id sid tid token lemma pos cord-006139-9063uhox 1 1 key key JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 1 2 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 1 3 cord-006139 cord-006139 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 1 4 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 1 5 9063uhox 9063uhox CD cord-006139-9063uhox 1 6 authors author NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 1 7 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 1 8 Egan Egan NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 1 9 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 1 10 Timothy Timothy NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 1 11 J J NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 1 12 ; ; : cord-006139-9063uhox 1 13 Kuter Kuter NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 1 14 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 1 15 David David NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 1 16 title title NN cord-006139-9063uhox 1 17 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 1 18 Dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 1 19 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 1 20 functioning function VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 1 21 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 1 22 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 1 23 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 1 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 1 25 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 1 26 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 1 27 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 1 28 transporter transporter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 1 29 date date NN cord-006139-9063uhox 1 30 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 1 31 2013 2013 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 1 32 - - SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 1 33 03 03 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 1 34 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 1 35 27 27 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 1 36 journal journal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 1 37 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 2 1 Future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 2 2 Microbiol Microbiol NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 2 3 DOI DOI NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 2 4 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 2 5 10.2217 10.2217 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 2 6 / / SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 2 7 fmb.13.18 fmb.13.18 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 2 8 sha sha NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 2 9 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 2 10 f8fcdaf6c227c969f752cdc743def7742e051232 f8fcdaf6c227c969f752cdc743def7742e051232 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 2 11 doc_id doc_id CD cord-006139-9063uhox 2 12 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 2 13 6139 6139 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 2 14 cord_uid cord_uid NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 2 15 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 3 1 9063uhox 9063uhox CD cord-006139-9063uhox 3 2 Malaria Malaria NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 3 3 remains remain VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 3 4 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 3 5 major major JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 3 6 international international JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 3 7 health health NN cord-006139-9063uhox 3 8 challenge challenge NN cord-006139-9063uhox 3 9 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 4 1 Resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 2 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 3 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 4 4 number number NN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 6 existing exist VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 4 7 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 4 8 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 4 9 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 11 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 4 12 emergence emergence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 14 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 15 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 16 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 4 17 emphasized emphasize VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 18 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 4 19 need need NN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 20 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 4 21 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 4 22 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 4 23 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 5 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 5 2 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 5 3 approach approach NN cord-006139-9063uhox 5 4 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 5 5 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 5 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 5 7 preparation preparation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 5 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 5 9 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 5 10 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 5 11 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 5 12 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 5 13 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 5 14 include include VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 5 15 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 5 16 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 5 17 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 5 18 like like JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 5 19 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 5 20 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 5 21 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 5 22 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 5 23 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 5 24 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 5 25 resembles resemble VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 5 26 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 5 27 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 5 28 chemosensitizer chemosensitizer NN cord-006139-9063uhox 5 29 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 6 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 6 2 article article NN cord-006139-9063uhox 6 3 reviews review VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 6 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 6 5 recent recent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 6 6 discovery discovery NN cord-006139-9063uhox 6 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 6 8 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 6 9 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 6 10 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 6 11 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 6 12 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 6 13 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 6 14 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 6 15 proposed propose VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 6 16 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 6 17 target target VB cord-006139-9063uhox 6 18 both both DT cord-006139-9063uhox 6 19 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 6 20 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 6 21 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 6 22 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 6 23 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 6 24 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 6 25 transporter transporter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 6 26 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 6 27 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 6 28 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 7 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 7 2 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 7 3 discussed discuss VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 4 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 5 relation relation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 6 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 7 8 mechanism mechanism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 10 action action NN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 12 4-aminoquinolines 4-aminoquinolines CD cord-006139-9063uhox 7 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 7 14 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 15 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 16 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 7 17 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 18 reversal reversal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 7 19 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 8 1 According accord VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 8 2 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 8 4 WHO WHO NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 8 5 World World NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 8 6 Malaria Malaria NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 8 7 Report Report NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 8 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 9 2011 2011 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 8 11 there there EX cord-006139-9063uhox 8 12 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 13 216 216 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 14 million million CD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 15 cases case NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 8 16 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 17 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 18 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 19 2010 2010 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 20 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 8 21 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 22 655,000 655,000 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 23 deaths death NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 8 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 8 25 91 91 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 26 % % NN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 27 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 28 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 8 29 occurred occur VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 30 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 31 Africa Africa NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 8 32 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 8 33 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 34 86 86 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 35 % % NN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 36 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 37 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 8 38 victims victim NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 8 39 being be VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 8 40 children child NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 8 41 under under IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 42 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 8 43 age age NN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 44 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 8 45 5 5 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 46 years year NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 8 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 8 48 1 1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 8 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 8 50 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 9 1 Despite despite IN cord-006139-9063uhox 9 2 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 9 3 25 25 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 9 4 % % NN cord-006139-9063uhox 9 5 decrease decrease NN cord-006139-9063uhox 9 6 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 9 7 mortality mortality NN cord-006139-9063uhox 9 8 since since IN cord-006139-9063uhox 9 9 2000 2000 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 9 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 9 11 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 9 12 child child NN cord-006139-9063uhox 9 13 still still RB cord-006139-9063uhox 9 14 dies die VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 9 15 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 9 16 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 9 17 every every DT cord-006139-9063uhox 9 18 minute minute NN cord-006139-9063uhox 9 19 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 10 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 10 2 disease disease NN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 3 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 10 4 caused cause VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 5 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 6 four four CD cord-006139-9063uhox 10 7 species specie NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 10 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 9 protozoan protozoan NN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 10 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 10 13 genus genus NN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 14 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 10 15 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 10 16 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 10 17 specific specific JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 10 18 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 19 humans human NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 10 20 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 10 21 namely namely RB cord-006139-9063uhox 10 22 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 10 23 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 10 25 Plasmodium plasmodium NN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 26 vivax vivax NN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 27 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 10 28 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 10 29 malariae malariae NN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 30 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 10 31 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 10 32 ovale ovale NN cord-006139-9063uhox 10 33 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 11 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 11 2 fifth fifth JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 11 3 species specie NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 11 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 11 5 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 11 6 knowlesi knowlesi NN cord-006139-9063uhox 11 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 11 8 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 11 9 primarily primarily RB cord-006139-9063uhox 11 10 infects infect VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 11 11 monkeys monkey NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 11 12 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 11 13 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 11 14 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 11 15 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 11 16 recognized recognize VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 11 17 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 11 18 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 11 19 zoonotic zoonotic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 11 20 cause cause NN cord-006139-9063uhox 11 21 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 11 22 human human JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 11 23 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 11 24 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 11 25 Indonesia Indonesia NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 11 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 11 27 2 2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 11 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 11 29 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 12 1 Of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 12 2 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 12 3 species specie NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 12 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 12 5 P. P. NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 12 6 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 12 7 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 12 8 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 12 9 most most RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 12 10 deadly deadly JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 12 11 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 13 1 All all DT cord-006139-9063uhox 13 2 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 13 3 transmitted transmit VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 13 4 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 13 5 mosquitoes mosquito NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 13 6 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 13 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 13 8 genus genus NN cord-006139-9063uhox 13 9 Anopheles Anopheles NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 13 10 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 14 1 Control control NN cord-006139-9063uhox 14 2 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 14 3 eradication eradication NN cord-006139-9063uhox 14 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 14 5 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 14 6 relies rely VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 14 7 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 14 8 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 14 9 multifaceted multifaceted JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 14 10 strategy strategy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 14 11 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 15 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 15 2 involves involve VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 15 3 prevention prevention NN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 5 mosquito mosquito NN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 6 bites bite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 15 7 using use VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 15 8 screening screening NN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 9 methods method NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 15 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 15 11 elimination elimination NN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 13 mosquitoes mosquito NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 15 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 15 15 treatment treatment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 16 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 17 infected infected JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 15 18 individuals individual NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 15 19 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 15 20 eliminate eliminate VB cord-006139-9063uhox 15 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 15 22 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 23 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 15 25 host host NN cord-006139-9063uhox 15 26 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 16 1 Large large JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 16 2 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 16 3 scale scale NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 4 deployment deployment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 6 bed bed NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 7 nets net NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 16 8 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 16 9 3 3 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 16 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 16 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 16 12 reintroduction reintroduction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 14 DDT DDT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 16 15 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 16 some some DT cord-006139-9063uhox 16 17 areas area NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 16 18 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 16 19 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 16 20 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 21 Mozambique Mozambique NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 16 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 16 23 4 4 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 16 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 16 25 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 16 26 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 16 27 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 16 28 introduction introduction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 29 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 30 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 31 combination combination NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 32 therapy therapy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 16 34 ACT ACT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 16 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 16 36 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 16 37 all all RB cord-006139-9063uhox 16 38 contributed contribute VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 39 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 40 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 16 41 significant significant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 16 42 progress progress NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 43 made make VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 44 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 45 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 16 46 last last JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 16 47 decade decade NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 48 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 49 fighting fight VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 16 50 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 16 51 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 16 52 5 5 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 16 53 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 16 54 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 17 1 Drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 17 2 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 17 3 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 17 4 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 17 5 ominous ominous JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 17 6 threat threat NN cord-006139-9063uhox 18 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 18 2 first first JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 18 3 highly highly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 18 4 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 18 5 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 18 6 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 18 7 introduced introduce VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 18 8 after after IN cord-006139-9063uhox 18 9 World World NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 18 10 War War NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 18 11 II II NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 18 12 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 18 13 used use VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 18 14 either either CC cord-006139-9063uhox 18 15 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 18 16 monotherapies monotherapie NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 18 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 18 18 e.g. e.g. RB cord-006139-9063uhox 18 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 18 20 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 18 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 18 22 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 18 23 combinations combination NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 18 24 targeting target VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 18 25 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 18 26 single single JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 18 27 pathway pathway NN cord-006139-9063uhox 18 28 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 18 29 antifolates antifolate NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 18 30 ; ; , cord-006139-9063uhox 18 31 e.g. e.g. RB cord-006139-9063uhox 18 32 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 18 33 sulfadoxine sulfadoxine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 18 34 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 18 35 pyrimethamine pyrimethamine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 18 36 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 18 37 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 19 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 19 2 strategy strategy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 19 3 eventually eventually RB cord-006139-9063uhox 19 4 led lead VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 19 5 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 19 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 19 7 emergence emergence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 19 8 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 19 9 widespread widespread JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 19 10 dissemination dissemination NN cord-006139-9063uhox 19 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 19 12 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 19 13 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 19 14 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 19 15 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 19 16 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 20 1 Consequently consequently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 20 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 20 3 starting start VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 20 4 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 20 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 20 6 1990s 1990 NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 20 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 20 8 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 20 9 combination combination NN cord-006139-9063uhox 20 10 therapies therapy NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 20 11 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 20 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 20 13 form form NN cord-006139-9063uhox 20 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 20 15 ACTs act NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 20 16 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 20 17 introduced introduce VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 20 18 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 21 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 21 2 consist consist VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 4 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 21 5 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 6 derivative derivative JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 21 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 8 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 21 9 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 10 artesunate artesunate NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 12 artemether artemether NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 13 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 21 14 dihydroartemisinin dihydroartemisinin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 15 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 21 17 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 21 18 hand hand NN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 20 combined combine VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 21 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 22 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 21 23 fixed fixed JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 21 24 dose dose NN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 25 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 26 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 21 27 4-aminoquinoline 4-aminoquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 21 28 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 29 aryl aryl NN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 30 methanol methanol NN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 31 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 21 32 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 21 33 related related JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 21 34 derivative derivative NN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 35 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 21 36 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 37 amodiaquine amodiaquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 38 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 39 lumefantrine lumefantrine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 40 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 21 41 Coartem Coartem NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 42 ® ® VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 43 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 44 Norvatis Norvatis NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 45 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 46 Switzerland Switzerland NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 47 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 21 48 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 49 mefloquine mefloquine FW cord-006139-9063uhox 21 50 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 51 piperaquine piperaquine JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 21 52 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 21 53 Euartesim Euartesim NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 54 ® ® NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 55 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 56 MMV MMV NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 57 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 58 Switzerland Switzerland NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 21 60 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 21 61 pyronaridine pyronaridine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 62 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 21 63 Pyramax Pyramax NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 64 ® ® VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 65 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 21 66 MMV MMV NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 21 67 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 21 68 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 21 69 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 21 70 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 21 71 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 22 1 Currently currently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 22 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 22 3 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 22 4 ACTs act NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 22 5 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 22 6 highly highly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 22 7 effective effective JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 22 8 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 23 1 However however RB cord-006139-9063uhox 23 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 23 3 ominous ominous JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 23 4 first first JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 23 5 signs sign NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 23 6 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 23 7 possible possible JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 23 8 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 23 9 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 23 10 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 23 11 begun begin VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 23 12 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 23 13 appear appear VB cord-006139-9063uhox 23 14 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 24 1 Patients patient NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 24 2 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 24 3 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 24 4 identified identify VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 24 5 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 24 6 prolonged prolong VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 24 7 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 24 8 clearance clearance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 24 9 times time NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 24 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 24 11 resulting result VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 24 12 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 24 13 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 24 14 treatment treatment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 24 15 failures failure NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 24 16 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 24 17 western western JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 24 18 Cambodia Cambodia NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 24 19 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 24 20 western western JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 24 21 Thailand Thailand NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 24 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 24 23 6 6 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 24 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 24 25 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 24 26 7 7 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 24 27 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 24 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 24 29 8 8 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 24 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 24 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 25 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 25 2 appears appear VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 25 3 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 25 4 have have VB cord-006139-9063uhox 25 5 occurred occur VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 25 6 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 25 7 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 25 8 result result NN cord-006139-9063uhox 25 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 25 10 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 25 11 use use NN cord-006139-9063uhox 25 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 25 13 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 25 14 monotherapy monotherapy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 25 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 25 16 6 6 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 25 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 25 18 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 26 1 At at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 26 2 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 26 3 same same JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 26 4 time time NN cord-006139-9063uhox 26 5 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 26 6 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 26 7 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 26 8 mefloquine mefloquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 26 9 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 26 10 widespread widespread JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 26 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 26 12 9 9 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 26 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 26 14 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 26 15 while while IN cord-006139-9063uhox 26 16 some some DT cord-006139-9063uhox 26 17 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 26 18 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 26 19 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 26 20 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 26 21 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 26 22 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 26 23 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 26 24 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 26 25 cross cross JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 26 26 - - JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 26 27 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 26 28 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 26 29 amodiaquine amodiaquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 26 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 26 31 10 10 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 26 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 26 33 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 27 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 2 addition addition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 27 4 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 5 suggestive suggestive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 27 6 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 27 8 possible possible JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 27 9 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 11 lumefantrine lumefantrine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 27 12 tolerance tolerance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 27 14 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 27 15 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 27 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 27 17 first first JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 27 18 step step NN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 19 towards towards IN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 20 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 21 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 27 22 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 27 23 begun begin VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 24 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 27 25 emerge emerge VB cord-006139-9063uhox 27 26 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 27 east east NN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 28 Africa Africa NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 27 29 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 27 30 where where WRB cord-006139-9063uhox 27 31 Coartem Coartem NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 27 32 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 27 33 widely widely RB cord-006139-9063uhox 27 34 used use VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 27 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 27 36 11 11 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 27 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 27 38 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 28 1 While while IN cord-006139-9063uhox 28 2 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 28 3 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 28 4 ACT ACT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 28 5 may may MD cord-006139-9063uhox 28 6 still still RB cord-006139-9063uhox 28 7 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 28 8 some some DT cord-006139-9063uhox 28 9 time time NN cord-006139-9063uhox 28 10 away away RB cord-006139-9063uhox 28 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 28 12 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 28 13 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 28 14 prudent prudent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 28 15 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 28 16 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 28 17 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 28 18 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 28 19 developed develop VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 28 20 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 28 21 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 28 22 possibility possibility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 28 23 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 29 1 Thus thus RB cord-006139-9063uhox 29 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 29 3 considerable considerable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 29 4 work work NN cord-006139-9063uhox 29 5 continues continue VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 29 6 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 29 7 find find VB cord-006139-9063uhox 29 8 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 29 9 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 29 10 improved improved JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 29 11 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 29 12 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 30 1 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 30 2 science science NN cord-006139-9063uhox 30 3 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 30 4 important important JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 30 5 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 31 1 Prior prior RB cord-006139-9063uhox 31 2 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 31 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 31 4 emergence emergence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 31 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 31 6 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 31 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 31 8 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 31 9 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 31 10 highly highly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 31 11 effective effective JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 31 12 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 31 13 generally generally RB cord-006139-9063uhox 31 14 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 31 15 tolerated tolerate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 31 16 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 31 17 appropriate appropriate JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 31 18 doses dose NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 31 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 31 20 safe safe JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 31 21 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 31 22 use use NN cord-006139-9063uhox 31 23 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 31 24 pregnancy pregnancy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 31 25 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 31 26 inexpensive inexpensive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 31 27 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 32 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-006139-9063uhox 32 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 32 3 chloroquineresistant chloroquineresistant NN cord-006139-9063uhox 32 4 P. p. NN cord-006139-9063uhox 32 5 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 32 6 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 32 7 now now RB cord-006139-9063uhox 32 8 very very RB cord-006139-9063uhox 32 9 widespread widespread JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 32 10 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 33 1 Nonetheless nonetheless RB cord-006139-9063uhox 33 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 33 3 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 33 4 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 33 5 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 33 6 led lead VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 7 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 8 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 33 9 complete complete JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 33 10 loss loss NN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 12 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 33 13 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 15 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 16 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 33 17 because because IN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 18 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 19 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 33 20 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 33 21 coupled couple VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 22 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 23 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 33 24 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 25 target target NN cord-006139-9063uhox 33 26 itself -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 33 27 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 34 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-006139-9063uhox 34 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 34 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 34 4 4-aminoquinoline 4-aminoquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 34 5 piperaquine piperaquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 34 6 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 34 7 recently recently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 34 8 entered enter VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 34 9 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 34 10 clinic clinic NN cord-006139-9063uhox 34 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 34 12 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 34 13 combination combination NN cord-006139-9063uhox 34 14 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 34 15 dihydroartemisinin dihydroartemisinin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 34 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 34 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 34 18 12 12 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 34 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 34 20 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 34 21 while while IN cord-006139-9063uhox 34 22 another another DT cord-006139-9063uhox 34 23 4-aminoquinoline 4-aminoquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 34 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 34 25 ferroquine ferroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 34 26 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 34 27 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 34 28 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 34 29 Phase phase NN cord-006139-9063uhox 34 30 IIb iib JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 34 31 clinical clinical JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 34 32 trials trial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 34 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 34 34 13 13 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 34 35 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 34 36 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 35 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 35 2 addition addition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 35 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 35 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 35 5 4-aminoquinoline 4-aminoquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 35 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 35 7 amodiaquine amodiaquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 35 8 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 35 9 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 35 10 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 35 11 quinoline quinoline NN cord-006139-9063uhox 35 12 methanol methanol NN cord-006139-9063uhox 35 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 35 14 mefloquine mefloquine FW cord-006139-9063uhox 35 15 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 35 16 as as RB cord-006139-9063uhox 35 17 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 35 18 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 35 19 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 35 20 aryl aryl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 35 21 methanol methanol NN cord-006139-9063uhox 35 22 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 35 23 lumefantrine lumefantrine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 35 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 35 25 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 35 26 all all DT cord-006139-9063uhox 35 27 currently currently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 35 28 crucial crucial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 35 29 components component NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 35 30 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 35 31 ACT ACT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 35 32 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 36 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 36 2 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 36 3 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 36 4 widely widely RB cord-006139-9063uhox 36 5 believed believe VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 6 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 36 7 act act VB cord-006139-9063uhox 36 8 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 9 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 36 10 heme heme JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 36 11 detoxification detoxification NN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 12 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 13 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 36 14 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 15 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 16 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 36 17 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 36 18 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 19 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 36 20 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 36 21 best well RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 36 22 established establish VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 23 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 36 25 case case NN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 26 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 27 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 36 28 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 37 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 37 2 process process NN cord-006139-9063uhox 37 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 37 4 hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 37 5 digestion digestion NN cord-006139-9063uhox 37 6 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 37 7 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 37 8 detoxification detoxification NN cord-006139-9063uhox 37 9 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 37 10 summarized summarize VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 37 11 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 37 12 Figure Figure NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 37 13 1 1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 37 14 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 38 1 Hemozoin Hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 38 2 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 3 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 38 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 38 5 dominant dominant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 38 6 fate fate NN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 8 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 9 released release VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 10 into into IN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 11 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 38 12 digestive digestive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 38 13 vacuole vacuole NN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 38 15 DV DV NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 38 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 38 17 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 38 18 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 19 at at RB cord-006139-9063uhox 38 20 least least RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 38 21 95 95 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 38 22 % % NN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 23 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 38 25 iron iron NN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 26 present present NN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 27 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 28 late late JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 38 29 trophozoites trophozoite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 38 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 38 31 32 32 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 38 32 h h NN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 33 into into IN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 34 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 38 35 48-h 48-h CD cord-006139-9063uhox 38 36 blood blood NN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 37 cycle cycle NN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 38 39 present present JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 38 40 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 38 41 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 38 42 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 38 43 14 14 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 38 44 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 38 45 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 39 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 39 2 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 3 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 39 4 possesses possess VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 39 5 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 39 6 endogenous endogenous JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 39 7 cytosolic cytosolic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 39 8 Fe fe NN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 9 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 39 10 superoxide superoxide NN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 11 dismutase dismutase NN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 12 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 39 13 imports import NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 39 14 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 39 15 host host NN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 16 peroxiredoxin peroxiredoxin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 17 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 18 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 39 19 red red JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 39 20 blood blood NN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 21 cell cell NN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 22 into into IN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 23 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 39 24 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 25 cytosol cytosol NN cord-006139-9063uhox 39 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 39 27 15 15 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 39 28 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 39 29 16 16 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 39 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 39 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 40 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 40 2 enzymes enzyme NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 40 3 remove remove VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 40 4 O o CD cord-006139-9063uhox 40 5 2 2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 40 6 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 40 7 H h NN cord-006139-9063uhox 40 8 2 2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 40 9 O o NN cord-006139-9063uhox 40 10 2 2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 40 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 40 12 both both DT cord-006139-9063uhox 40 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 40 14 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 40 15 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 40 16 probably probably RB cord-006139-9063uhox 40 17 produced produce VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 40 18 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 40 19 part part NN cord-006139-9063uhox 40 20 during during IN cord-006139-9063uhox 40 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 40 22 oxidation oxidation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 40 23 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 40 24 Fe(II)heme Fe(II)heme NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 40 25 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 41 1 While while IN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 41 3 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 41 4 long long RB cord-006139-9063uhox 41 5 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 6 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 7 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 8 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 41 9 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 41 10 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 11 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 12 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 41 13 quinine quinine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 14 interact interact VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 41 15 directly directly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 41 16 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 17 Fe(III)heme Fe(III)heme NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 41 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 41 19 17 17 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 41 20 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 41 21 18 18 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 41 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 41 23 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 41 