# ent

id: cord-003602-wtestt8i
type: PERSON
entity:
  ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi ffi Varðm j Àm


id: cord-003602-wtestt8i
type: ORG
entity:
  Bortezomib Induced Unfolded Protein Response Increases Oncolytic HSV 1 Replication Resulting in Synergistic Antitumor Effects Bortezomib


id: cord-018213-w6sh9f3h
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Beijing Red Cross emergency contingency plans for public emergencies The entire nation was involved in epidemic prevention and control including its citizens During the response to the virus volunteers played an important role when multiple departments suffered emergency manpower shortages For example medical and healthcare students in colleges and universities volunteered to work on the front lines


id: cord-018213-w6sh9f3h
type: ORG
entity:
  General Office Ports Healthcare Support Dissemination and Communication Foreign Collaboration Science and Technology and Animal Husbandry and


id: cord-018213-w6sh9f3h
type: ORG
entity:
  the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention the Public Health Emergency Reported Information Management System the China Influenza Information Monitoring System


id: cord-018213-w6sh9f3h
type: ORG
entity:
  Beijing Capital International Airport Company Limited Air China Limited China Southern Beijing Company


id: cord-003640-psnec2qp
type: ORG
entity:
  Healthy Development World Health Organization Report on Infectious Diseases Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus Role


id: cord-003640-psnec2qp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Factors That Structure Microbial Communities A Fortran Computer Program for Permutational Multivariate Analysis


id: cord-020941-1qwbkg9o
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human disturbance of the environment Red deer and feral cats for example inhabit much of New Zealand s pristine


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: DNA
entity:
  HICPACISHENAPICIIDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force Society for Health Care Epidemiology of Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America Pertussis adults


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: ORG
entity:
  the HICPACISHENAPICIIDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force Society for Health Care Epidemiology of Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America Pertussis


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: ORG
entity:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Health Care Quality Promotion National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Human milk Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Care


id: cord-024274-jps1j60a
type: ORG
entity:
  OIE WHO EU International Conference Report of a WHO Consultation on Intradermal Applications of Human Rabies Vaccines Rabies


id: cord-006391-esnsa4u5
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Cirrhotic Rat S Jenkins P Devitt and R Shields Department of Surgery University of Liverpool Liverpool U K


id: cord-006391-esnsa4u5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  NACH2 tetrazolium reductase 21 33 glucose 6 phosphatase 48 33 alphanaphthylacetat esterase 31 33 ATP ase 71 0 5 nucleotidase 38 67 PAS reaction 56 0 MGP staining 30 67 Aspartate


id: cord-006391-esnsa4u5
type: GGP
entity:
  vasopressin 5 58 0 7 to 4 35 0 68 ml 5 min Acute blood loss sufficient to lower the central venous pressure by 5 cm of water


id: cord-006391-esnsa4u5
type: GGP
entity:
  norreals 0 18 0 09p 0 01 indicating a failure of metabolic compensation for reduced bloodflow and oxygen


id: cord-225429-pz9lsaw6
type: DNA
entity:
  110 beta x1 i h2 m11 x3 i h2 m13 0 5 u i u i 1 x1 i h2 m11 m22 b p x2 i h2 m12 beta x1 i h2 m11 x3 i h2 m13 e b x2 i h2 m12 m23 e x2 i h2 m12 g b x3 i h2 m13 m24 b b x4 i h2 m14 m31 b b p x2 i h2 m22 q x3 i h2 m23 b x1 i h2 m21 beta x1 i h2 m21 x3 i h2 m23 0 5 u i u i 1 x1 i h2 m21 m32 b p x2 i h2 m22 beta x1 i h2 m21 x3 i h2 m23 e b x2 i h2 m22 m33 e x2 i h2 m22 g b x3 i h2 m23 m34 b b x4 i h2 m24 m41 b b p x2 i h2 m32 q x3 i h2 m33 b x1 i h2 m31 beta x1 i h2 m31 x3 i h2 m33 u i 1 x1 i h2 m31 m42 b p x2 i h2 m32 beta x1 i h2 m31 x3 i h2 m33 e b x2 i h2 m32 m43 e x2 i h2 m32 g b x3 i h2 m33 m44 b b x4 i h2 m34 x1 i 1 x1 i h 6 m11 2 m21 2 m31 m41 x2 i 1 x2 i h 6 m12 2 m22 2 m32 m42 x3 i 1 x3 i h 6 m13 2 m23 2 m33 m43 x4 i 1 x4 i h 6 m14 2 m24 2 m34 m44 end


id: cord-225429-pz9lsaw6
type: DNA
entity:
  n13 A lambda1 j b q beta x1 j lambda2 j beta x1 j lambda3 j g b n14 b lambda4 j n21 lambda1 j h2 n11 b u j beta 0 5 x3 j x3 j 1 lambda2 j h2 n12 beta 0 5 x3 j x3 j 1 n22 lambda1 j h2 n11 b p lambda2 j h2 n12 e b p b lambda3 j h2 n13 e n23 A lambda1 j h2 n11 b q beta 0 5 x1 j x1 j 1 lambda2 j h2 n12 beta 0 5 x1 j x1 j 1 lambda3 j h2 n13 g b n24 b lambda4 j h2


id: cord-225429-pz9lsaw6
type: DNA
entity:
  x3 j 1 lambda2 j h2 n22 beta 0 5 x3 j x3 j 1 n32 lambda1 j h2 n21 b p lambda2 j h2 n22 e b p b lambda3 j h2 n23 e n33 A lambda1 j h2 n21 b q beta 0 5 x1 j x1 j 1 lambda2 j h2 n22 beta 0 5 x1 j x1 j 1 lambda3 j h2 n23 g b n34 b lambda4 j h2 n24 n41 lambda1 j h2 n31 b u j beta x3 j 1 lambda2 j h2 n32 beta x3 j 1 n42 lambda1 j h2 n31 b p lambda2 j h2 n32 e b p b lambda3 j h2 n33 e n43 A lambda1 j h2 n31 b q beta x1 j 1 lambda2 j h2 n32 beta x1 j 1 lambda3 j h2 n33 g b n44 b lambda4 j h2 n34 lambda1 j 1 lambda1 j h 6 n11 2 n21 2 n31 n41 lambda2 j 1 lambda2 j h 6 n12 2 n22 2 n32 n42 lambda3 j 1 lambda3 j h 6 n13 2 n23 2 n33 n43 lambda4 j 1 lambda4 j h 6 n14 2 n24 2 n34 n44 end


id: cord-299359-s8j78naz
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated With Detection of Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses in Seasonal Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness


id: cord-299359-s8j78naz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC Prevention


id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Protein Kinase C J Lutewa J P Bressler R R Indurti L Belloni Olivi and G W Goldstein Baltimore M D Microvascular


id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease AD We investigated 3 components of Disease learning and recall to determine which aspect of memory


id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4
type: GGP
entity:
  Parkinson s disease PD remain controversial We performed a double blind randomized study with 11 advanced PD patients 5 men 6 women aged 52 79 yr with entry criteria of inadequate response to LD plus dose limiting LD induced side effects dyskinesias hallucinations and confusion Subjects


id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4
type: GGP
entity:
  Parkinson s disease and 1 with essential tremor with refractory hand tremors underwent electromyographically guided intramuscular injections of BOTOX into wrist flexors and extensors Patients without great medication related tremor fluctuations


id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Asymmetrical Effect of Unilateral Thalamotomy or Subthalamotomy on Tremor in Parkinson s Disease Nico Diedericb Christopber G


id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  Cerebral Music Processing A Comparison Study of Musically Trained and Naive Individuals Louis S Russo Jr Jachonville FL


id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4
type: DISEASE
entity:
  deficits in memory 3 40 p 0002 verbal p 28 p 0025 visuospatial p 51 p OOOl abstract reasoning p 31 p 0029 and attentional skills p 50 p 0001


id: cord-306100-dkbujz83
type: ORG
entity:
  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and European Center for Disease Prevention and Control While


id: cord-277409-q5wx313k
type: DNA
entity:
  recombinant canine IL 4 catalog number 754CL and streptavidin DY998 R D Systems USA biotinylated anti canine IL 4 antibody


id: cord-277409-q5wx313k
type: GGP
entity:
  TNF α and IFN γ with IL 4 Fig 4 bottom right panel Moreover upon SLcA stimulation positive correlation was observed between IL 12 with IFN γ and IL 10 Fig 4 bottom right panel A sustained prominent reduction in spleen parasite


id: cord-310232-n10ciwy6
type: ORG
entity:
  Validation of a Visual Analogue Scale for Pain and Anxiety Measurement in Childbirth Unpublished Doctoral


id: cord-329276-tfrjw743
type: DNA
entity:
  Gauss hp adaptive pseudospectral methods http www gpops org 53 These methods approximate the state using a basis of Lagrange polynomials


id: cord-329276-tfrjw743
type: GGP
entity:
  growth ẋ ax 1 x K with K denoting a fixed carrying capacity of the population Another saturation type


id: cord-267671-ys43n672
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  S2 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 C1 C2 L1 L2 L3 E1 S1 S2 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 C1 C2 L1 L2 L3 E1 S1 S2 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 C1 C2 L1 L2 L3 E1 S1 S2 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 C1 C2 L1 L2


id: cord-267671-ys43n672
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  lung skeletal muscle myocardium kidneys nerves and adrenal glands The histologic hallmark is perivascular granulomatosis


id: cord-267671-ys43n672
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  glycogen positive intracytoplasmic inclusions elementary bodies C trachomatis causes ocular and urogenital disease


id: cord-267671-ys43n672
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia Mouse hepatitis virus infection intestine mouse Mouse hepatitis virus infection liver mouse Murine rotavirus infection intestine mouse


id: cord-267671-ys43n672
type: GGP
entity:
  I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 C1 C2 L1 L2 L3 E1 S1 S2 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 C1 C2 L1 L2 L3 E1 S1 S2 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 C1 C2 L1 L2 L3 E1 S1 S2 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 C1 C2 L1


id: cord-267671-ys43n672
type: CL
entity:
  lymphopoietic and hematopoietic neoplasia belong to the family Retroviridae type C oncornaviruses and contain RNA


id: cord-267671-ys43n672
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Komarek 2007 fallopian tube 3 uterine horn 4 endometrium 5 cervix 6 vagina 7 vaginal vestibulum 8 clitoris 9 clitoral gland 10 urethra 11 bladder 12 medial ligament


id: cord-312552-udky2ko7
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  UNICEF United Nations Development Programme UNDP World Bank World Health Organization WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases TDR


id: cord-312552-udky2ko7
type: ORG
entity:
  the UNICEF United Nations Development Programme UNDP World Bank World Health Organization WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases


id: cord-312552-udky2ko7
type: ORG
entity:
  The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank World Health Organization Global


id: cord-296226-ugeupo3u
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the WHO Strategic Technical Advisory Group on Neglected Tropical Diseases and Strategic Advisory Group of Experts Working Group for Dengvaxia


id: cord-296226-ugeupo3u
type: ORG
entity:
  the World Health Organization World Health Organization Global Vector Control Response World Health Organization Framework


id: cord-296226-ugeupo3u
type: ORG
entity:
  Ministry of National Development Centre for Liveable Cities Singapore Sustainable Singapore Blueprint Forging a Greener Tomorrow


id: cord-325300-wawui0fd
type: ORG
entity:
  the advisory Committee on Immunization Practices the American Academy of Pediatrics the American Academy of Family Physicians


id: cord-325300-wawui0fd
type: ORG
entity:
  Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices the American Academy of Pediatrics


id: cord-341434-2xrdv92m
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Clostridium piliforme C spiroforme C difficile E coli Lawsonia intracellularis coronavirus rotavirus protozoans


id: cord-341434-2xrdv92m
type: ORG
entity:
  the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation


id: cord-341434-2xrdv92m
type: DISEASE
entity:
  pericarditis pleuritis sinusitis dacryocystitis conjunctivitis iritis uveitis phlegmon mastitis endometritis pyometra salpingitis


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: DNA
entity:
  ucNavMenu_TSMenuTargetType54 ucNavMenu_TSMenuID56 id51613 Streptococcus salivarius meningitis following myelography Streptococcal meningitis complicating diagnostic myelography three cases and review Streptococcal meningitis after myelography Iatrogenic meningitis an increasing role for resistant viridans streptococci Case


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: GGP
entity:
  I B 3 c Airborne Transmission Airborne transmission occurs by dissemination of either airborne droplet


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: ORG
entity:
  the Guidelines for Prevention of Transmission of Tuberculosis in Hospitals and Other Health Care Settings


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: ORG
entity:
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: ORG
entity:
  Hygiene Task Force Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America Association for Professionals in Infection Control Infectious Diseases Society of America Guideline


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: ORG
entity:
  Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Infectious Diseases Society of America Joint Committee on the Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
type: DISEASE
entity:
  myocardial infarction congestive heart failure overdose stroke gastrointestinal bleeding renal failure hepatic failure multiorgan system failure


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 sICAM 1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 sVCAM 1 and E selectin sELAM 1 sICAM 1 sVCAM 1 sELAM 1


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  plasma soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 sICAM 1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 sVCAM 1 and E selecfin sELAM 1


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  PREHOSPITAL RESUSCITATION EFFORTS C K6ppel G Fahron H Lufft A KrUger C Th Jrk F Bertschat F Martens Dept of Nephrology add Medical Intensive Care Virchow Klinikum Humboldt Universit t D 13353 Bedin Germany Obiective The success rate of prehospital resuscitation in patients with cardiocirculatory arrest in an Emergency Medical System EMS


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  T45 T60 T65 T75 A 2 1 0 6 2 1 0 5 2 1 0 4 2 1 0 4 2 1 0 7 2 1 0 7 2 1 0 Conclusion the C slowed V L and V T


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Swan Ganz pulmonary artery catheter Beckton Dickinson U S A Deseret 1000 Cardiac Output Computer Medical Inc U S A


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: DNA
entity:
  ICU C Kotsavassiloglou D Matamis G Dadoudis J Kioumis D Riggos ICU dep G Papanicolaou Gen Hosp Exohl Thessaloniki


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  pI F CACT PI7 r 0 62 CVC samples 132 88 34 22 V femoralis samples 1 28 84 29 24 p value n s n s Conclusion There is no difference in heparin


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Swan Ganz pulmonary catheter PC requiremen t during elective cardiac surgery according to the need of sustained inotropic support after surgery Methods Three hundred patients aged from 27 to 85 89 females and 211 males were consecutively operated on for elective coronary artery bypass surgery CABG n 179 valvular replacement VR n 98 combination of both VR CABG n 15


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  LDH p 0 04 and a more marked hypoalbuminemia p O 03 Mortality was higer in Group A 52 6 than in Group B 29 6 p 0 04 Analysing the A


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  Objectives Activated endothelial cells release soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 sICAM 1 vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 sVCAM 1


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  fenoterol 0 2 rag For 0 5 h spirometry was repeated Results In resting pulmonary abnormalities observer in the S


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  Propanolol i v RESULTS A significant increase of the aortic diastolic pressures and a significant decrease of the left ventricle telediastolic pressures


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  FIO2 0 4 4 pH 7 45 5 heart rate 20 bm and or 6 non mental alertness and 7 other medical disorders after which adequate weaning therapy was necessary Then successful weaning after 24h was considered 1 spontaneous breathing without any forrn of mechanical assistance 2 stability in haemodynamics and 3 elimination of fever threat Results 122 pts 75 were extubated at 8h without complication 29 other pts 18 at 8h but had to be reintubated because they were hypoxic and began weaning therapy finally they were all re extubated by 48h Only 11 pts 7 proved problematic Conclusion A aesthesia wimhlw options selectkm extubation reintubation and weaning predicted quick times Propofol administration and safe rigid criteria extubation 75 8h and 18 24h exempting pts with developed post operative complications 7 extubation


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  8channel electroencephalograph 4 channel roencephalograph AD converter 16 analog inputs 12 bit resolution 60 k Hz IBM


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: GGP
entity:
  MAP T0 124mmHg T8 118mmHg HR T0 177 T8 201 RAP T0 11mmHg T8 19mmHg PAP T0 26mmHg T8 31mmHg PCWP T0 14mmHg T8 15 mHg SVR T0


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Laterre F Thys E Danse J P Pelgrim E Florence Z Roeseler M S R eynaert Dept of Intensive Care St Luc Univ Hospital Brussels Belgium Therapy


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Michalopoulos A Anthi K Rellos J Kriaras S Geroulanos Intensive Care Unit Onassis Cardiac Center Athens


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: ORG
entity:
  Chair of Anaesthesiology Resuccitation and Medicine of Catastrophes Neurology of Ukrainian State Medical


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  CO 133_ 4 vs 144_ 8 p 0 28 and QSt AA 21 5_ 0 8 vs 22 8_ 0 9 p 0 09 The results of regional pertusion


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  xauifosted b 7 the exhaust of Lhe confulaLion nod oessel plateL heuoStasis The consuxptton of cnnpononts tbronbln


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  carbamates 5 8 imidazopyridines 5 1 cyclqpyrrol0nes 2 7 Analgesics and nonsteroidal antiinflammatories represented 6 8 of


id: cord-015021-pol2qm74
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  endotoxln endorphins complement interleukins tumor necrosis factor eieosanoids platelet activating factor


id: cord-015021-pol2qm74
type: DNA
entity:
  BIRGIT NENTWIG MARION HOCKENSCHNtEDER DIRK RAUTHMANN SALIM BALIKCIOGLU ROLF COLDEWEy HELMUTH DEICHER MD Endotoxin


id: cord-015021-pol2qm74
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  rhlL lra Phase I Sepsis Syndrome Study Group The Cleveland Clinic Foundation A murine anti human TNF monoclonal antibody


id: cord-015021-pol2qm74
type: ORG
entity:
  Division of Cell Biology and Immunology Department of Pathology University of Utah School of Medicine


id: cord-015021-pol2qm74
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Dept of Surgery Klinikum Grosshadern Ludwig Maximilians University Munich Germany Dept of Surgery University of Cincinnati


id: cord-015021-pol2qm74
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  William G Cheadle M D Department of Surgery University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville KY 40292


id: cord-015021-pol2qm74
type: DISEASE
entity:
  chronic disease sepsis OSFsi e cardiovascular CF pulmonary PF renal RF neurological NF haematological HF hepatic LF


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: DNA
entity:
  OTR Promoter Shirin Khanjani Yun S Lee Vasso Terzidou Mark R Johnson Phillip R Bennett Institute of Reproductive Developmental Biology Imperial College London United Kingdom


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: DNA
entity:
  Human Endometrium Ronit Haimov Kochman 1 Shira Natanson Yaron 1 Caryn Greenfield 1 Achinoam Lev Sagie 1 Lichtenstein Michal 2 Haya Lorberboum Galsky 2 Israel Vlodavsky 3 Simcha Yagel 1 Arye Hurwitz 1 1 OB Gyn Jerusalem Israel 2 Cellular Biochemistry Human Genetics Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centers Jerusalem Israel 3 Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Technion School


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  vascular endothelial growth factor A placental growth factor flt 1 KDR Angiopoietin 1 Angiopoietin 2 TIE 2


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  S47 53 3 Alicia Del Toro Arreola 2 Lourdes Nunez Atahualpa 4 Juan Velazquez Rodriguez 5 Laura Gonzalez Lopez 6 Jorge I Gamez Nava 3 Adrian Daneri


