Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 140 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6848 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 88 Coronavirus 83 SARS 61 COVID-19 52 coronavirus 32 China 24 CoV-2 23 MERS 21 patient 15 RNA 12 ACE2 9 Wuhan 8 covid-19 8 Disease 6 infection 6 East 5 virus 5 severe 5 India 4 respiratory 4 protein 4 pandemic 4 human 4 cell 4 acute 4 Syndrome 4 PCR 4 Middle 3 country 3 clinical 3 case 3 United 3 Respiratory 3 Italy 3 April 2 und 2 surgery 2 sequence 2 que 2 management 2 figure 2 disease 2 der 2 crisis 2 chinese 2 bat 2 States 2 Protein 2 NL63 2 ICU 2 Health Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 5274 coronavirus 4321 patient 4110 virus 3512 infection 2616 case 2604 disease 2449 protein 2449 cell 2416 % 2203 study 1495 syndrome 1320 treatment 1218 pandemic 1193 response 1156 outbreak 1116 vaccine 1098 transmission 1058 antibody 1046 risk 1017 receptor 985 time 974 country 971 day 967 host 945 analysis 943 pneumonia 931 coronaviruse 877 number 871 drug 853 datum 825 health 806 bat 774 effect 762 animal 759 symptom 714 genome 711 trial 706 system 701 death 687 human 679 result 676 people 675 model 670 sequence 662 replication 641 research 631 level 623 spike 606 activity 604 factor Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 7251 SARS 4441 COVID-19 3783 CoV-2 3306 de 2465 Coronavirus 2234 CoV 2096 al 2055 la 1745 y 1683 MERS 1625 el 1519 et 1448 China 1323 . 1062 RNA 959 que 954 los 799 Wuhan 711 East 697 con 669 Middle 668 ACE2 620 para 611 S 606 Disease 605 un 580 del 499 Syndrome 465 CoVs 451 Novel 450 las 448 Respiratory 445 Health 431 pacientes 422 una 402 en 391 PCR 338 CT 328 United 326 India 313 RT 311 o 303 como 295 T 288 por 280 Se 261 States 254 Clinical 247 World 237 es Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 2429 it 1266 we 835 they 425 i 278 them 122 us 116 he 73 you 67 itself 60 themselves 42 she 41 one 21 him 16 me 16 her 8 ourselves 4 nsp10 4 himself 3 yourself 2 ya 2 theirs 2 s 2 oneself 2 myself 2 mrnas 2 mg 2 covid-19 1 thereof 1 sdpp4 1 ours 1 nsp7 1 nsp15 1 nendou 1 il)-2r 1 hku4-covs 1 herself 1 em 1 asc09f 1 a<->t=0.32 1 's Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 23869 be 5866 have 1825 use 1269 include 1211 report 1156 show 1042 associate 945 base 892 infect 845 find 805 do 798 increase 794 cause 673 develop 661 suggest 661 identify 654 confirm 612 provide 591 relate 579 follow 566 bind 556 require 556 reduce 553 consider 530 induce 520 make 516 lead 510 emerge 503 detect 459 involve 444 inhibit 441 compare 439 know 439 contain 428 treat 426 indicate 415 see 414 take 406 give 402 covid-19 396 need 390 occur 385 affect 371 test 371 target 371 result 358 spread 352 reveal 345 mediate 339 help Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2551 respiratory 2061 not 2037 severe 1978 viral 1948 also 1721 clinical 1652 other 1609 human 1533 acute 1475 - 1376 high 1329 such 1300 novel 1243 more 1178 covid-19 919 however 843 new 840 first 826 different 771 immune 765 only 764 well 758 most 696 specific 662 early 638 potential 607 as 591 low 579 antiviral 551 further 537 several 515 positive 514 many 504 possible 476 global 472 infectious 469 like 468 important 463 available 461 non 458 large 452 similar 423 current 405 public 403 long 396 thus 396 recent 396 even 391 therapeutic 379 inflammatory Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 245 most 99 least 92 good 74 high 74 Most 73 large 40 late 24 great 21 bad 19 big 18 early 16 low 11 strong 10 new 10 long 8 close 7 small 5 weak 5 poor 3 old 2 young 2 simple 2 near 2 fast 2 dark 2 Least 1 ≈200 1 ® 1 ~3 1 warm 1 tough 1 safe 1 nucteocapsid 1 molossid 1 likeli 1 holy 1 harsh 1 hard 1 furth 1 fine 1 dry 1 deadly 1 cord-241146-j0qperwz 1 cord-018078-clxzp1ph 1 busy 1 CoV-2-host 1 -particularly 1 -ch Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 513 most 59 least 18 well 7 worst 3 highest 3 hard 2 oldest 1 nab 1 long 1 latest 1 -detect Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23 doi.org 11 www.who.int 6 orcid.org 5 www.worldometers.info 4 www.gisaid.org 4 www.epicentro.iss.it 4 www.cdc.gov 4 github.com 3 www.theguardian.com 3 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 3 www.fda.gov 3 talk.ictvonline.org 3 creativecommons.org 2 www.pharmaceutical-technology.com 2 www.ncbi 2 www.natureindex.com 2 www.mygov.in 2 www 2 apps.who.int 1 zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu 1 www.urbanfischer.de 1 www.scopus.com 1 www.salute.gov.it 1 www.rki.de 1 www.researchregistry.com 1 www.ovg.ox.ac.uk 1 www.nhc.gov.cn 1 www.ncsc.gov.uk 1 www.nccih.nih.gov 1 www.ncbi.nlm 1 www.nature.com 1 www.mohfw.gov.in 1 www.mohfw.gov 1 www.medrxiv.org 1 www.mdpi.com 1 www.jeealliance.org 1 www.iqair 1 www.iitd.ac.in 1 www.garanteprivacy.it 1 www.g-f-v.org 1 www.frontiersin.org 1 www.finddx.org 1 www.euroweeklynews.com 1 www.eea.europa.eu 1 www.ecmwf.int 1 www.ecdc.europa.eu 1 www.ebi.ac.uk 1 www.cbmc.it 1 www.caneurope.org 1 www.cancer.gov Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 4 http://www.who.int 4 http://www.epicentro.iss.it/coronavirus/sars-cov-2 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107847 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.04.20031401 2 http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ 2 http://www.worldometers.info/ 2 http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/ 2 http://www.ncbi 2 http://www.mygov.in/ 2 http://www.gisaid.org/ 2 http://www 2 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693 2 http://doi.org/10 1 http://zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu/I-TASSER/ 1 http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-rate/ 1 http://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidatevaccines 1 http://www.who.int/topics/vaccines/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/publications-detail/water-sanitation-hygiene-and-waste-managementfor-the-covid-19-virus-interim-guidance 1 http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/laboratory-guidance 1 http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/ 1 http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ijmm 1 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/13/ 1 http://www.theguardian.com/sc 1 http://www.theguardian.com/ 1 http://www.scopus.com/ 1 http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus 1 http://www.rki.de/DE/Content/InfAZ/N/ 1 http://www.researchregistry.com 1 http://www.ovg.ox.ac.uk/news/landmark-partnership-announced-fordevelopment-of-covid-19-vaccine 1 http://www.nhc.gov.cn 1 http://www.ncsc.gov.uk/guidance/home-working 1 http://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/in-the-news-coronavirus-and-alternativetreatments 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer-blast/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/sars-cov-2-seqs/ 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genba 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm 1 http://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/thetop-coronavirus-research-articles-by-metrics 1 http://www.natureindex.com/news-blog/the-top-coronavirus-research-articles-by-metrics 1 http://www.nature.com/ 1 http://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/ImmunityBoostingAYUSHAdvisory.pdf): 1 http://www.mohfw.gov 1 http://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04 1 http://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/11/4140/s1 1 http://www.jeealliance.org/ 1 http://www.iqair 1 http://www.iitd.ac.in/content/icmr-approves-probe-freecovid-19-detection-assay-developed-iit-delhi-0 1 http://www.gisaid.org/CoV2020/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 s.k.grace@salford.ac.uk 1 reprints@rsna.org 1 journals.permissions@oup.com 1 hossein_savari@mail.um.ac.ir Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 cov-2 infected patients 10 studies have also 8 cov was also 8 cov-2 is also 8 patients did not 7 covid-19 is higher 7 study did not 6 coronavirus is not 6 cov-2 is highly 6 cov-2 is not 6 covid-19 is not 5 coronavirus are dispensable 5 coronavirus causing severe 5 cov-2 is essential 5 cov-2 is more 5 cov-2 was also 5 covid-19 are similar 5 covid-19 have also 5 covid-19 is also 5 patients had higher 5 vaccine induces sars 5 vaccines are available 5 virus is not 5 virus was also 5 virus was first 4 cov has also 4 cov-2 does not 4 cov-2 was first 4 covid-19 are fever 4 covid-19 is much 4 covid-19 is still 4 pandemic is still 4 patients requiring icu 4 study using routine 4 treatment is not 4 vaccine is available 4 viruses were also 3 % are severe 3 cov infected patients 3 cov is dpp4 3 cov was first 3 cov-2 infected rhesus 3 cov-2 is able 3 cov-2 is ace2 3 cov-2 is likely 3 cov-2 is lower 3 cov-2 is much 3 cov-2 is sensitive 3 covid-19 are more 3 covid-19 confirmed cases Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 cases has no co 2 cov-2 is not yet 2 patients found no association 1 % had no runny 1 % reported no extra 1 cases are not available 1 cases had no symptoms 1 cells were not as 1 cells were not persistent 1 china reported no new 1 coronavirus does not only 1 coronavirus is not gender 1 coronavirus is not only 1 cov-2 are not yet 1 cov-2 have no mentions 1 cov-2 is not as 1 cov-2 is not detectable 1 cov-2 is not fully 1 covid-19 found no association 1 covid-19 is not as 1 covid-19 is not necessary 1 covid-19 is not only 1 covid-19 is not unexpected 1 covid-19 is not well 1 disease have not consistently 1 disease was not obvious 1 diseases are not novel 1 infection has not yet 1 infection is not clear 1 infection were not present 1 infections have not yet 1 infections is not dissimilar 1 outbreak is not very 1 pandemic have not directly 1 pandemic is not only 1 patient is not fit 1 patients are not more 1 patients have no obvious 1 protein is not entirely 1 protein is not essential 1 proteins are not only 1 response does not always 1 response was not specific 1 studies have not yet 1 studies make no mention 1 study has not yet 1 study is not only 1 study showed no evidence 1 study was not able 1 study was not only A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-306465-7kevsl1z author = Agarwal, Krishna Mohan title = Study and Overview of the Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) date = 2020-09-06 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS summary = In December 2019, a new disease with pneumonia-like symptoms was spreading throughout Wuhan in China which was entitled as novel coronavirus disease or COVID -19 caused by the virus SARS CoV-2. The current global pandemic is caused by the "novel coronavirus disease (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) popularly known as COVID19 Hunan seafood market was sealed, on 7 th January roughly a week after China''s notification of a possible outbreak the disease was confirmed to be the novel coronavirus disease or COVID-19 which has more than 95% homology with bat coronavirus and almost 70% similarity to the SARS CoV-1 Flatten the curve is a statement used during healthcare emergencies, its basic concept is to limit the spread of the virus such that at any given time during a pandemic the total number of patients required to be hospitalized is less than the maximum capacity of the state''s health infrastructure. doi = 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100037 id = cord-283215-dgysimh5 author = Al-Jabir, Ahmed title = Impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice - Part 2 (surgical prioritisation) date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; College; Coronavirus; case; management; patient; surgery summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.002 id = cord-320955-xhp96abg author = Allam, Zaheer title = The First 50 days of COVID-19: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the Pandemic date = 2020-07-24 keywords = China; Coronavirus; Wuhan summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00001-2 id = cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author = Allam, Zaheer title = The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = April; COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; Italy; President; States; United; case; country summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00003-6 id = cord-324198-b8f99z8r author = Allam, Zaheer title = Underlining the Role of Data Science and Technology in Supporting Supply Chains, Political Stability and Health Networks During Pandemics date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; United; datum summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00010-3 id = cord-343021-gqem6bxj author = Allam, Zaheer title = Oil, Health Equipment, and Trade: Revisiting Political Economy and International Relations During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; States; United summary = The disruptions came just when the consumer demand for different products in other countries from different parts of the world was on a high and rising as depicted in a "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)" report showing that exports in 2019 grew by 9.7% in 2018, with China being the world''s leading merchandise trader of the year (UNCTAD, 2020). In other countries such as the United States, it was reported that the government was prompted to force, through an executive order, major companies such as General Motors (GM) to produce ventilators to help bridge the gap that the increasing confirmed cases for coronavirus created (Haynes, 2020) . In other places, such as in the oil-producing countries, including the United States, the impacts of COVID-19 on different economic sectors such as transport and manufacturing saw the demand for oil and oil products plummeting in rates not experienced in recent history. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00009-7 id = cord-297323-l3f12hg4 author = Amor, Sandra title = Innate immunity during SARS‐CoV‐2: evasion strategies and activation trigger hypoxia and vascular damage date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; RNA; SARS; severe summary = doi = 10.1111/cei.13523 id = cord-268822-o86zpu92 author = Anser, Muhammad Khalid title = Communicable Diseases (Including COVID-19)—Induced Global Depression: Caused by Inadequate Healthcare Expenditures, Population Density, and Mass Panic date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; coronavirus; country; economic summary = In a given scenario, the study focused on the following key variables: communicable diseases, healthcare expenditures, population density, poverty, economic growth, and COVID-19 dummy variable in a panel of 76 selected countries from 2010 through 2019. In a given scenario, the study focused on the following key variables: communicable diseases, healthcare expenditures, population density, poverty, economic growth, and COVID-19 dummy variable in a panel of 76 selected countries from 2010 through 2019. This study intended to explore the answers to the following critical questions: do communicable diseases, including COVID-19, exert a greater magnitude of stress in terms of negatively affecting countries economic growth which then converts into global depression? In a given context, the study prepared a set of research objectives to analyze global depression through some policy instruments, including healthcare expenditures, population density, and poverty incidence in a panel of 76 countries. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00398 id = cord-300170-s2qthxx4 author = Aven, Terje title = Globalization and global risk: How risk analysis needs to be enhanced to be effective in confronting current threats date = 2020-10-15 keywords = Coronavirus; disaster; management; risk; uncertainty summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ress.2020.107270 id = cord-282977-kmj8hj78 author = Babbar, S. title = Battle with COVID-19 Under Partial to Zero Lockdowns in India date = 2020-07-04 keywords = Coronavirus; India; SEIR summary = Instead of fixing parameters of the standard SEIR model before simulation, we propose to learn them from the real data set consisting of progression of Corona spread in India. The learning of model is carefully designed by understanding that available data set consist of records of cases under full, partial to zero lockdown phases in India. These two predictions presented in this work provide awareness among citizens of India on importance of control measures such as full, partial and zero lockdown and the spread of Corona disease infection rate. The key motivation to integrate two methods for the predictive task is to use benefits of SEIR model by making its key parameters learn using historical data of confirmed cases under full and partial to zero lockdowns in India. Figures 5 and 6 represents fitting of learned model over actual new cases of Coronavirus data set of India and Delhi respectively. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.03.20145664 id = cord-030934-t7akdu6x author = Bahrami, Afsane title = Genetic and pathogenic characterization of SARS-CoV-2: a review date = 2020-08-26 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; Wuhan; coronavirus summary = The first case of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in December 2019. Bioinformatics analysis of the viral genome from one COVID-19 patient shared 89 and 82% sequence similarity with bat SARS-like-CoVZXC21 and human SARS-CoV, respectively [41] . In a recent report it was shown that SARS-CoV-2''s S-protein entry into 293/human ACE2 receptor cells is primarily mediated via endocytosis, and that PIKfyve, a TPC2 and cathepsin L are crucial for virus entry. Findings of an open-label nonrandomized clinical trial among 22 infected patients indicated that hydroxychloroquine treatment significantly reduced viral load in COVID-19 cases and its effectiveness is promoted by azithromycin [99] . The M, E, and N structural proteins of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus are required for efficient assembly, trafficking, and release of virus-like particles Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response doi = 10.2217/fvl-2020-0129 id = cord-352230-8mazd3eu author = Beeraka, Narasimha M. title = Strategies for Targeting SARS CoV-2: Small Molecule Inhibitors—The Current Status date = 2020-09-18 keywords = ACE-2; CoV-2; Nrf-2; SARS; TMPRSS2; coronavirus; infection summary = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) cases have been increasing at an alarming rate (7.4 million positive cases as on June 11 2020), causing high mortality (4,17,956 deaths as on June 11 2020) and economic loss (a 3.2% shrink in global economy in 2020) across 212 countries globally. SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the binding of viral Spike proteins (S-protein) to human cells through a 2-step process, which involves Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane Serine Protease (TMPRSS)-2. Therefore, in this review, we have reviewed structural features of SARS-CoV-2 with special emphasis on key molecular targets and their known modulators that can be considered for the development of NSMIs. COVID-19 is a devastating disease caused by a coronavirus related to the one that caused outbreaks of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in the year 2002 (1, 2) . doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552925 id = cord-026937-92836tr1 author = Benjamin, Elliot title = Progressive Politics and Humanistic Psychology in the Trump/Coronavirus Era date = 2020-06-15 keywords = Benjamin; Coronavirus; Trump; humanistic summary = The article concludes with the author suggesting that perhaps it may be worthwhile for politically like-minded others to also consider finding ways of merging their progressive politics with humanistic psychology in order to enhance their self-care through these turbulent times in the Trump/Coronavirus era. In the present article, I want to focus on the merging of progressive politics and humanistic psychology during the tremendously stressful and dangerous times in which we are currently living, which I refer to as the Trump/ Coronavirus era. There have been a number of disturbing reports about the significant detrimental effects on the mental health of a large segment of the U.S. population, directly related to our present political climate under what I have referred to as the "dangerous leadership and rhetoric" of President Donald Trump (Benjamin, 2019) . In this way, the five threads of self-care, humanistic psychology, progressive politics, the Resisting Trump movement, and the coronavirus are all woven together for me, with permeable boundaries that are working well to keep me functioning effectively through these trying times. doi = 10.1177/0022167820934226 id = cord-355758-tk7eturq author = Berrio, Alejandro title = Positive selection within the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and other Coronaviruses independent of impact on protein function date = 2020-09-22 keywords = Coronavirus; RNA; SARS summary = Background The emergence of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) associated with severe acute respiratory disease (COVID-19) has prompted efforts to understand the genetic basis for its unique characteristics and its jump from non-primate hosts to humans. Tests for positive selection can identify apparently nonrandom patterns of mutation accumulation within genomes, highlighting regions where molecular function may have changed during the origin of a species. Several recent studies of the SARS-CoV-2 genome have identified signals of conservation and positive selection within the gene encoding Spike protein based on the ratio of synonymous to nonsynonymous substitution. In addition, we find other likely targets of positive selection within the genome of SARS-CoV-2, specifically within the genes encoding Nsp4 and Nsp16. In Importantly, we also detected signals of positive selection in two additional regions of the 414 SARS-CoV-2 genome, specifically within the genes encoding Nsp4 and Nsp16 (Fig 1A) . Comparative analysis of coronavirus genomic RNA structure reveals 718 conservation in SARS-like coronaviruses. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.16.300038 id = cord-297168-t6zf5k99 author = Brüssow, Harald title = The Novel Coronavirus – A Snapshot of Current Knowledge date = 2020-03-06 keywords = China; SARS; Wuhan; coronavirus summary = While bats are still considered the most likely source for this novel coronavirus, bats were already hibernating at the time of onset of this epidemic and no bats were sold at the Huanan food market in Wuhan, suggesting an intermediate animal host where adaptation to human transmission might have occurred. W. Tan and colleagues, who now constitute the China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team, described subsequently the isolation of further coronaviruses from three patients in Wuhan who tested negative for 18 viral and four bacterial respiratory pathogens. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients Outside Wuhan, China Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series doi = 10.1111/1751-7915.13557 id = cord-303517-8971aq02 author = Cajamarca-Baron, Jairo title = SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in Patients with some Degree of Immunosuppression date = 2020-10-16 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; infection; patient summary = 27, 28 Among other comorbidities, chronic kidney disease is associated with in-hospital mortality, as are cancer and cerebrovascular disease, demonstrated through two meta-analyses that included over fifteen thousand patients ( Table 2) ; studies suggest that superficial fungal infections and psoriasis confer vulnerability to COVID-19; a body mass index (BMI) > 40 kg/m2 is an independent risk factor for complications from the infection; and there are discouraging results regarding underlying neurological disease and SARS-CoV-2. It is even possible that such disease-modifying therapies and their immunosuppressive effect may play a protective role during 19-COVID infection by preventing or dampening hyperimmune activity that, in some cases, could lead to clinical deterioration; there is even a report of a patient with primary progressive multiple sclerosis receiving treatment with ocrelizumab and becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2, in the context of lymphopenia and hypogammaglobulinema expected for this type of treatment, without generating major clinical complications, this hypothesis is obviously limited for now only to academic deductions and limited information. doi = 10.1016/j.reumae.2020.08.001 id = cord-321259-wio2b49i author = Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac title = Digesting the crisis: autophagy and coronaviruses date = 2020-05-04 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS; autophagy summary = Of note, cellular manipulation of autophagic levels during infection may also reflect desperate attempts of the cell to reestablish homeostasis, either through restriction of viral entry by actively shunting endocytosis/endosomal trafficking (possibly resulting in autophagy reduction as a sideeffect) [39] or to counteract virally induced cell death by increasing cytoprotective autophagy. Thus, the group-specific accessory proteins, which by definition are not essential for viral replication but are involved in the modulation of host cells and immune evasion [66, 67] , may represent targets for reducing the autophagy-inhibitory effects of CoVs. The FDA-approved anti-malarial drugs chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been suggested to be repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19 [68] [69] [70] , but this remains widely controversial [71] [72] [73] . Intriguingly, another recent preprint presents in vitro data showing that SARS-CoV-2 infection restricts autophagy and that, in turn, pro-autophagic compounds -including spermidine -may inhibit viral propagation [85] . doi = 10.15698/mic2020.05.715 id = cord-256688-yy7abob9 author = Chavez, Summer title = Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A primer for emergency physicians date = 2020-03-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.03.036 id = cord-337825-ujq9mxk7 author = Chen, Bin title = Overview of lethal human coronaviruses date = 2020-06-10 keywords = ACE2; CoV; CoV-2; East; MERS; Middle; SARS; coronavirus; protein summary = Coronaviruses are the largest +ssRNA viruses and contain at least 14 ORFs, 16 protein combines with viral RNA to form a nucleocapsid, which is involved in the replication of SARS-CoV and is the most abundant protein in virus-infected cells. MERS-CoV can infect T-cells from human lymphoid organs and causes the peripheral blood inducing apoptosis by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, thus avoiding host immune response detection method, Nanopore Targeted Sequencing, also has the potential for efficiently detecting viruses in a reasonable time. The structural and accessory proteins M, ORF 4a, ORF 4b, and ORF 5 of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are potent interferon antagonists Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) entry inhibitors targeting spike protein Identification of a receptor-binding domain in the S protein of the novel human coronavirus Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an essential target for vaccine development Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces highly potent neutralizing antibodies: implication for developing subunit vaccine doi = 10.1038/s41392-020-0190-2 id = cord-278325-ykcd7d59 author = Cheung, Carmen Ka Man title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Haematologist's Perspective date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; ICU; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = doi = 10.1159/000510178 id = cord-298156-d0pb1kik author = Cheval, Sorin title = Observed and Potential Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Environment date = 2020-06-10 keywords = April; COVID-19; Coronavirus; March; SARS; impact; pandemic summary = Consequently, by the end of April 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to numerous environmental impacts, both positive such as enhanced air and water quality in urban areas, and negative, such as shoreline pollution due to the disposal of sanitary consumables. The concept of disaster has evolved over time, and here we use an adapted Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) definition: a disaster is an event, which severely alters the functioning of a community due to hazardous physical, biological or human related impacts leading to widespread adverse effects on multiple scales and systems (environment, economic, social). While negative impacts on the economy and society in general are probably huge, it is very likely that the global-scale reduction of economic activities due to the COVID-19 crisis triggers a lot of sensible improvements in environmental quality and climatic systems. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17114140 id = cord-344486-iu5flbcl author = Chiotos, Kathleen title = Multicenter interim guidance on use of antivirals for children with COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; child; patient summary = In the few months since this initial publication, new evidence has emerged demonstrating the efficacy of the antiviral medication remdesivir in shortening time to clinical recovery in adults with COVID-19, while several other studies have shown ineffectiveness of hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir-ritonavir (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) . Further, additional observational studies have provided insight into the clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in children, demonstrating that while most young patients experience mild illness, a small proportion develop severe illness associated with adverse clinical outcomes, including need for pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission and mortality (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) . Nevertheless, the panel recognizes that pediatric clinicians are likely to consider comorbidities when weighing the risks and benefits of antiviral therapy on a case-bycase basis, and in making these decisions may consider: 1) the available, albeit limited, pediatric COVID-19 literature; 2) risk factors associated with severe COVID-19 in adults; and 3) pre-existing medical conditions in children associated with worse clinical outcomes for other viral infections. doi = 10.1093/jpids/piaa115 id = cord-302471-all5j2od author = Clark, M. A. title = Bovine coronavirus date = 1993-12-31 keywords = BCV; bovine; coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1016/s0007-1935(05)80210-6 id = cord-328644-odtue60a author = Comandatore, Francesco title = Insurgence and worldwide diffusion of genomic variants in SARS-CoV-2 genomes date = 2020-05-28 keywords = Coronavirus; SARS; sequence; variant summary = These variants might arise during the spread of the epidemic, as viruses are known for their high frequency of mutation, particularly in single stranded RNA viruses -as in the case of SARS-CoV-2 (Sanjuán and Domingo-Calap 2016) , which has a single, positive-strand RNA genome. To have a better insight on the history and spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy and thanks to the sequences deposited in the Gisaid database, we identified 7 non synonymous mutations that are differentially frequent in Italian SARS-CoV-2 strains respect to strains circulating globally. Our analysis allowed us to identify 7 positions in four proteins that present drastic changes in amino acid frequencies when comparing Italian sequences with worldwide sequences available on Gisaid.org on April, 10, 2020 ( Figure 1 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.30.071027 id = cord-315619-gowtohr8 author = Cox, Rebecca C. title = Pre-pandemic disgust proneness predicts increased coronavirus anxiety and safety behaviors: Evidence for a diathesis-stress model date = 2020-09-22 keywords = coronavirus; disgust; pandemic summary = doi = 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102315 id = cord-279363-4almssg6 author = Crespo, Roland Mojica title = Pandemia COVID-19, la nueva emergencia sanitaria de preocupación internacional: una revisión date = 2020-05-16 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; SARS; que summary = En ese momento, a este nuevo coronavirus se le llamó 2019-nCoV (del inglés: 2019-novel coronavirus) y fue identificado por las autoridades sanitarias chinas como el agente causal de estos casos de neumonía atípica 1,3,4 . Hacia final de mes, el día 30 de enero la OMS declaró la enfermedad causada por el nuevo coronavirus como una emergencia de salud pública de preocupación internacional, ya que para aquel momento se habían reportado casos en todas las regiones de la OMS en solo un mes 9,11 . Concretamente la RNVE en su informe n°29 del día 7 de mayo enumera los principales síntomas presentados por el conjunto de la población española, hasta la fecha y a base de una muestra de 217,543 casos, de la siguiente manera: Entre estos hallazgos, es comúnmente observar la leucopenia y linfopenia, siendo esta última característica de COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.semerg.2020.05.010 id = cord-351707-u8t7h6ri