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 41 25 first first JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 41 26 crystal crystal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 27 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 28 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 29 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 41 30 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 31 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 41 32 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 33 complex complex NN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 34 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 41 35 that that DT cord-006139-9063uhox 41 36 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 37 halofantrine halofantrine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 38 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 41 39 Fe[III]heme Fe[III]heme NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 41 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 41 41 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 41 42 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 41 43 only only RB cord-006139-9063uhox 41 44 reported report VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 45 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 41 46 2008 2008 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 42 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 42 2 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 42 3 2A 2a CD cord-006139-9063uhox 42 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 42 5 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 42 6 1 1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 42 7 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 43 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 43 2 schematic schematic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 43 3 representation representation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 43 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 43 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 43 6 process process NN cord-006139-9063uhox 43 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 43 8 hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 43 9 degradation degradation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 43 10 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 43 11 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 43 12 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 43 13 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 43 14 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 43 15 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 43 16 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 44 1 RBC RBC NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 44 2 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 3 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 44 4 taken take VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 5 up up RP cord-006139-9063uhox 44 6 into into IN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 44 8 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 9 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 10 via via IN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 11 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 12 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 44 13 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 14 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 44 15 endocytotic endocytotic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 44 16 process process NN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 17 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 44 18 delivered deliver VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 19 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 20 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 44 21 acidic acidic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 44 22 digestive digestive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 44 23 vacuole vacuole NN cord-006139-9063uhox 44 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 44 25 ~pH5 ~pH5 NFP cord-006139-9063uhox 44 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 45 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 45 2 86 86 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 45 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 45 4 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 46 1 Hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 46 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 46 3 digested digest VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 46 4 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 46 5 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 46 6 series series NN cord-006139-9063uhox 46 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 46 8 proteases protease NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 46 9 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 46 10 plasmepsins plasmepsin NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 46 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 46 12 HAP HAP NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 46 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 46 14 falcipains falcipain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 46 15 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 46 16 falcilysin falcilysin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 46 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 46 18 87 87 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 46 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 46 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 46 21 88 88 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 46 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 46 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 46 24 89 89 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 46 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 46 26 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 47 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 47 2 resulting result VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 47 3 peptides peptide NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 47 4 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 47 5 ultimately ultimately RB cord-006139-9063uhox 47 6 hydrolyzed hydrolyze VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 47 7 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 47 8 amino amino JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 47 9 acids acid NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 47 10 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 48 1 Currently currently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 48 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 48 3 agreement agreement NN cord-006139-9063uhox 48 4 about about IN cord-006139-9063uhox 48 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 48 6 details detail NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 48 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 48 8 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 48 9 step step NN cord-006139-9063uhox 48 10 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 48 11 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 48 12 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 48 13 reached reach VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 48 14 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 48 15 90 90 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 48 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 49 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 49 2 91 91 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 49 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 49 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 49 5 92 92 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 49 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 49 7 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 50 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 50 2 toxic toxic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 50 3 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 4 released release VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 5 during during IN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 6 hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 7 digestion digestion NN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 8 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 50 9 oxidized oxidize VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 10 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 11 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 50 12 Fe(III Fe(III NNPS cord-006139-9063uhox 50 13 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 50 14 state state NN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 15 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 50 16 then then RB cord-006139-9063uhox 50 17 incorporated incorporate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 18 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 19 less less RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 50 20 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 50 21 toxic toxic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 50 22 hemozoin hemozoin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 23 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 24 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 50 25 process process NN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 26 associated associate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 27 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 28 neutral neutral JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 50 29 lipids lipid NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 50 30 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 50 31 93 93 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 50 32 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 50 33 94 94 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 50 34 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 50 35 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 50 36 represented represent VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 37 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 38 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 50 39 figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 40 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 41 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 50 42 elliptical elliptical JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 50 43 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 50 44 enclosing enclose VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 50 45 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 50 46 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 50 47 crystals crystal NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 50 48 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 51 1 HAP HAP NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 51 2 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 52 1 Histoaspartic histoaspartic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 52 2 protease protease NN cord-006139-9063uhox 52 3 ; ; : cord-006139-9063uhox 52 4 RBC RBC NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 52 5 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 52 6 Red red JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 52 7 blood blood NN cord-006139-9063uhox 52 8 cell cell NN cord-006139-9063uhox 52 9 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 53 1 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 53 2 science science NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 3 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 4 P. P. NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 53 5 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 6 could could MD cord-006139-9063uhox 53 7 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 53 8 accounted account VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 9 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 10 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 11 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 53 12 basis basis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 14 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 53 15 additional additional JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 53 16 interaction interaction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 17 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 53 18 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 53 19 chargeassisted chargeassiste VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 20 hydrogen hydrogen NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 21 bond bond NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 22 between between IN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 23 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 53 24 protonated protonated JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 53 25 amine amine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 26 nitrogen nitrogen NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 27 atom atom NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 28 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 29 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 53 30 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 31 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 32 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 33 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 53 34 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 35 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 53 36 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 53 37 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 38 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 53 39 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 40 propionate propionate NN cord-006139-9063uhox 53 41 groups group NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 53 42 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 54 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 54 2 interaction interaction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 54 3 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 54 4 recently recently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 54 5 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 54 6 confirmed confirm VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 54 7 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 54 8 crystal crystal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 54 9 structures structure NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 54 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 54 11 quinine quinine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 54 12 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 54 13 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 54 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 54 15 quinidine quinidine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 54 16 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 54 17 Fe(III)heme Fe(III)heme NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 54 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 54 19 Figure Figure NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 54 20 2B 2B NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 54 21 & & CC cord-006139-9063uhox 54 22 2C 2C NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 54 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 54 24 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 54 25 20 20 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 54 26 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 54 27 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 55 1 By by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 55 2 contrast contrast NN cord-006139-9063uhox 55 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 55 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 55 5 structures structure NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 55 6 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 55 7 4-aminoquinoline 4-aminoquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 8 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 55 9 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 10 complexes complex NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 55 11 remain remain VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 55 12 less less RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 55 13 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 55 14 understood understand VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 55 15 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 55 16 despite despite IN cord-006139-9063uhox 55 17 various various JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 55 18 efforts effort NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 55 19 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 55 20 use use VB cord-006139-9063uhox 55 21 nuclear nuclear JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 55 22 magnetic magnetic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 55 23 resonance resonance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 55 24 techniques technique NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 55 25 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 55 26 elucidate elucidate VB cord-006139-9063uhox 55 27 them -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 55 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 29 21 21 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 32 22 22 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 35 23 23 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 38 24 24 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 40 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 41 25 25 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 42 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 44 26 26 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 46 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 47 27 27 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 48 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 49 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 50 28 28 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 51 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 52 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 53 29 29 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 55 54 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 55 55 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 56 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 56 2 addition addition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 56 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 56 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 56 5 precise precise JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 56 6 relationship relationship NN cord-006139-9063uhox 56 7 between between IN cord-006139-9063uhox 56 8 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 56 9 binding binding NN cord-006139-9063uhox 56 10 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 56 11 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 56 12 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 56 13 remains remain VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 56 14 unclear unclear JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 56 15 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 57 1 Early early JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 57 2 postulates postulate NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 57 3 involved involve VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 57 4 stoichiometric stoichiometric JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 57 5 solution solution NN cord-006139-9063uhox 57 6 complexes complex NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 57 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 57 8 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 57 9 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 57 10 Fe(III)heme Fe(III)heme NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 57 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 57 12 30 30 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 57 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 57 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 57 15 included include VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 57 16 suggestions suggestion NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 57 17 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 57 18 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 57 19 act act VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 57 20 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 57 21 increasing increase VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 57 22 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 57 23 solubility solubility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 57 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 57 25 thus thus RB cord-006139-9063uhox 57 26 preventing prevent VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 57 27 aggregation aggregation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 57 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 57 29 30 30 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 57 30 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 57 31 31 31 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 57 32 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 57 33 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 58 1 More more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 58 2 recently recently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 58 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 58 4 however however RB cord-006139-9063uhox 58 5 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 58 6 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 58 7 alternative alternative JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 58 8 suggestion suggestion NN cord-006139-9063uhox 58 9 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 58 10 Buller Buller NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 58 11 et et NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 58 12 al al NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 58 13 . . NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 58 14 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 58 15 enjoyed enjoy VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 58 16 considerable considerable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 58 17 attention attention NN cord-006139-9063uhox 58 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 58 19 32 32 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 58 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 58 21 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 59 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 59 2 authors author NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 59 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 59 4 among among IN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 5 others other NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 59 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 59 7 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 59 8 suggested suggest VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 9 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 10 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 59 11 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 13 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 14 can can MD cord-006139-9063uhox 59 15 dock dock VB cord-006139-9063uhox 59 16 into into IN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 17 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 59 18 fastest fast RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 59 19 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 59 20 growing grow VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 59 21 face face NN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 22 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 23 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 59 24 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 59 25 crystal crystal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 26 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 59 27 as as RB cord-006139-9063uhox 59 28 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 59 29 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 30 inhibit inhibit VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 31 growth growth NN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 32 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 33 some some DT cord-006139-9063uhox 59 34 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 59 35 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 59 36 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 59 37 faces face NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 59 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 59 39 32 32 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 59 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 59 41 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 59 42 33 33 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 59 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 59 44 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 59 45 34 34 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 59 46 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 59 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 59 48 35 35 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 59 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 59 50 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 60 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 60 2 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 60 3 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 60 4 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 60 5 able able JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 60 6 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 60 7 mathematically mathematically RB cord-006139-9063uhox 60 8 account account VB cord-006139-9063uhox 60 9 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 60 10 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 60 11 effects effect NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 60 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 60 13 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 60 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 60 15 quinidine quinidine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 60 16 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 60 17 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 60 18 kinetics kinetic NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 60 19 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 60 20 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 60 21 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 60 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 60 23 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 60 24 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 60 25 hematin hematin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 60 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 60 27 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 60 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 60 29 36 36 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 60 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 60 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 61 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 61 2 addition addition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 61 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 61 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 61 5 can can MD cord-006139-9063uhox 61 6 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 61 7 explain explain VB cord-006139-9063uhox 61 8 how how WRB cord-006139-9063uhox 61 9 substoichiometric substoichiometric JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 61 10 quantities quantity NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 61 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 61 12 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 61 13 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 61 14 can can MD cord-006139-9063uhox 61 15 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 61 16 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 61 17 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 61 18 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 61 19 provides provide VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 61 20 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 61 21 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 61 22 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 61 23 defined define VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 61 24 binding binding NN cord-006139-9063uhox 61 25 site site NN cord-006139-9063uhox 61 26 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 61 27 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 61 28 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 61 29 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 62 1 To to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 62 2 date date NN cord-006139-9063uhox 62 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 62 4 however however RB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 5 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 62 6 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 62 7 model model NN cord-006139-9063uhox 62 8 does do VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 62 9 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 10 appear appear VB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 11 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 62 12 have have VB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 13 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 62 14 directly directly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 15 used use VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 62 16 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 62 17 try try VB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 18 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 62 19 design design VB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 20 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 62 21 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 62 22 using use VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 62 23 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 62 24 rational rational JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 62 25 approach approach NN cord-006139-9063uhox 62 26 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 62 27 probably probably RB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 28 because because IN cord-006139-9063uhox 62 29 conventional conventional JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 62 30 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 62 31 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 62 32 docking docking NN cord-006139-9063uhox 62 33 programs program NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 62 34 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 62 35 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 36 able able JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 62 37 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 62 38 handle handle VB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 39 crystal crystal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 62 40 surfaces surface NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 62 41 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 62 42 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 63 1 Despite despite IN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 2 ample ample JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 63 3 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 4 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 5 quinoline quinoline JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 63 6 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 63 7 related relate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 8 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 63 9 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 63 10 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 11 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 63 12 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 13 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 14 under under IN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 15 abiotic abiotic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 63 16 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 63 17 biomimetic biomimetic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 63 18 conditions condition NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 63 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 63 20 direct direct JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 63 21 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 22 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 23 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 24 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 25 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 63 26 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 27 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 28 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 63 29 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 63 30 itself -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 63 31 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 63 32 much much RB cord-006139-9063uhox 63 33 more more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 63 34 sparse sparse JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 63 35 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 64 1 Chloroquine Chloroquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 64 2 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 64 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 64 4 more more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 64 5 recently recently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 64 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 64 7 ruthenoquine ruthenoquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 8 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 64 9 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 64 10 analog analog NN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 64 13 4-aminoquinoline 4-aminoquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 64 14 ferroquine ferroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 15 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 16 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 64 17 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 64 18 ferrocene ferrocene NN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 19 moiety moiety NN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 20 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 64 21 replaced replace VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 22 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 23 ruthenocene ruthenocene NN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 64 25 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 64 26 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 27 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 28 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 64 29 accumulate accumulate VB cord-006139-9063uhox 64 30 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 31 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 64 32 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 33 DV dv NN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 34 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 35 close close JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 64 36 proximity proximity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 37 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 64 38 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 64 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 64 40 37 37 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 64 41 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 64 42 38 38 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 64 43 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 64 44 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 65 1 Smaller small JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 65 2 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 65 3 crystals crystal NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 65 4 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 65 5 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 65 6 premature premature JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 65 7 halt halt NN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 8 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 9 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 65 10 growth growth NN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 11 within within IN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 65 13 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 14 DV DV NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 65 15 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 65 16 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 17 observed observe VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 18 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 19 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 65 20 presence presence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 21 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 22 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 65 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 65 24 39 39 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 65 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 65 26 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 66 1 Finally finally RB cord-006139-9063uhox 66 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 66 3 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 4 120 120 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 66 5 nM nm CD cord-006139-9063uhox 66 6 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 66 7 12-h 12-h CD cord-006139-9063uhox 66 8 incubation incubation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 9 times time NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 66 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 66 11 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 12 causes cause VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 66 13 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 66 14 build build NN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 15 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 66 16 up up NN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 17 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 18 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 19 vesicles vesicle NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 66 20 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 66 22 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 23 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 66 24 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 66 25 contain contain VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 66 26 undigested undigested JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 66 27 Hb Hb NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 66 28 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 66 29 40 40 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 66 30 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 66 31 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 66 32 indicating indicate VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 66 33 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 34 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 66 35 endocytotic endocytotic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 66 36 feeding feeding NN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 37 process process NN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 38 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 66 39 inhibited inhibit VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 66 40 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 67 1 Recently recently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 67 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 67 3 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 67 4 fractionation fractionation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 5 strategy strategy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 6 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 67 7 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 8 applied apply VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 9 together together RB cord-006139-9063uhox 67 10 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 11 electron electron NN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 12 spectroscopic spectroscopic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 67 13 imaging image VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 67 14 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 15 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 16 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 67 17 treated treat VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 18 P. p. NN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 19 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 67 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 67 21 41 41 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 67 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 67 23 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 68 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 68 2 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 68 3 clearly clearly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 68 4 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 68 5 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 68 6 dose dose NN cord-006139-9063uhox 68 7 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 68 8 dependent dependent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 68 9 increase increase NN cord-006139-9063uhox 68 10 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 68 11 free free JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 68 12 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 68 13 occurring occur VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 68 14 together together RB cord-006139-9063uhox 68 15 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 68 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 68 17 decrease decrease NN cord-006139-9063uhox 68 18 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 68 19 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 68 20 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 69 1 Undigested undigested JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 69 2 Hb Hb NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 69 3 only only RB cord-006139-9063uhox 69 4 seems seem VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 69 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 69 6 appear appear VB cord-006139-9063uhox 69 7 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 69 8 higher high JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 69 9 doses dose NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 69 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 69 11 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 69 12 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 69 13 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 69 14 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 69 15 levels level NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 69 16 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 69 17 free free JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 69 18 Fe(III)heme Fe(III)heme NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 69 19 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 69 20 closely closely RB cord-006139-9063uhox 69 21 correlated correlate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 69 22 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 69 23 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 69 24 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 69 25 survival survival NN cord-006139-9063uhox 69 26 curve curve NN cord-006139-9063uhox 69 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 69 28 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 69 29 3 3 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 69 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 69 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 70 1 Electron electron NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 2 spectroscopic spectroscopic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 70 3 imaging imaging NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 4 using use VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 70 5 electron electron NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 6 energy energy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 7 loss loss NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 8 spectroscopy spectroscopy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 9 clearly clearly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 70 10 showed show VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 70 11 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 70 12 translocation translocation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 14 iron iron NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 15 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 70 17 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 18 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 70 20 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 70 21 4A 4a CD cord-006139-9063uhox 70 22 & & CC cord-006139-9063uhox 70 23 4B 4B NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 70 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 70 25 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 71 1 Since since IN cord-006139-9063uhox 71 2 virtually virtually RB cord-006139-9063uhox 71 3 all all DT cord-006139-9063uhox 71 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 71 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 71 6 iron iron NN cord-006139-9063uhox 71 7 present present NN cord-006139-9063uhox 71 8 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 71 9 heme heme JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 71 10 iron iron NN cord-006139-9063uhox 71 11 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 71 12 there there EX cord-006139-9063uhox 71 13 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 71 14 little little JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 71 15 undigested undigested JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 71 16 Hb Hb NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 71 17 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 71 18 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 71 19 dose dose NN cord-006139-9063uhox 71 20 used use VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 71 21 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 71 22 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 71 23 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 71 24 likely likely JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 71 25 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 71 26 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 71 27 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 71 28 location location NN cord-006139-9063uhox 71 29 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 71 30 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 71 31 free free JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 71 32 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 71 33 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 72 1 There there RB cord-006139-9063uhox 72 2 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 72 3 aromatic aromatic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 72 4 ring ring NN cord-006139-9063uhox 72 5 lies lie VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 72 6 parallel parallel JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 72 7 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 72 8 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 72 9 porphyrin porphyrin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 72 10 ring ring NN cord-006139-9063uhox 72 11 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 72 12 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 72 13 p p NN cord-006139-9063uhox 72 14 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 72 15 stacking stacking NN cord-006139-9063uhox 72 16 arrangement arrangement NN cord-006139-9063uhox 72 17 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 73 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 2 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 73 3 cases case NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 73 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 73 6 quinidine quinidine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 7 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 73 8 quinine quinine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 9 complexes complex NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 73 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 73 11 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 73 12 charge charge NN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 13 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 73 14 assisted assist VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 15 hydrogen hydrogen NN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 16 bond bond NN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 73 18 salt salt NN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 19 bridge bridge NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 73 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 73 21 occurs occur VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 73 22 between between IN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 23 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 73 24 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 25 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 73 26 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 27 propionate propionate NN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 28 groups group NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 73 29 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 73 30 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 73 31 protonated protonated JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 73 32 quinuclidine quinuclidine JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 73 33 tertiary tertiary JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 73 34 amino amino NN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 35 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 73 36 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 74 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 74 2 structural structural JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 74 3 models model NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 74 4 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 74 5 here here RB cord-006139-9063uhox 74 6 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 74 7 created create VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 74 8 using use VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 74 9 data datum NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 74 10 taken take VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 74 11 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 74 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 74 13 19 19 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 74 14 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 74 15 20 20 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 74 16 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 74 17 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 75 1 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 75 2 science science NN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 3 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 4 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 75 5 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 75 6 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 7 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 8 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 9 causes cause VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 75 10 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 75 11 disruption disruption NN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 12 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 13 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 75 14 growth growth NN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 15 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 75 17 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 75 18 crystals crystal NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 75 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 75 20 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 75 21 show show VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 75 22 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 23 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 24 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 75 25 mosaic mosaic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 75 26 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 27 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 28 grain grain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 29 boundaries boundary NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 75 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 75 31 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 75 32 4C 4c CD cord-006139-9063uhox 75 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 75 34 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 76 1 Thus thus RB cord-006139-9063uhox 76 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 76 3 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 4 combination combination NN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 5 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 6 earlier early JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 76 7 work work NN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 8 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 76 9 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 76 10 study study NN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 11 provided provide VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 76 12 strong strong JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 76 13 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 14 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 15 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 16 does do VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 76 17 indeed indeed RB cord-006139-9063uhox 76 18 act act VB cord-006139-9063uhox 76 19 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 20 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 76 21 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 76 22 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 23 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 76 25 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 76 26 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 77 1 Preliminary preliminary JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 77 2 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 77 3 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 77 4 showed show VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 77 5 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 77 6 increase increase NN cord-006139-9063uhox 77 7 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 77 8 free free JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 77 9 Fe(III)heme Fe(III)heme NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 77 10 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 77 11 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 77 12 decrease decrease NN cord-006139-9063uhox 77 13 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 77 14 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 77 15 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 77 16 2.5× 2.5× CD cord-006139-9063uhox 77 17 IC IC NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 77 18 50 50 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 77 19 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 77 20 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 77 21 number number NN cord-006139-9063uhox 77 22 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 77 23 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 77 24 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 77 25 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 77 26 including include VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 77 27 amodiaquine amodiaquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 77 28 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 77 29 mefloquine mefloquine FW cord-006139-9063uhox 77 30 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 77 31 lumefantrine lumefantrine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 77 32 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 77 33 as as RB cord-006139-9063uhox 77 34 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 77 35 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 77 36 artesunate artesunate NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 77 37 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 78 1 However however RB cord-006139-9063uhox 78 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 78 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 78 4 must must MD cord-006139-9063uhox 78 5 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 78 6 emphasized emphasize VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 78 7 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 78 8 further further JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 78 9 work work NN cord-006139-9063uhox 78 10 would would MD cord-006139-9063uhox 78 11 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 78 12 required require VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 78 13 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 78 14 substantiate substantiate VB cord-006139-9063uhox 78 15 whether whether IN cord-006139-9063uhox 78 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 78 17 observations observation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 78 18 made make VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 78 19 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 78 20 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 78 21 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 78 22 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 78 23 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 78 24 causal causal JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 78 25 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 78 26 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 78 27 effect effect NN cord-006139-9063uhox 78 28 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 78 29 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 78 30 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 78 31 targets target NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 78 32 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 79 1 Despite despite IN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 2 ongoing ongoing JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 79 3 efforts effort NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 79 4 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 79 5 understand understand VB cord-006139-9063uhox 79 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 79 7 mechanism mechanism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 9 action action NN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 11 4-aminoquinolines 4-aminoquinolines CD cord-006139-9063uhox 79 12 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 79 13 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 79 14 structures structure NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 79 15 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 16 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 79 17 complexes complex NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 79 18 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 19 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 79 20 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 79 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 79 22 existence existence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 23 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 24 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 25 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 79 26 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 27 relationship relationship NN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 28 data datum NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 79 29 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 79 30 substantially substantially RB cord-006139-9063uhox 79 31 aided aid VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 32 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 79 33 task task NN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 34 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 35 designing design VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 79 36 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 79 37 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 79 38 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 39 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 79 40 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 79 41 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 80 1 Four four CD cord-006139-9063uhox 80 2 studies study NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 80 3 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 80 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 80 5 late late JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 80 6 1990s 1990 NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 80 7 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 80 8 early early JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 80 9 2000s 2000 NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 80 10 provided provide VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 80 11 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 80 12 detailed detailed JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 80 13 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 80 14 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 80 15 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 80 16 model model NN cord-006139-9063uhox 80 17 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 80 18 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 80 19 4-aminoquinolines 4-aminoquinolines CD cord-006139-9063uhox 80 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 80 21 42 42 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 80 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 80 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 80 24 43 43 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 80 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 80 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 80 27 44 44 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 80 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 80 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 80 30 45 45 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 80 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 80 32 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 81 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 81 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 81 3 summarized summarize VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 81 4 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 81 5 Figure Figure NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 81 6 5 5 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 81 7 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 82 1 Further further JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 82 2 studies study NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 82 3 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 82 4 revealed reveal VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 5 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 6 alterations alteration NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 82 7 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 8 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 82 9 alkyl alkyl JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 82 10 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 11 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 13 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 82 14 quinoline quinoline NN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 15 can can MD cord-006139-9063uhox 82 16 abolish abolish VB cord-006139-9063uhox 82 17 cross cross NN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 18 - - NN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 19 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 20 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 21 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 82 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 82 23 46 46 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 82 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 82 25 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 83 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-006139-9063uhox 83 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 83 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 83 4 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 83 7 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 8 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 9 appears appear VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 83 10 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 83 11 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 83 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 83 13 primary primary JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 83 14 determinant determinant NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 15 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 16 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 17 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 83 18 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 19 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 83 20 quinoline quinoline NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 21 ring ring NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 22 itself -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 83 23 having have VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 83 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 83 25 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 26 most most JJS cord-006139-9063uhox 83 27 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 83 28 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 83 29 minor minor JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 83 30 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 31 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 32 cross cross NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 33 - - NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 34 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 83 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 83 36 47 47 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 83 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 84 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 84 2 48 48 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 84 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 84 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 84 5 49 49 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 84 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 84 7 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 85 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 85 2 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 85 3 encouraged encourage VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 85 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 85 5 design design NN cord-006139-9063uhox 85 6 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 85 7 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 85 8 quinoline quinoline JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 85 9 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 85 10 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 85 11 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 85 12 aim aim NN cord-006139-9063uhox 85 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 85 14 overcoming overcome VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 85 15 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 85 16 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 86 1 As as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 2 mentioned mention VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 3 above above RB cord-006139-9063uhox 86 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 86 5 P. p. NN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 6 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 7 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 86 8 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 86 9 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 86 10 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 11 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 12 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 86 13 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 86 14 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 86 15 exhibit exhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 86 16 no no DT cord-006139-9063uhox 86 17 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 18 changes change NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 86 19 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 20 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 86 21 process process NN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 22 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 23 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 24 detoxification detoxification NN cord-006139-9063uhox 86 25 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 87 1 Rather rather RB cord-006139-9063uhox 87 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 87 3 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 87 4 arises arise VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 87 5 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 87 6 mutations mutation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 87 7 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 87 8 changes change NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 87 9 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 87 10 expression expression NN cord-006139-9063uhox 87 11 levels level NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 87 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 87 13 membrane membrane NN cord-006139-9063uhox 87 14 proteins protein NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 87 15 located locate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 87 16 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 87 17 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 87 18 DV DV NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 87 19 membrane membrane NN cord-006139-9063uhox 87 20 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 88 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 88 2 principal principal JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 88 3 determinants determinant NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 88 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 88 5 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 88 6 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 88 7 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 88 8 mutant mutant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 88 9 forms form NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 88 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 88 11 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 88 12 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 88 13 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 88 14 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 88 15 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 88 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 88 17 50 50 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 88 18 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 88 19 51 51 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 88 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 88 21 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 89 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 89 2 second second JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 89 3 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 89 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 89 5 PfMDR1 PfMDR1 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 89 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 89 7 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 89 8 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 89 9 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 89 10 implicated implicate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 89 11 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 89 12 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 89 13 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 89 14 quinoline quinoline JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 89 15 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 89 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 89 17 52 52 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 89 18 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 89 19 53 53 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 89 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 89 21 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 90 1 Mutations mutation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 90 2 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 3 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 90 4 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 5 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 90 6 associated associate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 7 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 90 8 science science NN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 9 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 10 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 11 mefloquine mefloquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 90 12 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 13 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 14 field field NN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 15 isolates isolate NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 90 16 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 90 17 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 90 18 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 90 19 increased increase VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 20 copy copy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 21 number number NN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 22 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 90 23 previously previously RB cord-006139-9063uhox 90 24 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 25 associated associate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 26 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 27 decreased decreased JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 90 28 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 29 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 30 quinine quinine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 90 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 91 1 PfMDR1 PfMDR1 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 91 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 91 3 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 91 4 thought think VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 91 6 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 91 7 directly directly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 91 8 responsible responsible JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 91 9 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 10 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 11 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 12 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 91 13 but but CC cord-006139-9063uhox 91 14 mutant mutant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 91 15 forms form NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 91 16 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 17 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 91 18 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 19 can can MD cord-006139-9063uhox 91 20 affect affect VB cord-006139-9063uhox 91 21 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 22 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 23 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 91 25 presence presence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 26 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 27 mutant mutant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 91 28 forms form NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 91 29 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 30 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 91 31 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 91 32 54 54 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 91 33 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 91 34 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 91 35 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 91 36 there there EX cord-006139-9063uhox 91 37 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 91 38 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 39 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 40 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 91 41 complex complex JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 91 42 interaction interaction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 43 between between IN cord-006139-9063uhox 91 44 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 91 45 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 91 46 PfMDR1 PfMDR1 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 91 47 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 91 48 55 55 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 91 49 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 91 50 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 92 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 2 addition addition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 92 4 PfMDR1 PfMDR1 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 92 5 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 92 6 recently recently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 92 7 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 8 implicated implicate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 9 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 10 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 92 11 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 13 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 92 15 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 92 16 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 92 17 into into IN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 18 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 92 19 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 20 DV dv NN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 92 22 56 56 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 92 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 92 24 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 92 25 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 92 26 subsequently subsequently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 92 27 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 92 28 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 29 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 30 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 92 31 bind bind VB cord-006139-9063uhox 92 32 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 33 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 92 34 selection selection NN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 35 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 92 36 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 92 37 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 92 38 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 92 39 57 57 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 92 40 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 92 41 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 93 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-006139-9063uhox 93 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 93 3 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 93 4 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 93 5 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 93 6 cross cross NN cord-006139-9063uhox 93 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 93 8 two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 93 9 different different JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 93 10 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 93 11 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 93 12 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 93 13 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 93 14 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 93 15 GB4 gb4 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 93 16 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 93 17 7G8 7g8 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 93 18 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 93 19 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 93 20 indicated indicate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 93 21 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 93 22 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 93 23 actually actually RB cord-006139-9063uhox 93 24 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 93 25 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 93 26 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 93 27 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 93 28 natural natural JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 93 29 substrates substrate NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 93 30 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 94 1 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 94 2 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 94 3 PGH-1 PGH-1 NNPS cord-006139-9063uhox 94 4 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 94 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 94 6 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 94 7 encoded encode VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 94 8 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 94 9 PfMDR1 PfMDR1 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 94 10 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 94 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 94 12 58 58 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 94 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 94 14 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 95 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 95 2 third third JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 95 3 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 95 5 PfMRP1 PfMRP1 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 95 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 95 7 located locate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 8 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 9 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 95 10 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 11 plasma plasma NN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 12 membrane membrane NN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 95 14 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 95 15 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 95 16 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 17 suggested suggest VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 18 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 95 19 play play VB cord-006139-9063uhox 95 20 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 95 21 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 22 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 23 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 24 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 25 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 95 26 but but CC cord-006139-9063uhox 95 27 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 28 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 95 29 case case NN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 30 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 95 31 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 95 32 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 95 33 remains remain VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 95 34 uncertain uncertain JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 95 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 95 36 59 59 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 95 37 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 95 38 60 60 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 95 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 95 40 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 96 1 Notwithstanding notwithstanding IN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 2 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 96 3 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 5 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 96 6 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 96 7 membrane membrane NN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 8 proteins protein NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 96 9 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 96 10 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 96 11 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 96 12 mutation mutation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 13 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 96 14 accepted accept VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 15 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 96 16 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 96 17 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 96 18 major major JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 96 19 factor factor NN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 20 involved involve VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 21 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 22 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 23 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 96 24 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 97 1 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 97 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 97 3 predicted predict VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 97 4 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 97 5 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 97 6 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 97 7 integral integral JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 97 8 membrane membrane NN cord-006139-9063uhox 97 9 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 97 10 localized localize VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 97 11 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 97 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 97 13 DV DV NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 97 14 membrane membrane NN cord-006139-9063uhox 97 15 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 98 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 98 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 98 3 believed believe VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 98 4 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 98 5 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 98 6 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 98 7 member member NN cord-006139-9063uhox 98 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 98 9 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 98 10 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 98 11 metabolite metabolite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 98 12 transporter transporter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 98 13 family family NN cord-006139-9063uhox 98 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 98 15 proteins protein NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 98 16 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 98 17 61 61 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 98 18 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 98 19 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 99 1 Chloroquineresistant chloroquineresistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 99 2 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 99 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 99 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 99 5 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 99 6 exhibit exhibit NN cord-006139-9063uhox 99 7 several several JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 99 8 mutations mutation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 99 9 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 99 10 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 99 11 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 99 12 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 99 13 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 99 14 6 6 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 99 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 100 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 100 2 62 62 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 100 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 100 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 100 5 but but CC cord-006139-9063uhox 101 1 all all DT cord-006139-9063uhox 101 2 naturally naturally RB cord-006139-9063uhox 101 3 occurring occur VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 101 4 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 101 5 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 101 6 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 101 7 mutants mutant NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 101 8 exhibit exhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 101 9 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 101 10 crucial crucial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 101 11 mutation mutation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 101 12 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 101 13 that that DT cord-006139-9063uhox 101 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 101 15 Lys-76 lys-76 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 101 16 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 101 17 Thr-76 Thr-76 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 101 18 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 101 19 K76 K76 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 101 20 T T NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 101 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 101 22 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 102 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 102 2 additional additional JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 102 3 mutations mutation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 102 4 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 102 5 K76 K76 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 102 6 T T NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 102 7 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 102 8 thought think VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 102 9 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 102 10 counteract counteract VB cord-006139-9063uhox 102 11 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 102 12 loss loss NN cord-006139-9063uhox 102 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 102 14 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 102 15 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 102 16 would would MD cord-006139-9063uhox 102 17 occur occur VB cord-006139-9063uhox 102 18 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 102 19 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 102 20 case case NN cord-006139-9063uhox 102 21 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 102 22 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 102 23 K76 K76 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 102 24 T T NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 102 25 mutation mutation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 102 26 alone alone RB cord-006139-9063uhox 102 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 102 28 63 63 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 102 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 102 30 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 103 1 Studies study NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 103 2 conducted conduct VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 103 3 using use VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 103 4 Xenopus Xenopus NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 103 5 laevis laevi NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 103 6 oocytes oocyte NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 103 7 injected inject VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 103 8 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 103 9 mRNA mrna NN cord-006139-9063uhox 103 10 encoding encode VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 103 11 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 103 12 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 103 13 convincingly convincingly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 103 14 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 103 15 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 103 16 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 103 17 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 103 18 transports transport VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 103 19 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 103 20 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 104 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 104 2 findings finding NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 104 3 support support VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 104 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 104 5 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 104 6 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 104 7 decreased decrease VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 104 8 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 104 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 104 10 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 104 11 stems stem VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 104 12 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 104 13 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 104 14 extrusion extrusion NN cord-006139-9063uhox 104 15 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 104 16 PfCRT PfCRT NNPS cord-006139-9063uhox 104 17 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 104 18 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 104 19 DV DV NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 104 20 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 105 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 105 2 effectively effectively RB cord-006139-9063uhox 105 3 lowers lower VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 105 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 105 5 concentration concentration NN cord-006139-9063uhox 105 6 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 105 7 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 105 8 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 105 9 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 105 10 organelle organelle NN cord-006139-9063uhox 105 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 105 12 thus thus RB cord-006139-9063uhox 105 13 permitting permit VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 105 14 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 105 15 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 105 16 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 105 17 resume resume VB cord-006139-9063uhox 105 18 unhindered unhindered JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 105 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 105 20 64 64 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 105 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 105 22 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 106 1 Chloroquine Chloroquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 106 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 106 3 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 106 4 thought think VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 106 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 106 6 bind bind VB cord-006139-9063uhox 106 7 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 106 8 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 106 9 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 106 10 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 106 11 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 106 12 possible possible JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 106 13 site site NN cord-006139-9063uhox 106 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 106 15 interaction interaction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 106 16 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 106 17 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 106 18 proposed propose VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 106 19 based base VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 106 20 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 106 21 photoaffinity photoaffinity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 106 22 labeling label VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 106 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 106 24 65 65 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 106 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 106 26 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 107 1 Several several JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 107 2 recent recent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 107 3 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 107 4 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 107 5 reviews review NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 107 6 covering cover VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 107 7 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 107 8 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 107 9 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 107 10 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 107 11 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 107 12 available available JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 107 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 107 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 107 15 readers reader NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 107 16 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 107 17 encouraged encourage VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 107 18 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 107 19 consult consult VB cord-006139-9063uhox 107 20 them -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 107 21 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 107 22 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 107 23 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 107 24 depth depth NN cord-006139-9063uhox 107 25 discussion discussion NN cord-006139-9063uhox 107 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 107 27 62 62 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 107 28 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 107 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 107 30 66 66 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 107 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 108 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 108 2 67 67 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 108 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 108 4 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 108 5 68 68 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 108 6 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 108 7 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 109 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 109 2 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 109 3 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 4 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 5 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 6 two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 109 7 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 109 8 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 109 9 half half NN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 10 decades decade NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 109 11 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 109 12 verapamil verapamil NN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 109 14 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 109 15 calcium calcium NN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 16 channel channel NN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 17 blocker blocker NN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 18 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 109 19 can can MD cord-006139-9063uhox 109 20 restore restore VB cord-006139-9063uhox 109 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 109 22 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 23 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 24 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 25 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 26 several several JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 109 27 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 109 28 laboratory laboratory NN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 29 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 109 30 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 31 P. P. NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 109 32 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 109 33 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 109 34 69 69 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 109 35 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 109 36 70 70 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 109 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 109 38 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 110 1 Subsequent subsequent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 110 2 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 110 3 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 110 4 initial initial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 110 5 discovery discovery NN cord-006139-9063uhox 110 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 110 7 many many JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 110 8 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 110 9 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 110 10 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 110 11 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 110 12 found find VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 110 13 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 110 14 have have VB cord-006139-9063uhox 110 15 similar similar JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 110 16 chemosensitizing chemosensitizing NN cord-006139-9063uhox 110 17 properties property NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 110 18 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 111 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 111 2 include include VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 111 3 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 111 4 calcium calcium NN cord-006139-9063uhox 111 5 channel channel NN cord-006139-9063uhox 111 6 blockers blocker NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 111 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 111 8 including include VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 111 9 analogs analog NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 111 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 111 11 verapamil verapamil NN cord-006139-9063uhox 111 12 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 111 13 nifedipine nifedipine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 111 14 ; ; : cord-006139-9063uhox 111 15 dibenzazepines dibenzazepine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 111 16 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 111 17 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 111 18 analogs analog NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 111 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 111 20 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 111 21 include include VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 111 22 imipramine imipramine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 111 23 ; ; : cord-006139-9063uhox 111 24 phenothiazines phenothiazines NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 111 25 ; ; : cord-006139-9063uhox 111 26 dihydroanthracenes dihydroanthracenes NNPS cord-006139-9063uhox 111 27 ; ; : cord-006139-9063uhox 111 28 dibenzylmethylamines dibenzylmethylamines NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 111 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 111 30 dibemethins dibemethins NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 111 31 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 111 32 ; ; : cord-006139-9063uhox 111 33 plant plant NN cord-006139-9063uhox 111 34 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 111 35 derived derive VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 111 36 alkaloids alkaloid NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 111 37 ; ; : cord-006139-9063uhox 111 38 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 111 39 others other NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 111 40 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 111 41 including include VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 111 42 primaquine primaquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 111 43 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 111 44 71 71 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 111 45 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 111 46 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 112 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 112 2 common common JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 112 3 feature feature NN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 5 nearly nearly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 112 6 all all DT cord-006139-9063uhox 112 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 8 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 112 9 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 112 10 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 112 11 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 112 12 basic basic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 112 13 amino amino NN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 14 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 15 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 112 16 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 112 17 expected expect VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 18 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 112 19 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 112 20 protonated protonate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 21 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 22 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 112 23 pH ph NN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 24 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 25 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 112 26 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 112 27 DV DV NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 112 28 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 113 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 113 2 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 113 3 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 113 4 believed believe VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 113 6 act act VB cord-006139-9063uhox 113 7 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 8 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 113 9 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 10 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 11 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 12 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 113 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 113 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 113 15 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 113 16 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 113 17 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 18 directly directly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 113 19 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 20 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 113 22 case case NN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 23 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 24 verapamil verapamil NN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 25 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 113 26 primaquine primaquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 27 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 113 28 several several JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 113 29 dibemethins dibemethin NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 113 30 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 31 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 113 32 Xenopus Xenopus NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 113 33 oocyte oocyte NN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 34 system system NN cord-006139-9063uhox 113 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 113 36 64 64 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 113 37 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 113 38 72 72 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 113 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 113 40 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 114 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 114 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 114 3 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 114 4 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 114 5 whether whether IN cord-006139-9063uhox 114 6 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 114 7 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 114 8 act act VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 114 9 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 114 10 competitive competitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 114 11 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 114 12 noncompetitive noncompetitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 114 13 inhibitors inhibitor NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 114 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 114 15 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 114 16 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 114 17 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 115 1 Two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 115 2 significant significant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 115 3 quantitative quantitative JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 115 4 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 115 5 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 115 6 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 115 7 relationship relationship NN cord-006139-9063uhox 115 8 studies study NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 115 9 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 115 10 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 115 11 carried carry VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 115 12 out out RP cord-006139-9063uhox 115 13 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 115 14 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 115 15 chemosensitizers chemosensitizer NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 115 16 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 116 1 One one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 116 2 exclusively exclusively RB cord-006139-9063uhox 116 3 investigated investigate VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 116 4 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 116 5 series series NN cord-006139-9063uhox 116 6 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 116 7 dihydroanthracene dihydroanthracene JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 116 8 derivatives derivative NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 116 9 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 116 10 rigid rigid JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 116 11 bicyclic bicyclic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 116 12 structures structure NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 116 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 116 14 73 73 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 116 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 116 16 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 117 1 Based base VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 2 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 3 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 4 study study NN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 5 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 117 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 7 authors author NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 117 8 suggested suggest VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 117 9 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 10 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 11 molecules molecule NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 117 12 interact interact VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 117 13 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 14 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 15 serine serine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 117 17 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 117 18 threonine threonine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 117 20 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 117 21 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 22 aspartate aspartate NN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 117 24 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 117 25 glutamate glutamate NN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 117 27 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 28 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 29 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 30 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 117 31 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 117 32 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 33 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 117 34 separated separate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 35 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 36 9.2 9.2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 117 37 Å. Å. NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 117 38 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 39 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 40 second second JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 117 41 study study NN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 42 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 117 43 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 44 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 117 45 turned turn VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 46 out out RP cord-006139-9063uhox 117 47 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 117 48 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 117 49 more more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 117 50 influential influential JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 117 51 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 117 52 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 53 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 54 4-aminoquinoline 4-aminoquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 117 55 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 56 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 117 57 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 117 58 smallest small JJS cord-006139-9063uhox 117 59 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 117 60 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 117 61 binding bind VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 117 62 fragment fragment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 117 63 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 117 64 43 43 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 117 65 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 117 66 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 118 1 Replacement replacement NN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 2 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 118 4 quinoline quinoline NN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 5 ring ring NN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 6 N n CD cord-006139-9063uhox 118 7 atom atom NN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 8 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 9 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 118 10 CH CH NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 118 11 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 12 abolishes abolish VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 118 13 interaction interaction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 14 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 15 Fe(III)heme Fe(III)heme NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 118 16 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 118 17 as as RB cord-006139-9063uhox 118 18 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 118 19 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 20 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 118 21 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 118 22 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 23 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 118 24 biological biological JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 118 25 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 118 26 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 118 27 45 45 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 118 28 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 118 29 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 119 1 Replacement replacement NN cord-006139-9063uhox 119 2 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 119 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 119 4 4-amino 4-amino CD cord-006139-9063uhox 119 5 NH NH NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 119 6 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 119 7 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 119 8 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 119 9 CH CH NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 119 10 2 2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 119 11 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 119 12 weakens weaken VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 119 13 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 119 14 binding bind VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 119 15 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 119 16 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 119 17 abolishes abolish VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 119 18 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 119 19 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 119 20 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 119 21 biological biological JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 119 22 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 119 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 119 24 45 45 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 119 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 119 26 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 120 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 120 2 Cl Cl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 120 3 atom atom NN cord-006139-9063uhox 120 4 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 120 5 necessary necessary JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 120 6 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 120 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 120 8 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 120 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 120 10 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 120 11 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 120 12 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 121 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 121 2 can can MD cord-006139-9063uhox 121 3 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 121 4 replaced replace VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 121 5 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 121 6 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 121 7 electron electron NN cord-006139-9063uhox 121 8 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 121 9 withdrawing withdraw VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 121 10 hydrophobic hydrophobic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 121 11 groups group NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 121 12 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 121 13 44 44 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 121 14 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 121 15 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 122 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 122 2 tertiary tertiary JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 122 3 N n CD cord-006139-9063uhox 122 4 atom atom NN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 5 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 122 7 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 8 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 9 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 122 10 important important JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 122 11 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 12 accumulation accumulation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 13 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 14 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 122 15 parasite parasite JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 122 16 digestive digestive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 122 17 vacuole vacuole NN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 18 through through IN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 19 pH pH NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 122 20 trapping trapping NN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 21 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 122 22 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 122 23 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 122 24 usually usually RB cord-006139-9063uhox 122 25 improves improve VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 122 26 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 122 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 122 28 43 43 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 122 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 122 30 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 123 1 Analogs analog NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 123 2 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 123 3 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 123 4 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 123 5 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 123 6 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 123 7 N n CD cord-006139-9063uhox 123 8 atom atom NN cord-006139-9063uhox 123 9 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 123 10 replaced replace VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 123 11 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 123 12 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 123 13 CH CH NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 123 14 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 123 15 retaining retain VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 123 16 biological biological JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 123 17 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 123 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 123 19 42 42 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 123 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 123 21 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 124 1 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 124 2 science science NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 124 3 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 124 4 series series NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 124 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 124 6 imipramine imipramine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 124 7 analogs analog NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 124 8 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 124 9 investigated investigate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 124 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 124 11 leading lead VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 124 12 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 124 13 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 124 14 pharmacophore pharmacophore NN cord-006139-9063uhox 124 15 model model NN cord-006139-9063uhox 124 16 consisting consist VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 124 17 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 124 18 two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 124 19 suitably suitably RB cord-006139-9063uhox 124 20 positioned position VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 124 21 aromatic aromatic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 124 22 groups group NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 124 23 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 124 24 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 124 25 weak weak JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 124 26 base base NN cord-006139-9063uhox 124 27 amino amino NN cord-006139-9063uhox 124 28 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 124 29 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 124 30 Figure Figure NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 124 31 7 7 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 124 32 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 125 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 125 2 74 74 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 125 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 125 4 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 126 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 126 2 latter latter JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 126 3 study study NN cord-006139-9063uhox 126 4 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 126 5 underpinned underpin VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 126 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 126 7 design design NN cord-006139-9063uhox 126 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 126 9 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 126 10 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 126 11 type type NN cord-006139-9063uhox 126 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 126 13 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 126 14 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 126 15 incorporates incorporate VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 126 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 126 17 features feature NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 126 18 required require VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 126 19 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 126 20 both both CC cord-006139-9063uhox 126 21 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 126 22 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 126 23 anti anti AFX cord-006139-9063uhox 126 24 malarial malarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 126 25 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 126 26 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 126 27 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 126 28 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 126 29 reversing reverse VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 126 30 chemosensitizer chemosensitizer NN cord-006139-9063uhox 126 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 127 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 127 2 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 127 3 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 127 4 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 127 5 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 127 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 127 7 consisting consist VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 127 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 127 9 so so RB cord-006139-9063uhox 127 10 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 127 11 called call VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 127 12 ' ' `` cord-006139-9063uhox 127 13 reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 127 14 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 127 15 ' ' POS cord-006139-9063uhox 127 16 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 127 17 related related JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 127 18 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 127 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 127 20 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 127 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 127 22 subject subject NN cord-006139-9063uhox 127 23 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 127 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 127 25 remainder remainder NN cord-006139-9063uhox 127 26 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 127 27 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 127 28 review review NN cord-006139-9063uhox 127 29 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 128 1 Dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 128 2 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 128 3 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 128 4 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 128 5 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 128 6 both both DT cord-006139-9063uhox 128 7 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 128 8 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 128 9 like like JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 128 10 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 128 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 128 12 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 128 13 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 128 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 128 15 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 128 16 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 128 17 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 128 18 reversing reverse VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 128 19 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 128 20 form form NN cord-006139-9063uhox 128 21 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 128 22 relatively relatively RB cord-006139-9063uhox 128 23 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 128 24 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 128 25 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 128 26 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 128 27 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 129 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 129 2 first first JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 129 3 example example NN cord-006139-9063uhox 129 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 129 5 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 129 6 so so RB cord-006139-9063uhox 129 7 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 129 8 called call VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 129 9 reversed reversed JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 129 10 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 129 11 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 129 12 Compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 129 13 1 1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 129 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 129 15 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 129 16 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 129 17 reported report VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 129 18 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 129 19 2006 2006 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 129 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 129 21 75 75 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 129 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 129 23 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 130 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 130 2 consisted consist VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 130 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 4 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 130 5 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 130 6 moiety moiety NN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 7 linked link VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 8 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 9 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 130 10 N n CD cord-006139-9063uhox 130 11 atom atom NN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 13 imipramine imipramine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 14 via via IN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 15 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 130 16 three three CD cord-006139-9063uhox 130 17 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 130 18 carbon carbon NN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 19 alkyl alkyl NN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 20 linker linker NN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 21 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 130 23 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 24 8A 8a NN cord-006139-9063uhox 130 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 130 26 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 131 1 Compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 131 2 1 1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 131 3 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 131 4 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 131 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 131 6 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 131 7 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 131 8 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 131 9 vitro vitro FW cord-006139-9063uhox 131 10 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 131 11 both both CC cord-006139-9063uhox 131 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 131 13 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 131 14 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 131 15 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 131 16 D6 d6 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 131 17 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 131 18 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 131 19 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 131 20 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 131 21 Dd2 dd2 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 131 22 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 131 23 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 131 24 P. P. NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 131 25 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 131 26 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 132 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 132 2 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 132 3 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 132 4 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 132 6 associate associate VB cord-006139-9063uhox 132 7 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 8 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 132 9 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 132 10 both both CC cord-006139-9063uhox 132 11 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 12 pH pH NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 132 13 5.7 5.7 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 132 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 132 15 7 7 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 132 16 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 132 17 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 18 log log NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 132 19 association association NN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 20 constant constant NN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 21 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 132 22 logK logK NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 132 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 132 24 values value NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 132 25 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 26 5.48 5.48 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 132 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 132 28 comparable comparable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 132 29 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 30 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 31 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 132 32 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 33 values value NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 132 34 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 35 5.48 5.48 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 132 36 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 132 37 6.00 6.00 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 132 38 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 132 39 respectively respectively RB cord-006139-9063uhox 132 40 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 132 41 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 132 42 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 132 43 two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 132 44 pH pH NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 132 45 values value NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 132 46 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 132 47 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 133 1 However however RB cord-006139-9063uhox 133 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 133 3 Compound Compound NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 133 4 1 1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 133 5 itself -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 133 6 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 133 7 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 133 8 considered consider VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 133 9 suitable suitable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 133 10 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 133 11 further further JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 133 12 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 133 13 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 133 14 owing owe VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 133 15 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 133 16 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 133 17 high high JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 133 18 lipophilicity lipophilicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 133 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 133 20 log log NN cord-006139-9063uhox 133 21 distribution distribution NN cord-006139-9063uhox 133 22 constant constant NN cord-006139-9063uhox 133 23 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 133 24 clogP clogP NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 133 25 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 133 26 = = SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 133 27 8.9 8.9 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 133 28 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 133 29 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 134 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 2 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 134 3 follow follow NN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 4 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 134 5 up up NN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 6 study study NN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 134 8 Peyton Peyton NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 134 9 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 134 10 coworkers coworker NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 134 11 investigated investigate VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 134 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 134 13 effects effect NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 134 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 15 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 134 16 linker linker NN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 17 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 134 18 head head NN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 19 groups group NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 134 20 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 134 22 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 23 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 24 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 134 25 range range NN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 26 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 134 27 reversed reversed JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 134 28 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 134 29 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 134 30 76 76 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 134 31 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 134 32 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 135 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 2 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 135 3 study study NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 135 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 135 6 head head NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 7 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 8 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 135 9 altered alter VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 10 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 11 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 135 12 diphenylamine diphenylamine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 13 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 135 14 dibenzylamine dibenzylamine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 15 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 135 16 while while IN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 17 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 135 18 aliphatic aliphatic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 135 19 portion portion NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 20 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 135 22 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 23 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 24 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 135 25 linker linker NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 26 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 27 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 135 28 varied varied JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 135 29 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 30 length length NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 31 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 32 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 135 33 effort effort NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 34 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 135 35 reduce reduce VB cord-006139-9063uhox 135 36 lipophilicity lipophilicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 135 37 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 135 38 76 76 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 135 39 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 135 40 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 136 1 All all DT cord-006139-9063uhox 136 2 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 136 3 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 136 4 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 136 5 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 136 6 strong strong JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 136 7 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 136 8 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 136 9 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 136 10 cultured culture VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 136 11 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 136 12 vitro vitro FW cord-006139-9063uhox 136 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 136 14 IC IC NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 136 15 50 50 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 136 16 < < XX cord-006139-9063uhox 136 17 120 120 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 136 18 nM nM NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 136 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 136 20 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 136 21 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 136 22 only only JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 136 23 minor minor JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 136 24 differences difference NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 136 25 between between IN cord-006139-9063uhox 136 26 chloroquinesensitive chloroquinesensitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 136 27 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 136 28 -resistant -resistant CD cord-006139-9063uhox 136 29 D6 d6 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 136 30 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 136 31 Dd2 dd2 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 136 32 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 136 33 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 137 1 Larger large JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 137 2 differences difference NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 137 3 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 137 4 seen see VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 137 5 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 137 6 cytotoxicity cytotoxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 137 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 137 8 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 137 9 molecules molecule NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 137 10 possessing possess VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 137 11 amide amide NN cord-006139-9063uhox 137 12 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 137 13 piperazine piperazine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 137 14 linkers linker NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 137 15 exhibiting exhibit VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 137 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 137 17 lowest low JJS cord-006139-9063uhox 137 18 toxicity toxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 137 19 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 138 1 Nonetheless nonetheless RB cord-006139-9063uhox 138 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 138 3 all all DT cord-006139-9063uhox 138 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 138 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 138 6 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 138 7 tested test VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 138 8 exhibited exhibit VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 138 9 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 138 10 over over IN cord-006139-9063uhox 138 11 100-fold 100-fold CD cord-006139-9063uhox 138 12 selectivity selectivity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 138 13 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 138 14 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 138 15 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 138 16 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 139 1 Closer close JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 139 2 scrutiny scrutiny NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 139 5 IC IC NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 139 6 50 50 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 139 7 values value NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 139 8 showed show VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 139 9 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 10 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 139 11 dibenzylamine dibenzylamine JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 139 12 head head NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 13 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 14 usually usually RB cord-006139-9063uhox 139 15 gave give VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 139 16 rise rise NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 17 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 18 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 139 19 more more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 139 20 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 139 21 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 22 than than IN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 23 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 139 24 corresponding corresponding JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 139 25 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 26 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 27 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 139 28 diphenylamine diphenylamine JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 139 29 head head NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 30 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 31 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 139 32 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 139 33 that that DT cord-006139-9063uhox 139 34 replacement replacement NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 35 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 36 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 139 37 linear linear JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 139 38 diamine diamine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 39 linker linker NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 40 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 41 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 139 42 piperazine piperazine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 43 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 44 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 139 45 generally generally RB cord-006139-9063uhox 139 46 decreased decrease VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 139 47 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 139 48 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 140 1 On on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 2 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 140 3 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 140 4 hand hand NN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 5 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 140 6 introduction introduction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 8 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 140 9 amide amide NN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 10 head head NN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 11 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 12 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 140 13 tolerated tolerate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 140 15 permitted permit VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 140 16 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 140 17 decrease decrease NN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 18 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 19 clogP clogP NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 140 20 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 21 values value NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 140 22 comparable comparable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 140 23 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 24 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 140 25 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 141 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 2 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 141 3 subsequent subsequent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 141 4 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 141 5 more more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 141 6 comprehensive comprehensive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 141 7 study study NN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 8 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 141 9 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 141 10 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 11 made make VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 141 12 further further JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 141 13 variations variation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 141 14 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 15 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 141 16 chemotype chemotype NN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 17 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 141 18 replacing replace VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 141 19 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 141 20 diphenyl diphenyl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 141 21 - - : cord-006139-9063uhox 141 22 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 141 23 dibenzylamine dibenzylamine JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 141 24 head head NN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 25 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 26 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 27 others other NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 141 28 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 141 29 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 30 benzhydryl benzhydryl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 141 31 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 141 32 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 141 33 reliability reliability NN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 34 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 35 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 141 36 structural structural JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 141 37 model model NN cord-006139-9063uhox 141 38 remains remain VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 141 39 untested untested JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 141 40 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 142 1 Side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 2 chains chain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 142 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 4 residues residue NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 142 5 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 6 sites site NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 142 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 8 mutations mutation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 142 9 implicated implicate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 10 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 11 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 12 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 13 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 142 14 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 15 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 16 space space NN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 17 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 142 18 filling fill VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 142 19 spheres sphere NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 142 20 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 142 21 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 142 22 K76 K76 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 142 23 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 142 24 marked mark VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 25 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 26 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 142 27 arrow arrow NN cord-006139-9063uhox 142 28 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 143 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 143 2 structural structural JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 143 3 model model NN cord-006139-9063uhox 143 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 143 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 143 6 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 143 7 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 143 8 here here RB cord-006139-9063uhox 143 9 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 143 10 created create VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 143 11 using use VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 143 12 data datum NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 143 13 taken take VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 143 14 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 143 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 143 16 95 95 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 143 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 143 18 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 144 1 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 144 2 science science NN cord-006139-9063uhox 144 3 group group NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 144 4 adamantyl adamantyl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 144 5 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 144 6 triphenylmethyl triphenylmethyl NN cord-006139-9063uhox 144 7 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 144 8 pyridine-2-yl pyridine-2-yl LS cord-006139-9063uhox 144 9 methyl methyl NN cord-006139-9063uhox 144 10 groups group NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 144 11 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 144 12 77 77 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 144 13 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 144 14 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 145 1 Benzhydryl Benzhydryl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 145 2 head head NN cord-006139-9063uhox 145 3 groups group NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 145 4 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 145 5 substituents substituent NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 145 6 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 145 7 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 145 8 investigated investigate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 145 9 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 146 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 146 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 146 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 146 4 variations variation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 146 5 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 6 head head NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 7 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 8 had have VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 146 9 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 146 10 relatively relatively RB cord-006139-9063uhox 146 11 small small JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 146 12 influence influence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 13 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 14 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 15 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 16 either either CC cord-006139-9063uhox 146 17 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 146 18 D6 D6 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 146 19 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 20 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 146 21 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 146 22 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 146 23 Dd2 dd2 JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 146 24 chloroquineresistant chloroquineresistant NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 25 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 146 26 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 27 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 146 28 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 29 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 146 30 but but CC cord-006139-9063uhox 146 31 considerably considerably RB cord-006139-9063uhox 146 32 more more JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 146 33 variation variation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 34 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 146 35 observed observe VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 36 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 37 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 38 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 39 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 146 40 7G8 7g8 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 146 41 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 42 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 146 43 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 146 44 strain strain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 146 45 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 147 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-006139-9063uhox 147 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 147 3 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 147 4 many many JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 147 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 147 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 147 7 derivatives derivative NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 147 8 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 147 9 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 147 10 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 147 11 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 147 12 7G8 7g8 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 147 13 strain strain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 147 14 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 147 15 four four CD cord-006139-9063uhox 147 16 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 147 17 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 147 18 five five CD cord-006139-9063uhox 147 19 - - RB cord-006139-9063uhox 147 20 fold fold VB cord-006139-9063uhox 147 21 weaker weak JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 147 22 than than IN cord-006139-9063uhox 147 23 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 147 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 147 25 D6 d6 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 147 26 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 147 27 Dd2 dd2 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 147 28 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 147 29 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 148 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 148 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 148 3 notable notable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 148 4 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 5 view view NN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 6 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 148 8 fact fact NN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 9 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 10 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 148 11 7G8 7g8 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 148 12 strain strain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 148 14 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 148 15 originates originate VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 148 16 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 17 South South NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 148 18 America America NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 148 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 148 20 differs differ VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 148 21 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 22 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 148 23 Old Old NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 148 24 World World NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 148 25 D6 d6 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 26 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 148 27 Dd2 dd2 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 28 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 148 29 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 30 as as RB cord-006139-9063uhox 148 31 much much JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 148 32 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 33 verapamil verapamil NN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 34 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 148 35 only only RB cord-006139-9063uhox 148 36 weak weak JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 148 37 chemosensitizing chemosensitizing NN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 38 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 39 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 148 40 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 148 41 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 149 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 149 2 perhaps perhaps RB cord-006139-9063uhox 149 3 supports support VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 149 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 149 5 proposal proposal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 149 6 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 149 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 149 8 activities activity NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 149 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 149 10 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 149 11 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 149 12 relates relate VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 149 13 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 149 14 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 149 15 presence presence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 149 16 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 149 17 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 149 18 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 149 19 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 149 20 reversing reverse VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 149 21 pharmacophore pharmacophore NN cord-006139-9063uhox 149 22 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 150 1 Of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 150 2 particular particular JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 150 3 note note NN cord-006139-9063uhox 150 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 150 5 however however RB cord-006139-9063uhox 150 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 150 7 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 150 8 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 150 9 derivative derivative JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 150 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 150 11 Compound Compound NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 150 12 2 2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 150 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 150 14 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 150 15 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 150 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 150 17 phenyl phenyl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 150 18 rings ring VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 150 19 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 150 20 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 150 21 head head NN cord-006139-9063uhox 150 22 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 150 23 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 150 24 replaced replace VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 150 25 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 150 26 ortho ortho NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 150 27 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 150 28 pyridyl pyridyl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 150 29 groups group NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 150 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 150 31 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 150 32 8B 8b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 150 33 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 150 34 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 150 35 77 77 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 150 36 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 150 37 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 151 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 151 2 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 151 3 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 151 4 equipotent equipotent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 151 5 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 151 6 all all DT cord-006139-9063uhox 151 7 three three CD cord-006139-9063uhox 151 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 151 9 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 151 10 tested test VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 151 11 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 151 12 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 151 13 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 151 14 substantially substantially RB cord-006139-9063uhox 151 15 less less RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 151 16 lipophilic lipophilic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 151 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 151 18 clogP clogP NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 151 19 = = SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 151 20 3.6 3.6 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 151 21 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 151 22 than than IN cord-006139-9063uhox 151 23 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 151 24 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 151 25 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 151 26 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 151 27 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 151 28 factor factor NN cord-006139-9063uhox 151 29 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 151 30 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 151 31 important important JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 151 32 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 151 33 improving improve VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 151 34 solubility solubility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 151 35 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 151 36 potentially potentially RB cord-006139-9063uhox 151 37 lowering lower VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 151 38 systemic systemic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 151 39 toxicity toxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 151 40 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 152 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 152 2 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 152 3 represents represent VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 152 4 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 152 5 potential potential JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 152 6 lead lead NN cord-006139-9063uhox 152 7 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 152 8 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 152 9 further further JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 152 10 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 152 11 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 153 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-006139-9063uhox 153 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 153 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 153 4 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 153 5 found find VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 6 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 153 7 possess possess VB cord-006139-9063uhox 153 8 good good JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 153 9 oral oral JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 153 10 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 11 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 153 13 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 153 14 berghei berghei NN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 15 mouse mouse NN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 16 model model NN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 17 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 18 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 153 20 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 21 four four CD cord-006139-9063uhox 153 22 doses dose NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 153 23 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 24 30 30 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 153 25 mg mg NN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 26 / / SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 153 27 kg kg NN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 28 reducing reduce VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 153 29 parasitemia parasitemia NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 153 30 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 31 more more JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 153 32 than than IN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 33 99 99 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 153 34 % % NN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 35 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 153 36 curing cure VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 153 37 two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 153 38 out out IN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 39 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 40 three three CD cord-006139-9063uhox 153 41 treated treat VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 153 42 mice mouse NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 153 43 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 154 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 154 2 selection selection NN cord-006139-9063uhox 154 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 154 4 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 154 5 reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 154 6 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 154 7 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 154 8 investigated investigate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 154 9 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 154 10 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 154 11 Fe(III)heme Fe(III)heme NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 154 12 binding binding NN cord-006139-9063uhox 154 13 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 154 14 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 154 15 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 154 16 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 154 17 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 154 18 activities activity NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 154 19 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 155 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 155 2 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 155 3 found find VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 155 4 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 155 5 exhibit exhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 155 6 dissociation dissociation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 155 7 constant constant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 155 8 values value NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 155 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 155 10 K k NN cord-006139-9063uhox 155 11 d d NN cord-006139-9063uhox 155 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 155 13 ranging range VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 155 14 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 155 15 8.6 8.6 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 155 16 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 155 17 1.0 1.0 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 155 18 µM µm JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 155 19 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 155 20 logK logK NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 155 21 = = NFP cord-006139-9063uhox 156 1 5.1 5.1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 156 2 - - SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 156 3 6.0 6.0 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 156 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 156 5 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 156 6 similar similar JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 156 7 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 156 8 that that DT cord-006139-9063uhox 156 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 156 10 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 156 11 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 156 12 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 156 13 K K NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 156 14 d d NN cord-006139-9063uhox 156 15 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 156 16 4.0 4.0 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 156 17 µM µm XX cord-006139-9063uhox 157 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 157 2 logK logK NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 157 3 = = SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 157 4 5.4 5.4 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 157 5 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 157 6 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 158 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 158 2 IC IC NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 158 3 50 50 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 158 4 values value NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 158 5 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 6 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 7 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 158 8 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 9 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 10 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 158 11 1.6 1.6 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 158 12 - - SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 158 13 14 14 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 158 14 µM µm CD cord-006139-9063uhox 158 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 158 16 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 158 17 lower low JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 158 18 than than IN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 19 that that DT cord-006139-9063uhox 158 20 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 21 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 22 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 158 23 24 24 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 158 24 µM µM NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 158 25 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 158 26 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 158 27 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 158 28 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 158 29 significant significant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 158 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 158 31 R r NN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 32 2 2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 158 33 = = SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 158 34 0.66 0.66 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 158 35 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 158 36 correlation correlation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 37 between between IN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 38 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 39 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 158 40 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 158 41 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 158 42 IC IC NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 159 1 50 50 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 159 2 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 159 3 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 159 4 vitro vitro FW cord-006139-9063uhox 159 5 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 159 6 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 159 7 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 159 8 P. P. NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 159 9 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 159 10 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 159 11 observed observe VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 159 12 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 160 1 Finally finally RB cord-006139-9063uhox 160 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 160 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 160 4 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 160 5 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 160 6 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 160 7 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 160 8 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 160 9 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 160 10 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 160 11 could could MD cord-006139-9063uhox 160 12 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 160 13 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 160 14 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 160 15 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 160 16 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 160 17 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 160 18 decrease decrease VB cord-006139-9063uhox 160 19 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 160 20 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 160 21 within within IN cord-006139-9063uhox 160 22 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 160 23 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 160 24 cell cell NN cord-006139-9063uhox 160 25 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 161 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 161 2 most most RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 161 3 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 161 4 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 161 5 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 161 6 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 161 7 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 161 8 more more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 161 9 potent potent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 161 10 hemozoin hemozoin JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 161 11 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-006139-9063uhox 161 12 than than IN cord-006139-9063uhox 161 13 Compound Compound NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 161 14 1 1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 161 15 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 161 16 77 77 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 161 17 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 161 18 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 162 1 Consideration consideration NN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 2 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 162 4 structures structure NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 162 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 6 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 162 7 reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 8 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 162 9 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 10 light light NN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 12 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 13 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 14 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 162 15 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 16 relationships relationship NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 162 17 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 18 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 162 19 hemozoininhibiting hemozoininhibiting NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 162 20 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 162 21 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 162 22 as as RB cord-006139-9063uhox 162 23 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 162 24 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 25 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 26 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 162 27 reversing reverse VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 162 28 chemo chemo NN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 29 sensitizers sensitizer NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 162 30 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 162 31 permits permit VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 162 32 rationalization rationalization NN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 33 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 34 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 162 35 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 36 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 162 37 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 38 relationships relationship NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 162 39 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 162 40 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 162 41 9 9 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 162 42 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 162 43 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 163 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 163 2 approach approach NN cord-006139-9063uhox 163 3 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 163 4 subsequently subsequently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 163 5 used use VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 163 6 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 163 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 163 8 design design NN cord-006139-9063uhox 163 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 163 10 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 163 11 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 163 12 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 163 13 reversing reverse VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 163 14 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 163 15 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 164 1 Other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 164 2 studies study NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 164 3 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 164 4 built build VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 164 5 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 164 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 164 7 concept concept NN cord-006139-9063uhox 164 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 164 9 reversed reversed JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 164 10 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 164 11 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 165 1 Dihydropyrimidinones dihydropyrimidinone NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 165 2 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 165 3 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 165 4 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 165 5 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 165 6 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 165 7 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 165 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 165 9 calcium calcium NN cord-006139-9063uhox 165 10 channel channel NN cord-006139-9063uhox 165 11 blockers blocker NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 165 12 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 166 1 Similar similar JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 166 2 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 166 3 verapamil verapamil VB cord-006139-9063uhox 166 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 166 5 they -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 166 6 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 166 7 capable capable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 166 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 166 9 chemosensitizing chemosensitize VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 166 10 multidrug multidrug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 166 11 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 166 12 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 166 13 cancer cancer NN cord-006139-9063uhox 166 14 cells cell NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 166 15 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 167 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 167 2 molecules molecule NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 167 3 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 167 4 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 5 attached attach VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 6 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 167 8 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 167 9 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 10 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 167 11 produce produce VB cord-006139-9063uhox 167 12 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 167 13 series series NN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 15 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 167 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 167 17 e.g. e.g. RB cord-006139-9063uhox 167 18 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 167 19 Compound Compound NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 167 20 3 3 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 167 21 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 22 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 23 10A 10a CD cord-006139-9063uhox 167 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 167 25 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 26 strong strong JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 167 27 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 28 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 29 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 167 30 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 167 31 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 167 32 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 167 33 -sensitive -sensitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 167 34 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 167 35 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 167 36 78 78 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 167 37 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 167 38 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 168 1 Interestingly interestingly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 168 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 168 3 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 168 4 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 168 5 do do VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 168 6 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 168 7 have have VB cord-006139-9063uhox 168 8 basic basic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 168 9 N n CD cord-006139-9063uhox 168 10 atoms atom NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 168 11 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 168 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 168 13 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 168 14 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 168 15 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 168 16 therefore therefore RB cord-006139-9063uhox 168 17 do do VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 168 18 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 168 19 conform conform VB cord-006139-9063uhox 168 20 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 168 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 168 22 more more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 168 23 commonly commonly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 168 24 observed observe VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 168 25 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 168 26 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 168 27 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 168 28 relationship relationship NN cord-006139-9063uhox 168 29 model model NN cord-006139-9063uhox 168 30 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 169 1 Tricyclic Tricyclic NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 169 2 heteroaromatics heteroaromatic NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 169 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 169 4 especially especially RB cord-006139-9063uhox 169 5 phenothiazines phenothiazine VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 169 6 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 169 7 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 169 8 chlorpromazine chlorpromazine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 169 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 169 10 Compound Compound NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 169 11 4 4 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 169 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 169 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 169 14 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 169 15 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 169 16 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 169 17 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 169 18 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 169 19 chemosensitizers chemosensitizer NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 169 20 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 170 1 Furthermore furthermore RB cord-006139-9063uhox 170 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 170 3 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 170 4 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 170 5 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 6 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 7 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 8 chlorpromazine chlorpromazine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 170 10 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 11 10B 10b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 170 13 can can MD cord-006139-9063uhox 170 14 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 170 15 modified modify VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 16 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 170 17 produce produce VB cord-006139-9063uhox 170 18 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 170 19 analog analog NN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 170 21 Compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 22 5 5 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 170 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 170 24 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 25 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 170 26 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 27 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 28 improved improved JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 170 29 water water NN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 30 solubility solubility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 31 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 170 32 improved improve VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 33 oral oral JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 170 34 bioavailability bioavailability NN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 35 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 36 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 170 37 same same JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 170 38 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 170 39 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 170 40 76 76 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 170 41 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 170 42 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 171 1 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 171 2 science science NN cord-006139-9063uhox 171 3 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 171 4 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 171 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 171 6 introduction introduction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 171 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 171 8 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 171 9 additional additional JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 171 10 basic basic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 171 11 amino amino NN cord-006139-9063uhox 171 12 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 171 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 171 14 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 171 15 10C 10c CD cord-006139-9063uhox 171 16 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 171 17 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 171 18 49 49 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 171 19 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 171 20 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 172 1 Kelly Kelly NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 172 2 et et NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 172 3 al al NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 172 4 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 173 1 later later RB cord-006139-9063uhox 173 2 showed show VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 173 3 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 173 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 173 5 related relate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 173 6 tricyclic tricyclic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 173 7 aromatic aromatic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 173 8 acridones acridone NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 173 9 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 173 10 e.g. e.g. RB cord-006139-9063uhox 173 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 173 12 Compound Compound NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 173 13 6 6 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 173 14 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 173 15 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 173 16 exhibit exhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 173 17 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 173 18 chemosensitizing chemosensitizing NN cord-006139-9063uhox 173 19 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 173 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 173 21 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 173 22 10D 10d CD cord-006139-9063uhox 173 23 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 174 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 174 2 79 79 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 174 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 174 4 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 175 1 Subsequently subsequently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 175 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 175 3 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 175 4 authors author NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 175 5 went go VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 175 6 on on RP cord-006139-9063uhox 175 7 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 175 8 introduce introduce VB cord-006139-9063uhox 175 9 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 175 10 further further JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 175 11 weak weak JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 175 12 base base NN cord-006139-9063uhox 175 13 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 175 14 containing contain VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 175 15 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 175 16 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 175 17 onto onto IN cord-006139-9063uhox 175 18 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 175 19 scaffold scaffold NN cord-006139-9063uhox 175 20 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 175 21 produce produce VB cord-006139-9063uhox 175 22 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 175 23 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 175 24 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 175 25 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 175 26 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 175 27 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 175 28 Compound Compound NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 175 29 7 7 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 175 30 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 175 31 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 175 32 exhibited exhibit VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 175 33 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 175 34 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 175 35 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 175 36 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 175 37 10E 10e CD cord-006139-9063uhox 175 38 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 176 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 176 2 80 80 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 176 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 176 4 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 177 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 177 2 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 177 3 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 177 4 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 177 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 177 6 accumulate accumulate VB cord-006139-9063uhox 177 7 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 177 8 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 177 9 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 177 10 DV dv NN cord-006139-9063uhox 177 11 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 177 12 confocal confocal JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 177 13 fluorescence fluorescence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 177 14 microscopy microscopy NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 177 15 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 177 16 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 177 17 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 177 18 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 177 19 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 177 20 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 178 1 Isobolograms Isobolograms NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 178 2 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 178 3 used use VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 4 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 178 5 demonstrate demonstrate VB cord-006139-9063uhox 178 6 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 7 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 178 8 exhibited exhibit VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 178 9 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 178 10 additive additive NN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 11 relationship relationship NN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 12 when when WRB cord-006139-9063uhox 178 13 mixed mix VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 14 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 15 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 16 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 17 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 178 18 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 19 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 178 20 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 178 21 P. P. NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 178 22 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 23 strain strain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 24 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 178 25 D6 d6 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 178 27 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 178 28 but but CC cord-006139-9063uhox 178 29 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 178 30 synergistic synergistic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 178 31 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 32 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 178 33 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 34 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 178 35 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 178 36 Dd2 dd2 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 37 strain strain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 178 38 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 179 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 179 2 observation observation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 3 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 179 4 consistent consistent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 179 5 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 6 that that DT cord-006139-9063uhox 179 7 expected expect VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 8 if if IN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 9 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 179 10 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 11 acts act VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 179 12 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 13 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 179 14 chemosensitizer chemosensitizer NN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 15 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 16 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 17 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 179 18 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 179 19 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 179 20 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 179 21 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 179 22 acts act VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 179 23 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 24 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 179 25 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 179 26 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 27 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 179 28 manner manner NN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 29 similar similar JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 179 30 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 31 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 179 32 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 180 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 180 2 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 180 3 exhibited exhibit VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 180 4 excellent excellent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 180 5 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 180 6 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 180 7 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 180 8 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 180 9 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 180 10 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 180 11 -resistant -resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 180 12 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 180 13 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 180 14 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 180 15 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 180 16 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 180 17 vivo vivo NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 180 18 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 181 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 181 2 recent recent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 181 3 addition addition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 4 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 181 6 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 8 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 181 9 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 181 10 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 11 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 181 12 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 181 13 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 181 14 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 15 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 181 16 reversing reverse VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 181 17 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 18 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 181 19 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 181 20 dibemequines dibemequine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 181 21 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 181 22 81 81 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 181 23 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 181 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 181 25 consisting consist VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 181 26 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 27 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 181 28 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 181 29 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 30 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 181 31 dibemethin dibemethin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 32 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 181 33 dibenzylmethylamine dibenzylmethylamine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 181 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 181 35 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 36 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 181 37 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 182 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 182 2 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 182 3 designed design VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 182 4 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 182 5 fulfill fulfill VB cord-006139-9063uhox 182 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 182 7 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 182 8 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 182 9 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 182 10 relationship relationship NN cord-006139-9063uhox 182 11 criteria criterion NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 182 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 182 13 both both CC cord-006139-9063uhox 182 14 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 182 15 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 182 16 hemozoin hemozoin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 182 17 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 182 18 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 182 19 quinoline quinoline NN cord-006139-9063uhox 182 20 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 182 21 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 182 22 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 182 23 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 182 24 N N NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 182 25 N N NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 182 26 Cl Cl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 182 27 HN HN NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 182 28 N N NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 182 29 Figure Figure NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 182 30 9 9 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 182 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 183 1 Rationalization rationalization NN cord-006139-9063uhox 183 2 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 183 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 183 4 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 183 5 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 183 6 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 183 7 relationships relationship NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 183 8 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 183 9 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 183 10 reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 183 11 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 183 12 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 184 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 184 2 parts part NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 184 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 184 5 molecule molecule NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 6 highlighted highlight VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 7 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 184 8 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 184 9 4-aminoquinoline 4-aminoquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 184 10 moiety moiety NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 11 required require VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 12 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 13 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme DT cord-006139-9063uhox 184 14 binding binding NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 15 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 184 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 184 17 Cl Cl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 184 18 atom atom NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 19 required require VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 20 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 21 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 184 22 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 23 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 184 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 184 25 basic basic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 184 26 tertiary tertiary JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 184 27 N n CD cord-006139-9063uhox 184 28 atom atom NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 29 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 184 30 aids aid VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 184 31 accumulation accumulation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 32 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 33 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 184 34 digestive digestive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 184 35 vacuole vacuole NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 36 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 184 37 see see VB cord-006139-9063uhox 184 38 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 39 5 5 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 184 40 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 184 41 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 184 42 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 184 43 two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 184 44 aromatic aromatic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 184 45 rings ring NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 184 46 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 184 47 hydrogen hydrogen NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 48 bond bond NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 49 acceptor acceptor NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 50 required require VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 51 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 52 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 184 53 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 54 chemosensitizer chemosensitizer NN cord-006139-9063uhox 184 55 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 184 56 see see VB cord-006139-9063uhox 184 57 Figure Figure NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 184 58 7 7 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 184 59 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 184 60 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 185 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 185 2 79 79 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 185 3 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 185 4 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 186 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 186 2 E e NN cord-006139-9063uhox 186 3 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 187 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 187 2 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 187 3 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 187 4 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 187 5 acridone acridone NN cord-006139-9063uhox 187 6 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 187 7 Compound Compound NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 187 8 7 7 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 187 9 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 187 10 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 187 11 both both DT cord-006139-9063uhox 187 12 reverses reverse VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 187 13 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 187 14 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 187 15 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 187 16 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 187 17 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 187 18 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 187 19 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 187 20 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 187 21 80 80 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 187 22 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 187 23 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 188 1 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 188 2 science science NN cord-006139-9063uhox 188 3 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 188 4 chemosensitizer chemosensitizer NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 188 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 188 6 Figure Figure NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 188 7 11 11 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 188 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 188 9 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 189 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 189 2 dibemethin dibemethin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 189 3 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 189 4 chains chain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 189 5 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 189 6 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 189 7 found find VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 189 8 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 189 9 reverse reverse VB cord-006139-9063uhox 189 10 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 189 11 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 189 12 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 189 13 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 189 14 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 189 15 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 189 16 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 189 17 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 189 18 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 189 19 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 189 20 72 72 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 189 21 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 189 22 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 190 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 190 2 crystal crystal JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 190 3 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 190 6 prototype prototype NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 7 dibemequine dibemequine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 8 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 190 9 Compound Compound NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 190 10 8) 8) NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 11 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 190 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 190 13 structural structural JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 190 14 requirements requirement NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 190 15 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 16 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 190 17 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 18 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 190 19 science science NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 20 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 21 reverser reverser NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 22 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 190 23 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 190 25 quinoline quinoline NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 190 26 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 27 folded fold VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 190 28 around around RB cord-006139-9063uhox 190 29 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 190 30 establish establish VB cord-006139-9063uhox 190 31 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 190 32 approximately approximately RB cord-006139-9063uhox 190 33 triangular triangular JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 190 34 relationship relationship NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 35 between between IN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 36 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 190 37 quinoline quinoline NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 190 38 N N NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 190 39 atom atom NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 40 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 190 41 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 190 42 two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 190 43 phenyl phenyl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 190 44 groups group NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 190 45 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 46 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 190 47 dibemethin dibemethin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 190 48 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 49 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 190 50 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 191 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 191 2 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 191 3 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 191 4 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 191 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 191 6 directly directly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 191 7 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 191 8 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 191 9 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 191 10 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 191 11 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 191 12 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 191 13 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 191 14 Xenopus Xenopus NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 191 15 oocyte oocyte NN cord-006139-9063uhox 191 16 model model NN cord-006139-9063uhox 191 17 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 191 18 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 191 19 11B 11b CD cord-006139-9063uhox 191 20 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 191 21 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 192 1 Two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 192 2 analogs analog NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 192 3 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 192 4 Compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 192 5 9 9 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 192 6 & & CC cord-006139-9063uhox 192 7 10 10 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 192 8 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 192 9 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 192 10 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 192 11 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 192 12 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 192 13 exhibit exhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 192 14 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 192 15 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 192 16 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 192 17 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 192 18 11C 11c CD cord-006139-9063uhox 192 19 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 192 20 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 193 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 193 2 represent represent VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 193 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 193 4 first first JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 193 5 blood blood NN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 6 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 193 7 stage stage NN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 8 antimalarially antimalarially NN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 9 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 193 10 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 193 11 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 12 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 193 13 direct direct JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 193 14 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 15 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 193 17 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 18 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 19 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 20 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 21 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 22 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 193 23 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 193 24 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 25 provided provide VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 193 26 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 194 1 Isobologram Isobologram NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 194 2 ana ana NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 194 3 lysis lysis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 5 Compound Compound NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 194 6 10 10 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 194 7 revealed reveal VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 194 8 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 194 9 additive additive NN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 10 relationship relationship NN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 11 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 12 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 13 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 14 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 194 15 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 16 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 194 17 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 194 18 D10 D10 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 194 19 strain strain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 20 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 21 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 22 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 194 23 but but CC cord-006139-9063uhox 194 24 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 194 25 synergistic synergistic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 194 26 relationship relationship NN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 27 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 28 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 194 29 chloroquineresistant chloroquineresistant NN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 30 Dd2 Dd2 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 194 31 strain strain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 194 32 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 195 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 195 2 strongly strongly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 195 3 supported support VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 195 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 195 5 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 6 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 7 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 195 8 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 10 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 11 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 195 12 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 195 13 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 14 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 195 15 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 16 under under IN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 17 conditions condition NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 195 18 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 19 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 195 20 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 195 21 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 195 22 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 23 growth growth NN cord-006139-9063uhox 195 24 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 196 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 196 2 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 196 3 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 196 4 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 196 5 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 6 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 196 7 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 196 8 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 9 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 196 10 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 11 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 12 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 196 13 thus thus RB cord-006139-9063uhox 196 14 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 196 15 supporting support VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 196 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 196 17 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 18 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 19 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 196 20 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 21 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 22 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 23 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 196 24 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 196 25 linked link VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 26 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 27 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 28 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 29 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 196 30 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 196 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 197 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-006139-9063uhox 197 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 197 3 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 197 4 biological biological JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 197 5 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 6 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 7 P. P. NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 197 8 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 9 cultured culture VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 10 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 11 vitro vitro FW cord-006139-9063uhox 197 12 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 197 13 found find VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 14 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 197 15 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 197 16 correlated correlate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 17 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 18 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 19 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 197 20 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 21 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 197 22 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 23 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 197 24 albeit albeit IN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 25 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 26 combination combination NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 27 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 28 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 197 29 predicted predict VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 30 DV DV NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 197 31 accumulation accumulation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 32 ratio ratio NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 33 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 197 34 substitution substitution NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 35 pattern pattern NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 36 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 37 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 197 38 dibemethin dibemethin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 39 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 40 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 41 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 197 42 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 43 F F NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 197 44 = = NN cord-006139-9063uhox 197 45 9.70 9.70 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 197 46 > > XX cord-006139-9063uhox 198 1 F F NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 198 2 0.95 0.95 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 198 3 = = SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 198 4 8.45 8.45 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 199 1 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 199 2 Figure figure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 199 3 11D 11d CD cord-006139-9063uhox 199 4 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 199 5 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 200 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 200 2 dibemequines dibemequine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 200 3 tested test VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 200 4 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 200 5 cytotoxicity cytotoxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 200 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 200 7 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 200 8 included include VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 200 9 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 200 10 three three CD cord-006139-9063uhox 200 11 most most RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 200 12 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 200 13 derivatives derivative NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 200 14 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 200 15 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 200 16 found find VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 200 17 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 200 18 have have VB cord-006139-9063uhox 200 19 low low JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 200 20 cytotoxicity cytotoxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 200 21 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 200 22 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 200 23 selectivity selectivity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 200 24 indices index NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 200 25 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 200 26 above above IN cord-006139-9063uhox 200 27 1000 1000 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 200 28 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 201 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 201 2 whole whole JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 201 3 series series NN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 4 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 201 5 found find VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 6 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 201 7 show show VB cord-006139-9063uhox 201 8 little little JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 201 9 cross cross NN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 10 - - NN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 11 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 12 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 13 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 14 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 15 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 201 16 K1 K1 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 201 17 strain strain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 18 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 19 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 20 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 201 21 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 201 22 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 201 23 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 202 1 Compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 202 2 10 10 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 202 3 was be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 202 4 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 202 5 highly highly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 202 6 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 202 7 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 202 8 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 202 9 K1 K1 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 202 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 202 11 Dd2 dd2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 202 12 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 202 13 W2 W2 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 202 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 202 15 RSA11 RSA11 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 202 16 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 202 17 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 202 18 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 202 19 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 202 20 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 202 21 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 202 22 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 202 23 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 202 24 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 202 25 indices index NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 202 26 below below IN cord-006139-9063uhox 202 27 2 2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 202 28 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 203 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 203 2 three three CD cord-006139-9063uhox 203 3 prototype prototype NN cord-006139-9063uhox 203 4 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 203 5 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 203 6 Compounds Compounds NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 203 7 8 8 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 203 8 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 203 9 9 9 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 203 10 & & CC cord-006139-9063uhox 203 11 10 10 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 203 12 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 203 13 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 203 14 had have VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 203 15 good good JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 203 16 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 203 17 vivo vivo NN cord-006139-9063uhox 203 18 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 203 19 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 203 20 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 203 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 203 22 P. P. NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 203 23 berghei berghei NN cord-006139-9063uhox 203 24 mouse mouse NN cord-006139-9063uhox 203 25 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 203 26 model model NN cord-006139-9063uhox 203 27 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 204 1 Two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 204 2 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 204 3 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 204 4 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 204 5 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 204 6 curative curative JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 204 7 when when WRB cord-006139-9063uhox 204 8 using use VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 204 9 three three CD cord-006139-9063uhox 204 10 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 204 11 four four CD cord-006139-9063uhox 204 12 oral oral JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 204 13 doses dose NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 204 14 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 204 15 100 100 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 204 16 mg mg NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 204 17 / / SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 204 18 kg kg NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 204 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 204 20 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 204 21 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 204 22 being be VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 204 23 undetectable undetectable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 204 24 30 30 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 204 25 days day NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 204 26 after after IN cord-006139-9063uhox 204 27 treatment treatment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 204 28 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 204 29 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 204 30 100 100 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 204 31 % % NN cord-006139-9063uhox 204 32 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 204 33 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 204 34 mice mouse NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 204 35 surviving survive VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 204 36 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 205 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 205 2 series series NN cord-006139-9063uhox 205 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 205 4 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 205 5 again again RB cord-006139-9063uhox 205 6 illustrates illustrate VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 205 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 205 8 potential potential NN cord-006139-9063uhox 205 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 205 10 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 205 11 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 205 12 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 205 13 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 205 14 approach approach NN cord-006139-9063uhox 205 15 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 205 16 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 205 17 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 205 18 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 205 19 reversing reverse VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 205 20 antimalarially antimalarially NN cord-006139-9063uhox 205 21 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 205 22 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 205 23 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 206 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 2 comparison comparison NN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 3 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 206 5 initially initially RB cord-006139-9063uhox 206 6 reported report VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 7 reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 8 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 9 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 206 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 206 11 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 206 12 clogP clogP NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 206 13 values value NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 206 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 15 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 206 16 series series NN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 17 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 206 18 considerably considerably RB cord-006139-9063uhox 206 19 lower low JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 206 20 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 206 21 5.42 5.42 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 206 22 - - SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 206 23 6.19 6.19 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 206 24 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 206 25 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 206 26 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 206 27 comparable comparable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 206 28 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 29 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 30 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 206 31 clogP clogp NN cord-006139-9063uhox 206 32 = = SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 206 33 5.1 5.1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 206 34 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 206 35 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 207 1 However however RB cord-006139-9063uhox 207 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 207 3 less less RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 207 4 hydrophobic hydrophobic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 207 5 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 207 6 would would MD cord-006139-9063uhox 207 7 still still RB cord-006139-9063uhox 207 8 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 207 9 more more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 207 10 desirable desirable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 207 11 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 207 12 represent represent VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 207 13 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 207 14 priority priority NN cord-006139-9063uhox 207 15 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 207 16 any any DT cord-006139-9063uhox 207 17 further further JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 207 18 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 207 19 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 207 20 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 207 21 series series NN cord-006139-9063uhox 207 22 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 208 1 Several several JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 208 2 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 208 3 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 208 4 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 5 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 208 6 designed design VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 7 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 208 8 exhibit exhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 208 9 both both DT cord-006139-9063uhox 208 10 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 208 11 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 208 12 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 13 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 14 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 208 15 reversal reversal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 16 properties property NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 208 17 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 208 18 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 19 made make VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 20 that that DT cord-006139-9063uhox 208 21 exhibit exhibit NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 22 good good JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 208 23 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 24 vivo vivo NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 25 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 26 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 208 27 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 208 28 low low JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 208 29 cytotoxicity cytotoxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 30 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 208 31 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 208 32 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 33 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 34 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 35 isobologram isobologram NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 208 36 ana ana NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 208 37 lysis lysis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 38 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 208 39 work work NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 40 synergistically synergistically RB cord-006139-9063uhox 208 41 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 42 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 43 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 208 44 supporting support VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 208 45 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 208 46 hypothesis hypothesis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 47 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 48 they -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 208 49 do do VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 208 50 indeed indeed RB cord-006139-9063uhox 208 51 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 208 52 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 53 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 54 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 208 55 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 208 56 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 209 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 2 addition addition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 209 4 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 5 at at RB cord-006139-9063uhox 209 6 least least RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 209 7 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 209 8 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 9 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 209 10 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 209 11 dibemequines dibemequine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 209 12 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 209 13 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 15 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 209 16 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 17 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 18 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 19 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 20 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 209 21 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 22 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 209 23 Xenopus Xenopus NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 209 24 oocyte oocyte NN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 25 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 209 26 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 27 directly directly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 209 28 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 209 29 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 210 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 2 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 210 3 review review NN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 210 5 Peyton Peyton NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 210 6 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 210 7 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 210 8 reported report VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 9 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 10 similar similar JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 210 11 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 12 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 210 13 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 14 observed observe VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 15 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 210 16 but but CC cord-006139-9063uhox 210 17 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 210 18 yet yet RB cord-006139-9063uhox 210 19 published publish VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 20 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 21 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 210 22 case case NN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 23 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 210 25 reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 210 26 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 210 27 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 210 28 82 82 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 210 29 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 210 30 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 211 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 211 2 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 211 3 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 211 4 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 5 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 6 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 211 7 exhibit exhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 211 8 strong strong JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 211 9 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 10 vitro vitro FW cord-006139-9063uhox 211 11 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 211 12 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 13 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 14 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 211 15 substantial substantial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 211 16 number number NN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 17 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 18 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 19 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 211 20 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 211 21 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 211 22 -resistant -resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 211 23 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 24 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 211 25 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 211 26 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 27 no no DT cord-006139-9063uhox 211 28 significant significant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 211 29 cross cross NN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 30 - - NN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 31 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 32 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 33 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 211 34 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 212 1 Thus thus RB cord-006139-9063uhox 212 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 212 3 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 212 4 many many JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 212 5 respects respect NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 212 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 212 7 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 212 8 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 212 9 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 212 10 excellent excellent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 212 11 properties property NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 212 12 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 212 13 further further JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 212 14 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 212 15 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 213 1 However however RB cord-006139-9063uhox 213 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 213 3 there there EX cord-006139-9063uhox 213 4 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 213 5 some some DT cord-006139-9063uhox 213 6 serious serious JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 213 7 obstacles obstacle NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 213 8 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 213 9 will will MD cord-006139-9063uhox 213 10 need need VB cord-006139-9063uhox 213 11 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 213 12 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 213 13 overcome overcome VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 213 14 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 214 1 Weak weak JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 214 2 base base NN cord-006139-9063uhox 214 3 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 214 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 214 5 particularly particularly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 214 6 hydrophobic hydrophobic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 214 7 weak weak JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 214 8 bases basis NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 214 9 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 214 10 frequently frequently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 214 11 exhibit exhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 214 12 inhibitory inhibitory JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 214 13 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 214 14 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 214 15 hERG hERG NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 214 16 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 214 17 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 214 18 potassium potassium NN cord-006139-9063uhox 214 19 channel channel NN cord-006139-9063uhox 214 20 found find VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 214 21 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 214 22 cardiac cardiac JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 214 23 muscle muscle NN cord-006139-9063uhox 214 24 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 215 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 215 2 can can MD cord-006139-9063uhox 215 3 lead lead VB cord-006139-9063uhox 215 4 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 215 5 prolonged prolong VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 215 6 QT qt NN cord-006139-9063uhox 215 7 intervals interval NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 215 8 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 215 9 potentially potentially RB cord-006139-9063uhox 215 10 fatal fatal JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 215 11 heart heart NN cord-006139-9063uhox 215 12 arrhythmias arrhythmias RB cord-006139-9063uhox 215 13 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 215 14 83 83 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 215 15 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 215 16 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 216 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-006139-9063uhox 216 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 216 3 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 216 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 216 5 case case NN cord-006139-9063uhox 216 6 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 216 7 at at RB cord-006139-9063uhox 216 8 least least RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 216 9 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 216 10 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 216 11 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 216 12 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 216 13 halofantrine halofantrine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 216 14 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 216 15 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 216 16 problem problem NN cord-006139-9063uhox 216 17 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 216 18 actually actually RB cord-006139-9063uhox 216 19 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 216 20 encountered encounter VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 216 21 clinically clinically RB cord-006139-9063uhox 216 22 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 216 23 84 84 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 216 24 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 216 25 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 217 1 Unfortunately unfortunately RB cord-006139-9063uhox 217 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 217 3 hERG herg NN cord-006139-9063uhox 217 4 toxicity toxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 217 5 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 217 6 difficult difficult JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 217 7 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 217 8 predict predict VB cord-006139-9063uhox 217 9 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 217 10 certainty certainty NN cord-006139-9063uhox 217 11 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 218 1 Nonetheless nonetheless RB cord-006139-9063uhox 218 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 218 3 Gleeson Gleeson NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 218 4 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 218 5 carried carry VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 6 out out RP cord-006139-9063uhox 218 7 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 218 8 principal principal JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 218 9 components component NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 218 10 ana ana NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 218 11 lysis lysis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 13 approximately approximately RB cord-006139-9063uhox 218 14 30,000 30,000 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 218 15 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 218 16 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 17 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 218 18 absorption absorption NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 19 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 218 20 distribution distribution NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 21 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 218 22 metabolism metabolism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 23 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 218 24 excretion excretion NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 25 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 218 26 toxicity toxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 27 data datum NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 218 28 had have VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 218 29 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 30 collected collect VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 31 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 32 Glaxo Glaxo NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 218 33 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 218 34 SmithKline SmithKline NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 218 35 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 218 36 found find VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 218 37 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 38 while while IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 39 there there EX cord-006139-9063uhox 218 40 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 218 41 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 218 42 greater great JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 218 43 potential potential NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 44 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 45 hERG herg JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 218 46 liability liability NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 47 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 48 basic basic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 218 49 molecules molecule NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 218 50 than than IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 51 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 52 acidic acidic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 218 53 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 218 54 neutral neutral JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 218 55 ones one NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 218 56 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 218 57 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 218 58 liability liability NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 59 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 218 60 generally generally RB cord-006139-9063uhox 218 61 much much RB cord-006139-9063uhox 218 62 reduced reduce VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 63 if if IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 64 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 218 65 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 66 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 218 67 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 218 68 molecular molecular JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 218 69 weight weight NN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 70 below below IN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 71 400 400 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 218 72 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 218 73 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 218 74 calculated calculate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 218 75 cLogP clogp NN cord-006139-9063uhox 219 1 below below IN cord-006139-9063uhox 219 2 4 4 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 219 3 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 219 4 85 85 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 219 5 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 219 6 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 220 1 Indeed indeed RB cord-006139-9063uhox 220 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 220 3 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 220 4 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 220 5 improves improve VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 220 6 druggability druggability NN cord-006139-9063uhox 220 7 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 220 8 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 220 9 number number NN cord-006139-9063uhox 220 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 220 11 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 220 12 ways way NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 220 13 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 221 1 For for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 2 example example NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 221 4 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 221 5 improves improve VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 221 6 solubility solubility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 221 8 permeability permeability NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 9 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 221 10 volume volume NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 12 distribution distribution NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 221 14 decreases decrease VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 221 15 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 16 binding binding NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 17 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 221 18 lowers lower VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 221 19 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 221 20 potential potential NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 21 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 22 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 221 23 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 24 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 221 25 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 221 26 cytochrome cytochrome NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 27 P450 p450 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 221 28 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 222 1 As as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 222 2 noted note VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 222 3 above above RB cord-006139-9063uhox 222 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 222 5 Peyton Peyton NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 222 6 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 222 7 coworkers coworker NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 222 8 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 222 9 already already RB cord-006139-9063uhox 222 10 produced produce VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 222 11 reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 222 12 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 222 13 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 222 14 much much RB cord-006139-9063uhox 222 15 improved improve VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 222 16 cLogP clogp NN cord-006139-9063uhox 222 17 values value NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 222 18 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 222 19 77 77 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 222 20 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 222 21 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 223 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 223 2 dibemequine dibemequine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 3 analog analog NN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 4 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 223 5 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 223 6 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 7 produced produce VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 8 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 9 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 223 10 cLogP clogp NN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 11 well well UH cord-006139-9063uhox 223 12 below below IN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 13 4 4 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 223 14 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 223 15 science science NN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 16 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 17 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 223 18 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 223 19 molecular molecular JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 223 20 weight weight NN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 21 below below IN cord-006139-9063uhox 223 22 400 400 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 224 1 [ [ -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 224 2 Egan Egan NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 224 3 TJ TJ NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 224 4 et et NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 224 5 al al NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 224 6 . . NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 224 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 224 8 Unpublished Unpublished NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 224 9 Data Data NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 224 10 ] ] -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 224 11 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 225 1 While while IN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 2 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 225 3 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 225 4 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 225 5 yet yet RB cord-006139-9063uhox 225 6 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 7 demonstrated demonstrate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 8 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 9 any any DT cord-006139-9063uhox 225 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 11 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 225 12 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 225 13 actually actually RB cord-006139-9063uhox 225 14 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 225 15 reduced reduce VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 16 hERG herg NN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 17 liability liability NN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 18 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 225 19 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 225 20 does do VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 225 21 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 22 least least JJS cord-006139-9063uhox 225 23 suggest suggest VB cord-006139-9063uhox 225 24 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 25 improvement improvement NN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 26 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 225 27 possible possible JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 225 28 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 29 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 225 30 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 31 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 32 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 225 33 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 226 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 226 2 second second JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 226 3 challenge challenge NN cord-006139-9063uhox 226 4 relates relate VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 226 5 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 226 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 226 7 mechanism mechanism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 226 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 226 9 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 226 10 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 226 11 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 226 12 mutant mutant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 226 13 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 226 14 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 227 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 227 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 227 3 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 227 4 currently currently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 227 5 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 227 6 whether whether IN cord-006139-9063uhox 227 7 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 227 8 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 227 9 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 227 10 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 227 11 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 227 12 competitively competitively RB cord-006139-9063uhox 227 13 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 227 14 noncompetitively noncompetitively RB cord-006139-9063uhox 227 15 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 228 1 They -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 228 2 could could MD cord-006139-9063uhox 228 3 bring bring VB cord-006139-9063uhox 228 4 about about RP cord-006139-9063uhox 228 5 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 6 either either CC cord-006139-9063uhox 228 7 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 8 themselves -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 228 9 being be VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 228 10 transported transport VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 11 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 12 preference preference NN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 13 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 14 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 15 or or CC cord-006139-9063uhox 228 16 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 17 binding bind VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 228 18 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 19 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 228 20 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 228 21 blocking block VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 228 22 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 23 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 228 24 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 229 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 229 2 latter latter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 3 seems seem VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 229 4 more more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 229 5 likely likely JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 229 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 229 7 since since IN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 8 one one PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 229 9 would would MD cord-006139-9063uhox 229 10 expect expect VB cord-006139-9063uhox 229 11 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 229 12 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 229 13 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 229 14 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 229 15 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 229 16 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 17 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 229 18 dualfunction dualfunction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 19 molecule molecule NN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 20 if if IN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 21 it -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 229 22 were be VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 229 23 transported transport VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 24 out out IN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 25 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 26 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 229 27 DV DV NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 229 28 more more RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 229 29 efficiently efficiently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 229 30 than than IN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 31 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 229 32 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 230 1 If if IN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 2 used use VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 3 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 4 monotherapies monotherapies NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 230 5 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 230 6 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 230 7 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 230 8 might may MD cord-006139-9063uhox 230 9 have have VB cord-006139-9063uhox 230 10 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 230 11 increased increase VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 12 risk risk NN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 14 rapid rapid JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 230 15 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 16 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 17 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 18 because because IN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 19 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 20 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 230 21 ability ability NN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 22 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 230 23 bind bind VB cord-006139-9063uhox 230 24 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 25 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 26 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 230 27 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 230 28 mutants mutant NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 230 29 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 230 30 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 230 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 231 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 231 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 231 3 possible possible JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 231 4 that that DT cord-006139-9063uhox 231 5 point point NN cord-006139-9063uhox 231 6 mutations mutation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 231 7 may may MD cord-006139-9063uhox 231 8 then then RB cord-006139-9063uhox 231 9 lead lead VB cord-006139-9063uhox 231 10 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 231 11 binding bind VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 231 12 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 231 13 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 231 14 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 232 1 This this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 232 2 potential potential JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 232 3 problem problem NN cord-006139-9063uhox 232 4 would would MD cord-006139-9063uhox 232 5 likely likely RB cord-006139-9063uhox 232 6 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 232 7 lessened lessen VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 232 8 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 232 9 use use NN cord-006139-9063uhox 232 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 232 11 combination combination NN cord-006139-9063uhox 232 12 therapy therapy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 232 13 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 233 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 2 addition addition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 233 4 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 233 6 exception exception NN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 8 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 233 9 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 11 reversed reversed JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 233 12 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 233 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 233 14 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 233 15 activities activity NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 233 16 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 17 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 233 18 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 233 19 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 20 South south JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 233 21 American american JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 233 22 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 233 23 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 233 24 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 25 7G8 7g8 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 233 26 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 233 27 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 28 reduced reduce VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 29 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 30 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 31 verapamil verapamil NN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 32 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 33 reversal reversal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 34 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 233 35 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 233 36 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 233 37 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 233 38 n n XX cord-006139-9063uhox 234 1 Malaria Malaria NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 234 2 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 234 3 responsible responsible JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 234 4 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 234 5 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 234 6 deaths death NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 234 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 234 8 over over IN cord-006139-9063uhox 234 9 600,000 600,000 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 234 10 people people NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 234 11 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 234 12 year year NN cord-006139-9063uhox 234 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 234 14 approximately approximately RB cord-006139-9063uhox 234 15 90 90 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 234 16 % % NN cord-006139-9063uhox 234 17 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 234 18 them -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 234 19 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 234 20 Africa Africa NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 234 21 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 235 1 n n LS cord-006139-9063uhox 235 2 Resistance Resistance NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 235 3 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 4 existing exist VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 235 5 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 235 6 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 235 7 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 9 delayed delay VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 10 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 11 clearance clearance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 12 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 13 artemisinins artemisinin NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 235 14 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 235 15 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 235 16 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 235 17 currently currently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 235 18 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 235 19 most most RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 235 20 important important JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 235 21 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 22 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 23 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 235 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 235 25 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 235 26 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 235 27 major major JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 235 28 cause cause NN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 29 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 30 concern concern NN cord-006139-9063uhox 235 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 236 1 n n NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 236 2 Continued continued JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 236 3 discovery discovery NN cord-006139-9063uhox 236 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 236 5 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 236 6 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 236 7 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 236 8 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 236 9 important important JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 236 10 strategy strategy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 236 11 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 237 1 n n LS cord-006139-9063uhox 237 2 Historically historically RB cord-006139-9063uhox 237 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 237 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 237 5 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 237 6 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 237 7 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 237 8 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 237 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 237 10 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 237 11 most most RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 237 12 important important JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 237 13 classes class NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 237 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 237 15 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 237 16 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 237 17 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 238 1 n n LS cord-006139-9063uhox 238 2 They -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 238 3 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 238 4 known know VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 238 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 238 6 interact interact VB cord-006139-9063uhox 238 7 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 238 8 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme ADD cord-006139-9063uhox 238 9 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 239 1 Recently recently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 239 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 239 3 crystal crystal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 239 4 structures structure NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 239 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 239 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 239 7 Fe(III)heme Fe(III)heme NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 239 8 complexes complex NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 239 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 239 10 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 239 11 quinoline quinoline NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 239 12 methanols methanol NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 239 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 239 14 quinine quinine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 239 15 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 239 16 quinidine quinidine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 239 17 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 239 18 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 239 19 related related JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 239 20 aryl aryl NN cord-006139-9063uhox 239 21 methanol methanol NN cord-006139-9063uhox 239 22 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 239 23 halofantrine halofantrine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 239 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 239 25 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 239 26 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 239 27 reported report VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 239 28 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 240 1 n n CC cord-006139-9063uhox 240 2 Chloroquine Chloroquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 240 3 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 240 4 believed believe VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 240 6 act act VB cord-006139-9063uhox 240 7 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 8 inhibiting inhibit VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 240 9 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 240 10 incorporation incorporation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 12 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 240 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 240 14 released release VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 15 when when WRB cord-006139-9063uhox 240 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 240 17 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 18 digests digest VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 240 19 host host NN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 20 hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 21 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 