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  NIHRO1HD043 185 NIHT32AI055402 Arturo Cerbulo Vazquez 1 Cun Li 1 2 Gene Hubbard 2 Natalia E Schlabritz Loutsevitch 1 2 Peter W Nathanielsz Objectives Early thymocyte T


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: DNA
entity:
  Maternal Fetal Interface Jacqueline P Tilak Karen Zakharian Alexandra Tungol Gabriel O Schubiner David M Svinarich Patient Care Research Providence Hospital Southfield MI USA Preterm labor and delivery


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  obesity Transcription factors peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor PPAR 2 CCAAT enhancer binding protein C EBP


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  prostaglandin production cyclooxygenase 1 COX 1 cyclooxygenase 2 COX 2 and 15 hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase PGDH


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  sFlt1 1762 1 397 5 vs 1169 4 71 1 pg mL p 0 05 and placenta growth factor 22 0 3 5 vs 49 8 5 4 pg mL p 0 016


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF A placental growth factor PlGF flt 1 KDR Angiopoietin 1 Ang 1 Angiopoietin 2 Ang 2


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  UPBF b Charles R Rosenfeld Xiao tie Liu Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Dallas TX USA Background Uteroplacental blood flow UPBF rises 40 fold


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Cultured Amnion Epithelial and Mesenchymal Cells R Moore J Novak D Kumar J Moore Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA Introduction


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Human Amnion Epithelial Cells Sheri E Lim 1 Shirin Khanjani 1 Yun S Lee 1 TG Teoh 1 2 Philip R Bennett 1 1 Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology Imperial College London United Kingdom 2 Maternal Fetal Medicine St Mary s Hospital London United Kingdom Introduction Labour


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Human Fetal Lung Fibroblasts Z Yang 1 P Zhu 1 CM Guo 1 L Myatt 2 K Sun 2 1 School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA Objectives Glucocorticoids


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  11 beta hydroxylase CYP11B1 aldosterone synthase CYP11B2 ACTH receptor MCR2 P450 side chain cleavage enzyme CYP11A1 STAR protein 11 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 HSD1


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: DNA
entity:
  5 3 deoxyribonucleotidase dNT 2 superoxide dismutase 3 hydroxy delta 5 steroid dehydrogenase caspase 9


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  TGF 3 2 96 0 71 fold retinoic acid metabolizing protein CYP26A1 16 81 4 50 and versican variant V0 7 75 2 2


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  GRO 18 fold 2 5 fold 2 fold 3 fold and 11 fold respectively Conclusion We demonstrate for the first time a differential interaction


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  MyD88 Positive Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells Ki H Kim 1 Ayesha B Alvero 1 Yanhua Xie 1 David Trollinger 2 Gil Mor 1 1 Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA 2 Array BioPharma Inc Boulder CO USA Background We previously described that epithelial ovarian cancer EOC cells


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: GGP
entity:
  oxytocin 0 6g weight 30 4 8 0 2 4g weight 50 3 7 6 n 6 P 0 01 In strips with a 0 6g weight incubation in MPA


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: GGP
entity:
  adenylate cyclase SQ 22536 10 5 M guanylate cylase ODQ 10 5 M phosphodiesterase rolipram 10 5 M nitric oxide NO synthases L


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: GGP
entity:
  Avish Arora 1 Lilit Baldjyan 2 Sharon K Sugano 1 Olga Miadel 2 Adegoke Adeniji 2 Michael G Ross 1 Calvin J Hobel 2 1


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: GGP
entity:
  endothelin 1 ET 1 soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 sICAM 1 soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 sVCAM 1


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: GGP
entity:
  Progesterone P 17 hydroxyprogesterone 17OHP dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate DHEAS androstenedione cortisol 11 deoxycortisol corticosterone testosterone aldosterone


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: GGP
entity:
  P P 1 1 X 1o s X 1o 1 1 x 10 8 1 ox 1o K neumoniae Group A C C 5 3 X 10 7 3 4 X 10 7 9 2 X 10 7 6 7 X 10 7 88 87 91 Group B C P 6 0 X 10 7 4 8 X 10 7 6 3 X 10 7 3 0 X 10 7 Group C P Pl 4 7 x 10 7 2 3x 10 7 6 9x 10 7 4 6x 10 7 C


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: GGP
entity:
  estrogen receptor ER angiotensin II subtype receptor 1 AT 1 R and endothelial nitric oxide synthase eNOS


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: GGP
entity:
  Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Angiotensinogen Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotype


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: GGP
entity:
  Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase MTHFR C677T Angiotensinogen AGT M235T Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Hyagriv N Simhan Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Magee Womens Hospital Pittsburgh PA USA Objective


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Enhanced Interleukin 6 Expression in Term Decidual Cells Implications for Abruption Induced Preterm Delivery


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Imperial College Parturition Research Group Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology Hammersmith Hospital


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Maintenance of Liver Growth in the Hypoxic Growth Restricted Fetal Sheep A Role for Intrahepatic GLUT1 Sheridan Gentili Janna L Morrison


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Medicine and Public Health Section of Anatomy Second University of Naples Nales Italy Hypothesis Apoptosis


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  1 Pathology 2 Center for Biostatistics 3 Obstetrics and Gynecology OHSU Portland OR USA Background Meconium


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Translating Mouse to Human A Dynamic Model of Xenografted Human Endometrium Alex J Polotsky Liyin Zhu Nanette Santoro Jeffrey W Pollard Albert Einstein College of Medicine


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Nishikawa Yasunori Yoshimura Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Keio University School of Medicine Shinjuku Tokyo


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine New Haven CT USA 2


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: FAC
entity:
  Mast 1 Godelieve M de Groot 1 Carin Kleijburg 1 Sicco A Scherjon 1 Frans HJ Claas 2 1 Department of Obstetrics Leiden University Medical Centre Leiden


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: CARDINAL
entity:
  between 25 OH D concentrations and greater risk of infection Vitamin D deficiency or even insufficiency may therefore be involved in the pathogenesis of maternal infection during pregnancy


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  the Amniotic Fluid Infection Nosology Committee of the Perinatal Section of the Society of Pediatric Pathologists


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Effect of 17 Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate on Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Pregnant Women Richard H


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: LAW
entity:
  Stanczyk 2 Daniel R Mishell Jr 2 1 Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Louisville Louisville KY USA 2 Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Southern California


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Charles R Rosenfeld Timothy Roy Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine UT Southwestern Medical Center


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Overweight Affects the Relaxin Induced Response of Mesenteric Arteries Joris van Drongelen 1 Arianne van


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: LAW
entity:
  t Slot 2 Lude Franke 2 Bart CJM Fauser 1 1 Reproduction Gynecology University Medical Centre Utrecht


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Shiells Stephen C Robson Surgical Reproductive Sciences Institute of Cellular Medicine Newcastle University


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Campbell IR Johnson NJ Raine Fenning School of Human Development University of Nottingham Nottingham United Kingdom Objective


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: TIME
entity:
  the 100gram 3 Hour Glucose Tolerance Test for the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Yvonne W Cheng Ingrid


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Epidemiology and Health Services Evaluation Faculty of Health Sciences Ben Gurion University of the Negev


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  Cincinnati OH USA 2 Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics Cincinnati Children s Hospital Medical


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Obstetrics and Gynecology Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand 2 Pathology Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand 3 Obstetrics and Gynecology Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute Toronto Canada Objective Cervical


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Obstetrics and Gynecology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA 2 Immunology UT Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX USA


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Obstetrics and Gynecology Northwestern University Chicago IL USA 2 Pathology Northwestern University Chicago IL USA Objective Preeclampsia


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Effect of Acute Alcohol Exposure on Histone3 lys9 Modification in the Mid Gestation Embryonic Lung Xiangyuan Wang 1


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Obstetrics and Gynecology Kumamoto University School of Medicine Kumamoto Japan 2 Cardiovascular Medicine Jikei University School of Medicine


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  The University of Manchester 2 Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Pittsburgh Objectives Women


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Obstetrics and Gynecology NYU School of Medicine New York NY USA 2 Feinstein Institute for Medical Research Manhasset NY USA Objective Progesterone P4


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Early L Arginine Therapy Improves Notably the Fetal Growth in Preeclamptic Women A Randomized Controlled Trial Keisy Lopez Molina 1


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: LAW
entity:
  FONDECYT 1050744 Defining the Tumor Initiating Capacity of CD133 Human Endometrial Cancer Cells Anne M Friel 1 Petra A Sergent 1 Christine L Cummings 2 Rosemary Foster 3 Current data suggest rare subpopulations of


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: ORG
entity:
  OB GYN USC Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles CA USA 3 OB GYN Oregon Health and Sciences University


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N uv ua O 2 Content 1 79 0 72 vs 3 3 0 24 mmol L p 0 001 and O 2 umb uptake Kg 0 12 0 01 vs 0 24 0 01 mmol min Kg p 0 01 were


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  hydroxyprogesterone 17OHP dehydroepiandrosterone DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate DHEAS androstenedione cortisol


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Julio E Valdivia Silva 1 3 1 Oncoinmunología y Biología Vascular Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional San Agustín Arequipa Peru 2 Cardiología y Cirugía de Tórax


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: DNA
entity:
  P Boltovets 1 R Radutny 2 T Shevchenko 3 1 Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine 2 Scientific and Technical Center of Advanced Technologies NAS of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine 3 Taras Shevchenko National Univercity


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Fpg Nei superfamily DNA glycosylases K Makasheva D Zharkov SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Novosibirsk Russia Oxidative lesions


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: DNA
entity:
  chromosome 1p34 1 1p13 3 1q22 3q29 5p13 2 6q24 1 7q11 23 7q22 1 8q 12 1 9p12 11q13 1 12 q24 31 14q32 31 16q22 1 17q21 2 19q13 3


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: DNA
entity:
  RSF 14 14 00995 1 Landau E M Rosenbusch J P Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996 93 14532À14535 2 Caffrey M Acta


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  MDM2 p53 p21 AKT PTEN CDK4 CYCLIN D1 CASPASE 3 8 9 10 BCL 2 BAX PARP BCL XL BID DR4 DR5 PUMA NOXA MMP 2 9 TIMP 1 2


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  I Kuranova 1 2 V Timofeev 1 2 N Zhukhlistova 1 Y Abramchik 3 T Muravieva 3 R Esipov 3 1 Shubnikov Institute


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  translation C B arria S Domingues C Arraiano Instituto de Tecnologia Qu ımica e Biol ogica Lisbon Portugal Ribonucleases RNases


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: DNA
entity:
  fibrin fragment DD T Yatsenko V Rybachuk L Kapustianenko S Kharchenko O Yusova T Grinenko Palladin Institute of Biochemistry


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Carbohydrate antigen 19 9 cancer antigen 125 cancer antigen 15 3 prostate specific antigen alphafetoprotein


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  CCND1 FRA1 PPARD EGFR BIRC5 PCNA MCL1 STAT3 FOS JUN P27 ATF4 TRAIL PUMA GADD45A RB1 FASLG TNF SOCS3 STAT1 gene


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: DNA
entity:
  anti eIF2C miR 17 5p miR 23a miR 23b miR 542 3p miR 21 miR 199a miR 705 miR 20a miR 26a miR 125b miR 200a b c


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  protein cavity S Ciambellotti 1 C Bernacchioni 2 F Scaletti 3 P Turano 1 1 CERM Magnetic Resonance Centre Florence Italy 2 Department of Biochemical Sciences University of Florence Florence Italy 3 Chemistry Department Ugo Schiff Florence Italy Ferritin


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  human mesenchymal stem cells S K ose 1 F Aerts Kaya 1 D Uc ßkan C ß etinkaya 1 P Korkusuz 2 1 Stem Cell Research


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: DNA
entity:
  birches E Shadenova 1 2 E Zhumabekov 2 M Sembekov 2 M Burchaeva 2 1 Institute of General Genetic and Cytology Almaty 2


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  plant growth modulators P Volynchuk 1 E Marusich 1 R Chuprov Netochin 1 J Neskorodov 2 Y Mishutkina 2 S Leonov 1 1 Life Sciences Center Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Dolgoprudny 2 Center Bioengineering Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  S aureus S epidermidis E coli P aeruginosa P vulgaris K pneumoniae C albicans C glabrata C guilliermondii C tropicalis C parapsilosis


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  olive splicing factor 3B subunit 1 M Nurcin E Dundar Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Balikesir University Balikesir Turkey Splicing factor 3B subunit 1 SF3B1


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Superoxide dismutase SOD Catalase CAT Glutathione peroxidase GPX Glutathione S transferase GST Glutathione reductase GR


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes copper zinc superoxide dismutase CuZn SOD catalase CAT glutathione peroxidase GPx1


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  superoxide dismutase SOD catalase CAT glutathione S transferase GST glutathione reductase GR glutathione peroxidase


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  superoxide dismutase SOD catalase CAT glutathione peroxidase GPx glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase G6PD


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: GGP
entity:
  tyrosine p 0 002 isoleucine p 0 001 leucine p 0 001 lysine p 0 008 methionine p 0 008 cysteine p 0 008 tryptophan p 0 000 and glutamic acid p


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: GGP
entity:
  Mussayeva 1 2 B Bekmanov 1 2 A Amirgalieva 2 K Dosybaev 1 2 Z Orazymbetova 1 2 R Zhapbasov 2 A Zhomartov 2 N Zumadillaev 3 N Zumadillaev 3 1


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CL
entity:
  RBC MCV and RDW are different from the RIs suggested by the manufacturer We believe that using this relatively easy technique every laboratory can produce its own iRIs divided where possible according to sex and age and according to local conditions These ranges can be complementary to dRIs obtained for reference individuals


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: GGP
entity:
  Photosystem I P 02 08 5 005 Nigella sativa reduces paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: GGP
entity:
  superoxide dismutase SOD catalase CAT glutathione S transferase GST glutathione reductase GR glutathione peroxidase GSH


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: GGP
entity:
  berberine F Aygenli H C ß imen Yeditepe Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Group YediPROT Genetics and Bioengineering Yeditepe


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: ORG
entity:
  Yıldız Technical University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department Project Number 2014


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: ORG
entity:
  the University of Bucharest ICUB Bucharest Romania 3 Faculty of Biology University of Bucharest Bucharest Romania Patients


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: FAC
entity:
  D Velic S Henry C Charlier M Popova P Weigel J Masson I Nabiev F Fleury CNRS University of Nantes Nantes France


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: FAC
entity:
  A Ugur Kurtoglu 1 V Aslan 2 E Kurtoglu 2 1 Department of Biochemistry Antalya Education and Research Hospital Antalya


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PERCENT
entity:
  3 1 Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography of FSRC Crystallography and Photonics RAS Moscow Russia 2


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  J K Hyun 1 2 3 J Kim 1 2 J Y Hong 1 1 Dankook University Cheonan South Korea 2 Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: ORG
entity:
  CDE European University Association Council on Doctoral Education FEBS Education Committee Federation of European Biochemical Societies


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: ORG
entity:
  University of Balikesir Faculty of Veterinary Balikesir 2 University of Balikesir Faculty of Arts and


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Medical Genetic Turgut Ozal University Ankara 2 Faculty of Medicine Turgut Ozal University


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: ORG
entity:
  the Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Hospital Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine Geriatrics


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: PERCENT
entity:
  3 1 Gaziantep University School of Medicine Gaziantep 2 Haran University Sanliurfa 3 Department of Neurosurgery Medical School Gaziantep


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  used 4nitrophenyl butyrate 4 nitrophenyl caprylate 4 nitrophenyl laurate 4 nitrophenyl myristate 4 nitrophenyl palmitate


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: DISEASE
entity:
  drug adverse reactions I Lupu 1 I Gheorghe 2 3 M Popa 2 3 A Ion 3 M Mihai 1 V Lazar 2 3 M C Chifiriuc 2 3 1 Carol Davila


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  myristicin 3 4 5 trimethoxyphenyl 4 methoxyphenyl dillapiol 3 methoxyphenyl 3 4dimethoxyphenyl 2 3 4 5 tetramethoxyphenyl derivatives A methylenedioxy moiety


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  cefuroximesodium ampicillin sulbactam amoxicillin trihydrate potassium clavulanate cefazolin sodium gentamicin sulfate


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: DISEASE
entity:
  crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever I B ut un 1 S Sahin 1 F Duygu 2 1 University of Gaziosmanpasa Department of Biochemistry Tokat Turkey 2


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  extract precursor microRNA sequences 111 of precursor sequences showing 100 homology to Triticum urartu genome were


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  K Demirsoy 1 N Eruygur 2 E S uleymanoglu 3 1 Biotechnology Central Laboratory Biotechnology Institute Ankara University Ankara Turkey 2 Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: DISEASE
entity:
  banana mushroom butter lettuce Napoleon grape potato coffee marula fruit artichoke heads longan fruit tobacco wheat flour


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  NH 4 2 SO 4 the enzyme activity recovery and purification fold of interfacial phase for t butanol ratio 1 0 5 1 1 1 1 5 1 2 were 61 6 48 1 127 6 126 1 and 1 79 0 6 1 84 1 41 Finally


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Butanoic acid hexadecanoic acid palmitic acid 7 Methyl Z tetradecen 1 ol acetate octadecanoic acid stearic acid


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  K Dobrev D Stanoeva M Velichkova A V Popova Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria Photosynthetic reactions taking place in thylakoid membranes


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N 333 337 Tooke C 231 Topaloglu H 292 Topbas M 200 Topcu B 247 Topcu C 292 Topcu G 144 358 377 Topçu V 393 Topcu C 417 Topçuoglu C 193


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  L 266 Tsvetkova E 253 Tsyba L 362 Tsyganov D 158 Tsymbal D 165 Tüfekçi A R 241 358 Tufekci A R 296 Tufenkci H 139


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Turan V 173 Turan Y 333 Turan C 411 Turano P 217 290 Türel S 329 341 Turhan T 193 242 Turhan Y 316 317 Turk S 373 Turkan A 219 Türkcan


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  bread Triticum aestivum L durum Triticum turgidum ssp durum Desf wheat cultivars and einkorn Triticum monococcum ssp monococcum wheat