author = Dammeyer, Jesper title = An explorative study of the individual differences associated with consumer stockpiling during the early stages of the 2020 Coronavirus outbreak in Europe date = 2020-12-01 keywords = Coronavirus; SDO summary = doi = 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110263 id = cord-324324-8ybfiz8f author = Decaro, Nicola title = Novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A lesson from animal coronaviruses date = 2020-04-14 keywords = China; East; IBV; MERS; RNA; SARS; bat; coronavirus summary = In addition, the close contact between human beings and different animal species sold at the wet markets of East Asia represents the optimal situation for the host species jump and adaptation to humans of potentially zoonotic agents like CoVs. It is not a coincidence that two of the most severe zoonoses of the last two decades (highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza and SARS) have emerged in the same Chinese province of Guangdong where the contact between humans and animals is closer (Lorusso et al., 2020) . All these viruses as well as analogous IBV-like CoVs detected in other birds including penguins, pigeons, peafowl, parrots, waterfowl, teal, quail, duck and whooper swan (Cavanagh et al., 2002; Circella et al., 2007; Domanska-Blicharz et al., 2014; Torres et al., 2013; Hughes et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2005; Wille et al., 2016; Jordan et al., 2015; Bande et al., 2016; Suryaman et al., 2019) have been assigned to the same viral species known as Avian coronavirus (ACoV) within the subgenus Igacovirus of genus Gammacoronavirus. doi = 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108693 id = cord-312434-yx24golq author = Deng, Ziqin title = Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis of Human Coronaviruses: Prospects and Implications for COVID-19 Research date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; coronavirus; human summary = doi = 10.3389/fcimb.2020.581404 id = cord-325377-g68onkjt author = Dey, Anusree title = COVID-19: Scientific Overview of the global Pandemic date = 2020-10-28 keywords = Coronavirus; SARS summary = COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is the disease caused by the novel Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. This review gives a broad insight into different aspects of the COVID-19 disease, introduction to SARS-CoV-2, mitigation strategies, present status of diagnostics and therapeutics. According to the global data as well as the early estimates from China, both old 69 J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f age and comorbidities may render the patients at higher risk of developing severe disease or 70 death due to COVID-19 infection, perhaps due to a weaker immune functioning [8, 10] . Interestingly, in an independent study, researchers have found 124 three blood based biomarkers which can predict disease severity at least ten days in advance 125 with more than 90% accuracy, based on a database of 485 infected patients from Wuhan, 126 doi = 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100800 id = cord-279255-v861kk0i author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19 date = 2020-06-24 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; clinical; coronavirus; human; infection; novel; outbreak summary = Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Recently, a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) , emerged in late 2019, and it has posed a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories (1) . Health workers worldwide are currently making efforts to control further disease outbreaks caused by the novel CoV (originally named 2019-nCoV), which was first identified in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, on 12 December 2019. doi = 10.1128/cmr.00028-20 id = cord-327063-ea7a1xfl author = Dhama, Kuldeep title = SARS-CoV-2 jumping the species barrier: zoonotic lessons from SARS, MERS and recent advances to combat this pandemic virus date = 2020-08-02 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Health; MERS; SARS; human summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101830 id = cord-352781-aqh9zxgh author = El Homsi, Maria title = Review of Chest CT Manifestations of COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-06-07 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disease summary = Here, we review the pertinent clinical findings and the current published data describing chest CT findings in COVID-19 pneumonia, the diagnostic performance of CT for diagnosis, including differential diagnosis, as well the evolving role of imaging in this disease. In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the American College of Radiology (ACR), the Society of Thoracic Radiology (STR), and the American Society of Emergency Radiology (ASER) issued their position statements recommending against the use of CT for widespread screening and diagnosis of COVID-19, instead reserving CT for those cases with clinical suspicion for complications like abscess or empyema [76] [77] [78] . Clinical Features and Chest CT Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a Single-Center Study in Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases doi = 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100239 id = cord-263672-iuo7ukaz author = Engström, Gustav title = What Policies Address Both the Coronavirus Crisis and the Climate Crisis? date = 2020-07-31 keywords = climate; coronavirus; crisis; emission; policy; sector summary = doi = 10.1007/s10640-020-00451-y id = cord-340357-gyvvcnuf author = Fallahi, Hamid Reza title = Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic: a literature review date = 2020-04-24 keywords = SARS; coronavirus; infection; transmission summary = This article addresses all information collected to date on the virus, in accordance with the guidelines of international health care institutions, and provides a comprehensive protocol for managing possible exposure to patients or those suspected of having coronavirus. The purpose of this protocol is to protect the entire dental care team, prevent any cross-infection in the office, inform health authorities active in the field of controlling and managing the disease, and ultimately provide the optimal medical and dental care for patients affected by the virus according to the CDC and the ADA guidelines. Due to close face-to-face contact with patients and frequent utilization of sharp devices, dental personnel are repeatedly exposed to respiratory tract secretions, blood, saliva, and other contaminated body fluids and are always at risk for 2019-nCoV infection. 2019-nCoV transmission in dental settings occurs through four major routes: (1) direct exposure to respiratory secretions containing droplets, blood, saliva, or other patient materials; doi = 10.1186/s40902-020-00256-5 id = cord-028618-kn87q7nb author = Flinders, Matthew title = Democracy and the Politics of Coronavirus: Trust, Blame and Understanding date = 2020-06-23 keywords = Coronavirus; blame; crisis; democracy; public summary = The first is that the Coronavirus crisis emerged at a time of fundamental concern about the global state of democracy; the second is that the limited data that is currently available suggests the existence of a common crisis-linked ''rallying around the flag'' effect; and (third) that this uplift in public confidence and trust may well prove to be short-lived. It is in the context of this core prediction that this sub-section makes three arguments: (i) the analysis of previous pandemics exposes the existence of a powerful socio-political ''negativity bias''; (ii) politicians will try and manage this situation through a mixture of blame-games and self-preservation strategies; and (iii) it is already possible to identify a dominant strategy in the UK context that for the sake of brevity can be labelled ''hugging the experts''. doi = 10.1093/pa/gsaa013 id = cord-325700-f102uk2m author = Fraser, Douglas D. title = Metabolomics Profiling of Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: Identification of Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers date = 2020-10-21 keywords = ICU; coronavirus; covid19; disease; patient summary = doi = 10.1097/cce.0000000000000272 id = cord-257824-qz6yxuph author = Fuertes, Víctor title = Current impact of Covid-19 pandemic on Spanish plastic surgery departments: a multi-center report date = 2020-05-19 keywords = Coronavirus; covid-19; surgery summary = title: Current impact of Covid-19 pandemic on Spanish plastic surgery departments: a multi-center report The total amount of procedures currently being performed ranged from 0 to 44% of the figures before the coronavirus outbreak, except for one department, with elective surgery mainly affected. The total amount of procedures currently being performed ranged from 0 to 44% of the figures before the coronavirus outbreak (Fig. 1a, b) ; except for one hospital, that was declared to maintain the same surgical activity (100%). Some of the more prevalent measures include screening protocols for Coronavirus among patients and workers, increasing hygiene measures, reducing the number of visitors per patient, directing burn patients who tested positive to other units and trying to apply day-care/ delay surgeries whenever this is possible. This might pose a challenge against the delivery of emergency surgeries and cancer care to our community if this pandemic lasts for a prolonged period long time According to our analysis, reductions of about 20-50% in the total number of consultants per team may lead to this situation. doi = 10.1007/s00238-020-01686-0 id = cord-349099-s33nd9hz author = Gaffney, Adam W. title = Home Sick with Coronavirus Symptoms: a National Study, April–May 2020 date = 2020-09-10 keywords = coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1007/s11606-020-06159-5 id = cord-308857-otsrexqu author = Goel, Saurav title = Resilient and Agile Engineering Solutions to Address Societal Challenges such as Coronavirus Pandemic date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; SARS; coronavirus; figure; human; mask; surface; virus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100300 id = cord-305266-fuaq4ujb author = Gong, Yue title = Early Research on COVID-19: A Bibliometric Analysis date = 2020-08-05 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100027 id = cord-031113-moekkw2x author = Grace, Sara title = Policing Social Distancing: Gaining and Maintaining Compliance in the Age of Coronavirus date = 2020-07-12 keywords = Coronavirus; MPT; PND; Regulations; compliance; police summary = doi = 10.1093/police/paaa029 id = cord-267436-mivxm8oh author = Groneberg, David A title = Treatment and vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome date = 2005-03-10 keywords = SARS; acute; coronavirus; respiratory summary = The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which affected over 8000 individuals worldwide and was responsible for over 700 deaths in the 2002-2003 outbreak, is a coronavirus that was unknown before the outbreak. The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which affected over 8000 individuals worldwide and was responsible for over 700 deaths in the 2002-2003 outbreak, is a coronavirus that was unknown before the outbreak. 31 The results of a randomised clinical study in Guangdong, involving multiple different treatment arms, suggest that ribavirin given at a low dose (400-600 mg/day) was less effective compared with an early and aggressive use of steroids with interferon alfa. Search terms were "severe acute respiratory syndrome", "SARS", "treatment", "coronavirus", "infection", "SARS coronavirus", "vaccination", and "antiviral". Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice Generation and characterization of DNA vaccines targeting the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)01307-1 id = cord-255284-ffh1jl40 author = Guery, B title = Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère date = 2003-06-30 keywords = Coronavirus; Kong; SARS summary = Cette épidémie a suscité une réponse extrêmement rapide de la communauté internationale qui en quelques semaines a permis d''isoler l''agent responsable, un nouveau Coronavirus, de proposer une prise en charge thérapeutique et des mesures spécifiques pour limiter la diffusion de l''épidémie. Deux éléments notables sont évoqués dans cette publication, tout d''abord le fait que seuls les patients atteints de SARS ont des anticorps témoignant du fait que ce virus circule pour la première fois. À noter que cette faculté existe chez un Coronavirus porcin entraînant des pathologies respiratoires mais, aucun lien de parenté entre ces deux virus n''a été mis en évidence. Dans le cas du SARS, les premières analyses montrent que la contamination nécessite un contact prolongé et répété avec un malade présentant une symptomatologie pulmonaire. ont montré la présente d''ARN du Coronavirus responsable du SARS dans les selles des patients [4] . doi = 10.1016/s0399-077x(03)00200-2 id = cord-349923-cja8i0hw author = Habibzadeh, Parham title = The Novel Coronavirus: A Bird''s Eye View date = 2020-02-05 keywords = China; SARS; coronavirus summary = C oronaviruses typically result in respiratory and enteric infections affecting both animals and humans, and were considered relatively benign to humans before the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) outbreak in 2002 and 2003 in China. [1] [2] [3] [4] A decade later, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), another pathogenic coronavirus with a clinical picture reminiscent of SARS, was isolated in patients presenting with pneumonia in the Middle Eastern countries. The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, which initially began in China, has spread to many countries around the globe, with the number of confirmed cases increasing every day. The novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak, which initially began in China, has spread to many countries around the globe, with the number of confirmed cases increasing every day. doi = 10.15171/ijoem.2020.1921 id = cord-279691-v5kpmk0b author = Hagemeijer, Marne C. title = Biogenesis and Dynamics of the Coronavirus Replicative Structures date = 2012-11-21 keywords = Coronavirus; Protein; RNA; Replication; SARS; Virus summary = Upon infection, coronaviruses extensively rearrange cellular membranes into organelle-like replicative structures that consist of double-membrane vesicles and convoluted membranes to which the nonstructural proteins involved in RNA synthesis localize. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the biogenesis of the replicative structures, the membrane anchoring of the replication-transcription complexes, and the location of viral RNA synthesis, with particular focus on the dynamics of the coronavirus replicative structures and individual replication-associated proteins. A distinctive common feature of +RNA viruses is the replication of their genomes in the cytoplasm of the host cell in association with rearranged cellular membranes that are remodeled into organelle-like membranous structures to which the viral replication-transcription complexes (RTCs) localize. The first detectable membrane rearrangements in CoV-infected cells are 200 to 350 nm organelle-like structures that have been described for both MHV [47, 62] and the SARS-CoV [5, 63] and consist of spherical vesicles containing double lipid bilayers, termed DMVs ( Figure 2 ). doi = 10.3390/v4113245 id = cord-354536-c9v9kbw8 author = Han, Yan-Jie title = Advances and challenges in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-09 keywords = Coronavirus; MERS; RNA; SARS; virus summary = This article introduced the origin, virological characteristics and epidemiological overview of SARS-CoV-2, reviewed the currently known drugs that may prevent and treat coronavirus, explained the characteristics of the new coronavirus and provided novel information for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. 18 In view of the curative effect of ribavirin in the treatment of diseases caused by SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, 21 it is expected to become one of the effective drugs to treat coronavirus. 16 The "Pneumonitis Diagnosis and Treatment Scheme for New Coronavirus Infection (Trial Version 7)" states that aerosolized interferon alpha can be used as a trial treatment against SARS-CoV-2 virus to improve the virus clearance effect of respiratory mucosa in patients. 