Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 338 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 14684 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 52 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 334 case 59 patient 56 COVID-19 37 covid-19 36 SARS 27 disease 26 study 24 result 19 conclusion 18 Hospital 17 year 17 method 17 China 15 cell 12 treatment 12 group 12 University 12 India 12 ICU 11 PCR 10 figure 10 dna 10 Fig 9 infection 9 child 8 tumor 8 surgery 8 report 8 day 8 Wuhan 8 January 7 respiratory 7 number 7 introduction 7 high 7 MRI 7 CFR 6 surgical 6 model 6 expression 6 diagnosis 6 country 6 clinical 6 cancer 6 United 6 Medical 6 Health 5 surveillance 5 outbreak 5 mean Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 35907 patient 33047 case 31227 % 12273 study 12073 result 11447 cell 10558 disease 8730 method 8726 group 8263 time 7988 year 7715 day 7372 number 7227 infection 7105 treatment 6970 conclusion 6642 datum 6407 rate 6192 age 5678 diagnosis 5535 tumor 5446 analysis 5186 level 4946 surgery 4884 blood 4563 p 4530 system 4526 risk 4502 month 4475 child 4418 model 4258 control 4256 symptom 4089 finding 3888 procedure 3870 type 3838 population 3822 lesion 3811 hospital 3743 period 3617 factor 3525 test 3495 complication 3378 cancer 3351 value 3308 expression 3270 death 3258 syndrome 3241 injury 3165 contact Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 3775 CT 3377 COVID-19 2207 SARS 2057 MRI 1663 al 1590 . 1561 China 1359 • 1353 et 1294 Hospital 1274 C 1246 US 1230 T 1223 University 1216 mg 1179 MR 1160 Case 1134 Health 1132 A 1025 Fig 1025 CoV-2 997 January 992 PCR 926 Background 897 B 895 March 889 M. 845 S. 840 der 822 Objective 813 Purpose 789 II 787 Table 778 Wuhan 760 United 726 India 724 A. 710 Coronavirus 709 ICU 695 Study 675 C. 657 April 634 Medical 632 States 629 May 628 RBC 618 IgE 610 Introduction 598 S 593 Disease Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 16847 we 9484 it 3146 they 2082 i 1940 he 1572 she 1526 them 520 us 289 one 267 you 186 itself 122 themselves 83 him 60 her 49 me 16 ourselves 15 himself 11 ours 10 yourself 10 s 8 's 7 mg 6 u 6 herself 6 em 5 oneself 5 igg4 4 its 4 hmsh2 4 his 3 o139 3 mutationtaster3 3 linc00520 3 hent1 2 y 2 theirs 2 ocid1001 2 o103 2 mine 2 incmynsz 1  1 ≥25 1 −5 1 −.847 1 ™ 1 β 1 Δe746-a750 1 İt 1 zfpm2 1 zero Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 173367 be 29171 have 13718 use 8461 show 7862 include 7222 perform 6137 report 5232 do 4998 increase 4963 follow 4911 associate 4649 compare 4507 find 4406 present 4210 identify 4033 base 3541 evaluate 3387 confirm 3204 develop 3158 occur 3121 require 3049 consider 3002 undergo 2988 treat 2951 see 2897 cause 2869 make 2852 observe 2817 provide 2756 reduce 2694 detect 2629 describe 2546 determine 2493 assess 2477 reveal 2421 give 2359 suggest 2275 obtain 2233 relate 2231 take 2105 diagnose 2093 demonstrate 2057 remain 2048 result 2004 need 1999 lead 1941 improve 1938 estimate 1881 receive 1862 affect Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 12859 not 9307 - 8658 high 6867 clinical 6712 more 6652 also 6341 other 5597 low 5451 most 4989 well 4869 only 4319 first 4237 however 4120 such 4071 significant 3950 positive 3863 surgical 3823 different 3642 severe 3469 normal 3311 non 3299 early 3256 old 3191 acute 3181 large 3020 as 2999 small 2940 new 2920 primary 2903 common 2710 respiratory 2643 negative 2585 specific 2560 laparoscopic 2496 long 2437 significantly 2431 less 2408 mean 2394 total 2376 available 2295 respectively 2295 important 2199 further 2193 medical 2169 renal 2151 possible 2119 same 2046 abdominal 2011 human 1968 very Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1442 most 654 good 647 least 607 Most 498 high 227 large 164 low 140 great 108 bad 93 late 67 common 55 big 49 strong 47 early 46 small 32 long 31 young 30 old 24 near 21 close 17 simple 15 short 14 poor 14 fast 12 new 10 safe 8 few 8 deep 6 sick 6 rare 6 easy 5 wide 4 weak 4 steep 4 rich 4 quick 4 n(t 4 busy 3 thick 3 severe 3 p=0.016 3 northernmost 3 narrow 3 eld 3 dense 3 Least 2 ® 2 wiederhergestellt 2 slow 2 postt Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4009 most 536 least 122 well 13 hard 9 worst 6 youngest 3 early 2 shortest 2 oldest 2 lowest 2 highest 2 fewest 1 ® 1 www.womenshealthconf.org 1 micrometre 1 long 1 freshest 1 cuituredonboneslicesbothin 1 astrocytomas 1 7,10 1 -v 1 -significantly 1 -q1 1 -generate 1 -fcv Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 303 doi.org 31 github.com 11 orcid.org 7 www.who.int 6 www.cdc.gov 5 ourworldindata.org 5 bit.ly 4 www.mutationtaster.org 4 jhuspine3.shinyapps.io 4 creativecommons.org 4 covid19analytics.scinet.utoronto.ca 3 www.worldometers.info 3 doi 2 www.wild-one.org 2 www.ete-online.com 2 www.datosabiertos.gob.pe 2 www.covid19india.org 2 www.cdc.gov 2 www 2 gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com 2 cran.r-project.org 2 covid19.uclaml.org 2 covid.saude.gov.br 2 covid-19.iems.northwestern.edu 1 xcmsonline.scripps.edu 1 wwwnc.cdc.gov 1 www.xml.org 1 www.who 1 www.w3.org 1 www.vensim.com 1 www.tinnitus-liga.de 1 www.timesofisrael.com 1 www.surveymonkey.com 1 www.shinyapps.io 1 www.salute.gov.it 1 www.researchregistry.com 1 www.real-score.org 1 www.radlist.uni-erlangen.de 1 www.php.net 1 www.nytimes.com 1 www.nice.org.uk 1 www.nicd.ac.za 1 www.nicd 1 www.nhc 1 www.ncei.noaa.gov 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih 1 www.moh.gov.cn 1 www.microsoft.com 1 www.mee.gov.cn Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 23 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.09.20191239 21 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02 21 http://doi.org/10 20 http://doi.org 19 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.29.20222513 15 http://doi.org/10.1101 12 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.03.20206359 12 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.01.20144402 10 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.02.20088484 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.28.20029173 9 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.08.20021162 8 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.20114074 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.05.20188953 7 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.08.20058347 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.25.20077396 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.05.20054338 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.31.20048827 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.10.20171744 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.17.20104661 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.02.20050666 4 http://www.mutationtaster.org 4 http://jhuspine3.shinyapps.io/SpineUrgencyCalculator/ 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.21.20198416 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.14.20100537 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.15.20067256 4 http://covid19analytics.scinet.utoronto.ca 3 http://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus 3 http://github.com/ 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.01.20182642 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.27.20068346 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.27.20141614 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.26.20113993 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.02.20087270 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.29.20085175 3 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.14.20035741 3 http://doi 2 http://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ 2 http://www.ete-online.com/content/11/1/16 2 http://www.datosabiertos.gob.pe/ 2 http://www.covid19india.org/ 2 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/labdiagnosis.htm 2 http://www.CDC.gov 2 http://github.com/umich-cphds/cov-ind-19 2 http://github.com/mponce0/covid19analytics.datasets 2 http://github.com/mponce0/covid19.analytics 2 http://github.com/epiforecasts/ringbp 2 http://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 2 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.08.20208991 Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 4 snarayan@childrensnational.org 3 nkadom@childrensnational.org 3 drvikasmenghani@gmail.com 3 dristuna@yahoo.com 2 usha.nagaraj@osumc.edu 2 suraj.serai@cchmc.org 2 mjl1213@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr 2 kurianj@email.chop.edu 2 kim.cecil@cchmc.org 2 jaraque@georgiahealth.edu 2 eiblanco74@gmail.com 2 e.nhihuynh@gmail.com 2 andrea.doria@sickkids.ca 2 amitsensation@yahoo.co.in 2 alokjaju@gmail.com 2 ahmad.aouthmany@utoledo.edu 2 henrietta.rosenberg@mountsinai.org 1 y-hassou@fsr.ac.ma 1 victorrivneac@yahoo.com 1 tsai@childrens.harvard.edu 1 tkelly@chw.org 1 teresaliang86@gmail.com 1 tbarnes@utk.edu 1 taylorchung12@gmail.com 1 tanyasupakul@yahoo.com 1 swestra@partners.org 1 support@bmj.com.visi 1 sumitsingh78@yahoo.com 1 sthawai2@jhmi.edu 1 states@email.chop.edu 1 stanescu@u.washington.edu 1 spalasis@yahoo.com 1 sirajul.jamaludin@moh.gov.bn 1 shilpavhegde@gmail.com 1 shawn.parnell@seattlechildrens.org 1 scorpion68kd@yahoo.com 1 schmitzk@ohsu.edu 1 sblumer@montefiore.org 1 s.cauchemez@imperial.ac.uk 1 rxkrishn@texaschildrens.org 1 run4boston@gmail.com 1 rudyavar@gwmail.gwu.edu 1 rubioeva@yahoo.com 1 ramy.jalbout@yahoo.com 1 rami.nachabe@philips.com 1 radhakrp@ucmail.uc.edu 1 pkhanna@uw.edu 1 omwh@cdc.gov 1 nskwatra@childrensnational.org 1 nrssbabu@gmail.com Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39 