# bib

id: cord-000721-leedutqo
author: Nawaz, Sameena
date: 2012-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-000721-leedutqo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000721-leedutqo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3404102/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041346
summary:
  Human bocavirus (HBoV)s, which are associated with respiratory infections, have also frequently been detected in stool samples in cases of gastroenteritis, and a tentative association between HBoVs, and in particular type-2 HBoVs, and gastroenteritis has previously been made. The aim of this study was to determine the role of HBoVs in gastroenteritis, using archived DNA samples from the case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (IID). In the genotype-specific assays 106 of the 324 HBoV-positive samples were genotyped, with HBoV-1 predominantly found in controls whilst HBoV-2 was more frequently associated with cases of gastroenteritis (p<0.01). The prevalence of HBoV-2 in children in the UK was significantly lower than that reported in a study in Australia, in which HBoV-2 was detected in 17.2% and 8.1% of the cases and controls, respectively [22] . Human bocavirus in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis: a case-control study

title:
  Human Bocaviruses Are Not Significantly Associated with Gastroenteritis: Results of Retesting Archive DNA from a Case Control Study in the UK

abstract:
  Gastroenteritis is a common illness causing considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite improvements in detection methods, a significant diagnostic gap still remains. Human bocavirus (HBoV)s, which are associated with respiratory infections, have also frequently been detected in stool samples in cases of gastroenteritis, and a tentative association between HBoVs, and in particular type-2 HBoVs, and gastroenteritis has previously been made. The aim of this study was to determine the role of HBoVs in gastroenteritis, using archived DNA samples from the case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (IID). DNA extracted from stool samples from 2,256 cases and 2,124 controls were tested for the presence of HBoV DNA. All samples were screened in a real time PCR pan-HBoV assay, and positive samples were then tested in genotype 1 to 3-specific assays. HBoV was detected in 7.4% but no significantly different prevalence was observed between cases and controls. In the genotype-specific assays 106 of the 324 HBoV-positive samples were genotyped, with HBoV-1 predominantly found in controls whilst HBoV-2 was more frequently associated with cases of gastroenteritis (p<0.01). A significant proportion of HBoV positives could not be typed using the type specific assays, 67% of the total positives, and this was most likely due to low viral loads being present in the samples. However, the distribution of the untyped HBoV strains was no different between cases and controls. In conclusion, HBoVs, including HBoV-2 do not appear to be a significant cause of gastroenteritis in the UK population.


id: cord-002426-5e1xn7kj
author: Falcón-Lezama, Jorge Abelardo
date: 2017-02-22
txt: ./txt/cord-002426-5e1xn7kj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002426-5e1xn7kj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5321279/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172313
summary:
  MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a cohort-nested, case-control study with 126 individuals (42 cases, 42 intradomestic controls and 42 population controls) with the goal of describing human mobility patterns of recently Dengue virus-infected subjects, and comparing them with those of non-infected subjects living in an urban endemic locality. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study show that human mobility in a small urban setting exceeded that considered by local health authority''s administrative limits, and was different between recently infected and non-infected subjects living in the same household. These observations provide important insights about the role that human mobility may have in Dengue virus transmission and persistence across endemic geographic areas that need to be taken into account when planning preventive and control measures. Sample: 126 individuals (42 cases, 42 intradomestic controls and 42 population controls) with age older than 12, and residents in Axochiapan, Morelos State, México, were selected from the cohort "Peridomestic infection as determinant for Dengue virus transmission" [13] .

title:
  Analysis of spatial mobility in subjects from a Dengue endemic urban locality in Morelos State, Mexico

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Mathematical models and field data suggest that human mobility is an important driver for Dengue virus transmission. Nonetheless little is known on this matter due the lack of instruments for precise mobility quantification and study design difficulties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a cohort-nested, case-control study with 126 individuals (42 cases, 42 intradomestic controls and 42 population controls) with the goal of describing human mobility patterns of recently Dengue virus-infected subjects, and comparing them with those of non-infected subjects living in an urban endemic locality. Mobility was quantified using a GPS-data logger registering waypoints at 60-second intervals for a minimum of 15 natural days. RESULTS: Although absolute displacement was highly biased towards the intradomestic and peridomestic areas, occasional displacements exceeding a 100-Km radius from the center of the studied locality were recorded for all three study groups and individual displacements were recorded traveling across six states from central Mexico. Additionally, cases had a larger number of visits out of the municipality´s administrative limits when compared to intradomestic controls (cases: 10.4 versus intradomestic controls: 2.9, p = 0.0282). We were able to identify extradomestic places within and out of the locality that were independently visited by apparently non-related infected subjects, consistent with houses, working and leisure places. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study show that human mobility in a small urban setting exceeded that considered by local health authority’s administrative limits, and was different between recently infected and non-infected subjects living in the same household. These observations provide important insights about the role that human mobility may have in Dengue virus transmission and persistence across endemic geographic areas that need to be taken into account when planning preventive and control measures. Finally, these results are a valuable reference when setting the parameters for future mathematical modeling studies.


id: cord-003602-wtestt8i
title: Strategies in regulating glioblastoma signaling pathways and anti-invasion therapy
author: Jung, Eunok
date: 2019-04-22
txt: ./txt/cord-003602-wtestt8i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003602-wtestt8i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6476530/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215547
summary:
  In this work, optimal control theory was applied to regulate intracellular signaling pathways of miR-451–AMPK–mTOR–cell cycle dynamics via glucose and drug intravenous administration infusions. The core control system predicts bistability and hysteresis bifurcation when delayed down-regulation of miR-451 activities along certain molecular pathways would induce glioma cells to stay longer in the proliferative phase despite relatively low glucose concentrations, making this mechanism a therapeutic target. In the current investigation, we aim to regulate the amount of glucose and drug infusions to up-regulate miR-451 and mTOR above its threshold values inducing cell proliferation Strategies in regulating glioblastoma signaling pathways and anti-invasion therapy avoiding migration to neighboring tissues. The mutual antagonistic mechanism Strategies in regulating glioblastoma signaling pathways and anti-invasion therapy between miR-451 (mTOR) and AMPK complex and the cell''s strategic metabolic adaptation support the survival of cancer cells even in a nutrient-deprived microenvironment [14, 55] .

abstract:
  Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most invasive type of glial tumors, which rapidly grows and commonly spreads into nearby brain tissue. It is a devastating brain cancer that often results in death within approximately 12 to 15 months after diagnosis. In this work, optimal control theory was applied to regulate intracellular signaling pathways of miR-451–AMPK–mTOR–cell cycle dynamics via glucose and drug intravenous administration infusions. Glucose level is controlled to activate miR-451 in the up-stream pathway of the model. A potential drug blocking the inhibitory pathway of mTOR by AMPK complex is incorporated to explore regulation of the down-stream pathway to the cell cycle. Both miR-451 and mTOR levels are up-regulated inducing cell proliferation and reducing invasion in the neighboring tissues. Concomitant and alternating glucose and drug infusions are explored under various circumstances to predict best clinical outcomes with least administration costs.


id: cord-003640-psnec2qp
title: Bioaerosols Play a Major Role in the Nasopharyngeal Microbiota Content in Agricultural Environment
author: Mbareche, Hamza
date: 2019-04-16
txt: ./txt/cord-003640-psnec2qp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003640-psnec2qp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6518280/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph16081375
summary:
  Results: A multivariate analysis showed air samples and nasopharyngeal flora of pig workers cluster together, compared to the non-exposed control group. An ecological analysis was conducted to reveal the variation in the community composition between the three sample groups (nasopharynx of pig farmers and non-exposed controls and air from pig farms). Given the observed difference in the number of bacterial OTUs, evenness, and evolutionary distance (alpha diversity) and in the bacterial community composition (beta diversity) in samples of the nasopharyngeal flora of farmers and non-exposed individuals and bioaerosols, collected in pig buildings, the next step was to reveal the taxonomic profiles of the three groups. Given the observed difference in the number of bacterial OTUs, evenness, and evolutionary distance (alpha diversity) and in the bacterial community composition (beta diversity) in samples of the nasopharyngeal flora of farmers and non-exposed individuals and bioaerosols, collected in pig buildings, the next step was to reveal the taxonomic profiles of the three groups.

abstract:
  Background: Bioaerosols are a major concern for public health and sampling for exposure assessment purposes is challenging. The nasopharyngeal region could be a potent carrier of long-term bioaerosol exposure agents. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between nasopharyngeal bacterial flora of swine workers and the swine barns bioaerosol biodiversity. Methods: Air samples from eight swine barns as well as nasopharyngeal swabs from pig workers (n = 25) and from a non-exposed control group (n = 29) were sequenced using 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing. Wastewater treatment plants were used as the industrial, low-dust, non-agricultural environment control to validate the microbial link between the bioaerosol content (air) and the nasopharynxes of workers. Results: A multivariate analysis showed air samples and nasopharyngeal flora of pig workers cluster together, compared to the non-exposed control group. The significance was confirmed with the PERMANOVA statistical test (p-value of 0.0001). Unlike the farm environment, nasopharynx samples from wastewater workers did not cluster with air samples from wastewater treatment plants. The difference in the microbial community of nasopharynx of swine workers and a control group suggest that swine workers are carriers of germs found in bioaerosols. Conclusion: Nasopharynx sampling and microbiota could be used as a proxy of air sampling for exposure assessment studies or for the determination of exposure markers in highly contaminated agricultural environments.


id: cord-005814-ak5pq312
title: 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts
author: nan
date: 1995
txt: ./txt/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005814-ak5pq312.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095534/
doi: 10.1007/bf02426401
abstract: nan
summary:
  Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life.


id: cord-006391-esnsa4u5
title: Abstracts 5(th) Tripartite Meeting Salzburg/Austria, September 9–11,1982
author: nan
date: 1982
txt: ./txt/cord-006391-esnsa4u5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006391-esnsa4u5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101735/
doi: 10.1007/bf01279099
abstract: nan
summary:
  In our parallel tests using an excision-sample technique [2] which is considerably more sensitive than the DGHM procedure, we have observed the following mean reductions in the counts of accessible bacteria: iodine in ethanol, 96%; povidone-iodine, 89%; chlorhexidine in ethanol, 88%; iso-propanol, The purpose of this study was to compare radiation injury in Guinea Pig small bowel (1) devoid of contents (2) containing bile (3) containing pancreatic juice. Studies in vitro employing isolated perfused rat pancreas and stomach revealed following results: Mean basal pancreatic somatostatin release in normal, diabetic and transplanted rats were 12___3, 24-t-7, and 17__+4 pg/ml, respectively. As these changes appear closely correlated to the blood glucose levels which show a 30 % decrease at 4 h and progressive restoration towards normal values up to 24 h, attempts have been made to alter the insulin/glucagon ratio by glucose infusion after PH and study its relation to liver regeneration.


id: cord-011501-o9hmzaxm
author: Kühnel, Martina B
date: 2020-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-011501-o9hmzaxm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011501-o9hmzaxm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7243077/
doi: 10.1177/0269216320911595
summary:
  A randomised controlled trial evaluating short-term existential behavioural therapy for informal caregivers of palliative patients Self-efficacy, scepticism of benefit of the intervention, belief of better coping alone and support by family and friends were significant factors in declining participation in the randomised controlled trial. Secondary outcomes were informal caregivers'' levels of anxiety, subjective distress and minor mental disorders, positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life, quality of life and direct health care costs. The interaction effect between the group (sEBT/control) and the time of investigation was not included in the main models as it was not significantly different from zero, except for psychological impairment. This randomised controlled trial studied the impact of sEBT on depression, anxiety, subjective distress, minor mental disorders, positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life, quality of life and direct health care costs. Caregivers who declined the intervention did not differ significantly from participants of the randomised controlled trial in outcomes at any assessment.

title:
  How short is too short? A randomised controlled trial evaluating short-term existential behavioural therapy for informal caregivers of palliative patients

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Informal caregivers of palliative patients show higher levels of depression and distress compared with the general population. Fegg’s (2013) existential behavioural therapy was shortened to two individual 1-h sessions (short-term existential behavioural therapy). AIM: Testing the effectiveness of sEBT on psychological symptoms of informal caregivers in comparison with active control. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Informal caregivers of palliative in-patients. METHODS: The primary outcome was depression; secondary outcomes were anxiety, subjective distress and minor mental disorders, positive and negative affect, satisfaction with life, quality of life and direct health care costs. General linear mixed models allow several measurements per participant and change over time. Reasons for declining the intervention were investigated by Rosenstock’s Health Belief Model. RESULTS: Overall inclusion rate was 41.0%. Data of 157 caregivers were available (63.1% females; mean age: 54.6 years, standard deviation (SD): 14.1); 127 participants were included in the main analysis. Participation in sEBT or active control was not significantly associated with post-treatment depression. Outcomes showed prevailingly significant association with time of investigation. Self-efficacy, scepticism of benefit of the intervention, belief of better coping alone and support by family and friends were significant factors in declining participation in the randomised controlled trial. CONCLUSION: Inclusion rate was tripled compared with a previously evaluated longer EBT group intervention. By shortening the intervention, inclusion rate was traded for effectiveness and the intervention could not impact caregivers’ psychological state. Early integration of sEBT and combination of individual and group setting and further study of the optimal length for caregiver interventions are suggested.


id: cord-014540-27hnlu5v
author: Sutthiruk, Nantanit
date: 2017-02-22
txt: ./txt/cord-014540-27hnlu5v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-014540-27hnlu5v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5333188/
doi: 10.1186/s13756-017-0176-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  A secondary questionnaire was sent to determine whether any cases showed a positive blood or cerebral spinal fluid culture for Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing GNB, AmpC β-lactamases producing GNB, or carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriacae (CRE) between April 2012 and March 2015.The following data were collected; demographic data pertaining to both the care facilities and patients, clinical diagnosis, and outcomes. Utilization of diagnosis-procedure combination data for advancing the antimicrobial stewardship program Haruo Nakayama, Toshiko Ota, Naoko Shirane, Chikako Matuoka, Kentaro Kodama, Masanobu Ohtsuka Toho University Ohashi medical center, Tokyo, Japan Background Infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria results in increased morbidity, mortality and economic burden. The purpose of this study was to test the effectively of the Infection Control Risk Assessment (ICRA) monitoring tool developed by the Infection Prevention and Control Unit (IPCU) of Asian Hospital and Medical Center with the aim to increase the compliance of construction workers to recommended infection prevention and control measures during construction, renovation and demolition in the hospital.

title:
  Abstracts from the 8th International Congress of the Asia Pacific Society of Infection Control (APSIC): Bangkok, Thailand. 12-15 February 2017


id: cord-015021-pol2qm74
author: nan
date: 1994
txt: ./txt/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015021-pol2qm74.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095072/
doi: 10.1007/bf02258437
abstract: nan
summary:
  It is our current understanding that LPS is responsible for many of the pathophysiological events observed during gramnegative infections and that one of the major mechanisms leading to shock and death is the LPS-induced activation of macrophages resulting in the production and release of lipid and peptide mediators, among which tumor necrosis factor seems to be the most important. However plasma IL-6 estimation revealed a statistically significant reduction at 6 hours in tanrine-treated animals compared to glycino and TW controls ( Objective: To evaluate the effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, thermal injury and bacterial garage on interteukin 4 (IL-4), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production and host mortality and to study if the administration of thymopentth (THY) could affect these events.

title:
  Third International Congress on the Immune Consequences of Trauma, Shock and Sepsis —Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches


id: cord-015394-uj7fe5y6
title: Scientific Abstracts
author: nan
date: 2008-12-23
txt: ./txt/cord-015394-uj7fe5y6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015394-uj7fe5y6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104449/
doi: 10.1177/19337191080150020102
abstract: nan
summary:
  Studies involving immunohistochemical analysis of normal ovaries have shown that granulosa cells express significantly higher levels of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, cFos compared to theca cells, where cFos expression is virtually absent. Following acute hypoxia (0.5% O2) for one to six hours, RhoA mRNA, total protein and activation (RhoA-GTP) levels were analysed, using semi-quantitative PCRs and western blot, and compared to normoxic non-pregnant human uterine smooth muscle control cells. Since there is an urgent need for non-invasive methods for determination of fetal (F) and placental (P) function, this study was designed to evaluate the genes differently and commonly expressed in P tissue and leukocytes in maternal (M) and F circulation.Material and Methods. The current study: 1) localized IL-6 mRNA levels in preeclamptic versus normal decidual sections; 2) evaluated mechanisms regulating IL-6 synthesis by targeting intracellular signaling pathways with specific inhibitors; 3) identified potential IL-6 targets by immunolocalizing the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) to specific cell types in placental bed biopsies.


id: cord-016006-7yas4yqt
author: Yoshikawa, Minako Jen
date: 2010-06-18
txt: ./txt/cord-016006-7yas4yqt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016006-7yas4yqt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120152/
doi: 10.1007/978-4-431-53875-2_4
summary:
  This paper discusses countermeasures of Republic of Singapore towards mosquito-borne infectious diseases, particularly, dengue and chikungunya virus infection to identify an essential factor in controlling emergence of infectious diseases. Although a considerable number of studies on its outbreak response, surveillance, prevention, and disease management have been conducted by the medical and science community, others often attribute Singapore''s outstanding infectious disease control to the small territory and economic affluence alone. In addition, the regulatory requirement made dengue infection legally notifiable in 1977 under the Infectious Diseases Act of 1976 while DHF had been already made administratively notifiable in 1966 [11, 12, 13] .While the rest of the Southeast Asian region experienced epidemics in 1976 and 1977, the vector control system contributed to low frequency of DHF in Singapore [10] . It is necessary to keep in mind that curving mosquito-borne epidemics like dengue infection and chikungunya fever require capacities such as laboratory-based surveillance and territory-wide vector control program as well as regional collaboration.

title:
  Dengue and chikungunya virus infection in Southeast Asia: active governmental intervention in Republic of Singapore

abstract:
  This paper discusses countermeasures of Republic of Singapore towards mosquito-borne infectious diseases, particularly, dengue and chikungunya virus infection to identify an essential factor in controlling emergence of infectious diseases. In spite of expanding areas affected by and upsurge of these diseases in the region, the tropical urban country is known to have sustained an effective vector control, which often resulted in moderate prevalence and/or quick control of domestic outbreaks. This research has adopted an inter-disciplinary review of previous studies combined with field studies: interviewing at the Ministry of Health, Singapore and the National Environment Agency, Singapore; visiting a laboratory and hospitals; and observing on-site vector mosquito surveillance operations conducted by the agency. The findings have pointed out the national vector surveillance and control system implemented by 1970s, followed by improved countermeasures like vector and virus surveillance which have incorporated science and technology especially in the last two decades. The analysis produces an influential role of a government in promoting and supporting public health measures, which have been typically demonstrated through inter-ministry collaboration, public-private cooperation, and community involvement. In light of increasing transnational nature of emerging infectious diseases, Singapore’s contribution in the region like sharing its knowledge of and experiences in dengue and chikungunya virus infection is illustrated. The resilient model of Singapore’s vector control and governmental action warrants a further study to investigate transferability in other parts of the region.


id: cord-016171-17ut32bu
title: Smallpox as a Weapon for Bioterrorism
author: Lane, J. Michael
date: 2009
txt: ./txt/cord-016171-17ut32bu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016171-17ut32bu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120382/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1266-4_5
summary:
  Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a) . Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a) . If this algorithm indicates that a patient is high risk to be smallpox, local and national public health authorities should be immediately notified by telephone, and laboratory specimens taken for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electron photomicroscopy (EM), and viral culture.

abstract:
  Smallpox, the only disease ever eradicated, is one of the six pathogens considered a serious threat for biological terrorism (Henderson et al., 1999; Mahy, 2003; Whitley, 2003). Smallpox has several attributes that make it a potential threat. It can be grown in large amounts. It spreads via the respiratory route. It has a 30% mortality rate. The potential for an attack using smallpox motivated President Bush to call for phased vaccination of a substantial number of American health care and public health workers (Grabenstein and Winkenwerder, 2003; Stevenson and Stolberg, 2002). Following September 11, 2001, the United States rebuilt its supplies of vaccine and Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG), expanded the network of laboratories capable of testing for variola virus, and engaged in a broad education campaign to help health care workers and the general public understand the disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003a). This chapter summarizes the scientific and theoretical bases for use of smallpox as a bioweapon and options for preparation for defense against it.


