, social distancing measures such as school closures, vaccination campaigns and so on-we focus on instruments that change risk mitigation by changing the private cost of illness. For R 0 (b) [ [0.95, 1.91] , the optimal public health authority intervention involves an increase in the private cost of illness-a 'tax' on illness that will stimulate higher levels of private disease risk mitigation. For diseases where infectiousness is either very low (R 0 (b) < 0.941) or very high (i.e., R 0 (b) > 1.91), the optimal public health authority intervention involves a reduction in the cost of illness-a 'subsidy' on illness that lowers private diseaserisk mitigation effort (Fig. 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt txt = ./txt/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254630-ed5gawoj author = Barron, Sarah P. title = Single-Use (Disposable) Flexible Bronchoscopes: The Future of Bronchoscopy? date = 2020-09-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4026 sentences = 180 flesch = 39 summary = Additionally, RFBs pose a risk of nosocomial infection transmission between patients with the identification of human proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and pathogenic organisms on fully reprocessed bronchoscopes despite full adherence to the guidelines. Until now, disposable or single-use flexible bronchoscopes (SUFBs) have primarily been used by anaesthetists in an ICU or peri-operative setting where they perform to an acceptable level in comparison to RFBs [12, 13] combined with the distinct advantage of a reduced risk of infection owing to their sterility [14] . In this review, the risk of infection with standard RFBs will be outlined as will the advantages of SUFBs, with comment on their cost profile compared to RFBs and attempt to suggest a rationale for their use during the COVID-19 pandemic and in a respiratory setting. cache = ./cache/cord-254630-ed5gawoj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254630-ed5gawoj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-204060-ddve4mga author = Li, Tianyang title = Robust Screening of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray via Discriminative Cost-Sensitive Learning date = 2020-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6549 sentences = 410 flesch = 52 summary = In this paper, we report our solution, discriminative cost-sensitive learning (DCSL), which should be the choice if the clinical needs the assisted screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. In this paper, we propose an innovative discriminative cost-sensitive learning (DCSL) for the robust screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. We combine both advances into a deep neural network with end-to-end optimization, successfully achieving fine-grained cost-sensitive screening of COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that we insightfully view the screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays as a fine-grained cost-sensitive classification problem. In this study, we introduce a score-level cost-sensitive learning approach based on an expert-provided cost matrix to improve the screening accuracy of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. The proposed discriminative cost-sensitive learning algorithm (DCSL) achieves the highest results on the screen-ing of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. cache = ./cache/cord-204060-ddve4mga.txt txt = ./txt/cord-204060-ddve4mga.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-030926-vtids9ns author = Laxminarayan, Ramanan title = Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date = 2016-02-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5839 sentences = 275 flesch = 46 summary = Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Other examples of country-level actions with global consequences include inadequate vaccination coverage; slow progress on disease elimination; failure to report and contain pandemic flu, antibiotic resistance, and counterfeit drugs; and climate-related health threats. More recently, campaigns to eliminate smallpox and eradicate malaria have been built on the idea that infectious disease control depends not just on national priorities but also on the priorities of one's neighbours and trading partners. Current International Health Regulations, which were first enacted in 1951 and most recently revised in 2005, require countries to report disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is often essential to have cooperative financing mechanisms for global health interventions, whether to eradicate disease, encourage appropriate levels of disease surveillance and reporting, or to reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. cache = ./cache/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt txt = ./txt/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-103621-ts3llerc author = Wang, Qiang title = Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of public health measures to control COVID-19: a modelling study date = 2020-03-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3231 sentences = 222 flesch = 59 summary = Method The stochastic agent-based model was used to simulate the process of COVID-19 outbreak in scenario I (imported one case) and II (imported four cases) with a series of public health measures, involving the personal protection, isolation-and-quarantine, gathering restriction, and community containment. The strategy including community containment could protect more lives and was cost-effective, when the number of imported cases was no less than 65, or the delay-time of quarantine was more than five days, or the quarantine probability was below 25%, based on current assumptions. In scenario II (table 3) , compared with no intervention, personal protection or gathering restriction was not cost-effectiveness (ICERs > three times of per capita GDP). The threshold analysis showed that program C became cost-effective (ICERs< three times of per capita GDP) comparing to program A when initial cases increased to imported 65 cases (appendix table 6). cache = ./cache/cord-103621-ts3llerc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-103621-ts3llerc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026990-d3l1sbeb author = Oberoi, Sumit title = Economic menace of diabetes in India: a systematic review date = 2020-06-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4912 sentences = 334 flesch = 58 summary = Thus, the present study aims at capturing the evidence from the literature on the cost of diabetes mellitus in India, reviewing the materials and methods used to estimate the costs and, lastly, exploring future research area. Majority of research publications were excluded on the grounds if they (a) did not provide the detailed analysis of how costs were estimated; (b) were conference articles or posters; (c) only presented the costs of diabetes prevention; and (d) were published in non-peer-reviewed journals. (cost for patients with foot complication was ₹19,020/-, also average cost for renal patients Under the north zone, 8 studies were included to calculate both direct and indirect costs of diabetes at the individual/household level (Fig. 1) . Therefore, the findings of the present study suggest that per annum median direct and indirect cost of diabetes at the individual/household level is very colossal in India. cache = ./cache/cord-026990-d3l1sbeb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026990-d3l1sbeb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292349-r2ljahss author = Gudmundsson, Sveinn Vidar title = Cost structure effects of horizontal airline mergers and acquisitions date = 2020-08-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 8884 sentences = 407 flesch = 49 summary = We offer support that the ex-post cost structure effects of airline M&As depend on the incentives to improve efficiency, reflected in the ex-ante performance of the merging firms. In the background of this literature, we develop our cost structure arguments taking into account different types of M&As guided by specific conditions surrounding target selection and timing that affect the ex-ante performance disparity of the merging firms and therefore efficiency improvement incentives ex-post. Along these arguments we attempt to reveal evidence supporting our prediction that horizontal M&As involving unprofitable firm(s) have stronger management incentive for efficiency improvement ex-post than if both firms are profitable, which is important for competition policy and relevant to regulators approving mergers. cache = ./cache/cord-292349-r2ljahss.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292349-r2ljahss.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-259809-7glw6pir author = Lloyd, Helen M. title = Supporting Innovative Person-Centred Care in Financially Constrained Environments: The WE CARE Exploratory Health Laboratory Evaluation Strategy date = 2020-04-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7735 sentences = 381 flesch = 45 summary = The COST CARES project aims to support healthcare cost containment and improve healthcare quality across Europe by developing the research and development necessary for person-centred care (PCC) and health promotion. COST Action 15222 'Cost Cares' was funded by the EU Commission to create the impetus in both the research and development required to design and test innovative exploratory health laboratories (EHLs) to implement PCC and HP across the EU. Repeated here for clarity the critical enablers are (1) information technology (IT), which describes the use of computers or other computerized devises to store, transmit, and receive data to support PCC planning and care coordination, for handling and communicating health and evaluation data, and for delivering PCC and HP interventions. (4) Incentive systems that reward PCC processes and outcomes, such as personal health goals, PCC plans, improvements in patient self-efficacy and experiences of care, and HP activities. cache = ./cache/cord-259809-7glw6pir.txt txt = ./txt/cord-259809-7glw6pir.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018497-oy7hsrpt author = Beutels, Philippe P.A. title = Economic aspects of vaccines and vaccination: a global perspective date = 2005 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6370 sentences = 285 flesch = 47 summary = The share of health-care expenditures in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of most industrialised countries has increased from 3%-5% in the early sixties to 7%-11% in 2001 (from 5% to 14% in the USA) [1] This rise has been attributed to medical advances (increasing the number and technological complexity of medical interventions), population aging, sociological changes (more, but smaller families and less familial support for the elderly) and insufficient productivity increases in the services sector. Because of the very long time spans over which benefits accrue, the analysis of most vaccination programs is very sensitive to discounting (of costs as well as health effects). It seems clear, though, that the smallpox eradication program and the establishment of the EPI have generated enormous benefits, not only by directly protecting against important vaccine-preventable diseases, but also by providing opportunities for health education and infrastructure in developing countries [30] . cache = ./cache/cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002586-gilnlwms author = Nahar, Nazmun title = A large-scale behavior change intervention to prevent Nipah transmission in Bangladesh: components and costs date = 2017-06-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5025 sentences = 254 flesch = 48 summary = METHODS: We implemented a behavior change communication intervention in two districts, testing different approaches to reduce the risk of NiV transmission using community mobilization, interpersonal communication, posters and TV public service announcements on local television during the 2012–2014 sap harvesting seasons. Based on previous pilot studies on interrupting bats access to sap [8] [9] [10] , and on the Government of Bangladesh's recommendation to abstain from drinking raw sap, we developed and implemented a behavior change communication intervention using two different approaches to reduce the risk of NiV transmission. The objective of our paper is to describe and calculate the cost of an already implemented behavior change communication intervention, and estimate the cost of scaling it up to districts where NiV spillover was identified in Bangladesh, using risk-based scenarios. To implement an "only safe sap" intervention with community meetings, gachhi training, poster and the TV public service announcement in the six districts with 48% of all spillover would cost $715,000. cache = ./cache/cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000916-b22s00es author = Kelso, Joel K title = Economic analysis of pandemic influenza mitigation strategies for five pandemic severity categories date = 2013-03-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9171 sentences = 412 flesch = 42 summary = This study estimates the effectiveness and total cost (from a societal perspective, with a lifespan time horizon) of a comprehensive range of social distancing and antiviral drug strategies, under a range of pandemic severity categories. For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. Keywords: Pandemic influenza, Economic analysis, Antiviral medication, Social distancing, Pandemic severity, Case fatality ratio Background While the H1N1 2009 virus spread world-wide and was classed as a pandemic, the severity of resulting symptoms, as quantified by morbidity and mortality rates, was lower than that which had previously occurred in many seasonal epidemics [1] [2] [3] . cache = ./cache/cord-000916-b22s00es.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000916-b22s00es.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-026169-j4navhku author = Zhang, Sicui title = Towards Multi-perspective Conformance Checking with Aggregation Operations date = 2020-05-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5216 sentences = 277 flesch = 60 summary = Given an event log, i.e., a log file tracking data related to activities performed during process executions, conformance checking techniques are able to pinpoint discrepancies (aka, deviations) between the log and the corresponding model. However, the previous work used basic strategy of standard conformance checking techniques for dealing with multiple constraints deviations; namely, the total degree of data deviations of that activity is computed by summing up the costs for all the violated constraints. With respect to previous work, the approach brings two main contributions: a) it applies fuzzy aggregation operators to assess the level of deviation severity for a set of constraints, and b) it allows to customize the tolerance to deviations of multiple constraints. In this work, we investigated the use of fuzzy aggregation operations in conformance checking of process executions to deal with multiple data constraints for an activity. cache = ./cache/cord-026169-j4navhku.txt txt = ./txt/cord-026169-j4navhku.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271094-utpg9p5u author = Erdmann, Anett title = Digital inbound marketing: Measuring the economic performance of grocery e-commerce in Europe and the USA date = 2020-10-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10845 sentences = 487 flesch = 43 summary = Concretely, in the environment of grocery e-commerce (GE) and from a classic economic perspective of evaluation of the optimal marketing budget of Dorfman and Steiner (1954) , which has been adapted by the authors of this research to the nature of digital marketing, an analytical model is proposed which allows to optimize the investment in marketing based on a marginal analysis and respond to a fundamental question in DIM: the analysis of its economic performance. The analysis of the optimal DIM mix of SEO and SEM oriented towards the generation of website traffic is conducted for a total of 29 leading grocery e-commerce firms in Europe (UK, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Norway) and the USA over a time horizon of six years (2014 -2019) at a monthly level to evaluate the relationship between DIM and economic performance. cache = ./cache/cord-271094-utpg9p5u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271094-utpg9p5u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-006226-fn7zlutj author = nan title = Abstracts of the 4th annual meeting of the German Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy: Hannover, 14–17 September 1994 date = 1994 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 25050 sentences = 1344 flesch = 50 summary = The following were analysed: heart rate (HR, bpm), pre-ejection time (PEP, ms), ejection time (VET, ms), HR-corrected electromechanical systole (QS2c, ms), impedance-cardiographic estimates of stroke volume (SV, ml), cardiac output (CO, I/min) and peripheral resistance (TPR, dyn.s.cm -5) calculated from CO and mean blood pressure (SBP and DBP according to auscultatory Korotkoff-I and -IV sounds This indicates that 1) about half the rise of HR and CO and half the shortening of PEP is 131-respectively 1~2-determined, 2) that predominant 132-adrenergic responses, whilst not affecting VET, take optimal benefit from the inodilatory enhancement of pump performance, 3) that an additional 131-adrenergic stimulation is proportionally less efficient, as VET is dramatically shortened, thus blunting the gain in SV so that the rise in CO relies substantially on the amplified increase of HR and 4), VET is more sensitive than QS2c in expressing additional 131-adrenoceptor agonism and 5) prime systolic time intervals provide a less speculative and physiologically more meaningful represenation of cardiac pump dynamics than HR-corrected ones. cache = ./cache/cord-006226-fn7zlutj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-006226-fn7zlutj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320228-vbzceozs author = Hu, Zhi-Hua title = Post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement considering panic and panic spread date = 2014-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10600 sentences = 639 flesch = 51 summary = A novel mixed-integer linear program is constructed for multi-step evacuation and temporary resettlement under minimization of panic-induced psychological penalty cost, psychological intervention cost, and costs associated with transportation and building shelters. Third, psychological penalty cost perceived by victims due to wait for evacuation, psychological intervention cost, cost of transporting victims from disaster sites to resettlement sites, and cost of building resettlement shelters are minimized in this formulation. Next, the time-varying strength of panic, and the time-varying costs and limits of shelters and mental health workers are modeled to study the effects of wait times on evacuation and resettlement solutions. Due to urgent demands for mental health workers and temporary shelters, and the marginally increasing degree of panic perceived by victims while waiting for evacuation and resettlement, three parameters (C P t ; C INC t and a t ) are defined as functions of wait times. This study addressed the post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement problem for victims affected by psychological penalty induced by panic and panic spread. cache = ./cache/cord-320228-vbzceozs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320228-vbzceozs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-280718-hlyo4fys author = Acher, Alexandra W. title = Early vs Late Readmissions in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients: Recognizing Comprehensive Episodic Cost to Help Guide Bundled Payment Plans and Hospital Resource Allocation date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3379 sentences = 203 flesch = 41 summary = title: Early vs Late Readmissions in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients: Recognizing Comprehensive Episodic Cost to Help Guide Bundled Payment Plans and Hospital Resource Allocation INTRODUCTION: Previous studies on readmission cost in pancreaticoduodenectomy patients use estimated cost data and do not delineate etiology or cost differences between early and late readmissions. Early readmission was associated with index stay deep vein thrombosis (p < 0.01), delayed gastric emptying (p < 0.01), and grade B pancreatic fistula (p < 0.01). Bivariate analysis of risk factors for early and late readmissions was based on preoperative patient factors, surgeon, and type of postoperative index stay complication. The high-cost late readmissions were related to time-dependent or chronic postoperative issues, some of which required reoperation: recurrent small bowel obstruction requiring reoperation, DGE, PF-related enterocutaneous fistula, and organ space infection requiring invasive intervention (Fig. 2, Table 3 ). cache = ./cache/cord-280718-hlyo4fys.txt txt = ./txt/cord-280718-hlyo4fys.