64 It has been revealed that chlorpromazine is a broad-spectrum virus inhibitor that can inhibit HCV, alpha virus, and various coronaviruses including human coronavirus 229E, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in vitro. doi = 10.7150/ijms.47836 id = cord-299093-zp07aqpm author = Harrison, Andrew G. title = Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and pathogenesis date = 2020-10-14 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; severe summary = doi = 10.1016/j.it.2020.10.004 id = cord-327454-o1mrpgvj author = Hemmati-Dinarvand, Farshad title = Mysterious Virus: A Review on Behavior and Treatment Approaches of the Novel Coronavirus, 2019-nCoV date = 2020-05-06 keywords = ACE2; China; SARS; coronavirus summary = Instead, the extremely pathogenic CoVs, containing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), mostly contaminate lower airways and lead to pneumonia (5) . Based on the genomic structure and phylogenetic analysis, the family Coronaviridae is currently classified into two subfamilies, Sarbecovirus containing SARS-CoV are two major zoonotic pathogenic coronaviruses (Table 1) . Accordingly, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named it severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Recently reported that between the SARS-CoV genome sequence and the novel coronavirus exist 82% similarity, thus, named 2019-nCoV by WHO (18) . This theory may be indicating that 2019-nCoV uses the same SARS-CoV mechanism i.e. through angiotensin-converting enzyme2 (ACE2) receptor and the TMPRSS2 protease to infect the human cells. Sequence analysis has shown that some of the 2019-nCoV clusters and bat-associated SARS76 CoV viruses (SARSr-CoV) can use the ACE2 receptor to enter the host cell. doi = 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.022 id = cord-308537-i6um5iu2 author = Hoskins, Johnny D. title = Coronavirus Infection in Cats date = 1993-01-31 keywords = cat; coronavirus; feline; fip summary = Cats are susceptible to natural infection with several strains of feline coronavirus that result in either effusive and noneffusive feline infectious peritonitis or enteritis. 33 Most asymptomatic cats with positive coronavirus-antibody titers have been previously infected by strains of feline enteric coronavirus or FIP coronavirus, which usually do not cause fatal disease by natural routes of infection. The susceptibility of cats to FIP disease may involve several predisposing factors, including age at time of exposure, genetic susceptibility, physical condition, stress, presence of concurrent disease (especially feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infections), challenge dose and strain of feline coronavirus, route of infection, previous sensitization with nonprotective corona virus antibodies, and cell-mediated immunocompetence. Cats are susceptible to natural infection with several strains of feline coronavirus that may result in either effusive and noneffusive FIP disease or in subclinical to severe enteritis. doi = 10.1016/s0195-5616(93)50001-3 id = cord-292751-tk1oggi9 author = Hosseini, Elahe Seyed title = The novel coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): Mechanism of action, detection and recent therapeutic strategies date = 2020-09-24 keywords = COVID-19; RNA; SARS; coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.011 id = cord-293166-gkzebyda author = Hoz, Samer S. title = Letter to the Editor: “Beyond Containment: Tracking the Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Neurosurgery Services in Iraq” date = 2020-11-03 keywords = Coronavirus; covid-19 summary = title: Letter to the Editor: "Beyond Containment: Tracking the Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Neurosurgery Services in Iraq" Letter to the Editor: "Beyond Containment: Tracking the Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Neurosurgery Services in Iraq" LETTER: The Neurosurgery Teaching Hospital (NTH) in Baghdad, Iraq, provides neurosurgical care for 4.2 million people-approximately 50% of the population in Baghdad, with a total capacity of 102 beds, 16 neurosurgical intensive care unit (NICU) beds, and 7 operating rooms. Cases requiring less immediate care are only admitted if the condition is deemed to be "urgent." This decision is the responsibility of a newly assembled local hospital committee, composed of 3 senior neurosurgeons. As for patients, a total of 25 acute trauma cases have been confirmed to be positive by immediate postoperative polymerase chain reaction. Such situations are hazardous and require urgent legislative change that determines the COVID-19 status of all admitted patients to be positive unless proven otherwise. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.060 id = cord-291916-5yqc3zcx author = Hozhabri, Hossein title = The Global Emergency of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): An Update of the Current Status and Forecasting date = 2020-08-05 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; MERS; PCR; RNA; SARS summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17165648 id = cord-331822-rsnzyheu author = Hu, Yuli title = Prevention of fogging of protective eyewear for medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-08 keywords = Coronavirus summary = title: Prevention of fogging of protective eyewear for medical staff during the COVID-19 pandemic Many studies have noted the importance of wearing goggles to protect the 16 eyes from coronavirus infection when in contact with patients. 8-11 Through 17 interviews with medical staff at our hospital in Wuhan, China, we learnt 18 that fogging of goggles was a problem when caring for COVID-19 patients. Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 92 (COVID-19): The importance of recognising possible early ocular 93 manifestation and using protective eyewear Anti-fog skills for medical goggles during the 110 period of prevention and control of Coronavirus disease 2019 Two simple methods dealing with the 114 problem of fogged goggles during the protection against Coronavirus 115 disease 2019 The Anti-fogging treatments 118 of medical goggles during the Covid-19 The anti-fogging application of the 129 antibacterial hand gel to the reuse goggles during the protection 130 against Covid-19 doi = 10.1016/j.jen.2020.05.003 id = cord-322908-e3gok0ot author = Huang, Fangfang title = A review of therapeutic agents and Chinese herbal medicines against SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) date = 2020-05-20 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; chinese summary = doi = 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104929 id = cord-329454-69z28yli author = Humar, Atul title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the liver date = 2004-01-30 keywords = SARS; coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1002/hep.20069 id = cord-266989-n040i865 author = Ioannidis, John P. A. title = Coronavirus disease 2019: The harms of exaggerated information and non‐evidence‐based measures date = 2020-04-09 keywords = CFR; coronavirus; measure summary = • A highly flawed nonpeer-reviewed preprint claiming similarity with HIV-1 drew tremendous attention, and it was withdrawn, but conspiracy theories about the new virus became entrenched • Even major peer-reviewed journals have already published wrong, sensationalist items • Early estimates of the projected proportion of global population that will be infected seem markedly exaggerated • Early estimates of case (infection) fatality rate may be markedly exaggerated • The proportion of undetected infections is unknown but probably varies across countries and may be very large overall • Reported epidemic curves are largely affected by the change in availability of test kits and the willingness to test for the virus over time • Of the multiple measures adopted, a few have strong evidence, and many may have obvious harms • Panic shopping of masks and protective gear and excess hospital admissions may be highly detrimental to health systems without offering any concomitant benefit • Extreme measures such as lockdowns may have major impact on social life and the economy (and those also lives lost), and estimates of this impact are entirely speculative • Comparisons with and extrapolations from the 1918 influenza pandemic are precarious, if not outright misleading and harmful pandemic suggest that early adoption of social distancing measures was associated with lower peak death rates. doi = 10.1111/eci.13222 id = cord-319578-n1ee1688 author = Kakhki, Reza Kamali title = COVID-19 target: A specific target for novel coronavirus detection date = 2020-05-30 keywords = coronavirus summary = Although molecular methods such as RT-PCR and real-time PCR are among the most common procedures in detecting coronavirus, the use of specific targets still is the first critical step in the accurate diagnosis of the agent. The present study aimed to introduce a novel specific target and evaluate the known target genes in order to analyze COVID-19 bioinformatically. In this study, COVID-19 novel target was detected using the modified comparative genomic analysis (Kakhki, Najafzadeh, Kachuei, & Ghazvini, 2020; Kakhki et al., 2019; Neshani et al., 2018) . Afterwards, the specificity of the primers was determined bioinformatically using BLAST software for all databases to check any cross-reactivity with other bacterial or human genomes. We also designed a specific probe (K_COV-P1) for the novel Coronavirus to differentiate COVID-19 from all other human coronaviruses. The short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) gene: A new specific target for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by modified comparative genomic analysis. doi = 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100740 id = cord-294468-0v4grqa7 author = Kasilingam, Dharun title = Exploring the Growth of COVID‐19 Cases using Exponential Modelling Across 42 Countries and Predicting Signs of Early Containment using Machine Learning date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; country; infection summary = doi = 10.1111/tbed.13764 id = cord-345503-52kq2u8a author = Keyhan, Seied Omid title = Dysosmia and dysgeusia due to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus; a hypothesis that needs further investigation date = 2020-03-30 keywords = Coronavirus summary = Dysosmia and dysgeusia due to the 2019 Novel Coronavirus; a hypothesis that needs further investigation Seied Omid Keyhan 1,2,3 , Hamid Reza Fallahi 4,5 and Behzad Cheshmi 6* Coronaviruses are known as enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome that their helical symmetry nucleocapsid is about 26-32 kilobases in size, making it the largest investigated genome among RNA viruses. Given that the peripheral trigeminal or olfactory nerves are pathways of penetration of the coronaviruses into the central nervous system, and based on animal studies, it may be hypothesized that complications such as demyelination and stimulation of T cell-mediated autoimmune reactions may occur in the path of the infection spreading, so the occurrence of dysosmia and dysgeusia can be considered potential consequences of these nerve injuries. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2 doi = 10.1186/s40902-020-00254-7 id = cord-352322-tsjwnvkk author = Khamassi Khbou, Médiha title = Coronaviruses in farm animals: Epidemiology and public health implications date = 2020-09-25 keywords = China; MERS; SARS; coronavirus; porcine summary = As consequences of such genomic mutation and recombination the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine and the bovine CoV (BCoV) likely originated from the closely related canine coronavirus (CCoV) (Pratelli, 2011) . Coronaviruses of farm animals including large and small ruminants, dromedaries, horses, pigs and chickens were reviewed; cetacean CoVs were also considered, as marine mammals are a food source in many countries around the world. Since the first case of human infected by the MERS-CoV was identified in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia (World Health Organization, 2019), interest to dromedaries as sources of the virus increased and the isolated strains were shown to be genetically very similar to those isolated from humans (Omrani, Al-Tawfiq, & Memish, 2015) . Isolation and characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhea viruses associated with the 2013 disease outbreak among swine in the United States Infection with a new porcine respiratory coronavirus in Denmark: Serologic differentiation from transmissible gastroenteritis virus using monoclonal antibodies doi = 10.1002/vms3.359 id = cord-304295-3mpymd8a author = Khan, Muhammad Muzamil title = Emergence of novel coronavirus and progress toward treatment and vaccine date = 2020-06-04 keywords = CoV-2; SARS; coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1002/rmv.2116 id = cord-326584-io2f52kn author = Killeen, G. title = Why lockdown? Simplified arithmetic tools for decision-makers, health professionals, journalists and the general public to explore containment options for the novel coronavirus date = 2020-04-20 keywords = China; Coronavirus; Tanzania; case; covid-19; figure summary = Faced with such brutally difficult decisions, it is essential that as many people as possible understand (1) why lock-down interventions represent the only realistic way for individual countries to contain their national-level epidemics before they turn into public health catastrophes, (2) why these need to be implemented so early, so aggressively and for such extended periods, and (3) why international co-operation to conditionally re-open trade and travel between countries that have successfully eliminated local transmission represents the only way to contain the pandemic at global level. Faced with such brutally difficult decisions, it is essential for policy-makers, health professionals, journalists and the general public that as many people as possible understand (1) why lock-down interventions represent the only realistic way for individual countries to contain their national-level epidemics before they turn into public health catastrophes, (2) why these need to be implemented so early, so aggressively and for such extended periods, and (3) why international co-operation to conditionally re-open trade and travel between countries that have successfully eliminated local transmission represents the only way to contain the pandemic at global level. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066845 id = cord-336775-d4hi9myk author = Kirtipal, Nikhil title = From SARS to SARS-CoV-2, insights on structure, pathogenicity and immunity aspects of pandemic human coronaviruses date = 2020-08-13 keywords = ACE2; CoV; Coronavirus; MERS; RNA; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104502 id = cord-287221-oh7lnxwt author = Kock, Florian title = Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The Evolutionary Tourism Paradigm date = 2020-09-09 keywords = Coronavirus; Kock; covid-19; evolutionary; tourism summary = doi = 10.1016/j.annals.2020.103053 id = cord-255603-quuju9h4 author = Kumar, Aishwarya title = A review of modern technologies for tackling COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-05-07 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus summary = The aim of the present study is to discuss the various aspects of modern technology used to fight against COVID-19 crisis at different scales, including medical image processing, disease tracking, prediction outcomes, computational biology and medicines. For example, early in the outbreak when China initiated its response to virus it focused on artificial intelligence (AI) by relying on like facial recognition cameras to track the infected patients with travel history, robots to deliver food and medicines, drones to disinfect public places, to patrol and broadcast audio messages to public encouraging them to stay at home [1] . In recent writings, it has been discovered that a few research works use artificial intelligence to help analyze computational tomography (CT) scans, while other research works use patient''s clinical information to predict the advancement of the infection [7, 8] . doi = 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.008 id = cord-294696-pm6pfeeb author = Kunz, Y. title = Was sollte ein Urologe zu SARS-Cov-2 wissen? Risikoanalyse für urologische Operationen und Handlungsempfehlungen im klinischen Alltag date = 2020-10-13 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS; der; eine; und summary = Ausgelöst wird diese Infektionskrankheit durch das Virus SARS-CoV-2 ("severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2"), das zur Familie der β-Coronaviridiae bzw. Das SARS-CoV-2 wird im Wesentlichen via Tröpfcheninfektion -und somit über Aerosole -von symptomatischen COVID-19-Patienten übertragen. Es wurde eine Literatursuche in PubMed, bioRxiv und medRxiv sowie den Datenbanken der WHO und des CDC über SARS-CoV-2 und chirurgisches Prozedere bei infizierten Patienten durchgeführt. Das Prostatagewebe scheint demgegenüber nicht von SARS-CoV-2 befallen zu werden, zumindest konnte eine chinesische Gruppe in einer kleinen Studie keine Virus-RNA im Prostatasekret nachweisen [29] . Da basierend auf der oben angesprochenen Studienlage eine SARS-CoV-2-Übertragung mittels Urin denkbar ist, muss bei COVID-19-Patienten und unklaren Verdachtsfällen zusätzlich zur gängigen Schutzkleidung im Operationssaal auf FFP-2-Masken und Schutzbrillen zurückgegriffen werden. Da Aerosole nicht nur während der Operation, sondern bereits zuvor im Rahmen einer OP-Einleitung entstehen können, sollte laut aktuellen Empfehlungen unbedingt auf FFP-2-Masken im Falle eines zu behandelnden Patienten mit Verdacht auf oder einer bestätigten COVID-19-Infektion zurückgegriffen werden. doi = 10.1007/s00120-020-01264-z id = cord-104500-m0kfom0x author = Kyriakopoulos, Anthony M. title = The Potential Role of Super Spread Events in SARS-COV-2 Pandemic; a Narrative Review date = 2020-09-21 keywords = COV-2; COVID-19; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS; SSE summary = A comprehensive search was conducted among literature available in multiple electronic sources to find articles that addressed the "potential role of SSEs on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) pandemic" and were published before 20(th) of August 2020. Specific screening strategies within potential super spreading host groups can also help to efficiently manage severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) epidemics, in contrast to the partially effective general restriction measures. However, the respective potential impact of SSEs on SARS-COV-2 outbreak is composed and presented in the current review, thereby implying the warranted effort required for effective SSE preventive strategies, which may lead to overt global community health benefits. Following this initial selection stage, further screening was performed by all reviewers, using the previously described search items to identify parameters determining the global impact of COVID-19 due to SSEs. Identified parameters included the global impact of immunity and vaccination, the holy cup and religion transmission, and the austerity caused by COVID-19 and other coronavirus epidemics due to restrictions applied. doi = nan id = cord-352379-q5inrxcm author = Lai, Michael M. C. title = SARS virus: The beginning of the unraveling of a new coronavirus date = 2003-10-17 keywords = MHV; RNA; SARS; coronavirus; virus summary = Nevertheless, the lack of a firm association of coronaviruses with any serious human illnesses had dampened the public''s interest in this virus family until the sudden emergence of the SARS coronavirus [24, 41, 62] , which caused the first new infectious disease of this millennium. In the SARS virus genome, the organization of gene la-lb, which accounts for more than two-thirds of the viral RNA, is very similar to that of the murine coronavirus MHV, except that it contains only one papain-like protease (PLpro-2) ( fig. Based on the predicted cleavage site specificity, the SARS virus gene la-lb is likely processed into thirteen final protein products. However, the published sequence analysis indicated that the entire SARS virus RNA resembled that of group II viruses; no evidence of recombination was noted [55, 66] . Comparative full-length genome sequence analysis of 14 SARS coronavirus isolates and common mutations associated with putative origins of infection doi = 10.1007/bf02256318 id = cord-241146-j0qperwz author = Lallie, Harjinder Singh title = Cyber Security in the Age of COVID-19: A Timeline and Analysis of Cyber-Crime and Cyber-Attacks during the Pandemic date = 2020-06-21 keywords = Coronavirus; Security; attack; covid-19; cyber; pandemic summary = doi = nan id = cord-326017-qw4qynqv author = Laskar, Partha title = “Tomorrow Never Dies”: Recent Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Modalities against Coronavirus (COVID-19) amid Controversies date = 2020-08-06 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; PCR; RNA; SARS; disease; patient summary = doi = 10.3390/diseases8030030 id = cord-262735-xj9md751 author = Li, Lian Yong title = Digestive system involvement of novel coronavirus infection: Prevention and control infection from a gastroenterology perspective date = 2020-05-12 keywords = SARS; coronavirus summary = In this review article, we summarize four different aspects in published studies to date: (a) gastrointestinal manifestations of COVID‐19; (b) microbiological and virological investigations; (c) the role of fecal‐oral transmission; and (d) prevention and control of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the digestive endoscopy room. Gastrointestinal manifestation in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection above, by adopting single-cell RNA-sequencing technology from two cohort samples, a recent study has shown that ACE2 is highly expressed in cholangiocytes rather than the hepatocytes or other interstitial cells. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus infections involving 13 patients outside Wuhan, China The first case of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia imported into Korea from Wuhan, China: implication for infection prevention and control measures Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1111/1751-2980.12862 id = cord-312741-0au4nctt author = Lin, Panpan title = Coronavirus in human diseases: Mechanisms and advances in clinical treatment date = 2020-10-01 keywords = East; MERS; Middle; RNA; SARS; coronavirus; protein; respiratory; syndrome summary = 160, 161 Once the PAMPs from invaded viruses are detected, RIG-I and MDA5 interact with the mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVs) that is a mitochondrial membrane-bound F I G U R E 2 Escape mechanisms of innate immune response of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV adaptor molecule, followed by the activation of several kinase complexes and multiple subsequent transcription factors (IRF3, IRF7, and NF-κB). Antiviral peptides analogous derived from these regions exhibited inhibition to the spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion and viral entry in viruses such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, as well as HCoV-229E. Receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein contains multiple conformation-dependent epitopes that induce highly potent neutralizing antibodies Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response Inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infectivity by peptides analogous to the viral spike protein doi = 10.1002/mco2.26 id = cord-353484-q7d0ysbo author = Liu, Xue title = COVID-19: Progress in diagnostics, therapy and vaccination date = 2020-06-19 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; RNA; SARS; patient summary = Given the urgency of the outbreak, we focus here on recent advances in the diagnostics, treatment, and vaccine development for SARS-CoV-2 infection, helping to guide strategies to address the current COVID-19 pandemic. Another type of rapid diagnostic test (RDT) that detects the presence of viral antigens expressed by SARS-CoV-2 virus in a respiratory tract sample is of low complexity and may provide results typically within 30 minutes [68, 69] . Studies in Vero E6 cells have suggested that favipiravir can cripple the SARS-CoV-2 virus (EC50 = 61.88 μM) [88] , and patients with COVID-19 are being recruited in randomized trials to evaluate the efficacy of favipiravir plus other antivirals (e.g., ClinicalTrials.gov: ChiCTR2000029600, ChiCTR2000029544). As no specific therapeutic agents or vaccines are available for COVID-19, this therapy is the only strategy that is immediately available for use to prevent and treat a novel, emerging infectious disease such as SARS-CoV-2 infection [121, 122] . doi = 10.7150/thno.47987 id = cord-321670-f2d4bykp author = Longardt, Ann Carolin title = Perinatale Aspekte der SARS-CoV-2 Infektion date = 2020-08-24 keywords = Coronavirus; Frauen; SARS; der; die summary = In einer Studie aus den 50 Kliniken in Wuhan wurden 118 Frauen mit COVID-19 zwischen Dezember 2019 und März 2020 erfasst; 109 zeigten einen milden Verlauf und 9 (8 %) einen schweren Verlauf mit Hypoxämie, eine hiervon wurde beatmet. Abgesehen davon, dass das Virus selten im Blut detektiert wurde, stellt sich auch die Frage nach der Expres sion des SARS-CoV-2-Rezeptors ACE2 im Bereich der maternofetalen Grenzfläche beziehungsweise in der Plazenta. Gesichert ist der Infektionsweg durch eine SARS-CoV-2-Übertragung über die Muttermilch damit jedoch nicht. Anzunehmen ist aber auch die Weitergabe von SARSCoV2Antikörpern über die Muttermilch an das Kind, was den klinischen Verlauf einer kindlichen Infektion positiv beeinflussen könnte, ähnlich wie es bei der SARS-Epidemie 2002/2003 berichtet wurde [42] . Vertical Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) from Infected Pregnant Mothers to Neonates: A Review An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID19, Their Newborn Infants, and MaternalFetal Transmission of SARS CoV2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes doi = 10.1055/a-1192-7437 id = cord-031840-k9l91unc author = Lu, Li title = Forum: COVID-19 Dispatches date = 2020-09-11 keywords = Asia; COVID-19; China; East; Japan; Korea; South; chinese; coronavirus; pandemic; virus summary = doi = 10.1177/1532708620953190 id = cord-349287-mwj2qby4 author = Mackay, Ian M. title = MERS coronavirus: diagnostics, epidemiology and transmission date = 2015-12-22 keywords = Coronavirus; East; KSA; MERS; Middle; Respiratory; Syndrome summary = The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV), occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. Most human cases of MERS have been linked to lapses in infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare settings, with approximately 20 % of all virus detections reported among healthcare workers (HCWs) and higher exposures in those with occupations that bring them into close contact with camels. Since asymptomatic zoonoses have been posited [72] , an absence of antibodies to MERS-CoV among some humans who have regular and close contact with camels may reflect the rarity of actively infected animals at butcheries, a limited transmission risk associated with slaughtering DCs [70] , a pre-existing cross-protective immune status or some other factor(s) resulting in a low risk of disease and concurrent seroconversion developing after exposure in this group. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-tohuman transmission doi = 10.1186/s12985-015-0439-5 id = cord-344217-kci4uw7u author = Majid, Sabhiya title = Managing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Research Strategies Based on the Evolutionary and Molecular Characteristics of Coronaviruses date = 2020-08-25 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; MERS; SARS; coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1007/s42399-020-00457-z id = cord-318492-uu1p1rgi author = Mansueto, Gelsomina title = COVID-19: Brief Check Point Through The Pathologist's Eye (autopsy archive) date = 2020-08-28 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS summary = doi = 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153195 id = cord-349313-2gupfqnl author = Martinez-Perez, Clara title = Citation Network Analysis of the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-10-21 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; SARS; publication summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17207690 id = cord-315598-qwh72inx author = Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini title = ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = AMCI; COVID-19; Care; China; Coronavirus; Disease; EPP; FUNDAMENTO; HCQ; PCR; PEEP; SARS; SDRA; TCZ; UCI; Wuhan; acute; clinical; como; con; del; las; los; pacientes; para; patient; por; que; recomienda; respiratory; una; uso summary = De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400). doi = 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.004 id = cord-021152-6znmkvy9 author = Montecino-Latorre, Diego title = Reproduction of East-African bats may guide risk mitigation for coronavirus spillover date = 2020-02-07 keywords = SARS; bat; coronavirus; detection; specie summary = METHODS: To assess the generalizability of coronavirus shedding seasonality, we sampled hundreds of bats belonging to several species with different life history traits across East Africa at different times of the year. Assuming that higher spillover risk is a function of higher viral shedding [67] and that all coronaviruses with zoonotic potential behave ecologically similarly to coronaviruses detected in this study, managers could target the prevention of human-bat direct (consumption) or indirect (bat droppings) contact specifically during the high-risk season: around and just after weaning, the timing of observable juveniles or individuals smaller than adults. Our proposed risk-driven strategy i) is evidence-based, as it builds upon coronavirus shedding patterns observed across several chiropteran species present around the world; ii) does not require the advanced laboratory capacity often lacking in resource-restricted settings where intense bat-human interfaces usually occur; iii) is a good alternative to the ideal but expensive and resourceintensive longitudinal surveys; and iv) it may prevent the exposure to viruses belonging to other taxa whose observed bat shedding dynamics resemble our findings for coronaviruses (e.g. paramyxoviruses [97] ), doi = 10.1186/s42522-019-0008-8 id = cord-104420-b67xpq12 author = Mungmunpuntipantip, Rujittika title = Frequency of diarrhea in novel coronavirus 2019 infection date = 2020 keywords = coronavirus summary = title: Frequency of diarrhea in novel coronavirus 2019 infection In additional to respiratory manifestation, atypical clinical presentation of the new disease is possible. Here, the authors performed a summative analysis on available data on 314 cases of novel coronavirus 2019 infections (2 -4) to calculate for frequency of diarrhea. Based on this observation, it can show that diarrhea is a possible atypical clinical presentation of novel coronavirus 2019 infection. in fact, diarrhea is usually a possible but forgotten clinical presentation in new emerging disease such as swine flu (5) . Practitioner should recognize the possibility that diarrhea might be the first clinical presentation of the patient with novel coronavirus 2019 infection. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia doi = nan id = cord-287758-da11ypiy author = Mônica Vitalino de Almeida, Sinara title = COVID-19 therapy: what weapons do we bring into battle? date = 2020-09-10 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; FDA; FIG; MERS; RNA; SARS; drug; patient; viral summary = The increase in studies related to SARS-CoV-2 during the first semester in 2020 has allowed the rather speedy identification of promising therapeutic targets for both developing immunotherapies and producing/identifying antiviral drugs. 