id: cord-018213-w6sh9f3h
title: China’s Institutional Mechanisms for Influenza A (H1N1) Prevention and Control
author: Xue, Lan
date: 2018-11-24
txt: ./txt/cord-018213-w6sh9f3h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018213-w6sh9f3h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123036/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0644-0_4
summary:
  This time marked the initial formation of a working inter-departmental mechanism positioned to combat health emergencies through "paying equal attention to both prevention and response, and instilling continued collaboration for any event." On April 26th, Health Minister Chen Zhu convened a meeting of the MOH Leading Group and Expert Panel for Influenza Pandemic Prevention and Control, at which the attendees analyzed swine influenza situations in the United States and Mexico, predicted epidemic trends, and deliberated on domestic strategies and measures to cope with a swine flu pandemic. At the beginning of the Influenza A (H1N1) Epidemic, China established a national level emergency management mechanism directly under the leadership of the State Council that enabled cross-departmental joint prevention and control collaboration, which provided an effective organizational support and operation mechanism for the response efforts.

abstract:
  Innovation in institutional mechanisms is a fundamental issue in effectively dealing with public health emergencies. In the wake of the 2003 SARS Epidemic, China initially established a public health emergency management system and an emergency organization and management network, placing emphasis on “government leading, unified command, local management, responsibility on all levels, management by classifications, and inter-departmental coordination,” which strengthened the existing health emergency preparation system.


id: cord-020941-1qwbkg9o
title: Biological Control of Vertebrate Pests
author: HODDLE, MARK S.
date: 2007-09-02
txt: ./txt/cord-020941-1qwbkg9o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-020941-1qwbkg9o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7148587/
doi: 10.1016/b978-012257305-7/50085-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  Historical records indicate that the majority of attempts at vertebrate biological control have been ad hoc efforts and not the product of careful studies designed to elucidate factors and conditions likely to affect the impact of natural enemy introductions on pest populations. Biological control should be fostered internationally because many countries experience similar problems (e.g., rabbits are agricultural pests in Argentina, Australia, Chile, Europe, and New Zealand; rats, cats, and dogs attack endangered faunas on many oceanic islands; feral pigs and goats in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States degrade habitat and threaten endangered flora). Rabbit populations in Australia and New Zealand are maintained at low levels by introduced predators, but regulation only occurs after pest numbers have been reduced by other means.


id: cord-021571-7kbq0v9w
title: Infections Acquired in the Nursery: Epidemiology and Control
author: Heath, Joan A.
date: 2009-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021571-7kbq0v9w.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7150280/
doi: 10.1016/b0-72-160537-0/50037-2
abstract: nan
summary:
  The fact that a hand hygiene campaign was associated with increased hand hygiene compliance and a lower rate of CONS-positive cultures supports this ~ontention.''~ Enterococcus has been shown to account for 10% of total nosocomial infections in neonates, 6% to 15% of bloodstream infections, 0% to 5% of cases of pneumonia, 17% of urinary tract infections, and 9% of surgical site Sepsis and meningitis are common manifestations of enterococcal infection during NICU outbreak^''^,^^; however, polymicrobial bacteremia and NEC frequently accompany enterococcal sepsis.77 Identified risk factors for enterococcal sepsis, after adjustment for birth weight, include use of a nonumbilical CVC, prolonged presence of a CVC, and bowel resection?'' Because Enterococcus colonizes the gastrointestinal tract and can survive for long periods of time on inanimate surfaces, the patient''s environment may become contaminated and, along with the infant, serve as a reservoir for ongoing spread of the organism.


id: cord-022659-chwk2bs4
title: Abstracts: Poster session
author: nan
date: 2004-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022659-chwk2bs4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159508/
doi: 10.1002/ana.410320224
abstract: nan
summary:
  We investigated the usefulness of informant-based data in Alzheimer''s disease (AD) by comparing caregivers'' subjective evaluations of 83 probable A D patients'' performance on an abbreviated version of the Memory Self-Report Questionnaire to objective evaluations derived from an extensive battery of neuropsychological tests and to clinicians'' evaluations. Compared with 89 subjects (mean age 75.2 yr; 34 men, 55 women) with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), there were no significant group differences for comparable Clinical Dementia Rating stages of dementia for measures of language, Activities of Daily Living, or general cognition. The mean age at onset did not differ significantly between handedness groups (F [ l,lOO] = .82), but the mean duration of symptoms ( Alterations in the optical properties of brain can be used to detect pathological changes in patients with Alzheimer''s disease (AD).


id: cord-022940-atbjwpo5
title: Poster Sessions
author: nan
date: 2016-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-022940-atbjwpo5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022940-atbjwpo5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164006/
doi: 10.1111/febs.13808
abstract: nan
summary:
  We have studied the effect of inhibition of IRE1 (inositol requiring enzyme 1), which is a central mediator of endoplasmic reticulum stress and controls cell proliferation and tumor growth, on hypoxic regulation of the expression of different proliferation related genes in U87 glioma cells. Transient inhibition of Akt and mTOR protein kinase activation in tumor cells followed by reactivation of signaling pathway did not result in a time-dependent difference on EGFR, HER2 and HER3 expression levels. In our study we aimed to determine cytotoxic effect of RES in K562 human CML cell line and to evaluate the expressions of miRNAs that are associated with genetics of leukemia after treatment with RES; to investigate target genes of miRNAs which show significant expression alterations and molecular mechanisms of RES treatment.


id: cord-024274-jps1j60a
title: Rabies Prevention in Asia: Institutionalizing Implementation Capacities
author: Miranda, Mary Elizabeth G.
date: 2020-05-05
txt: ./txt/cord-024274-jps1j60a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024274-jps1j60a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7196719/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-21084-7_6
summary:
  The focus areas include human rabies prevention through preand postexposure prophylaxis, mass dog vaccination, surveillance and epidemiology, laboratory diagnostic capability, public awareness and risk communication, legislation, dog population management, and establishment and protection of rabies-free zones/areas. Asian countries were urged to develop comprehensive national plans with improved access to modern human vaccines and application of new economical postexposure treatments, better disease diagnosis and surveillance, and processing of data at the national, regional, and global levels, intersectoral collaborative efforts for dog rabies control and plans to expand public and health care worker awareness regarding rabies control and prevention. An example of a successful, sustainable community-based integrated rabies control program is the Bohol Rabies elimination program, implemented as a partnership between the provincial government, the national government line agencies (Health, Agriculture, Education, Interior, and Local Government) and a few nonprofit organizations.

abstract:
  Rabies in Asia and Africa contributes to over 99% of human rabies deaths that occur in the world today. The vast majority or 60% of these deaths are in Asia. Practically, more than four billion people in Asia or about 60% of the world’s population are at risk of getting rabies where an estimated 96% of documented human cases are from an infected dog bite. Canine-mediated rabies is one of the few communicable diseases that can possibly be eliminated by currently available vaccines and tools for veterinary and public health interventions. With a more comprehensive and integrated approach, it is expected that dog rabies will be eliminated in target areas, and there will be an eventual decline and disappearance of human rabies cases. The burden of rabies is primarily on human health but the disease control has to be focused on the animal source. The ultimate goal of a truly regional disease program is to control and eliminate dog-mediated rabies and protect and maintain rabies-free areas in Asia. Current regional efforts aim to strengthen the intercountry coordination, and technical and institutional capacities to manage dog rabies elimination programs. The regional and national implementation efforts provide strategic direction and cooperation to ensure successful implementation of rabies control measures and eventual elimination. The focus areas include human rabies prevention through pre- and postexposure prophylaxis, mass dog vaccination, surveillance and epidemiology, laboratory diagnostic capability, public awareness and risk communication, legislation, dog population management, and establishment and protection of rabies-free zones/areas. Existing mechanisms for implementation, when applied, give emphasis on One Health collaborations.


id: cord-032542-zisirutu
title: Shifting Conceptualization of Control in Agile Transformations
author: Mikalsen, Marius
date: 2020-08-18
txt: ./txt/cord-032542-zisirutu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032542-zisirutu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510811/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-58858-8_18
summary:
  Through a case study of a new, cross-functional unit in a financial institution, we report on their work to implement control in agile transformations. Our findings indicate how agile transformations require rethinking traditional control mechanisms and experiment with new control perspectives more suitable for the digital era. One particular form of change aiming to overcome some of these challenges is creating semi-independent, cross-functional units (i.e. consisting of personnel from both business-and softwaredevelopment units) that use agile methods to improve the value of the software developed [2] . To answer this research question, we report from a case study of a financial institution that implements a new semi-independent unit, an agile program, consisting of several cross-functional teams working according to agile principles. In this paper, we have used stewardship theory to investigate how cross-functional teams work with OKRs and how new forms of control can emerge in agile transformations.

abstract:
  Agile transformation implies that organizations apply agile methods also outside of software development units. One particular way of doing such transformations is to create cross-functional software development units. This represents new challenges for control for organizations as the unformal agile control mechanisms from the software units meet the more formal, bureaucratic and hierarchical control from other units. The research on how to manage control in agile transformations, however, is scarce. Through a case study of a new, cross-functional unit in a financial institution, we report on their work to implement control in agile transformations. To analyze our results, we draw on new perspectives for control in the digital era, which challenges existing presumptions on control. Our findings indicate how agile transformations require rethinking traditional control mechanisms and experiment with new control perspectives more suitable for the digital era.


id: cord-119576-8qp8o2g2
title: Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Antiepidemic Policies and Global Situation Assessment of COVID-19
author: Xu, Liyan
date: 2020-04-16
txt: ./txt/cord-119576-8qp8o2g2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-119576-8qp8o2g2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.07765v2.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  With a two-layer contact-dispersion model and data in China, we analyze the cost-effectiveness of three types of antiepidemic measures for COVID-19: regular epidemiological control, local social interaction control, and inter-city travel restriction. We find that: 1) intercity travel restriction has minimal or even negative effect compared to the other two at the national level; 2) the time of reaching turning point is independent of the current number of cases, and only related to the enforcement stringency of epidemiological control and social interaction control measures; 3) strong enforcement at the early stage is the only opportunity to maximize both antiepidemic effectiveness and cost-effectiveness; 4) mediocre stringency of social interaction measures is the worst choice. Overall, compared with in-city epidemiological and social interaction control measures, the contribution of inter-city travel restrictions to the reduction of the number of infected cases and the spatial spread of disease is much smaller-lower by two orders of magnitudes.

abstract:
  With a two-layer contact-dispersion model and data in China, we analyze the cost-effectiveness of three types of antiepidemic measures for COVID-19: regular epidemiological control, local social interaction control, and inter-city travel restriction. We find that: 1) intercity travel restriction has minimal or even negative effect compared to the other two at the national level; 2) the time of reaching turning point is independent of the current number of cases, and only related to the enforcement stringency of epidemiological control and social interaction control measures; 3) strong enforcement at the early stage is the only opportunity to maximize both antiepidemic effectiveness and cost-effectiveness; 4) mediocre stringency of social interaction measures is the worst choice. Subsequently, we cluster countries/regions into four groups based on their control measures and provide situation assessment and policy suggestions for each group.


id: cord-134344-sxno0tfd
author: Gondim, Joao A. M.
date: 2020-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-134344-sxno0tfd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-134344-sxno0tfd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.09786v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  We then compare the optimal controls for different quarantine lengths and distribution of the total control cost by assessing their respective reductions in deaths in comparison to the same period without quarantine. We then compare the optimal controls for different quarantine lengths and distribution of the total control cost by assessing their respective reductions in deaths in comparison to the same period without quarantine. Our goal is to calculate the optimal quarantine strategies numerically for different choices of parameters in the model, which reflect the decisions governments must make when implementing these policies, such as evaluating the economical costs of the quarantine for each of the age groups and when to start implementing the measures. and Q i (t) be the number of susceptible, exposed, infected, recovered and quarantined individuals in each age group at time t ≥ 0, respectively. Optimal quarantine strategies for covid-19 control models

title:
  Optimal quarantine strategies for the COVID-19 pandemic in a population with a discrete age structure

abstract:
  The goal of this work is to study the optimal controls for the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil. We consider an age-structured SEIRQ model with quarantine compartment, where the controls are the quarantine entrance parameters. We then compare the optimal controls for different quarantine lengths and distribution of the total control cost by assessing their respective reductions in deaths in comparison to the same period without quarantine. The best strategy provides a calendar of when to relax the isolation measures for each age group. Finally, we analyse how a delay in the beginning of the quarantine affects this calendar by changing the initial conditions.


id: cord-146214-lp78l776
title: Learning a functional control for high-frequency finance
author: Leal, Laura
date: 2020-06-17
txt: ./txt/cord-146214-lp78l776.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-146214-lp78l776.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.09611v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Moreover, to answer to genuine requests of financial regulators on the explainability of machine learning generated controls, we project the obtained"blackbox controls"on the space usually spanned by the closed-form solution of the stylized optimal trading problem, leading to a transparent structure. Our paper addresses this last case, belonging to the academic field of optimal trading, initially introduced by [1] and [3] , and then extended in a lot of ways, from sophisticated stochastic control [5] to Gaussianquadratic approximations allowing to obtain closed-form solutions like [13] or [14] , or under a self-financing equation context in [12] . We start by the functional space of controls spanned by the closed-form solution of the stylized problem: they are non-linear in the remaining time to trade and affine in the remaining quantity to trade (see [9] for a description of the relationship between the optimal controls and the space generated by the h 1 (t) and h 2 (t) defined later in the paper).

abstract:
  We use a deep neural network to generate controllers for optimal trading on high frequency data. For the first time, a neural network learns the mapping between the preferences of the trader, i.e. risk aversion parameters, and the optimal controls. An important challenge in learning this mapping is that in intraday trading, trader's actions influence price dynamics in closed loop via the market impact. The exploration--exploitation tradeoff generated by the efficient execution is addressed by tuning the trader's preferences to ensure long enough trajectories are produced during the learning phase. The issue of scarcity of financial data is solved by transfer learning: the neural network is first trained on trajectories generated thanks to a Monte-Carlo scheme, leading to a good initialization before training on historical trajectories. Moreover, to answer to genuine requests of financial regulators on the explainability of machine learning generated controls, we project the obtained"blackbox controls"on the space usually spanned by the closed-form solution of the stylized optimal trading problem, leading to a transparent structure. For more realistic loss functions that have no closed-form solution, we show that the average distance between the generated controls and their explainable version remains small. This opens the door to the acceptance of ML-generated controls by financial regulators.


id: cord-155440-7l8tatwq
title: Online network monitoring
author: Malinovskaya, Anna
date: 2020-10-19
txt: ./txt/cord-155440-7l8tatwq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-155440-7l8tatwq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.09398v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Our approach is to apply multivariate control charts based on exponential smoothing and cumulative sums in order to monitor networks determined by temporal exponential random graph models (TERGM). The leading SPC tool for analysis is a control chart, which exists in various forms in terms of the number of variables, data type and different statistics being of interest. To conduct surveillance over Y t , we propose to consider only the dynamically estimated parameters of a random graph model in order to reduce computational complexity and to allow for real-time monitoring. In this case, as well as fine-tuning the configuration of statistics, one can modify some settings which design the estimation procedure of the model parameter, for example, the run time, the sample size or the step length (Morris et al., 2008) . In this paper, we show how multivariate control charts can be used to detect changes in TERGM networks. Monitoring of social network and change detection by applying statistical process: ERGM

abstract:
  The application of network analysis has found great success in a wide variety of disciplines; however, the popularity of these approaches has revealed the difficulty in handling networks whose complexity scales rapidly. One of the main interests in network analysis is the online detection of anomalous behaviour. To overcome the curse of dimensionality, we introduce a network surveillance method bringing together network modelling and statistical process control. Our approach is to apply multivariate control charts based on exponential smoothing and cumulative sums in order to monitor networks determined by temporal exponential random graph models (TERGM). This allows us to account for potential temporal dependence, while simultaneously reducing the number of parameters to be monitored. The performance of the proposed charts is evaluated by calculating the average run length for both simulated and real data. To prove the appropriateness of the TERGM to describe network data some measures of goodness of fit are inspected. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by an empirical application, monitoring daily flights in the United States to detect anomalous patterns.


id: cord-190242-sb0mjhzm
title: Controlling the Transmission Dynamics of COVID-19
author: Moore, Stephen E.
date: 2020-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-190242-sb0mjhzm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-190242-sb0mjhzm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2004.00443v2.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  In this article, we consider an optimal control COVID-19 transmission model and assess the impact of some control measures that can lead to the reduction of exposed and infectious individuals in the population. We investigate three control strategies for this deadly infectious disease using personal protection, treatment with early diagnosis, treatment with delay diagnosis and spraying of virus in the environment as time-dependent control functions in our dynamical model to curb the disease spread. In this section, we formulate an optimal control model for COVID-19 to derive four control measures with minimal implementation cost to eradicate the disease after a defined period of time. In this subsection, solution trajectories for the number of exposed, infectious with delay diagnosis and virus in the environment for all the three control strategies are numerically compared with that of the non-optimal control model.

abstract:
  The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan and other cities in China in 2019 has become a global pandemic as declared by World Health Organization (WHO) in the first quarter of 2020 . The delay in diagnosis, limited hospital resources and other treatment resources leads to rapid spread of COVID-19. In this article, we consider an optimal control COVID-19 transmission model and assess the impact of some control measures that can lead to the reduction of exposed and infectious individuals in the population. We investigate three control strategies for this deadly infectious disease using personal protection, treatment with early diagnosis, treatment with delay diagnosis and spraying of virus in the environment as time-dependent control functions in our dynamical model to curb the disease spread.


id: cord-225429-pz9lsaw6
title: Optimal Control and Numerical Optimization Applied to Epidemiological Models
author: Rodrigues, Helena Sofia
date: 2014-01-29
txt: ./txt/cord-225429-pz9lsaw6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-225429-pz9lsaw6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1401.7390v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  This PhD thesis is motivated by the study of epidemiological models applied to infectious diseases in an Optimal Control perspective, giving particular relevance to Dengue. Moreover, it is our aim to frame the disease management question into an optimal control problem requiring the maximization/minimization of some objective function that depends on the infected individuals (biological issues) and control costs (economic issues), given some initial conditions. The aim of this section is to present a mathematical model to study the dynamic of the Dengue epidemics, in order to minimize the investments in disease''s control, since financial resources are always scarce. This Assuming that the parameters are fixed, the only variable that can influence this threshold is the control variable c, it has shown that with a steady insecticide campaign it is possible to reduce the number of infected humans and mosquitoes, and can prevent an outbreak that could transform an epidemiological episode to an endemic disease.

abstract:
  The relationship between epidemiology, mathematical modeling and computational tools allows to build and test theories on the development and battling of a disease. This PhD thesis is motivated by the study of epidemiological models applied to infectious diseases in an Optimal Control perspective, giving particular relevance to Dengue. Dengue is a subtropical and tropical disease transmitted by mosquitoes, that affects about 100 million people per year and is considered by the World Health Organization a major concern for public health. The mathematical models developed and tested in this work, are based on ordinary differential equations that describe the dynamics underlying the disease, including the interaction between humans and mosquitoes. An analytical study is made related to equilibrium points, their stability and basic reproduction number. The spreading of Dengue can be attenuated through measures to control the transmission vector, such as the use of specific insecticides and educational campaigns. Since the development of a potential vaccine has been a recent global bet, models based on the simulation of a hypothetical vaccination process in a population are proposed. Based on Optimal Control theory, we have analyzed the optimal strategies for using these controls, and respective impact on the reduction/eradication of the disease during an outbreak in the population, considering a bioeconomic approach. The formulated problems are numerically solved using direct and indirect methods. The first discretize the problem turning it into a nonlinear optimization problem. Indirect methods use the Pontryagin Maximum Principle as a necessary condition to find the optimal curve for the respective control. In these two strategies several numerical software packages are used.