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104095-g6l57s4x author = Flyvbjerg, Bent title = Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up date = 2020-09-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11598 sentences = 579 flesch = 63 summary = The paper tests theoretical statistical distributions against empirical data for the costs of the Games, in order to explain the cost risks faced by host cities and nations. Finally, the paper develops measures for good practice in planning and managing the Games, including how to mitigate the extreme risks of the Olympic power law. While conventional thinking is that a lognormal distribution is thin-tailed, because it has all the moments (mean, variance, etc.), it actually behaves like a power law at a σ > 0.4 (Taleb 2020: 139 ff.) , which is the case for our Olympic costs dataset. In sum, we find: (a) convexity is the root cause of the power-law nature and extreme randomness of cost and cost overrun for the Olympics; (b) convexity is strong for the Games, documented by alpha-values smaller than 2, indicating infinite variance; and (c) convexity at the Games is driven by irreversibility, fixed time schedules, misaligned incentives, tight coupling, long planning horizons, and the Eternal Beginner Syndrome. cache = ./cache/cord-104095-g6l57s4x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104095-g6l57s4x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-104431-3rblzyry author = Hill, Andrew title = Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for COVID-19 date = 2020-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5494 sentences = 336 flesch = 56 summary = RESULTS: Minimum estimated costs of production were US $0.93/day for remdesivir, $1.45/day for favipiravir, $0.08/day for hydroxychloroquine, $0.02/day for chloroquine, $0.10/day for azithromycin, $0.28/day for lopinavir/ritonavir, $0.39/day for sofosbuvir/daclatasvir and $1.09/day for pirfenidone. large donor organisations such as the global Fund for aiDs, TB and Malaria (gFaTM) and the President's emergency Plan for aiDs relief (PePFar) order drugs to treat >20 million people with hiV, at prices close to the cost of production [20, 21] . We used all available costing data for each drug aPi found on Panjiva, excluding shipments <1kg in size, alongside the lowest and highest 15% of results based on prices per kg. Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for cOViD-19 67 Different dosing protocols are being used for hydroxychloroquine, including 600 mg daily in the small, open-label, non-randomised French study by gautret et al. cache = ./cache/cord-104431-3rblzyry.txt txt = ./txt/cord-104431-3rblzyry.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345836-74d2mb70 author = Hogg, William title = The costs of preventing the spread of respiratory infection in family physician offices: a threshold analysis date = 2007-11-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5998 sentences = 252 flesch = 44 summary = CONCLUSION: Based on our conservative estimates for the direct cost savings, there are indications that the outreach facilitation intervention program would be cost effective if it can achieve a reduction in the probability of infection on the order of 0.83 (0.77, 1.05) percentage points. The potential cost savings for this intervention referred to the costs of medical care averted due to the improved respiratory infection control practices that reduce the probability of infection in the physicians' offices. In order to generate an accurate estimate of the total health-care costs averted by this intervention, one would require the following pieces of information: i) the incidence or frequencies of transmission at physicians' office, ii) the effect of the intervention in reducing those rates, iii) the probabilities of the various potential health outcomes that could arise given infection, and iv) the cost of the treatments associated with those outcomes. cache = ./cache/cord-345836-74d2mb70.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345836-74d2mb70.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-322123-z43vhxg5 author = Gardiner, Fergus W. title = Mental Health Crises in Rural and Remote Australia: An Assessment of Direct Medical Costs of Air Medical Retrievals and the Implications for the Societal Burden date = 2020-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3890 sentences = 187 flesch = 45 summary = METHODS: All patients with a primary working diagnosis of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Version, Australian Modification F00 to F99 (mental and behavioral disorders) who underwent an air medical retrieval were included in this cost analysis. The primary aim of this article is to determine the annual air medical retrieval and in-patient hospital-direct medical costs associated with mental and behavioral disorders from a health payer perspective. 15, 16 Design and Participants A partial economic evaluation was undertaken using routinely collected air medical data for patients diagnosed in flight with a mental and behavioral disorder (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition, Australian Modification [ICD-10 AM], Chapter V) between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017. Further research is required to fully understand the true costs, including indirect (loss of productivity) and intangible costs (quality of life), associated with air medical retrievals for mental health care and the current level of service provision to rural and remote communities in location. cache = ./cache/cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299309-p703e396 author = Tan-Torres Edejer, Tessa title = Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study date = 2020-09-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5146 sentences = 233 flesch = 53 summary = title: Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study This study aimed to identify what the additional health-care costs of a strategic preparedness and response plan (SPRP) would be if current transmission levels are maintained in a status quo scenario, or under scenarios where transmission is increased or decreased by 50%. Evidence before this study Since Jan 30, 2020, when WHO labelled the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, countries have tried to limit its spread, instituting measures on physical distancing and restrictions on movement. As of June 26, 2020, the costs of the full, nine-pillar response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middleincome countries after 4 weeks, on July 24, 2020, were projected to be approximately $52 billion, assuming that the Rt was unchanged and the status quo continued. cache = ./cache/cord-299309-p703e396.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299309-p703e396.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-282716-gxv6cbom author = Juneau, Carl-Etienne title = Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions to suppress the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review date = 2020-04-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5458 sentences = 366 flesch = 53 summary = A cautious interpretation of this body of lower-quality evidence suggests that: (1) the most cost-effective interventions are swift contact tracing and case isolation, surveillance networks, protective equipment for healthcare workers, and early vaccination (when available); (2) home quarantines and stockpiling antivirals are less cost-effective; (3) social distancing measures like workplace and school closures are effective but costly, making them the least cost-effective options; (4) combinations are more cost-effective than single interventions; (5) interventions are more cost-effective when adopted early and for severe viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: A cautious interpretation of this body of evidence suggests that for COVID-19: (1) social distancing is effective but costly, especially when adopted late and (2) adopting as early as possible a combination of interventions that includes hand washing, face masks, swift contact tracing and case isolation, and protective equipment for healthcare workers is likely to be the most cost-effective strategy. cache = ./cache/cord-282716-gxv6cbom.txt txt = ./txt/cord-282716-gxv6cbom.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252829-gn56tsz3 author = Higginson, Irene J. title = Associations between informal care costs, care quality, carer rewards, burden and subsequent grief: the international, access, rights and empowerment mortality follow-back study of the last 3 months of life (IARE I study) date = 2020-11-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5791 sentences = 311 flesch = 57 summary = title: Associations between informal care costs, care quality, carer rewards, burden and subsequent grief: the international, access, rights and empowerment mortality follow-back study of the last 3 months of life (IARE I study) Data: ICrs reported hours and activities, care quality, positive aspects and burdens of caregiving, and completed the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG). Multivariable logistic regression analysis explored the association of potential explanatory variables, including IC costs and care quality, on three outcomes: positive aspects and burdens of caregiving, and subsequent grief. Therefore, as part of the International, Access, Rights, and Empowerment (IARE I) study of palliative care in three countries, we aimed to determine and compare the informal care (IC) costs and their associations with selfreported caregiver burden, rewards and subsequent caregiver grief, taking account of care quality, as reported by ICrs. We conducted a mortality follow-back postal survey of key informants (normally relatives and informal carers) of decedents identified by palliative care services in participating hospitals. cache = ./cache/cord-252829-gn56tsz3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252829-gn56tsz3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287067-rrsgl377 author = Beutels, Philippe title = Funding of drugs: do vaccines warrant a different approach? date = 2008-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5432 sentences = 292 flesch = 46 summary = 2 The individual perception of risks of disease and risks of adverse events drives the demand Panel: Why many vaccines require a diff erent approach • Primary prevention in healthy people, but with possibility of adverse events • Unvaccinated or poorly vaccinated people may experience benefi cial or, more rarely, detrimental impact from herd immunity • Many vaccines prevent short-lived illness in very young children, causing extra family care and work loss, for which evaluation methods lack credibility and acceptability • The cost-eff ectiveness of many vaccines is highly sensitive to the choice of discount method • Some infections are eradicable • Some emerging infections (eg, SARS, pandemic infl uenza) would have a major macroeconomic impact that goes beyond lost productivity of sick people SARS=severe acute respiratory syndrome. cache = ./cache/cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-021959-1y67126b author = Madanoglu, Melih title = State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management date = 2009-11-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11715 sentences = 542 flesch = 55 summary = However, prior to investing in a project, an executive/manager should make three key estimates to ensure the viability of a business project: economic useful life of the asset, future cash flows that the project will generate, and the discount rate that properly accounts for the time value of the capital invested and compensates the investors for the risk they bear by investing in that project ( Olsen et al. These researchers challenged the model by contending that it is difficult to find the right proxy for the market portfolio and that CAPM does not appear to accurately reflect the firm size in the cost of equity calculation, and that not all systematic risk factors are reflected in returns of the market portfolio. cache = ./cache/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author = Adler, Nicole title = Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date = 2012-07-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11639 sentences = 448 flesch = 42 summary = Abstract Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. These strategies need to provide a cushion whereby companies can reasonably handle the risk of fuel price instability, the introduction of carbon cap and trade regulation, the need to finance airport infrastructure, air traffic management systems, aircraft and other assets, the competitive inequalities drawing from subsidies across the globe at various levels of the supply chain and the effects of increasing ad-hoc consumer protection laws. We discuss the on-going process of deregulation of the airline markets in section 5.1, the conditions under which airport regulation continues to be a necessity in a gradually privatized and corporatized airport industry in section 5.2 and the issues arising as a result of the changes in ownership form of the air traffic control sector in section 5.3. cache = ./cache/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291645-63ftephy author = Aldridge, Arnie P. title = Health economic design for evaluating cost, cost-effectiveness and simulation analyses in the HEALing Communities Study date = 2020-10-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6104 sentences = 289 flesch = 45 summary = BACKGROUND: The HEALing Communities Study (HCS) is designed to implement and evaluate the Communities That HEAL (CTH) intervention, a conceptually driven framework to assist communities in selecting and adopting evidence-based practices to reduce opioid overdose deaths. The objectives of the HES are to estimate the economic costs to communities of implementing and sustaining CTH; estimate broader societal costs associated with CTH; estimate the cost-effectiveness of CTH for overdose deaths avoided; and use simulation modeling to evaluate the shortand long-term health and economic impact of CTH, including future overdose deaths avoided and quality-adjusted life years saved, and to develop a simulation policy tool for communities that seek to implement CTH or a similar community intervention. The HCS HES will use simulation modeling to evaluate the short-and long-term health and economic impacts of the CTH intervention and to develop a policy tool for communities that want to implement CTH. cache = ./cache/cord-291645-63ftephy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291645-63ftephy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-284813-jck9f7nx author = Ruffino, Paolo title = Appraisal of cycling and pedestrian projects date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11447 sentences = 514 flesch = 46 summary = Increased planning and financing activity has followed, targeting larger infrastructure projects such as bicycle and pedestrian networks, cycling highways, mass bicycle parking, diffused traffic calming measures and carfree areas, as well as the experimentation of behavioral interventions such as (non) monetary incentives such as bike-to-work or walk-to-school programs (Banister, 1990; Bertolini and le Clercq, 2003; Braun et al., 2016; Martens, 2007; Pucher and Buehler, 2012; Pucher et al., 2010) . In the field of transport appraisal, MCA is the most common alternative to Cost-Benefit Analysis as it allows to consider effects that are typically difficult to quantify and monetize (such as social inclusion, aesthetics, image, equity, etc.) (Browne and Ryan, 2011) . (2009) performed a CEA to measure the health outcomes against the costs of six different physical activity interventions compared to identify the most cost-effective option (the comparison included travel smart programs that rewarded travelers for reducing car trips and choosing to walk and cycle). cache = ./cache/cord-284813-jck9f7nx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-284813-jck9f7nx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281160-e00koo91 author = Shank, Nancy title = A Review of the Role of Cost–Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion date = 2012-12-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5103 sentences = 293 flesch = 50 summary = Context The 2-1-1 helpline is a social services innovation that has spread rapidly throughout the U.S. Policy diffusion theory suggests that policymakers seek to reduce uncertainty by anticipating the effects of a proposed innovation through tools such as cost–benefit analyses. 13 United Way Worldwide and AIRS have served as networks for information sharing about the costs and benefıts of 2-1-1, typically by equipping local 2-1-1 supporters who were in contact with their state and local policymakers. AIRS and United Way Worldwide publicized documents and toolkits with information about the service's costs and benefıts through e-mail discussion groups, at national conferences, and through personal communications. Excluded from the study were analyses not specifıc to 2-1-1, information sources that were not formalized, or that presented costs or benefıts only in a very general way. cache = ./cache/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-028178-77zq31tw author = D’Acci, Luca S. title = Urbanicity mental costs valuation: a review and urban-societal planning consideration date = 2020-06-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4884 sentences = 212 flesch = 48 summary = (2004) of 68 studies found a schizophrenia incidence rate 2 times higher in urban areas than in mixed rural/urban areas; a rate that rises up to a 2.75 times greater risk of schizophrenia when one has lived 15 years of her early life in a capital city rather than a rural area (Pedersen and Mortensen 2001a) . 2012 ) used different methods (although non comparable among each other) to estimate mental disorders costs: (1) direct and indirect costs by human capital approach (the standard cost-of-illness method), (2) impact on economic growth (macroeconomic simulation), and (3) value of statistical life (willingness to pay). Let's speculate that by planning better structural-infrastructural urban environments and forms (D'Acci 2020) and their socio-economic systems/life styles, (eliminating crowd-congestion, pollution, greenless, noise, crime, overwork, stress, over-pace…) of our current cities we are also able to entirely reduce their extra psychosis incidences and then levelling the urban psychosis rate to the rural one. cache = ./cache/cord-028178-77zq31tw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-028178-77zq31tw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-287901-56goaqir author = Maudgil, D.D. title = Cost effectiveness and the role of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in interventional radiology date = 2020-10-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5021 sentences = 276 flesch = 46 summary = Costs for the same procedure can vary widely, e.g., the "Getting it Right First Time" (GIRFT) Vascular Surgery report noted that reported cost for elective endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) varied between £2,251 and £19,690 for no apparent reason and with no indication that lower cost procedures were less effective 2,4 ; CES encompass a wider societal perspective than just the clinician's or patient's point of view alone, helping demonstrate equitable resource allocation in a publicly funded service 3 ; CES allow evaluation of short-and long-term costs and benefits, which are often under-or overestimated; and 4 CES provide an explicit and accountable framework for decision making, which can be re-examined as data accumulate, particularly important with evolving techniques and experience as in interventional radiology (IR). cache = ./cache/cord-287901-56goaqir.txt txt = ./txt/cord-287901-56goaqir.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-182166-x52i7xb4 author = Faugere, Louis title = Dynamic Pooled Capacity Deployment for Urban Parcel Logistics date = 2020-07-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9777 sentences = 460 flesch = 45 summary = In particular, it proposes a two-stage stochastic optimization model for the access hub dynamic pooled capacity deployment problem with synchronization of underlying operations through travel time estimates, and a solution approach based on a rolling horizon algorithm with lookahead and a benders decomposition able to solve large scale instances of a real-sized megacity. This paper studies a novel tactical optimization problem: the dynamic deployment of pooled storage capacity in an urban parcel network operating under space-time uncertainty. (1) the characterization of a new tactical problem for capacity deployment, motivated by dynamic aspects of urban parcel logistics needs, (2) the modeling of the access hub dynamic pooled capacity deployment problem as a two-stage stochastic program with synchronization of underlying operations through travel time estimates, and (3) the design of a solution approach based on a rolling horizon algorithm with lookahead and a benders decomposition able to solve large scale instances of a real-sized megacity. cache = ./cache/cord-182166-x52i7xb4.txt txt = ./txt/cord-182166-x52i7xb4.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288487-hs3wfffs author = Lambert, Stephen B title = The cost of community-managed viral respiratory illnesses in a cohort of healthy preschool-aged children date = 2008-01-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5658 sentences = 250 flesch = 45 summary = The point estimate of the mean cost of community-managed influenza illnesses in healthy preschool aged children is three times greater than those illnesses caused by RSV and other respiratory viruses. Even for influenza, the most studied of all respiratory viruses, cost-of-illness and vaccine cost-effectiveness evaluations in children have tended to rely on assumptions or use retrospectively collected estimates, often from surveys, for resource utilisation, such as carer time away from work in seeking healthcare or caring for an ill child [6] [7] [8] [9] . Despite overlapping confidence intervals, the finding of most note in this study was the dramatically higher point estimate of the mean cost of influenza A ARIs, being three times higher than illnesses caused by RSV and the other common respiratory viral infections of childhood. Further studies that collect primary, integrated epidemiologic and economic data, particularly indirect costs, directly from families about community-managed ARIs in children, are required. cache = ./cache/cord-288487-hs3wfffs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288487-hs3wfffs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348992-8su58m68 author = Alam, Aatif title = Technoeconomic Modeling of Plant-Based Griffithsin Manufacturing date = 2018-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9165 sentences = 409 flesch = 48 summary = With an assumed commercial launch volume of 20 kg Griffithsin/year for 6.7 million doses of Griffithsin microbicide at 3 mg/dose, a transient vector expression yield of 0.52 g Griffithsin/kg leaf biomass, recovery efficiency of 70%, and purity of >99%, we calculated a manufacturing cost for the drug substance of $0.32/dose and estimated a bulk product cost of $0.38/dose assuming a 20% net fee for a contract manufacturing organization (CMO). The main analysis in this study was conducted using data available from pilot-scale manufacturing of Griffithsin in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-induced transient gene expression, and assuming that manufacturing would take place in an existing and fully equipped state-of-the-art plant-based biomanufacturing facility. Nicotiana benthamiana host plants are generated from seed and propagated indoors under controlled environmental conditions until sufficient biomass is obtained for inoculation with the TMV vector carrying the Griffithsin gene. cache = ./cache/cord-348992-8su58m68.