patients did not 33 patients were male 32 cells were positive 31 data are available 30 patient did not 29 patients undergoing laparoscopic 29 patients were not 25 patients underwent laparoscopic 24 % were female 24 % were male 24 studies are necessary 23 patients undergoing surgery 21 study did not 20 data were available 18 patients were female 17 patients underwent surgery 16 group was significantly 16 levels were normal 15 patients do not 15 results were not 14 % did not 14 cases are not 14 month follow up 14 patients were males 13 cases are asymptomatic 13 cases did not 13 cells were present 13 data are not 13 groups were comparable 13 levels were significantly 13 patients underwent surgical 13 patients were more 13 patients were randomly 13 time was significantly 13 treatment is not 12 cases are sporadic 12 cases were not 12 data was available 12 months follow up 12 patient was not 12 results are not 11 cells are present 11 patients had normal 11 rate was higher 11 results were statistically 11 studies were normal 10 analysis did not 10 cases do not 10 cases were more 10 cases were negative Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 data were not available 4 results were not statistically 3 data are not available 3 groups showed no significant 3 patient had no further 3 patient had no significant 3 patients had no history 3 study had no role 3 study is not cities 3 treatment is not always 2 case was not significantly 2 cases are not always 2 cases are not normally 2 cases had no complications 2 cases had no residual 2 cases have no symptoms 2 cells is not certain 2 cells showed no change 2 data are not comparable 2 data are not publicly 2 diagnosis is not always 2 diagnosis is not straightforward 2 disease has not yet 2 disease have not yet 2 groups were not significantly 2 levels were not different 2 levels were not significantly 2 methods are not capable 2 patient had no other 2 patient had no symptoms 2 patient showed no signs 2 patient was not always 2 patients had no relationship 2 patients had no significant 2 patients had no symptoms 2 patients were not evaluable 2 patients were not significantly 2 patients were not subsequently 2 rate was not significantly 2 results are not available 2 study is not clear 2 surgery is not necessary 2 system is no longer 1 % did not worse 1 % had no administration 1 % had no asthma 1 % had no change 1 % had no clinical 1 % had no fever 1 % had no history A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-255814-k203h9jq author = Abou-Al-Shaar, Hussam title = The Undetermined Destiny of Case Reports in the Era of Sophisticated Medicine date = 2017-05-31 keywords = case summary = In 1910, Dr. Harvey Cushing first encountered the disease in a 23-year-old woman, who is historically known as "Minnie G." The patient had an unusual and complex clinical presentation in the form of obesity, hypertrichosis, amenorrhea, overdevelopment of secondary sexual characteristics, low-grade hydrocephalus, and increased cerebral tension. 4 Because of such single case reports, the clinical symptoms of the disease were described and were named after Cushing. 6 The disease was initially described as a single case, and extensive reporting of more cases expanded our understanding of the nature of such an infection, its origin, route of transmission, pathophysiologic mechanisms, and clinical implications. 7 The value of case reports is also evident by their role in delineating hidden unusual disease associations, 8, 9 novel genetic discoveries, 10 new surgical techniques and technical nuances, 11 unique thought-provoking disease pathogenesis, 12 decision-making challenges and conundrums, 13 cutting-edge management innovations, 14 and unusual complications. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.02.109 id = cord-279330-vy0ohgia author = Adamik, B. title = Estimation of the severeness rate, death rate, household attack rate and the total number of COVID-19 cases based on 16 115 Polish surveillance records date = 2020-11-03 keywords = November; case; household summary = title: Estimation of the severeness rate, death rate, household attack rate and the total number of COVID-19 cases based on 16 115 Polish surveillance records Conclusions: The proposed approach derives highly relevant figures on the COVID-19 pandemic from routine surveillance data, under assumption that household members of detected infected are tested and all severe cases are diagnosed. Using this unbiased sample, we derive upper and lower bounds on the age dependent rates of severe progression, death rates and in-household attack rates. Below, we first derive estimators for the bounds on COVID-19 severeness and attack rates, as well as the total number of infected, without taking account for such factors as age or sex. To estimate upper and lower bounds for the COVID-19 severeness rate in Poland, we focused on the secondary case data ( Table 2 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.10.29.20222513 id = cord-016557-f2mzwhrt author = Aggrawal, Anil title = Agrochemical Poisoning date = 2006 keywords = Fig; India; States; United; acute; case; chemical; death; herbicide; insecticide; paraquat; pesticide; poisoning; report summary = doi = 10.1007/978-1-59259-921-9_10 id = cord-200185-oz2x9a9s author = Agrawal, Shubhada title = City-Scale Agent-Based Simulators for the Study of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in the Context of the COVID-19 Epidemic date = 2020-08-11 keywords = Bengaluru; India; Mumbai; case; figure summary = While medicines/vaccines for treating the disease remained under development at the time of writing this paper, many countries implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions such as testing, tracing, tracking and isolation, and broader approaches such as quarantining of suspected cases, containment zones, social distancing, lockdown, etc. Third, agent-based models are well suited to study the impact of various non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as "lockdown for a certain number of days", "offices operating using the 1 See [5] for a state-level epidemiological model for India and [6] for a combination of the two approaches. We study the impact of two containment strategies for Bengaluru: soft ward containment (i.e., linearly-varying mobility control that turns an open ward into a locked ward when the number of hospitalised cases become 0.1% of the wards population; in the latter locked scenario, only 25% mobility is allowed for essential services, see Figure 4 ) and neighbourhood containment (i.e., when an individual is hospitalised, everyone living in a 100m surrounding area undergoes home quarantine). doi = nan id = cord-266982-069pelqj author = Agua-Agum, Junerlyn title = Exposure Patterns Driving Ebola Transmission in West Africa: A Retrospective Observational Study date = 2016-11-15 keywords = Ebola; Text; case; exposure summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002170 id = cord-006172-ndmf5ekp author = Akins, Paul Taylor title = H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza date = 2010-09-02 keywords = CSF; H1N1; acute; case; influenza summary = We present a case report of 2009 H1N1-associated encephalopathy and review neurologic complications associated with seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1 virus infection. We present a case of a patient with acute encephalitis associated with febrile upper respiratory tract illness due to 2009 H1N1 complicated by seizures and malignant cerebral edema. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract is hypothesized to play a prominent role in the more severe stages leading to cytokine dysregulation (''''cytokine storm'''') in Influenzaassociated encephalopathy or encephalitis (IAE) patients [6] . We present a case of acute encephalitis associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, complicated by malignant brain edema. We have also provided an overview of the spectrum of acute and post-infectious neurologic complications reported in association with seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract. doi = 10.1007/s12028-010-9436-0 id = cord-283215-dgysimh5 author = Al-Jabir, Ahmed title = Impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on surgical practice - Part 2 (surgical prioritisation) date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; College; Coronavirus; case; management; patient; surgery summary = Prioritisation of surgical services during this pandemic must be a careful balance of patient needs and resource availability and the European Association of Urology Guidelines Office offer the following suggestions for factors that must be taken into account [3] Whilst there have been no publication of guidelines by any professional association for the management of stone surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been some guidance published by Proietti et al [48] suggesting telephone triage of patients followed by prioritisation based on stone size and location, the presence of any obstructive uropathy, patient symptoms, presence of any stents or nephrostomy tubes and any other complicating factors such as renal failure or a solitary kidney. With guidelines specific to each specialty being implemented and followed, surgeons should be able to continue to provide safe and effective care to their patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.05.002 id = cord-345019-i7zm9bt1 author = Al-Waleedi, Ali Ahmed title = The first 2 months of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Yemen: Analysis of the surveillance data date = 2020-10-29 keywords = SARS; Yemen; case summary = A total of 268 individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were hospitalized (57%), among whom there were 95 in-hospital deaths, CONCLUSIONS: The surveillance strategy implemented in the first 2 months of the SARS CoV 2 in the southern and eastern governorates of Yemen, captured mainly severe cases. For early detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Yemen, as in other countries, a case definition, active surveillance, and contact tracing were required [10, 11] . The first 2 months after confirmation of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Yemen was characterized by a 57% hospitalization rate in the southern and eastern parts of the country included in The First 2 Months of the SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic in Yemen our study, 63% of deaths occurring in individuals aged <60 years, confirmatory testing of <50% of the suspected cases, and majority of cases were not related to a defined chain of transmission. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241260 id = cord-348494-yx11ucrb author = Ali, Kamran title = Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and management of aerosol-generating procedures in dentistry date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = Conclusions This retrospective study provides preliminary data on aerosol and droplet contamination during endonasal and transoral surgery performed under a negative pressure isolation drape system. This retrospective study provides preliminary data on aerosol and droplet contamination during endonasal and transoral surgery performed under a negative pressure isolation drape system. Notwithstanding the limitations of the design, negative-pressure aspiration of air under a chamber barrier is likely to minimise the contamination from aerosol and droplet during endonasal and transoral surgery. Notwithstanding the limitations of the design, negative-pressure aspiration of air under a chamber barrier is likely to minimise the contamination from aerosol and droplet during endonasal and transoral surgery. • Finally, dental professionals should not remain at the receiving end of cross infection control guidelines and should explore appropriate platforms to actively participate in research aimed at informing evidence-based protocols to limit the spread of COVID-19 in dental environments. doi = 10.1038/s41432-020-0088-4 id = cord-321194-xi4zy5ow author = Allam, Zaheer title = The Third 50 Days: A Detailed Chronological Timeline and Extensive Review of Literature Documenting the COVID-19 Pandemic From Day 100 to Day 150 date = 2020-07-24 keywords = April; COVID-19; China; Coronavirus; Italy; President; States; United; case; country summary = The build-up to this global pandemic announcement saw a national wide lockdown declared in Italy on 9th following an uncontrollable and astronomic increase in the number of new cases and deaths in the country (BBC, 2020c) . As the situation escalated, with over 1000 confirmed cases in the country, and over 31 deaths from the virus, the National Basketball Association (NBA), one of the most popular and fancied sporting activity in North America abruptly suspended its season, as of March 11, when a player of the Utah Jazz tested positive for coronavirus, just before their game with Oklahoma City began (Cacciola and Deb, 2020) . While a majority of countries, especially in Europe writhed in desperation from the impacts of COVID-19, China reported a third consecutive day with no local new case of coronavirus (The straits Times, 2020c). doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-824313-8.00003-6 id = cord-253638-5f9ofdsc author = Alsaied, Tarek title = Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) Pandemic Implications in Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Disease date = 2020-06-10 keywords = CHD; COVID-19; case; disease; patient summary = Given the increased risk for severe COVID‐19 observed in adults with underlying cardiac involvement, there is concern that patients with pediatric and congenital heart disease (CHD) may likewise be at increased risk for severe infection. In this review, we describe the effects of COVID‐19 in the pediatric and young adult population and review the cardiovascular involvement in COVID‐19 focusing on implications for patients with congenital heart disease in particular. 4-Cardiac care team members are at risk for acquiring COVID-19 and may play a role in spreading the disease between patients and in the society at large. It is important to know that 3.8% of the cases reported from China were of healthcare team members suggesting that health care providers are at a significantly increased risk of contracting COVID-19 11, 83 . doi = 10.1161/jaha.120.017224 id = cord-018792-oqwbmyft author = Ammon, Andrea title = Early disease management strategies in case of a smallpox outbreak date = 2007 keywords = case; measure; smallpox; vaccination summary = Usually, the strategy for the management of clinical cases of poxviruses includes the early detection of cases, rapid laboratory diagnosis, an assessment of the risk of further spread and containment measures. The strategy for the management of clinical cases of poxviruses (occurring sporadically or in outbreaks) usually includes the early detection of cases, rapid laboratory diagnosis, an assessment of the risk of further spread and containment measures. In addition to the national and international notifications based on given case definitions, certain measures are necessary to allow an initial risk assessment of the epidemic development. In addition to the national and international notifications based on given case definitions, certain measures are necessary to allow an initial risk assessment of the epidemic development. Various models have been developed to assist in identifying the best use of the available vaccines (e.g., [5] [6] [7] [8] ), as well as other control measures like case isolation and contact tracing or combinations thereof [9, 10] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-7643-7557-7_20 id = cord-016826-oatjcmy0 author = Arata, Andrew A. title = Old and New Pestilences date = 2005 keywords = Africa; America; Asia; New; case; disease summary = At the time of this writing, two such pathogens are active, warranting such concern: a) cases of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, caused by a coronavirus) appeared in China in November, 2002, and has spread to Western and Central Europe and North America; b) a strain of Avian Influenza Virus (N5H1), first identified in Hong Kong in 1997, reemerged in 2002 in Southeast Asia. Dengue, and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF), have spread globally, infecting vast new areas, especially urban areas where the human living conditions are substandard, but readily suited for vector breeding. A good example is the recent outbreak of West Nile encephilitis in the U.S. In 1999 and 2000, the virus was isolated from/around New York City from large numbers of dead birds (especially crows and jays): 21 human cases and two deaths were confirmed. doi = 10.1007/0-387-24103-5_3 id = cord-018110-mcw4v13c author = Arnold, Andreas title = Inner Ear date = 2010 keywords = Fig; Ménière; Sect; case; day; hearing; loss; patient; sensorineural; tinnitus; vestibular summary = In the case of partial or no remission, prednisolone treatment should be continued orally for 16 days together with gastric proton pump inhibitors and additional haemodilutive/haemorheological infusion therapy together with α-lipoic acid should be administered as described for high-frequency idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss. Acute tinnitus due to noise-induced damage or acoustic trauma of the inner ear, idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss (sudden deafness), acute attack of Ménière''s disease, toxic labyrinthitis, rupture of the round window, perilymphatic fistula of the round or oval window, labyrinthine contusion or fractures of the temporal bone due to head trauma should be treated with a daily dose of 250-500 mg prednisolone intravenously on three consecutive days. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-68940-9_6 id = cord-152238-z0gysxni author = Aronna, M. Soledad title = A model for COVID-19 with isolation, quarantine and testing as control measures date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = We take into account the presence of asymptomatic infections and the main policies that have been adopted so far to contain the epidemic: isolation (or social distancing) of a portion of the population, quarantine for confirmed cases and testing. In the proposed model, the proportion of people in isolation, the level of contact reduction and the testing rate are control parameters that can vary in time, representing policies that evolve in different stages. These constants may be used as control parameters, via the tuned lockdown as decided by the public policies (reflecting on p and partially on r), the awareness of the population in respecting the social distancing among individuals and in the widespread use of personal protection equipment (expressed by β and partially by r), the availability of testing kits, that results in a higher or lower value of ρ. In our model, since the groups of active individuals and in r-isolation evolve differently (see Scenario A 4 and Figure 4 below), the time-dependent reproduction number R(t) is given by the formula (4) where ϕ in (5) is doi = nan id = cord-346247-5jwbg6bc author = Awasthi, Amit title = Statistical interpretation of environmental influencing parameters on COVID-19 during the lockdown in Delhi, India date = 2020-09-25 keywords = Delhi; case; covid-19 summary = In this study, the COVID-19 connection with various weather parameters like temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity is investigated and the future scenario of COVID-19 is predicted based on the Gaussian model (GM). Based on statistical analysis, this has been observed that the temperature parameter shows a significant positive trend during the period of study. To predict the future scenario of COVID-19, this is not appropriate to use an exponential equation, because an exponential growth represents a continuous increase, whereas in the pandemic scenario, the number of cases will indeed increase rapidly up to certain days or months, afterward the value will start to decrease after forming a peak. ;R 2 = 0.997 Fig. 5 Daily variation in confirmed COVID-19 cases the fitted GM, it is predicted that the maximum number of cases is observed during the time range of 166.15 ± 36 days. doi = 10.1007/s10668-020-01000-9 id = cord-345623-ba3we97o author = BOELLE, Pierre-Yves title = Excess cases of Influenza like illnesses in France synchronous with COVID19 invasion. date = 2020-03-17 keywords = case summary = title: Excess cases of Influenza like illnesses in France synchronous with COVID19 invasion. Several French regions where COVID19 has been reported currently show a renewed increase in ILI cases in the general practice based Sentinelles network. We computed the expected number of ILI consultations using the superposition of a seasonal (4) and an influenza epidemic component (5) , as detailed in the appendix. Assuming a positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 of 2/7 in these regions, we estimated that 760 (CI95% [219, 1706]) ARI consultations in the > 65 y.o. could have been caused by COVID19 during week 10 (2/7 of 2600 ARI visits). is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint Several processes may be at play in this observation, including at least characteristics of the influenza season, change in population behaviour or increase in COVID19 incidence. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.14.20035741 id = cord-355480-mx9dbm73 author = Bajunirwe, Francis title = Long distance truck drivers and the increasing risk of COVID-19 spread in Uganda date = 2020-06-29 keywords = Uganda; case summary = title: Long distance truck drivers and the increasing risk of COVID-19 spread in Uganda Data include number of persons tested and the categories classified as international arrivals, community members and long distance truck drivers. Of those that tested positive, majority or 317 (71.8%) were truck drivers, 75 (16.9%) were community cases and 50 (11.3%) were international arrivals. We classify the cases into three categories namely: international traveller, local/ community cases, and long-distance truck drivers. Of those that tested positive, majority or 317 (71.8%) are truck drivers, 75 (16.9%) were community cases and 50 (11.3%) were international arrivals as shown in Table 1 below. Long distance truck drivers have established themselves as the highest risk group for COVID-19 currently in Uganda. The epidemic is now literally being driven by the truck drivers who have emerged as a core group for COVID in Uganda. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.085 id = cord-253256-909chgl0 author = Bajwa, Sukhminder Jit Singh title = Peri-operative and critical care concerns in coronavirus pandemic date = 2020-03-28 keywords = care; case; covid-19; infection; patient summary = In this article, all outbreak response measures including triaging, preparation of isolation rooms, decontamination and disinfection protocols as well as fundamental principles of critical care and anaesthetic management in Covid-19 cases is being discussed. The need of the hour therefore is to update ourselves with clinicopathological spectrum of the deadly disease and provide evidence based medical services to all hospitalized cases with suspected Covid-19 infection. All the recommendations below have been influenced by the past experiences of corona virus outbreaks and desire improved measures for personal protection of health care workers and consequent prevention of nosocomial transmission of infection. Planning for anaesthesiaand surgery in covid-suspect cases Anaesthesiologists and intensivists are the soldiers at the final frontier of corona disaster as all patients landing up in the hospital with severe respiratory distress will be primarily seen under their domain. Air, surface environmental, and personal protective equipment contamination by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from a symptomatic patient doi = 10.4103/ija.ija_272_20 id = cord-311439-y9jwu38r author = Bao, Changjun title = Possible Spread of adenovirus type 3 from poultry to humans: indirect evidence from an outbreak in China date = 2007-09-30 keywords = PCR; Township; adenovirus; case summary = We describe an outbreak of acute respiratory infection due to adenovirus type 3 that occurred in one county of Jiangsu Province, China, during the period from April 18 th to July 4 th 2004. Pharyngeal swab specimens from children and adolescent patients who were diagnosed with acute upper respiratory tract infections at Township A health care hospital during the outbreak from April through July 2005 were cultured for adenovirus. An infection caused by adenovirus type 3 was verified by entire gene sequence testing to 10 Nested PCR amplification products of positive specimens (from nine patients) in the laboratory of the National CDC of China. Eighteen paired patient serums(acute and convalescent) were used to test neutralization titer with the isolate adenovirus type 3 viral strain simultaneously. This investigation demonstrated that acute respiratory infection caused by adenovirus type 3 caused the outbreak that occurred in over seventy schools in ten townships in 2004. doi = 10.1016/s1007-4376(07)60071-9 id = cord-221669-uokr4mjq author = Barnes, T. title = The SHIR Model: Realistic Fits to COVID-19 Case Numbers date = 2020-07-28 keywords = SHIR; case summary = As an example we show that the average time dependence of new COVID-19 cases per day from 15 Central and Western European countries is in good agreement with the analytic, parameter-free prediction of the model We will follow this with more detailed SHIR-model calculations of the cumulative case numbers N 0 f I (t) and especially the new cases per day (cpd), N 0 df I (t)/dt, and will describe detailed fits of these functions to COVID-19 data from a range of countries. In this section we will show results from fitting the predicted early pandemic time dependence from the SHIR model as derived in Sec.IIIA to data for the confirmed COVID-19 case numbers from many different countries. The total case numbers P max differ from their mean by ±2%, the fitted social response times τ Next we will follow the same procedure described in the first Austrian fit above, and will fit the SHIR model to the cpd data for each of a representative set of Central and Western European countries. doi = nan id = cord-332314-nukv34fh author = Bartoszek, Krzysztof title = Are official confirmed cases and fatalities counts good enough to study the COVID-19 pandemic dynamics? A critical assessment through the case of Italy date = 2020-06-26 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; case summary = Clearly, the curves presented in Fig. 1 suggest that a more in-depth look at the raw numbers is required and that there is a need to put the data in a correct perspective before trying to fit any epidemiological model to them, especially because the viral dynamics are starting to be inferred from reported case fatalities [5, 18, 24] . Its constantly increasing infected and case fatality count has lead us looking in greater detail into this data, especially as it is used for curve-fitting of epidemiological models (e.g., [13, 15, 21, 31] following brief survey of arXiv) and presented in public media. In this work, we analyzed in depth the two statistics that are commonly reported for the currently ongoing COVID-19 pandemic-the number of confirmed cases and the number of case fatalities for the different regions of Italy. doi = 10.1007/s11071-020-05761-w id = cord-167454-ivhqeu01 author = Battiston, Pietro title = COVID-19: $R_0$ is lower where outbreak is larger date = 2020-04-16 keywords = SIR; case summary = Specifically, we employ daily data on the number of individuals positive to COVID-19 at the municipality level, focusing on a period in which the entire country was subject to a lockdown. Note: fit between data and the corresponding SIR model for Lombardy region (left) and the most affected municipalities at the beginning of our period of interest in absolute and per capita terms, respectively (center, right). In order to shed light on this indeterminacy, we proceed to simulating the SIR model for each municipality until the predicted size of the infected population decreases below either (i) 0.1 cases for one thousands inhabitants or (ii) 0.1 cases 6 and we consider the number of periods elapsed as the outbreak duration. We show that in Lombardy, during a lockdown, the basic reproduction number for COVID-19 reacts negatively to the initial size of an outbreak at the municipality level, an effect which cannot be explained by the population having reached herd immunity. doi = nan id = cord-347543-muon0kuu author = Bellido-Blasco, J. B. title = Epidemiology of Infectious Diarrhea date = 2011-12-31 keywords = Campylobacter; Salmonella; case; diarrhea summary = Steen Ettenberg and other collaborators performed a specific study on cases registered throughout Denmark in the 1990s and found that 13.3% of Salmonella enteritidis, 10.4% of Shigella sonnei, 5.6% of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium, 3.2% of Campylobacter, and 2.0% of Yersinia enterocolitica cases belonged to this type of clusters, which is a large majority unknown to epidemiological monitoring systems. For example, an outbreak that occurred in the United States in the first half of 2008 was Table 1 Epidemiologic first approach to a case of diarrhea produced by Salmonella Saintpaul with the same genetic fingerprint that affected more than 500 people in 32 states. Agent: bacterial, viral, other (biotoxin, chemical); reservoir and exposure source: animal, soil, surfaces, water, food, ill person, carriers; mechanism of transmission: food, water, hands, aerosol, or dust swallowed via mouth; individual at risk: age, earlier health status, genetic susceptibility; group at risk: same opportunity to exposure; other related people: contact with primary ill or asymptomatic person. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-63951-6.00689-6 id = cord-318058-s8vvfejn author = Bellido-Blasco, J.B. title = Epidemiology of Infectious Diarrhea date = 2011-03-03 keywords = Campylobacter; Salmonella; case; diarrhea summary = From the epidemiological point of view, the cases can be sporadic or epidemic, and identification of the infection source and transmission mechanism is important for prevention and control. Even when incidences of the infection do not display such great geographic differences, in the case of some viruses, the indicators in terms of its lethality are noticeably different; for example, rotavirus is very frequent in all types of countries, but its severity (mortality rate) is greater in poor countries. Steen Ettenberg and other collaborators performed a specific study on cases registered throughout Denmark in the 1990s and found that 13.3% of Salmonella enteritidis, 10.4% of Shigella sonnei, 5.6% of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium, 3.2% of Campylobacter, and 2.0% of Yersinia enterocolitica cases belonged to this type of clusters, which is a large majority unknown to epidemiological monitoring systems. The study of risk factors in Campylobacter infection presents difficulties given that the majority of cases are sporadic and in children under the age of 2 years. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00689-9 id = cord-103545-2v89ku4o author = Bellos, Ioannis title = Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women infected by SARS-CoV-2: A meta-analysis date = 2020-11-13 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case summary = The following data were planned to be extracted from each of the included studies: name of first author, country, maternal age, medical history (diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism or polycystic ovary syndrome), symptoms (fever, cough, shortness of breath, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, myalgia, fatigue, headache, sore throat, nasal congestion, abdominal pain, chest pain), radiological signs, presence of co-infection (bacterial or influenza), laboratory tests (lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, increased Creactive protein, procalcitonin, ferritin, liver function tests and D-dimers), type of treatment, pregnancy outcomes (fetal distress, premature rupture of membranes-PROM, placenta previa, preeclampsia, preterm birth, cesarean section, stillbirth), maternal outcomes (admission to intensive care unit-ICU or death), neonatal outcomes (gender, gestational age, birthweight, 1-minute/5-minute Apgar score, horizontal/vertical transmission, admission to ICU, mechanical ventilation, sepsis and death). As a result, the present meta-analysis was based on 16 observational studies [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] and 44 case reports/series , including a total of 920 neonates born to women with SARS-CoV-2 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.11.038 id = cord-242887-gtmpd7t0 author = Bento, Ana I. title = Information Seeking Responses to News of Local COVID-19 Cases: Evidence from Internet Search Data date = 2020-04-06 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = On the other hand, searches for information regarding community level policies (e.g., quarantine, school closures, testing), or personal health strategies (e.g., masks, grocery delivery, over-the-counter medications) do not appear to be immediately triggered by first reports. To provide rapid information to guide policy making, we use Internet search data in an event-study design to examine how collective attention and information seeking behaviors respond to state government announcements of first COVID-19 cases. There was no observable trend in the search behavior in the days leading up to the announcements, suggesting the first "local" case indeed heightened the collective attention to the pandemic. The third row suggests that first case announcements did not induce search for community level policies (quarantines, school closures, and coronavirus testing), or more elaborate personal health strategies (face masks, grocery delivery, overthe-counter medications). Our results suggest that first state COVID-19 case announcements do lead to a widespread increase in the extent to which people seek out Internet information about the epidemic. doi = nan id = cord-343042-9mue4eiv author = Bertozzi, Giuseppe title = Mistrial or Misdiagnosis: The Importance of Autopsy and Histopathological Examination in Cases of Sudden Infant Bronchiolitis-Related Death date = 2020-05-27 keywords = case; death; respiratory summary = Following these complaints, the autopsy was performed, and subsequent histological examinations revealed the presence of typical and pathognomonic histological findings of acute viral bronchiolitis, whose morphological appearance is poorly reported in the literature. For all these reasons, the autopsy, either clinical or medicolegal, is mandatory in cases of sudden unexpected infant death to manage claim requests because only the histological examinations performed on samples collected during the autopsy can reveal the real cause of death. In fact, in the reported case studies, histopathologic diagnostics identified pathognomonic signs of acute bronchiolitis characterized by edema, congestion, leukocytic infiltration in the bronchiolar wall, leukocytes in the peribronchial interstitial pulmonary space, allowing the identification of the exact cause of death. The analysis of the presented cases shows that the autopsy is mandatory in SUID occurrence, in which the absence of anamnestic data and/or acute clinical signs does not allow to identify the cause of death. doi = 10.3389/fped.2020.00229 id = cord-127109-jdizyzbl author = Bertschinger, Nils title = Visual explanation of country specific differences in Covid-19 dynamics date = 2020-04-15 keywords = CFR; case summary = Indeed, I show here that SIR type models -and others exhibiting similarly flexible growth dynamics -are non-identified with respect to the CFR and the fraction of observed infections. Figure 4 shows the country specific estimates of reporting delay, CFR and fraction of observed cases (assuming a true CFR of 1%) obtained in this fashion. In turn, Figure 5 shows the implied relative case counts when shifted by the estimated delays and scaled to reflect the unobserved fraction of cases for each country. A suitable reporting delay τ c can be estimated by visual inspection of the data, but again the fraction of observed cases α c and CFR cfr are not jointly identifiable if there exist sets of parameters such that a t−τ = αa t , as is the case for dynamic SIR type models. Assuming that only a fraction α of cases is observed, the model is estimated with the following Relative days since two death per mill. doi = nan id = cord-299584-zpiaka80 author = Biscayart, Cristian title = The next big threat to global health? 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV): What advice can we give to travellers? – Interim recommendations January 2020, from the Latin-American society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) date = 2020-02-29 keywords = China; Wuhan; case summary = doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101567 id = cord-284810-fs5rx07q author = Blasius, Bernd title = Power-law distribution in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases date = 2020-09-17 keywords = Fig; case; country; distribution summary = To test this hypothesis, we use empirical data 14 to compute the country-level distribution, P, of confirmed COVID-19 cases, n, at the end of March 2020 worldwide and find that it is closely approximated by a truncated power-law, 4, 38 Here, we provide a conceptual dual-scale model that explains the emergence of the power-law distribution by the "superposition" of two concurrent processes: large-scale spread of the virus between countries and small-scale snowballing of case numbers within each country. By combining real world data, modeling, and numerical simulations, we make the case that the distribution of epidemic prevalence, and possibly that of spreading processes in general, might follow universal rules. A straightforward calculation shows that the combination of the two exponential processes generically yields a truncated power-law distribution in the number of cases in countries: Consider an epidemic outbreak that started (the first case reported in a country) at time t = 0. doi = 10.1063/5.0013031 id = cord-348999-989vojgu author = Boddington, N. L. title = COVID-19 in Great Britain: epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first few hundred (FF100) cases: a descriptive case series and case control analysis date = 2020-05-22 keywords = FF100; case; covid-19 summary = Objectives: Following detection of the first virologically-confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Great Britain, an enhanced surveillance study was initiated by Public Health England to describe the clinical presentation, course of disease and identify risk factors for infection of the first few hundred cases. This paper describes the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first few hundred cases of COVID-19 identified in GB, including estimates of sensitivity and specificity of selected symptoms, associations of underlying health conditions with infection and estimates of the prevalence of these conditions in the UK population. service.gov.uk/uk-population-by-ethnicity/national-and-regional-populations/population-of-england-and-wales/latest) Logistic regression analysis of associations of age and sex with COVID-19 included 358 cases with data on underlying health conditions (to allow adjustment for immunosuppression), and 2,705,963 UK general population controls. Analysis of associations of underlying health conditions with COVID-19 infection included 358 cases with comorbidity data, and 2,705,963 UK general population controls (Table 4 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.05.18.20086157 id = cord-035351-3mv6x0w9 author = Boin, Arjen title = Guardians of Public Value: How Public Organizations Become and Remain Institutions date = 2020-11-13 keywords = Boin; IPCC; Selznick; case; institution; organization; public; value summary = An important recent study that provides support for much of what Selznick was proposing, albeit cast in slightly different language, is that of Charles Goodsell (2011a, b) , who examined the organizational history and development of ''mission-driven'' public agencies in the United States, including such iconic institutions as NASA and the National Forest Service. Institutions are, in other words, better prepared to weather the storms of failure, scandal and crisis that any organization faces in its lifetime-provided, as Selnick (1957) reminds us, that they remain responsive and adaptive to the environments they work in and from which they derive their public licence to operate (in fact, Selznick identified this as the most difficult leadership task). If we suspend judgement, we can learn-even from institutions that in our time and context may look questionable-valuable lessons about their emergence, their value proposition, their governance, their ''formula'' for success, their ways of acquiring a public licence to operate, their ways of navigating conflict and tensions, and in some instance, their decline and downfall. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-51701-4_1 id = cord-249166-0w0t631x author = Booss-Bavnbek, Bernhelm title = Dynamics and Control of Covid-19: Comments by Two Mathematicians date = 2020-08-17 keywords = Health; SARS; Sect; case; covid-19 summary = We give an overview of the main branches of mathematics that play a role and sketch the most frequent applications, emphasising mathematical pattern analysis in laboratory work and statistical-mathematical models in judging the quality of tests; demographic methods in the collection of data; different ways to model the evolution of the pandemic mathematically; and clinical epidemiology in attempts to develop a vaccine. A few physicians suggested that every epidemic ends because there are finally not enough people left to be infected, which is a naïve predecessor to the mathematical-epidemiologic concept of Herd Immunity (see Sect. Parallel to the entering the scene of these and other epidemics, and partly motivated by them, basically new mathematical tools of public health emerged in the first part of the 20 th Century, preceded by a few studies in the late 19 th . Dealing with large epidemics mathematically was no longer a matter of demography alone, although that continued to be the main tool for estimating number of cases and deaths. doi = nan id = cord-285002-jv91qwjg author = Borthakur, Arijitt title = Radiology Extenders: Impact on Throughput and Accuracy for Routine Chest Radiographs date = 2020-10-13 keywords = case; draft; radiologist summary = Impact on throughput was analyzed by measuring flow rates (number of radiograph interpretations finalized per hour) for four subspecialist attending thoracic radiologists under three conditions: independent interpretation, reviewing RE-drafted cases, and reviewing resident-drafted cases. A single observer (A.B.) manually measured the time from examination opening in PACS to final signing in three categories: independently interpreted by the attending radiologist, REdrafted reports, or resident-drafted reports. The major discrepancy rate amounted to less than 2% of all cases and generated only by the REs. Modeling scores with reporter type and examination case mix (ie, accession number) showed a 100-fold greater contribution by the latter variable to the likelihood-ratio c 2 ( Table 1) , regardless of whether the reporter was a resident or an RE. -RE-drafted reports were finalized more rapidly than resident-drafted reports by attending radiologists with insignificant differences in interpretation discrepancy rates. doi = 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.09.044 id = cord-323769-2a8cbuh2 author = Boshoff, Willem H. title = South African competition policy on excessive pricing and its relation to price gouging during the COVID‐19 disaster period date = 2020-09-29 keywords = case; demand; disaster; period; price summary = As discussed later, changes in consumer behaviour during the disaster period -including increased search costs and/or higher valuation of particular product characteristics -may reduce demand-side substitutes and increase the unilateral pricing power of firms -at least in certain types of market (Frank, 2020) . The focus on shorter horizons to assess market power has therefore facilitated an expanded scope of South African competition policy during the COVID-19 disaster, especially in relation to excessive pricing. Where the disaster period does not raise such additional concerns (perhaps in cases featuring local geographic markets, which allow price comparisons with, for example, nearby markets), intertemporal comparisons continue to offer more appropriate benchmarks for COVID-19-related investigations, for the reason discussed above. This advantage of the intertemporal benchmark is even more important in the context of COVID-19 cases, where changes in the willingness-to-pay is at the heart of excessive-pricing investigations: as argued earlier, changes in the willingness-to-pay underlies increased market power and its potential abuse during the disaster period. doi = 10.1111/saje.12268 id = cord-018761-vm86d4mj author = Bradt, David A. title = Technical Annexes date = 2017-11-08 keywords = bias; case; disease; epidemic; sample summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-69871-7_8 id = cord-020544-kc52thr8 author = Bradt, David A. title = Technical Annexes date = 2019-12-03 keywords = Health; case; disease; epidemic summary = However, if Dukoral is readily available and staff are properly trained in its use according to the guidelines that come with the vaccine, the COTS program PERMITS Dukoral''s use (ideally before an outbreak) in the following high-risk populations: refugee populations in which cholera is present, health care workers managing cholera cases, and communities in which the incidence rate is greater than 1 in 1000 annually." [2] Epidemiological Surveillance (specific to cholera) doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-04801-3_7 id = cord-309476-hel3h25h author = Brown, Julianne R. title = Encephalitis diagnosis using metagenomics: application of next generation sequencing for undiagnosed cases date = 2018-01-02 keywords = CSF; NGS; case; encephalitis summary = This included two cases of human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), 28 first described in 2005 when it was associated with a viraemic patient in whom an acute viral infection was suspected 49 ; one case of human coronavirus OC-43, 43 typically a human respiratory pathogen never previously described in a human case of encephalitis but known to cause encephalitis in mice 50 ; one case of human astrovirus MLB1, 46 of mumps vaccine virus in a child who was vaccinated prior to a primary immunodeficiency diagnosis. As with other molecular tests, including PCR which has become the gold standard of virological diagnostics, results from metagenomics applied to cases of encephalitis should be interpreted in the context of other clinical and laboratory findings, particularly when a novel or unexpected organism is detected. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.12.014 id = cord-309909-60nrhl3t author = Brumit, Ryan title = Surgical Case Deferment During a Global Pandemic date = 2020-06-03 keywords = case summary = MGH evolved the ACS guidelines to specifically include the following patient/disease states to have ongoing surgery: Beyond those directly involved in the process of deferring surgical cases, Nursing and Anesthesia must be kept well informed of significant drops in OR volume, as their staff are crucial in times of crisis and will be needed for redeployment to support other critical care needs within the hospital. 