id: cord-259673-z7kvf8n8
title: Identifying and combating the impacts of COVID-19 on malaria
author: Rogerson, Stephen J.
date: 2020-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-259673-z7kvf8n8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259673-z7kvf8n8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01710-x
doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01710-x
summary:
  These gains are largely attributable to expanding the distribution of insecticidetreated bed nets (ITNs), indoor spraying of residual insecticides (IRS) and other vector control strategies; access to early diagnosis (e.g. rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)); and more effective antimalarial treatments [1] , together with targeted interventions such as intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy (IPTp) and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). Key interventions and innovative approaches, such as targeted MDA programmes and enhanced distribution of ITNs, will be critical in preventing dramatic increases in malaria deaths [12] , but their implementation and prioritisation will bring logistic and financial challenges given COVID-19 disruptions and the competing needs of other health issues and services. To reduce the impact of COVID-19 disruptions, it is essential that the supply of diagnostics and treatments for malaria are maintained and that there is strong support of ITN distribution, IRS and other preventive interventions. Support malaria-endemic countries both in fighting COVID-19 disease and in controlling malaria through an integrated health care programme and community engagement.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in millions of infections, hundreds of thousands of deaths and major societal disruption due to lockdowns and other restrictions introduced to limit disease spread. Relatively little attention has been paid to understanding how the pandemic has affected treatment, prevention and control of malaria, which is a major cause of death and disease and predominantly affects people in less well-resourced settings. MAIN BODY: Recent successes in malaria control and elimination have reduced the global malaria burden, but these gains are fragile and progress has stalled in the past 5 years. Withdrawing successful interventions often results in rapid malaria resurgence, primarily threatening vulnerable young children and pregnant women. Malaria programmes are being affected in many ways by COVID-19. For prevention of malaria, insecticide-treated nets need regular renewal, but distribution campaigns have been delayed or cancelled. For detection and treatment of malaria, individuals may stop attending health facilities, out of fear of exposure to COVID-19, or because they cannot afford transport, and health care workers require additional resources to protect themselves from COVID-19. Supplies of diagnostics and drugs are being interrupted, which is compounded by production of substandard and falsified medicines and diagnostics. These disruptions are predicted to double the number of young African children dying of malaria in the coming year and may impact efforts to control the spread of drug resistance. Using examples from successful malaria control and elimination campaigns, we propose strategies to re-establish malaria control activities and maintain elimination efforts in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is likely to be a long-term challenge. All sectors of society, including governments, donors, private sector and civil society organisations, have crucial roles to play to prevent malaria resurgence. Sparse resources must be allocated efficiently to ensure integrated health care systems that can sustain control activities against COVID-19 as well as malaria and other priority infectious diseases. CONCLUSION: As we deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, it is crucial that other major killers such as malaria are not ignored. History tells us that if we do, the consequences will be dire, particularly in vulnerable populations.


id: cord-260693-8mfuwx8l
title: The COVID-19 pandemic should not derail global vector control efforts
author: Seelig, Frederik
date: 2020-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-260693-8mfuwx8l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260693-8mfuwx8l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32866149/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008606
abstract: nan
summary:
  However, a similar approach should also be adopted for the control of arboviral diseases of global importance, including dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever, as recommended by the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO) in their interim guidance on control of Aedes aegypti mosquitos during the COVID-19 pandemic [2] . The combined impact of both COVID-19 and epidemics of dengue or other vector-borne diseases (VBDs) could have potentially devastating consequences [6] . • Continue the implementation of the WHO''s global vector control response 2017-2030 (GVCR) strategy and regional policies for vector control [7, 8] , with respect to inter-and intrasectoral collaboration, engagement and mobilisation of communities, and scaling up of vector control if required, according to the implementation plan of vector control activities, while adapting activities as necessary to prevent further spread of COVID-19, in particular vector surveillance, which may need to be scaled down [9, 10] . It is vital that the COVID-19 response does not increase VBD threats in these communities by derailing global vector control efforts.


id: cord-266342-9iql8yib
title: Staying on track in turbulent times: Trait self-control and goal pursuit during self-quarantine
author: Kokkoris, Michail D.
date: 2021-02-15
txt: ./txt/cord-266342-9iql8yib.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266342-9iql8yib.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110454
doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110454
summary:
  High self-control people''s ability to continue performing pre-pandemic goal-directed behaviors and to turn new behaviors into habits explained their success at goal attainment despite the major disruptions caused by the pandemic. At the same time, regardless of whether high self-control people were more likely to continue engaging in their pre-pandemic goal-directed behaviors, it is intriguing whether self-control promotes flexibility and the ability to develop new goal-directed behaviors to adapt to the current situation as well. Thus, we investigated whether people with higher self-control would be more flexible to adjust to the new situation, would find it easier to develop new behaviors to reach their goals and would be more likely to turn these behaviors into habits that support their goal pursuit. lower) self-control made more progress towards their goals, and whether they did so by continuing performing their pre-existing goal-directed behaviors and/or by being more flexible and able to develop new behaviors and turn them into habits.

abstract:
  Prior research has shown that routines and beneficial habits largely explain high self-control people's success at goal pursuit. However, COVID-19 self-quarantine measures and country-level lockdowns have largely challenged people's ability to stick to their daily routines and habits. How successful at goal pursuit are people with high self-control when the world around them is not as it used to be? We examined if self-control passes the ‘quarantine test’. In an online study (N = 271), we measured trait self-control, goal progress, continued engagement in pre-pandemic goal-directed behaviors, development of new goal-directed behaviors and turning these new behaviors into habits. Results showed that during lockdown, people with higher (vs. lower) trait self-control were not only more likely to continue engaging in pre-pandemic goal-directed behaviors, but also found it easier to develop new goal-directed behaviors and were more likely to turn these behaviors into habits. High self-control people's ability to continue performing pre-pandemic goal-directed behaviors and to turn new behaviors into habits explained their success at goal attainment despite the major disruptions caused by the pandemic.


id: cord-266386-932nb2z9
author: Oh, Hyang Soon
date: 2015-11-25
txt: ./txt/cord-266386-932nb2z9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266386-932nb2z9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.15.058
doi: 10.3961/jpmph.15.058
summary:
  IPCPs were found to have weaknesses with regard to the following resources: the assignment of infection control personnel (ICP) (79.5%), hand hygiene resources such as waterless antiseptics (79.3%), the use of paper towels (38.9%), personal protective equipment such as face shields (46.9%), and safety containers for sharps and a separated space for the disposal of infectious waste (10.1%). Part B included 10 questions assessing the resources of the IPCPs, including human resources and infrastructure for implementing IPCPs, the assignment of part-time infection control personnel (ICP), the assignment of part-time staff for decontamination, the frequency of infection control committee meetings, infection control guidelines, and hand hygiene equipment (hand antiseptics and hand drying methods) both in the station and in in the ambulance, personal protective equipment (PPE), the types of gloves and safety containers for the prevention of sharps injuries, and decontamination procedures. Part C included 22 questions assessing the following activities of IPCPs: employee health programs; post-exposure management programs; vaccination programs; health screening programs; surveillance programs for patients, emergency medical personnel, and spaces and instruments; education; and decontamination activities.

title:
  Current Status of Infection Prevention and Control Programs for Emergency Medical Personnel in the Republic of Korea

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: Emergency medical personnel (EMPs) are pre-hospital emergency responders who are at risk of exposure to infections and may also serve as a source for the transmission of infections. However, few studies of infection control have specifically addressed EMPs in the Republic of Korea (hereafter Korea). The goal of this study was to assess the current status of infection prevention and control programs (IPCPs) for EMPs in Korea. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to quantitatively assess the resources and activities of IPCPs. A total of 907 EMPs in five metropolitan cities completed a structured questionnaire from September 2014 to January 2015. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, multi-response analysis, and the chi-square test. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 34.8±15.1 years. IPCPs were found to have weaknesses with regard to the following resources: the assignment of infection control personnel (ICP) (79.5%), hand hygiene resources such as waterless antiseptics (79.3%), the use of paper towels (38.9%), personal protective equipment such as face shields (46.9%), and safety containers for sharps and a separated space for the disposal of infectious waste (10.1%). Likewise, the following activities were found to be inadequately incorporated into the workflow of EMPs: education about infection control (77.5%), post-exposure management (35.9%), and the decontamination of items and spaces after use (88.4%). ICP were found to have a significant effect on the resources and activities of IPCPs (p<0.001). The resources and activities of IPCPs were found to be significantly different among the five cities (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: IPCPs for EMPs showed some limitations in their resources and activities. IPCPs should be actively supported, and specific IPCP activities for EMPs should be developed.


id: cord-267416-4dzqzwx0
title: Time-optimal control strategies in SIR epidemic models
author: Bolzoni, Luca
date: 2017-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-267416-4dzqzwx0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-267416-4dzqzwx0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2017.07.011
doi: 10.1016/j.mbs.2017.07.011
summary:
  Abstract We investigate the time-optimal control problem in SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) epidemic models, focusing on different control policies: vaccination, isolation, culling, and reduction of transmission. On the other hand, the optimal control theory has been widely applied to solve the problem of minimizing the total number of infected individuals (or the total infectious burden) in basic SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) epidemic models by means of different control policies, such as: the implementation of emergency prophylactic vaccination plans, the isolation of infected individuals, the reduction of disease transmission through the limitation of contacts between individuals, and non-selective culling [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] . Here, by using simple SIR models in an optimal control framework [26] , we thoroughly investigate the problem of minimizing the epidemic duration by using prophylactic vaccination, isolation, non-selective culling, or reduction of transmission controls.

abstract:
  Abstract We investigate the time-optimal control problem in SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered) epidemic models, focusing on different control policies: vaccination, isolation, culling, and reduction of transmission. Applying the Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) to the unconstrained control problems (i.e. without costs of control or resource limitations), we prove that, for all the policies investigated, only bang–bang controls with at most one switch are admitted. When a switch occurs, the optimal strategy is to delay the control action some amount of time and then apply the control at the maximum rate for the remainder of the outbreak. This result is in contrast with previous findings on the unconstrained problems of minimizing the total infectious burden over an outbreak, where the optimal strategy is to use the maximal control for the entire epidemic. Then, the critical consequence of our results is that, in a wide range of epidemiological circumstances, it may be impossible to minimize the total infectious burden while minimizing the epidemic duration, and vice versa. Moreover, numerical simulations highlighted additional unexpected results, showing that the optimal control can be delayed also when the control reproduction number is lower than one and that the switching time from no control to maximum control can even occur after the peak of infection has been reached. Our results are especially important for livestock diseases where the minimization of outbreaks duration is a priority due to sanitary restrictions imposed to farms during ongoing epidemics, such as animal movements and export bans.


id: cord-267671-ys43n672
title: Biology and Diseases of Mice
author: Whary, Mark T.
date: 2015-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-267671-ys43n672.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780124095274000031
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00003-1
summary:
  Clinical Signs MCMV causes subclinical infection in adult immunocompetent mice, but experimental inoculation of neonates can cause lethal disease due to multisystemic necrosis and inflammation. Diagnosis Because infected mice do not manifest signs or lesions and the virus is very difficult to propagate in cell culture, detection and diagnosis rely on serology and molecular methods. Differential Diagnosis Reovirus infection must be differentiated from other diarrheal diseases of infant mice, including those caused by mouse coronaviruses, EDIM virus, Salmonella spp., or Clostridium piliforme. Epizootiology EDIM virus appears to be infectious only for mice and occurs episodically in mouse colonies, and infection is probably widespread geographically (Livingston and Riley, 2003; Pritchett-Corning LABORATORY ANIMAL MEDICINE et al., 2009) . Sentinel mouse surveillance, using soiled bedding, is an effective strategy for detecting MNV (Manuel et al., 2008) Differential Diagnosis The mild change in fecal consistency associated with MNV in adult mice may mimic rotavirus, coronavirus, Helicobacter spp., Citrobacter rodentium, or other enteric diseases.

abstract:
  Today’s laboratory mouse, Mus musculus, has its origins as the ‘house mouse’ of North America and Europe. Beginning with mice bred by mouse fanciers, laboratory stocks (outbred) derived from M. musculus musculus from eastern Europe and M. m. domesticus from western Europe were developed into inbred strains. Since the mid-1980s, additional strains have been developed from Asian mice (M. m. castaneus from Thailand and M. m. molossinus from Japan) and from M. spretus which originated from the western Mediterranean region.


id: cord-268959-wh28s0ws
title: Optimal control analysis of a tuberculosis model()()
author: Gao, Da-peng
date: 2017-12-29
txt: ./txt/cord-268959-wh28s0ws.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268959-wh28s0ws.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2017.12.027
doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2017.12.027
summary:
  [8] in 2002, the time dependent optimal control strategies have been employed in the study of dynamics of TB mathematical models by many authors (see, for example, [8, [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] ). First, a "case finding" (identification of latently infected individuals) control mechanism is incorporated in model (1.1) by replacing constant vaccination rate with u 1 ( t ). Following the idea of Kumar and Srivastava [14] , in this paper, the cost constructions that account for high nonlinear relationship (nonlinearity of order four i.e. u 4 1 (t) ) between cost and effort s during vaccination process has been employed in the application of optimal control to TB mathematical models. Our goal is to minimize the number of infected individuals (including latent, infectious, being treated individuals) with TB virus while at the same time keeping the cost of implementing these three control strategies very low. Vaccination and treatment as control interventions in an infectious disease model with their cost optimization

abstract:
  In this paper, we extend the model of Liu and Zhang (Math Comput Model 54:836-845, 2011) by incorporating three control terms and apply optimal control theory to the resulting model. Optimal control strategies are proposed to minimize both the disease burden and the intervention cost. We prove the existence and uniqueness of optimal control paths and obtain these optimal paths analytically using Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle. We analyse our results numerically to compare various strategies of proposed controls. It is observed that implementation of three controls is most effective and less expensive among all the strategies. Thus, we conclude that in order to reduce tuberculosis threat all the three controls must be taken into consideration concurrently.


id: cord-269363-drjj705k
title: Optimal quarantine control of an infectious outbreak
author: Nenchev, Vladislav
date: 2020-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-269363-drjj705k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269363-drjj705k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834584/
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110139
summary:
  An issue of practical concern for many disease outbreaks without an available vaccine, such as for SARS-CoV-2 as of June 2020, is minimizing the overall quarantine effort or the final outbreak size, while respecting control and capacity constraints on the current number of infections. Upon an outbreak of a previously unknown disease, better model parameter estimates can be obtained as more data becomes available, and the induced optimization problem can be recomputed in a data-driven receding horizon manner to improve actions. In this work, the goal is to obtain an optimal quarantine control policy u ( t ), t ∈ [0, t f ] for a fixed final time t f , that minimizes a weighted combination of the total number of infections and the overall number of quarantined individuals at time t f .

abstract:
  This paper studies the optimal control of an infectious spread based on common epidemic models with permanent immunity and no vaccine availability. Assuming limited isolation control and capacity constraints on the number of infections, an optimal quarantine control strategy that balances between the total number of infections and the overall isolation effort is derived from necessary optimality conditions. The specific optimal policy is then obtained by optimizing the switching times of this generalized strategy. In the case of a newly emerged disease, these results can be used in a data-driven receding horizon manner to improve actions as more data becomes available. The proposed approach is applied to publicly available data from the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Germany. In particular, for minimizing the total number of infections or the number of isolated individuals, the simulations indicate that a sufficiently delayed and controlled release of the lock-down are optimal for overcoming the outbreak. The approach can support public health authorities to plan quarantine control policies.


id: cord-275997-4ibeidyw
title: The practice of infection control and applied epidemiology: A historical perspective
author: Goldrick, Barbara A.
date: 2005-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-275997-4ibeidyw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275997-4ibeidyw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655305007388
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.250
summary:
  In keeping with its philosophy of quality health care and responsible public reporting, the Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, continues to explore the issue of mandatory reporting of HAIs. The practice of infection control and applied epidemiology: A historical perspective Barbara A. In addition, the current trend toward mandatory reporting of health care-associated infections (HAIs) among several states will add more tasks for ICPs with limited resources, at the risk of spending less time on prevention and control activities. In addition, the current trend toward mandatory reporting of health care-associated infections (HAIs) among several states will add more tasks for ICPs with limited resources, at the risk of spending less time on prevention and control activities. Ninety-five tasks identified in the 1992 PA were organized into 5 major practice dimensions describing the responsibilities of ICPs in the United States and Canada: infectious process, surveillance/epidemiologic investigation, transmission of infection, management and communication, and education 14 (Table 1) ; however, new tasks were added, and outdated tasks were eliminated.

abstract:
  The United States health care system and patient populations have changed substantially over the past several decades. The practice of infection control also has evolved since the landmark Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control project, and infection control professionals (ICPs) must continue to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to practice infection prevention and control. Practice analyses of infection control conducted between 1982 and 2001 were analyzed to determine changes in practice. These data reflect a 145% increase in infection control activities over a 20-year period. However, resources for infection control and prevention have not kept pace with this increased activity. In addition, the current trend toward mandatory reporting of health care-associated infections (HAIs) among several states will add more tasks for ICPs with limited resources, at the risk of spending less time on prevention and control activities. In keeping with its philosophy of quality health care and responsible public reporting, the Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, continues to explore the issue of mandatory reporting of HAIs.


id: cord-276758-k2imddzr
author: Siegel, Jane D.
date: 2007-12-07
txt: ./txt/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276758-k2imddzr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18068815/
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.007
abstract: nan
summary:
  Activities currently assigned to ICPs in response to emerging challenges include (1) surveillance and infection prevention at facilities other than acute care hospitals (eg, ambulatory clinics, day surgery centers, LTCFs, rehabilitation centers, home care); (2) oversight of employee health services related to infection prevention (eg, assessment of risk and administration of recommended treatment after exposure to infectious agents, tuberculosis screening, influenza vaccination, respiratory protection fit testing, and administration of other vaccines as indicated, such as smallpox vaccine in 2003); (3) preparedness planning for annual influenza outbreaks, pandemic influenza, SARS, and bioweapons attacks; (4) adherence monitoring for selected infection control practices; (5) oversight of risk assessment and implementation of prevention measures associated with construction and renovation; (6) prevention of transmission of MDROs; (7) evaluation of new medical products that could be associated with increased infection risk (eg, intravenous infusion materials); (8) communication with the public, facility staff, and state and local health departments concerning infection control-related issues; and (9) participation in local and multicenter research projects.

title:
  2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Health Care Settings


id: cord-277409-q5wx313k
author: Resende, Lucilene Aparecida
date: 2016-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-277409-q5wx313k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277409-q5wx313k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27556586/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161169
summary:
  Additionally, LbSap has been shown to induce a prominent pro-inflammatory immune response characterized by increased levels of both IL-12 and IFN-γ and decreased levels of TGF-β by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which were associated with parasite control in dogs [26] . Previous studies of dogs using the "LbSapSal" vaccine displayed higher counts of circulating and Leishmania-specific CD8 + T cells in addition to high nitric oxide (NO) production [22] and reduction of splenic parasite load [27] . chagasi-challenge (T 90) demonstrated that "LbSapSal" group showed a significant increase of TNF-α levels (P<0.05) upon VSA-stimulation as compared to "Sal" and "LbSal" groups ( Fig 1A, middle panel) . The results observed at the post-vaccination period (T 3rd ) demonstrated that the "LbSal" group showed a significant reduction in the IL-10 levels (P<0.05) upon VSA-stimulation as compared to the "Sal" group ( Fig 2B, middle panel) .

title:
  Impact of LbSapSal Vaccine in Canine Immunological and Parasitological Features before and after Leishmania chagasi-Challenge

abstract:
  Dogs represent the most important domestic reservoir of L. chagasi (syn. L. infantum). A vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) would be an important tool for decreasing the anxiety related to possible L. chagasi infection and for controlling human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Because the sand fly salivary proteins are potent immunogens obligatorily co-deposited during transmission of Leishmania parasites, their inclusion in an anti-Leishmania vaccine has been investigated in past decades. We investigated the immunogenicity of the “LbSapSal” vaccine (L. braziliensis antigens, saponin as adjuvant, and Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland extract) in dogs at baseline (T(0)), during the post-vaccination protocol (T(3rd)) and after early (T(90)) and late (T(885)) times following L. chagasi-challenge. Our major data indicated that immunization with “LbSapSal” is able to induce biomarkers characterized by enhanced amounts of type I (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-12, interferon [IFN]-γ) cytokines and reduction in type II cytokines (IL-4 and TGF-β), even after experimental challenge. The establishment of a prominent pro-inflammatory immune response after “LbSapSal” immunization supported the increased levels of nitric oxide production, favoring a reduction in spleen parasitism (78.9%) and indicating long-lasting protection against L. chagasi infection. In conclusion, these results confirmed the hypothesis that the “LbSapSal” vaccination is a potential tool to control the Leishmania chagasi infection.


id: cord-281635-a6ia8kxf
author: Bellinzoni, R. C.
date: 1989-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-281635-a6ia8kxf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281635-a6ia8kxf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2551102/
doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(89)90241-7
summary:
  title: Efficacy of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina In a small-scale experimental trial, involving 21 pregnant cows (13 vaccinated and eight unvaccinated controls), a significant increase in neutralizing antibody titres against different serotypes of bovine rotaviruses was found in both the colostrum and serum of vaccinated cows compared with that of unvaccinated controls. For that reason, after several years of epidemiological studies, it was decided to develop and test an inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccine with the aim of controlling diarrhoea in beef and dairy herds in Argentina. The results showed that the oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine tested was effective in the control of calf neonatal diarrhoea in Argentina. As shown in Figure 1 , compared with controls, vaccinated cows showed significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels against rotavirus in serum, colostrum and milk until at least 30 days after calving.

title:
  Efficacy of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina

abstract:
  Abstract We have assessed the potency of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in beef herds in Argentina. Two different vaccine trials were conducted. In a small-scale experimental trial, involving 21 pregnant cows (13 vaccinated and eight unvaccinated controls), a significant increase in neutralizing antibody titres against different serotypes of bovine rotaviruses was found in both the colostrum and serum of vaccinated cows compared with that of unvaccinated controls. Seven days after birth, half of the calves born to vaccinated dams or to control cows were challenged with live virulent virus whereas the other half of both groups were left in contact with the infected calves in order to mimic a natural field challenge. Although no statistically significant differences in the rate of protection were observed among the different groups of animals, a larger number of vaccinated calves were protected in comparison with their controls, particularly where animals in contact with infected calves were concerned. Secondly, a large-scale field trial was carried out in 17 beef herds involving a total of 4066 vaccinated pregnant cows. In 11 farms morbidity and mortality in calves from vaccinated cows were compared with historical data from the previous 3 years at the same locations. In the other six herds, control groups were used to compare data of the same year: 1540 cows were vaccinated and 2700 were left as controls. Taking into account the previous and current incidence of diarrhoea, morbidity and mortality were significantly reduced in 16 of the 17 beef herds tested. Vaccine effectiveness was also evident in farms where other enteropathogens such as cryptosporidium and coronaviruses were present, together with rotavirus.


id: cord-284985-q3eiyp7e
author: O’Connell, Mary Beth
date: 2020-06-09
txt: ./txt/cord-284985-q3eiyp7e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284985-q3eiyp7e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8020099
doi: 10.3390/pharmacy8020099
summary:
  A survey with 49 items about provider attributes, pharmacy services use and evaluation, advantages and barriers of pharmacists prescribing birth control, sexual and reproductive history, and demographics was distributed by survey link and QR code. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine female college students'' opinions about and willingness to use pharmacists for obtaining hormonal contraception in a community pharmacy across a wide range of student characteristics, attitudes, and health service opinions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine female college students'' opinions about and willingness to use pharmacists for obtaining hormonal contraception in a community pharmacy across a wide range of student characteristics, attitudes, and health service opinions. Literature was reviewed related to over-the-counter birth control, emergency contraception, pharmacists prescribing contraception, obstetrics and gynecology practice/provider patient preferences, pharmacy clinical services in community pharmacies, and position statements related to these topics to create our survey.

title:
  Attitudes of Michigan Female College Students about Pharmacists Prescribing Birth Control in a Community Pharmacy

abstract:
  In the United States, the overall unintended pregnancy rate is about 45%. Women between 20–24 years old account for 59% of the unintended pregnancies. Continuous birth control use is related to decreasing unintended pregnancies. Therefore, we assessed female college students’ opinions about pharmacists prescribing birth control in a community pharmacy using an intersectionality framework. A survey with 49 items about provider attributes, pharmacy services use and evaluation, advantages and barriers of pharmacists prescribing birth control, sexual and reproductive history, and demographics was distributed by survey link and QR code. Recruitment was done by investigators and students (snowballing technique) via emails, social media posts, and direct student contact. Respondents (n = 859) were 23.0 ± 4.9 years old, 83% white, 64% healthcare students, 32% student pharmacists, 69% sexually active, 68% with at least one episode of unprotected intercourse within a year, and 29% never using condoms. Forty-six percent of students were extremely likely and 26% moderately likely to get birth control from a pharmacist because it would be easier to adhere to birth control, could prevent unintended pregnancies, would be more convenient, and require less time. Concerns included the lack of Pap screenings and prescriptions written for the wrong birth control. Within most student characteristics or attitudes assessed, at least 70% of the students would use this service. Based on student opinions, female college students would use pharmacists prescribing birth control services.


id: cord-287546-0x294f8t
title: An optimal control theory approach to non-pharmaceutical interventions
author: Lin, Feng
date: 2010-02-19
txt: ./txt/cord-287546-0x294f8t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287546-0x294f8t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-32
doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-32
summary:
  RESULTS: An optimal policy is derived for the control model using a linear NPI implementation cost. Additional studies investigate the effects of departures from the modeling assumptions, which include exponential terminal time and linear NPI implementation cost. Additional studies investigate the effects of departures from the modeling assumptions, which include exponential terminal time and linear NPI implementation cost. It measures the loss of productivity (persondays) due to implementing NPIs. To determine the value of c, the public health officials need to consider many factors, such as culture of the community, perceptions to death, consequences of pandemic and of Figure 1 expands the classic Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered (SIR) model to capture the mortality. Figure 3 shows the impact of optimal control on pandemic severity, peak, and total deaths, when NPIs are triggered at different initial states.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) are the first line of defense against pandemic influenza. These interventions dampen virus spread by reducing contact between infected and susceptible persons. Because they curtail essential societal activities, they must be applied judiciously. Optimal control theory is an approach for modeling and balancing competing objectives such as epidemic spread and NPI cost. METHODS: We apply optimal control on an epidemiologic compartmental model to develop triggers for NPI implementation. The objective is to minimize expected person-days lost from influenza related deaths and NPI implementations for the model. We perform a multivariate sensitivity analysis based on Latin Hypercube Sampling to study the effects of input parameters on the optimal control policy. Additional studies investigated the effects of departures from the modeling assumptions, including exponential terminal time and linear NPI implementation cost. RESULTS: An optimal policy is derived for the control model using a linear NPI implementation cost. Linear cost leads to a "bang-bang" policy in which NPIs are applied at maximum strength when certain state criteria are met. Multivariate sensitivity analyses are presented which indicate that NPI cost, death rate, and recovery rate are influential in determining the policy structure. Further death rate, basic reproductive number and recovery rate are the most influential in determining the expected cumulative death. When applying the NPI policy, the cumulative deaths under exponential and gamma terminal times are close, which implies that the outcome of applying the "bang-bang" policy is insensitive to the exponential assumption. Quadratic cost leads to a multi-level policy in which NPIs are applied at varying strength levels, again based on certain state criteria. Results indicate that linear cost leads to more costly implementation resulting in fewer deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The application of optimal control theory can provide valuable insight to developing effective control strategies for pandemic. Our findings highlight the importance of establishing a sensitive and timely surveillance system for pandemic preparedness.


id: cord-293041-7ndp05ru
title: The Effect of Response Inhibition Training on Risky Decision-Making Task Performance
author: Xu, Pengbo
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293041-7ndp05ru.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32793080/
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01806
summary:
  If the method of improving risky decisionmaking ability through primary cognitive training (such as inhibitory control) is proven and widely accepted, it will greatly advance the research process in the field of decision-making and will certainly provide a direction for future development. On the basis of previous studies, we chose the Balloon Analog Risk Task that has strong operability with initial results that are relatively stable and we appropriately increased the time interval between cognitive training and posttest decision-making task assessment. The two groups were assessed with the Stroop task and the Balloon Analog Risk Task to evaluate the pretest and posttest performance on inhibitory control and risky decision-making tasks at weeks 1 and 4. Because the experiment adopted a mixed design with between-and within-subjects factors, mixed-model ANOVAs of 2 (control group and training group) × 2 (pretest and posttest) factors were used to evaluate the transfer effect of response inhibition training to Stroop performance and its impact on Balloon Analog Risk Task performance.

abstract:
  Response inhibition is an important component of executive function and plays an indispensable role in decision-making and other advanced cognitive processes. At the same time, we need an effective way to improve decision-making in the face of complex and limited information. This study mainly explored the influence of response inhibition training on college students’ risky decision-making. The recruited students were randomly divided into the training group (n = 28) and the control group (n = 28). The training group engaged in Go/NoGo and stop-signal tasks for 2 weeks, while the control group was given the task of reading and summarizing popular science articles related to self-control. The Stroop task and Balloon Analog Risk Task were used to evaluate the pretest and posttest performance in inhibitory control and risky decision-making tasks, respectively, for all subjects. The results showed that response inhibition training can be effectively transferred to interference control task performance. The results showed that both the reward acquired and adjusted Balloon Analog Risk Task score (adj BART) significantly improved compared to the pretest in the training group, while the control group showed no significant differences in the reward acquired and the adj BART between the pretest and the posttest. Although response inhibition training increased risky behaviors in the Balloon Analog Risk Task, it substantially reduced overly conservative behaviors and participants gained more money.


id: cord-295019-8tf8ah6g
title: Emerging biomedical applications of synthetic biology
author: Weber, Wilfried
date: 2011-11-29
txt: ./txt/cord-295019-8tf8ah6g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295019-8tf8ah6g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22124480/
doi: 10.1038/nrg3094
summary:
  Synthetic mammalian transcription circuits consisting of a chimeric small-molecule-responsive transcription factor and a cognate synthetic promoter were originally designed for future gene-based therapies, and the aim was to adjust therapeutic transgene expression in mammalian cells in response to a pharmacologically active substance 34, 47, 49, 91 . When mammalian cells that are transgenic for the screening circuit are exposed to a compound library, they detect and modulate reporter gene expression in the presence of a non-toxic, cellpermeable and bioavailable molecule that has a classspecific core structure and corresponding drug activity (for example, antibiotic activity) (FIG. The availability of compact RNA sensor-actuators that are easy to design and to alter and that control transgene expression in response to intracellular levels of key proteins may also improve the ability to link metabolic disease states with gene-based therapeutic interventions.

abstract:
  Synthetic biology aims to create functional devices, systems and organisms with novel and useful functions on the basis of catalogued and standardized biological building blocks. Although they were initially constructed to elucidate the dynamics of simple processes, designed devices now contribute to the understanding of disease mechanisms, provide novel diagnostic tools, enable economic production of therapeutics and allow the design of novel strategies for the treatment of cancer, immune diseases and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and gout, as well as a range of infectious diseases. In this Review, we cover the impact and potential of synthetic biology for biomedical applications.


id: cord-295407-aq011b97
title: Availability of Internationally Controlled Essential Medicines in the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Pettus, Katherine
date: 2020-05-07
txt: ./txt/cord-295407-aq011b97.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295407-aq011b97.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0885392420303754?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.153
summary:
  Frequently used medicines include opioids such as morphine or fentanyl and midazolam, all of them listed as ICEMs. This paper describes the issues related to the lack of availability and limited access to ICEMs during the COVID-19 pandemic in both intensive and palliative care patients in countries of all income levels and makes recommendations for improving access. The additional COVID-19 burden of health-related suffering only underscores the government obligation to take a balanced approach to the regulation of internationally controlled substances, and to make strategic interventions, in partnership with clinical associations, to ensure the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines for primary, intensive, and palliative care.

abstract:
  Section 2 of the 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Medicines includes opioid analgesics formulations commonly used for the control of pain and respiratory distress, as well as sedative and anxiolytic substances such as midazolam and diazepam. These medicines, essential to palliative care, are regulated under the international drug control conventions overseen by United Nations (UN) specialized agencies and treaty bodies and under national drug control laws. Those national laws and regulations directly affect bedside availability of Internationally Controlled Essential Medicines (ICEMs). The complex interaction between national regulatory systems and global supply chains (now impacted by COVID-19 pandemic) directly affects bedside availability of ICEMs and patient care. Despite decades of global civil society advocacy in the UN system, ICEMs have remained chronically unavailable, inaccessible and unaffordable in Lower-and-Middle Income Countries, and there are recent reports of shortages in High Income Countries as well. The most prevalent symptoms in COVID-19 are breathlessness, cough, drowsiness, anxiety, agitation and delirium. Frequently used medicines include opioids such as morphine or fentanyl and midazolam, all of them listed as ICEMs. This paper describes the issues related to the lack of availability and limited access to ICEMs during the COVID-19 pandemic in both intensive and palliative care patients in countries of all income levels and makes recommendations for improving access.


id: cord-296226-ugeupo3u
title: A greener vision for vector control: The example of the Singapore dengue control programme
author: Sim, Shuzhen
date: 2020-08-27
txt: ./txt/cord-296226-ugeupo3u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296226-ugeupo3u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32853197/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008428
summary:
  Aedes-borne diseases, in particular, including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika, are increasing at an alarming rate due to urbanisation, population movement, weak vector control programmes, and climate change. The environmental management put in place to implement this high standard of public cleanliness has greatly benefited Singapore''s efforts to tackle VBDs. Underscoring the view that Aedes-borne diseases are environmental diseases, dengue control in Singapore is led by the National Environment Agency (NEA), a statutory board of the Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR). In view of the importance of infrastructure maintenance and design, environmental sanitation, people''s behaviours, and use of technologies on dengue prevention, the NEA collaborates closely with other government ministries (e.g., Health, National Development, Education, Finance), town councils (responsible for management and maintenance of the common property of public housing estates, including vector control), community associations, research and academic institutions, and the private sector (Fig 2) .

abstract:
  Vector-borne diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Aedes-borne diseases, in particular, including dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika, are increasing at an alarming rate due to urbanisation, population movement, weak vector control programmes, and climate change. The World Health Organization calls for strengthening of vector control programmes in line with the Global Vector Control Response (GVCR) strategy, and many vector control programmes are transitioning to this new approach. The Singapore dengue control programme, situated within the country’s larger vision of a clean, green, and sustainable environment for the health and well-being of its citizens, provides an excellent example of the GVCR approach in action. Since establishing vector control operations in the 1960s, the Singapore dengue control programme succeeded in reducing the dengue force of infection 10-fold by the 1990s and has maintained it at low levels ever since. Key to this success is consideration of dengue as an environmental disease, with a strong focus on source reduction and other environmental management methods as the dominant vector control strategy. The programme collaborates closely with other government ministries, as well as town councils, communities, the private sector, and academic and research institutions. Community engagement programmes encourage source reduction, and house-to-house inspections accompanied by a strong legislative framework with monetary penalties help to support compliance. Strong vector and epidemiological surveillance means that routine control activities can be heightened to specifically target dengue clusters. Despite its success, the programme continues to innovate to tackle challenges such as climate change, low herd immunity, and manpower constraints. Initiatives include development of novel vector controls such as Wolbachia-infected males and spatiotemporal models for dengue risk assessment. Lessons learnt from the Singapore programme can be applied to other settings, even those less well-resourced than Singapore, for more effective vector control.


id: cord-299359-s8j78naz
author: Sundaram, Maria E.
date: 2013-09-15
txt: ./txt/cord-299359-s8j78naz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299359-s8j78naz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23748138/
doi: 10.1093/cid/cit379
summary:
  We investigated the association between influenza infection, vaccination, and detection of other respiratory viruses among children <5 years old and adults ≥50 years old with acute respiratory illness who participated in seasonal studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness. This could theoretically contribute to overestimation of true VE (ie, bias away from the null); therefore, a key assumption of the test-negative control design of influenza vaccine effectiveness studies is that the proportion of noninfluenza viral illness does not differ by influenza vaccination status [9] . The goals of this study were to determine if influenza vaccination is associated with detection of noninfluenza respiratory viruses and to determine if vaccine effectiveness estimates differ when different control groups are used in the analysis. For participants in these age groups, multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing was subsequently performed to detect other respiratory viruses, providing an opportunity to investigate the relationship between influenza vaccination and infection with other viral pathogens.

title:
  Influenza Vaccination Is Not Associated With Detection of Noninfluenza Respiratory Viruses in Seasonal Studies of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness

abstract:
  Background. The test-negative control study design is the basis for observational studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE). Recent studies have suggested that influenza vaccination increases the risk of noninfluenza respiratory virus infection. Such an effect could create bias in VE studies using influenza-negative controls. We investigated the association between influenza infection, vaccination, and detection of other respiratory viruses among children <5 years old and adults ≥50 years old with acute respiratory illness who participated in seasonal studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness. Methods. Nasal/nasopharyngeal samples collected from 2004–2005 through 2009–2010 were tested for 19 respiratory virus targets using a multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) platform. Vaccination status was determined using a validated registry. Adjusted odds ratios for influenza and vaccination status were calculated using three different control groups: influenza-negative, other respiratory virus positive, and pan-negative. Results. Influenza was detected in 12% of 2010 children and 20% of 1738 adults. Noninfluenza respiratory viruses were detected in 70% of children and 38% of adults without influenza. The proportion vaccinated did not vary between virus-positive controls and pan-negative controls in children (P = .62) or adults (P = .33). Influenza infection was associated with reduced odds of vaccination, but adjusted odds ratios differed by no more than 0.02 when the analysis used influenza-negative or virus-positive controls. Conclusions. Influenza vaccination was not associated with detection of noninfluenza respiratory viruses. Use of influenza-negative controls did not generate a biased estimate of vaccine effectiveness due to an effect of vaccination on other respiratory virus infections.


id: cord-303601-o8uk6if2
title: Modeling, state estimation, and optimal control for the US COVID-19 outbreak
author: Tsay, Calvin
date: 2020-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-303601-o8uk6if2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303601-o8uk6if2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67459-8
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67459-8
summary:
  This includes modeling the dynamics of affected populations, estimating the model parameters and hidden states from data, and an optimal control strategy for sequencing social distancing and testing events such that the number of infections is minimized. Figure 2 shows the predicted values obtained by solving the parameter estimation problem and the historical data by country, retrieved by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (https ://githu b.com/CSSEG ISand Data/COVID -19; accessed April 16, 2020). For the estimated parameter values as described previously, we simulate the results of implementing two different simplistic control policies: (i) continuing with strict social distancing, quarantining, and testing, policies that result from continuing to lower the asymptomatic ( α a ) and infected ( α i ) exposures shown in Fig. 2 ; and (ii) a relaxed policy with more lenient measures and reduced testing, in this case the values of α a and α i are increased to 0.2 and 0.02, respectively, while κ is decreased to 0.2.

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and resulting COVID-19 disease have had an unprecedented spread and continue to cause an increasing number of fatalities worldwide. While vaccines are still under development, social distancing, extensive testing, and quarantining of confirmed infected subjects remain the most effective measures to contain the pandemic. These measures carry a significant socioeconomic cost. In this work, we introduce a novel optimization-based decision-making framework for managing the COVID-19 outbreak in the US. This includes modeling the dynamics of affected populations, estimating the model parameters and hidden states from data, and an optimal control strategy for sequencing social distancing and testing events such that the number of infections is minimized. The analysis of our extensive computational efforts reveals that social distancing and quarantining are most effective when implemented early, with quarantining of confirmed infected subjects having a much higher impact. Further, we find that “on-off” policies alternating between strict social distancing and relaxing such restrictions can be effective at “flattening” the curve while likely minimizing social and economic cost.


id: cord-305207-fgvbrg8d
author: Ohara, Hiroshi
date: 2013-06-29
txt: ./txt/cord-305207-fgvbrg8d.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-305207-fgvbrg8d.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.2149/tmh.2013-03
doi: 10.2149/tmh.2013-03
summary:
  In the healthcare setting, particularly in developed countries, various measures including the organization of infection control teams (ICTs), preparation of manuals, strengthening of surveillance systems, and training of staff have been taken to assure effective control. The form consisted of the following items: "general information of the hospitals, control system including manual and infection control committees (ICC), equipment and facility preparedness, training conditions, surveillance conditions, expectation for international cooperation and current problems. Among the problems observed in the study were weak ICC function, few training opportunities among the hospital staff, inadequate use of antibiotics, shortage of infection control staff, shortage of doctors and nurses and their overload in daily medical practice, shortage of fundamental equipment including PPE, inadequate practice of basic techComparison of nosocomial infection control conditions between 2003 and 2011 at five national hospitals showed an improvement trend. Appropriate nosocomial infection control is a key strategy in providing high quality medical care, and effective measures are particularly required in developing countries, where the frequency of infectious diseases is high and environmental conditions of hospitals are poor [14, 15] .

title:
  Fact-finding Survey of Nosocomial Infection Control in Hospitals in Kathmandu, Nepal—A Basis for Improvement

abstract:
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the actual conditions of nosocomial infection control in Kathmandu City, Nepal as a basis for the possible contribution to its improvement. The survey was conducted at 17 hospitals and the methods included a questionnaire, site visits and interviews. Nine hospitals had manuals on nosocomial infection control, and seven had an infection control committee (ICC). The number of hospitals that met the required amount of personal protective equipment preparation was as follows: gowns (13), gloves (13), surgical masks (12). Six hospitals had carried out in-service training over the past one year, but seven hospitals responded that no staff had been trained. Eight hospitals were conducting surveillance based on the results of bacteriological testing. The major problems included inadequate management of ICC, insufficient training opportunities for hospital staff, and lack of essential equipment. Moreover, increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics was recognized as a growing issue. In comparison with the results conducted in 2003 targeting five governmental hospitals, a steady improvement was observed, but further improvements are needed in terms of the provision of high quality medical care. Particularly, dissemination of appropriate manuals, enhancement of basic techniques, and strengthening of the infection control system should be given priority.


id: cord-306100-dkbujz83
author: Chughtai, Abrar A.
date: 2020-03-13
txt: ./txt/cord-306100-dkbujz83.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306100-dkbujz83.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0020748920300523
doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103567
abstract: nan
summary:
  As drugs or vaccines are not yet available, various non-pharmaceutical measures have been recommended to reduce the spread of infection, including hygiene and disinfection, improving environmental control, early detection and reporting, isolation, quarantine, use of personal protective equipment, social distancing and travel restrictions (( World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 ; Bell et al., 2006 ) ). Masks and respirators are commonly used to protect healthcare workers from respiratory infections, particularly during the initial periods of outbreaks/ pandemics when other control measures not yet available ( Aiello et al., 2010 a; Aledort et al., 2007 ) . History is repeating itself with the same controversies around powered air purifying respirators during the The only similarity is that all health organisations and countries generally recommend the use of masks by suspected or infected cases of COVID-19 (i.e. source control) to prevent spread of infections.

title:
  Policies on the use of respiratory protection for hospital health workers to protect from coronavirus disease (COVID-19)


id: cord-307946-1olapsmv
author: Xu, Zhijie
date: 2020-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-307946-1olapsmv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307946-1olapsmv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32869200/
doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-06107-3
summary:
  title: Primary Care Practitioners'' Barriers to and Experience of COVID-19 Epidemic Control in China: a Qualitative Study Barriers to epidemic control in primary care included inappropriate PCP scheduling and role ambiguity, difficult tasks and inadequate capacities, and inexperienced community workers and insufficient cooperation. PCPs reported potential solutions for improving countermeasures, such as improving management, optimizing workflows, providing additional support, facilitating cooperation, and strengthening the primary care system. To understand PCPs'' perceived barriers to and experience of performing their tasks in epidemic control, we recruited frontline PCPs in China and conducted in-depth interviews using a qualitative design. The government officials and medical experts irregularly visited the community/township health centers and inspected PCPs'' daily practice of epidemic control, including the material preparation and arrangement, and held meetings to discuss the existing problems and potential solutions with PCPs. One participant stated, "It really troubled me that I had to accompany those supervisors, maybe 3 to 5 times a week, and show them what we had done with countless papers and forms and photos." Some instructions distributed to PCPs by supervisors were perceived as "scratching the surface".

title:
  Primary Care Practitioners’ Barriers to and Experience of COVID-19 Epidemic Control in China: a Qualitative Study

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged in December 2019 and posed numerous challenges to China’s health system. Almost 4 million primary care practitioners (PCPs) participated in controlling the outbreak. However, PCPs’ barriers to and experience of the epidemic control remain unknown and are essential for improving countermeasures. OBJECTIVE: To better understand the barriers PCPs faced in COVID-19 epidemic control and their psychological and occupational impacts, and explore potential solutions. DESIGN: This qualitative study was conducted through semi-structured, in-depth interviews from February 12, to March 10, 2020. PARTICIPANTS: A purposive sample of frontline PCPs affiliated with either community health centers or township health centers in four provinces of China were recruited. APPROACH: Interviews were conducted by telephone, and then recorded, transcribed, and content analyzed. Themes surrounding PCPs’ barriers to COVID-19 epidemic control, their experience, and potential solutions were iteratively identified using the constant comparative method. KEY RESULTS: Of the 21 PCPs interviewed, 10 (48%) were women and 5 (24%) worked in rural areas. Barriers to epidemic control in primary care included inappropriate PCP scheduling and role ambiguity, difficult tasks and inadequate capacities, and inexperienced community workers and insufficient cooperation. Some PCPs perceived respect and a sense of accomplishment and were preoccupied with the outbreak, while others were frustrated by fatigue and psychological distress. PCPs reported potential solutions for improving countermeasures, such as improving management, optimizing workflows, providing additional support, facilitating cooperation, and strengthening the primary care system. CONCLUSIONS: Due to their roles in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic, PCPs in China faced a series of barriers that affected them physically and mentally. Support for PCPs should help them to overcome these barriers and work efficiently. The current findings provide insight into the challenges and potential solutions for strengthening the preparedness and response of China’s primary care system in future disease outbreaks. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11606-020-06107-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-309705-el5rembl
author: Dantés, Héctor Gómez
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-309705-el5rembl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309705-el5rembl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32785481/
doi: 10.1590/0074-02760200284
summary:
  The occurrence of arboviral diseases with COVID-19 in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region presents challenges and opportunities for strengthening health services, surveillance and control programs. The fear of contagion by COVID-19 is constraining people with arboviral diseases to search for care which can lead to an increase in serious cases and could disrupt the operation of vector-control programs due to the reluctance of residents to open their doors to health personnel. Despite having limited information on the direct impact on human health of the interaction of arboviral diseases with COVID-19, (12) it is essential that all efforts be made to protect populations at risk (13) since Aedes-transmitted diseases (ATDs) mainly affect vulnerable populations living in poor urban or rural areas and in houses with limited access to sewerage and drinking water services. Given the emergence of COVID-19, it is essential that countries commit to supporting this Plan of Action and strengthen their surveillance and control programs in an integrated way where new epidemiological circumstances are seen as challenges and opportunities and much less as disbeliefs or limitations.

title:
  Prevention and control of Aedes transmitted infections in the post-pandemic scenario of COVID-19: challenges and opportunities for the region of the Americas

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenges public health systems around the world. Tropical countries will face complex epidemiological scenarios involving the simultaneous transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with viruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti. The occurrence of arboviral diseases with COVID-19 in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region presents challenges and opportunities for strengthening health services, surveillance and control programs. Financing of training, equipment and reconversion of hospital spaces will have a negative effect on already the limited resource directed to the health sector. The strengthening of the diagnostic infrastructure reappears as an opportunity for the national reference laboratories. Sharing of epidemiological information for the modeling of epidemiological scenarios allows collaboration between health, academic and scientific institutions. The fear of contagion by COVID-19 is constraining people with arboviral diseases to search for care which can lead to an increase in serious cases and could disrupt the operation of vector-control programs due to the reluctance of residents to open their doors to health personnel. Promoting intense community participation along with the incorporation of long lasting innovations in vector control offers new opportunities for control. The COVID-19 pandemic offers challenges and opportunities that must provoke positive behavioral changes and encourage more permanent self-care actions.


id: cord-310232-n10ciwy6
author: Cheung, Wing
date: 2007-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-310232-n10ciwy6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310232-n10ciwy6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0266613806000568
doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2006.05.001
summary:
  Abstract Objective to explore and examine the relationship between maternal anxiety levels and feelings of control during labour among Hong Kong Chinese first-time pregnant women. Recent studies have suggested that feelings of control during labour are one of the important factors contributing to maternal childbirth satisfaction (Gibbins and Thomson, 2001) , and women should be empowered through knowledge of what to expect from accurate information received about the birth process. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between Hong Kong Chinese first-time pregnant women''s anxiety levels and their feelings of control during labour. It was envisaged that the results of this study could (1) increase understanding of the psychological parameters of Chinese women in childbirth; (2) help in explaining women''s unspoken high anxiety level and its relationship with their feelings of control during labour; and (3) help midwives to develop appropriate strategies to enhance positive childbirth experience for their clients.

title:
  Maternal anxiety and feelings of control during labour: A study of Chinese first-time pregnant women

abstract:
  Abstract Objective to explore and examine the relationship between maternal anxiety levels and feelings of control during labour among Hong Kong Chinese first-time pregnant women. Design an exploratory descriptive correlation design. Data were collected on three occasions: during latent phase of labour, during active phase of labour and within 24–48 hrs after delivery. Setting an obstetric unit of a public teaching hospital in Hong Kong. Participants a convenience sample of 90 Hong Kong Chinese first-time mothers. Measurements and findings the Labour Agentry Scale (LAS) is a self-report scale designed to measure feelings of control during childbirth. A Visual Analogue Scale for anxiety (VAS-A) was used to measure women's self-reported level of anxiety during labour. Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient test indicated a significant negative relationship between the feelings of control and maternal anxiety during labour. No statistical relationships were detected between women's attendance at antenatal classes and feelings of control during labour. Key conclusions the study showed a significant negative relationship between maternal anxiety and feelings of control during labour. Implications for practice midwives should work with women to enhance their personal control during labour and satisfaction with their birth. The insignificant relationship between attendance at antenatal classes and feelings of control suggests the need to evaluate the content of childbirth education in order to empower women's control during labour.


id: cord-312552-udky2ko7
author: Fouque, Florence
date: 2020-10-29
txt: ./txt/cord-312552-udky2ko7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312552-udky2ko7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa489
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa489
summary:
  The Swiss Development Cooperation, Canada''s International Development Research Centre, the Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, and the UNICEF/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/World Bank/World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) collaborated on a project to review, understand and promote the use of multisectoral approaches (MSAs) in the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases (VBDs). The SDC, the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) from Canada, the Swiss TPH, and the UNICEF/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/World Bank/World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) agreed on a collaborative activity, started in late 2016, to better understand the landscape, the building blocks, and the processes of an MSA for the prevention and control of VBDs and to implement selected case studies to test these approaches.

title:
  Introduction to a Landscape Analysis of Multisectoral Approaches for Prevention and Control of Infectious and Vector-Borne Diseases

abstract:
  The Swiss Development Cooperation, Canada’s International Development Research Centre, the Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, and the UNICEF/United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/World Bank/World Health Organization (WHO) Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) collaborated on a project to review, understand and promote the use of multisectoral approaches (MSAs) in the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases (VBDs). The objectives of the project were to support a landscape analysis of how MSAs have been used in the prevention and control of VBDs; to develop a theoretical framework for guiding the implementation of interventions; and to test the recommendations in real-life conditions. To realize these objectives, the project supported several activities, including commissioning a series of scientific reviews on MSAs in 5 thematic areas, sharing the key findings of these reviews in workshops and events, and developing a guidance framework for the implementation of MSAs. These activities have produced the theoretical framework that will be tested in real-life conditions through the support of case studies. The collaboration on implementing multisectoral activities against VBDs will continue among TDR, the Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, and new partners such as the WHO Water Sanitation and Hygiene Group, UNDP, and UN-Habitat, in order to face the challenges identified and propose solutions tailored to specific contexts. The prevention and control of VBDs require strong and adapted MSAs with the full participation of all relevant sectors.


id: cord-317864-44knig6g
title: Centers for Disease Control
author: Thacker, S.B.
date: 2008-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-317864-44knig6g.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317864-44knig6g.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739605003038
doi: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00303-8
summary:
  Emerging from a small, wartime government program with a regional focus on malaria in 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has become a global public health agency that addresses the entire scope of public health, with over 10 000 employees and contractors in nearly 200 occupations. The CDC''s expertise has expanded in direct correlation with the expanding view of public health needs: it is recognized globally for its ability to respond to urgent threat related to disease epidemics and the health consequences of disaster and war. CDC programs have contributed significantly to the eradication and reduction of diseases such as smallpox, polio, and guinea worm, as well as the control of health problems such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), childhood lead poisoning, breast and cervical cancer, diabetes, violence, and unintentional injuries. The history of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) began in 1942 with the establishment of the Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA), under the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS).

abstract:
  Emerging from a small, wartime government program with a regional focus on malaria in 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has become a global public health agency that addresses the entire scope of public health, with over 10 000 employees and contractors in nearly 200 occupations. The CDC's expertise has expanded in direct correlation with the expanding view of public health needs: it is recognized globally for its ability to respond to urgent threat related to disease epidemics and the health consequences of disaster and war. CDC programs have contributed significantly to the eradication and reduction of diseases such as smallpox, polio, and guinea worm, as well as the control of health problems such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), childhood lead poisoning, breast and cervical cancer, diabetes, violence, and unintentional injuries. CDC contributions in applied epidemiology, public health surveillance, risk factor reduction, and environmental risk assessment also have been critical to the practice of public health in the United States and around the world. The emerging concerns of the new century – genomics, globalization, the built environment, information technology, global warming, emerging infections, violence, and so forth – will require not only the traditional disciplines but also new expertise and new global partners, both public and private.


id: cord-320262-9zxgaprl
author: Asamoah, Joshua Kiddy K.
date: 2020-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-320262-9zxgaprl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320262-9zxgaprl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32834629/
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110103
summary:
  title: Global stability and cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 considering the impact of the environment:using data from Ghana that other optimal control model on COVID-19 have been studied (see for example [27, 28, 29 , 30, 31, The model further assumes that, no exposed individual transmits the disease. It is further inferred from this 310 study that; applying optimal control strategy on the rate at which the virus is released into the system, m 1 311 and m 2 , and also on the relative transmission rate due to human behaviour will considerably strike down 312 COVID-19 pandemic. Early dynamics of transmission and control 376 of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study A model based study on the dynamics 431 of COVID-19: Prediction and control A model based study on the dynamics 431 of COVID-19: Prediction and control Modeling the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the dynamics of 435 novel coronavirus with optimal control analysis with a case study Modelling of rabies transmission dynamics 477 using optimal control analysis

title:
  Global stability and cost-effectiveness analysis of COVID-19 considering the impact of the environment:using data from Ghana

abstract:
  COVID-19 potentially threatens the lives and livelihood of people all over the world. The disease is presently a major health concern in Ghana and the rest of the world. Although, human to human transmission dynamics has been established, not much research is done on the dynamics of the virus in the environment and the role human play by releasing the virus into the environment. Therefore, investigating the human-environment-human by use of mathematical analysis and optimal control theory is relatively necessary. The dynamics of COVID-19 for this study is segregated into compartments as: Susceptible (S), Exposed (E), Asymptomatic (A), symptomatic (I), Recovered (R) and the Virus in the environment/surfaces (V). The basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] without controls is computed. The application of Lyapunov’s function is used to analyse the global stability of the proposed model. We fit the model to real data from Ghana in the time window 12th March 2020 to 7th May 2020, with the aid of python programming language using the least-squares method. The average basic reproduction number without controls, [Formula: see text] is approximately 2.68. An optimal control is formulated based on the sensitivity analysis. Numerical simulation of the model is also done to verify the analytic results. The admissible control set such as: effective testing and quarantine when boarders are opened, the usage of masks and face shields through media education, cleaning of surfaces with home-based detergents, practising proper cough etiquette and fumigating commercial areas; health centers is simulated in MATLAB. We used forward-backward sweep Runge-Kutta scheme which gave interesting results in the main text, for example, the cost-effectiveness analysis shows that, Strategy 4 (cleaning of surfaces with home-based detergents) is the most cost-effective strategy among all the six control intervention strategies under consideration.


id: cord-323761-9m177ozm
title: Asthma in Pregnancy: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Whole-Course Management, and Medication Safety
author: Wang, Huijie
date: 2020-02-22
txt: ./txt/cord-323761-9m177ozm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323761-9m177ozm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32184907/
doi: 10.1155/2020/9046842
summary:
  Studies have shown that maternal asthma increases the risk for adverse complications in fetuses and mothers, including SGA (small for gestational age), LBW (low birth weight), congenital malformations (cleft lip or cleft palate), increased perinatal mortality, PB (premature birth), maternal preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, prenatal hemorrhage, caesarean section, urinary tract infection, excessive amniotic fluid, and premature rupture of membranes, especially for those patients with severe or uncontrolled asthma during pregnancy [6, 7] . e long-term goals of asthma management are to achieve good symptom control, maintain normal activity levels, and minimize the risk of acute attacks, irreversible damage to lung function, and drug-related adverse effects. Anti-IgE monoclonal antibody omalizumab is as an add-on therapy for the treatment of nonpregnant patients with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma that is inadequately controlled with ICS and has the effect of preventing exacerbation, reducing the frequency of asthmatic symptoms, reducing the frequency of emergency room visit or hospital admission, and reducing the steroid dose.

abstract:
  Asthma in pregnancy is a health issue of great concern. Physiological changes and drug compliance during pregnancy can affect asthma control in varying degrees, and the control level of asthma and the side effects of asthma medications are closely related to the adverse perinatal outcomes of mother and fetus. This article provides an update on the available literature regarding the alleviating or aggravating mechanism of asthma in pregnancy, diagnosis, disease assessment, and systematic management, to provide a new guidance for physician, obstetric joint doctor, and health care practitioner.


id: cord-325032-3x5wklr4
title: Semiformal Organizations and Control During the COVID-19 Crisis in China
author: Jiang, Shanhe
date: 2020-10-30
txt: ./txt/cord-325032-3x5wklr4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325032-3x5wklr4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-020-09334-z
doi: 10.1007/s11417-020-09334-z
summary:
  Using a survey data collected during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in China, this study investigated the prevalence and importance of semiformal organizations, formal organizations, and informal groups participating in social control and social service and the predictors of the perceived importance of these three forms of social control mechanisms. The table is based on the data from the respondents'' answers to this question: "During the COVID-19 lockdown period, who participated in the following activities: checkpoint inspection, health screening, food supplies, drug supplies, sanitization, and information distribution." The choices included residents'' or village committee, government agencies or officers, community police or police officers, volunteers, regular citizens, and no action. In sum, formal organizations, government agencies and police, the semiformal organizations, residents'' committee in urban areas and village committee in rural areas, and informal groups or individuals, volunteers, and regular citizens, all participated in community control and service.

abstract:
  Scholars often compare China and Western societies in terms of dichotomous forms of control—formal and informal. Recent research indicates a nuanced form of social control—semiformal. Using a survey data collected during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in China, this study investigated the prevalence and importance of semiformal organizations, formal organizations, and informal groups participating in social control and social service and the predictors of the perceived importance of these three forms of social control mechanisms. Findings from this study revealed that formal organizations, the semiformal organizations, and informal groups all participated in community control and service. Semiformal organizations had the highest level of participation. This study found that education and age are the two major predictors of the views on the importance of formal, informal, and semiformal control and control mechanisms.


id: cord-325300-wawui0fd
title: 4 Communicable Diseases
author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.
date: 2000-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780127033501500061
doi: 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1
summary:
  No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings.

abstract:
  Publisher Summary In a world of rapid international transport and contact between populations, systems are needed to monitor the potential explosive spread of pathogens that may be transferred from their normal habitat. The potential for the international spread of new or reinvigorated infectious diseases constitute threat to mankind akin to ecological and other man-made disasters. Public health has addressed the issues of communicable disease as one of its key issues in protecting individual and population health. Methods of intervention include classic public health through sanitation, immunization, and well beyond that into nutrition, education, case finding, and treatment, and changing human behavior. The knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of policy makers, health care providers, and parents is as important in the success of communicable disease control as are the technology available and methods of financing health systems. Together, these encompass the broad programmatic approach of the New Public Health to control of communicable diseases.


id: cord-329276-tfrjw743
title: On the Role of the Objective in the Optimization of Compartmental Models for Biomedical Therapies
author: Ledzewicz, Urszula
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-329276-tfrjw743.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329276-tfrjw743.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10957-020-01754-2
doi: 10.1007/s10957-020-01754-2
summary:
  We discuss various aspects of the modeling of the dynamics (such as growth and interaction terms), modeling of treatment (including pharmacometrics of the drugs), and give special attention to the choice of the objective functional to be minimized. , m, represent the administration of the therapies (dose rates) and as variables are separated from the effects of the actions (which, for example, depend on the concentrations), then a model which is linear in the controls is not only adequate, but is the correct one. Choosing the objective functional in the form (17) with N = 0 (as we do not consider an immune boost), optimal chemotherapy protocols follow the concatenation structure 1s01 with 1 representing a full dose segment, s denoting administration following a singular control and 0 standing for a rest-period of the treatment.

abstract:
  We review and discuss results obtained through an application of tools of nonlinear optimal control to biomedical problems. We discuss various aspects of the modeling of the dynamics (such as growth and interaction terms), modeling of treatment (including pharmacometrics of the drugs), and give special attention to the choice of the objective functional to be minimized. Indeed, many properties of optimal solutions are predestined by this choice which often is only made casually using some simple ad hoc heuristics. We discuss means to improve this choice by taking into account the underlying biology of the problem.


id: cord-330956-692irru4
title: A control approach to the Covid-19 disease using a SEIHRD dynamical model
author: Pazos, F. A.
date: 2020-05-30
txt: ./txt/cord-330956-692irru4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330956-692irru4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.27.20115295v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.05.27.20115295
summary:
  The recent worldwide epidemic of Covid-19 disease, for which there is no vaccine or medications to prevent or cure it, led to the adoption of public health measures by governments and populations in most of the affected countries to avoid the contagion and its spread. α and β are the probability of disease transmission in a single contact with exposed (infected) people times the average daily number of contacts per person and have units of 1/day. We propose the use of control theory to determine public nonpharmaceuticals interventions (NPIs) in order to control the evolution of the epidemic, avoiding the collapse of health care systems while minimizing harmful effects on the population and on the economy. Therefore, the control action needs to be calculated as a function of the number of infected people I (the number of exposed people E is quite unknown) in order to avoid future hospitalization requirements in the next 10.6 days at most.

abstract:
  The recent worldwide epidemic of Covid-19 disease, for which there is no vaccine or medications to prevent or cure it, led to the adoption of public health measures by governments and populations in most of the affected countries to avoid the contagion and its spread. These measures are known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and their implementation clearly produces social unrest as well as greatly affects the economy. Frequently, NPIs are implemented with an intensity quantified in an ad hoc manner. Control theory offers a worthwhile tool for determining the optimal intensity of the NPIs in order to avoid the collapse of the healthcare system while keeping them as low as possible, yielding in a policymakers concrete guidance. We propose here the use of a simple proportional controller that is robust to large parametric uncertainties in the model used.


id: cord-334583-825kmicf
title: Optimal control application to an Ebola model
author: Bonyah, Ebenezer
date: 2016-03-08
txt: ./txt/cord-334583-825kmicf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-334583-825kmicf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2221169116301599
doi: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.01.012
summary:
  Optimal control theory is applied to a system of ordinary differential equations which is modeling Ebola infection through three different routes including contact between humans and a dead body. The holding is incorporated in the model by adding a control term that may minimize the treatment failure rate of individuals with Ebola disease. The "case holding" control, u 2 (t) deals with effort needed to identify the proportion of typical Ebola exposed individuals that is known and will be put under treatment in order to reduce the number of individuals that may turn to be infectious. The term u 3 (t) deals with the effort that ensures those that are infectious both in the first and super infection stages are given treatment and monitored to take their drugs in order to minimize the number of individuals developing and dying of Ebola. In this work, mathematical model of Ebola disease with three possible routes of transmission that include prevention and two treatment measures as optimal control has been examined.

abstract:
  Ebola virus is a severe, frequently fatal illness, with a case fatality rate up to 90%. The outbreak of the disease has been acknowledged by World Health Organization as Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The threat of Ebola in West Africa is still a major setback to the socioeconomic development. Optimal control theory is applied to a system of ordinary differential equations which is modeling Ebola infection through three different routes including contact between humans and a dead body. In an attempt to reduce infection in susceptible population, a preventive control is put in the form of education and campaign and two treatment controls are applied to infected and late-stage infected (super) human population. The Pontryagins maximum principle is employed to characterize optimality control, which is then solved numerically. It is observed that time optimal control is existed in the model. The activation of each control showed a positive reduction of infection. The overall effect of activation of all the controls simultaneously reduced the effort required for the reduction of the infection quickly. The obtained results present a good framework for planning and designing cost-effective strategies for good interventions in dealing with Ebola disease. It is established that in order to reduce Ebola threat all the three controls must be taken into consideration concurrently.


id: cord-336409-crkcxpw0
title: COVID-19 in Malaysia: Crucial measures in critical times
author: Ganasegeran, Kurubaran
date: 2020-08-11
txt: ./txt/cord-336409-crkcxpw0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-336409-crkcxpw0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020333
doi: 10.7189/jogh.10.020333
abstract: nan
summary:
  Albeit the global COVID-19 pandemic trend is increasing, Malaysia is seeing a decrease on the number of infections, with high recoveries and low mortality rates [1] . This viewpoint aims to discuss the targeted containment strategies executed by Malaysia, which till date is showing positive responses in controlling the spread of COVID-19. (2) high compliance on the practice of physical distancing measures and the usage of face mask; (3) reducing flight and public transportation services; (4) self-quarantine at home; (5) changes to crucial essential services like funerals to minimize crowd size and exposure to body fluids; and (6) avoidance of misinformation -verified and clear information regarding COVID-19 needs to be delivered on-time and consistently to the public to avoid fake news, rumors and panic. With declining trend of positive cases, Malaysia executed a relaxed Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) that aims to carefully re-open the country''s major economy in phases [1] .


id: cord-337913-eu2gn4bl
author: Stojanov, Ana
date: 2020-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-337913-eu2gn4bl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337913-eu2gn4bl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32804940/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237771
summary:
  Across six studies conducted online using MTurk samples, we observed no effect of control manipulations on conspiracy theory beliefs, while replicating previously reported correlational evidence of their association. Given the significance and potential consequences of widespread conspiracy beliefs [38, 39] , and the plausible but largely unsubstantiated role of control in their appeal, we here report three studies to test the effects of lack of control on conspiracy theory beliefs using a standard priming paradigm and a validated measure of conspiracy ideation, which reflects the belief that a powerful entity lies behind significant social or political events and that the conventional (official) truth is not the "real" truth. In a recent meta-analysis of experimental manipulations of control on conspiracy beliefs [68] conducted on 45 effect sizes across 23 studies (including those reported here), we found no moderating effect of sample type (MTurk vs.

title:
  Does Perceived Lack of Control Lead to Conspiracy Theory Beliefs? Findings from an online MTurk sample

abstract:
  It is widely believed that conspiracy theory beliefs are the product of perceived lack of control. However, to date there is mixed evidence, at best, to support this claim. We consider the reasons why conspiracy theory beliefs do not appear to be based in any straightforward way on control beliefs, interrogating existing findings and presenting new data that call the relationship into question. Across six studies conducted online using MTurk samples, we observed no effect of control manipulations on conspiracy theory beliefs, while replicating previously reported correlational evidence of their association. The results suggest that conspiracy beliefs are not suitable for compensating for threats to control. We discuss possible reasons for the discrepancy between experimental and correlational effects and examine the limitations of the studies.


id: cord-340851-lnv8yi9l
title: Optimal control of the COVID-19 pandemic with non-pharmaceutical interventions
author: Perkins, Alex
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-340851-lnv8yi9l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-340851-lnv8yi9l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.22.20076018v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.22.20076018
summary:
  To characterize a range of possible strategies for control and to understand their consequences, we performed an optimal control analysis of a mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Our results also highlight that the potential scope for controlling COVID-19 until a vaccine is available depends on epidemiological parameters about which there is still considerable uncertainty, including the basic reproduction number and the effectiveness of social distancing. Strategies for successfully controlling COVID-19 until then will depend on a suite of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) [3] , including some degree of social distancing but also diagnostic testing, contact tracing, and case isolation [5] . Because they are similar to the components of the objective functional but more easily interpretable, we describe effects of model parameters on t1 t0 D(t)dt (cumulative deaths) and t1 t0 u(t)dt (cumulative time under control).

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has forced societies across the world to resort to social distancing to slow the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Due to the economic impacts of social distancing, there is growing desire to relax these measures. To characterize a range of possible strategies for control and to understand their consequences, we performed an optimal control analysis of a mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Given that the pandemic is already underway and controls have already been initiated, we calibrated our model to data from the US and focused our analysis on optimal controls from May 2020 through December 2021. We found that a major factor that differentiates strategies that prioritize lives saved versus reduced time under control is how quickly control is relaxed once social distancing restrictions expire in May 2020. Strategies that maintain control at a high level until summer 2020 allow for tapering of control thereafter and minimal deaths, whereas strategies that relax control in the short term lead to fewer options for control later and a higher likelihood of exceeding hospital capacity. Our results also highlight that the potential scope for controlling COVID-19 until a vaccine is available depends on epidemiological parameters about which there is still considerable uncertainty, including the basic reproduction number and the effectiveness of social distancing. In light of those uncertainties, our results do not constitute a quantitative forecast and instead provide a qualitative portrayal of possible outcomes from alternative approaches to control.


id: cord-341434-2xrdv92m
title: Biology and Diseases of Rabbits
author: Nowland, Megan H.
date: 2015-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-341434-2xrdv92m.txt
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url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095274000109
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00010-9
summary:
  Etiology Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative nonmotile coccobacillus that causes pasteurellosis, also known as ''snuffles'', the primary respiratory disease affecting domestic rabbits (Deeb and DiGiacomo, 2000; Guo et al., 2012) . Research Complications Pasteurellosis can cause considerable economic losses (El Tayeb et al., 2004; Ferreira et al., 2012; Stahel et al., 2009 ) and has the potential to affect different types of research studies using rabbits due to the multisystemic nature of the disease, and the possibility of high morbidity and mortality. piliforme is a pleomorphic, Gramnegative, spore-forming, motile, obligate intracellular rod-shaped bacterium that causes Tyzzer''s disease and infects various animals including mice, nonhuman primates, gerbils, rats, rabbits, and others (Allen et al., 1965; Ganaway et al., 1971; Pritt et al., 2010) . Research Complications EPEC infection can cause high morbidity and mortality in laboratory rabbit colonies and can affect studies involving intestinal physiology in rabbits.

abstract:
  Beginning in 1931, an inbred rabbit colony was developed at the Phipps Institute for the Study, Treatment and Prevention of Tuberculosis at the University of Pennsylvania. This colony was used to study natural resistance to infection with tuberculosis (Robertson et al., 1966). Other inbred colonies or well-defined breeding colonies were also developed at the University of Illinois College of Medicine Center for Genetics, the Laboratories of the International Health Division of The Rockefeller Foundation, the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, and Jackson Laboratories. These colonies were moved or closed in the years to follow. Since 1973, the U.S. Department of Agriculture has reported the total number of certain species of animals used by registered research facilities (1997). In 1973, 447,570 rabbits were used in research. There has been an overall decrease in numbers of rabbits used. This decreasing trend started in the mid-1990s. In 2010, 210,172 rabbits were used in research. Despite the overall drop in the number used in research, the rabbit is still a valuable model and tool for many disciplines.


id: cord-342137-l67pvf73
title: Schistosomiasis control and the health system in P.R. China
author: Collins, Charles
date: 2012-11-01
txt: ./txt/cord-342137-l67pvf73.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-1-8
doi: 10.1186/2049-9957-1-8
summary:
  These cover the policy-making process, intersectoral action for health, equity and access to health services, funding for public goods and externalities, and strengthening resource management and planning. These issues form the basis of an agenda for integrating research and capacity strengthening in the Chinese health system with a view to creating a more positive enabling environment for schistosomiasis control. The debate over the vertical and/or horizontal nature of disease control programmes has occupied an important place in health systems analysis, together with discussions over the nature of integration and the specific circumstances in which integration is or is not appropriate [8] [9] [10] [11] . The paper concludes by analysing four emerging themes; the role and integrity of the public sector, the importance of equity for infectious diseases of poverty, the significance of health systems development, and the importance of advocacy.

abstract:
  Over the last sixty years advances have been made in the control of schistosomiasis in P.R. China. There are, however, difficult challenges still to be met. This paper looks at the extent to which the health system offers a positive environment for the control of the disease. It starts by tracing three phases in schistosomiasis control: disease elimination strategy through snail control (1950s-early 1980s); morbidity control strategy based on chemotherapy (mid 1980s to 2003); integrated control strategy (2004+). Each one of these phases took place in distinct policy-making environments. The paper partly draws on these phases to set out five issues of disease control and discusses them in the context of the health system and its recent trends. These cover the policy-making process, intersectoral action for health, equity and access to health services, funding for public goods and externalities, and strengthening resource management and planning. These issues form the basis of an agenda for integrating research and capacity strengthening in the Chinese health system with a view to creating a more positive enabling environment for schistosomiasis control. In so doing it is important to emphasize the role and integrity of the public sector against its commercialization, the underlying value of equity, a systems wide perspective, and the role of advocacy.


id: cord-349159-rndtf508
author: Brosseau, Lisa M
date: 2020-08-21
txt: ./txt/cord-349159-rndtf508.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.1093/annweh/wxaa083
doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa083
summary:
  Built on the recognition that aerosol-transmissible organisms are likely to exhibit a dose–response function, such that higher exposures result from longer contact times or higher air concentrations, this control banding model offers a systematic method for identifying a set of source and pathway controls that could eliminate or reduce the need for receptor controls. From that perspective, occupational hygienists have an obligation Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 2020, 1-10 doi: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa083 Original Article to consider hazardous SARS-CoV-2 aerosols in workplace risk assessments and to encourage employers to utilize well-studied and proven source and pathway control strategies for minimizing aerosol exposures. (2019) proposed a control banding method for aerosol-transmissible diseases, such as COVID-19, for two reasons: (i) to identify those jobs at highest risk and (ii) encourage the use of source and pathway controls before resorting to personal protective equipment (PPE), for the ultimate goal of conserving PPE for those in the highest risk categories.

title:
  Selecting Controls for Minimizing SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Transmission in Workplaces and Conserving Respiratory Protective Equipment Supplies

abstract:
  With growing evidence of inhalation of small infectious particles as an important mode of transmission for SARS-CoV-2, workplace risk assessments should focus on eliminating or minimizing such exposures by applying the hierarchy of controls. We adapt a control banding model for aerosol-transmissible infectious disease pandemic planning to encourage the use of source and pathway controls before receptor controls (personal protective equipment). Built on the recognition that aerosol-transmissible organisms are likely to exhibit a dose–response function, such that higher exposures result from longer contact times or higher air concentrations, this control banding model offers a systematic method for identifying a set of source and pathway controls that could eliminate or reduce the need for receptor controls. We describe several examples for workers at high risk of exposure in essential or return to work categories. The goal of using control banding for such workers is to develop effective infection and disease prevention programs and conserve personal protective equipment.