5, 64 So far, structural proteins and enzymes that participate actively in the process of viral replication are the most investigated targets for the development of molecules for anti-CoVs therapies (FIG. Based on results from previous studies as well, nelfinavir was considered a likely therapy for COVID-19 after its indication for clinical trials as a promising anti-SARS drug. 218 In addition to this well-known antitumor effect, imatinib has also shown in-vitro antiviral properties against several virus, such as infectious bronchitis virus (a viral model for studying the role of tyrosine kinase activity during CoV infection), by interfering with virus-cell fusion, 219 and other RNA viruses including coxsackie virus, 220 hepatitis C virus, 221 Ebola, 222 among others, mainly by blocking viral entry or egress from the host cell. doi = 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115757 id = cord-272902-kdkyzfjv author = Naghibzadeh, Mahmoud title = Developing an ultra-efficient microsatellite discoverer to find structural differences between SARS-CoV-1 and Covid-19 date = 2020-05-21 keywords = Coronavirus; SARS; microsatellite; repeat summary = An accurate and highly efficient computer method for identifying all microsatellites in the genome sequences is discovered and implemented, and it is used to find all microsatellites in the Coronavirus-Covid-19 and SARS2003. Therefore, this research follows two objectives, development of a general microsatellite discoverer which can be used for different genomes, and analysis of the structures of both SARS-CoV-1 and that of Coronavirus-Covid-19 using this tool and revealing their differences. The properties and novelties of the presented method, which is named Fast MicroSatellite Discoverer (FMSD), for finding all microsatellites of a given gene, DNA, RNA, or other genome sequences including the Novel Coronavirus (GenBabk 2019) and SARS (Rota et al. Section 5 details the evaluation, reports the comparison results, and highlights the structural differences with respect to microsatellites between SARS and Coronavirus-Covid-19 as a case study. A software tool called mreps is develop to detect all tandem repeats, including microsatellites, in DNA as well as whole genome. doi = 10.1016/j.imu.2020.100356 id = cord-294651-iy0h2pyf author = Nasrallah, Ali A. title = A large number of COVID-19 interventional clinical trials were registered soon after the pandemic onset: a descriptive analysis date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; trial summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2020.06.005 id = cord-279488-oc0edgd2 author = Nguyen, Trieu title = 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Paving the Road for Rapid Detection and Point-of-Care Diagnostics date = 2020-03-14 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus summary = doi = 10.3390/mi11030306 id = cord-303523-m16vlv1q author = Ogundokun, R. O. title = MACHINE LEARNING PREDICTION FOR COVID 19 PANDEMIC IN INDIA date = 2020-05-26 keywords = April; Coronavirus; India; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107847 id = cord-286683-mettlmhz author = Ortiz-Prado, Esteban title = Clinical, molecular and epidemiological characterization of the SARS-CoV2 virus and the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a comprehensive literature review date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; infection; patient; severe summary = Interestingly, the increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines in serum associated with pulmonary inflammation and extensive lung damage described both in SARS [59] and MERS diseases [60] were also reported in the early study of 41 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan [41] . A recently published case report of a patient with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 revealed the presence of an increased activated CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs), follicular helper T cells (TFH cells), and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies, suggesting that both cellular and humoral responses are important in containing the virus and inhibiting severe pathology [82] . Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series doi = 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115094 id = cord-262119-s6hc7fxs author = Ostaszewski, Marek title = COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms date = 2020-10-27 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Disease; Map; SARS; SBML; cell; pathway; protein summary = title: COVID-19 Disease Map, a computational knowledge repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms The molecular pathophysiology that links SARS-CoV-2 infection to the clinical manifestations and course of COVID-19 is complex and spans multiple biological pathways, cell types and organs [2, 3] . With this goal in mind, we initiated a collaborative effort involving over 230 biocurators, domain experts, modelers and data analysts from 120 institutions in 30 countries to develop the COVID-19 Disease Map, an open-access collection of curated computational diagrams and models of molecular mechanisms implicated in the disease [4] . The COVID-19 Disease Map diagrams, available in layout-aware systems biology formats and integrated with external repositories, are available in several formats allowing a range of computational analyses, including network analysis and Boolean, kinetic or multiscale simulations. COVID-19 Disease Map, building a computational repository of SARS-CoV-2 virus-host interaction mechanisms doi = 10.1101/2020.10.26.356014 id = cord-268939-ws74xprt author = Ozoner, Baris title = Neurosurgery Practice During Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; SARS; patient summary = The increased burden has substantially impacted the neurosurgery practice and intensive modifications were required in surgical scheduling, inpatient and outpatient clinics, management of emergency cases, and even academic activities. Operations of COVID-19 positive patients, and emergency cases, where screening can not be obtained, should be performed following level 3 protective measures. [5] [6] [7] In neurosurgery practice, intensive modifications were required in surgical scheduling, administration of inpatient and outpatient clinics, management of emergency cases, and even academic & educational activities. 26 A recent study from Wuhan City, China reported that some severe COVID-19 patients developed neurologic manifestations, such as acute cerebrovascular diseases (5.7%), and impaired consciousness (14.8%). 76, 80 Also, a patient with a mass lesion in the sellar region that underwent endonasal endoscopic surgery in Neurosurgery Department, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan City, China was diagnosed with COVID-19 after surgery, and disease was confirmed in 14 healthcare professionals in the same clinic afterwards. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.195 id = cord-286958-e1ey31eo author = Patel, Urvish title = Early epidemiological indicators, outcomes, and interventions of COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review date = 2020-08-15 keywords = CFR; China; Coronavirus; Italy; covid-19 summary = We evaluated the global burden of COVID-19 including case fatality rates (CFR), strength of association between deaths and cases to predict CFR, case doubling time, COVID-19 specific mortality rates, and control measures by governments to prevent spread among USA, China, Italy, Iran, Spain, Germany, India, and South Korea. Bavaria declared a state of emergency for 14 days and measures to limit public movement and additional funds for medicine supplies were introduced [71] ; All flights from Iran and China stopped by German Ministry of Transport [72] ; Travelling in coaches, attending religious meetings, visiting playgrounds or engaging in tourism prohibited [73] 17 Finance minister announced US$24 billion stimulus package [88] Infection rate at the beginning of the major intervention (nationwide closure of school or major Table 6 mentions the predicted dates of the peak number of cases based on strict interventions. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020506 id = cord-311847-2czqs84q author = Pennisi, Manuela title = SARS-CoV-2 and the Nervous System: From Clinical Features to Molecular Mechanisms date = 2020-07-31 keywords = ACE2; CNS; COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; patient summary = Increasing evidence suggests that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also invade the central nervous system (CNS). Although there are limitations in the epidemiological studies carried on COVID-19, as well as limited case records for determining the actual incidence of these complications, some patients reported neurological symptoms, but clinical findings and pathogenic features have not yet systematically addressed. The aims of this review are i) to summarize the available information on the relationship between CoVs and the nervous system, ii) to identify the potential targets and routes of entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the nervous system, and iii) to describe the range of the neurological features reported to date in patients with COVID-19 and the proposed pathogenic mechanisms. Indeed, no axonal transport of SARS-CoV-2 to the brain has been demonstrated in the hamster model during the first two weeks after infection [89] , and no viral accumulation or persistence has been reported in cerebral olfactory regions of autopsy material from patients with COVID-19 [90] . doi = 10.3390/ijms21155475 id = cord-289680-pjcskj4m author = Piazza, Kelly Senters title = Light in the midst of chaos: COVID-19 and female political representation() date = 2020-09-02 keywords = Coronavirus; female; woman summary = Research on gender and politics shows that exceptional environments can activate stereotypes of women as honest, trustworthy, and competent lawmakers in public health and, in doing so, can generate increased public support for female political candidates. In line with this research, the Coronavirus Pandemic may increase female representation not due to their perceived trustworthiness or competence in public health but because party leaders are more likely to assign women to leadership positions with high risk of failure in moments of crisis. Reports praising German Chancellor Angela Merkel''s sciencebased response, widespread testing, transparency, stringent social distancing policies, travel restrictions, and relational appeals to the public to induce compliance 6 and New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Arden''s clarity, compassion, strict national lockdown, travel restrictions, and pervasive testing (Mahdawi, 2020) 7 have fostered the narrative that female executives have more effectively, efficiently, and impressively handled the coronavirus pandemic (Cherneski, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105125 id = cord-347289-3yi5tz04 author = Poon, L. . C. title = ISUOG Interim Guidance on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals – an update date = 2020-06-01 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient; pregnant summary = American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG): https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/phys ician-faqs/covid-19-faqs-for-ob-gyns-obstetrics Centers for Disease Control , caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global public health emergency. A case series of 12 pregnant women with SARS-CoV in Hong Kong, China, reported three maternal deaths, that four of seven patients who presented in the first trimester had spontaneous miscarriage, four of five patients who presented after 24 weeks had preterm birth and two mothers recovered without delivery but their ongoing pregnancies were complicated by FGR 8 . In two studies, with a combined total of 10 pregnant women with COVID-19 in the third trimester, amniotic fluid, cord blood and neonatal throat swab samples tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, suggesting there was no evidence of vertical transmission in women who developed COVID-19 pneumonia in late pregnancy 26, 76 . An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes doi = 10.1002/uog.22061 id = cord-294677-l1b4mw9d author = Prashantha, C.N. title = Molecular screening of antimalarial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and HIV protease inhibitors against spike glycoprotein of Coronavirus date = 2020-10-13 keywords = Coronavirus; SARS; protein summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107769 id = cord-355238-wl53z9l7 author = Putrino, Alessandra title = Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Italy: knowledge, management of patients and clinical experience of Italian dentists during the spread of contagion date = 2020-07-10 keywords = Italy; Pearson; coronavirus; dentist summary = Due to the increasing involvement of a large part of the population in the global epidemic situation in Italy, the present study aimed to assess the knowledge about the new coronavirus, the perception of risk and the clinical management of the risk related to infection during the first month of the Italian epidemic in an online survey of Italian dentists. Six questions were intended to evaluate the direct influence of the coronavirus epidemic on the dentist''s clinical activity (presence or absence of infected cases in their region; questions of patients about coronavirus; patients appearing to be worried or not about possible infections with coronavirus during dental procedures; effective decrease or not in patient appointment number since the coronavirus outbreak onset; adoption of special measures taken during professional activity since the coronavirus emergency started in Italy; and which prevention methods are possibly used). doi = 10.1186/s12903-020-01187-3 id = cord-352985-5ccrkfsa author = Putter, Jeffrey S. title = An Update on COVID-19 Infection Control Measures, Plasma-Based Therapeutics, Corticosteroid Pharmacotherapy and Vaccine Research date = 2020-09-04 keywords = CCP; coronavirus; plasma summary = This communication provides a compilation on aspects of COVID-19 infection control measures, describes the potential role of therapeutic plasma exchange to reduce fatality rates, addresses precautions concerning dexamethasone pharmacotherapy and updates the current status on the availability of vaccines. As the virus can cause excess inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines to circulate, in theory it would be advantageous to exchange patients with fresh frozen plasma or convalescent plasma containing a fixed dose of coronavirus neutralising antibody, NAb, if available from a donor. Alternatively, the above purer hyperimmune products can be used for upgrading the antibody content of the potential pool of CCP or its cryosupernatant, that will be essential as the carrier of such bioproduct in therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). Use of convalescent whole blood or plasma collected from patients recovered from Ebola virus disease for transfusion as an empirical treatment during outbreaks doi = 10.1016/j.transci.2020.102934 id = cord-292912-ufcvecwo author = Qiu, Ruijin title = Outcome reporting from protocols of clinical trials of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review date = 2020-03-08 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.03.04.20031401 id = cord-266260-t02jngq0 author = Ramshaw, Rebecca E. title = A database of geopositioned Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus occurrences date = 2019-12-13 keywords = Coronavirus; East; MERS; Middle; Respiratory; Syndrome summary = As a World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint priority pathogen, there is a need to better understand the geographic distribution of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and its potential to infect mammals and humans. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged as a global health concern in 2012 when the first human case was documented in Saudi Arabia 1 . Previous literature reviews have looked at healthcare-associated outbreaks 9 , importation events resulting in secondary cases 10, 11 , occurrences among dromedary camels 12, 13 , or to summarize current knowledge and knowledge gaps of MERS-CoV 14, 15 . This database seeks fill gaps in literature and build upon existing notification data by enhancing the geographic resolution of MERS-CoV data and providing occurrences of both mammal and environmental detections in addition to human cases. First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission doi = 10.1038/s41597-019-0330-0 id = cord-254446-yxqbe1dj author = Ren, Yunzhao R. title = A Comprehensive Updated Review on SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient summary = doi = 10.1002/jcph.1673 id = cord-256051-87alqfkd author = Revzin, Margarita V. title = Multisystem Imaging Manifestations of COVID-19, Part 1: Viral Pathogenesis and Pulmonary and Vascular System Complications date = 2020-10-01 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Fig; SARS; patient summary = doi = 10.1148/rg.2020200149 id = cord-258679-rlfsqgm7 author = Rha, Brian title = Update: Severe Respiratory Illness Associated with a Novel Coronavirus — Worldwide, 2012–2013 date = 2013-03-15 keywords = coronavirus summary = doi = nan id = cord-322456-5at1euqm author = Rokohl, Alexander C. title = Die Rolle der Augenheilkunde in der COVID-19-Pandemie date = 2020-06-09 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS; und summary = Im Dezember 2019 wurde Dr. Li Wenliang, ein Augenarzt aus der Volksrepublik China, in seinem Krankenhaus auf 7 Patienten, die alle unter einem schweren akuten Atemnotsyndrom litten und vorher einen Großmarkt in Wuhan besuchten, aufmerksam. Das COVID-19 auslösende Severe-Acute-Respiratory-Syndrome-related Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) wurde durch die Coronavirus-Studiengruppe des Internationalen Komitees zur Taxonomie von Viren (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) aufgrund der sehr engen Verwandtschaft zum Sars-Virus (Sars-CoV), an dem 2002/2003 Hunderte Menschen gestorben waren, benannt. Auch Dr. Li Wenliang, der Augenarzt, der die COVID-19 als einer der Ersten entdeckte und später auch an der Krankheit verstarb, könnte von einem asymptomatischen Patienten infiziert worden sein [23] . Zudem konnte in mehreren Studien mit hospitalisierten COVID-19-Patienten SARS-CoV-2-RNA in der Tränenflüssigkeit nachgewiesen werden [2, 28, 30, 32] . Although isolated conjunctival involvement is highly unlikely, at the current point in time of the COVID-19 pandemic, practically every patient examined by an ophthalmologist could be infected with SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.1007/s00347-020-01148-9 id = cord-004992-tvpo1kxb author = Russell, R. G. title = Coronavirus-like particles andCampylobacter in marmosets with diarrhea and colitis date = 1985 keywords = Campylobacter; coronavirus; like summary = Coronavirus-like particles were found in 24% and Campylobacter fetus subsp, jejuni in 20% of sampled animals with diarrhea. Immunoblotting studies on serum from a small number of animals having diarrhea suggested the presence in the colony of antibodies to a coronavirus antigenically related to the bovine enteric coronavirus but not the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. In an initial attempt to identify the coronaviruslike agents as coronaviruses, serum from 10 marmosets having diarrhea were reacted against viral proteins of the bovine enteric coronavirus and of the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, representatives of the two antigenic subgroups of the mammalian coronaviruses. We describe coronavirus-like particles and Campylobacter in the feces of marmosets suffering diarrhea and colitis. Further investigation is necessary to establish the role of the coronavirus-like particles in both the diarrhea and the colitis observed in the marmosets. doi = 10.1007/bf01296981 id = cord-338189-j4hnldk4 author = Saadat, Saeida title = Environmental perspective of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; China; coronavirus; people summary = The easy spread of this virus made people to wear a mask as precautionary route, use gloves and hand sanitizer on a daily basis that resulted in generation of a massive amount of medical wastes in the environment. However, the lock down of the COVID-19 pandemic caused the air quality in many cities across the globe to improve and drop in water pollutions in some parts of the world. There are some factors that contribute to the risk of COVID-19 but they are probably felt differently by different socioeconomic groups (Lipsitch et al., 2020) -People who have had medical problems of diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, or even high blood pressure and cancer are at higher risk from coronavirus (Giannis et al., 2020; Fang et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020) . The major death cases of coronavirus outbreak are happening mainly in old people probably because of a poor immune system that allows rapid growth of viral infections. doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138870 id = cord-300817-cxc00k0d author = Saha, Jay title = Indoor air pollution (IAP) and pre-existing morbidities among under-5 children in India: are risk factors of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)?() date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Coronavirus; India; covid-19 summary = doi = 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115250 id = cord-139097-deuvq0wf author = Sahasranaman, Anand title = Network structure of COVID-19 spread and the lacuna in India''s testing strategy date = 2020-03-21 keywords = Coronavirus; India summary = We characterize the network of COVID-19 spread in India and find that the transmission rate is 0.43, with daily case growth driven by individuals who contracted the virus abroad. Given this bias in testing, it should be no surprise that among the observed cases of COVID-19 in the country, a majority are travellers from high-risk countries and their immediate contacts with local transmission (as reflected in the networks structure of infections, Fig. 2b ). Consolidated data from ICMR tells us that India has so far tested a total of 13,486 samples [35] , or 10 tests people per million population, which is very low compared to other countries that have been testing for community spread [36] , and creates the risk of missing such transmission in case it is already underway in the country. Coronavirus update: 3 more test positive for COVID-19 in Maharashtra, number rises to 5 doi = nan id = cord-343001-a6xrs0jy author = Sahu, Kamal Kant title = Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): Update on 3rd Coronavirus Outbreak of 21st Century date = 2020-03-03 keywords = Coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa081 id = cord-259229-e8m8m4ut author = Samidurai, Arun title = Cardiovascular Complications Associated with COVID-19 and Potential Therapeutic Strategies date = 2020-09-16 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = doi = 10.3390/ijms21186790 id = cord-289588-n61gz7pi author = Samudrala, Pavan Kumar title = Virology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and in-line treatment of COVID-19 date = 2020-07-17 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS summary = Literature reported a significant mutation in receptor binding sites and membrane proteins of the previous SARS-CoV to turned as SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for most dreadful pandemic COVID-19. As far as safety is a major concern, 424 Gilead Sciences announced phase III clinical trial of remdesivir to prove its safety and 425 efficacy in COVID-19 infection (Keown, 16 .03.2020). Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and 687 diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early 688 outbreak period: a scoping review First known person-to-784 person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 785 the USA Clinical 803 features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Vaccine Development and Production: An 817 Severe acute respiratory 845 syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The 846 epidemic and the challenges Unique epidemiological and clinical features 949 of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control 950 measures doi = 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173375 id = cord-254224-123nwaxy author = Sato, Kunihiko title = Neutralizing Antibody to Calf Diarrhea Coronavirus in Various Animal Species in Japan date = 2013-11-14 keywords = coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1981.tb00065.x id = cord-264296-0x90yubt author = Sawmya, Shashata title = Analyzing hCov genome sequences: Applying Machine Intelligence and beyond date = 2020-06-03 keywords = China; Coronavirus; India; sequence summary = We present here an analysis pipeline comprising phylogenetic analysis on strains of this novel virus to track its evolutionary history among the countries uncovering several interesting relationships, followed by a classification exercise to identify the virulence of the strains and extraction of important features from its genetic material that are used subsequently to predict mutation at those interesting sites using deep learning techniques. C. Several CNN-RNN based models are used to predict mutations at specific Sites of Interest (SoIs) of the sars-cov-2 genome sequence followed by further analyses of the same on several South-Asian countries. D. Overall, we present an analysis pipeline that can be further utilized as well as extended and revised (a) to study where a newly discovered genome sequence lies in relation to its predecessors in different regions of the world; (b) to analyse its virulence with respect to the number of deaths its predecessors have caused in their respective countries and (c) to analyse the mutation at specific important sites of the viral genome. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.03.131987 id = cord-312178-tojgojjf author = Segars, James title = Prior and Novel Coronaviruses, COVID-19, and Human Reproduction: What Is Known? date = 2020-04-16 keywords = ACE2; COVID-19; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS summary = Evidence suggests that COVID-19 infection has a lower maternal case fatality rate than SARS or MERS, but anecdotal reports suggest that infected, asymptomatic women may develop respiratory symptoms postpartum. The rapid spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) across the globe. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads rapidly, with 2-3 people infected from every index case, a reproduction number (R 0 ) or transmission rate of 2.24 -3.58 (2) . The aim of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the impact of prior coronaviruses and the novel SARS-CoV-2 infection on reproduction and pregnancy. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of the literature An Analysis of 38 Pregnant Women with COVID-19, Their Newborn Infants, and Maternal-Fetal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Maternal Coronavirus Infections and Pregnancy Outcomes doi = 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.025 id = cord-268483-joiajgs4 author = Shah, Vibhuti Kumar title = Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past date = 2020-08-07 keywords = COVID-19; CoV-2; MERS; SARS; cell; coronavirus summary = doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01949 id = cord-331022-tek4u751 author = Sinderewicz, Emilia title = Immune Response to COVID-19: Can We Benefit from the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV Pandemic Experience? date = 2020-09-09 keywords = CD4; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS summary = The study also presents the quantity and frequency of T cell responses, particularly CD4(+) and CD8(+); the profile of cytokine production and secretion; and its relation to T cell type, disease severity, and utility in prognostics of the course of SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 outbreaks. Moreover, the kinetics of specific antibody production, the correlation between humoral and cellular immune response and the immunogenicity of the structural HCoVs proteins and their utility in the development of a vaccine against SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 has been updated. The current study reviewed the role of interleukins (ILs) with tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), chemokines and interferons (IFNs) in the immune response to HCoVs. A comparison of the content of proinflammatory Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the serum of SARS patients with healthy controls documented a significantly greater concentration of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 in the early stage of the SARS-CoV infection [32, 40] . doi = 10.3390/pathogens9090739 id = cord-260225-bc1hr0fr author = Sirpilla, Olivia title = SARS-CoV-2-Encoded Proteome and Human Genetics: From Interaction-Based to Ribosomal Biology Impact on Disease and Risk Processes date = 2020-07-20 keywords = Coronavirus; NMD; Protein; RNA; Respiratory; SARS; Syndrome; acute summary = doi = 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00421 id = cord-345014-qp13h0un author = Stein, Richard Albert title = The 2019 coronavirus: Learning curves, lessons, and the weakest link date = 2020-03-13 keywords = SARS; coronavirus summary = 14 In the most recent of the three coronavirus outbreaks, several clusters of patients with pneumonia started to be reported on December 8, 2019 from Wuhan, China, and most of them were epidemiologically linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. 24, 25 The virus shares >70% genetic similarity with the 2002-2003 SARS-CoV strain, 5 is most closely related to coronaviruses of bat origin, 17 its spike glycoprotein gene appears to have emerged by recombination between a bat coronavirus and a coronavirus of unknown origins, and relative synonymous codon usage bias analyses indicate that snakes may be a potential reservoir. 26 The SARS-CoV spike protein receptor binds the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells, an interaction that shapes cross-species and human-to-human transmission. 10,58-60 Every outbreak brings something new, provides opportunities to reap the benefits gained from past epidemics and pandemics, and provides novel lessons that will shape the framework to manage emerging infectious diseases. The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health -the latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1111/ijcp.13488 id = cord-322980-rembksdr author = Talwar, Shivangi title = Ayurveda and Allopathic Therapeutic Strategies in Coronavirus Pandemic Treatment 2020 date = 2020-10-22 keywords = Ayurveda; COVID-19; SARS; coronavirus; treatment summary = The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2019) emerged in 2019 in the month of December in Wuhan city of China, which again made the life of humans miserable with numerous fatal health issues and slowly and gradually this virus entrapped the whole world [2, 3] . Before the doctors, scientists, and researchers could study and come up with a cure for treatment, this virus had already infected more than lakhs of people across the world with the human coronavirus pathogens, i.e., HCoV-22E and HCoV-OC43, which affects the upper respiratory tract. Because of broad reach, presently, remdesivir and its in vitro studies against coronavirus help in treating SARS-CoV-2 with EC50 and EC90 estimations of 0.77 μM and 1.76 μM, respectively, and are proved to be a fruitful expected treatment for COVID-19 [ doi = 10.1007/s40495-020-00245-2 id = cord-024942-udhajlx2 author = Tang, Lei title = Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: Assessing Inflammation Burden with Volume-rendered Chest CT date = 2020-03-06 keywords = Coronavirus summary = key: cord-024942-udhajlx2 authors: Tang, Lei; Zhang, Xiaoyong; Wang, Yvquan; Zeng, Xianchun title: Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: Assessing Inflammation Burden with Volume-rendered Chest CT cord_uid: udhajlx2 technique (PULMO 3D software, VB20; Siemens Healthineers, Forchheim, Germany) highlighted the distribution of pulmonary opacities, which was useful to determine the extension of the disease (Fig 2, Movie [supplement] ). The patient was diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. This copy is for personal use only. To order printed copies, contact reprints@rsna.org Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: Assessing Inflammation Burden with Volume-rendered Chest CT Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China CT Imaging of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Pneumonia Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation reports Disclosures of Conflicts of Interest: L.T. disclosed no relevant relationships. X. Zhang disclosed no relevant relationships. Y.W. disclosed no relevant relationships. X. Zeng disclosed no relevant relationships. doi = 10.1148/ryct.2020200044 id = cord-274416-bmvazgj7 author = Trevisanuto, Daniele title = Neonatal Resuscitation Where the Mother Has a Suspected or Confirmed Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: Suggestion for a Pragmatic Action Plan date = 2020-04-24 keywords = COVID-19; Coronavirus; SARS summary = title: Neonatal Resuscitation Where the Mother Has a Suspected or Confirmed Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Infection: Suggestion for a Pragmatic Action Plan This perspective aims to be a practical support tool for the planning of delivery and neonatal resuscitation of infants born by mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Although it is unlikely that neonates born from SARS-CoV-2-infected mothers require an intensive care management related to the maternal infection [18, 19] , coronaviruses may result in adverse outcomes for the fetus and infant (intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), spontaneous abortion and perinatal death) [16, 17, 25] . Our designated approach for the management of women with suspected or confirmed CO-VID-19 and their infants before, during, and after delivery provides cues to reduce the chance of neonatal infection and therefore potential negative outcomes in the newborn. doi = 10.1159/000507935 id = cord-319983-e4f2sfl4 author = Tripathi, Shweta title = The COVID-19: Current understanding date = 2020-09-26 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; SARS summary = Till the date of writing this article (August 15, 2020), a total number of 2526192+65002 laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 from 35 states and Union Territories, out of which 1,915,580 (71.91%) recovered, while 50,924 (1.93%) deaths are reported in India [8, 10] . According to the Ministry of Family and Health Welfare of India; a suspected case is defined as a patient with acute respiratory illness (fever and at least one sign/symptom of respiratory disease, e.g., cough, and shortness of breath) and a history of travel to or residence in a location reporting community transmission of COVID-19, 14 days prior of the beginning of symptoms. However, more clinical trials are needed to prove the safety and effectiveness of convalescent plasma transfusion in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients [48] . Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel Coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1998-2005 id = cord-323618-d09b65gd author = Vabret, A. title = Coronavirus humains (HCoV) date = 2008-05-05 keywords = NL63; SARS; coronavirus; des; les summary = La survenue récente, en 2002 à 2003, de l''épidémie de SRAS (ou syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère), et l''identification de l''agent pathogène responsable, un coronavirus émergent dans la population humaine, ont conduit à un vif regain d''intérêt et une intensification importante des recherches sur ces virus. Certaines données expérimentales sont inattendues : malgré des séquences en aminoacides conservées au niveau de la protéine S1 des HCoV 229E et NL63, ces deux coronavirus humains utilisent des récepteurs différents (APN et ACE2, respectivement) ; par ailleurs, le SARS-CoV utilise le même récepteur cellulaire que NL63 alors que les séquences S1 sont éloignées, cependant le RBD des deux virus semble proche et il est absent chez les SL-CoV. Une des conséquences biologiques de cette grande délétion est le changement de tropisme du virus qui, d''entérique pour le TGEV, est devenu respiratoire pour le PRCV [36] De nombreuses études ont été menées à la recherche du réservoir animal du SARS-CoV. doi = 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.02.018 id = cord-253077-61fmul8c author = Vabret, Nicolas title = Immunology of COVID-19: current state of the science date = 2020-05-06 keywords = CD4; COVID-19; Coronavirus; IFN; MERS; SARS; cell; patient; severe summary = Lastly, Nonhuman primate (NHP) studies and patient data on SARS-CoV-1 have also shown that virus spike-specific IgG responses can exacerbate acute lung injury due to repolarization of alveolar macrophages into pro-inflammatory phenotypes and enhanced recruitment of inflammatory monocyte via CCL2 and IL-8 (Clay et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2019) . Collectively, these data suggest that cross-talk with monocytes might impair NK cell recognition and killing of SARS-CoV-2infected cells, and antibodies targeting IL-6 and TNF-signaling may benefit enhanced NK cell functions in COVID-19 patients ( Figure 2 ). However, these CD4 T cells lacked phenotypic markers of activation and were specific for C-terminal S protein epitopes that are highly similar to endemic human coronaviruses, suggesting that crossreactive CD4 memory T cells in some populations (e.g., children and younger patients that experience a higher incidence of hCoV infections) may be recruited into an amplified primary SARS-CoV-2-specific response (Braun et al., 2020) . doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.05.002 id = cord-274802-7ioiwsd8 author = Varghese, Praveen Mathews title = Host-pathogen interaction in COVID-19: Pathogenesis, potential therapeutics and vaccination strategies date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; Syndrome; acute; cell; clinical; patient; severe; study summary = Proteomic and transcriptomic studies on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from COVID-19 patients have also revealed considerable insights into the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors, co-receptors, immune responses, as well as risk factors for severe disease e.g. age and co-morbidities. Furthermore, treatment with a recombinant C5a antibody on 2 male COVID-19 patients aged 54 and 67 years showed significant benefit in suppressing complement hyperactivation, which contributes to the excessive immune response causing aggravated inflammatory lung injury, a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and lethality (242) . Consistent with endothelial injury, the significantly elevated levels of von Willebrand factor found in the patient with severe COVID-19 has led to the idea that the infection of the ACE2 expressing endothelium by SARS-CoV-2 induces injury and activates the complement , which sets up a feedback loop that maintains a state of inflammation (243, (268) (269) (270) . Initial clinical studies in China involving 100 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, who were treated with Chloroquine, showed amelioration of pneumonia, shortened disease progression, increased resolution of lung lesions on CT, and a better virus-negative conversion (313, 314) . doi = 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152008 id = cord-276951-di5n4wyd author = Venturini, Elisabetta title = Severe neutropenia in infants with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 infection date = 2020-05-19 keywords = coronavirus summary = title: Severe neutropenia in infants with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 infection Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) and resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic. 18, 19 Moreover, the evidence of neutropenia in neonates and infants could be another manifestation of the age-related different immunologic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Epidemiological characteristics of 2143 pediatric patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in China Laboratory abnormalities in children with novel coronavirus disease 2019 A case series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection: clinical and epidemiological features Analysis of CT features of 15 children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection Clinical analysis of 31 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children from six provinces (autonomous region) of northern China A case of children with 2019 novel Coronavirus Infection doi = 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.04.051 id = cord-278668-v530u7h0 author = Walls, Alexandra C. title = Glycan shield and epitope masking of a coronavirus spike protein observed by cryo-electron microscopy date = 2016-09-12 keywords = Fig; HCoV; NL63; coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1038/nsmb.3293 id = cord-018078-clxzp1ph author = Weber, Olaf title = Coronavirus infections in veterinary medicine date = 2005 keywords = TGEV; coronavirus; virus summary = Some important viruses that are discussed below belong to group I and include the canine enteric coronavirus (CECoV), the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine, the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), the porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) and the feline coronaviruses (FCoVs). The clinical symptoms of endemic/enzootic TGE are usually less severe in the older pigs, making a clinical differentiation between TGE and other infectious enteric diseases, like that caused by rotaviruses and/or clostridia, impossible. Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is an important cause of neonatal calf diarrhea [33] but may also infect the respiratory tract and has been recognized as the causing agent especially for winter dysentery in adult cattle. As for other coronaviruses, seasonal changes in temperature, environmental factors but also the immune status play an important role in the transmission of the virus and the clinical outcome of the infection. Two amino acid changes at the N-terminus of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus spike protein result in the loss of enteric tropism doi = 10.1007/3-7643-7339-3_2 id = cord-318392-r9bbomvk author = Woo, Patrick CY title = Coronavirus HKU15 in respiratory tract of pigs and first discovery of coronavirus quasispecies in 5′-untranslated region date = 2017-06-21 keywords = Coronavirus; HKU15; PCR; genome summary = doi = 10.1038/emi.2017.37 id = cord-280518-2tl0mtb8 author = Xia, Jianhua title = Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection date = 2020-03-12 keywords = SARS; coronavirus summary = title: Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the presence of novel coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of SARS–CoV‐2‐infected patients. METHODS: A prospective interventional case series study was performed, and 30 confirmed novel coronavirus pneumonia (NCP) patients were selected at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University from 26 January 2020 to 9 February 2020. Two samples of tear and conjunctival secretions were obtained from the only one patient with conjunctivitis yielded positive RT‐PCR results. On 7 January 2020, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention isolated and confirmed this pathogen as a novel type of coronavirus through a throat swab. Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses named 2019-nCoV severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2. Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection doi = 10.1002/jmv.25725 id = cord-259949-ewcv8m06 author = Xiao, Shu‐Yuan title = Evolving status of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection: Proposal of conventional serologic assays for disease diagnosis and infection monitoring date = 2020-02-17 keywords = coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1002/jmv.25702 id = cord-034351-5br4faov author = Xu, Shuang-Fei title = Cross-Sectional Seroepidemiologic Study of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) among Close Contacts, Children, and Migrant Workers in Shanghai date = 2020-10-02 keywords = Coronavirus; Health; SARS summary = (1) Background: Along with an increasing risk caused by migrant workers returning to the urban areas for the resumption of work and production and growing epidemiological evidence of possible transmission during the incubation period, a study of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is warranted among key populations to determine the serum antibody against the SARS-CoV-2 and the carrying status of SARS-CoV-2 to identify potential asymptomatic infection and to explore the risk factors. Three categories of targeted populations (close contacts, migrant workers who return to urban areas for work, and school children) will be included in this study as they are important for case identification in communities. Since the first known case of pneumonia infected with the novel coronavirus was reported in the city of Wuhan in late December of 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 and announced by the World Health Organization on 11 February 2020, unexpectedly and quickly spread in China and many other countries with rapid geographical expansion and a sudden increase in the number of cases [1, 2] . doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197223 id = cord-305422-t8azymo7 author = Yi, Ye title = COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease date = 2020-03-15 keywords = COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; MERS; SARS; Wuhan; patient summary = The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. The virus is highly homologous to the coronavirus (CoV) that caused an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003; thus, it was named SARS-CoV-2 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020, and the associated disease was named CoV Disease-19 (COVID-19) [1] . Whenever possible, we will try to compare COVID-19 with SARS and another CoV-caused disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, an outbreak in 2012). Due to the lack of experience with the novel CoV, physicians can mainly provide supportive care to COVID-19 patients, while attempting a variety of therapies that have been used or proposed before for the treatment of other CoVs such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV and other viral diseases ( Table 2) . doi = 10.7150/ijbs.45134 id = cord-293082-fw7deem8 author = Zhang, Guangzhi title = Animal coronaviruses and SARS‐CoV‐2 date = 2020-08-16 keywords = CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS summary = doi = 10.1111/tbed.13791 id = cord-303917-2tu707ng author = Zhang, Lei title = Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: A systematic review date = 2020-03-03 keywords = COVID-19; MERS; SARS; coronavirus; vitamin summary = doi = 10.1002/jmv.25707 id = cord-274231-2s7ki6g7 author = Ziebuhr, John title = SARS – Unprecedented global response to a newly emerging disease date = 2003-12-31 keywords = SARS; coronavirus summary = 293, 229 ± 231 (2003) ¹ Urban & Fischer Verlag http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/ijmm Editorial SARS ± Unprecedented global response to a newly emerging disease Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a life-threatening form of pneumonia that is characterized by fever, chills, myalgia, dry cough, and progressing lung infiltrates (Nicholls et al., 2003; Peiris et al., 2003a) . Only few weeks after the outbreak, the concerted global efforts have resulted in the identification of first coronavirus enzyme inhibitors (Anand et al., 2003; Xiong et al., 2003) that are hoped to be useful for the development of anti-SARS drugs. SARS Working Group: A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS study group: Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome doi = 10.1078/1438-4221-00270 id = cord-349417-vn7q8wc4 author = Ziebuhr, John title = The Coronavirus Replicase: Insights into a Sophisticated Enzyme Machinery date = 2006 keywords = RNA; SARS; coronavirus summary = doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_1 id = cord-268561-vq1uhj5i author = da Silva, Severino Jefferson Ribeiro title = Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, the Virus Causing COVID-19 date = 2020-08-04 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; Disease; SARS; patient summary = doi = 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00274 id = cord-281754-auqh3vtr author = nan title = EMERGING RESPIRATORY DISEASE - CORONAVIRUSES date = 2017-09-12 keywords = Coronavirus; H7N9; SARS; respiratory summary = As a human virus the range of disease is broad, from cold like to severe multisystem involvement (These CoV infections are associated with short incubation periods (2-7 days), such as those found in SARS [2, 5, 6, 17, 18, 24, 25] . The etiology causing his illness was identified as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV); it was likely transmitted to at least 10 additional persons. Other pathogens, including members of the Paramyxoviridae family, and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) were considered as causative of this new clinical illness which became known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or SARS. Genomic sequence analysis seems to support the hypothesis that of SARS-CoV is an animal virus for which the normal host is still unknown and that developed the ability to productively infect humans or has the ability to cross species barriers [25] . doi = 10.1016/j.disamonth.2017.03.019 id = cord-344646-wvx6q999 author = nan title = Note from the editors: novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) date = 2020-01-23 keywords = coronavirus summary = In order to support public health action, viral genome sequences were released by Chinese researchers on 10 January [4] and 2 days later, four further sequences were also made available on the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) (https://www.gisaid.org/). The other is a rapid communication where researchers based in Hong Kong report on their attempt to estimate the severity among hospitalised cases of 2019-nCoV infection through modelling based on publically available information, mainly from Wuhan health authorities [7] . International health organisations such as the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the WHO are monitoring the situation and provide regular updates. ECDC has set up a dedicated webpage on which updates and risk assessments with focus on Europe are available: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/ novel-coronavirus-china. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR Laboratory testing for 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in suspected human cases. doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.3.2001231