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348992-8su58m68.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318982-cbfiqvu5 author = As'ad, Rami title = Sustainable Dynamic Lot Sizing Models for Cold Products under Carbon Cap Policy date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7820 sentences = 398 flesch = 50 summary = Amid the ever growing interest in operational supply chain models that incorporate environmental aspects as an integral part of the decision making process, this paper addresses the dynamic lot sizing problem of a cold product while accounting for carbon emissions generated during temperature-controlled storage and transportation activities. More specifically, cold or perishable products in general, typically exhibit time varying demand stressing the need for dynamic lot sizing modeling approach to optimize inventory and transportation related decisions on a periodic basis, and accordingly control costs and carbon emissions. The impact of the carbon cap (both total and periodic) as well as other key problem parameters on the lot sizing policy, the operational cost and the carbon footprint generated is assessed in Section 4 through sensitivity analysis. Min TCF(Q) subject to constraints (3) to (11) The upper bound, , is the total carbon emissions of the optimal lot sizing policy of the following carbon cap-unconstrained operational cost optimization problem. cache = ./cache/cord-318982-cbfiqvu5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318982-cbfiqvu5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author = Robertson, Christopher T title = Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date = 2020-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5935 sentences = 327 flesch = 48 summary = For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. Under a strategy of social distancing, lockdown, or quarantine, individuals are directed or suggested to exercise precautions including staying home, closing businesses, wearing masks, and avoiding physical proximity to other persons. 17 For health insurance design, primary moral hazard may have a relatively small effect on risk-taking behavior, because individuals personally suffer many of the other risks associated with illness or injury (including pain, suffering, lost work, chance of death). In this case, although the risk does not approach zero, it is as if relative youth provides partial indemnity insurance against not only the healthcare costs, but also the pain, suffering, lost work, and chance of death that are associated with COVID-19 infection. cache = ./cache/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-346984-36ryhc58 author = Kettani, Maryème title = Techno-economic assessment of solar energy coupling with large-scale desalination plant: The case of Morocco date = 2020-11-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14416 sentences = 693 flesch = 53 summary = This paper examines the cost competitiveness of an extra-large-scale (275,000 m(3)/d) solar-powered desalination, taking as a case study the Chtouka Ait Baha plant in Morocco. This section briefly describes the Chtouka Ait Baha project, introduces the cost of water model (detailed in the Appendix A), gives an overview of the methodology used to calculate the cost of solar electricity and the cost of storage, and finally displays the four main scenarios of power supply retained in this paper. Indeed, as the paper mainly focused on the impact of different power supply options on the competitivity of a large scale desalination plant, the specific consumption of the SWRO (kWh/m 3 ) is first calculated, then the power required (kW) and finally the corresponding energy (kWh) over a given period (a year) are computed. When assessing the impact of the cost of electricity supply on the cost of desalinate water, this paper demonstrates that solar energy is a competitive way to feed large scale reverse osmosis plant today. cache = ./cache/cord-346984-36ryhc58.txt txt = ./txt/cord-346984-36ryhc58.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-023913-pnjhi8cu author = Foreman, Stephen title = Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration date = 2011-10-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 47663 sentences = 2231 flesch = 44 summary = So while there has been no shortage of effort paid to improving Medicare, the one common theme in all of the recent initiatives is that dental care has been conspicuously 1 A new study by Hedlund, Jeffcoat, Genco and Tanna funded by CIGNA of patients with Type II diabetes and periodontal disease found that medical costs of patients who received maintenance therapy were $2483.51 per year lower than patients who did not. Examples of integrated care models do exist, such as that presented by (Heuer 2007 ) involving school-linked and school-based clinics with an "innovative health infrastructure." According to Heuer, "Neighborhood Outreach Action for Health (NOAH)" is staffed by two nurse practitioners and a part-time physician to provide "primary medical services to more than 3,200 uninsured patients each year" in Scottsdale, Arizona. cache = ./cache/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-322123-z43vhxg5 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-011701-toevn37u cord-013244-d6saaiu9 cord-012562-diqt998g cord-031702-jik4116j cord-004925-fj068j67 cord-254630-ed5gawoj cord-204060-ddve4mga cord-103621-ts3llerc cord-030926-vtids9ns cord-026990-d3l1sbeb cord-292349-r2ljahss cord-259809-7glw6pir cord-018497-oy7hsrpt cord-002586-gilnlwms cord-000916-b22s00es cord-026169-j4navhku cord-271094-utpg9p5u cord-006226-fn7zlutj cord-320228-vbzceozs cord-280718-hlyo4fys cord-104095-g6l57s4x cord-345836-74d2mb70 cord-299309-p703e396 cord-104431-3rblzyry cord-322123-z43vhxg5 cord-282716-gxv6cbom cord-252829-gn56tsz3 cord-287067-rrsgl377 cord-021959-1y67126b cord-353726-e0mr8kqb cord-291645-63ftephy cord-284813-jck9f7nx cord-281160-e00koo91 cord-028178-77zq31tw cord-318982-cbfiqvu5 cord-288487-hs3wfffs cord-348992-8su58m68 cord-182166-x52i7xb4 cord-287901-56goaqir cord-302937-3yivxfi8 cord-346984-36ryhc58 cord-023913-pnjhi8cu Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-013244-d6saaiu9 cord-103621-ts3llerc cord-320228-vbzceozs cord-271094-utpg9p5u cord-345836-74d2mb70 cord-252829-gn56tsz3 cord-282716-gxv6cbom cord-288487-hs3wfffs cord-348992-8su58m68 cord-023913-pnjhi8cu cord-346984-36ryhc58 Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-011701-toevn37u cord-013244-d6saaiu9 cord-031702-jik4116j cord-012562-diqt998g cord-204060-ddve4mga cord-254630-ed5gawoj cord-004925-fj068j67 cord-103621-ts3llerc cord-030926-vtids9ns cord-026990-d3l1sbeb cord-292349-r2ljahss cord-018497-oy7hsrpt cord-259809-7glw6pir cord-002586-gilnlwms cord-000916-b22s00es cord-271094-utpg9p5u cord-026169-j4navhku cord-006226-fn7zlutj cord-104095-g6l57s4x cord-345836-74d2mb70 cord-320228-vbzceozs cord-280718-hlyo4fys cord-322123-z43vhxg5 cord-104431-3rblzyry cord-299309-p703e396 cord-282716-gxv6cbom cord-252829-gn56tsz3 cord-287067-rrsgl377 cord-281160-e00koo91 cord-284813-jck9f7nx cord-021959-1y67126b cord-318982-cbfiqvu5 cord-291645-63ftephy cord-028178-77zq31tw cord-353726-e0mr8kqb cord-287901-56goaqir cord-182166-x52i7xb4 cord-288487-hs3wfffs cord-348992-8su58m68 cord-302937-3yivxfi8 cord-346984-36ryhc58 cord-023913-pnjhi8cu Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-011701-toevn37u cord-031702-jik4116j cord-013244-d6saaiu9 cord-204060-ddve4mga cord-012562-diqt998g cord-103621-ts3llerc cord-254630-ed5gawoj cord-030926-vtids9ns cord-004925-fj068j67 cord-026990-d3l1sbeb cord-259809-7glw6pir cord-018497-oy7hsrpt cord-002586-gilnlwms cord-292349-r2ljahss cord-000916-b22s00es cord-026169-j4navhku cord-271094-utpg9p5u cord-320228-vbzceozs cord-280718-hlyo4fys cord-006226-fn7zlutj cord-104431-3rblzyry cord-104095-g6l57s4x cord-345836-74d2mb70 cord-299309-p703e396 cord-322123-z43vhxg5 cord-282716-gxv6cbom cord-252829-gn56tsz3 cord-287067-rrsgl377 cord-021959-1y67126b cord-291645-63ftephy cord-281160-e00koo91 cord-318982-cbfiqvu5 cord-028178-77zq31tw cord-287901-56goaqir cord-284813-jck9f7nx cord-353726-e0mr8kqb cord-302937-3yivxfi8 cord-182166-x52i7xb4 cord-348992-8su58m68 cord-288487-hs3wfffs cord-346984-36ryhc58 cord-023913-pnjhi8cu Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-346984-36ryhc58 cord-104095-g6l57s4x cord-023913-pnjhi8cu cord-023913-pnjhi8cu cord-259809-7glw6pir cord-004925-fj068j67 number of items: 42 sum of words: 351,379 average size in words: 8,366 average readability score: 48 nouns: cost; costs; health; care; study; data; patients; time; disease; risk; analysis; intervention; model; treatment; studies; results; number; case; effectiveness; impact; influenza; effects; use; capacity; countries; rate; patient; research; pandemic; interventions; people; quality; information; system; infection; value; individuals; level; example; market; process; period; airlines; population; community; policy; approach; life; diabetes; models verbs: using; based; including; increased; provided; reducing; considered; shows; estimated; making; followed; associated; require; found; developed; related; compared; needed; given; taken; improving; reported; seen; determined; affecting; suggesting; expected; represent; assumed; present; lead; allow; assess; apply; proposed; became; conducted; identified; prevent; resulting; remain; measure; implementing; performed; calculate; support; occur; describe; obtained; focus adjectives: dental; economic; high; medical; different; total; clinical; oral; effective; public; new; higher; large; available; non; low; important; social; first; average; many; single; human; direct; psychological; private; specific; lower; current; significant; likely; urban; mental; infectious; primary; optimal; chronic; additional; similar; possible; common; several; future; local; potential; early; global; respiratory; small; multiple adverbs: also; however; therefore; well; even; often; significantly; less; highly; especially; particularly; first; rather; respectively; generally; finally; still; directly; typically; much; currently; fully; approximately; far; furthermore; already; potentially; moreover; hence; indeed; recently; now; additionally; similarly; yet; just; relatively; usually; specifically; together; perhaps; instead; clearly; always; least; previously; alone; almost; widely; effectively pronouns: we; it; their; they; our; its; i; them; his; us; themselves; one; itself; her; he; you; your; she; my; me; herself; yourself; s; p-450; him; 's; ⌈; outt; ourselves; ours; mg; himself; eu/; cord-271094-utpg9p5u proper nouns: Health; Games; COVID-19; •; United; Fig; HCV; India; C; Griffithsin; States; US; Table; National; PCC; PV; M&As; CBA; NAI; Medicare; CSP; benefi; CTH; World; mg; SARS; Care; Institute; A; Research; UK; Olympics; International; IOC; Dental; S; HCS; China; Australia; IC; Medicaid; fi; T; H1N1; EHR; Netherlands; Association; U.S.; USA; Bangladesh keywords: cost; study; patient; health; risk; firm; disease; covid-19; vaccine; vaccination; united; influenza; india; drug; country; airline; winter; way; urban; treatment; tmv; time; system; summer; sufb; strategy; states; seo; sem; school; sars; sap; return; result; resettlement; readmission; quarantine; psychological; price; precaution; plf; plant; pge1; periodontal; pcc; panic; pandemic; oud; oral; olympics one topic; one dimension: cost file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313872/ titles(s): Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness three topics; one dimension: cost; cost; dental file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32863401/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100636/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177026/ titles(s): Techno-economic assessment of solar energy coupling with large-scale desalination plant: The case of Morocco | Abstracts of the 4th annual meeting of the German Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy: Hannover, 14–17 September 1994 | Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration five topics; three dimensions: cost costs health; cost costs patients; cost health costs; dental health care; cost airlines capacity file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3606600/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100636/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191261514001398, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177026/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152268/ titles(s): Economic analysis of pandemic influenza mitigation strategies for five pandemic severity categories | Abstracts of the 4th annual meeting of the German Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy: Hannover, 14–17 September 1994 | Post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement considering panic and panic spread | Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration | State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management Type: cord title: keyword-cost-cord date: 2021-05-24 time: 22:48 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:cost ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-280718-hlyo4fys author: Acher, Alexandra W. title: Early vs Late Readmissions in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients: Recognizing Comprehensive Episodic Cost to Help Guide Bundled Payment Plans and Hospital Resource Allocation date: 2020-07-15 words: 3379 sentences: 203 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-280718-hlyo4fys.txt txt: ./txt/cord-280718-hlyo4fys.txt summary: title: Early vs Late Readmissions in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Patients: Recognizing Comprehensive Episodic Cost to Help Guide Bundled Payment Plans and Hospital Resource Allocation INTRODUCTION: Previous studies on readmission cost in pancreaticoduodenectomy patients use estimated cost data and do not delineate etiology or cost differences between early and late readmissions. Early readmission was associated with index stay deep vein thrombosis (p < 0.01), delayed gastric emptying (p < 0.01), and grade B pancreatic fistula (p < 0.01). Bivariate analysis of risk factors for early and late readmissions was based on preoperative patient factors, surgeon, and type of postoperative index stay complication. The high-cost late readmissions were related to time-dependent or chronic postoperative issues, some of which required reoperation: recurrent small bowel obstruction requiring reoperation, DGE, PF-related enterocutaneous fistula, and organ space infection requiring invasive intervention (Fig. 2, Table 3 ). abstract: INTRODUCTION: Previous studies on readmission cost in pancreaticoduodenectomy patients use estimated cost data and do not delineate etiology or cost differences between early and late readmissions. We sought to identify relationships between postoperative complication type and readmission timing and cost in pancreaticoduodenectomy patients. METHODS: Hospital cost data from date of discharge to postoperative day 90 were merged with 2008–2018 NSQIP data. Early readmission was within 30 days of surgery, and late readmission was 30 to 90 days from surgery. Regression analyses for readmission controlled for patient comorbidities, complications, and surgeon. RESULTS: Of 230 patients included, 58 (25%) were readmitted. The mean early and late readmission costs were $18,365 ± $20,262 and $24,965 ± $34,435, respectively. Early readmission was associated with index stay deep vein thrombosis (p < 0.01), delayed gastric emptying (p < 0.01), and grade B pancreatic fistula (p < 0.01). High-cost early readmission had long hospital stays or invasive procedures. Common late readmission diagnoses were grade B pancreatic fistula requiring drainage (n = 5, 14%), failure to thrive (n = 4, 14%), and bowel obstruction requiring operation (n = 3, 11%). High-cost late readmissions were associated with chronic complications requiring reoperation. CONCLUSION: Early and late readmissions following pancreaticoduodenectomy differ in both etiology and cost. Early readmission and cost are driven by common complications requiring percutaneous intervention while late readmission and cost are driven by chronic complications and reoperation. Late readmissions are frequent and a significant source of resource utilization. Negotiations of bundled care payment plans should account for significant late readmission resource utilization. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11605-020-04714-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-020-04714-3 doi: 10.1007/s11605-020-04714-3 id: cord-353726-e0mr8kqb author: Adler, Nicole title: Strategies for managing risk in a changing aviation environment date: 2012-07-31 words: 11639 sentences: 448 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353726-e0mr8kqb.txt summary: Abstract Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. These strategies need to provide a cushion whereby companies can reasonably handle the risk of fuel price instability, the introduction of carbon cap and trade regulation, the need to finance airport infrastructure, air traffic management systems, aircraft and other assets, the competitive inequalities drawing from subsidies across the globe at various levels of the supply chain and the effects of increasing ad-hoc consumer protection laws. We discuss the on-going process of deregulation of the airline markets in section 5.1, the conditions under which airport regulation continues to be a necessity in a gradually privatized and corporatized airport industry in section 5.2 and the issues arising as a result of the changes in ownership form of the air traffic control sector in section 5.3. abstract: Abstract Given the increasing volatility in the economic performance of airlines, partially reflecting the dynamics of demand for air transport and the fixed costs associated with the industry, all stakeholders need to consider appropriate strategies for better managing the risks. Many risks were identified in the literature previously, some even decades ago, however most have yet to be satisfactorily addressed. Urgency is growing. Removal of the remaining barriers to competition at all levels, congestion management, open skies policies across continents, computer-centric air traffic management systems and increased research and development into the processes and technology needed to reduce environmental externalities remain among the top challenges for the next decade. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969699711001360 doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2011.12.014 id: cord-031702-jik4116j author: Agrawal, Anshu title: Sustainability of airlines in India with Covid-19: Challenges ahead and possible way-outs date: 2020-09-10 words: 5724 sentences: 338 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-031702-jik4116j.txt txt: ./txt/cord-031702-jik4116j.txt summary: Fragile to withstand the cyclic momentary shocks of oil price fluctuation, demand flux, declining currency, airlines in India warrants for robust structural changes in their operating strategies, business model, revenue and pricing strategies to survive the long-lasting consequences of Covid-19. According to ICAO united Aviation study, depending upon the duration and intensity of outbreak, control measures and economic and psychological impact, the global Pink cells portray risky zone and green cells represent safe zone as per Altman Z-score airlines industry may witness decline of 33 to 60% seats offered, reduced passenger traffic from 1878 to 3227 million and gross operating revenue loss of approximately USD 244 to 420 million for the year 2020. Table 5 exhibits the degree of operating leverage of four airlines in India and the consequences on the EBITDA of the airlines, with the different expectations of possible decline in sales amid covid impact. abstract: Coronavirus outbreak has been highly disruptive for aviation sector, threatening the survival and sustainability of airlines. Apart from massive losses attributed to suspended operations, industry foresee a grim recession ahead. Restrictive movements, weak tourism, curtailed income, compressed commercial activities and fear psychosis are expected to compress the passenger demand from 30 to 60%, endangering the commercial viability of airlines operation. Fragile to withstand the cyclic momentary shocks of oil price fluctuation, demand flux, declining currency, airlines in India warrants for robust structural changes in their operating strategies, business model, revenue and pricing strategies to survive the long-lasting consequences of Covid-19. Paper attempts to analyze impact of lockdown and covid crisis on airlines in India and possible challenges ahead. Study also suggests the possible way-out for mitigating the expected losses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7481765/ doi: 10.1057/s41272-020-00257-z id: cord-348992-8su58m68 author: Alam, Aatif title: Technoeconomic Modeling of Plant-Based Griffithsin Manufacturing date: 2018-07-24 words: 9165 sentences: 409 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-348992-8su58m68.