key: cord-305266-fuaq4ujb authors: Gong, Yue; Ma, Ting-can; Xu, Yang-yang; Yang, Rui; Gao, Lan-jun; Wu, Si-hua; Li, Jing; Yue, Ming-liang; Liang, Hui-gang; He, Xiao; Yun, Tao title: Early Research on COVID-19: A Bibliometric Analysis date: 2020-08-05 journal: Innovation DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100027 sha: doc_id: 305266 cord_uid: fuaq4ujb Abstract In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia, which was named COVID-2019, emerged as a global health crisis. Scientists worldwide are engaged in attempts to elucidate the transmission and pathogenic mechanisms of the causative coronavirus. COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020, making it critical to track and review the state of research on COVID-19 to provide guidance for further investigations. Here, bibliometric and knowledge mapping analyses of studies on COVID-19 were performed, including more than 1500 papers on COVID-19 available in the PubMed and CNKI databases from January 1, 2020 to March 8, 2020. In this review, we found that because of the rapid response of researchers worldwide, the number of COVID-19-related publications showed a high growth trend in the first ten days of February; among these, the largest number of studies originated in China, the country most affected by pandemic in its early stages. Our findings revealed that the epidemic situation and data accessibility of different research teams have caused obvious difference in emphases of the publications. Besides, there was an unprecedented level of close cooperation and information sharing within the global scientific community relative to previous coronavirus research. We combed and drew the knowledge map of the SARS-CoV-2 literature, explored early status of research on etiology, pathology, epidemiology, treatment, prevention, and control, and discussed knowledge gaps that remain to be urgently addressed. Future perspectives on treatment, prevention, and control were also presented to provide fundamental references for current and future coronavirus research. In December 2019, a cluster of cases of pneumonia with unknown cause was detected 2 in Wuhan City, Hubei Province of China. A novel coronavirus was identified as the 3 causative virus by Chinese authorities on 7 January 2020. The Coronavirus Study Group 4 (CSG) of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses designated the causative 5 virus as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease, 6 which subsequently spread globally, was named coronavirus disease of 2019 7 COVID-19, covering topics such as etiology, diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, 24 prognosis, nursing, prevention and control, were available in the PubMed and China 25 national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) databases. 26 In this review, the global literature related to COVID-19 were analyzed via 27 bibliometric methods, citation analysis, and knowledge mapping methods. Studies 28 reporting temporal patterns, main countries affected and core subjects were identified, 29 and the status and trends in COVID-19 research were explored from January 2020 to 30 March 2020 to reveal the conceptual knowledge map in SARS-CoV-2. The results 31 provide a reference for current and future coronavirus research and policymaking 32 worldwide. 33 The sources of literature used in this review were PubMed (for publications in 35 Beijing has covered all aspects of SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on treatment, prevention, 159 etiology, and prognosis, ranking first in China in terms of number of publications. In However, their inter-provincial collaborative rates were quite different: Liaoning, over 190 70%; Tianjin, over 50%; and Sichuan, only about 22% (Table 2) . 191 Sequence analysis showed that the ORF regions, such as ORF1ab, ORF3b, and 217 ORF8, are important functional domains that may be related to protein stability and 218 nucleophilic effects, as well as to mutations subject to selection pressure (e.g., Nsp2 and 219 NSP3, aa83-aa89 11, 12 . The spike glycoprotein on the virion surface mediates receptor 220 recognition and membrane fusion. The conserved RBD core domain in subunit S1 may 221 be involved in the novel coronavirus's ability to cross species barriers imposed by 222 receptor specificity. The C-terminus/ N-terminus of the S1 subunit may also be 223 responsible for direct interaction with the host receptor. 224 Traceability 225 Early epidemiological investigations have found that most COVID-19 patients in 226 China had a history of travel to Wuhan, as well as a history of exposure to wildlife. The 227 phylogenetic tree of coronaviruses suggested that the natural host of the novel 228 coronavirus is the bat (Rhinolophus affinis) 11, 13 , and that SARS-CoV-2 represents a 229 recombination, on the S protein, between the bat coronavirus and an origin-unknown 230 coronavirus. Turtles and pangolins were suggested to be potential intermediate hosts for 231 SARS-CoV-2 based on analyses using the MEGA program 14 . 232 Spread 233 The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between bats and intermediate hosts might be 234 attributed to the contamination of food environments by animal droppings, restricted air 235 flow in the environment, or the aggregation behavior of animals 15 . Transmission between 236 humans did not exclude the fecal-oral route, and the transmission intensity depended on 237 the length of the incubation period and the importance of asymptomatic carriers with 238 regard to disease transmission 16, 17 . 239 The high replication rate and strong immunologic pressure in humans might be 241 conducive to the adaptive evolution of the virus 18 The incubation period was generally considered to be no more than 14 days, with the 364 median ranging from 3 to 7 days. Other research on cluster cases showed that COVID-19 365 was still contagious during the incubation period 65 . The median interval between primary 366 and secondary cases was 2.6 days, which is much shorter for those with direct infection 367 (5 days) 16 . 368 Pregnant women and children were the priority groups for COVID-19 prevention as 387 pregnant women were considered an at-risk group while the low infection rates among 388 children might be due to having more mild cases that aren't reported. Related studies have 389 reported clinical recommendations for diagnosis, prevention, and control among these 390 groups 67 . In order to prevent clustered infections, the government has strengthened the 391 management and control of people's movements. Medical staff have designed remote 392 diagnosis and treatment guidelines for cancer patients 68 been optimized in a timely manner. However, prevention and control measures taken by 500 the international community have exposed shortcomings related to various aspects such 501 as emergency reserve supplies as well as fundamental disease prevention and control 502 systems in response to public health emergencies. It is suggested that the construction of 503 advanced institutional mechanisms to reform the public health response in addition to an 504 increased focus on coordination and cooperation among scientists, public health 505 professionals, entrepreneurs, and government officials would be conducive to global joint 506 defense against pandemics in the future. In addition to the above general suggestions, 507 there are some other specific efforts that China must undertake. Regional differences in 508 previous studies reflect the importance of developing an equitable health system and 509 accelerating the construction of modern information systems to improve governmental 510 coordination for effective pandemic preparedness and response 76, 77, 78, 79 . Analysis of the global coronavirus related research status and its enlightenment for the present and future. 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