240 22 into into IN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 23 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 240 24 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 240 25 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 240 26 insoluble insoluble JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 240 27 crystalline crystalline JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 240 28 form form NN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 29 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 240 30 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 240 31 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 241 1 n n NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 242 1 Recent recent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 242 2 work work NN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 3 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 242 4 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 5 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 6 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 7 causes cause VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 242 8 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 242 9 dose dose NN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 10 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 242 11 dependent dependent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 242 12 increase increase NN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 13 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 14 free free JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 242 15 Fe(III)heme Fe(III)heme NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 242 16 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 242 17 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 242 18 decrease decrease NN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 19 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 20 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 242 21 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 22 treated treat VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 23 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 242 24 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 242 25 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 242 26 correlated correlate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 27 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 28 parasite parasite JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 242 29 survival survival NN cord-006139-9063uhox 242 30 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 243 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 2 addition addition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 243 4 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 5 treatment treatment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 6 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 243 7 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 8 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 9 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 243 10 redistribute redistribute VB cord-006139-9063uhox 243 11 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 12 into into IN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 13 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 243 14 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 15 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 16 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 243 17 disrupt disrupt VB cord-006139-9063uhox 243 18 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 243 19 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 243 20 crystal crystal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 21 lattice lattice NN cord-006139-9063uhox 243 22 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 244 1 n n NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 244 2 Chloroquine Chloroquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 244 3 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 244 4 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 244 5 now now RB cord-006139-9063uhox 244 6 widespread widespread JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 244 7 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 245 1 n n NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 246 1 Such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 246 2 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 3 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 246 4 largely largely RB cord-006139-9063uhox 246 5 attributable attributable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 246 6 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 7 mutations mutation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 246 8 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 9 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 246 10 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 246 12 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 246 13 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 246 14 found find VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 15 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 246 17 membrane membrane NN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 18 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 19 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 246 20 digestive digestive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 246 21 vacuole vacuole NN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 22 where where WRB cord-006139-9063uhox 246 23 hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 24 digestion digestion NN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 25 takes take VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 246 26 place place NN cord-006139-9063uhox 246 27 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 247 1 n n LS cord-006139-9063uhox 247 2 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 247 3 mutant mutant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 247 4 form form NN cord-006139-9063uhox 247 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 247 6 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 247 7 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 247 8 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 247 9 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 247 10 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 247 11 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 247 12 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 247 13 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 247 14 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 247 15 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 247 16 directly directly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 247 17 transport transport VB cord-006139-9063uhox 247 18 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 247 19 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 247 20 Xenopus Xenopus NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 247 21 laevis laevi NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 247 22 oocytes oocyte NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 247 23 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 248 1 n n CC cord-006139-9063uhox 248 2 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 248 3 variety variety NN cord-006139-9063uhox 248 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 248 5 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 248 6 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 248 7 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 248 8 discovered discover VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 248 9 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 248 10 chemosensitize chemosensitize NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 248 11 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 248 12 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 248 13 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 248 14 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 248 15 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 248 16 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 248 17 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 249 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 249 2 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 249 3 often often RB cord-006139-9063uhox 249 4 referred refer VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 249 5 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 249 6 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 249 7 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 249 8 reversers reverser NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 249 9 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 250 1 n n NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 250 2 Combination Combination NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 250 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 250 4 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 250 5 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 250 6 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 250 7 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 250 8 imipramine imipramine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 250 9 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 250 10 like like JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 250 11 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 250 12 led lead VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 250 13 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 250 14 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 250 15 first first JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 250 16 example example NN cord-006139-9063uhox 250 17 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 250 18 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 250 19 putative putative JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 250 20 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 250 21 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 250 22 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 250 23 ' ' '' cord-006139-9063uhox 250 24 reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 250 25 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 250 26 ' ' '' cord-006139-9063uhox 250 27 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 251 1 n n LS cord-006139-9063uhox 251 2 Subsequent subsequent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 251 3 work work NN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 4 has have VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 251 5 led lead VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 6 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 7 improvements improvement NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 251 8 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 9 water water NN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 10 solubility solubility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 11 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 251 12 oral oral JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 251 13 bioavailability bioavailability NN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 15 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 251 16 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 17 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 18 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 251 19 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 252 1 n n LS cord-006139-9063uhox 252 2 Reversed reversed JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 252 3 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 252 4 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 252 5 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 252 6 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 252 7 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 252 8 interact interact VB cord-006139-9063uhox 252 9 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 252 10 Fe(III)heme Fe(III)heme NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 252 11 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 252 12 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 252 13 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 252 14 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 252 15 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 252 16 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 253 1 n n DT cord-006139-9063uhox 253 2 New new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 253 3 reversed reversed JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 253 4 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 253 5 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 253 6 like like JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 253 7 molecules molecule NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 253 8 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 253 9 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 253 10 discovered discover VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 253 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 253 12 including include VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 253 13 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 253 14 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 253 15 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 253 16 acridones acridone NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 253 17 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 253 18 reversed reverse VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 253 19 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 253 20 containing contain VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 253 21 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 253 22 dihydropyrimidinone dihydropyrimidinone NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 253 23 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 253 24 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 253 25 dibemequines dibemequines NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 253 26 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 254 1 n n LS cord-006139-9063uhox 254 2 Dibemequines Dibemequines NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 254 3 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 254 4 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 254 5 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 254 6 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 254 7 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 254 8 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 254 9 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 254 10 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 254 11 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 254 12 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 254 13 directly directly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 254 14 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 254 15 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 254 16 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 254 17 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 254 18 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 254 19 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 255 1 n n NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 256 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 256 2 dibemequines dibemequine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 256 3 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 256 4 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 5 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 6 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 256 7 maintain maintain VB cord-006139-9063uhox 256 8 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 9 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 10 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 256 11 range range NN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 12 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 13 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 14 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 256 15 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 256 16 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 17 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 256 18 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 256 19 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 256 20 exhibit exhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 256 21 little little JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 256 22 cytotoxicity cytotoxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 23 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 256 24 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 256 25 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 256 26 curative curative JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 256 27 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 28 mouse mouse NN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 29 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 256 30 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 257 1 n n CC cord-006139-9063uhox 257 2 Dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 257 3 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 257 4 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 257 5 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 257 6 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 257 7 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 257 8 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 257 9 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 257 10 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 257 11 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 257 12 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 257 13 innovative innovative JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 257 14 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 257 15 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 257 16 have have VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 257 17 been be VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 257 18 shown show VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 257 19 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 257 20 have have VB cord-006139-9063uhox 257 21 good good JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 257 22 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 257 23 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 257 24 including include VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 257 25 oral oral JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 257 26 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 257 27 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 257 28 mice mouse NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 257 29 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 258 1 n n LS cord-006139-9063uhox 258 2 Obstacles obstacle NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 258 3 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 258 4 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 258 5 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 258 6 do do VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 258 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 258 8 however however RB cord-006139-9063uhox 258 9 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 258 10 exist exist VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 258 11 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 259 1 These these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 259 2 include include VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 259 3 potential potential NN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 4 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 5 hERG herg NN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 6 toxicity toxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 259 8 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 259 9 possibility possibility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 11 increased increase VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 12 potential potential NN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 13 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 14 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 259 15 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 16 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 17 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 18 resulting result VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 259 19 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 20 interaction interaction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 21 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 22 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 259 23 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 259 24 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 259 25 need need NN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 26 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 259 27 compete compete VB cord-006139-9063uhox 259 28 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 259 29 numerous numerous JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 259 30 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 259 31 quinoline quinoline JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 259 32 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 259 33 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 260 1 Dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 260 2 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 260 3 functioning function VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 260 4 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 260 5 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 260 6 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 260 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 260 8 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 260 9 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 260 10 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 260 11 transporter transporter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 260 12 Review Review NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 260 13 future future JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 260 14 science science NN cord-006139-9063uhox 260 15 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 260 16 explored explore VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 260 17 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 261 1 Lack lack NN cord-006139-9063uhox 261 2 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 261 3 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 261 4 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 261 5 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 261 6 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 261 7 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 261 8 potentially potentially RB cord-006139-9063uhox 261 9 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 261 10 risk risk NN cord-006139-9063uhox 261 11 factor factor NN cord-006139-9063uhox 261 12 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 261 13 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 261 14 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 261 15 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 262 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 262 2 final final JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 262 3 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 262 4 probably probably RB cord-006139-9063uhox 262 5 most most RBS cord-006139-9063uhox 262 6 difficult difficult JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 262 7 hurdle hurdle NN cord-006139-9063uhox 262 8 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 262 9 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 262 10 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 262 11 technical technical JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 262 12 one one CD cord-006139-9063uhox 262 13 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 263 1 Currently currently RB cord-006139-9063uhox 263 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 263 3 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 263 4 noted note VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 263 5 earlier early RBR cord-006139-9063uhox 263 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 263 7 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 263 8 number number NN cord-006139-9063uhox 263 9 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 263 10 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 263 11 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 263 12 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 263 13 related relate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 263 14 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 263 15 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 263 16 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 263 17 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 263 18 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 264 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 264 2 addition addition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 264 3 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 264 4 there there EX cord-006139-9063uhox 264 5 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 264 6 several several JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 264 7 such such JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 264 8 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 264 9 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 264 10 current current JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 264 11 use use NN cord-006139-9063uhox 264 12 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 265 1 Obtaining obtain VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 265 2 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 265 3 necessary necessary JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 265 4 support support NN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 5 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 265 6 develop develop VB cord-006139-9063uhox 265 7 yet yet RB cord-006139-9063uhox 265 8 another another DT cord-006139-9063uhox 265 9 set set NN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 11 quinoline quinoline JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 265 12 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 265 13 under under IN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 14 these these DT cord-006139-9063uhox 265 15 circumstances circumstance NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 265 16 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 265 17 likely likely JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 265 18 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 265 19 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 265 20 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 265 21 major major JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 265 22 challenge challenge NN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 23 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 265 24 probably probably RB cord-006139-9063uhox 265 25 represents represent VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 265 26 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 265 27 single single JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 265 28 biggest big JJS cord-006139-9063uhox 265 29 hurdle hurdle NN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 30 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 31 further further JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 265 32 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 33 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 34 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 265 35 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 36 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 37 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 265 38 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 266 1 Despite despite IN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 2 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 266 3 challenges challenge NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 266 4 noted note VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 5 above above RB cord-006139-9063uhox 266 6 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 266 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 266 8 dualfunction dualfunction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 9 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 266 10 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 266 11 act act VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 266 12 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 13 both both DT cord-006139-9063uhox 266 14 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 266 15 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 16 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 17 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 266 18 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 19 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 266 20 chloroquineresistant chloroquineresistant NN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 21 mutants mutant NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 266 22 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 23 PfCRT PfCRT NNPS cord-006139-9063uhox 266 24 represent represent VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 266 25 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 266 26 unique unique JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 266 27 series series NN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 28 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 29 molecules molecule NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 266 30 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 31 considerable considerable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 266 32 potential potential NN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 33 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 266 34 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 266 35 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 267 1 Combinations combination NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 267 2 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 3 existing exist VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 267 4 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 267 5 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 267 6 related relate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 7 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 267 8 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 267 9 including include VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 267 10 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 267 12 amodiaquine amodiaquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 13 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 267 14 quinine quinine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 15 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 267 16 which which WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 267 17 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 267 18 all all DT cord-006139-9063uhox 267 19 thought think VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 20 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 267 21 be be VB cord-006139-9063uhox 267 22 transported transport VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 23 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 24 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 267 25 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 267 26 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 267 27 likely likely JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 267 28 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 267 29 result result VB cord-006139-9063uhox 267 30 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 31 considerably considerably RB cord-006139-9063uhox 267 32 enhanced enhance VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 33 activities activity NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 267 34 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 35 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 267 36 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 267 37 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 267 38 strains strain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 267 39 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 268 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 268 2 common common JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 268 3 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 268 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 268 5 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 268 6 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 268 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 268 8 they -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 268 9 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 268 10 readily readily RB cord-006139-9063uhox 268 11 amenable amenable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 268 12 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 268 13 synthesis synthesis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 268 14 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 268 15 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 268 16 potentially potentially RB cord-006139-9063uhox 268 17 cheap cheap JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 268 18 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 268 19 produce produce VB cord-006139-9063uhox 268 20 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 269 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 269 2 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 269 3 regard regard NN cord-006139-9063uhox 269 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 269 5 further further JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 269 6 investigation investigation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 269 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 269 8 this this DT cord-006139-9063uhox 269 9 class class NN cord-006139-9063uhox 269 10 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 269 11 compound compound NN cord-006139-9063uhox 269 12 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 269 13 well well RB cord-006139-9063uhox 269 14 justified justified JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 269 15 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 269 16 _SP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 270 2 large large JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 270 3 focus focus NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 5 naturally naturally RB cord-006139-9063uhox 270 6 acquired acquire VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 7 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 8 knowlesi knowlesi JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 270 9 infections infection NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 270 10 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 11 human human JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 270 12 beings being NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 270 13 Insecticide Insecticide NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 14 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 270 15 treated treat VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 16 bed bed NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 17 nets net NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 270 18 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 270 19 curtains curtain NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 270 20 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 21 preventing prevent VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 270 22 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 23 Seven seven CD cord-006139-9063uhox 270 24 years year NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 270 25 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 26 regional regional JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 270 27 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 28 control control NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 29 collaboration collaboration NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 30 -Mozamibique -Mozamibique NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 31 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 270 32 South South NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 33 Africa Africa NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 34 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 270 35 Swaziland Swaziland NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 36 Impact Impact NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 37 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 38 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 39 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 270 40 based base VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 41 combination combination NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 42 therapy therapy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 43 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 270 44 insecticide insecticide NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 45 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 270 46 treated treat VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 47 nets net NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 270 48 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 49 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 50 burden burden NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 51 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 52 Zanzibar Zanzibar NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 53 Evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 54 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 55 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 56 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 270 57 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 270 58 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 59 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 60 western western JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 270 61 Cambodia Cambodia NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 62 n n CC cord-006139-9063uhox 270 63 First First NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 270 64 report report NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 65 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 66 reduced reduced JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 270 67 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 68 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 69 clinical clinical JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 270 70 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 71 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 72 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 270 73 treatment treatment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 1 Artemisinin Artemisinin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 271 2 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 3 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 4 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 271 5 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 6 malaria malaria VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 271 7 Emergence emergence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 9 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 10 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 271 11 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 271 12 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 13 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 14 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 271 15 western western JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 271 16 border border NN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 17 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 18 Thailand Thailand NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 271 19 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 271 20 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 271 21 longitudinal longitudinal JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 271 22 study study NN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 23 Guidlines Guidlines NNPS cord-006139-9063uhox 271 24 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 25 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 271 26 Treatment Treatment NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 271 27 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 271 28 Malaria Malaria NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 271 29 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 271 30 Global Global NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 271 31 Malaria Malaria NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 271 32 Programme Programme NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 271 33 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 272 1 WHO who WP cord-006139-9063uhox 272 2 Amodiaquine Amodiaquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 272 3 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 272 4 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 272 5 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 272 6 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 272 7 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 272 8 vivo vivo NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 272 9 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 272 10 associated associate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 272 11 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 272 12 selection selection NN cord-006139-9063uhox 272 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 272 14 pfcrt pfcrt NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 272 15 76 76 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 272 16 T T NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 272 17 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 272 18 pfmdr1 pfmdr1 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 272 19 86Y 86y CD cord-006139-9063uhox 273 1 In in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 2 vivo vivo NN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 3 selection selection NN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 5 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 273 6 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 7 pfmdr1 pfmdr1 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 8 86N 86n CD cord-006139-9063uhox 273 9 coding code VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 273 10 alleles allele NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 273 11 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 12 artemetherlumefantrine artemetherlumefantrine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 13 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 273 14 Coartem Coartem NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 273 15 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 273 16 New new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 273 17 medicines medicine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 273 18 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 273 19 combat combat VB cord-006139-9063uhox 273 20 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 21 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 273 22 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 273 23 overview overview NN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 24 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 25 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 273 26 global global JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 273 27 pipeline pipeline NN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 28 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 29 therapeutics therapeutic NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 273 30 Bioorganometallic Bioorganometallic NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 273 31 chemistry chemistry NN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 32 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 273 33 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 273 34 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 274 1 Top Top NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 274 2 Fate Fate NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 274 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 274 4 haem haem NN cord-006139-9063uhox 274 5 iron iron NN cord-006139-9063uhox 274 6 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 274 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 274 8 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 274 9 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 274 10 Plasmodium plasmodium NN cord-006139-9063uhox 274 11 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 275 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 275 2 crystal crystal JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 275 3 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 275 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 275 5 superoxide superoxide NN cord-006139-9063uhox 275 6 dismutase dismutase NN cord-006139-9063uhox 275 7 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 275 8 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 275 9 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 276 2 malarial malarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 276 3 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 4 Plasmodium plasmodium NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 5 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 6 imports import VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 276 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 276 8 human human JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 276 9 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 10 peroxiredoxin peroxiredoxin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 276 11 2 2 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 276 12 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 13 peroxide peroxide NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 14 detoxification detoxification NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 15 Structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 16 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 17 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 276 18 amodiaquine amodiaquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 276 19 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 276 20 FPIX FPIX NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 276 21 µ-oxo µ-oxo VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 276 22 dimer dimer NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 23 solution solution NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 24 complex complex NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 25 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 26 atomic atomic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 276 27 resolution resolution NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 28 NMR NMR NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 276 29 studies study NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 276 30 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 31 chloroquineferriprotoporphyrin chloroquineferriprotoporphyrin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 276 32 IX IX NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 276 33 complex complex JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 276 34 Spin Spin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 276 35 state state NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 36 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 37 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 38 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 276 39 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 276 40 complexes complex NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 276 41 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 277 1 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 2 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 3 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 277 4 hemin hemin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 277 5 tetramer tetramer NN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 6 adduct adduct NN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 7 Mapping Mapping NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 277 8 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 277 9 pharmacophores pharmacophore NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 277 10 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 11 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 277 12 useful useful JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 277 13 tool tool NN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 14 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 15 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 277 16 rapid rapid JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 277 17 discovery discovery NN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 18 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 19 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 277 20 effective effective JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 277 21 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 22 vivo vivo NN cord-006139-9063uhox 277 23 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 278 1 design design NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 278 3 construction construction NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 4 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 278 5 characterization characterization NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 6 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 278 7 pharmacology pharmacology NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 9 metaquine metaquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 278 10 Interactions Interactions NNPS cord-006139-9063uhox 278 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 12 quinoline quinoline JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 278 13 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 278 14 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 15 hematin hematin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 278 16 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 17 aqueous aqueous JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 278 18 solution solution NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 19 4-N- 4-n- NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 20 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 278 21 4-S- 4-s- CD cord-006139-9063uhox 278 22 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 278 23 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 278 24 4-O 4-o CD cord-006139-9063uhox 278 25 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 278 26 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 27 analogues analogue NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 278 28 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 278 29 influence influence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 30 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 31 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 32 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 33 length length NN cord-006139-9063uhox 278 34 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 279 1 quinolyl quinolyl NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 279 2 nitrogen nitrogen NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 279 3 pK pK NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 279 4 a a NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 279 5 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 6 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 7 vs vs IN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 8 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 9 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 279 10 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 11 Quinoline Quinoline NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 279 12 anti anti JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 279 13 - - JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 279 14 malarial malarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 279 15 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 279 16 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 279 17 spontaneous spontaneous JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 279 18 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 19 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 20 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 21 - - : cord-006139-9063uhox 279 22 haematin haematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 23 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 279 24 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 25 pigment pigment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 279 26 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 280 1 Antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 2 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 280 3 influence influence VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 280 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 280 5 pH pH NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 280 6 dependent dependent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 7 solubility solubility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 9 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 10 via via IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 11 apparent apparent JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 12 nucleation nucleation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 13 phenomena phenomena VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 280 14 Quinoline Quinoline NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 280 15 binding bind VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 280 16 site site NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 17 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 18 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 19 pigment pigment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 20 crystal crystal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 21 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 280 22 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 280 23 rational rational JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 24 pathway pathway NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 25 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 26 antimalaria antimalaria NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 280 27 drug drug NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 280 28 design design NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 29 Crystal Crystal NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 280 30 nucleation nucleation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 31 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 280 32 growth growth NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 33 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 280 34 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 280 35 morphology morphology NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 36 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 37 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 280 38 synthetic synthetic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 39 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 40 pigment pigment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 41 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 42 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 280 43 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 44 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 280 45 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 280 46 effect effect NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 47 thereon thereon VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 48 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 49 quinoline quinoline JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 50 additives additive NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 280 51 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 280 52 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 280 53 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 54 pigment pigment NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 55 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 56 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 280 57 target target NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 58 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 59 various various JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 60 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 61 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 280 62 Interplay interplay VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 280 63 between between IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 64 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 65 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 280 66 crystalline crystalline JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 67 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 280 68 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 69 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 280 70 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 280 71 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 72 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 73 action action NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 74 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 280 75 design design NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 76 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 280 77 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 78 ferroquine ferroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 79 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 280 80 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 81 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 82 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 280 83 metal metal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 84 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 280 85 intramolecular intramolecular JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 280 86 hydrogen hydrogen NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 87 bond bond NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 88 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 89 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 280 90 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 280 91 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 281 2 single single JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 281 3 crystal crystal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 4 x x NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 5 - - NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 6 ray ray JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 281 7 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 8 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 9 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 10 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 281 11 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 12 DMSO DMSO NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 281 13 solvate solvate NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 14 grown grow VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 15 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 16 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 281 17 presence presence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 18 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 19 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 20 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 281 21 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 281 22 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 23 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 281 24 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 281 25 growthrate growthrate NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 281 26 inhibitor inhibitor NN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 1 On on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 2 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 282 3 molecular molecular JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 282 4 mechanism mechanism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 6 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 7 's 's POS cord-006139-9063uhox 282 8 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 282 9 action action NN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 10 situ situ JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 282 11 nanochemical nanochemical NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 282 12 imaging imaging NN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 14 label label NN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 15 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 282 16 free free JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 282 17 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 282 18 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 282 19 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 282 20 case case NN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 21 study study NN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 22 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 23 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 282 24 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 25 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 282 26 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 27 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 282 28 infected infect VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 282 29 erythrocytes erythrocyte NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 283 1 Spinning spin VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 283 2 disk disk NN cord-006139-9063uhox 283 3 confocal confocal JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 283 4 microscopy microscopy NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 283 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 283 6 live live JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 283 7 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 283 8 intraerythrocytic intraerythrocytic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 283 9 malarial malarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 283 10 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 283 11 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 284 1 1 1 LS cord-006139-9063uhox 284 2 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 285 1 Quantification quantification NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 2 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 3 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 285 4 development development NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 5 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 6 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 7 sensitive sensitive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 285 8 versus versus IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 9 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 285 10 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 11 Antimalarial Antimalarial NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 285 12 quinolines quinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 285 13 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 285 14 artemisinin artemisinin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 15 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 285 16 endocytosis endocytosis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 17 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 18 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 285 19 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 20 Insights insight NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 285 21 into into IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 22 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 285 23 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 24 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 25 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 26 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 27 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 285 28 mechanism mechanism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 29 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 30 action action NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 31 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 32 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 285 33 nn nn NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 285 34 Demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 285 35 that that IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 36 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 37 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 285 38 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 285 39 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 40 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 41 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 285 42 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 43 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 44 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 285 45 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 46 corresponding correspond VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 285 47 dosedependent dosedependent NN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 48 increases increase NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 285 49 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 285 50 free free JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 285 51 Fe(III)heme fe(iii)heme CD cord-006139-9063uhox 285 52 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 286 1 It -PRON- PRP cord-006139-9063uhox 286 2 also also RB cord-006139-9063uhox 286 3 directly directly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 286 4 demonstrates demonstrate VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 286 5 redistribution redistribution NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 6 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 7 heme heme NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 8 into into IN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 9 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 286 10 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 11 cytoplasm cytoplasm NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 12 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 286 13 disruption disruption NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 14 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 15 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 286 16 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 17 Structural structural JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 286 18 specificity specificity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 19 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 20 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 21 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 286 22 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 23 binding binding NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 24 related relate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 25 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 26 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 27 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 28 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 29 polymerization polymerization NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 30 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 286 31 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 286 32 growth growth NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 1 Structurefunction Structurefunction NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 287 2 relationships relationship NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 287 3 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 4 aminoquinolines aminoquinoline NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 287 5 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 287 6 effect effect NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 8 amino amino NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 9 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 287 10 chloro chloro NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 11 groups group NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 287 12 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 13 quinoline quinoline NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 287 14 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 287 15 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 16 complex complex JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 287 17 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 18 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 287 19 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 20 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 21 b b NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 22 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 287 23 hematin hematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 24 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 25 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 287 26 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 287 27 antiplasmodial antiplasmodial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 287 28 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 29 Structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 30 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 287 31 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 32 relationships relationship NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 287 33 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 287 34 4-aminoquinoline 4-aminoquinoline CD cord-006139-9063uhox 287 35 antiplasmodials antiplasmodial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 287 36 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 288 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 288 2 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 288 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 288 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 288 5 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 288 6 at at IN cord-006139-9063uhox 288 7 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 288 8 7-position 7-position NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 288 9 Carbon Carbon NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 288 10 isosteres isostere NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 288 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 288 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 288 13 4-aminopyridine 4-aminopyridine CD cord-006139-9063uhox 288 14 substructure substructure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 288 15 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 288 16 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 288 17 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 288 18 effects effect NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 288 19 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 288 20 pK pK NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 1 a a LS cord-006139-9063uhox 289 2 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 289 3 hematin hematin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 4 binding binding NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 5 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 289 6 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 8 hemozoin hemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 9 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 10 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 289 11 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 289 12 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 13 growth growth NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 14 Synthesis Synthesis NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 15 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 16 4-aminoquinolines 4-aminoquinolines CD cord-006139-9063uhox 289 17 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 289 18 circumvent circumvent VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 19 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 20 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 21 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 22 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 23 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 289 24 Synthesis Synthesis NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 25 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 26 ringsubstituted ringsubstituted JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 289 27 4-aminoquinolines 4-aminoquinolines CD cord-006139-9063uhox 289 28 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 289 29 evaluation evaluation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 30 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 31 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 289 32 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 289 33 activities activity NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 289 34 Incorporation Incorporation NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 35 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 36 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 289 37 intramolecular intramolecular JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 289 38 hydrogenbonding hydrogenbonding NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 39 motif motif NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 40 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 41 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 289 42 side side NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 43 chain chain NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 44 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 45 4-aminoquinolines 4-aminoquinolines CD cord-006139-9063uhox 289 46 enhances enhance VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 289 47 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 48 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 49 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 50 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 289 51 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 289 52 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 53 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 54 Novel Novel NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 55 phenothiazine phenothiazine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 56 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 289 57 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 289 58 synthesis synthesis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 59 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 289 60 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 289 61 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 62 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 289 63 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 289 64 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 65 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 66 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 289 67 formation formation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 68 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 69 beta beta NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 70 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 289 71 haematin haematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 72 Mutations Mutations NNPS cord-006139-9063uhox 289 73 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 74 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 289 75 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 76 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 77 digestive digestive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 289 78 vacuole vacuole NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 79 transmembrane transmembrane NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 80 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 81 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 82 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 289 83 evidence evidence NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 84 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 85 their -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 289 86 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 87 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 88 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 89 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 90 Chloroquine Chloroquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 91 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 92 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 93 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 94 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 95 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 96 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 289 97 conferred confer VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 98 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 289 99 pfcrt pfcrt NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 289 100 mutations mutation NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 1 Several several JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 2 alleles allele NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 290 5 multidrug multidrug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 6 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 290 7 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 8 gene gene NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 9 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 10 closely closely RB cord-006139-9063uhox 290 11 linked link VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 12 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 13 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 14 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 15 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 16 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 17 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 18 Amplification amplification NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 19 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 20 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 290 21 gene gene NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 22 related relate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 23 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 24 mammalian mammalian JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 25 mdr mdr NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 26 genes gene NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 27 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 28 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 29 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 290 30 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 31 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 32 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 33 Pgh1 Pgh1 NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 34 modulates modulate VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 35 sensitivity sensitivity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 36 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 290 37 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 38 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 39 multiple multiple JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 40 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 41 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 42 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 43 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 44 Geographic geographic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 45 patterns pattern NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 46 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 47 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 48 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 49 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 50 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 51 distinguished distinguish VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 52 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 53 differential differential JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 54 responses response NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 55 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 56 amodiaquine amodiaquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 57 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 290 58 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 59 Polymorphisms Polymorphisms NNPS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 60 within within IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 61 PfMDR1 pfmdr1 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 62 alter alter VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 63 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 290 64 substrate substrate JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 65 specificity specificity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 66 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 67 anti anti JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 68 - - JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 69 malarial malarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 70 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 71 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 72 Plasmodium plasmodium NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 73 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 74 Dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 75 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 290 76 functioning function VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 290 77 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 78 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 290 79 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 80 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 290 81 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 82 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 290 83 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 84 transporter transporter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 85 Purified purify VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 86 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 87 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 88 multi multi JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 89 - - JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 90 drug drug JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 91 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 92 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 93 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 290 94 PfMDR pfmdr NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 95 1 1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 290 96 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 290 97 binds bind VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 98 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 290 99 high high JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 100 affinity affinity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 101 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 102 analogue analogue NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 103 Genetic genetic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 104 linkage linkage NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 105 analyses analysis NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 106 redefine redefine VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 107 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 290 108 roles role NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 109 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 110 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 111 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 290 112 PfMDR1 pfmdr1 NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 113 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 114 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 115 accumulation accumulation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 116 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 290 117 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 118 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 119 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 120 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 121 Multiple multiple JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 122 transporters transporter NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 123 associated associate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 124 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 125 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 126 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 127 responses response NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 128 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 129 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 130 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 290 131 quinine quinine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 132 Disruption disruption NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 133 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 134 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 290 135 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 290 136 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 137 multidrug multidrug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 138 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 139 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 290 140 associated associate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 141 protein protein NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 142 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 290 143 PfMRP pfmrp NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 144 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 290 145 alters alter VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 146 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 147 fitness fitness NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 148 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 290 149 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 150 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 290 151 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 290 152 drugs drug NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 290 153 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 290 154 glutathione glutathione NN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 291 2 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 3 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 4 's 's POS cord-006139-9063uhox 291 5 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 6 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 7 transporter transporter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 8 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 291 9 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 291 10 member member NN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 11 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 12 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 291 13 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 14 / / SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 291 15 metabolite metabolite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 16 transporter transporter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 291 17 superfamily superfamily NN cord-006139-9063uhox 292 1 Know know VB cord-006139-9063uhox 292 2 your -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 292 3 enemy enemy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 292 4 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 293 1 understanding understand VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 293 2 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 293 3 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 5 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 293 6 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 7 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 8 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 9 could could MD cord-006139-9063uhox 293 10 lead lead VB cord-006139-9063uhox 293 11 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 12 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 293 13 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 293 14 tactics tactic NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 293 15 pfcrt pfcrt NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 293 16 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 293 17 more more JJR cord-006139-9063uhox 293 18 than than IN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 19 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 293 20 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 293 21 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 22 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 23 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 24 gene gene NN cord-006139-9063uhox 293 25 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 293 26 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 293 27 functional functional JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 293 28 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 293 29 evolutionary evolutionary JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 293 30 perspective perspective NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 1 Chloroquine chloroquine JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 294 2 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 3 via via IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 294 5 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 6 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 7 's 's POS cord-006139-9063uhox 294 8 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 9 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 10 transporter transporter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 11 Photoaffinity Photoaffinity NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 294 12 labeling labeling NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 13 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 14 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 294 15 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 294 16 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 17 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 18 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 19 transporter transporter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 20 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 21 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 294 22 novel novel JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 294 23 perfluorophenylazido perfluorophenylazido NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 24 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 25 Drugresistant Drugresistant NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 294 26 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 27 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 294 28 molecular molecular JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 294 29 mechanisms mechanism NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 294 30 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 294 31 implications implication NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 294 32 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 33 public public JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 294 34 health health NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 35 PfCRT PfCRT NNPS cord-006139-9063uhox 294 36 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 294 37 its -PRON- PRP$ cord-006139-9063uhox 294 38 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 39 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 40 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 294 41 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 42 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 43 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 294 44 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 294 45 mediated mediate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 46 drug drug NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 47 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 48 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 49 malarial malarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 294 50 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 294 51 Efflux Efflux NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 294 52 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 53 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 54 from from IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 55 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 294 56 falciparum falciparum NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 294 57 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 294 58 mechanism mechanism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 59 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 60 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 61 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 62 Reversal reversal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 63 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 64 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 65 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 66 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 67 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 294 68 falciparum falciparum NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 294 69 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 70 verapamil verapamil NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 71 Quinolineresistance Quinolineresistance NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 294 72 reversing reverse VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 294 73 agents agent NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 294 74 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 75 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 294 76 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 77 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 78 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 294 79 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 294 80 . . . cord-006139-9063uhox 295 1 Drug Drug NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 295 2 Resist Resist NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 295 3 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 295 4 series series NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 5 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 6 structurally structurally RB cord-006139-9063uhox 295 7 simple simple JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 295 8 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 9 chemosensitizing chemosensitize VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 295 10 dibemethin dibemethin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 11 derivatives derivative NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 295 12 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 295 13 inhibit inhibit VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 295 14 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 15 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 16 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 17 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 295 18 Synthesis Synthesis NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 295 19 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 295 20 effects effect NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 295 21 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 22 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 23 susceptibility susceptibility NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 24 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 25 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 295 26 falciparum falciparum NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 295 27 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 28 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 295 29 series series NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 30 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 31 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 295 32 dihydroanthracene dihydroanthracene NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 295 33 derivatives derivative NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 295 34 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 295 35 3D 3d JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 295 36 QSAR QSAR NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 295 37 pharmacophore pharmacophore NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 38 model model NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 39 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 295 40 quantum quantum JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 295 41 chemical chemical NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 42 structureactivity structureactivity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 43 analysis analysis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 44 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 45 chloroquine(CQ)-resistance chloroquine(cq)-resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 295 46 reversal reversal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 1 A a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 296 2 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 3 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 296 4 like like JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 5 molecule molecule NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 6 designed design VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 7 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 296 8 reverse reverse VB cord-006139-9063uhox 296 9 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 10 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 11 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 296 12 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 13 Reversal reversal NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 14 agent agent NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 15 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 296 16 linker linker NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 17 variants variant NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 296 18 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 19 reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 20 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 296 21 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 296 22 activities activity NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 296 23 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 24 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 296 25 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 26 Synthesis Synthesis NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 296 27 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 296 28 structure structure NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 29 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 296 30 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 31 relationship relationship NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 32 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 296 33 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 296 34 mode mode NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 35 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 296 36 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 37 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 296 38 action action NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 39 studies study NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 296 40 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 41 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 42 reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 43 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 44 compounds compound NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 296 45 Reversed reverse VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 296 46 chloroquines chloroquine NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 296 47 based base VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 48 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 49 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 296 50 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2 NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 296 51 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 296 52 1 1 CD cord-006139-9063uhox 296 53 H)-one H)-one NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 296 54 scaffold scaffold NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 55 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 296 56 synthesis synthesis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 57 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 296 58 evaluation evaluation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 59 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 60 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 61 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 296 62 beta beta NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 63 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 296 64 haematin haematin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 65 inhibition inhibition NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 66 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 296 67 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 296 68 cytotoxic cytotoxic JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 69 activity activity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 70 Design design NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 71 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 296 72 synthesis synthesis NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 73 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 296 74 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 296 75 evaluation evaluation NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 76 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 77 10-N 10-n CD cord-006139-9063uhox 296 78 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 296 79 substituted substitute VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 80 acridones acridone NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 296 81 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 82 novel novel JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 83 chemosensitizers chemosensitizer NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 296 84 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 85 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 296 86 falciparum falciparum NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 296 87 Discovery Discovery NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 296 88 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 89 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 90 function function NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 91 acridones acridone NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 296 92 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 93 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 296 94 new new JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 95 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 96 chemotype chemotype NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 97 n n CC cord-006139-9063uhox 296 98 First first JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 99 example example NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 100 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 101 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 296 102 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 103 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 296 104 functional functional JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 105 acridone acridone NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 106 that that WDT cord-006139-9063uhox 296 107 inhibits inhibit VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 108 parasite parasite JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 296 109 growth growth NN cord-006139-9063uhox 296 110 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 297 1 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 297 2 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 3 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 4 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 297 5 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 297 6 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 297 7 Quinoline Quinoline NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 297 8 antimalarials antimalarial NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 297 9 containing contain VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 297 10 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 297 11 dibemethin dibemethin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 12 group group NN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 13 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 297 14 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 297 15 against against IN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 16 chloroquinone chloroquinone NN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 17 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 297 18 resistant resistant JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 297 19 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 297 20 falciparum falciparum NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 297 21 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 297 22 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 297 23 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 24 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 25 via via IN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 26 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 297 27 P. P. NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 297 28 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 29 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 30 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 297 31 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 32 transporter transporter NN cord-006139-9063uhox 297 33 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 298 1 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 298 2 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 298 3 nn nn XX cord-006139-9063uhox 299 1 First first JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 299 2 example example NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 4 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 299 5 dual dual JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 299 6 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 299 7 functional functional JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 299 8 antimalarial antimalarial JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 299 9 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 299 10 chloroquine chloroquine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 299 11 chemosensitizer chemosensitizer NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 299 12 directly directly RB cord-006139-9063uhox 299 13 demonstrated demonstrate VBD cord-006139-9063uhox 299 14 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 299 15 inhibit inhibit VB cord-006139-9063uhox 299 16 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 17 transport transport NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 18 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 19 PfCRT PfCRT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 299 20 Reversed reverse VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 21 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 22 molecules molecule NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 299 23 as as IN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 24 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 299 25 strategy strategy NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 26 to to TO cord-006139-9063uhox 299 27 overcome overcome VB cord-006139-9063uhox 299 28 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 29 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 30 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 31 Long long JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 299 32 QT QT NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 299 33 syndromes syndrome NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 299 34 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 299 35 torsade torsade NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 299 36 de de FW cord-006139-9063uhox 299 37 pointes pointes NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 299 38 Fatal fatal JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 299 39 cardiotoxicity cardiotoxicity NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 40 related relate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 41 to to IN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 42 halofantrine halofantrine NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 299 43 : : : cord-006139-9063uhox 299 44 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 299 45 review review NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 46 based base VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 47 on on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 48 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 299 49 worldwide worldwide JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 299 50 safety safety NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 51 data datum NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 299 52 base base NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 53 Generation Generation NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 299 54 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 55 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 299 56 set set NN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 57 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 58 simple simple JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 299 59 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 299 60 interpretable interpretable JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 299 61 ADMET admet JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 299 62 rules rule NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 299 63 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 299 64 thumb thumb NN cord-006139-9063uhox 300 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 300 2 pH ph NN cord-006139-9063uhox 300 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 300 4 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 300 5 digestive digestive JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 300 6 vacuole vacuole NN cord-006139-9063uhox 300 7 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 300 8 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 300 9 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 300 10 is be VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 300 11 not not RB cord-006139-9063uhox 300 12 associated associate VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 300 13 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 300 14 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 300 15 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 1 Four four CD cord-006139-9063uhox 301 2 plasmepsins plasmepsin NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 301 3 are be VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 4 active active JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 301 5 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 6 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 301 7 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 8 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 9 food food NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 10 vacuole vacuole NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 11 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 301 12 including include VBG cord-006139-9063uhox 301 13 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 301 14 protease protease NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 15 with with IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 16 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 301 17 activesite activesite JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 301 18 histidine histidine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 19 Falcipains Falcipains NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 20 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 301 21 other other JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 301 22 cysteine cysteine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 23 proteases protease NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 301 24 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 25 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 26 parasites parasite NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 301 27 Identification identification NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 28 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 301 29 characterization characterization NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 30 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 31 falcilysin falcilysin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 32 , , , cord-006139-9063uhox 301 33 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 301 34 metallopeptidase metallopeptidase NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 35 involved involve VBN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 36 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 37 haemoglobin haemoglobin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 38 catabolism catabolism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 39 within within IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 40 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 301 41 malaria malaria NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 42 parasite parasite NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 43 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 44 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 45 Characterization characterization NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 46 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 47 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 301 48 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 49 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 50 M17 m17 JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 301 51 leucyl leucyl NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 52 aminopeptidase aminopeptidase NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 53 Roles Roles NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 54 for for IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 55 two two CD cord-006139-9063uhox 301 56 aminopeptidases aminopeptidase NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 301 57 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 58 vacuolar vacuolar JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 301 59 hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 60 catabolism catabolism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 61 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 62 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 63 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 64 Distribution distribution NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 65 and and CC cord-006139-9063uhox 301 66 biochemical biochemical JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 301 67 properties property NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 301 68 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 69 an an DT cord-006139-9063uhox 301 70 M1-family m1-family JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 301 71 aminopeptidase aminopeptidase NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 72 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 73 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 74 falciparum falciparum NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 301 75 indicate indicate VBP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 76 a a DT cord-006139-9063uhox 301 77 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 78 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 79 vacuolar vacuolar JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 301 80 hemoglobin hemoglobin NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 81 catabolism catabolism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 82 Haemozoin Haemozoin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 83 ( ( -LRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 301 84 b b NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 85 - - : cord-006139-9063uhox 301 86 haematin haematin NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 301 87 ) ) -RRB- cord-006139-9063uhox 301 88 biomineralization biomineralization NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 89 occurs occur VBZ cord-006139-9063uhox 301 90 by by IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 91 self self NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 92 - - HYPH cord-006139-9063uhox 301 93 assembly assembly NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 94 near near IN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 95 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 301 96 lipid lipid NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 97 / / SYM cord-006139-9063uhox 301 98 water water NN cord-006139-9063uhox 301 99 interface interface NN cord-006139-9063uhox 302 1 The the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 302 2 role role NN cord-006139-9063uhox 302 3 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 302 4 neutral neutral JJ cord-006139-9063uhox 302 5 lipid lipid NN cord-006139-9063uhox 302 6 nanospheres nanosphere NNS cord-006139-9063uhox 302 7 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 302 8 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 302 9 falciparum falciparum NN cord-006139-9063uhox 302 10 haem haem NN cord-006139-9063uhox 302 11 crystallization crystallization NN cord-006139-9063uhox 303 1 On on IN cord-006139-9063uhox 303 2 the the DT cord-006139-9063uhox 303 3 mechanism mechanism NN cord-006139-9063uhox 303 4 of of IN cord-006139-9063uhox 303 5 chloroquine chloroquine NN cord-006139-9063uhox 303 6 resistance resistance NN cord-006139-9063uhox 303 7 in in IN cord-006139-9063uhox 303 8 Plasmodium Plasmodium NNP cord-006139-9063uhox 303 9 falciparum falciparum NN