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348992-8su58m68.txt summary: With an assumed commercial launch volume of 20 kg Griffithsin/year for 6.7 million doses of Griffithsin microbicide at 3 mg/dose, a transient vector expression yield of 0.52 g Griffithsin/kg leaf biomass, recovery efficiency of 70%, and purity of >99%, we calculated a manufacturing cost for the drug substance of $0.32/dose and estimated a bulk product cost of $0.38/dose assuming a 20% net fee for a contract manufacturing organization (CMO). The main analysis in this study was conducted using data available from pilot-scale manufacturing of Griffithsin in Nicotiana benthamiana plants using tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-induced transient gene expression, and assuming that manufacturing would take place in an existing and fully equipped state-of-the-art plant-based biomanufacturing facility. Nicotiana benthamiana host plants are generated from seed and propagated indoors under controlled environmental conditions until sufficient biomass is obtained for inoculation with the TMV vector carrying the Griffithsin gene. abstract: Griffithsin is a marine algal lectin that exhibits broad-spectrum antiviral activity by binding oligomannose glycans on viral envelope glycoproteins, including those found in HIV-1, HSV-2, SARS, HCV and other enveloped viruses. An efficient, scalable and cost-effective manufacturing process for Griffithsin is essential for the adoption of this drug in human antiviral prophylaxis and therapy, particularly in cost-sensitive indications such as topical microbicides for HIV-1 prevention. The production of certain classes of recombinant biologics in plants can offer scalability, cost and environmental impact advantages over traditional biomanufacturing platforms. Previously, we showed the technical viability of producing recombinant Griffithsin in plants. In this study, we conducted a technoeconomic analysis (TEA) of plant-produced Griffithsin manufactured at commercial launch volumes for use in HIV microbicides. Data derived from multiple non-sequential manufacturing batches conducted at pilot scale and existing facility designs were used to build a technoeconomic model using SuperPro Designer(®) modeling software. With an assumed commercial launch volume of 20 kg Griffithsin/year for 6.7 million doses of Griffithsin microbicide at 3 mg/dose, a transient vector expression yield of 0.52 g Griffithsin/kg leaf biomass, recovery efficiency of 70%, and purity of >99%, we calculated a manufacturing cost for the drug substance of $0.32/dose and estimated a bulk product cost of $0.38/dose assuming a 20% net fee for a contract manufacturing organization (CMO). This is the first report modeling the manufacturing economics of Griffithsin. The process analyzed is readily scalable and subject to efficiency improvements and could provide the needed market volumes of the lectin within an acceptable range of costs, even for cost-constrained products such as microbicides. The manufacturing process was also assessed for environmental, health and safety impact and found to have a highly favorable environmental output index with negligible risks to health and safety. The results of this study help validate the plant-based manufacturing platform and should assist in selecting preferred indications for Griffithsin as a novel drug. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30087892/ doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00102 id: cord-291645-63ftephy author: Aldridge, Arnie P. title: Health economic design for evaluating cost, cost-effectiveness and simulation analyses in the HEALing Communities Study date: 2020-10-03 words: 6104 sentences: 289 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-291645-63ftephy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291645-63ftephy.txt summary: BACKGROUND: The HEALing Communities Study (HCS) is designed to implement and evaluate the Communities That HEAL (CTH) intervention, a conceptually driven framework to assist communities in selecting and adopting evidence-based practices to reduce opioid overdose deaths. The objectives of the HES are to estimate the economic costs to communities of implementing and sustaining CTH; estimate broader societal costs associated with CTH; estimate the cost-effectiveness of CTH for overdose deaths avoided; and use simulation modeling to evaluate the shortand long-term health and economic impact of CTH, including future overdose deaths avoided and quality-adjusted life years saved, and to develop a simulation policy tool for communities that seek to implement CTH or a similar community intervention. The HCS HES will use simulation modeling to evaluate the short-and long-term health and economic impacts of the CTH intervention and to develop a policy tool for communities that want to implement CTH. abstract: BACKGROUND: The HEALing Communities Study (HCS) is designed to implement and evaluate the Communities That HEAL (CTH) intervention, a conceptually driven framework to assist communities in selecting and adopting evidence-based practices to reduce opioid overdose deaths. The goal of the HCS is to produce generalizable information for policy makers and community stakeholders seeking to implement CTH or a similar community intervention. To support this objective, one aim of the HCS is a health economics study (HES), the results of which will inform decisions around fiscal feasibility and sustainability relevant to other community settings. METHODS: The HES is integrated into the HCS design: an unblinded, multisite, parallel arm, cluster randomized, wait list–controlled trial of the CTH intervention implemented in 67 communities in four U.S. states: Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio. The objectives of the HES are to estimate the economic costs to communities of implementing and sustaining CTH; estimate broader societal costs associated with CTH; estimate the cost-effectiveness of CTH for overdose deaths avoided; and use simulation modeling to evaluate the short- and long-term health and economic impact of CTH, including future overdose deaths avoided and quality-adjusted life years saved, and to develop a simulation policy tool for communities that seek to implement CTH or a similar community intervention. DISCUSSION: The HCS offers an unprecedented opportunity to conduct health economics research on solutions to the opioid crisis and to increase understanding of the impact and value of complex, community-level interventions. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108336 doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108336 id: cord-318982-cbfiqvu5 author: As''ad, Rami title: Sustainable Dynamic Lot Sizing Models for Cold Products under Carbon Cap Policy date: 2020-09-04 words: 7820 sentences: 398 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-318982-cbfiqvu5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318982-cbfiqvu5.txt summary: Amid the ever growing interest in operational supply chain models that incorporate environmental aspects as an integral part of the decision making process, this paper addresses the dynamic lot sizing problem of a cold product while accounting for carbon emissions generated during temperature-controlled storage and transportation activities. More specifically, cold or perishable products in general, typically exhibit time varying demand stressing the need for dynamic lot sizing modeling approach to optimize inventory and transportation related decisions on a periodic basis, and accordingly control costs and carbon emissions. The impact of the carbon cap (both total and periodic) as well as other key problem parameters on the lot sizing policy, the operational cost and the carbon footprint generated is assessed in Section 4 through sensitivity analysis. Min TCF(Q) subject to constraints (3) to (11) The upper bound, , is the total carbon emissions of the optimal lot sizing policy of the following carbon cap-unconstrained operational cost optimization problem. abstract: Amid the ever growing interest in operational supply chain models that incorporate environmental aspects as an integral part of the decision making process, this paper addresses the dynamic lot sizing problem of a cold product while accounting for carbon emissions generated during temperature-controlled storage and transportation activities. We present two mixed integer programming models to tackle the two cases where the carbon cap is imposed over the whole planning horizon versus the more stringent version of a cap per period. For the first model, a Lagrangian relaxation approach is proposed which provides a mean for comparing the operational cost and carbon footprint performance of the carbon tax and the carbon cap policies. Subsequently, a Bisection based algorithm is developed to solve the relaxed model and generate the optimal ordering policy. The second model, however, is solved via a dynamic programming based algorithm while respecting two established lower and upper bounds on the periodic carbon cap. The results of the computational experiments for the first model display a stepwise increase (decrease) in the total carbon emissions (operational cost) as the preset cap value is increased. A similar behavior is also observed for the second model with the exception that paradoxical increases in the total emissions are sometimes realized with slightly tighter values of the periodic cap. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2020.106800 doi: 10.1016/j.cie.2020.106800 id: cord-254630-ed5gawoj author: Barron, Sarah P. title: Single-Use (Disposable) Flexible Bronchoscopes: The Future of Bronchoscopy? date: 2020-09-17 words: 4026 sentences: 180 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-254630-ed5gawoj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254630-ed5gawoj.txt summary: Additionally, RFBs pose a risk of nosocomial infection transmission between patients with the identification of human proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and pathogenic organisms on fully reprocessed bronchoscopes despite full adherence to the guidelines. Until now, disposable or single-use flexible bronchoscopes (SUFBs) have primarily been used by anaesthetists in an ICU or peri-operative setting where they perform to an acceptable level in comparison to RFBs [12, 13] combined with the distinct advantage of a reduced risk of infection owing to their sterility [14] . In this review, the risk of infection with standard RFBs will be outlined as will the advantages of SUFBs, with comment on their cost profile compared to RFBs and attempt to suggest a rationale for their use during the COVID-19 pandemic and in a respiratory setting. abstract: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted the importance of reducing occupational exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The reprocessing procedure for reusable flexible bronchoscopes (RFBs) involves multiple episodes of handling of equipment that has been used during an aerosol-generating procedure and thus is a potential source of transmission. Single-use flexible bronchoscopes (SUFBs) eliminate this source. Additionally, RFBs pose a risk of nosocomial infection transmission between patients with the identification of human proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and pathogenic organisms on fully reprocessed bronchoscopes despite full adherence to the guidelines. Bronchoscopy units have been hugely impacted by the pandemic with restructuring of pre- and post-operative areas, altered patient protocols and the reassessment of air exchange and cleaning procedures. SUFBs can be incorporated into these protocols as a means of improving occupational safety. Most studies on the efficacy of SUFBs have occurred in an anaesthetic setting so it remains to be seen whether they will perform to an acceptable standard in complex respiratory procedures such as transbronchial biopsies and cryotherapy. Here, we outline their potential uses in a respiratory setting, both during and after the current pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32944885/ doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01495-8 id: cord-287067-rrsgl377 author: Beutels, Philippe title: Funding of drugs: do vaccines warrant a different approach? date: 2008-11-30 words: 5432 sentences: 292 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287067-rrsgl377.txt summary: 2 The individual perception of risks of disease and risks of adverse events drives the demand Panel: Why many vaccines require a diff erent approach • Primary prevention in healthy people, but with possibility of adverse events • Unvaccinated or poorly vaccinated people may experience benefi cial or, more rarely, detrimental impact from herd immunity • Many vaccines prevent short-lived illness in very young children, causing extra family care and work loss, for which evaluation methods lack credibility and acceptability • The cost-eff ectiveness of many vaccines is highly sensitive to the choice of discount method • Some infections are eradicable • Some emerging infections (eg, SARS, pandemic infl uenza) would have a major macroeconomic impact that goes beyond lost productivity of sick people SARS=severe acute respiratory syndrome. abstract: Summary Vaccines have features that require special consideration when assessing their cost-effectiveness. These features are related to herd immunity, quality-of-life losses in young children, parental care and work loss, time preference, uncertainty, eradication, macroeconomics, and tiered pricing. Advisory committees on public funding for vaccines, or for pharmaceuticals in general, should be knowledgable about these special features. We discuss key issues and difficulties in decision making for vaccines against rotavirus, human papillomavirus, varicella-zoster virus, influenza virus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We argue that guidelines for economic evaluation should be reconsidered generally to recommend (1) modelling options for the assessment of interventions against infectious diseases; (2) a wider perspective to account for impacts on third parties, if relevant; (3) a wider scope of costs than health-care system costs alone, if appropriate; and (4) alternative discounting techniques to explore social time preference over long periods. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309908702585 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(08)70258-5 id: cord-018497-oy7hsrpt author: Beutels, Philippe P.A. title: Economic aspects of vaccines and vaccination: a global perspective date: 2005 words: 6370 sentences: 285 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018497-oy7hsrpt.txt summary: The share of health-care expenditures in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of most industrialised countries has increased from 3%-5% in the early sixties to 7%-11% in 2001 (from 5% to 14% in the USA) [1] This rise has been attributed to medical advances (increasing the number and technological complexity of medical interventions), population aging, sociological changes (more, but smaller families and less familial support for the elderly) and insufficient productivity increases in the services sector. Because of the very long time spans over which benefits accrue, the analysis of most vaccination programs is very sensitive to discounting (of costs as well as health effects). It seems clear, though, that the smallpox eradication program and the establishment of the EPI have generated enormous benefits, not only by directly protecting against important vaccine-preventable diseases, but also by providing opportunities for health education and infrastructure in developing countries [30] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123384/ doi: 10.1007/3-7643-7381-4_1 id: cord-028178-77zq31tw author: D’Acci, Luca S. title: Urbanicity mental costs valuation: a review and urban-societal planning consideration date: 2020-06-30 words: 4884 sentences: 212 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-028178-77zq31tw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-028178-77zq31tw.txt summary: (2004) of 68 studies found a schizophrenia incidence rate 2 times higher in urban areas than in mixed rural/urban areas; a rate that rises up to a 2.75 times greater risk of schizophrenia when one has lived 15 years of her early life in a capital city rather than a rural area (Pedersen and Mortensen 2001a) . 2012 ) used different methods (although non comparable among each other) to estimate mental disorders costs: (1) direct and indirect costs by human capital approach (the standard cost-of-illness method), (2) impact on economic growth (macroeconomic simulation), and (3) value of statistical life (willingness to pay). Let''s speculate that by planning better structural-infrastructural urban environments and forms (D''Acci 2020) and their socio-economic systems/life styles, (eliminating crowd-congestion, pollution, greenless, noise, crime, overwork, stress, over-pace…) of our current cities we are also able to entirely reduce their extra psychosis incidences and then levelling the urban psychosis rate to the rural one. abstract: Living in cities has numerous comparative advantages than living in the countryside or in small villages and towns, most notably better access to education, services and jobs. However, it is also associated with a roughly twofold increase in some mental disorders rate incidence compared with living in rural areas. Economic assessments reported a forecasted loss of more than 19 trillion dollars in global GDP between 2011 and 2030 and of around 7 trillion for the year 2030 alone when measured by the human capital method. If we exclude self-selection processes and make the hypothesis to be able to level down the mental illness rate incidence in urban areas to these of the rural by better urban-societal planning, around € 1.2 trillion could be saved yearly worldwide. Even a reduction of only 20% in urban mental illness rate would save around 250 billion dollars yearly. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7325640/ doi: 10.1007/s11299-020-00235-3 id: cord-013244-d6saaiu9 author: Eijsink, Job F. H. title: Cost-effectiveness of hepatitis C virus screening, and subsequent monitoring or treatment among pregnant women in the Netherlands date: 2020-10-16 words: 5915 sentences: 310 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-013244-d6saaiu9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-013244-d6saaiu9.txt summary: However, it is conceivable that in the near future DAA treatment of HCV-infected women during pregnancy becomes available, not only to limit disease progression in the patient, but also to prevent vertical transmission of the virus to the child. A screening model linked to HCV-disease states within a Markov model was used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness (CE) of HCV screening of pregnant women, with initial treatment during pregnancy, compared to current practice (no screening and no intervention) from a health-care payer perspective in the Netherlands. We subsequently determined the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of HCV screening and treatment among the four cohorts of pregnant women following the different scenarios and comparisons. Our present study demonstrates that HCV screening of pregnant women and subsequent immediate treatment of all HCV-positive individuals with DAAs is a cost-effective intervention in the Netherlands. abstract: BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diagnosed chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among pregnant women in the Netherlands is 0.26%, yet many cases remain undiagnosed. HCV screening and treatment of pregnant HCV carriers could reduce the burden of disease and limit vertical transmission from mother to child. We assessed the impact of HCV screening and subsequent treatment with new direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) among pregnant women in the Netherlands. METHODS: An HCV natural history Markov transition state model was developed, to evaluate the public-health and economic impact of HCV screening and treatment. Besides all 179,000 pregnant women in the Netherlands (cohort 1), we modelled 3 further cohorts: all 79,000 first-time pregnant women (cohort 2), 33,000 pregnant migrant women (cohort 3) and 16,000 first-time pregnant migrant women (cohort 4). Each cohort was analyzed in various scenarios: i no intervention, i.e., the current practice, ii screen-and-treat, i.e., the most extensive approach involving treatment of all individuals found HCV-positive, and iii screen-and-treat/monitor, i.e., a strategy involving treatment of symptomatic (F1–F4) patients and follow-up of asymptomatic (F0) HCV carriers with subsequent treatment only at progression. RESULTS: For all cohorts, comparison between scenarios (ii) and (i) resulted in ICERs between €9,306 and €10,173 per QALY gained and 5 year budget impacts varying between €6,283,830 and €19,220,405. For all cohorts, comparison between scenarios (iii) and (i) resulted in ICERs between €1,739 and €2,749 per QALY gained and budget impacts varying between €1,468,670 and €5,607,556. For all cohorts, the ICERs (scenario iii versus ii) involved in delayed treatment of asymptomatic (F0) HCV carriers varied between €56,607 and €56,892, well above the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of €20,000 per QALY gained and even above a threshold of €50,000 per QALY gained. CONCLUSION: Universal screening for HCV among all pregnant women in the Netherlands is cost-effective. However, it would be reasonable to consider smaller risk groups in view of the budget impact of the intervention. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10198-020-01236-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7561704/ doi: 10.1007/s10198-020-01236-2 id: cord-271094-utpg9p5u author: Erdmann, Anett title: Digital inbound marketing: Measuring the economic performance of grocery e-commerce in Europe and the USA date: 2020-10-20 words: 10845 sentences: 487 pages: flesch: 43 cache: ./cache/cord-271094-utpg9p5u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271094-utpg9p5u.txt summary: Concretely, in the environment of grocery e-commerce (GE) and from a classic economic perspective of evaluation of the optimal marketing budget of Dorfman and Steiner (1954) , which has been adapted by the authors of this research to the nature of digital marketing, an analytical model is proposed which allows to optimize the investment in marketing based on a marginal analysis and respond to a fundamental question in DIM: the analysis of its economic performance. The analysis of the optimal DIM mix of SEO and SEM oriented towards the generation of website traffic is conducted for a total of 29 leading grocery e-commerce firms in Europe (UK, France, Germany, Netherlands, and Norway) and the USA over a time horizon of six years (2014 -2019) at a monthly level to evaluate the relationship between DIM and economic performance. abstract: This research investigates the cost-result relationship of the Inbound Marketing actions used by grocery e-commerce. The analysis is based on the application of the Dorfman and Steiner (1954) model for optimal advertising budget, which is adapted by the authors to digital marketing and verified with empirical statistical analysis. Considering 29 leading companies in six countries over a time horizon of six years, an analysis of the mix of SEO and SEM techniques aimed at the attraction and conversion of Internet users to the web pages of their companies is carried out. The results confirm that e-commerce is optimizing Digital Inbound Marketing in line with the established model. Differences are identified depending on the type of format (pure player versus brick and mortar) and at the country level (UK and USA versus others). url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120373 doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120373 id: cord-182166-x52i7xb4 author: Faugere, Louis title: Dynamic Pooled Capacity Deployment for Urban Parcel Logistics date: 2020-07-22 words: 9777 sentences: 460 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-182166-x52i7xb4.txt txt: ./txt/cord-182166-x52i7xb4.txt summary: In particular, it proposes a two-stage stochastic optimization model for the access hub dynamic pooled capacity deployment problem with synchronization of underlying operations through travel time estimates, and a solution approach based on a rolling horizon algorithm with lookahead and a benders decomposition able to solve large scale instances of a real-sized megacity. This paper studies a novel tactical optimization problem: the dynamic deployment of pooled storage capacity in an urban parcel network operating under space-time uncertainty. (1) the characterization of a new tactical problem for capacity deployment, motivated by dynamic aspects of urban parcel logistics needs, (2) the modeling of the access hub dynamic pooled capacity deployment problem as a two-stage stochastic program with synchronization of underlying operations through travel time estimates, and (3) the design of a solution approach based on a rolling horizon algorithm with lookahead and a benders decomposition able to solve large scale instances of a real-sized megacity. abstract: Last-mile logistics is regarded as an essential yet highly expensive component of parcel logistics. In dense urban environments, this is partially caused by inherent inefficiencies due to traffic congestion and the disparity and accessibility of customer locations. In parcel logistics, access hubs are facilities supporting relay-based last-mile activities by offering temporary storage locations enabling the decoupling of last-mile activities from the rest of the urban distribution chain. This paper focuses on a novel tactical problem: the geographically dynamic deployment of pooled relocatable storage capacity modules in an urban parcel network operating under space-time uncertainty. In particular, it proposes a two-stage stochastic optimization model for the access hub dynamic pooled capacity deployment problem with synchronization of underlying operations through travel time estimates, and a solution approach based on a rolling horizon algorithm with lookahead and a benders decomposition able to solve large scale instances of a real-sized megacity. Numerical results, inspired by the case of a large parcel express carrier, are provided to evaluate the computational performance of the proposed approach and suggest up to 28% last-mile cost savings and 26% capacity savings compared to a static capacity deployment strategy. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2007.11270v1.pdf doi: nan id: cord-104095-g6l57s4x author: Flyvbjerg, Bent title: Regression to the Tail: Why the Olympics Blow Up date: 2020-09-28 words: 11598 sentences: 579 pages: flesch: 63 cache: ./cache/cord-104095-g6l57s4x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104095-g6l57s4x.txt summary: The paper tests theoretical statistical distributions against empirical data for the costs of the Games, in order to explain the cost risks faced by host cities and nations. Finally, the paper develops measures for good practice in planning and managing the Games, including how to mitigate the extreme risks of the Olympic power law. While conventional thinking is that a lognormal distribution is thin-tailed, because it has all the moments (mean, variance, etc.), it actually behaves like a power law at a σ > 0.4 (Taleb 2020: 139 ff.) , which is the case for our Olympic costs dataset. In sum, we find: (a) convexity is the root cause of the power-law nature and extreme randomness of cost and cost overrun for the Olympics; (b) convexity is strong for the Games, documented by alpha-values smaller than 2, indicating infinite variance; and (c) convexity at the Games is driven by irreversibility, fixed time schedules, misaligned incentives, tight coupling, long planning horizons, and the Eternal Beginner Syndrome. abstract: The Olympic Games are the largest, highest-profile, and most expensive megaevent hosted by cities and nations. Average sports-related costs of hosting are $12.0 billion. Non-sports-related costs are typically several times that. Every Olympics since 1960 has run over budget, at an average of 172 percent in real terms, the highest overrun on record for any type of megaproject. The paper tests theoretical statistical distributions against empirical data for the costs of the Games, in order to explain the cost risks faced by host cities and nations. It is documented, for the first time, that cost and cost overrun for the Games follow a power-law distribution. Olympic costs are subject to infinite mean and variance, with dire consequences for predictability and planning. We name this phenomenon"regression to the tail": it is only a matter of time until a new extreme event occurs, with an overrun larger than the largest so far, and thus more disruptive and less plannable. The generative mechanism for the Olympic power law is identified as strong convexity prompted by six causal drivers: irreversibility, fixed deadlines, the Blank Check Syndrome, tight coupling, long planning horizons, and an Eternal Beginner Syndrome. The power law explains why the Games are so difficult to plan and manage successfully, and why cities and nations should think twice before bidding to host. Based on the power law, two heuristics are identified for better decision making on hosting. Finally, the paper develops measures for good practice in planning and managing the Games, including how to mitigate the extreme risks of the Olympic power law. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.14682v1.pdf doi: 10.1177/0308518x20958724 id: cord-023913-pnjhi8cu author: Foreman, Stephen title: Broader Considerations of Medical and Dental Data Integration date: 2011-10-08 words: 47663 sentences: 2231 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-023913-pnjhi8cu.txt summary: So while there has been no shortage of effort paid to improving Medicare, the one common theme in all of the recent initiatives is that dental care has been conspicuously 1 A new study by Hedlund, Jeffcoat, Genco and Tanna funded by CIGNA of patients with Type II diabetes and periodontal disease found that medical costs of patients who received maintenance therapy were $2483.51 per year lower than patients who did not. Examples of integrated care models do exist, such as that presented by (Heuer 2007 ) involving school-linked and school-based clinics with an "innovative health infrastructure." According to Heuer, "Neighborhood Outreach Action for Health (NOAH)" is staffed by two nurse practitioners and a part-time physician to provide "primary medical services to more than 3,200 uninsured patients each year" in Scottsdale, Arizona. abstract: Dental health insurance coverage in the United States is either nonexistent (Medicare and the uninsured), spotty (Medicaid) and limited (most employer-based private benefit plans). Perhaps as a result, dental health in the United States is not good. What public policy makers may not appreciate is that this may well be impacting medical care costs in a way that improved dental benefits would produce a substantial return to investment in expanded dental insurance coverage. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7177026/ doi: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2185-5_4 id: cord-322123-z43vhxg5 author: Gardiner, Fergus W. title: Mental Health Crises in Rural and Remote Australia: An Assessment of Direct Medical Costs of Air Medical Retrievals and the Implications for the Societal Burden date: 2020-07-15 words: 3890 sentences: 187 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-322123-z43vhxg5.txt summary: METHODS: All patients with a primary working diagnosis of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Version, Australian Modification F00 to F99 (mental and behavioral disorders) who underwent an air medical retrieval were included in this cost analysis. The primary aim of this article is to determine the annual air medical retrieval and in-patient hospital-direct medical costs associated with mental and behavioral disorders from a health payer perspective. 15, 16 Design and Participants A partial economic evaluation was undertaken using routinely collected air medical data for patients diagnosed in flight with a mental and behavioral disorder (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition, Australian Modification [ICD-10 AM], Chapter V) between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2017. Further research is required to fully understand the true costs, including indirect (loss of productivity) and intangible costs (quality of life), associated with air medical retrievals for mental health care and the current level of service provision to rural and remote communities in location. abstract: OBJECTIVE: Adequate mental health service provision in rural and remote Australian communities is problematic because of the tyranny of distance. The Royal Flying Doctor Service provides air medical retrieval for people in rural and remote areas. The economic impact on both the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the public hospital system for mental health–related air medical retrievals is unknown. We aimed to estimate the direct medical costs associated with air medical retrievals and subsequent hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders for the 2017 calendar year. METHODS: All patients with a primary working diagnosis of International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Version, Australian Modification F00 to F99 (mental and behavioral disorders) who underwent an air medical retrieval were included in this cost analysis. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Edition, Australian Modification codes were mapped to Australian Refined Diagnosis Related Group codes, with hospital costs applied from the National Hospital Cost Data Collection (2016/2017). All costs are reported in 2017 Australian dollars (AUDs). RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two primary evacuations and 926 interhospital transfers occurred with an in-flight diagnosis of F00 to F99, most commonly psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia and schizotypal disorders. The total direct medical costs were estimated to be AUD $20,070,527. Costs for primary evacuations accounted for 13% (AUD $2,611,260), with the majority of this associated with the subsequent hospital admission (AUD $1,770,139). Similarly, the majority of the costs associated with interhospital transfers (total costs = AUD $17,459,267) were also related to hospital costs (AUD $13,569,187). CONCLUSION: Direct medical costs associated with air medical retrievals for people experiencing a mental health crisis are substantial. The majority of costs are associated with hospital admission and treatment; however, the indirect (loss of productivity) and intangible (quality of life) costs are likely to be far greater. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2020.06.010 doi: 10.1016/j.amj.2020.06.010 id: cord-292349-r2ljahss author: Gudmundsson, Sveinn Vidar title: Cost structure effects of horizontal airline mergers and acquisitions date: 2020-08-27 words: 8884 sentences: 407 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-292349-r2ljahss.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292349-r2ljahss.txt summary: We offer support that the ex-post cost structure effects of airline M&As depend on the incentives to improve efficiency, reflected in the ex-ante performance of the merging firms. In the background of this literature, we develop our cost structure arguments taking into account different types of M&As guided by specific conditions surrounding target selection and timing that affect the ex-ante performance disparity of the merging firms and therefore efficiency improvement incentives ex-post. Along these arguments we attempt to reveal evidence supporting our prediction that horizontal M&As involving unprofitable firm(s) have stronger management incentive for efficiency improvement ex-post than if both firms are profitable, which is important for competition policy and relevant to regulators approving mergers. abstract: The purpose of this research is to test the ex-post cost structure effects in horizontal mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Our proposed methodology quantifies cost structure effects empirically to inform competition policy around M&As in the airline industry. The results show that horizontal M&As involving unprofitable firms significantly reduce variable costs and increase fixed costs ex-post. M&As involving only profitable firms show no significant impact on the cost structure. We offer support that the ex-post cost structure effects of airline M&As depend on the incentives to improve efficiency, reflected in the ex-ante performance of the merging firms. We further argue that market behavior may not just depend on market structure but cost structures too, all of which should be accounted for in antitrust decision making and regulation around airline M&As. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.08.017 doi: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.08.017 id: cord-252829-gn56tsz3 author: Higginson, Irene J. title: Associations between informal care costs, care quality, carer rewards, burden and subsequent grief: the international, access, rights and empowerment mortality follow-back study of the last 3 months of life (IARE I study) date: 2020-11-03 words: 5791 sentences: 311 pages: flesch: 57 cache: ./cache/cord-252829-gn56tsz3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252829-gn56tsz3.txt summary: title: Associations between informal care costs, care quality, carer rewards, burden and subsequent grief: the international, access, rights and empowerment mortality follow-back study of the last 3 months of life (IARE I study) Data: ICrs reported hours and activities, care quality, positive aspects and burdens of caregiving, and completed the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG). Multivariable logistic regression analysis explored the association of potential explanatory variables, including IC costs and care quality, on three outcomes: positive aspects and burdens of caregiving, and subsequent grief. Therefore, as part of the International, Access, Rights, and Empowerment (IARE I) study of palliative care in three countries, we aimed to determine and compare the informal care (IC) costs and their associations with selfreported caregiver burden, rewards and subsequent caregiver grief, taking account of care quality, as reported by ICrs. We conducted a mortality follow-back postal survey of key informants (normally relatives and informal carers) of decedents identified by palliative care services in participating hospitals. abstract: BACKGROUND: At the end of life, formal care costs are high. Informal care (IC) costs, and their effects on outcomes, are not known. This study aimed to determine the IC costs for older adults in the last 3 months of life, and their relationships with outcomes, adjusting for care quality. METHODS: Mortality follow-back postal survey. Setting: Palliative care services in England (London), Ireland (Dublin) and the USA (New York, San Francisco). Participants: Informal carers (ICrs) of decedents who had received palliative care. Data: ICrs reported hours and activities, care quality, positive aspects and burdens of caregiving, and completed the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief (TRIG). Analysis: All costs (formal, informal) were calculated by multiplying reported hours of activities by country-specific costs for that activity. IC costs used country-specific shadow prices, e.g. average hourly wages and unit costs for nursing care. Multivariable logistic regression analysis explored the association of potential explanatory variables, including IC costs and care quality, on three outcomes: positive aspects and burdens of caregiving, and subsequent grief. RESULTS: We received 767 completed surveys, 245 from London, 282 Dublin, 131 New York and 109 San Francisco. Most respondents were women (70%); average age was 60 years. On average, patients received 66–76 h per week from ICrs for ‘being on call’, 52–55 h for ICrs being with them, 19–21 h for personal care, 17–21 h for household tasks, 15–18 h for medical procedures and 7–10 h for appointments. Mean (SD) IC costs were as follows: USA $32,468 (28,578), England $36,170 (31,104) and Ireland $43,760 (36,930). IC costs accounted for 58% of total (formal plus informal) costs. Higher IC costs were associated with less grief and more positive perspectives of caregiving. Poor home care was associated with greater caregiver burden. CONCLUSIONS: Costs to informal carers are larger than those to formal care services for people in the last three months of life. If well supported ICrs can play a role in providing care, and this can be done without detriment to them, providing that they are helped. Improving community palliative care and informal carer support should be a focus for future investment. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01768-7 doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01768-7 id: cord-104431-3rblzyry author: Hill, Andrew title: Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for COVID-19 date: 2020-04-30 words: 5494 sentences: 336 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-104431-3rblzyry.txt txt: ./txt/cord-104431-3rblzyry.txt summary: RESULTS: Minimum estimated costs of production were US $0.93/day for remdesivir, $1.45/day for favipiravir, $0.08/day for hydroxychloroquine, $0.02/day for chloroquine, $0.10/day for azithromycin, $0.28/day for lopinavir/ritonavir, $0.39/day for sofosbuvir/daclatasvir and $1.09/day for pirfenidone. large donor organisations such as the global Fund for aiDs, TB and Malaria (gFaTM) and the President''s emergency Plan for aiDs relief (PePFar) order drugs to treat >20 million people with hiV, at prices close to the cost of production [20, 21] . We used all available costing data for each drug aPi found on Panjiva, excluding shipments <1kg in size, alongside the lowest and highest 15% of results based on prices per kg. Minimum costs to manufacture new treatments for cOViD-19 67 Different dosing protocols are being used for hydroxychloroquine, including 600 mg daily in the small, open-label, non-randomised French study by gautret et al. abstract: INTRODUCTION: ‘Repurposing’ existing drugs to treat COVID-19 is vital to reducing mortality and controlling the pandemic. Several promising drugs have been identified and are in various stages of clinical trials globally. If efficacy of these drugs is demonstrated, rapid, mass availability at an affordable cost would be essential to ensuring equity and access especially amongst low- and middle-income economies. METHODS: Minimum costs of production were estimated from the costs of active pharmaceutical ingredients using established methodology, which had good predictive accuracy for medicines for hepatitis C and HIV amongst others. Data were extracted from global export shipment records or analysis of the route of chemical synthesis. The estimated costs were compared with list prices from a range of countries where pricing data were available. RESULTS: Minimum estimated costs of production were US $0.93/day for remdesivir, $1.45/day for favipiravir, $0.08/day for hydroxychloroquine, $0.02/day for chloroquine, $0.10/day for azithromycin, $0.28/day for lopinavir/ritonavir, $0.39/day for sofosbuvir/daclatasvir and $1.09/day for pirfenidone. Costs of production ranged between $0.30 and $31 per treatment course (10–28 days). Current prices of these drugs were far higher than the costs of production, particularly in the US. CONCLUSIONS: Should repurposed drugs demonstrate efficacy against COVID-19, they could be manufactured profitably at very low costs, for much less than current list prices. Estimations for the minimum production costs can strengthen price negotiations and help ensure affordable access to vital treatment for COVID-19 at low prices globally. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7213074/ doi: nan id: cord-345836-74d2mb70 author: Hogg, William title: The costs of preventing the spread of respiratory infection in family physician offices: a threshold analysis date: 2007-11-13 words: 5998 sentences: 252 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-345836-74d2mb70.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345836-74d2mb70.txt summary: CONCLUSION: Based on our conservative estimates for the direct cost savings, there are indications that the outreach facilitation intervention program would be cost effective if it can achieve a reduction in the probability of infection on the order of 0.83 (0.77, 1.05) percentage points. The potential cost savings for this intervention referred to the costs of medical care averted due to the improved respiratory infection control practices that reduce the probability of infection in the physicians'' offices. In order to generate an accurate estimate of the total health-care costs averted by this intervention, one would require the following pieces of information: i) the incidence or frequencies of transmission at physicians'' office, ii) the effect of the intervention in reducing those rates, iii) the probabilities of the various potential health outcomes that could arise given infection, and iv) the cost of the treatments associated with those outcomes. abstract: BACKGROUND: Influenza poses concerns about epidemic respiratory infection. Interventions designed to prevent the spread of respiratory infection within family physician (FP) offices could potentially have a significant positive influence on the health of Canadians. The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the explicit costs of such an intervention. METHODS: A cost analysis of a respiratory infection control was conducted. The costs were estimated from the perspective of provincial government. In addition, a threshold analysis was conducted to estimate a threshold value of the intervention's effectiveness that could generate potential savings in terms of averted health-care costs by the intervention that exceed the explicit costs. The informational requirements for these implicit costs savings are high, however. Some of these elements, such as the cost of hospitalization in the event of contacting influenza, and the number of patients passing through the physicians' office, were readily available. Other pertinent points of information, such as the proportion of infected people who require hospitalization, could be imported from the existing literature. We take an indirect approach to calculate a threshold value for the most uncertain piece of information, namely the reduction in the probability of the infection spreading as a direct result of the intervention, at which the intervention becomes worthwhile. RESULTS: The 5-week intervention costs amounted to a total of $52,810.71, or $131,094.73 prorated according to the length of the flu season, or $512,729.30 prorated for the entire calendar year. The variable costs that were incurred for this 5-week project amounted to approximately $923.16 per participating medical practice. The (fixed) training costs per practice were equivalent to $73.27 for the 5-week intervention, or $28.14 for 13-week flu season, or $7.05 for an entire one-year period. CONCLUSION: Based on our conservative estimates for the direct cost savings, there are indications that the outreach facilitation intervention program would be cost effective if it can achieve a reduction in the probability of infection on the order of 0.83 (0.77, 1.05) percentage points. A facilitation intervention initiative tailored to the environment and needs of the family medical practice and walk-in clinics is of promise for improving respiratory infection control in the physicians' offices. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17999757/ doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-7-181 id: cord-320228-vbzceozs author: Hu, Zhi-Hua title: Post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement considering panic and panic spread date: 2014-11-30 words: 10600 sentences: 639 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-320228-vbzceozs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320228-vbzceozs.txt summary: A novel mixed-integer linear program is constructed for multi-step evacuation and temporary resettlement under minimization of panic-induced psychological penalty cost, psychological intervention cost, and costs associated with transportation and building shelters. Third, psychological penalty cost perceived by victims due to wait for evacuation, psychological intervention cost, cost of transporting victims from disaster sites to resettlement sites, and cost of building resettlement shelters are minimized in this formulation. Next, the time-varying strength of panic, and the time-varying costs and limits of shelters and mental health workers are modeled to study the effects of wait times on evacuation and resettlement solutions. Due to urgent demands for mental health workers and temporary shelters, and the marginally increasing degree of panic perceived by victims while waiting for evacuation and resettlement, three parameters (C P t ; C INC t and a t ) are defined as functions of wait times. This study addressed the post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement problem for victims affected by psychological penalty induced by panic and panic spread. abstract: Abstract After a disaster, a huge number of homeless victims should be evacuated to temporary resettlement sites. However, because the number of temporary shelters is insufficient, as are shelter building capabilities, victims must be evacuated and resettled in batches. The perceived psychological penalty to victims may increase due to heightened panic when waiting for evacuation and resettlement, whereas psychological interventions can decrease the magnitude of this panic. Based on the susceptible–infective-removal model, panic spread among homeless victims and other disaster-affected people is modeled, while considering the effects of psychological interventions on panic spread. A function is derived to compute the increase in the number of victims to be evacuated due to panic spread. A novel mixed-integer linear program is constructed for multi-step evacuation and temporary resettlement under minimization of panic-induced psychological penalty cost, psychological intervention cost, and costs associated with transportation and building shelters. The model is solved by aggregating objectives into a single objective by assigning weights to these objectives. With Wenchuan County as the test case, the epicenter of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, the influence and the sensitivity of parameters, tradeoff among costs, and the effects of various functions of panic strength on psychological penalty and monetary costs are assessed using six experimental scenarios. Analytical results reveal the complexity and managerial insights gained by applying the proposed method to post-disaster evacuation and temporary resettlement. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191261514001398 doi: 10.1016/j.trb.2014.08.004 id: cord-282716-gxv6cbom author: Juneau, Carl-Etienne title: Evidence-based, cost-effective interventions to suppress the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid systematic review date: 2020-04-24 words: 5458 sentences: 366 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-282716-gxv6cbom.txt txt: ./txt/cord-282716-gxv6cbom.txt summary: A cautious interpretation of this body of lower-quality evidence suggests that: (1) the most cost-effective interventions are swift contact tracing and case isolation, surveillance networks, protective equipment for healthcare workers, and early vaccination (when available); (2) home quarantines and stockpiling antivirals are less cost-effective; (3) social distancing measures like workplace and school closures are effective but costly, making them the least cost-effective options; (4) combinations are more cost-effective than single interventions; (5) interventions are more cost-effective when adopted early and for severe viruses like SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: A cautious interpretation of this body of evidence suggests that for COVID-19: (1) social distancing is effective but costly, especially when adopted late and (2) adopting as early as possible a combination of interventions that includes hand washing, face masks, swift contact tracing and case isolation, and protective equipment for healthcare workers is likely to be the most cost-effective strategy. abstract: Background: Countries vary in their response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Some emphasise social distancing, while others focus on other interventions. Evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these interventions is urgently needed to guide public health policy and avoid unnecessary damage to the economy and other harms. We aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the evidence on epidemic control, with a focus on cost-effectiveness. Methods: MEDLINE (1946 to March week 3, 2020) and Embase (1974 to March 27, 2020) were searched using a range of terms related to epidemic control. Reviews, randomized trials, observational studies, and modelling studies were included. Articles reporting on the effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of at least one intervention were included and grouped into higher-quality (randomized trials) and lower-quality evidence (other study designs). Findings: We found 1,653 papers; 34 were included. Higher-quality evidence was only available to support the effectiveness of hand washing and face masks. Modelling studies suggested that these measures are highly cost-effective. For other interventions, only evidence from observational and modelling studies was available. A cautious interpretation of this body of lower-quality evidence suggests that: (1) the most cost-effective interventions are swift contact tracing and case isolation, surveillance networks, protective equipment for healthcare workers, and early vaccination (when available); (2) home quarantines and stockpiling antivirals are less cost-effective; (3) social distancing measures like workplace and school closures are effective but costly, making them the least cost-effective options; (4) combinations are more cost-effective than single interventions; (5) interventions are more cost-effective when adopted early and for severe viruses like SARS-CoV-2. For H1N1 influenza, contact tracing was estimated to be 4,363 times more cost-effective than school closures ($2,260 vs. $9,860,000 per death prevented). Conclusions: A cautious interpretation of this body of evidence suggests that for COVID-19: (1) social distancing is effective but costly, especially when adopted late and (2) adopting as early as possible a combination of interventions that includes hand washing, face masks, swift contact tracing and case isolation, and protective equipment for healthcare workers is likely to be the most cost-effective strategy. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.20.20054726 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.20.20054726 id: cord-000916-b22s00es author: Kelso, Joel K title: Economic analysis of pandemic influenza mitigation strategies for five pandemic severity categories date: 2013-03-08 words: 9171 sentences: 412 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-000916-b22s00es.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000916-b22s00es.txt summary: This study estimates the effectiveness and total cost (from a societal perspective, with a lifespan time horizon) of a comprehensive range of social distancing and antiviral drug strategies, under a range of pandemic severity categories. For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. Keywords: Pandemic influenza, Economic analysis, Antiviral medication, Social distancing, Pandemic severity, Case fatality ratio Background While the H1N1 2009 virus spread world-wide and was classed as a pandemic, the severity of resulting symptoms, as quantified by morbidity and mortality rates, was lower than that which had previously occurred in many seasonal epidemics [1] [2] [3] . abstract: BACKGROUND: The threat of emergence of a human-to-human transmissible strain of highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) is very real, and is reinforced by recent results showing that genetically modified A(H5N1) may be readily transmitted between ferrets. Public health authorities are hesitant in introducing social distancing interventions due to societal disruption and productivity losses. This study estimates the effectiveness and total cost (from a societal perspective, with a lifespan time horizon) of a comprehensive range of social distancing and antiviral drug strategies, under a range of pandemic severity categories. METHODS: An economic analysis was conducted using a simulation model of a community of ~30,000 in Australia. Data from the 2009 pandemic was used to derive relationships between the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) and hospitalization rates for each of five pandemic severity categories, with CFR ranging from 0.1% to 2.5%. RESULTS: For a pandemic with basic reproduction number R(0) = 1.8, adopting no interventions resulted in total costs ranging from $441 per person for a pandemic at category 1 (CFR 0.1%) to $8,550 per person at category 5 (CFR 2.5%). For severe pandemics of category 3 (CFR 0.75%) and greater, a strategy combining antiviral treatment and prophylaxis, extended school closure and community contact reduction resulted in the lowest total cost of any strategy, costing $1,584 per person at category 5. This strategy was highly effective, reducing the attack rate to 5%. With low severity pandemics costs are dominated by productivity losses due to illness and social distancing interventions, whereas higher severity pandemic costs are dominated by healthcare costs and costs arising from productivity losses due to death. CONCLUSIONS: For pandemics in high severity categories the strategies with the lowest total cost to society involve rigorous, sustained social distancing, which are considered unacceptable for low severity pandemics due to societal disruption and cost. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3606600/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-211 id: cord-346984-36ryhc58 author: Kettani, Maryème title: Techno-economic assessment of solar energy coupling with large-scale desalination plant: The case of Morocco date: 2020-11-15 words: 14416 sentences: 693 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-346984-36ryhc58.txt txt: ./txt/cord-346984-36ryhc58.txt summary: This paper examines the cost competitiveness of an extra-large-scale (275,000 m(3)/d) solar-powered desalination, taking as a case study the Chtouka Ait Baha plant in Morocco. This section briefly describes the Chtouka Ait Baha project, introduces the cost of water model (detailed in the Appendix A), gives an overview of the methodology used to calculate the cost of solar electricity and the cost of storage, and finally displays the four main scenarios of power supply retained in this paper. Indeed, as the paper mainly focused on the impact of different power supply options on the competitivity of a large scale desalination plant, the specific consumption of the SWRO (kWh/m 3 ) is first calculated, then the power required (kW) and finally the corresponding energy (kWh) over a given period (a year) are computed. When assessing the impact of the cost of electricity supply on the cost of desalinate water, this paper demonstrates that solar energy is a competitive way to feed large scale reverse osmosis plant today. abstract: This paper examines the cost competitiveness of an extra-large-scale (275,000 m(3)/d) solar-powered desalination, taking as a case study the Chtouka Ait Baha plant in Morocco. It assesses the conditions at which solar Photovoltaics (PV) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) would be competitive with a grid (mainly fossil) driven desalination plant for the reference year and by 2030. The paper considers also a scenario where battery storage complements PV power generation. To conduct the analysis, a simple model of water cost calculation is built. Second, the cost related to energy consumption is calculated for different power supply options to evaluate the impact of energy provision cost on the final cost of water. The first main result of this paper is that desalinated water can be obtained at an acceptable cost of around 1 $/m(3). The second one is that PV without storage remains the cheapest power supply option today and by 2030. Storage based solution appears less competitive today but can be more attractive in a framework of increasing electricity grid prices and higher flexibility requirements in the future. The paper gives recommendations regarding the implication of different technology choices in the framework of the future Moroccan energy system. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32863401/ doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114627 id: cord-288487-hs3wfffs author: Lambert, Stephen B title: The cost of community-managed viral respiratory illnesses in a cohort of healthy preschool-aged children date: 2008-01-24 words: 5658 sentences: 250 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-288487-hs3wfffs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288487-hs3wfffs.txt summary: The point estimate of the mean cost of community-managed influenza illnesses in healthy preschool aged children is three times greater than those illnesses caused by RSV and other respiratory viruses. Even for influenza, the most studied of all respiratory viruses, cost-of-illness and vaccine cost-effectiveness evaluations in children have tended to rely on assumptions or use retrospectively collected estimates, often from surveys, for resource utilisation, such as carer time away from work in seeking healthcare or caring for an ill child [6] [7] [8] [9] . Despite overlapping confidence intervals, the finding of most note in this study was the dramatically higher point estimate of the mean cost of influenza A ARIs, being three times higher than illnesses caused by RSV and the other common respiratory viral infections of childhood. Further studies that collect primary, integrated epidemiologic and economic data, particularly indirect costs, directly from families about community-managed ARIs in children, are required. abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) during childhood are often caused by respiratory viruses, result in significant morbidity, and have associated costs for families and society. Despite their ubiquity, there is a lack of interdisciplinary epidemiologic and economic research that has collected primary impact data, particularly associated with indirect costs, from families during ARIs in children. METHODS: We conducted a 12-month cohort study in 234 preschool children with impact diary recording and PCR testing of nose-throat swabs for viruses during an ARI. We used applied values to estimate a virus-specific mean cost of ARIs. RESULTS: Impact diaries were available for 72% (523/725) of community-managed illnesses between January 2003 and January 2004. The mean cost of ARIs was AU$309 (95% confidence interval $263 to $354). Influenza illnesses had a mean cost of $904, compared with RSV, $304, the next most expensive single-virus illness, although confidence intervals overlapped. Mean carer time away from usual activity per day was two hours for influenza ARIs and between 30 and 45 minutes for all other ARI categories. CONCLUSION: From a societal perspective, community-managed ARIs are a significant cost burden on families and society. The point estimate of the mean cost of community-managed influenza illnesses in healthy preschool aged children is three times greater than those illnesses caused by RSV and other respiratory viruses. Indirect costs, particularly carer time away from usual activity, are the key cost drivers for ARIs in children. The use of parent-collected specimens may enhance ARI surveillance and reduce any potential Hawthorne effect caused by compliance with study procedures. These findings reinforce the need for further integrated epidemiologic and economic research of ARIs in children to allow for comprehensive cost-effectiveness assessments of preventive and therapeutic options. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-9-11 doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-11 id: cord-030926-vtids9ns author: Laxminarayan, Ramanan title: Trans-boundary commons in infectious diseases date: 2016-02-15 words: 5839 sentences: 275 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt txt: ./txt/cord-030926-vtids9ns.txt summary: Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Other examples of country-level actions with global consequences include inadequate vaccination coverage; slow progress on disease elimination; failure to report and contain pandemic flu, antibiotic resistance, and counterfeit drugs; and climate-related health threats. More recently, campaigns to eliminate smallpox and eradicate malaria have been built on the idea that infectious disease control depends not just on national priorities but also on the priorities of one''s neighbours and trading partners. Current International Health Regulations, which were first enacted in 1951 and most recently revised in 2005, require countries to report disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is often essential to have cooperative financing mechanisms for global health interventions, whether to eradicate disease, encourage appropriate levels of disease surveillance and reporting, or to reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. abstract: Emerging threats to global health, including drug-resistant pathogens, emerging pandemics, and outbreaks, represent global trans-boundary commons problems where the actions of individual countries have consequences for other countries. Here, we review what economic analysis can offer in countering these problems through the design of interventions that modify the behaviour of institutions and nations in the direction of greatest global good. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7448792/ doi: 10.1093/oxrep/grv030 id: cord-204060-ddve4mga author: Li, Tianyang title: Robust Screening of COVID-19 from Chest X-ray via Discriminative Cost-Sensitive Learning date: 2020-04-27 words: 6549 sentences: 410 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-204060-ddve4mga.txt txt: ./txt/cord-204060-ddve4mga.txt summary: In this paper, we report our solution, discriminative cost-sensitive learning (DCSL), which should be the choice if the clinical needs the assisted screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. In this paper, we propose an innovative discriminative cost-sensitive learning (DCSL) for the robust screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. We combine both advances into a deep neural network with end-to-end optimization, successfully achieving fine-grained cost-sensitive screening of COVID-19. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that we insightfully view the screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays as a fine-grained cost-sensitive classification problem. In this study, we introduce a score-level cost-sensitive learning approach based on an expert-provided cost matrix to improve the screening accuracy of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. The proposed discriminative cost-sensitive learning algorithm (DCSL) achieves the highest results on the screen-ing of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. abstract: This paper addresses the new problem of automated screening of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on chest X-rays, which is urgently demanded toward fast stopping the pandemic. However, robust and accurate screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays is still a globally recognized challenge because of two bottlenecks: 1) imaging features of COVID-19 share some similarities with other pneumonia on chest X-rays, and 2) the misdiagnosis rate of COVID-19 is very high, and the misdiagnosis cost is expensive. While a few pioneering works have made much progress, they underestimate both crucial bottlenecks. In this paper, we report our solution, discriminative cost-sensitive learning (DCSL), which should be the choice if the clinical needs the assisted screening of COVID-19 from chest X-rays. DCSL combines both advantages from fine-grained classification and cost-sensitive learning. Firstly, DCSL develops a conditional center loss that learns deep discriminative representation. Secondly, DCSL establishes score-level cost-sensitive learning that can adaptively enlarge the cost of misclassifying COVID-19 examples into other classes. DCSL is so flexible that it can apply in any deep neural network. We collected a large-scale multi-class dataset comprised of 2,239 chest X-ray examples: 239 examples from confirmed COVID-19 cases, 1,000 examples with confirmed bacterial or viral pneumonia cases, and 1,000 examples of healthy people. Extensive experiments on the three-class classification show that our algorithm remarkably outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms. It achieves an accuracy of 97.01%, a precision of 97%, a sensitivity of 97.09%, and an F1-score of 96.98%. These results endow our algorithm as an efficient tool for the fast large-scale screening of COVID-19. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.12592v2.pdf doi: nan id: cord-259809-7glw6pir author: Lloyd, Helen M. title: Supporting Innovative Person-Centred Care in Financially Constrained Environments: The WE CARE Exploratory Health Laboratory Evaluation Strategy date: 2020-04-28 words: 7735 sentences: 381 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-259809-7glw6pir.txt txt: ./txt/cord-259809-7glw6pir.txt summary: The COST CARES project aims to support healthcare cost containment and improve healthcare quality across Europe by developing the research and development necessary for person-centred care (PCC) and health promotion. COST Action 15222 ''Cost Cares'' was funded by the EU Commission to create the impetus in both the research and development required to design and test innovative exploratory health laboratories (EHLs) to implement PCC and HP across the EU. Repeated here for clarity the critical enablers are (1) information technology (IT), which describes the use of computers or other computerized devises to store, transmit, and receive data to support PCC planning and care coordination, for handling and communicating health and evaluation data, and for delivering PCC and HP interventions. (4) Incentive systems that reward PCC processes and outcomes, such as personal health goals, PCC plans, improvements in patient self-efficacy and experiences of care, and HP activities. abstract: The COST CARES project aims to support healthcare cost containment and improve healthcare quality across Europe by developing the research and development necessary for person-centred care (PCC) and health promotion. This paper presents an overview evaluation strategy for testing ‘Exploratory Health Laboratories’ to deliver these aims. Our strategy is theory driven and evidence based, and developed through a multi-disciplinary and European-wide team. Specifically, we define the key approach and essential criteria necessary to evaluate initial testing, and on-going large-scale implementation with a core set of accompanying methods (metrics, models, and measurements). This paper also outlines the enabling mechanisms that support the development of the “Health Labs” towards innovative models of ethically grounded and evidenced-based PCC. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093050 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093050 id: cord-021959-1y67126b author: Madanoglu, Melih title: State-of-the-art cost of capital in hospitality strategic management date: 2009-11-16 words: 11715 sentences: 542 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-021959-1y67126b.txt summary: However, prior to investing in a project, an executive/manager should make three key estimates to ensure the viability of a business project: economic useful life of the asset, future cash flows that the project will generate, and the discount rate that properly accounts for the time value of the capital invested and compensates the investors for the risk they bear by investing in that project ( Olsen et al. These researchers challenged the model by contending that it is difficult to find the right proxy for the market portfolio and that CAPM does not appear to accurately reflect the firm size in the cost of equity calculation, and that not all systematic risk factors are reflected in returns of the market portfolio. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152268/ doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-045079-7.00006-5 id: cord-287901-56goaqir author: Maudgil, D.D. title: Cost effectiveness and the role of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in interventional radiology date: 2020-10-17 words: 5021 sentences: 276 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-287901-56goaqir.txt txt: ./txt/cord-287901-56goaqir.txt summary: Costs for the same procedure can vary widely, e.g., the "Getting it Right First Time" (GIRFT) Vascular Surgery report noted that reported cost for elective endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) varied between £2,251 and £19,690 for no apparent reason and with no indication that lower cost procedures were less effective 2,4 ; CES encompass a wider societal perspective than just the clinician''s or patient''s point of view alone, helping demonstrate equitable resource allocation in a publicly funded service 3 ; CES allow evaluation of short-and long-term costs and benefits, which are often under-or overestimated; and 4 CES provide an explicit and accountable framework for decision making, which can be re-examined as data accumulate, particularly important with evolving techniques and experience as in interventional radiology (IR). abstract: Healthcare expenditure is continually increasing and projected to accelerate in the future, with an increasing proportion being spent on interventional radiology. The role of cost effectiveness studies in ensuring the best allocation of resources is discussed, and the role of National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in determining this. Issues with demonstrating cost effectiveness have been discussed, and it has been found that there is significant scope for improving cost effectiveness, with suggestions made for how this can be achieved. In this way, more patients can benefit from better treatment given limited healthcare budgets. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000992602030427X doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.09.017 id: cord-004925-fj068j67 author: Morin, B. R. title: Economic Incentives in the Socially Optimal Management of Infectious Disease: When [Formula: see text] is Not Enough date: 2017-09-29 words: 9300 sentences: 471 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt txt: ./txt/cord-004925-fj068j67.txt summary: Since private disease risk mitigation efforts reflect the costs of illness and illness avoidance, interventions that change those costs are also among the options available to public health authorities . Of the many intervention options open to public health authorities-quarantine, social distancing measures such as school closures, vaccination campaigns and so on-we focus on instruments that change risk mitigation by changing the private cost of illness. For R 0 (b) [ [0.95, 1.91] , the optimal public health authority intervention involves an increase in the private cost of illness-a ''tax'' on illness that will stimulate higher levels of private disease risk mitigation. For diseases where infectiousness is either very low (R 0 (b) < 0.941) or very high (i.e., R 0 (b) > 1.91), the optimal public health authority intervention involves a reduction in the cost of illness-a ''subsidy'' on illness that lowers private diseaserisk mitigation effort (Fig. 1) . abstract: Does society benefit from encouraging or discouraging private infectious disease-risk mitigation? Private individuals routinely mitigate infectious disease risks through the adoption of a range of precautions, from vaccination to changes in their contact with others. Such precautions have epidemiological consequences. Private disease-risk mitigation generally reduces both peak prevalence of symptomatic infection and the number of people who fall ill. At the same time, however, it can prolong an epidemic. A reduction in prevalence is socially beneficial. Prolongation of an epidemic is not. We find that for a large class of infectious diseases, private risk mitigation is socially suboptimal—either too low or too high. The social optimum requires either more or less private mitigation. Since private mitigation effort depends on the cost of mitigation and the cost of illness, interventions that change either of these costs may be used to alter mitigation decisions. We model the potential for instruments that affect the cost of illness to yield net social benefits. We find that where a disease is not very infectious or the duration of illness is short, it may be socially optimal to promote private mitigation effort by increasing the cost of illness. By contrast, where a disease is highly infectious or long lasting, it may be optimal to discourage private mitigation by reducing the cost of disease. Society would prefer a shorter, more intense, epidemic to a longer, less intense epidemic. There is, however, a region in parameter space where the relationship is more complicated. For moderately infectious diseases with medium infectious periods, the social optimum depends on interactions between prevalence and duration. Basic reproduction numbers are not sufficient to predict the social optimum. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087673/ doi: 10.1007/s10393-017-1270-9 id: cord-002586-gilnlwms author: Nahar, Nazmun title: A large-scale behavior change intervention to prevent Nipah transmission in Bangladesh: components and costs date: 2017-06-26 words: 5025 sentences: 254 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt summary: METHODS: We implemented a behavior change communication intervention in two districts, testing different approaches to reduce the risk of NiV transmission using community mobilization, interpersonal communication, posters and TV public service announcements on local television during the 2012–2014 sap harvesting seasons. Based on previous pilot studies on interrupting bats access to sap [8] [9] [10] , and on the Government of Bangladesh''s recommendation to abstain from drinking raw sap, we developed and implemented a behavior change communication intervention using two different approaches to reduce the risk of NiV transmission. The objective of our paper is to describe and calculate the cost of an already implemented behavior change communication intervention, and estimate the cost of scaling it up to districts where NiV spillover was identified in Bangladesh, using risk-based scenarios. To implement an "only safe sap" intervention with community meetings, gachhi training, poster and the TV public service announcement in the six districts with 48% of all spillover would cost $715,000. abstract: BACKGROUND: Nipah virus infection (NiV) is a bat-borne zoonosis transmitted to humans through consumption of NiV-contaminated raw date palm sap in Bangladesh. The objective of this analysis was to measure the cost of an NiV prevention intervention and estimate the cost of scaling it up to districts where spillover had been identified. METHODS: We implemented a behavior change communication intervention in two districts, testing different approaches to reduce the risk of NiV transmission using community mobilization, interpersonal communication, posters and TV public service announcements on local television during the 2012–2014 sap harvesting seasons. In one district, we implemented a “no raw sap” approach recommending to stop drinking raw date palm sap. In another district, we implemented an “only safe sap” approach, recommending to stop drinking raw date palm sap but offering the option of drinking safe sap. This is sap covered with a barrier, locally called bana, to interrupt bats’ access during collection. We conducted surveys among randomly selected respondents two months after the intervention to measure the proportion of people reached. We used an activity-based costing method to calculate the cost of the intervention. RESULTS: The implementation cost of the “no raw sap” intervention was $30,000 and the “only safe sap” intervention was $55,000. The highest cost was conducting meetings and interpersonal communication efforts. The lowest cost was broadcasting the public service announcements on local TV channels. To scale up a similar intervention in 30 districts where NiV spillover has occurred, would cost between $2.6 and $3.5 million for one season. Placing the posters would cost $96,000 and only broadcasting the public service announcement through local channels in 30 districts would cost $26,000. CONCLUSIONS: Broadcasting a TV public service announcement is a potential low cost option to advance NiV prevention. It could be supplemented with posters and targeted interpersonal communication, in districts with a high risk of NiV spillover. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2549-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5485710/ doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-2549-1 id: cord-026990-d3l1sbeb author: Oberoi, Sumit title: Economic menace of diabetes in India: a systematic review date: 2020-06-17 words: 4912 sentences: 334 pages: flesch: 58 cache: ./cache/cord-026990-d3l1sbeb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026990-d3l1sbeb.txt summary: Thus, the present study aims at capturing the evidence from the literature on the cost of diabetes mellitus in India, reviewing the materials and methods used to estimate the costs and, lastly, exploring future research area. Majority of research publications were excluded on the grounds if they (a) did not provide the detailed analysis of how costs were estimated; (b) were conference articles or posters; (c) only presented the costs of diabetes prevention; and (d) were published in non-peer-reviewed journals. (cost for patients with foot complication was ₹19,020/-, also average cost for renal patients Under the north zone, 8 studies were included to calculate both direct and indirect costs of diabetes at the individual/household level (Fig. 1) . Therefore, the findings of the present study suggest that per annum median direct and indirect cost of diabetes at the individual/household level is very colossal in India. abstract: AIM: Diabetes mellitus is recognised as a major chronic pandemic disease that does not consider any ethnic and monetary background. There is a dearth of literature on the cost of diabetes in the Indian context. Therefore, the present study aims to capture the evidence from the literature on the cost of diabetes mellitus in India. METHODS: An extensive literature was reviewed from ACADEMIA, NCBI, PubMed, ProQuest, EBSCO, Springer, JSTOR, Scopus and Google Scholar. The eligibility criterion is based on ‘PICOS’ procedure, and only those studies which are available in the English language, published between 1999 and February 2019, indexed in ABDC, EBSCO, ProQuest, Scopus and peer-reviewed journals are included. RESULTS: A total of thirty-two studies were included in the present study. The result indicates that the median direct cost of diabetes was estimated to be ₹18,890/- p.a. for the north zone, ₹10,585/- p.a. for the south zone, ₹45,792/- p.a. for the north-east zone and ₹8822/- p.a. for the west zone. Similarly, the median indirect cost of diabetes was ₹18,146/- p.a. for the north zone, ₹1198/- p.a. for the south zone, ₹18,707/- p.a. for the north-east and ₹3949/- p.a. for the west zone. CONCLUSION: The present study highlighted that diabetes poses a high economic burden on individuals/households. The study directed the need to arrange awareness campaign regarding diabetes and associated risk factors in order to minimise the burden of diabetes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13410-020-00838-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7299136/ doi: 10.1007/s13410-020-00838-z id: cord-302937-3yivxfi8 author: Robertson, Christopher T title: Indemnifying precaution: economic insights for regulation of a highly infectious disease date: 2020-05-30 words: 5935 sentences: 327 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302937-3yivxfi8.txt summary: For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. Under a strategy of social distancing, lockdown, or quarantine, individuals are directed or suggested to exercise precautions including staying home, closing businesses, wearing masks, and avoiding physical proximity to other persons. 17 For health insurance design, primary moral hazard may have a relatively small effect on risk-taking behavior, because individuals personally suffer many of the other risks associated with illness or injury (including pain, suffering, lost work, chance of death). In this case, although the risk does not approach zero, it is as if relative youth provides partial indemnity insurance against not only the healthcare costs, but also the pain, suffering, lost work, and chance of death that are associated with COVID-19 infection. abstract: Economic insights are powerful for understanding the challenge of managing a highly infectious disease, such as COVID-19, through behavioral precautions including social distancing. One problem is a form of moral hazard, which arises when some individuals face less personal risk of harm or bear greater personal costs of taking precautions. Without legal intervention, some individuals will see socially risky behaviors as personally less costly than socially beneficial behaviors, a balance that makes those beneficial behaviors unsustainable. For insights, we review health insurance moral hazard, agricultural infectious disease policy, and deterrence theory, but find that classic enforcement strategies of punishing noncompliant people are stymied. One mechanism is for policymakers to indemnify individuals for losses associated with taking those socially desirable behaviors to reduce the spread. We develop a coherent approach for doing so, based on conditional cash payments and precommitments by citizens, which may also be reinforced by social norms. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32733690/ doi: 10.1093/jlb/lsaa032 id: cord-284813-jck9f7nx author: Ruffino, Paolo title: Appraisal of cycling and pedestrian projects date: 2020-10-14 words: 11447 sentences: 514 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-284813-jck9f7nx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-284813-jck9f7nx.txt summary: Increased planning and financing activity has followed, targeting larger infrastructure projects such as bicycle and pedestrian networks, cycling highways, mass bicycle parking, diffused traffic calming measures and carfree areas, as well as the experimentation of behavioral interventions such as (non) monetary incentives such as bike-to-work or walk-to-school programs (Banister, 1990; Bertolini and le Clercq, 2003; Braun et al., 2016; Martens, 2007; Pucher and Buehler, 2012; Pucher et al., 2010) . In the field of transport appraisal, MCA is the most common alternative to Cost-Benefit Analysis as it allows to consider effects that are typically difficult to quantify and monetize (such as social inclusion, aesthetics, image, equity, etc.) (Browne and Ryan, 2011) . (2009) performed a CEA to measure the health outcomes against the costs of six different physical activity interventions compared to identify the most cost-effective option (the comparison included travel smart programs that rewarded travelers for reducing car trips and choosing to walk and cycle). abstract: Cycling and walking have gained a prominent role in the mobility policy agenda as awareness has risen over the growing unsustainability of the current transport system and the multiple co-benefits of active mobility. As interest and investments for cycling and walking increase, how active mobility can be appraised becomes a crucial question, which has been tackled over the years through different methods and tools. The aim of this chapter is to provide a structured review of the methods and the practices of appraisal of walking and cycling policies and projects, focusing on both traditional and emerging assessment techniques. At present, much attention has been paid to the application of four main traditional methods: Balance Sheet Calculations, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Multi-Criteria Analysis. We compare and discuss these methods to identify strengths and weaknesses for each of them, as well as their main limitations and knowledge gaps in their application. We conclude that over the last decades much effort has been undertaken to further expand and develop these tools thanks to an increased attention to walking and cycling. However, much research is still needed, particularly in the quantification and valuation of specific effects within Cost-Benefit Analysis and in better integrating different appraisal techniques. Finally, the impact of appraisals on decision-making outcomes is still underexplored. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S254300092030038X doi: 10.1016/bs.atpp.2020.08.005 id: cord-281160-e00koo91 author: Shank, Nancy title: A Review of the Role of Cost–Benefit Analyses in 2-1-1 Diffusion date: 2012-12-31 words: 5103 sentences: 293 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281160-e00koo91.txt summary: Context The 2-1-1 helpline is a social services innovation that has spread rapidly throughout the U.S. Policy diffusion theory suggests that policymakers seek to reduce uncertainty by anticipating the effects of a proposed innovation through tools such as cost–benefit analyses. 13 United Way Worldwide and AIRS have served as networks for information sharing about the costs and benefıts of 2-1-1, typically by equipping local 2-1-1 supporters who were in contact with their state and local policymakers. AIRS and United Way Worldwide publicized documents and toolkits with information about the service''s costs and benefıts through e-mail discussion groups, at national conferences, and through personal communications. Excluded from the study were analyses not specifıc to 2-1-1, information sources that were not formalized, or that presented costs or benefıts only in a very general way. abstract: Context The 2-1-1 helpline is a social services innovation that has spread rapidly throughout the U.S. Policy diffusion theory suggests that policymakers seek to reduce uncertainty by anticipating the effects of a proposed innovation through tools such as cost–benefit analyses. Few policy diffusion studies have examined use of information, such as cost–benefit analyses, in the diffusion process. The purpose of this study is to examine how cost–benefit analyses were used during the rapid diffusion of 2-1-1 across states. The paper also describes components of 2-1-1 cost–benefit analyses. Evidence acquisition In 2011, cost–benefit analyses of 2-1-1 and substantive citations of them were identified through scholarly key word searches using Academic Search Premier and Web of Science, general Internet searches using Google search terms, and communications with academicians and 2-1-1 practitioners through personal contact and e-mail discussion groups. To be included in this study, documents had to be related to 2-1-1 helplines, present information about their costs and benefits, and be formal documents. The documents were catalogued and analyzed for cost–benefit analyses or references to analyses, and stated purpose. Evidence synthesis Of the 19 documents that met eligibility inclusion criteria, nine were original cost–benefit analyses and ten referenced analyses conducted for other jurisdictions. Conclusions The diffusion of 2-1-1 helplines in the U.S. has been influenced by interjurisdictional exchange of cost–benefit analyses, in both the creation of original analyses and/or the referencing of previous work. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0749379712006174 doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.08.020 id: cord-299309-p703e396 author: Tan-Torres Edejer, Tessa title: Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study date: 2020-09-09 words: 5146 sentences: 233 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-299309-p703e396.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299309-p703e396.txt summary: title: Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study This study aimed to identify what the additional health-care costs of a strategic preparedness and response plan (SPRP) would be if current transmission levels are maintained in a status quo scenario, or under scenarios where transmission is increased or decreased by 50%. Evidence before this study Since Jan 30, 2020, when WHO labelled the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, countries have tried to limit its spread, instituting measures on physical distancing and restrictions on movement. As of June 26, 2020, the costs of the full, nine-pillar response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middleincome countries after 4 weeks, on July 24, 2020, were projected to be approximately $52 billion, assuming that the Rt was unchanged and the status quo continued. abstract: BACKGROUND: Since WHO declared the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, more than 20 million cases have been reported, as of Aug 24, 2020. This study aimed to identify what the additional health-care costs of a strategic preparedness and response plan (SPRP) would be if current transmission levels are maintained in a status quo scenario, or under scenarios where transmission is increased or decreased by 50%. METHODS: The number of COVID-19 cases was projected for 73 low-income and middle-income countries for each of the three scenarios for both 4-week and 12-week timeframes, starting from June 26, 2020. An input-based approach was used to estimate the additional health-care costs associated with human resources, commodities, and capital inputs that would be accrued in implementing the SPRP. FINDINGS: The total cost estimate for the COVID-19 response in the status quo scenario was US$52·45 billion over 4 weeks, at $8·60 per capita. For the decreased or increased transmission scenarios, the totals were $33·08 billion and $61·92 billion, respectively. Costs would triple under the status quo and increased transmission scenarios at 12 weeks. The costs of the decreased transmission scenario over 12 weeks was equivalent to the cost of the status quo scenario at 4 weeks. By percentage of the overall cost, case management (54%), maintaining essential services (21%), rapid response and case investigation (14%), and infection prevention and control (9%) were the main cost drivers. INTERPRETATION: The sizeable costs of a COVID-19 response in the health sector will escalate, particularly if transmission increases. Instituting early and comprehensive measures to limit the further spread of the virus will conserve resources and sustain the response. FUNDING: WHO, and UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32918872/ doi: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30383-1 id: cord-011701-toevn37u author: Venkatesan, Sudhir title: Antiviral treatment for outpatient use during an influenza pandemic: a decision tree model of outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness date: 2018-06-28 words: 4204 sentences: 207 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-011701-toevn37u.txt summary: METHODS: We developed a spreadsheet-based, decision tree model to assess outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment for outpatient use from the perspective of the healthcare payer in the UK. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that across pandemic scenarios, antiviral treatment can be cost-saving for population groups at high risk of influenza-related complications. [15] [16] [17] Two meta-analyses of the extant clinical trial data, examining outcomes based on the intention-to-treat-influenza infected (ITTI) approach, found that early NAI treatment (≤48 h of symptom onset) was associated with a risk reduction of 59 18 and 63% 19 for hospital admission in otherwise healthy patients with influenza. We present a spreadsheet-based decision tree model that evaluates the impact of community-based NAI treatment in terms of the averted influenza-related hospitalizations and associated costeffectiveness in a range of pandemic scenarios. We found that community-based NAI treatment would avert a significant proportion of hospitalizations and deaths, particularly in high-risk patients, across the pandemic scenarios we explored in this analysis. abstract: BACKGROUND: Many countries have acquired antiviral stockpiles for pandemic influenza mitigation and a significant part of the stockpile may be focussed towards community-based treatment. METHODS: We developed a spreadsheet-based, decision tree model to assess outcomes averted and cost-effectiveness of antiviral treatment for outpatient use from the perspective of the healthcare payer in the UK. We defined five pandemic scenarios—one based on the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic and four hypothetical scenarios varying in measures of transmissibility and severity. RESULTS: Community-based antiviral treatment was estimated to avert 14–23% of hospitalizations in an overall population of 62.28 million. Higher proportions of averted outcomes were seen in patients with high-risk conditions, when compared to non-high-risk patients. We found that antiviral treatment was cost-saving across pandemic scenarios for high-risk population groups, and cost-saving for the overall population in higher severity influenza pandemics. Antiviral effectiveness had the greatest influence on both the number of hospitalizations averted and on cost-effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis shows that across pandemic scenarios, antiviral treatment can be cost-saving for population groups at high risk of influenza-related complications. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313872/ doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy108 id: cord-103621-ts3llerc author: Wang, Qiang title: Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of public health measures to control COVID-19: a modelling study date: 2020-03-23 words: 3231 sentences: 222 pages: flesch: 59 cache: ./cache/cord-103621-ts3llerc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-103621-ts3llerc.txt summary: Method The stochastic agent-based model was used to simulate the process of COVID-19 outbreak in scenario I (imported one case) and II (imported four cases) with a series of public health measures, involving the personal protection, isolation-and-quarantine, gathering restriction, and community containment. The strategy including community containment could protect more lives and was cost-effective, when the number of imported cases was no less than 65, or the delay-time of quarantine was more than five days, or the quarantine probability was below 25%, based on current assumptions. In scenario II (table 3) , compared with no intervention, personal protection or gathering restriction was not cost-effectiveness (ICERs > three times of per capita GDP). The threshold analysis showed that program C became cost-effective (ICERs< three times of per capita GDP) comparing to program A when initial cases increased to imported 65 cases (appendix table 6). abstract: Background The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in China, which caused a respiratory disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its discovery, the virus has spread to over 100 countries and claimed more than 4000 deaths. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of various response public health measures. Method The stochastic agent-based model was used to simulate the process of COVID-19 outbreak in scenario I (imported one case) and II (imported four cases) with a series of public health measures, involving the personal protection, isolation-and-quarantine, gathering restriction, and community containment. The virtual community was constructed following the susceptible-latent-infectious-recovered framework. The epidemiological and economic parameters derived from the previous literature and field investigation. The main outcomes included avoided infectors, cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). The sensitivity analyses were undertaken to assess uncertainty. Findings In scenario I and II, the isolation-and-quarantine averted 1696 and 1990 humans infected respectively at the cost of US$12 428 and US$58 555, both with negative value of ICERs. The joint strategy of personal protection and isolation-and-quarantine could avert one more case than single isolation-and-quarantine with additional cost of US$ 166 871 and US$180 140 respectively. The effectiveness of isolation-and-quarantine decreased as lowering quarantine probability and increasing delay-time. Especially in scenario II, when the quarantine probability was less than 25%, the number of infections raised sharply; when the quarantine delay-time reached six days, more than a quarter of individuals would be infected in the community. The strategy including community containment could protect more lives and was cost-effective, when the number of imported cases was no less than 65, or the delay-time of quarantine was more than five days, or the quarantine probability was below 25%, based on current assumptions. Interpretation The isolation-and-quarantine was the most cost-effective intervention. However, personal protection and isolation-and-quarantine was the optimal strategy averting more infectors than single isolation-and-quarantine. Certain restrictions should be considered, such as more initial imported cases, longer quarantine delay-time and lower quarantine probability. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.20.20039644 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.20.20039644 id: cord-012562-diqt998g author: Wang, Ying title: Determining the ideal prevention strategy for multidrug-resistance organisms in resource-limited countries: a cost-effectiveness analysis study date: 2020-05-20 words: 4250 sentences: 181 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-012562-diqt998g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-012562-diqt998g.txt summary: The aim of this study was to determine the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in intensive care units (ICUs) in areas with limited health resources. Hospitals with low-and mid-level budgets and resources need to select and focus on an optimal strategy based on practical cost-effectiveness, rather than implementing a whole host of measures against MDROs. Given the importance of the scientific and rationale prevention strategies for MDROs worldwide, the limited isolation resources in developing countries and the lack of related cost-effectiveness analysis researches, this study aimed to determine the ideal prevention strategy for MDROs in ICUs in areas with limited health resources, based on a decision tree model. The cost-effectiveness analysis of four prevention strategies against MDROs in ICUs was studied in China, a country with limited health resources. abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the most cost-effective strategy for the prevention and control of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in intensive care units (ICUs) in areas with limited health resources. The study was conducted in 12 ICUs of four hospitals. The total cost for the prevention of MDROs and the secondary attack rate (SAR) of MDROs for each strategy were collected retrospectively from 2046 subjects from January to December 2017. The average cost-effectiveness ratio (CER), incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and cost-effectiveness acceptability curve were calculated. Hand hygiene (HH) had the lowest total cost (2149.6 RMB) and SAR of MDROs (8.8%) while single-room isolation showed the highest cost (33 700.2 RMB) and contact isolation had the highest SAR of MDROs (31.8%). The average cost per unit infection prevention was 24 427.8 RMB, with the HH strategy followed by the environment disinfection strategy (CER = 21 314.67). HH had the highest iterative cost effect under willingness to pay less than 2000 RMB. Due to the low cost for repeatability and obvious effectiveness, we conclude that HH is the optimal strategy for MDROs infections in ICUs in developing countries. The cost-effectiveness of the four prevention strategies provides some reference for developing countries but multiple strategies remain to be examined. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7439291/ doi: 10.1017/s0950268820001120 id: cord-026169-j4navhku author: Zhang, Sicui title: Towards Multi-perspective Conformance Checking with Aggregation Operations date: 2020-05-18 words: 5216 sentences: 277 pages: flesch: 60 cache: ./cache/cord-026169-j4navhku.txt txt: ./txt/cord-026169-j4navhku.txt summary: Given an event log, i.e., a log file tracking data related to activities performed during process executions, conformance checking techniques are able to pinpoint discrepancies (aka, deviations) between the log and the corresponding model. However, the previous work used basic strategy of standard conformance checking techniques for dealing with multiple constraints deviations; namely, the total degree of data deviations of that activity is computed by summing up the costs for all the violated constraints. With respect to previous work, the approach brings two main contributions: a) it applies fuzzy aggregation operators to assess the level of deviation severity for a set of constraints, and b) it allows to customize the tolerance to deviations of multiple constraints. In this work, we investigated the use of fuzzy aggregation operations in conformance checking of process executions to deal with multiple data constraints for an activity. abstract: Conformance checking techniques are widely adopted to validate process executions against a set of constraints describing the expected behavior. However, most approaches adopt a crisp evaluation of deviations, with the result that small violations are considered at the same level of significant ones. Furthermore, in the presence of multiple data constraints the overall deviation severity is assessed by summing up each single deviation. This approach easily leads to misleading diagnostics; furthermore, it does not take into account user’s needs, that are likely to differ depending on the context of the analysis. We propose a novel methodology based on the use of aggregation functions, to assess the level of deviation severity for a set of constraints, and to customize the tolerance to deviations of multiple constraints. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274327/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-50146-4_17 id: cord-006226-fn7zlutj author: nan title: Abstracts of the 4th annual meeting of the German Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapy: Hannover, 14–17 September 1994 date: 1994 words: 25050 sentences: 1344 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-006226-fn7zlutj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-006226-fn7zlutj.txt summary: The following were analysed: heart rate (HR, bpm), pre-ejection time (PEP, ms), ejection time (VET, ms), HR-corrected electromechanical systole (QS2c, ms), impedance-cardiographic estimates of stroke volume (SV, ml), cardiac output (CO, I/min) and peripheral resistance (TPR, dyn.s.cm -5) calculated from CO and mean blood pressure (SBP and DBP according to auscultatory Korotkoff-I and -IV sounds This indicates that 1) about half the rise of HR and CO and half the shortening of PEP is 131-respectively 1~2-determined, 2) that predominant 132-adrenergic responses, whilst not affecting VET, take optimal benefit from the inodilatory enhancement of pump performance, 3) that an additional 131-adrenergic stimulation is proportionally less efficient, as VET is dramatically shortened, thus blunting the gain in SV so that the rise in CO relies substantially on the amplified increase of HR and 4), VET is more sensitive than QS2c in expressing additional 131-adrenoceptor agonism and 5) prime systolic time intervals provide a less speculative and physiologically more meaningful represenation of cardiac pump dynamics than HR-corrected ones. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100636/ doi: 10.1007/bf00193489 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel