# pos

id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
pos: UH
token:
  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf

lemma:
  https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-nhs-outcomes-framework-2013-14.pdf


# ent

id: cord-027765-jxxcvbna
type: ORG
entity:
  Procedural Justice Training for Police Recruits Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial Rise of the Warrior


id: cord-027765-jxxcvbna
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Talk to Police Insights on the Lack of Cooperation in Police Investigations of Urban Gun Violence Examining the Determinants of Police Department


id: cord-027765-jxxcvbna
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Prevention Investigating the Effects of Media Consumption on Attitudes toward Police Legitimacy Respect and Legitimacy A Two way Street Strengthening Trust Between Police and the Public in an Era of Increasing Transparency Voices of Remanded Women in Western Canada A Qualitative Analysis


id: cord-027765-jxxcvbna
type: ORG
entity:
  Police Legitimacy A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence Nurturing Regulatory Compliance Is Procedural Justice Effective


id: cord-027765-jxxcvbna
type: ORG
entity:
  Spouse Assault A Field Experiment on Community Policing and Police Legitimacy Testing a Social Schematic Model of Police Procedural Justice Final Report


id: cord-022075-bbae2nam
type: ORG
entity:
  NFPA Standard on Disaster Emergency Management and Business Continuity Programs Association of State


id: cord-022075-bbae2nam
type: ORG
entity:
  International Workshop on Earthquake Injury Epidemiology for Mitigation and Response Governor s Office of Emergency Services Hospital


id: cord-022075-bbae2nam
type: ORG
entity:
  Federal Emergency Management Agency Mitigation Division Institute for Business and Home Safety Technical Guidelines for Earthquake Protection of Nonstructural Items


id: cord-022075-bbae2nam
type: ORG
entity:
  Prehospital Disaster Med Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration National Bioterrorism Hospital Preparedness Program Continuation Guidance for Cooperative Agreement on Public Health Preparedness and Response for Bioterrorism Budget Year


id: cord-026596-1kr5vmtf
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Measuring Well Being Trial of the Neighbourhood Thriving Scale for Social Well Being Among Pro Social Individuals


id: cord-031995-itu5ix98
type: ORG
entity:
  Organization Science Journal of Economic Geography Industry and Innovation and Management International


id: cord-017315-3mxkfvvu
type: GGP
entity:
  sustentável e pequenos projetos Entre o projetismo a ideologia e as dinâmicas sociais Development of an urban health impact assessment methodology Indicating the health equity impacts of urban policies Local health systems in 21st century Who cares An exploratory study on health system governance in Amsterdam Joined up government A


id: cord-017315-3mxkfvvu
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Phase IV of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network Copenhagen World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe Assets for health and development Developing


id: cord-031314-z74hhcy3
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ryegrass Lolium perenne Drummond s rockcress Boechera stricta alpine rockcress Arabis alpina and fruit Citrus Chen


id: cord-009278-98ebmd33
type: DISEASE
entity:
  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diabetes mellitus renal failure congestive heart failure coronary artery disease


id: cord-016935-0wyl2h62
type: DISEASE
entity:
  irritable bowel syndrome IBS colorectal cancer rheumatoid arthritis RA Type 2 diabetes obesity cardiovascular complications


id: cord-009667-8r8j0h08
type: ORG
entity:
  the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group


id: cord-009667-8r8j0h08
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ceftazidime cefepime aztreonam piperacillin piperacillin tazobactam ticarcillin ticarcillin clavulanic acid cefoperazone cefoperazone sulbactam imipenem cilastatin meropenem panipenem


id: cord-009667-8r8j0h08
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Piperacillin amoxicillin clavulanic acid ampicillin sulbactam piperacillin tazobactam doxycycline minocycline ceftriaxone clindamycin chloramphenicol azithromycin erythromycin moxifloxacin imipenem ertapenem Penicillin G


id: cord-009667-8r8j0h08
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 pdm09 and A H3N2 in the post pandemic period Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of 3 early


id: cord-018332-893cckyz
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Heart of Redness Situating Ecology in Recent South African Fiction J M Coetzee s The Lives of Animals


id: cord-025248-6e05mgy8
type: ORG
entity:
  the Poor People s Campaign A National Call for Moral Revival PPC ANCMR Breach n d Kairos Center n d b


id: cord-025248-6e05mgy8
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  What s Going On A Moral Critique Creating a Moral Movement for Our Times A Call for Moral Basic Income Earth Network


id: cord-022130-jckfzaf0
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Miniature PCR Based Portable Bioaerosol Monitor Development Australia s Strategy for Protecting Crowded Places from Terrorism ANZCTC Australian Government Biological Weapons Related Common Control Lists Biosafety and Biosecurity as Essential Pillars of International Health Security and Cross Cutting Elements of Biological Non Proliferation Biosecurity in Research Laboratories Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense A National Blueprint for Biodefense Leadership and Major Reform Needed to Optimise Efforts Biodefense Special Focus Defense of Animal Agriculture Group


id: cord-022130-jckfzaf0
type: ORG
entity:
  Global Security A Framework to Counter Infectious Disease Crisis Bio Protection of Facilities National Biosafety Systems Risk and Benefit Analysis


id: cord-022130-jckfzaf0
type: ORG
entity:
  A Disruptive Influence Preventing Problems and Counter Violent Extremism Policy in Practice Government Biosurveillance to Include Social Media Implementation of the International Health Regulations 2015


id: cord-258570-3n7jp0l0
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Task Force for Scaling Up Education and Training for Health Workers Global Health Workforce Alliance


id: cord-258570-3n7jp0l0
type: ORG
entity:
  Frontline Health Workers Coalition A Commitment to Community Health Workers Improving Data for Decision


id: cord-035182-ax6v3ak5
type: ORG
entity:
  the USA Insights From the Society of Thoracic Surgeons American College of Cardiology Transcatheter Valve Therapy Registry Access


id: cord-035182-ax6v3ak5
type: ORG
entity:
  the EXCEL Trial Characteristics of Contemporary Randomized Clinical Trials and Their Association With the Trial Funding Source


id: cord-035182-ax6v3ak5
type: LAW
entity:
  a Prospective Cohort with Reasons for Non Prescription of Recommended Medications Prescription Fill Patterns for Commonly Used Drugs


id: cord-035182-ax6v3ak5
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Use of Evidence Based Medical Therapies at the Time of Hospital Discharge for Patients Surviving Acute Myocardial Infarction


id: cord-035182-ax6v3ak5
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  WMA Declaration of Seoul on Professional Autonomy and Clinical Independence Accreditation Council for CME Definition of a Commercial Interest Busse


id: cord-035182-ax6v3ak5
type: ORG
entity:
  the Journal of the German Medical Association Association of Symptoms of Depression With Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Low Middle and High Income Countries Assessment of Beliefs and Attitudes About


id: cord-034684-ehaiqye5
type: ORG
entity:
  the Central Bureau of Statistics the Department of Labor the Department of Nature and Environment the Aruba Tourism Authority


id: cord-034684-ehaiqye5
type: ORG
entity:
  Washington Inter American Development Bank Country Department Caribbean Inclusive Tourism Development Emotional


id: cord-102749-tgka0pl0
type: DISEASE
entity:
  enterica Streptococcus pyogenes Escherichia coli Lactobacillus helveticus Lactobacillus delbrueckii Lactobacillus


id: cord-320515-ywwq6lrb
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  eines Q Fiebers auf sollte eine explizite Suche nach dem potentiellen Erregerreservoir erfolgen außerdem muss das Gesundheitsministerium


id: cord-276428-oy8e2cpx
type: ORG
entity:
  Budget to Reduce and Ultimately Eliminate Health Disparities Examining the Health Disparities Research Plan


id: cord-271693-7tg21up3
type: LAW
entity:
  Systematic Evaluation of Molecular Networks for Discovery of Disease Genes Assessment of network module


id: cord-300356-oorac5he
type: TAXON
entity:
  bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae Escherichia coli Enterobacter spp Serratia spp


id: cord-300356-oorac5he
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Procalcitonin Guided Antibiotic Therapy and Hospitalisation in Patients with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ProHOSP Study Group Prognostic


id: cord-300356-oorac5he
type: DISEASE
entity:
  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD congestive heart failure chronic kidney disease liver disease


id: cord-300356-oorac5he
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Parainfluenza virus respiratory syncytial virus RSV human metapneumovirus severe acute respiratory syndrome virus varicella Hantavirus


id: cord-300356-oorac5he
type: DISEASE
entity:
  chronic heart lung metabolic hematologic or immune compromising illnesses Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine


id: cord-323466-r0n7448g
type: DNA
entity:
  15fee23516de6db106aa9e00b914aad6eb4ce45800c265afe9e9dd387bc 0f4613705ca2ad68439c6131c3ae3b190a6cf8d1


id: cord-214006-0w6bqrox
type: ORG
entity:
  Attitudes An Econometric Study of a Chronic Disease Focused Online Health Community Value Co Creation


id: cord-214006-0w6bqrox
type: ORG
entity:
  Improve Diabetes Self Management and Clinical Outcomes Evidence Logistics Evaluation Considerations and Needs for Future Research Self Management Interventions Proposal and Validation of a New Operational


id: cord-214006-0w6bqrox
type: ORG
entity:
  Chronic Illness and Disability Health Care Customer Value Cocreation Practice Styles Group Education


id: cord-214006-0w6bqrox
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Metadesign Theory for Tailorable Decision Support Group Participants Experiences of a Patient Directed Group Based Education Program for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Service Experiences


id: cord-284314-jpxaf02p
type: GPE
entity:
  the Planner s Perspective Participation Deliberation and Decision Making Community Places Community Planning Toolkit Community Engagement


id: cord-284314-jpxaf02p
type: ORG
entity:
  national scale Climate and Development Citizen Science Probing the Virtues and Contexts of Participatory Research Engaging Science Technology and Society Sustainable Development A Poorly Communicated Concept


id: cord-353482-dz343h7t
type: ORG
entity:
  Disease Control Priorities International Comparison of the Levels and Potential Correlates of Objectively Measured Sedentary Time


id: cord-353482-dz343h7t
type: EVENT
entity:
  Four Year Old Children Physical Activity and Quality of Life of Healthy Children and Patients with Hematological Cancers Effect of a Multidimensional Physical Activity Intervention on Body Mass Index Skinfolds and Fitness


id: cord-353482-dz343h7t
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial Goal Framing and Temporal Framing Effects on the Acceptance of Childhood Simple Obesity Prevention Messages among Preschool Children s Caregivers


id: cord-331867-mqqtzf8k
type: GGP
entity:
  Soc Sci DOI 10 1007 s42001 020 00086 5 sha c8e36ce1558642f59018ce5cfcac239f3b2e8fa8 doc_id 331867 cord_uid mqqtzf8k Rumors and conspiracy theories thrive in environments of low confidence and low trust Consequently it is not surprising that ones related to the COVID 19 pandemic are proliferating given the lack of scientific consensus on the


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: GGP
entity:
  Ii 0 11 p 0 01 and symptoms of pain Ii 0 14 p 0 01 fatigue ji 0 34 p 0 001 and cognitive difficulties p 0 30 P 0 001 For the three dimensions of the IIRS multiple regression results revealed 1


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: LAW
entity:
  The Collaborative Process to Achieve Access to Primary Health Care for Black Women and Women of Colour Project


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: EVENT
entity:
  Black Women and Women of Colour Women s Health in Women s Hands Community Health Centre Sistering Parkdale Community Health Centre Rexdale Community Health Centre


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: LAW
entity:
  P5 77 C Health and Livelihood Implications of Marginalization of Slum Dwellers in Provision of Water and Sanitation Services


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HIV Criminal justice system involvement was measured by arrest incarceration drug felony and loss denial of social services


id: cord-332625-3rvis2gy
type: ORG
entity:
  Interim Guidance for Administrators and Leaders of Community and Faith Based Organizations to Plan Prepare


id: cord-351785-d35kqobp
type: ORG
entity:
  the Mississippi Delta A Participatory Regional Partnership Approach to Promote Nutrition and Physical Activity Through Environmental and Policy Change


id: cord-351785-d35kqobp
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Assessment of a Healthy Corner Store Program FIT Store in Low Income Urban and Ethnically Diverse Neighborhoods


id: cord-292094-vmsdhccp
type: ORG
entity:
  American Thoracic Society Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Infectious Diseases Society of America


id: cord-292094-vmsdhccp
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H5N1 World Health Organization Production of pilot lots of inactivated influenza vaccines from reassortants derived from avian influenza viruses interim biosafety assessment Avian influenza A H5N1 infection


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: DNA
entity:
  Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Workshop a Medicines Regulation Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Action Plan


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: LAW
entity:
  Regulation and Licensing of Biological Products in Countries with Newly Developing Regulatory Authorities 63


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: EVENT
entity:
  The International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICH


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Assessment and Control of DNA Reactive Mutagenic Impurities in Pharmaceuticals to Limit Potential Carcinogenic Risk


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: ORG
entity:
  the ICH GCP Registration of medicines Guidelines for Submitting Applications for Registration of a Medicine


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: EVENT
entity:
  the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use ICH


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: ORG
entity:
  the Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Workshop a Medicines Regulation Transatlantic Administrative Simplification Action Plan


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
type: DISEASE
entity:
  diseases via blood products It also contributes to technology transfer global cooperation and harmonization of regulations via the Blood Regulators


# url

id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
domain: www.gov.uk
url:
  http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attach-ment_data/file/127106/121109-NHS-Outcomes-Framework-2013-14.pdf


# bib

id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
title: Section II: Poster Sessions
author: nan
date: 2017-12-01
txt: ./txt/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5711696/
doi: 10.1093/jurban/jti137
abstract: nan
summary:
  Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy.


id: cord-002929-oqe3gjcs
title: Mapping road network communities for guiding disease surveillance and control strategies
author: Strano, Emanuele
date: 2018-03-16
txt: ./txt/cord-002929-oqe3gjcs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002929-oqe3gjcs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856805/
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22969-4
summary:
  We apply these to Africa, and show how many highly-connected communities straddle national borders and when integrating malaria prevalence and population data as an example, the communities change, highlighting regions most strongly connected to areas of high burden. The approaches and results presented provide a flexible tool for supporting the design of disease surveillance and control strategies through mapping areas of high connectivity that form coherent units of intervention and key link routes between communities for targeting surveillance. falciparum malaria prevalence and population data with road networks for weighted community detection. falciparum malaria prevalence and population (Fig. 5a ) through weighting road links by the maximum values across them produces a different pattern of communities (Fig. 5b) to those based solely on network structure (Fig. 3) .

abstract:
  Human mobility is increasing in its volume, speed and reach, leading to the movement and introduction of pathogens through infected travelers. An understanding of how areas are connected, the strength of these connections and how this translates into disease spread is valuable for planning surveillance and designing control and elimination strategies. While analyses have been undertaken to identify and map connectivity in global air, shipping and migration networks, such analyses have yet to be undertaken on the road networks that carry the vast majority of travellers in low and middle income settings. Here we present methods for identifying road connectivity communities, as well as mapping bridge areas between communities and key linkage routes. We apply these to Africa, and show how many highly-connected communities straddle national borders and when integrating malaria prevalence and population data as an example, the communities change, highlighting regions most strongly connected to areas of high burden. The approaches and results presented provide a flexible tool for supporting the design of disease surveillance and control strategies through mapping areas of high connectivity that form coherent units of intervention and key link routes between communities for targeting surveillance.


id: cord-007749-lt9is0is
title: The Human Environment Interface: Applying Ecosystem Concepts to Health
author: Preston, Nicholas D.
date: 2013-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-007749-lt9is0is.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007749-lt9is0is.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121839/
doi: 10.1007/82_2013_317
summary:
  Despite the fact that most EIDs originate in wildlife, few studies account for the population, community, or ecosystem ecology of the host, reservoir, or vector. The dimensions of ecological approaches to public health that we propose in this chapter are, in essence, networks of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem matrices incorporating concepts of complexity, resilience, and biogeochemical processes. Over the past few decades, ecologists have analyzed data from field observations, laboratory studies, and large-scale field experiments to describe the structure and dynamics of populations, their interactions within communities, and the complexity of ecosystems. Availability of resources, notably nutrients, is related to population dynamics, e.g., the life cycle of organisms, and community structure, such as food webs. In conclusion, the dimensions of ecological approaches to public health that we propose in this chapter are, in essence, networks of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem matrices incorporating concepts of complexity, resilience, and biogeochemical processes.

abstract:
  One Health approaches have tended to focus on closer collaboration among veterinarians and medical professionals, but remain unclear about how ecological approaches could be applied or how they might benefit public health and disease control. In this chapter, we review ecological concepts, and discuss their relevance to health, with an emphasis on emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). Despite the fact that most EIDs originate in wildlife, few studies account for the population, community, or ecosystem ecology of the host, reservoir, or vector. The dimensions of ecological approaches to public health that we propose in this chapter are, in essence, networks of population dynamics, community structure, and ecosystem matrices incorporating concepts of complexity, resilience, and biogeochemical processes.


id: cord-009278-98ebmd33
title: Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Unmet Clinical Needs
author: Ferreira-Coimbra, João
date: 2020-02-18
txt: ./txt/cord-009278-98ebmd33.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009278-98ebmd33.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7140754/
doi: 10.1007/s12325-020-01248-7
summary:
  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death among infectious diseases and an important health problem, having considerable implications for healthcare systems worldwide. Recently, Nature Medicine published the first use of phages to treat a multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganism [3] and Lancet Infectious Diseases reported the first use of pneumolysin in severe CAP treatment added to standard of care in a phase II trial [4] . Incidence of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections and pneumonia among older adults in the United Kingdom: a population-based study Incidence rate of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based prospective active surveillance study in three cities in South America Disease burden and etiologic distribution of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: evolving epidemiology in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines Epidemiology and clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in Asian countries: a prospective study by the Asian network for surveillance of resistant pathogens Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial

abstract:
  Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death among infectious diseases and an important health problem, having considerable implications for healthcare systems worldwide. Despite important advances in prevention through vaccines, new rapid diagnostic tests and antibiotics, CAP management still has significant drawbacks. Mortality remains very high in severely ill patients presenting with respiratory failure or shock but is also high in the elderly. Even after a CAP episode, higher risk of death remains during a long period, a risk mainly driven by inflammation and patient-related co-morbidities. CAP microbiology has been altered by new molecular diagnostic tests that have turned viruses into the most identified pathogens, notwithstanding uncertainties about the specific role of each virus in CAP pathogenesis. Pneumococcal vaccines also impacted CAP etiology and thus had changed Streptococcus pneumoniae circulating serotypes. Pathogens from specific regions should also be kept in mind when treating CAP. New antibiotics for CAP treatment were not tested in severely ill patients and focused on multidrug-resistant pathogens that are unrelated to CAP, limiting their general use and indications for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Similarly, CAP management could be personalized through the use of adjunctive therapies that showed outcome improvements in particular patient groups. Although pneumococcal vaccination was only convincingly shown to reduce invasive pneumococcal disease, with a less significant effect in pneumococcal CAP, it remains the best therapeutic intervention to prevent bacterial CAP. Further research in CAP is needed to reduce its population impact and improve individual outcomes.


id: cord-009667-8r8j0h08
author: Cao, Bin
date: 2017-09-26
txt: ./txt/cord-009667-8r8j0h08.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009667-8r8j0h08.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7162259/
doi: 10.1111/crj.12674
summary:
  13, 17 Recently, the results of 2 multicenter Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract Infection Pathogen Surveillance (CAR-TIPS) studies in adults conducted in urban tertiary hospitals in China showed that 88.1%-91.3% of S. Step 3: Predict the potential pathogens of CAP and risks of antibiotic resistance ( Table 2) : considering patient age, season of onset, underlying diseases and risk factors, symptoms or signs, characteristics of chest imaging (X-ray film or CT), laboratory tests, severity of CAP, prior antibacterial therapies and so on. After clinical diagnosis of CAP is established, and etiological test and sampling arranged appropriately, the most potential pathogens should be assessed in terms of patient age, underlying disease, clinical characteristics, results of laboratory and radiography tests, severity of disease, hepatic and renal functions, and history of medication and antimicrobial susceptibility profile, then evaluate the risk for antibiotic resistance, select the appropriate anti-infective agent (s) and dosing regimen ( Table 6 ).

title:
  Diagnosis and treatment of community‐acquired pneumonia in adults: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Chinese Thoracic Society, Chinese Medical Association

abstract:
  Community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) in adults is an infectious disease with high morbidity in China and the rest of the world. With the changing pattern in the etiological profile of CAP and advances in medical techniques in diagnosis and treatment over time, Chinese Thoracic Society of Chinese Medical Association updated its CAP guideline in 2016 to address the standard management of CAP in Chinese adults. Extensive and comprehensive literature search was made to collect the data and evidence for experts to review and evaluate the level of evidence. Corresponding recommendations are provided appropriately based on the level of evidence. This updated guideline covers comprehensive topics on CAP, including aetiology, antimicrobial resistance profile, diagnosis, empirical and targeted treatments, adjunctive and supportive therapies, as well as prophylaxis. The recommendations may help clinicians manage CAP patients more effectively and efficiently. CAP in pediatric patients and immunocompromised adults is beyond the scope of this guideline. This guideline is only applicable for the immunocompetent CAP patients aged 18 years and older. The recommendations on selection of antimicrobial agents and the dosing regimens are not mandatory. The clinicians are recommended to prescribe and adjust antimicrobial therapies primarily based on their local etiological profile and results of susceptibility testing, with reference to this guideline.


id: cord-013798-y8oy9tew
title: Drought and plant litter chemistry alter microbial gene expression and metabolite production
author: Malik, Ashish A.
date: 2020-05-22
txt: ./txt/cord-013798-y8oy9tew.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-013798-y8oy9tew.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7608424/
doi: 10.1038/s41396-020-0683-6
summary:
  Here we present metatranscriptomic and metabolomic data on the physiological response of in situ microbial communities on plant litter to long-term drought in Californian grass and shrub ecosystems. In contrast, communities on chemically more diverse and complex shrub litter had smaller physiological differences in response to long-term drought but higher investment in resource acquisition traits across precipitation treatments, suggesting that the functional response to drought is constrained by substrate quality. Specifically, we hypothesised that (1) long-term drought causes increased gene expression and metabolite production associated with osmoprotection, dormancy and moisture retention mechanisms which leads to reduced growth; and (2) chemically diverse and complex shrub litter requires increased investment in resource acquisition pathways, further constraining microbial growth under drought. A significant number of indicators of reduced precipitation in grass litter also belonged to the classes of membrane transport (47 functions) or stress response (41 functions) which were almost absent in the indicator profiles of ambient communities (Fig. 2e) .

abstract:
  Drought represents a significant stress to microorganisms and is known to reduce microbial activity and organic matter decomposition in Mediterranean ecosystems. However, we lack a detailed understanding of the drought stress response of microbial decomposers. Here we present metatranscriptomic and metabolomic data on the physiological response of in situ microbial communities on plant litter to long-term drought in Californian grass and shrub ecosystems. We hypothesised that drought causes greater microbial allocation to stress tolerance relative to growth pathways. In grass litter, communities from the decade-long ambient and reduced precipitation treatments had distinct taxonomic and functional profiles. The most discernable physiological signatures of drought were production or uptake of compatible solutes to maintain cellular osmotic balance, and synthesis of capsular and extracellular polymeric substances as a mechanism to retain water. The results show a clear functional response to drought in grass litter communities with greater allocation to survival relative to growth that could affect decomposition under drought. In contrast, communities on chemically more diverse and complex shrub litter had smaller physiological differences in response to long-term drought but higher investment in resource acquisition traits across precipitation treatments, suggesting that the functional response to drought is constrained by substrate quality. Our findings suggest, for the first time in a field setting, a trade off between microbial drought stress tolerance, resource acquisition and growth traits in plant litter microbial communities.


id: cord-016935-0wyl2h62
title: Dysbiosis, Probiotics, and Prebiotics: In Diseases and Health
author: Appanna, Vasu D.
date: 2018-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-016935-0wyl2h62.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016935-0wyl2h62.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121371/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-7684-8_3
summary:
  Probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp are more or less like stem cells utilized to replenish and rejuvenate the microbiome while prebiotics like fructose oligosaccharides (FOS) are microbiome fertilizers akin to mineral supplements or energy nutrients aimed at promoting the proliferation of select microbes in the invisible organ. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp are more or less like stem cells utilized to replenish and rejuvenate the microbiome while prebiotics like fructose oligosaccharides (FOS) are microbiome fertilizers akin to mineral supplements or energy nutrients aimed at promoting the proliferation of select microbes in the invisible organ. Despite the ability of our microbiota to respond and adjust to these situations, the invisible organ can be influenced by either taking in select beneficial microbes with known functional attributes or by consuming foods and plant products that promote the proliferation of specific microorganisms.

abstract:
  The microbiome like any other components of the body undergoes numerous challenges during the life-span of a human being. These complications may involve injuries, aggression by pathogens, pollution, hormonal variations, genetic pre-disposition, unbalanced nutrition and onset of diseases. Although the microbial reconfiguration provoked by these stressors are not immediately evident as in the case of an afflicted visible organ where the abnormality is readily observable, the biological perturbations induced manifest themselves in form of various illnesses. The disruption of a working microbiome is referred to as dysbiosis and is a condition whereby the fine balance between the microbial communities and the host is distressed. Diseases such as cancer, irritable bowel syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, acne, gastric ulcers, obesity and hypertension can ensue. The pathogeneses of some pulmonary disorders, digestive complications and neurological abnormalities can be traced to the imbalance in the constituents of the microbiome. However, rebiosis, the re-establishment of the native microbiota is proving to be an excellent remedy against this condition. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics are potent therapeutic tools designed to rectify this situation. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus spp are more or less like stem cells utilized to replenish and rejuvenate the microbiome while prebiotics like fructose oligosaccharides (FOS) are microbiome fertilizers akin to mineral supplements or energy nutrients aimed at promoting the proliferation of select microbes in the invisible organ. Synbiotics is a combination of both probiotics and prebiotics in a proper dosage aimed at remedying dysbiosis. The molecular understanding of dysbiosis and rebiosis will offer a very effective non-invasive means in preventing and curing diseases with probiotics and prebiotics. This will have a dramatic impact on our well-being.


id: cord-017315-3mxkfvvu
title: From Urban Projects to Healthy City Policies
author: de Leeuw, Evelyne
date: 2016-09-08
txt: ./txt/cord-017315-3mxkfvvu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017315-3mxkfvvu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121840/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6694-3_17
summary:
  This chapter argues that to put health high on local social and political agendas necessarily means to transcend project-based work, and move into lasting programme and policy development. • To reorient health services towards a broader, participatory, and health-promoting position in society at any level • To create supportive social, economic, natural, and built environments to create and sustain health promotion and to address the determinants of health equitably • To invest in personal skills and community action to drive and complement these actions • To build healthy public policy, recognizing that health is created across many sectors in society that all have the potential to enhance institutional, community, and personal health Building on a strong foundation in the various political statements on Healthy Cities over the years and most recently in the Athens Declaration (Tsouros 2015) , local governments work with diverse stakeholders from the public and civil society sectors to develop such policies.

abstract:
  A definition of projectitis (also known as ‘projectism’) is proposed to describe a key barrier to full deployment of a Healthy City vision and values. This chapter argues that to put health high on local social and political agendas necessarily means to transcend project-based work, and move into lasting programme and policy development. The conditions for such approaches are favourable in Healthy Cities, as a number of glocal (global and local) developments invest and sustain longer term perspectives. These conditions include emphases on policy diffusion, social justice, a better understanding of complex systems, and global commitments to the development and implementation of Health in All Policies. These efforts, in turn, are grounded in renewed and tangible support from Universal Health Coverage and Primary Health Care, asset-based community health development, and better insights into what drives (health) equity and economic development. In describing these elements of policy development for value-based Healthy Cities the chapter also gives a firm argument for a broad range of stakeholders to engage successfully in longer term policy change.


id: cord-018038-gqdylj6n
title: Our World as a Learning System: A Communities-of-Practice Approach
author: Snyder, William M.
date: 2010
txt: ./txt/cord-018038-gqdylj6n.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018038-gqdylj6n.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122803/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-84996-133-2_7
summary:
  Civic development is essentially a social process of action learning, in which practitioners from diverse sectors, disciplines, and organisations work together to share ideas and best practices, create new approaches, and build new capabilities. Rather, sponsors and community leaders must be ready to engage in an evolutionary design process whereby the organisation fosters the development of communities among practitioners, creates structures that provide support and sponsorship for these communities, and finds ways to involve them in the conduct of the business. One way to assess the level of civic stewardship in any city or region is to map the prevalence, inclusiveness, and effectiveness of civic communities of practice (also known as coalitions, associations, partnerships, and alliances, among other terms) who take responsibility for clusters of issues related to particular civic domains, such as education, economic development, health, housing, public safety, infrastructure, culture, recreation, and the environment. A discipline that promotes the development of strategic social learning systems to steward civic practices at local, national, and global levels.

abstract:
  We live in a small world, where a rural Chinese butcher who contracts a new type of deadly flu virus can infect a visiting international traveller, who later infects attendees at a conference in a Hong Kong hotel, who within weeks spread the disease to Vietnam, Singapore, Canada, and Ireland. Fortunately, the virulence of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was matched by the passion and skill of a worldwide community of scientists, health care workers, and institutional leaders who stewarded a highly successful campaign to quarantine and treat those who were infected while identifying the causes of the disease and ways to prevent its spread. In such a world, we depend on expert practitioners to connect and collaborate on a global scale to solve problems like this one – and to prevent future ones.


id: cord-018332-893cckyz
title: Desire and the Law: Creative Resistance in the Reluctant Passenger and the Heart of Redness
author: Price, Jason D.
date: 2017-07-16
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123182/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-56726-6_5
abstract:
  This chapter offers a critique of animal rights approaches for their weakness in relying on the passage of laws, and in depending upon their proper administration by legal authorities to attempt the protection of animals. Where some thinkers espouse an animal rights perspective, this chapter argues that postcolonial desire is vital to protecting communities in ways that rights discourse and the law cannot in the context of the biopolitical workings of the state and globalized capitalism. Drawing from Deleuze and Guattari’s work on desire and the law in Kafka (1986), the chapter considers the potential of desire to offer creative alternatives, outside of legal discourse, toward the protection of animals and the larger community. Additionally, it recognizes how indigenous environmental knowledge and notions of desire offer ways of relating to animals that can challenge capitalist instrumentalization.


id: cord-022075-bbae2nam
title: Disaster Mitigation
author: Gougelet, Robert M.
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-022075-bbae2nam.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022075-bbae2nam.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7152437/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-03253-7.50028-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  • The ability to maintain function • Building design • Locating buildings outside of hazard zones (e.g., flood plains) • Essential building utilities • Protection of building contents • Insurance • Public education • Surveillance • Warning • Evacuation It is of critical importance that emergency planners incorporate the basic elements of mitigation and have the authority and resources to incorporate these changes into their organization/facility/community. • Forming effective community-based partnerships for hazard mitigation purposes • Implementing effective hazard mitigation measures that reduce the potential damage from natural disasters • Ensuring continued functionality of critical services • Leveraging additional nonfederal resources in meeting natural disaster resistance goals • Making commitments to long-term hazard mitigation efforts to be applied to new and existing structures This important legislation sought to identify and assess the risks to states and local governments (including Indian tribes) from natural disasters.


id: cord-022130-jckfzaf0
title: Intelligence and Stakeholders
author: Walsh, Patrick F.
date: 2018-09-19
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7153403/
doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-51700-5_7
abstract:
  This chapter underscores the need for more explicit and strategic engagement of stakeholders (scientists, clinicians, first responders, amongst others) by the intelligence community. The chapter argues that the intelligence community will increasingly rely on their expertise to build more valid and reliable assessments of emerging bio-threats and risks. However, the discussion also identifies some of the limitations and challenges stakeholders themselves have to understanding complex threats and risks.


id: cord-023989-d6c1is5s
title: Conclusion and Afterword
author: Williams, Richard Allen
date: 2020-04-25
txt: ./txt/cord-023989-d6c1is5s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023989-d6c1is5s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7182341/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-41960-8_10
summary:
  The problem of insufficient recruitment of African American students into careers in medicine is often referred to as the medical school "pipeline" problem, which has been highlighted by several incisive publications such as An American Crisis: The Growing Absence of Black Men in Medicine and Science, a book whose lead author was Cato T. This is another example of the public health consequences of violence and police brutality in the black community, leading to a population that may be in need of psychotherapy. One area of focus is on prevention; it is estimated that about twothirds of black maternal deaths are entirely preventable if more attention is paid to socioeconomic determinants of health by eliminating social inequities through the provision of clean drinking water, better housing, improved transportation, and greater access to high-standard healthcare facilities for pre-and postnatal care. National Medical Association seeks to address violence in the African American community. The violence epidemic in the African American community: a call by the National Medical Association for comprehensive reform issues/black-african-american-communities-and-mental-health.

abstract:
  The previous chapters contain a great deal of medical, socioeconomic, demographic, epidemiologic, racial, ethnic, educational, and cultural information pertaining particularly to the black population of the United States, but it is admittedly somewhat incomplete. There is so much more that might have been included, but space and time limitations preclude a more comprehensive coverage of everything that touches upon the healthcare scene involving black Americans. In this brief postscript, I would like to suggest to the reader to consider a few more important issues affecting black health.


id: cord-024571-vlklgd3x
title: Community Analysis of a Crisis Response Network
author: Kim, Yushim
date: 2019-07-28
txt: ./txt/cord-024571-vlklgd3x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024571-vlklgd3x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7206567/
doi: 10.1177/0894439319858679
summary:
  Others are interested in identifying cohesive subgroups because they may indicate a lack of cross-jurisdictional and cross-sectoral collaboration in ERNs. During these responses, public organizations in different jurisdictions participate, and a sizable number of organizations from nongovernmental sectors also become involved (Celik & Corbacioglu, 2016; Comfort & Haase, 2006; Kapucu et al., 2010; Spiro, Acton, & Butts, 2013) . In August 2016, Hanyang university''s research center in South Korea provided an online tagging tool for every news article in the country''s news articles database that included the term "MERS (http://naver.com)." A group of researchers at the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs wrote the white paper (488 pages, plus appendices) based on their comprehensive research using multiple data sources and collection methods. These communities included organizations across government jurisdictions, sectors, and geographic locations ( Table 2 , description) and were actively involved in the response during the MERS outbreak.

abstract:
  This article distinguishes between clique family subgroups and communities in a crisis response network. Then, we examine the way organizations interacted to achieve a common goal by employing community analysis of an epidemic response network in Korea in 2015. The results indicate that the network split into two groups: core response communities in one group and supportive functional communities in the other. The core response communities include organizations across government jurisdictions, sectors, and geographic locations. Other communities are confined geographically, homogenous functionally, or both. We also find that whenever intergovernmental relations were present in communities, the member connectivity was low, even if intersectoral relations appeared together within them.


id: cord-025246-zah72cd6
author: Lai, Daniel W. L.
date: 2020-03-13
txt: ./txt/cord-025246-zah72cd6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025246-zah72cd6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249248/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-6969-8_13
summary:
  Based on these theoretical bases, three practice directions are suggested to guide community development at different levels: "aging in place," "age-friendly community," and "gray power." In particular, social workers need to adapt community development approaches to Chinese cultural contexts. Focusing on the experience of older people in different Chinese contexts, including Chinese older adults in Chinese societies and older Chinese migrants residing in non-Chinese societies, this chapter will discuss the alignment of community development and its application in social work practice with older people, with attention to the influence of sociocultural context. Finally, social workers can facilitate the involvement of older people in developing AFCs, which is important because it can support greater responsiveness to community needs, capacity building, and empowerment, as well as enhanced use of existing and new programs and services (Scharlach and Lehning 2016) . Social workers can apply the practice of community development in working with Chinese older people, representing an approach to intervention and support that addresses broader systems and structures and focus on empowerment and personal development among aging populations.

title:
  Revisiting Social Work with Older People in Chinese Contexts from a Community Development Lens: When East Meets West

abstract:
  Community development is an empowering and comprehensive method for social workers to address individual and societal challenges facing Chinese older people. This chapter explores the different meanings of community development in Chinese contexts, including communities in Mainland China and Chinese immigrant communities. When actualizing community development, social workers require theories to guide their actions, and this chapter proposes three interrelated theoretical bases: ecological system theory, empowerment theory, and anti-oppressive theory. Based on these theoretical bases, three practice directions are suggested to guide community development at different levels: “aging in place,” “age-friendly community,” and “gray power.” In particular, social workers need to adapt community development approaches to Chinese cultural contexts. Case examples are discussed to illustrate how to implement community development projects with older people in Chinese contexts and the roles of social workers in such projects.


id: cord-025248-6e05mgy8
title: The USA’s Modern Civil Rights Movement and Basic Income Guarantee
author: Lewis, Judy L.
date: 2020-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-025248-6e05mgy8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025248-6e05mgy8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7249250/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-43904-0_7
summary:
  This chapter explores Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.''s (MLK) contribution to Basic Income Guarantee (BIG) and its association with the USA''s Modern Civil Rights Movement (MCRM). The call for a guaranteed annual income structured as a regular unconditional means-tested payment or as wage for meaningful jobs remained throughout the Poor People''s Campaign (PPC) and was documented in the first two demands of the campaign''s Social and Economic Bill of Rights (Chase 1998; Jackson 2007; Poverty Initiative 2012) . The distinction of economic exploitation as the originator of an oppressive class society is very important as it highlights the value of MLK''s founding his political activism for BIG on a call for a revolution of values tied to the restructuring of American society with the Beloved Community/world house as the end point.

abstract:
  This chapter explores Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s (MLK) contribution to Basic Income Guarantee (BIG) and its association with the USA’s Modern Civil Rights Movement (MCRM). The exploration begins with a synopsis of the MCRM: its antecedents, a biographical sketch of MLK and a precis of his leadership. A discussion of MLK’s support of BIG and a brief survey of his long-term influence follow, ending with the conclusion. The goal is to identify and analyze the international thought-leader, Nobel Peace Laureate and civil rights strategist’s approach (justifications and strategies) to realizing BIG for practical and theoretical lessons that could inform future and current BIG activism.


id: cord-025790-k8v832rl
author: Gowelo, Steven
date: 2020-06-02
txt: ./txt/cord-025790-k8v832rl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025790-k8v832rl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7265157/
doi: 10.1186/s12936-020-03268-8
summary:
  This is due to a number of factors including a lack of data on local larval mosquito vector ecology [20] , lack of local evidence for LSM in malaria control, and concerns about the cost of implementation on a large scale. These LSM committees were formed to carry out LSM activities in each selected village, and they were tasked with quarterly mapping of potential mosquito larval habitats, lobbying for and coordinating community participation in larval habitat draining and filling, and Bti application. Removing these potential breeding sites is the only sure way forward'''' (IDI, Community participant, Jana) "If we are not careful, discharging water anyhow into these swamps creates suitable environments for mosquito proliferation, a thing which can increase malaria prevalence in the area" (FGD, LSM committee, FAC). Findings of the present study show that community involvement in LSM increased awareness of malaria as a health problem, its risk factors and control strategies.

title:
  Community factors affecting participation in larval source management for malaria control in Chikwawa District, Southern Malawi

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: To further reduce malaria, larval source management (LSM) is proposed as a complementary strategy to the existing strategies. LSM has potential to control insecticide resistant, outdoor biting and outdoor resting vectors. Concerns about costs and operational feasibility of implementation of LSM at large scale are among the reasons the strategy is not utilized in many African countries. Involving communities in LSM could increase intervention coverage, reduce costs of implementation and improve sustainability of operations. Community acceptance and participation in community-led LSM depends on a number of factors. These factors were explored under the Majete Malaria Project in Chikwawa district, southern Malawi. METHODS: Separate focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with members from the general community (n = 3); health animators (HAs) (n = 3); and LSM committee members (n = 3). In-depth interviews (IDIs) were conducted with community members. Framework analysis was employed to determine the factors contributing to community acceptance and participation in the locally-driven intervention. RESULTS: Nine FGDs and 24 IDIs were held, involving 87 members of the community. Widespread knowledge of malaria as a health problem, its mode of transmission, mosquito larval habitats and mosquito control was recorded. High awareness of an association between creation of larval habitats and malaria transmission was reported. Perception of LSM as a tool for malaria control was high. The use of a microbial larvicide as a form of LSM was perceived as both safe and effective. However, actual participation in LSM by the different interviewee groups varied. Labour-intensiveness and time requirements of the LSM activities, lack of financial incentives, and concern about health risks when wading in water bodies contributed to lower participation. CONCLUSION: Community involvement in LSM increased local awareness of malaria as a health problem, its risk factors and control strategies. However, community participation varied among the respondent groups, with labour and time demands of the activities, and lack of incentives, contributing to reduced participation. Innovative tools that can reduce the labour and time demands could improve community participation in the activities. Further studies are required to investigate the forms and modes of delivery of incentives in operational community-driven LSM interventions.


id: cord-026596-1kr5vmtf
author: Baldwin, Cathy
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-026596-1kr5vmtf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026596-1kr5vmtf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7286207/
doi: 10.1007/s42413-020-00067-6
summary:
  Exploratory factor analysis revealed 11 factors that made conceptual sense including three social epidemiological pathways to well-being, networks, participation and pro-social behaviours, and four criteria for flourishing societies, autonomous citizenship, safety, cohesive communities and resilience. Validated scales offer potential benefits including: measuring NT preand -post project implementation; establishing which dimensions of NT are, and are not, working well in a community and need strengthening through further initiatives, and establishing which specific groups of people are experiencing lower levels of NT and designing projects that meet their needs. With the exception of one item (positive relationships), Huppert and So''s scale did not address social well-beingwell-being at the group or community level, i.e. how the individual responds to experiences of the social environment which can affect their health (Larson 1993; Keyes 1998) . These analyses, which included three household income categories, showed a significant trend with 9 of the 11 neighbourhood thriving scales: Collective Positive Effort, Celebration, Social Network Pathway, Optimism, Social Cohesion, Engagement Pathway, Safety, Autonomous Citizenship, and Low Resilience.

title:
  Measuring Well-Being: Trial of the Neighbourhood Thriving Scale for Social Well-Being Among Pro-Social Individuals

abstract:
  We report on a trial of the neighbourhood thriving framework (NTF), a conceptual framework from psychology and social science for measuring collective subjective social well-being. It combines the notions of feeling good and functioning effectively in a neighbourhood social environment in an indicator set of 15 conceptual dimensions. An online questionnaire was used to measure neighbourhood thriving (NT) among 212 pro-social volunteers involved in revitalising neighbourhoods in the UK city of Stoke-on-Trent between May and October 2018. Exploratory factor analysis revealed 11 factors that made conceptual sense including three social epidemiological pathways to well-being, networks, participation and pro-social behaviours, and four criteria for flourishing societies, autonomous citizenship, safety, cohesive communities and resilience. The 11 sub-scales of NT showed satisfactory internal consistency reliability and preliminary evidence of construct validity. The sub-scales were used tentatively to examine NT among the volunteer sample, which showed the highest sub-scale score for Positive Regard and the lowest score for Celebration. Different levels of NT were observed among the community, with age and income positively associated with higher levels of NT. Further validation work is needed before the NT scales can be used with confidence. Validated scales offer potential benefits including: measuring NT pre- and -post project implementation; establishing which dimensions of NT are, and are not, working well in a community and need strengthening through further initiatives, and establishing which specific groups of people are experiencing lower levels of NT and designing projects that meet their needs. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s42413-020-00067-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-027765-jxxcvbna
title: The Potential Impacts of Pandemic Policing on Police Legitimacy: Planning Past the COVID-19 Crisis
author: Jones, Daniel J
date: 2020-06-05
txt: ./txt/cord-027765-jxxcvbna.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027765-jxxcvbna.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7313846/
doi: 10.1093/police/paaa026
summary:
  The concept of police legitimacy implies that the police are seen as a legitimate power holder who uphold the law and operate in the community in a procedurally just way, giving a voice to the people they serve (Bottoms and Tankebe, 2012; Mazerolle et al., 2013; Tankebe et al., 2016) . An example of negative media during pandemic policing is reports coming from South Africa state that just days into their 21-day lockdown as a result of COVID-19, police are abusing their powers in multiple ways while enforcing their newly enhanced powers enacted from their Disaster Management Act: assaultive behaviour by police and the death of three people at the hands of law enforcement officers (Faull, 2020) . If the police respond with compassion and care when they are required to enforce public health laws due to the pandemic response of the respective nation, this could build police legitimacy in a time of crisis.

abstract:
  One of the biggest challenges facing modern policing in recent years has been the lack of police legitimacy. The tipping point of this phenomenon is often attributed to the Rodney King incident in Los Angeles in 1991, where Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers were videoed assaulting a lone black male. They were arrested and charged but eventually all were acquitted, thereby etching deep distrust between communities and police. Now the Rodney King example is an extreme and criminal act by police but it was the beginning of communities and media focusing on what the police were doing and how they were doing it. This lack of legitimacy coupled with what is referred to as the militarization of policing have lasting consequences and impacts on police–community relations and how interactions between police and community shape society today. In the wake of pandemic policing due to COVID-19, there are tales of two eventualities for police legitimacy that will be explored in this article: (1) The police response to the pandemic results in further militarization and draws deeper divides between police and communities or (2) the police response is compassionate and build on procedurally just operations resulting in the rebuilding of police legitimacy post-pandemic.


id: cord-027798-aq13cugo
title: Covid-19 and community development
author: Kenny, Sue
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-027798-aq13cugo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-027798-aq13cugo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7314259/
doi: 10.1093/cdj/bsaa020
abstract: nan
summary:
  In the context of the immense demand, there is growing pressure for community development practitioners to focus entirely on welfare work, as agents of the "benign" state. A society in which fear is amplified, power is ceded to governments and communities practise self-surveillance provides an ideal setting for authoritarian practices. Nevertheless, there is a growing chorus of voices warning us of the ways in which authoritarianism is seeping into the fabric of society, particularly when this takes place under the guise of controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. For example, we are being alerted to the ways in which authoritarian populists such as Orban in Hungary and Bolsonaro in Brazil have used the pandemic as a cover to extend their powers, by eliminating dissent and extending state surveillance. At the beginning of May, 2020, what can those committed to community development be doing in response to the Covid-19 pandemic and the changing socio-political milieu?


id: cord-028657-q2ghtpd9
title: Overlapping Community Detection Using Multi-objective Approach and Rough Clustering
author: Grass-Boada, Darian Horacio
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-028657-q2ghtpd9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-028657-q2ghtpd9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7338163/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-52705-1_31
summary:
  One of the challenges is to attain a final solution from the set of non-dominated solutions obtained by the MOEAs. In this paper, an algorithm to build a covering of the network based on the principles of the Rough Clustering is proposed. In our proposal, we focus on describing the relationship between the elements of the network (vertices) only taking into consideration their belonging to the communities of the Pareto Set. Then, we use Rough Clustering to obtain a final covering of the network, that describes the communities with their lower and upper approximations. Hence, the selected final solution uses the knowledge of the overlapping communities (Pareto set) obtained by MOEAs. In this paper, we propose an Overlapping Community Detection Algorithm using Multi-objective approach and Rough Clustering, denoted as MOOCD-RC.

abstract:
  The detection of overlapping communities in Social Networks has been successfully applied in several contexts. Taking into account the high computational complexity of this problem as well as the drawbacks of single-objective approaches, community detection has been recently addressed as Multi-objective Optimization Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs). One of the challenges is to attain a final solution from the set of non-dominated solutions obtained by the MOEAs. In this paper, an algorithm to build a covering of the network based on the principles of the Rough Clustering is proposed. The experiments in a synthetic networks showed that our proposal is promising and effective for overlapping community detection in social networks.


id: cord-028660-hi35xvni
title: Three-Way Decisions Community Detection Model Based on Weighted Graph Representation
author: Chen, Jie
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-028660-hi35xvni.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-028660-hi35xvni.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7338166/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-52705-1_11
summary:
  Community detection algorithm based on three-way decisions (TWD) forms a multi-layered community structure by hierarchical clustering and then selects a suitable layer as the community detection result. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method for three-way decisions community detection based on weighted graph representation (WGR-TWD). In this paper, we propose a three-way decisions community detection model based on weighted graph representation (WGR-TWD). The graph representation can well transform the global structure of the network into vector representation and make the two nodes in the boundary region that appear in the same community more similar by using the weight. (1) We use weighted graph representation to obtain the global structure information of the network to guide the processing of the boundary region, which gets a better three-way decisions community detection method. In this paper, we propose a method for three-way decisions community detection based on weighted graph representation.

abstract:
  Community detection is of great significance to the study of complex networks. Community detection algorithm based on three-way decisions (TWD) forms a multi-layered community structure by hierarchical clustering and then selects a suitable layer as the community detection result. However, this layer usually contains overlapping communities. Based on the idea of TWD, we define the overlapping part in the communities as boundary region (BND), and the non-overlapping part as positive region (POS) or negative region (NEG). How to correctly divide the nodes in the BND into the POS or NEG is a challenge for three-way decisions community detection. The general methods to deal with boundary region are modularity increment and similarity calculation. But these methods only take advantage of the local features of the network, without considering the information of the divided communities and the similarity of the global structure. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a method for three-way decisions community detection based on weighted graph representation (WGR-TWD). The weighted graph representation (WGR) can well transform the global structure into vector representation and make the two nodes in the boundary region more similar by using frequency of appearing in the same community as the weight. Firstly, the multi-layered community structure is constructed by hierarchical clustering. The target layer is selected according to the extended modularity value of each layer. Secondly, all nodes are converted into vectors by WGR. Finally, the nodes in the BND are divided into the POS or NEG based on cosine similarity. Experiments on real-world networks demonstrate that WGR-TWD is effective for community detection in networks compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms.


id: cord-028685-b1eju2z7
title: Rough Net Approach for Community Detection Analysis in Complex Networks
author: Fuentes, Ivett
date: 2020-06-10
txt: ./txt/cord-028685-b1eju2z7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-028685-b1eju2z7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7338191/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-52705-1_30
summary:
  Also, the topological evolution estimation between adjacent layers in dynamic networks is discussed and a new community interaction visualization approach combining both complex network representation and Rough Net definition is adopted to interpret the community structure. In this section, we describe the application of Rough Net in important tasks of the CD analysis: the validation and visualization of detected communities and their interactions, and the evolutionary estimation in dynamic networks. Thus, we propose a new approach for visualizing the interactions between communities taking into account the quality of the community structure by using the combination of the Rough Net definition and the complex network representation. For illustrating the performance of the Rough Net definition in the community detection analysis, we apply it to three networks, two known to have monoplex topology and the third multiplex one. In this paper, we have described new quality measures for exploratory analysis of community structure in both monoplex and multiplex networks based on the Rough Net definition.

abstract:
  Rough set theory has many interesting applications in circumstances characterized by vagueness. In this paper, the applications of rough set theory in community detection analysis are discussed based on the Rough Net definition. We will focus the application of Rough Net on community detection validity in both monoplex and multiplex networks. Also, the topological evolution estimation between adjacent layers in dynamic networks is discussed and a new community interaction visualization approach combining both complex network representation and Rough Net definition is adopted to interpret the community structure. We provide some examples that illustrate how the Rough Net definition can be used to analyze the properties of the community structure in real-world networks, including dynamic networks.


id: cord-031314-z74hhcy3
author: Liu, Yang
date: 2020-09-03
txt: ./txt/cord-031314-z74hhcy3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031314-z74hhcy3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7468178/
doi: 10.1007/s11104-020-04692-0
summary:
  METHODS: The soil characteristics, root secondary metabolites, and root-associated bacterial communities were analyzed in licorice plants of different ages to explore their temporal dynamics and interaction mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: Licorice specifically selects root-associated core bacteria over the course of plant development, and TK is correlated with root secondary metabolites and individual core-enriched taxa in the bulk and rhizosphere soils, which may have implications for practical licorice cultivation. The aims of this study were to (1) elucidate the temporal dynamics of root-associated bacterial communities together with variation in soil characteristics and secondary metabolite concentrations in roots; (2) investigate the core-enriched taxa and their time-decay relationships; and (3) provide a comprehensive understanding of the key factor(s) regulating the temporal dynamics of individual taxa related to root secondary metabolites in licorice. This study investigated the temporal succession of root-associated bacterial communities and simultaneous variation in soil characteristics and root secondary metabolites in licorice plants of different ages.

title:
  Soil potassium is correlated with root secondary metabolites and root-associated core bacteria in licorice of different ages

abstract:
  AIMS: Licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) is a crucial medicinal herb as it accumulates glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in roots. Licorice root-associated bacterial communities shaped by soil characteristics are supposed to regulate the accumulation of root secondary metabolites. METHODS: The soil characteristics, root secondary metabolites, and root-associated bacterial communities were analyzed in licorice plants of different ages to explore their temporal dynamics and interaction mechanisms. RESULTS: Temporal variation in soil characteristics and root secondary metabolites was distinct. The alpha-diversity of root-associated bacterial communities decreased with root proximity, and the community composition was clustered in the rhizosphere. Different taxa that were core-enriched from the dominant taxa in the bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, and root endosphere displayed varied time–decay relationships. Soil total potassium (TK) as a key factor regulated the temporal variation in some individual taxa in the bulk and rhizosphere soils; these taxa were associated with the adjustment of root secondary metabolites across different TK levels. CONCLUSIONS: Licorice specifically selects root-associated core bacteria over the course of plant development, and TK is correlated with root secondary metabolites and individual core-enriched taxa in the bulk and rhizosphere soils, which may have implications for practical licorice cultivation. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11104-020-04692-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-031995-itu5ix98
title: Managing with communities for innovation, agility, and resilience
author: Goglio-Primard, Karine
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-031995-itu5ix98.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-031995-itu5ix98.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7495186/
doi: 10.1016/j.emj.2020.08.003
abstract: nan
summary:
  The concept of knowing communities (KCs) refers to the vast body of creative informal networks that repeatedly interact and exchange knowledge to support the dynamic processes of creation and innovation (Amin & Roberts, 2008; Cohendet et al., 2008) . While communities emphasize the acquisition of expertise or free access to expertise located in other organizations (scientific goal), collectives emphasize altruism, public action, the adoption of innovative practices by the largest number, and the highest level of sharing among members in order to transform society. Our intention in this Management Focus is to analyze the dynamics of knowledge communities (communities of practice and collectives) with respect to innovation, agility, and the resilience of organizations. European Management Journal 1 How can knowledge communities'' dynamics (i.e., communities of practice and collectives) foster organizational resilience? His research focuses on the organization, management, and performance of creative and innovative processes at the individual, collective, organizational, and territorial levels.


id: cord-034634-7jo3y89b
author: Ridzi, Frank
date: 2020-11-04
txt: ./txt/cord-034634-7jo3y89b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034634-7jo3y89b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7640537/
doi: 10.1007/s42413-020-00098-z
summary:
  Among the advantages explored are increased capacity in key community leadership elements of: engaging residents, working across sectors, commissioning and disseminating local data and research, shaping public policy, and marshaling resources. This has often translated into such CF activities as: "convening stakeholders around a common problem or issue; forging partnerships that leverage additional public or private resources; brokering new, fragile or even contentious relationships; providing needed training and technical assistance to nonprofits; speaking out and using the media to raise visibility and spur action on an issue; commissioning research and needs assessments to identify gaps in services; and collaboratively creating new institutions (Ranghelli 2006:3) ." Community Foundation community leadership has also been increasingly seen in the area of supporting collective impact efforts to collaboratively address community problems through coordinated, multi-sector and data driven partnerships (Ridzi and Doughty 2017; Ridzi 2019) .

title:
  Community Leadership through Conversations and Coordination: the Role of Local Surveys in Community Foundation Run Community Indicators Projects

abstract:
  Community indicators (CI) projects rely on a variety of sources for the data that they make available to measure community well-being. While statistics collected and distributed by national and local governments are perhaps the most prevalent, some communities in both Canada and the United States have found great advantages to commissioning or administering their own surveys of local community members in order to enhance the insights that government-curated data can provide. In this paper we examine two organizations engaged with indicator projects that have opted to do so from the perspectives of their primary CI project supporters: the Vancouver Foundation in Canada and the Central New York Community Foundation in the United States. Among the advantages explored are increased capacity in key community leadership elements of: engaging residents, working across sectors, commissioning and disseminating local data and research, shaping public policy, and marshaling resources. We conclude by reflecting on the many synergies between the CI and community foundation (CF) movements, paying attention to their shared interests in community well-being through better conversations and coordination among the organizations in the communities they serve.


id: cord-034684-ehaiqye5
title: Over the Caribbean Top: Community Well-Being and Over-Tourism in Small Island Tourism Economies
author: Peterson, Ryan R.
date: 2020-11-05
txt: ./txt/cord-034684-ehaiqye5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034684-ehaiqye5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7643527/
doi: 10.1007/s42413-020-00094-3
summary:
  The confluence of enduring tourism growth with diminishing economic development in small island tourism economies (SITES) raises serious questions about the role and contribution of tourism for inclusive development and community well-being in the Caribbean (UNSDG 2018), especially considering the complex of economic, health, and environmental shocks in addition to the longstanding social vulnerabilities and institutional weaknesses (IMF 2017; Ruprah et al. The confluence of policy and market failures intensify the negative externalities due to several institutional conditions, including: (a) a regulatory deficiency in environmental conservation and enforcement, (b) limited economic diversification and innovation, (c) lopsided (private) benefits and (public) costs of tourism growth, (d) marginal social inclusion and non-civic participation in tourism policy and development, and (e) a strong and persistent bias towards short-term tourism promotion, expansion, and growth (Bishop 2010; Daye et al.

abstract:
  The Caribbean is one of the most tourism-intense regions of the world with rising levels of over-tourism, especially in dependent small island tourism economies (SITE). More critically, mounting socio-ecological pressures are compounded by increasing climate change and enduring social vulnerabilities, thereby challenging traditional policies and paradigms of growth and sustainability. Drawing on previous studies of inclusive development and community well-being, this research paper frames and extends the phenomenon of over-tourism from a political economic perspective. Based on a historical account of small island tourism development, an in-depth case study of Aruba is presented. Recognized internationally as the ‘One Happy Island’ and one of the most tourism-dependent small island economies, the findings yield a contextualized understanding of the complex and dynamic nature of over-tourism, and identify the main antecedents and effects of over-tourism. The study discusses the evolving economic disconnectedness, environmental decay, social inequality, and institutional failures. The findings describe the role of institutional capture and policy drift which stem primarily from political as well as market forces, and have resulted in a gradual marginalization of community well-being and agency. The paper proposes an extended conceptualization of over-tourism in small island tourism economies by explicitly recognizing that the crux of the over-tourism conundrum in SITE is political in nature and institutional by nurture. Recommendations are provided for transitioning towards community-driven development by building capabilities and pathways for innovation, internalization, and institutionalization in order to strengthen the resilience of small island tourism development.


id: cord-035182-ax6v3ak5
title: Outcomes in CME/CPD - Special Collection: How to make the “pyramid” a perpetuum mobile
author: Griebenow, Reinhard
date: 2020-10-27
txt: ./txt/cord-035182-ax6v3ak5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-035182-ax6v3ak5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7599014/
doi: 10.1080/21614083.2020.1832750
summary:
  To enhance the effect CME may achieve in improving community health the authors suggest a kick-off/keep-on continuum of medical competence, and integration of aspects of public health at all levels from planning to delivery and outcomes measurement in CME. Continuing medical education (CME) should not be an end in itself, but as expressed in Moore''s pyramid [1] , help to improve both individual patient and ultimately community health. Continuing medical education (CME) should not be an end in itself, but as expressed in Moore''s pyramid [1] , help to improve both individual patient and ultimately community health. On the one hand there is some evidence for the impact of this strategy on physician performance and patient outcomes [82] , but on the other hand this is not the appropriate strategy to address gaps in community health, and tends to create an attitude of unbalanced activism. The impact of CME on physician performance and patient health outcomes: an updated synthesis of systematic reviews

abstract:
  Continuing medical education (CME) should not be an end in itself, but as expressed in Moore’s pyramid, help to improve both individual patient and ultimately community, health. However, there are numerous barriers to translation of physician competence into improvements in community health. To enhance the effect CME may achieve in improving community health the authors suggest a kick-off/keep-on continuum of medical competence, and integration of aspects of public health at all levels from planning to delivery and outcomes measurement in CME.


id: cord-035289-m3uvh8zn
title: Heritage Community Resilience: towards new approaches for urban resilience and sustainability
author: Fabbricatti, Katia
date: 2020-11-11
txt: ./txt/cord-035289-m3uvh8zn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-035289-m3uvh8zn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7656517/
doi: 10.1186/s40410-020-00126-7
summary:
  In the Hangzhou Declaration, Placing Culture at the Heart of Sustainable Development Policies, "the appropriate conservation of the historic environment, including cultural landscapes, and the safeguarding of relevant traditional knowledge, values and practices, in synergy with other scientific knowledge, enhances the resilience of communities to disasters and climate change" (UNESCO 2013, action 6). On these bases, this paper aims to identify the critical actors and variables, strategies and governance mechanisms that influence Heritage Community Resilience, in a self-sustaining circuit in which Heritage Community care actions can reduce the vulnerability of cultural heritage and community, and at the same time increase its capacity to prevent, cope with and recover from disturbances and/or disasters.

abstract:
  The value of cultural heritage and its transmission for “making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable” is an integral part of the UN Agenda 2030 and the new international policy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Nonetheless, the role of culture for these important challenges is an issue that current scientific literature on resilience has not yet sufficiently investigated. Starting from the concept of Heritage Community, elaborated in the Council of Europe's Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society (Framework convention on the value of cultural heritage for society, 2005), along with the hypothesis of its role for Community Resilience, this study elaborates a conceptual framework in which “Heritage Community Resilience” is defined. It is both a target and a process in which cultural heritage supports the building of a community able to prevent, cope with and recover from disturbances and/ or disasters. Through a survey of several case studies on heritage-driven practices in Italian inner peripheral areas, the research aims to define the specific characteristics of Heritage Community Resilience as well as identify any critical actors and variables, strategies and governance mechanisms, which influence both Heritage Community and Community Resilience. It predicts the challenges and highlights the potential that culture and heritage can develop for Community Resilience, towards further perspectives of resilient circular city.


id: cord-102749-tgka0pl0
title: Taxonomic classification method for metagenomics based on core protein families with Core-Kaiju
author: Tovo, Anna
date: 2020-05-01
txt: ./txt/cord-102749-tgka0pl0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-102749-tgka0pl0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.08.898395
doi: 10.1101/2020.01.08.898395
summary:
  In this study, we first apply and compare different bioinformatics methods based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene and whole genome shotgun sequencing for taxonomic classification to three small mock communities of bacteria, of which the compositions are known. In particular, we propose an updated version of Kaiju, which combines the power of shotgun metagenomics data with a more focused marker gene classification method, similar to 16S rRNA, but based on core protein domain families (40, 41, 42, 43) from the PFAM database (44) . As shown in (27) , where different amplicon sequencing methods are tested on both simulated and real data and the results are compared to those obtained with metagenomic pipelines, the whole genome approach resulted to outperform the previous ones in terms of both number of identified strains, taxonomic and functional resolution and reliability on estimates of microbial relative abundance distribution in samples.

abstract:
  Characterizing species diversity and composition of bacteria hosted by biota is revolutionizing our understanding of the role of symbiotic interactions in ecosystems. However, determining microbiomes diversity implies the classification of taxa composition within the sampled community, which is often done via the assignment of individual reads to taxa by comparison to reference databases. Although computational methods aimed at identifying the microbe(s) taxa are available, it is well known that inferences using different methods can vary widely depending on various biases. In this study, we first apply and compare different bioinformatics methods based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene and whole genome shotgun sequencing for taxonomic classification to three small mock communities of bacteria, of which the compositions are known. We show that none of these methods can infer both the true number of taxa and their abundances. We thus propose a novel approach, named Core-Kaiju, which combines the power of shotgun metagenomics data with a more focused marker gene classification method similar to 16S, but based on emergent statistics of core protein domain families. We thus test the proposed method on the three small mock communities and also on medium- and highly complex mock community datasets taken from the Critical Assessment of Metagenome Interpretation challenge. We show that Core-Kaiju reliably predicts both number of taxa and abundance of the analysed mock bacterial communities. Finally we apply our method on human gut samples, showing how Core-Kaiju may give more accurate ecological characterization and fresh view on real microbiomes.


id: cord-149748-ucsxbzen
author: Borowski, Elisa
date: 2020-10-29
txt: ./txt/cord-149748-ucsxbzen.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-149748-ucsxbzen.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.15889v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  Applying a natural experiment approach to newly released ridesourcing data, we examine variation in the gap-filling role of on-demand mobility during sudden shocks to a transportation system by analyzing the change in use of ridesourcing during unexpected rail transit service disruptions across the racially and economically diverse city of Chicago. The main contributions of this study are the insights it provides into: (1) whether ridesourcing is used as a gap-filling transportation mode during transit disruptions in Chicago, (2) whether its utilization for this purpose is distributed equitably across the city in terms of racial and economic circumstances, and (3) whether variation in ridesourcing demand during disruptions is attributable to station-level, community-level, or quadrant-level contexts. We use a multilevel regression analysis to identify the station level, community area level, and city quadrant level factors associated with systematic variations in ridesourcing demand during transit disruptions.

title:
  Disparities in ridesourcing demand for mobility resilience: A multilevel analysis of neighborhood effects in Chicago, Illinois

abstract:
  Mobility resilience refers to the ability of individuals to complete their desired travel despite unplanned disruptions to the transportation system. The potential of new on-demand mobility options, such as ridesourcing services, to fill unpredicted gaps in mobility is an underexplored source of adaptive capacity. Applying a natural experiment approach to newly released ridesourcing data, we examine variation in the gap-filling role of on-demand mobility during sudden shocks to a transportation system by analyzing the change in use of ridesourcing during unexpected rail transit service disruptions across the racially and economically diverse city of Chicago. Using a multilevel mixed model, we control not only for the immediate station attributes where the disruption occurs, but also for the broader context of the community area and city quadrant in a three-level structure. Thereby the unobserved variability across neighborhoods can be associated with differences in factors such as transit ridership, or socio-economic status of residents, in addition to controlling for station level effects. Our findings reveal that individuals use ridesourcing as a gap-filling mechanism during rail transit disruptions, but there is strong variation across situational and locational contexts. Specifically, our results show larger increases in transit disruption responsive ridesourcing during weekdays, nonholidays, and more severe disruptions, as well as in community areas that have higher percentages of White residents and transit commuters, and on the more affluent northside of the city. These findings point to new insights with far-reaching implications on how ridesourcing complements existing transport networks by providing added capacity during disruptions but does not appear to bring equitable gap-filling benefits to low-income communities of color that typically have more limited mobility options.


id: cord-186031-b1f9wtfn
title: Analysis of online misinformation during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemics in Italy
author: Caldarelli, Guido
date: 2020-10-05
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.01913v1.pdf
doi: nan
abstract:
  During the Covid-19 pandemics, we also experience another dangerous pandemics based on misinformation. Narratives disconnected from fact-checking on the origin and cure of the disease intertwined with pre-existing political fights. We collect a database on Twitter posts and analyse the topology of the networks of retweeters (users broadcasting again the same elementary piece of information, or tweet) and validate its structure with methods of statistical physics of networks. Furthermore, by using commonly available fact checking software, we assess the reputation of the pieces of news exchanged. By using a combination of theoretical and practical weapons, we are able to track down the flow of misinformation in a snapshot of the Twitter ecosystem. Thanks to the presence of verified users, we can also assign a polarization to the network nodes (users) and see the impact of low-quality information producers and spreaders in the Twitter ecosystem.


id: cord-214006-0w6bqrox
author: Aghdam, Atae Rezaei
date: 2020-10-26
txt: ./txt/cord-214006-0w6bqrox.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-214006-0w6bqrox.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.13276v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  OHCs as affordable and easily accessible 24/7 services, can facilitate self-management of diabetics by offering health-related advice and stories, social and emotional support (Aghdam et al. OHCs provide opportunities for members to exchange new ideas, knowledge and information about diabetes selfmanagement, functioning as a bridge among people with type-2 diabetes and healthcare professionals and providing online discussion platforms to brainstorm potential solutions (Sim et al. Information sharing by peers, experience and advice sharing, life-style related advice sharing, and sharing daily-basis activities are the most common activities identified by researchers in this study through thematically analysing the content of threads in the Reddit diabetes online communities. Furthermore, participating in diabetes group-based education program provides opportunities for patients to meet and discuss with other members of the communities, obtaining social and emotional support (Steinsbekk et al. This study provides an opportunity for leveraging peer-to-peer support within digital health platforms such as OHCs to empower patients in their self-management of diabetes.

title:
  Towards Empowering Diabetic Patients: A perspective on self-management in the context of a group-based education program

abstract:
  This paper provides a novel framework for maximizing the effectiveness of the Diabetes Group Education Program, which could be generalized in any similar problem context.


id: cord-252526-4vsfl62z
author: Laborde, Yvens
date: 2020
txt: ./txt/cord-252526-4vsfl62z.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252526-4vsfl62z.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.31486/toj.20.0063
doi: 10.31486/toj.20.0063
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Community Outreach Panel Explores and Addresses Higher Rates of COVID-19–Related Deaths in the African American Population These factors, which include higher rates of poverty and housing density; lower rates of stable, salaried jobs that permit work-from-home arrangements; and the burden of preexisting, chronic medical conditions, effectively equate to an inability for many members of this community to practice social distancing. To gain further insight into how healthcare professionals can address these factors, Drs Yvens Laborde and Olivia Manayan, in collaboration with the Regular Baptist Church of New Orleans, organized a question and answer panel ( Figure) with the aims of (1) providing accurate, up-to-date, evidence-based information about COVID-19 to the public in a way that was approachable and accessible, (2) answering questions posed by members of the community, and (3) gaining a better understanding of the root causes of inequities in the healthcare system.

title:
  Community Outreach Panel Explores and Addresses Higher Rates of COVID-19–Related Deaths in the African American Population


id: cord-255466-g3b283ym
author: Bhagra, Ojas
date: 2020-07-02
txt: ./txt/cord-255466-g3b283ym.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255466-g3b283ym.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32690384/
doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2020.05.018
abstract: nan
summary:
  In addition to HCWs needing community support to relieve the strain of massive patient influxes, pandemics take immense tolls on the mental, emotional, and holistic wellbeing of communities through the lack of connectivity due to isolation, social distancing, and cancellations of major social and life events 5 . We aim to provide a framework for an integrated, intergenerational community response to promote emotional, mental, and holistic wellbeing of HCWs and communities. Mobilizing the community to aid mask shortages directly helps another major impact: a massive toll on HCWs'' emotional and mental health. It is important to recognize the impact a community can have on improving the mental health of HCWs by addressing their emotional and spiritual needs during a time of crisis. An integrated, intergenerational community response is essential to promote emotional, mental, and holistic wellbeing during a pandemic.

title:
  An Integrated and Intergenerational Community Response to Promote Holistic Wellbeing During the COVID-19 Pandemic


id: cord-258570-3n7jp0l0
title: Community health workers in Ghana: the need for greater policy attention
author: Baatiema, Leonard
date: 2016-12-02
txt: ./txt/cord-258570-3n7jp0l0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258570-3n7jp0l0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000141
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2016-000141
summary:
  We argue that CHWs have played critical roles in improving health service delivery and outcomes, including guinea worm eradication, expanded immunisation coverage, maternal and child health, and HIV/AIDS treatment and management. Despite the general consensus about the importance of CHWs among the global health community, health policy interventions to recognise and support optimal delivery of healthcare by CHWs are lacking, especially in LMICs. In Ghana, although a number of studies and reports have highlighted CHWs'' activities, 16 19 20 there is inadequate health policy support for them. Ambiguity further abounds in the mainstream literature on the characterisation of CHWs. 21 However, during the recent United States Agency for International Development (USAID) CHW Evidence Summit, there was some consensus that a CHW is "A health worker who receives standardized training outside the formal nursing or medical curricula to deliver a range of basic health, promotional, educational, and mobilization services and has a defined role within the community system and larger health system".

abstract:
  From the 1970s to the 1990s, the WHO, United Nations and other agencies mooted the idea of formally training and recognising community health workers (CHWs) to complement efforts to improve primary healthcare delivery in low and middle income countries. Recently, CHWs have been recognised as important players in the achievement of the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Despite this recognition, little understanding exists in Ghana about the activities of CHWs: who they are; how they are recruited; what they do; level of health policy support; contribution to healthcare delivery and the challenges they face. Based on a rapid scoping review of the existing literature, and our experience working in Ghana, this paper reflects on the role of CHWs in healthcare delivery in Ghana. We argue that CHWs have played critical roles in improving health service delivery and outcomes, including guinea worm eradication, expanded immunisation coverage, maternal and child health, and HIV/AIDS treatment and management. However, these achievements notwithstanding, CHWs face challenges which prevent them from being optimally productive, including capacity problems, neglect by the healthcare system, high attrition rates and inadequate supervision. Policymakers in Ghana therefore need to give increased attention to CHWs, provide remuneration for their activities, create career opportunities and other means of motivations to boost their productivity and sustain gains associated with their activities.


id: cord-259672-qdrcb2ce
title: Exploring disaster resilience within the hotel sector: A systematic review of literature
author: Brown, Nancy A.
date: 2017-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-259672-qdrcb2ce.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259672-qdrcb2ce.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212420916307841
doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.02.005
summary:
  A cross-disciplinary lens may provide an opportunity to identify connections between the hotel sector''s needs (ensuring safety and security of guests and staff as well as remaining operational and profitable) and disaster resilience building. The most prevalent definitions adopted by authors of tourism sector research has been Faulkner''s [24] concept that crises often have a component that could have been controlled by the group being affected (e.g. management failing to react to events in a way that minimizes effects), while disasters occur suddenly and the actual trigger event is out of the control of those affected (e.g. an earthquake hitting a populated area). reviews definitions of community resilience and finds "…they refer to "community" as a large social group…" While an imminent and potentially disastrous event can pose incredible challenges for a hotel operation, disaster preparedness and resilience building can mitigate the consequences [39] .

abstract:
  Within the tourism industry, the hotel sector's vulnerabilities are multi-faceted. This literature discussion scrutinizes how disaster and resilience is framed for the tourism sector, and, more specifically, how the concepts can be applied to the hotel sector. A synthesis of the literature points to the importance of prioritizing disaster resilience building for the hotel sector. The body of literature regarding disasters, tourism, and more specifically hotels, has increased over the last 20 years, still improvements in the hotel sector's disaster preparedness and do not appear to be on the same trajectory. Illustrating the predicament of the contemporary hotel industry serves to open a discussion about the value of building resiliency to disaster for hotels. As the numbers of people affected by disasters grows, the importance of providing actionable information to limit the severity of these events on communities also escalates in pace.


id: cord-269387-pgg61svt
title: Starting the Transition Towards Integrated Community Care 4all
author: Vandensande, Tinne
date: 2020-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-269387-pgg61svt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269387-pgg61svt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32676007/
doi: 10.5334/ijic.5553
abstract: nan
summary:
  Citizens, neighbourhood networks, community-based organizations and informal carers are all being recognized as key players in tackling the Covid-19 crisis as they address the huge needs for psychosocial, practical and food support [1] . � ICC engages and empowers people in local communities; � ICC promotes a sense of accountability towards a territorially defined population; � ICC fosters inclusiveness and reaching out to underserved and marginalised groups; � ICC activates and reinforces the social ties between people; � ICC is goal-oriented in nature, supporting people''s priorities and life goals; � ICC strengthens communities by tackling social, economic and environmental determinants of health; � ICC comes down to a continuous process of wholesystem innovation; � ICC requires a social movement to make it a reality. • A systems storyline to fully acknowledge the heterogeneity of ICC and to map and understand the many drivers and strategies behind the various models and practices that exist in integrated community care.


id: cord-271693-7tg21up3
title: Identifying persistent structures in multiscale ‘omics data
author: Zheng, Fan
date: 2020-10-03
txt: ./txt/cord-271693-7tg21up3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271693-7tg21up3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32587977/
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.16.151555
summary:
  Many different approaches have been devised or applied to detect structures in biological data, including standard clustering, network community detection, and low-dimensional data projection [5] [6] [7] , some of which can be tuned for sensitivity to objects of a certain size or scale (so-called ''resolution parameters'') [8, 9] . We first explored the idea of measuring community persistence via analysis of synthetic datasets [15] in which communities were simulated and embedded in the similarity network at two different scales (Supplementary Fig. 1a; Methods) . Application to protein-protein interaction networks from budding yeast and human found that HiDeF captured knowledge in GO more significantly than previous pipelines proposed for this task, including the NeXO approach to hierarchical community detection [23] and standard hierarchical clustering of pairwise protein distances calculated by three recent network embedding approaches [24] [25] [26] (Fig. 3a, Fig. 7) .

abstract:
  In any ‘omics study, the scale of analysis can dramatically affect the outcome. For instance, when clustering single-cell transcriptomes, is the analysis tuned to discover broad or specific cell types? Likewise, protein communities revealed from protein networks can vary widely in sizes depending on the method. Here we use the concept of “persistent homology”, drawn from mathematical topology, to identify robust structures in data at all scales simultaneously. Application to mouse single-cell transcriptomes significantly expands the catalog of identified cell types, while analysis of SARS-COV-2 protein interactions suggests hijacking of WNT. The method, HiDeF, is available via Python and Cytoscape.


id: cord-271876-kln3t3ru
author: Bloomfield, Sally F.
date: 2007-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-271876-kln3t3ru.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-271876-kln3t3ru.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17327186/
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.10.003
summary:
  Although health care-associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile strains are primarily a risk to hospital patients, people are increasingly concerned about their potential to circulate in the community and the home. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, and extended-spectrum b-lactamaseproducing Escherichia coli in the community: Assessing the problem and controlling the spread Although health care-associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile strains are primarily a risk to hospital patients, people are increasingly concerned about their potential to circulate in the community and the home. For bacterial strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Clostridium difficile, and extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, the use of antibiotics is a common factor that is related to their emergence and spread. Although health care-associated MRSA (HCA-MRSA) and C difficile strains are primarily a risk to vulnerable patients in hospitals, people are increasingly aware and concerned about the potential for these organisms to circulate between the hospital and other settings, including the home.

title:
  Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Escherichia coli in the community: Assessing the problem and controlling the spread

abstract:
  Although health care-associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus and clostridium difficile strains are primarily a risk to hospital patients, people are increasingly concerned about their potential to circulate in the community and the home. They are thus looking for support in order to understand the extent of the risk, and guidance on how to deal with situations where preventing infection from these species becomes their responsibility. A further concern are the community-acquired MRSA and C. difficile strains, and other antibiotic resistant strains circulating in the community such as the Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli. In response to concerns about such organisms in the community, the International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene has produced a report evaluating MRSA, C. difficile, and ESBL-producing E. coli from a community viewpoint. The report summarizes what is known about their prevalence in the community, their mode of transmission in the home, and the extent to which they represent a risk. It also includes “advice sheets” giving practical guidance on what to do when there is a risk of infection transmission in the home.


id: cord-276428-oy8e2cpx
author: Krishnan, Lakshmi
date: 2020-06-05
txt: ./txt/cord-276428-oy8e2cpx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276428-oy8e2cpx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-2223
doi: 10.7326/m20-2223
summary:
  This commentary examines the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex and sometimes surprising ways it operated, triggering particular responses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. This commentary examines the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex and sometimes surprising ways it operated, triggering particular re-sponses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. We examine the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex, sometimes surprising ways it triggered particular responses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. Although the influenza pandemic does not reveal ready associations between deleterious social, cultural, and economic conditions and poor outcomes (aside from higher case-fatality rate) for black Americans, the gaps in historical documentation may reflect inherent disparities and consequences of limited racial/ethnic data collection.

title:
  Historical Insights on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the 1918 Influenza Pandemic, and Racial Disparities: Illuminating a Path Forward

abstract:
  The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is exacting a disproportionate toll on ethnic minority communities and magnifying existing disparities in health care access and treatment. To understand this crisis, physicians and public health researchers have searched history for insights, especially from a great outbreak approximately a century ago: the 1918 influenza pandemic. However, of the accounts examining the 1918 influenza pandemic and COVID-19, only a notable few discuss race. Yet, a rich, broader scholarship on race and epidemic disease as a “sampling device for social analysis” exists. This commentary examines the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex and sometimes surprising ways it operated, triggering particular responses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. This analysis reveals that critical structural inequities and health care gaps have historically contributed to and continue to compound disparate health outcomes among communities of color. Shifting from this context to the present, this article frames a discussion of racial health disparities through a resilience approach rather than a deficit approach and offers a blueprint for approaching the COVID-19 crisis and its afterlives through the lens of health equity.


id: cord-280981-p0l5bpqi
title: COVID, resilience, and the built environment
author: Keenan, Jesse M.
date: 2020-05-14
txt: ./txt/cord-280981-p0l5bpqi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280981-p0l5bpqi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-020-09773-0
doi: 10.1007/s10669-020-09773-0
summary:
  Through this perspective, the article hopes to explore those often overlooked aspects of the physical and social parameters of the built environment that may be understood as providing opportunities to inform future disaster, public health, and climate change preparations and responses. Through this perspective, the article hopes to explore those often overlooked aspects of the physical and social parameters of the built environment that may be understood as providing opportunities to inform future disaster, public health, and climate change preparations and responses. In the past decade, multi-hazard disaster and engineering resilience planning has had significant impacts in shaping the design and management of the built environment in everything from supporting the business continuity of private enterprise (Keenan 2015) to the sustainable provision of critical public services (Humphries 2019) .

abstract:
  This article provides a perspective on the reciprocal relationships between public and private sector resilience planning activities and the ongoing COVID responses in the U.S. Through the lens of the built environment, this article provides selected insights into how various disaster, organizational, and engineering resilience activities have likely positively shaped COVID responses within the healthcare sector. These positive influences are contextualized within extensive efforts within public health and healthcare management to calibrate community resilience frameworks and practices for utilization in everything from advancing community health to the continuity of facilities operations. Thereafter, the article shifts focus to speculate on how ongoing experiences under COVID might yield positive impacts for future resilience designs, plans and policies within housing and the built environment. Through this perspective, the article hopes to explore those often overlooked aspects of the physical and social parameters of the built environment that may be understood as providing opportunities to inform future disaster, public health, and climate change preparations and responses.


id: cord-283744-qkvo6cji
title: Community participation is crucial in a pandemic
author: Marston, Cicely
date: 2020-05-04
txt: ./txt/cord-283744-qkvo6cji.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283744-qkvo6cji.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673620310540
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31054-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  Community participation is essential in the collective response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), from compliance with lockdown, to the steps that need to be taken as countries ease restrictions, to community support through volunteering. This requires dedicated staff who can help governments engage in dialogue with citizens, work to integrate the response across health and social care, and coordinate links with other sectors such as policing and education. Second, those of us working to address COVID-19 in the health and social care sectors and beyond should look to existing community groups and networks to build coproduction. All societies have community groups that can co-create better pandemic response and health services and politicians must be supported to incorporate these voices. Social mobilization and community engagement central to the Ebola response in west Africa: lessons for future public health emergencies


id: cord-283960-vfnt2o20
author: Walsh, Sharon L.
date: 2020-10-17
txt: ./txt/cord-283960-vfnt2o20.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283960-vfnt2o20.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0376871620305007
doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108335
summary:
  title: The HEALing (Helping to End Addiction Long-term (SM)) Communities Study: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Trial at the Community Level to Reduce Opioid Overdose Deaths through Implementation of an Integrated Set of Evidence-based Practices The primary aim of the HEALing Communities Study (HCS) is to determine the impact of an intervention consisting of community-engaged, data-driven selection, and implementation of an integrated set of evidence-based practices (EBPs) on reducing opioid overdose deaths. One driver of the opioid crisis is the recognized gap between the number of individuals who could benefit from evidence-based treatment and prevention interventions to reduce opioid misuse, opioid use disorder (OUD) and associated medical consequences, including overdose deaths, versus those engaged in care. The primary aim of the HEALing Communities Study (HCS) is to evaluate the effectiveness of a community-engaged intervention on reducing opioid overdose fatalities by deploying an integrated set of EBPs through a community-driven process in an array of settings, including behavioral health, healthcare and criminal justice to reach populations vulnerable to opioid overdose.

title:
  The HEALing (Helping to End Addiction Long-term (SM)) Communities Study: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Trial at the Community Level to Reduce Opioid Overdose Deaths through Implementation of an Integrated Set of Evidence-based Practices

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Opioid overdose deaths remain high in the U.S. Despite having effective interventions to prevent overdose deaths, there are numerous barriers that impede their adoption. The primary aim of the HEALing Communities Study (HCS) is to determine the impact of an intervention consisting of community-engaged, data-driven selection, and implementation of an integrated set of evidence-based practices (EBPs) on reducing opioid overdose deaths. METHODS: The HCS is a four year multi-site, parallel-group, cluster randomized wait-list controlled trial. Communities (n = 67) in Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York and Ohio are randomized to active intervention (Wave 1), which starts the intervention in Year 1 or the wait-list control (Wave 2), which starts the intervention in Year 3. The HCS will test a conceptually driven framework to assist communities in selecting and adopting EBPs with three components: 1) A community engagement strategy with local coalitions to guide and implement the intervention; 2) A compendium of EBPs coupled with technical assistance; and 3) A series of communication campaigns to increase awareness and demand for EBPs and reduce stigma. An implementation science framework guides the intervention and allows for examination of the multilevel contexts that promote or impede adoption and expansion of EBPs. The primary outcome, number of opioid overdose deaths, will be compared between Wave 1 and Wave 2 communities during Year 2 of the intervention for Wave 1. Numerous secondary outcomes will be examined. DISCUSSION: The HCS is the largest community-based implementation study in the field of addiction with an ambitious goal of significantly reducing fatal opioid overdoses.


id: cord-284314-jpxaf02p
author: Geekiyanage, Devindi
date: 2020-09-16
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101847
doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101847
title:
  Assessing the state of the art in community engagement for participatory decision-making in disaster risk-sensitive urban development

abstract:
  Vulnerable communities are often marginalized in the decision-making process in urban development due to barriers to community entry and challenges for community engagement. The state-of-the-art on these constraints’ limits to a specific region, state, or a context; thus, the knowledge is scattered and not forming a global perspective on how and why communities’ engagement in urban development has been hindered. Having a sound understanding of the existing barriers and challenges to community inclusive decision-making process is paramount for finding solutions for transforming current practices towards equitable urban development. Accordingly, this comprehensive, structured literature review aims to consolidate literature of the current challenges and barriers to community-driven decision-making in urban development and of the potential solutions to overcome them. A structured literature review covering indexed publications from 2010 to 2020 was carried out to identify and classify barriers/challenges and solutions that exist at present. Following a systematic filtering process, a total of 63 out of 1324 research contributions have been considered for an in-depth analysis. The study found 48 barriers and challenges regarding the current context, available infrastructure for community engagement, and current decision-making processes. Of all, the lack of communities’ knowledge and awareness, absence of meaningful community engagement, and ill-defined aims and purpose of community engagement were identified as the topmost constraints. By synthesising the current research, the study found that these barriers can potentially be overcome through attitude transformation and capacity building of both community and professionals, investment in community engagement, and changes to present stakeholder engagement processes and policies.


id: cord-292094-vmsdhccp
author: Mandell, Lionel A.
date: 2007-03-01
txt: ./txt/cord-292094-vmsdhccp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-292094-vmsdhccp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17278083/
doi: 10.1086/511159
abstract: nan
summary:
  Severity-of-illness scores, such as the CURB-65 criteria (confusion, uremia, respiratory rate, low blood pressure, age 65 years or greater), or prognostic models, such as the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), can be used to identify patients with CAP who may be candidates for outpatient treatment. A respiratory fluoroquinolone should be used for penicillin-allergic patients.) Increasing resistance rates have suggested that empirical therapy with a macrolide alone can be used only for the treat-ment of carefully selected hospitalized patients with nonsevere disease and without risk factors for infection with drug-resistant pathogens. Advantages include the high specificity, the ability of some assays to distinguish between influenza A and B, the rapidity with which the results can be obtained, the possibly reduced use of antibacterial agents, and the utility of establishing this diagnosis for epidemiologic purposes, especially in hospitalized patients who may require infection control precautions.

title:
  Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults


id: cord-300356-oorac5he
title: Community-Acquired Pneumonia: An Unfinished Battle
author: Nair, Girish B.
date: 2011-10-05
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0025712511000927
doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2011.08.007
abstract:
  Community-acquired pneumonia remains a common illness with substantial morbidity and mortality. Current management challenges focus on identifying the likely etiologic pathogens based on an assessment of host risk factors, while attempting to make a specific etiologic diagnosis, which is often not possible. Therapy is necessarily empiric and focuses on pneumococcus and atypical pathogens for all patients, with consideration of other pathogens based on specific patient risk factors. It is important to understand the expected response to effective therapy, and to identify and manage clinical failure at the earliest possible time point. Prevention is focused on smoking cessation and vaccination against pneumococcus and influenza.


id: cord-303165-ikepr2p2
title: Expanding the Concept of Public Health
author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.
date: 2014-10-10
txt: ./txt/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303165-ikepr2p2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124157668000021
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415766-8.00002-1
summary:
  It also demands special attention through health promotion activities of all kinds at national and local societal levels to provide access for groups with special risks and needs to medical and community health care with the currently available and newly developing knowledge and technologies. 5. Environmental, biological, occupational, social, and economic factors that endanger health and human life, addressing: (a) physical and mental illness, diseases and infirmity, trauma and injuries (b) local and global sanitation and environmental ecology (c) healthful nutrition and food security including availability, quality, safety, access, and affordability of food products (d) disasters, natural and human-made, including war, terrorism, and genocide (e) population groups at special risk and with specific health needs. It acts to improve health and social welfare, and to reduce specific determinants of diseases and risk factors that adversely affect the health, well-being, and productive capacities of an individual or society, setting targets based on the size of the problem but also the feasibility of successful intervention, in a cost-effective way.

abstract:
  Ancient societies recognized the needs of sanitation, food safety, workers’ health, and medical care to protect against disease and to promote well-being and civic prosperity. New energies and knowledge since the eighteenth century produced landmark discoveries such as prevention of scurvy and vaccination against smallpox. The biological germ theory and competing miasma theory each proved effective in sanitation, and immunization in control of infectious diseases. Non-communicable diseases as the leading causes of mortality have responded to innovative preventive care of health risk factors, smoking, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, unhealthful diets, and diabetes mellitus. Health promotion proved effective to modern public health in tackling disease origins, individual behavior, and social and economic conditions. The global burden of infectious and non-communicable diseases, aging and chronic illness faces rising costs and still inadequate prevention. The evolution of concepts of public health will have to address these new challenges of population health.


id: cord-304056-2bo0s0hz
title: Part I State of Play and Review of Major Cooperation Initiatives
author: Lezotre, Pierre-Louis
date: 2014-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-304056-2bo0s0hz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128000533000021
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800053-3.00002-1
summary:
  ▸ To maintain a forum for a constructive dialogue between regulatory authorities and the pharmaceutical industry on the real and perceived differences in the technical requirements for product registration in the EU, US, and Japan in order to ensure a more timely introduction of new medicinal products, and their availability to patients; ▸ To contribute to the protection of public health from an international perspective (added upon revision in 2000); ▸ To monitor and update harmonized technical requirements leading to a greater mutual acceptance of research and development data; ▸ To avoid divergent future requirements through harmonization of selected topics needed as a result of therapeutic advances and the development of new technologies for the production of medicinal products; ▸ To facilitate the adoption of new or improved technical research and development approaches which update or replace current practices, where these permit a more economical use of human, animal, and material resources, without compromising safety; ▸ To facilitate the dissemination and communication of information on harmonized guidelines and their use such as to encourage the implementation and integration of common standards.

abstract:
  Abstract The basic principle of international cooperation is to establish bilateral and multilateral efforts to leverage the human, scientific and financial resources and the knowledge and experience of other key regulatory authorities to avoid duplication of efforts, to make activities more efficient and to allow the focussing of limited resources on higher-risk areas of concern. This increased cooperation between worldwide regulators has necessitated proactive deliberate efforts towards convergence/harmonisation of regulation, practices and requirements to eliminate or reduce differences. Cooperation and harmonisation of standards in the pharmaceutical domain are already a reality and have become increasingly important during recent decades, with a high level of commitment to these activities by all stakeholders. The worldwide Drug Regulatory Authorities (DRAs) have been working to end an isolationist attitude that cannot resolve current worldwide issues and challenges caused by an ever increasing globalisation. As a result, many cooperation and harmonisation initiatives have been established at the bilateral, regional and global levels as a response to the changing geo-economic-political situation. The spectrum of collaboration varies from simple informal technical cooperation to full integration of systems and regulations. Indeed, all these initiatives can be very different in scope (some are part of a broader harmonisation initiative), level of harmonisation (depending on the political support/commitment), organisation (well-structured versus simple discussion) or advancement (established process vs. pilot projects), but they all work towards convergence of requirements and/or practices. All these multiple worldwide cooperation and harmonisation programmes have evolved rapidly over the past decades. This book section provides the current status of this complex and broad phenomenon of cooperation, convergence and harmonisation in the pharmaceutical sector. It reviews all major global, regional and bilateral cooperation initiatives.


id: cord-308968-m4pzsfkd
author: Mercadante, Amanda R.
date: 2020-07-24
txt: ./txt/cord-308968-m4pzsfkd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308968-m4pzsfkd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32722217/
doi: 10.3390/pharmacy8030128
summary:
  title: Choosing Evolution over Extinction: Integrating Direct Patient Care Services and Value-Based Payment Models into the Community-Based Pharmacy Setting The American healthcare payment model introduced Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) into a position of power that currently puts into question the state of the pharmacy profession, especially in the community field. Four collaborative payment models have been proposed, offering methods to quell the monetary problems that exist and are predicted to continue with the closure of community pharmacies and sustained influence of PBMs. These models may additionally allow the expansion of pharmacy career paths and improve healthcare benefits for patients. A pharmacy network model could be implemented to connect pharmacists with a variety of clinical services (that are not provided in the community pharmacies) directly to the patients in need. Community pharmacy networks (i.e., CPESN) and companies currently exist that provide services for either patients or healthcare systems such as MTM or medication risk mitigation management, but their focus is on specific services or locations.

title:
  Choosing Evolution over Extinction: Integrating Direct Patient Care Services and Value-Based Payment Models into the Community-Based Pharmacy Setting

abstract:
  The American healthcare payment model introduced Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) into a position of power that currently puts into question the state of the pharmacy profession, especially in the community field. Reimbursement plans had been designed to benefit all stakeholders and save patients money but have only been shown to increase costs for these involved parties. There exist unresolved gaps in care as a result of the healthcare structure and underutilized skills of trained pharmacists who do not have the federal means to provide clinical services. Four collaborative payment models have been proposed, offering methods to quell the monetary problems that exist and are predicted to continue with the closure of community pharmacies and sustained influence of PBMs. These models may additionally allow the expansion of pharmacy career paths and improve healthcare benefits for patients. With a reflective perspective on the healthcare structure and knowledge of positive impacts with the inclusion of pharmacists, solutions to payment challenges could present a progressive approach to an outdated system. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic highlights a dependency on pharmacists and community settings. This outlook on pharmacists may persist and an established expansion of services could prove beneficial to all healthcare stakeholders.


id: cord-312603-ear9cyri
title: Dynamic graphs, community detection, and Riemannian geometry
author: Bakker, Craig
date: 2018-03-29
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-018-0059-2
doi: 10.1007/s41109-018-0059-2
abstract:
  A community is a subset of a wider network where the members of that subset are more strongly connected to each other than they are to the rest of the network. In this paper, we consider the problem of identifying and tracking communities in graphs that change over time – dynamic community detection – and present a framework based on Riemannian geometry to aid in this task. Our framework currently supports several important operations such as interpolating between and averaging over graph snapshots. We compare these Riemannian methods with entry-wise linear interpolation and find that the Riemannian methods are generally better suited to dynamic community detection. Next steps with the Riemannian framework include producing a Riemannian least-squares regression method for working with noisy data and developing support methods, such as spectral sparsification, to improve the scalability of our current methods. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s41109-018-0059-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-318336-hslnkv6p
author: Ke, Kai-Yuan
date: 2020-07-24
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32722337/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155357
title:
  Enhancing Local Disaster Management Network through Developing Resilient Community in New Taipei City, Taiwan

abstract:
  Large-scaled disaster events had increasingly occurred worldwide due to global and environmental change. Evidently, disaster response cannot rely merely on the public force. In the golden hour of crisis, not only the individuals should learn to react, protect themselves, and try to help each other, but also the local school, enterprise, non-government organization (NGO), nonprofit organization (NPO), and volunteer groups should collaborate to effectively deal with disaster events. New Taipei City (NTPC), Taiwan, was aware of the need for non-public force response and therefore developed the process of enhancing local disaster management networks through promoting the resilient community since 2009. The concept of a resilient community is to build community-based capacity for mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery in an all-hazards manner. This study organized the NTPC experience and presented the standard operation procedure (SOP) to promote the resilient community, key obstacles, maintenance mechanism, and the successful formulation of the local disaster management network. The performance of the promotion was evaluated through a questionnaire survey and found that participants affirmed the positive effect of building community capacity through the entire process. In general, the resilient community as the center of the local disaster management work is shown promising to holistically bridge the inner/outer resources and systematically respond to disaster events.


id: cord-320515-ywwq6lrb
title: Außerhalb des Krankenhauses erworbene Pneumonie (community acquired pneumonia CAP)
author: Wenisch, Christoph
date: 2006
txt: ./txt/cord-320515-ywwq6lrb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-320515-ywwq6lrb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17674510/
doi: 10.1007/s11812-006-0013-6
abstract: nan
summary:
  Als CAP (community acquired pneumonia) bezeichnet man die außerhalb des Krankenhauses erworbene Pneumonie. Bei der Behandlung ambulanter Patienten nach Kontakt mit Notfallambulanzen oder niedergelassenen Ärzten sind die Versagensraten deutlich niedriger: In einer Arbeit [30] wurde lediglich eine 2,2%ige Hospitalisierungsrate innerhalb von 3 Wochen nach einer initialen Visite in einer Notfallambulanz angegeben. In einer weiteren großen prospektiven Studie über außerhalb des Krankenhauses erworbenen Pneumonien wurde Therapieversagen definiert als entweder fehlendes Ansprechen oder Verschlechterung klinischer oder radiologischer Zeichen innerhalb von 48 bis 72 Stunden nach Primärtherapie mit oralen Antibiotika, die eine Veränderung der antiinfektiven Therapie oder die Durchführung einer invasiven Abklärung nach sich zogen. Guidelines for the management of adults with community acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy and prevention Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assissment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy and prevention


id: cord-327494-7a3szj8x
title: Chapter 18 Assessment of Medication Dispensing and Extended Community Pharmacy Services
author: Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham Mohamed
date: 2018-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-327494-7a3szj8x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-327494-7a3szj8x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780128112281000182
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811228-1.00018-2
summary:
  In this chapter, an assessment of community pharmacy practices in developing countries is particularly interesting in terms of medication dispensing and extended pharmacy services that promote public wellness. In this chapter, an assessment of community pharmacy practices in developing countries is particularly interesting in terms of medication dispensing and extended pharmacy services. The Competency Standards for Pharmacists in Australia (SHPA, 2003) mentioned several important functional areas that community pharmacists could assume: dispensing medication; preparing pharmaceutical products; promoting and contributing to the quality use of medication; providing primary healthcare; and supplying information and instructions related to health and medication. The scope of pharmacy practice now includes patient-centered care-with all the cognitive functions of counseling, providing drug information, and monitoring drug therapy-and the technical aspects of pharmaceutical services, including medication supply management, as well as people-or public-centered care.

abstract:
  Abstract Individuals who visit community pharmacies are regarded as customers rather than patients. The public tends to view community pharmacists as businesspeople. Several factors influence individuals' willingness to patronize and to continue visiting such pharmacies. On the supply side, community pharmacists' responsibilities and duties center on the health and well-being of society. In this chapter, an assessment of community pharmacy practices in developing countries is particularly interesting in terms of medication dispensing and extended pharmacy services that promote public wellness. Community pharmacists in developing countries, who are supposedly strategically positioned in the community to provide public health, are not taking advantage on this opportunity. Although several studies have noted the services provided by community pharmacists, in general, the practice is far from meeting expectations due to several barriers. Pharmacists need to realize their opportunities and potential for success as both professionals and businesspeople.


id: cord-328430-eme58ztj
title: Community Ownership in Primary Health Care—Managing the Intangible
author: Sarriot, Eric
date: 2020-10-01
url: https://doi.org/10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00427
doi: 10.9745/ghsp-d-20-00427
abstract:
  Although enduringly intangible, community ownership is foundational to primary health care. This intangibility is a reminder of what programs can and should do (create space for dialogue, question their own choices, expand diversity in stakeholder voices making sense of program-induced changes, including through evaluation) and what they cannot do (manage someone else’s ownership).


id: cord-331867-mqqtzf8k
author: Shahsavari, Shadi
date: 2020-10-28
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42001-020-00086-5
doi: 10.1007/s42001-020-00086-5
title:
  Conspiracy in the time of corona: automatic detection of emerging COVID-19 conspiracy theories in social media and the news

abstract:
  Rumors and conspiracy theories thrive in environments of low confidence and low trust. Consequently, it is not surprising that ones related to the COVID-19 pandemic are proliferating given the lack of scientific consensus on the virus’s spread and containment, or on the long-term social and economic ramifications of the pandemic. Among the stories currently circulating in US-focused social media forums are ones suggesting that the 5G telecommunication network activates the virus, that the pandemic is a hoax perpetrated by a global cabal, that the virus is a bio-weapon released deliberately by the Chinese, or that Bill Gates is using it as cover to launch a broad vaccination program to facilitate a global surveillance regime. While some may be quick to dismiss these stories as having little impact on real-world behavior, recent events including the destruction of cell phone towers, racially fueled attacks against Asian Americans, demonstrations espousing resistance to public health orders, and wide-scale defiance of scientifically sound public mandates such as those to wear masks and practice social distancing, countermand such conclusions. Inspired by narrative theory, we crawl social media sites and news reports and, through the application of automated machine-learning methods, discover the underlying narrative frameworks supporting the generation of rumors and conspiracy theories. We show how the various narrative frameworks fueling these stories rely on the alignment of otherwise disparate domains of knowledge, and consider how they attach to the broader reporting on the pandemic. These alignments and attachments, which can be monitored in near real time, may be useful for identifying areas in the news that are particularly vulnerable to reinterpretation by conspiracy theorists. Understanding the dynamics of storytelling on social media and the narrative frameworks that provide the generative basis for these stories may also be helpful for devising methods to disrupt their spread.


id: cord-332625-3rvis2gy
title: Religion as a Health Promoter During the 2019/2020 COVID Outbreak: View from Detroit
author: Modell, Stephen M.
date: 2020-06-16
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01052-1
doi: 10.1007/s10943-020-01052-1
abstract:
  The 2019/2020 COVID outbreak has surfaced as a global pandemic. The news has carried stories of the heroic efforts of medical and other health practitioners, with public health officials charting the course of spread. In an urban center like Detroit, the generosity of everyday citizens and church organizations has also played an important role. This inspection of the pandemic from the view of Detroit will examine the epidemiology of the coronavirus, translation of professional practice into people’s awareness of the chronic disease risk factors which are prevalent in Detroit, moral and ethical views on the distribution of resources, and three major ways that religious faith has helped to sustain people’s health and welfare in the midst of the broad social challenges posed by this novel coronavirus.


id: cord-351785-d35kqobp
author: DeWitt, Emily
date: 2020-08-19
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176037
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176037
title:
  Rural SNAP Participants and Food Insecurity: How Can Communities Leverage Resources to Meet the Growing Food Insecurity Status of Rural and Low-Income Residents?

abstract:
  The burden of obesity disproportionately influences poor health outcomes in rural communities in the United States. Various social and environmental factors contribute to inadequate food access and availability in rural areas, influencing dietary intakes and food insecurity rates. This study aims to identify patterns related to food insecurity and fruit and vegetable consumption within a SNAP-eligible and low-income, highly obese rural Appalachian community. A prospective cohort was implemented to identify gaps in resources addressing obesity and food insecurity challenges. SAS 9.4 software was used to examine differences in dietary intakes and shopping practices among SNAP participants. Among participants (n = 152), most reported an annual household income less than USD 20,000 (n = 90, 60.4%), 29.1% reported food insecurity, and 39.5% reported receiving SNAP benefits within the last month. The overall mean FV intake was 3.46 daily servings (95% CI: 3.06–3.91) among all participants. SNAP participation was associated with food insecurity (p = 0.007) and those participating in SNAP were two times more likely to report being food insecure (OR = 2.707, 95% CI: 1.317, 5.563), relative to non-participants. These findings further depict the need for intervention, as the burden of food insecurity persists. Tailoring health-promoting initiatives to consider rurality and SNAP participation is vital for sustainable success among these populations.


id: cord-353482-dz343h7t
title: Global Community Child Health
author: Ellis, Matthew
date: 2020-05-11
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093331
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093331
abstract:
  This special issue of IJERPH has published a range of studies in this developing field of Global Community Child Health research. A number of manuscripts submitted in response to our invitation describing ‘community-based interventions which impact on child health and wellbeing around the globe. In addition to rural community-based initiatives given that most children now live in cities we are also interested to hear about urban initiatives….’ We hope this issue will of great interest to the researchers and practitioners as well as academia from the fields of Global Health as well as Global Child Health because it comprised of 14 articles representing all five continents. Physical activity appears a key component of the scientific community’s current conception of child well-being judging from the four papers published addressing this area. This issue also has papers on childhood obesity to rubella vaccination. Despite of the journal’s strive for reaching out to a wider global child health community, this issue missed contributions relating to child safeguarding and social determinants of urban health.


id: cord-354987-e2d5w6w3
title: Building a virtual community to support and celebrate the success of Latinx scientists
author: Aguado, Brian A.
date: 2020-10-20
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33101711/
doi: 10.1038/s41578-020-00259-8
abstract:
  In February 2019, we co-founded LatinXinBME to build a diverse and welcoming virtual community of Latinx researchers in biomedical engineering (BME). We leverage digital tools and community mentoring approaches to support our members and to build safe spaces in academia, with the aim to diversify the academic workforce in STEM.


id: cord-355393-ot7hztyk
title: Community-based immunization in opportunistic social networks
author: Yuan, Peiyan
date: 2015-02-15
txt: ./txt/cord-355393-ot7hztyk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355393-ot7hztyk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037843711400942X
doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2014.10.087
summary:
  More interestingly, we find that high local importance but non-central nodes play a big role in epidemic spreading process, removing them improves the immunization efficiency by 25% to 150% at different scenarios. To this end, we investigate the evolution of community structure in opportunistic social networks, and analyze the effect of community-based immunization strategy on epidemic spreading. We observe that the most efficient immunization strategy on epidemic spreading is to remove nodes with high local importance in communities. Although many random mobility models, such as Random Walk and Random Way Point, have been widely used in opportunistic social networks for evaluating routing performance or even the epidemic dynamics [30, 31] , they cannot reflect the main features of human mobility, including the truncated power-law flights and pause-times, the heterogeneously bounded mobility areas of different nodes, etc.

abstract:
  Abstract Immunizing important nodes has been shown to be an effective solution to suppress the epidemic spreading. Most studies focus on the globally important nodes in a network, but neglect the locally important nodes in different communities. We claim that given the temporal community feature of opportunistic social networks (OSN), this strategy has a biased understanding of the epidemic dynamics, leading us to conjecture that it is not “the more central, the better” for the implementation of control strategy. In this paper, we track the evolution of community structure and study the effect of community-based immunization strategy on epidemic spreading. We first break the OSN traces down into different communities, and find that the community structure helps to delay the outbreak of epidemic. We then evaluate the local importance of nodes in communities, and show that immunizing nodes with high local importance can remarkably suppress the epidemic. More interestingly, we find that high local importance but non-central nodes play a big role in epidemic spreading process, removing them improves the immunization efficiency by 25% to 150% at different scenarios.