58 blocked operating rooms open and available on the OR scheduling grid meant there was no visual guidance for where non-deferrable cases should be placed. Nurses were calling patients and conducting interviews for noticeably deferrable cases, simply because they were scheduled for a date of surgery beyond the two-week deferment window. In this time, the deferment rate has dropped from 48% (weeks 1 & 2) to 92%, leaving only 25 non-deferrable cases on the schedule across 10 days (weeks 5 & 6) ( fig. doi = 10.1007/s10916-020-01584-9 id = cord-314120-zp9k1k3z author = Brunner, Carolyn M. title = Clinical and immunologic studies in identical twins discordant for systemic lupus erythematosus date = 1973-08-31 keywords = KLH; SLE; case summary = Abstract Middle-aged female identical twins, one of whom had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), were evaluated for immunologic reactivity to previous antigenic challenges, including primary immunization with a foreign antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Serologic studies were as follows: latex nucleoprotein 3+, lupus erythematosus cell preparation positive, hemolytic complement (C''H50) 28 units (normal range 34 to 48 units) and rheumatoid factor (RF) negative. Although antinuclear factor remained positive, a lupus erythematosus cell preparation was negative, and serum complement was normal. SLE as the etiology of the patient''s nephritis (Case 1) was first suggested by the positive lupus erythematosus cell preparation in 1963. Multiple blood samples tested for lupus erythematosus cells, antinuclear factor, anti DNA, rheumatoid factor and cryoglobulins (Table I) Delayed hypersensitivity to common antigens was assessed by the intradermal injection of 0.1 ml of 1:40 streptokinase-streptodornase (SK-SD), (Varidasew, Lederle, Pearl River, N.Y.), 1:30 Trichophyton (Hollister Stier, Yeadon, Pa.) and 1 :lOO Candida albicans (Hollister Stier). doi = 10.1016/0002-9343(73)90176-9 id = cord-262104-oig3qrr7 author = Brüssow, Harald title = COVID‐19: Test, Trace and Isolate‐New Epidemiological Data date = 2020-06-08 keywords = China; SARS; Wuhan; case; covid-19; infection summary = Very similar information was reported in data describing household transmission in Wuhan, where children showed a 4% infection rate compared with 17% in adults. 1.6 million tests were used to identify 1''400 SARS-CoV-2-positive cases; 1000 patients had had exposure to infected people from Hubei. In Wuhan, 105 index cases of patients suffering from moderate COVID-19 symptoms (fever, cough, fatigue) were investigated for secondary transmission to 392 household contacts. The control measures that stopped the epidemic locally have included: intense infection surveillance of incoming travelers; isolation of COVID-19 cases in hospitals; contact tracing and quarantine in holiday camps; and school closure but no lock-down, thus preventing the crisis from having a negative economic impact. Model calculations showed that the containment measures (the quarantine of exposed, and the isolation of infected persons) which depleted the number of susceptible individuals for the virus, reproduced the actually observed case development. doi = 10.1111/1462-2920.15118 id = cord-297884-a6yrtuwf author = Burke, R. M. title = Enhanced Contact Investigations for Nine Early Travel-Related Cases of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States date = 2020-05-03 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case summary = To understand the prevalence of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infection, a convenience sample of actively monitored close contacts was selected from whom to request respiratory (nasopharyngeal [NP] and oropharyngeal [OP]) samples outside of diagnostic specimen collection procedures (i.e., while contacts were asymptomatic or, in some cases, symptomatic with ≥ 1 previous negative SARS-CoV-2 result); some sites were able to request at least one set of samples from all close contacts, but most sites targeted sample collection mainly to close contacts determined to have had high-risk exposures, such as household members. Among 49 HCP who provided care to or came into contact with the infectious fluids of travelassociated case patients and who had at least one set of respiratory samples collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2, the secondary attack rate was 0% (95% CI: 0 -7%). doi = 10.1101/2020.04.27.20081901 id = cord-324405-6uanhe2p author = Burke, Rachel M. title = Enhanced contact investigations for nine early travel-related cases of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States date = 2020-09-02 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case; travel summary = To interrupt transmission and facilitate early identification of secondary cases (i.e., transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 from the original travel-related case patient to a close contact), public health authorities at the state, county, and local levels, in consultation with subject-matter experts from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), mobilized rapidly to place the patients under appropriate isolation and identify contacts exposed to these patients. To understand the prevalence of asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic infection, a convenience sample of actively monitored close contacts was selected from whom to request respiratory (nasopharyngeal [NP] and oropharyngeal [OP]) samples outside of diagnostic specimen collection procedures (i.e., while contacts were asymptomatic or, in some cases, symptomatic with � 1 previous negative SARS-CoV-2 result); some sites were able to request at least one set of samples from all close contacts, but most sites targeted sample collection mainly to close contacts determined to have had high-risk exposures, such as household members and some healthcare personnel. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238342 id = cord-330198-pwkxgbxk author = Cai, Xiaofang title = Clinical manifestations and pathogen characteristics in children admitted for suspected COVID-19 date = 2020-10-27 keywords = SARS; case; covid-19 summary = All febrile or suspected COVID-19 cases were referred to the fever clinic, and the others-including critically ill children-were received by the emergency department after pediatric 5-level triage. We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of these children admitted from the emergency department to characterize thoroughly the features of COVID-19 that can be evaluated to distinguish this novel disease from pneumonia caused by other pathogens in pediatric patients. Owing to the parents'' fear that their children were infected with SARS-CoV-2, the median time from symptom onset to hospital admission was shorter for confirmed COVID-19 cases (2.0 days) than that for suspected COVID-19 cases (3.0 days) and non-COVID-19 cases (4.0 days) (P < 0.05). Moreover, serologic testing can serve as an important adjunctive method for COVID-19 diagnosis, especially when the patient is highly suspected of SARS-CoV-2 infection but is found to be negative by nucleic acid testing. doi = 10.1007/s11684-020-0820-7 id = cord-318012-bg9y2nsp author = Cantais, Aymeric title = Epidemiology and microbiological investigations of community-acquired pneumonia in children admitted at the emergency department of a university hospital date = 2014-05-22 keywords = cap; case; child summary = BACKGROUND: The management of children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is largely influenced by the development of new molecular diagnostic tests that allow the simultaneous detection of a wide range of pathogens. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the huge proportion of CAP of viral origin, the high number of co-infection by multiple viruses and the low number of bacterial CAP, notably in children under 5 years, and address the need to re-evaluate the indications of empiric antimicrobial treatment in this age group. The aim of the present study was to document the presence of a large variety of pathogens in respiratory specimens from children attending the Pediatric Emergency Department of the University hospital of Saint-Etienne, France, during a six-month period and presenting a CAP based on clinical and radiological evidence. A single center epidemiological observational study was conducted over a six-month period (November 2012 to April 2013) on children aging from one month to 16.5 years and presenting with CAP at the Pediatric Emergency Department of the University hospital of Saint-Etienne, France. doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.05.006 id = cord-287520-51kmd2ds author = Carneiro, Arie title = Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Urologist’s clinical practice in Brazil: a management guideline proposal for low- and middle-income countries during the crisis period date = 2020-05-20 keywords = Cancer; case; covid-19; day; patient summary = Therefore, most worldwide authorities are recommending to avoid, as much as possible, patient''s elective visits to hospitals, as well as a judicious use of the operating room in order to mitigate the strain put on the health system. If it is not possible to separate an entire surgical block, we suggest designating specific rooms for the care of patients with COVID-19 that will not be used for regular cases. The gold standard test for investigation of the upper urinary tract is uro-tomography, but in times when we need to consider the use of resources, ultrasound could potentially be used since many imaging services are overloaded due to the frequent indication of thoracic CTs for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with Sars-Cov-2. -In Intermediate-risk and high-risk non--muscle-invasive bladder cancers: Clinically fit patients with no major comorbidities should receive induction therapy followed by at least 1-year maintenance BCG. doi = 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2020.04.03 id = cord-236070-yao5v598 author = Carneiro, Carlos B. title = Lockdown effects in US states: an artificial counterfactual approach date = 2020-09-28 keywords = New; case; state summary = We adopt an artificial counterfactual approach to assess the impact of lockdowns on the short-run evolution of the number of cases and deaths in some US states. On average, for treated states, the counterfactual accumulated number of cases, according to the method adopted here, would be two times larger were lockdown policies not implemented. 7 Hence, the in-sample period used to estimate the synthetic control ("before" the lockdown policy) for each treated state (to be defined below) is the number of days between the tenth day after the first confirmed case and the tenth day after the lockdown strategy was implemented. On average, according to the synthetic controls, the counterfactual accumulated number of cases would be two times larger were lockdown policies not implemented in treated states. doi = nan id = cord-282530-55lhjfm8 author = Carsana, Luca title = Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study date = 2020-06-08 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case summary = [6] [7] [8] [9] We describe the lung histopathological findings from a large series of patients who died from COVID-19 in northern Italy, with the aim of reporting the main micro scopic pulmonary lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe respiratory failure. To our knowledge, these data represent the first relevant provisional information regarding tissue damage specifically induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), besides the previously described diffuse alveolar damage, a feature that characterises interstitial pneumonia regardless of infectious agent. 3, 4, 11, 14 In two autopsy studies of patients who died from SARS (eight cases from Singapore 11 and 20 cases from Toronto), 3 the predominant pattern of lung injury was diffuse alveolar damage, including the exudative and proliferative phases. In a case report of a patient who died from COVID-19 in China, the histological findings in the lungs included desquamation of pneumocytes, diffuse alveolar damage, and oedema. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30434-5 id = cord-347182-oj3v1x99 author = Catala, M. title = Robust estimation of diagnostic rate and real incidence of COVID-19 for European policymakers date = 2020-05-06 keywords = CFR; case; country; european summary = While total deaths immediately indicate that countries like Italy and Spain have the worst situation as of mid April 2020, on its own, reported cases do not provide a correct picture of the situation. Then we discuss our key assumption: the real 41 case fatality rate (CFR) in European countries experiencing a significative incidence will 42 be roughly the same, given the similar structure of the population. Using this rate is straightforward to give a present-day estimate of the 63 incidence given the number of reported infected people in each country as long as we 64 can observe that the rate of diagnosis remains fairly constant. This value can 86 be compared with the number of cases detected 18 days ago, obtaining a diagnostic depending on the availability of tests, saturation of the health system and other 91 external factors, countries have a great variability in the time of diagnosis delay. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087023 id = cord-277173-zdft23q8 author = Cauchemez, Simon title = Methods to infer transmission risk factors in complex outbreak data date = 2012-03-07 keywords = case; transmission summary = cases rather than the uninfected, but potentially susceptible bulk of the population, they can say little about the risk factors for infection or provide estimates of transmissibility in different contexts (e.g. households, schools or as a function of distance between a susceptible and an infected individual). We present a relatively generic statistical model for the estimation of transmission risk factors, and discuss algorithms to estimate its parameters for different levels of missing data. We present a relatively generic statistical model for the estimation of transmission risk factors, and discuss algorithms to estimate its parameters for different levels of missing data. For a directly transmitted disease, the first step to estimate transmission risk factors is usually to propose a model for transmission hazard l i!j ðtjQÞ from case i to subject j on day t, i.e. define l i!j ðtjQÞ as a function of the individual covariates z i (t) and z j (t) and a set of parameters Q. doi = 10.1098/rsif.2011.0379 id = cord-264266-6xvj9zey author = Chakrabarti, Sankha Shubhra title = COVID-19 in India: Are Biological and Environmental Factors Helping to Stem the Incidence and Severity? date = 2020-05-09 keywords = COVID-19; India; SARS; case summary = Apart from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV which caused severe respiratory diseases following outbreaks in 2003 and 2012, there are four endemic human corona viruses, HCoV-229E, HCoV NL-63, HCoV-OC4, HCoV-HKU1 in populations that are responsible for various types of respiratory illness which are generally self-limiting in young and immunecompetent persons [8] . It can be assumed that some degrees of sequence homology or conformational similarities among the structural proteins, especially the S protein, of SARS-CoV-2 and the endemic corona viruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV NL-63, HCoV-OC4, HCoV-HKU1) may result in cross-reactive immunity (circulating antibodies or primed T-cells) in persons with prior exposure to the latter viruses, and this may modulate the course and outcome of COVID-19. Thus, the possibility of a protective cross-immunity in the Indian population against COVID-19 cannot be ignored in explaining a rather mild effect of the current coronavirus pandemic in India in comparison to that in Europe and the USA. Therefore, cross-reactive antibodies generated as a result of infections from other human corona viruses may have a protective role in a population affected by COVID-19. doi = 10.14336/ad.2020.0402 id = cord-319323-1qt7vf59 author = Chakraborty, Amartya title = Around the world in 60 days: an exploratory study of impact of COVID-19 on online global news sentiment date = 2020-10-21 keywords = case; news; number; sentiment; study summary = The proposed work takes up the challenge of mining a comprehensive set of online news texts, for determining the prevailing sentiment in the context of the ongoing pandemic, along with a statistical analysis of the relation between actual effect of COVID-19 and online news sentiment. The current work statistically determines how and after what amount of delay, the number of affected patients, and number of deaths due to COVID-19, impacts the news sentiment in regional and world-wide news, -The authors also analyze other relevant factors that contribute to rise or fall of global news sentiment related to particular countries. A visual analysis of these images reveals how the observations are generally applicable throughout the data from different countries; that is, whether the global news sentiment about a country is actually affected by the daily trends in number of new cases or deaths. doi = 10.1007/s42001-020-00088-3 id = cord-263508-row2mn17 author = Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo title = The emerging novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: The “knowns” and “unknowns” date = 2013-07-21 keywords = East; MERS; SARS; case summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.05.010 id = cord-292719-n5lg43tr author = Chang, Luan-Yin title = Viral infections associated with Kawasaki disease date = 2014-02-01 keywords = Kawasaki; case summary = To investigate the infectious etiology of Kawasaki disease, we initiated a prospective case-control study to investigate possible links between common viral infections and Kawasaki disease. The infectious evidence of Kawasaki disease includes temporal clustering and marked seasonality, geographic clustering, family clustering, a high association between Kawasaki disease and infectious disease surveillance, and age distribution, for which the highest incidence rates are seen among 6 monthe2-year-old children who have low maternal antibodies and are most susceptible to infections in general. We thus carried out a prospective case-control study to investigate the association of common viral infections with Kawasaki disease to test the above hypothesis. We enrolled Kawasaki disease cases that had fever for over 5 days and at least four of the following five manifestations: neck lymphadenopathy, lip fissure and/or strawberry tongue, skin rash, nonpurulent bulbar conjunctivitis, palm/sole erythema, and induration followed by periungual desquamation. The c 2 test was used to compare the rates of viral isolation and PCR of various viruses between KD cases and the control children. doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2013.12.008 id = cord-304084-ervaxqph author = Chang, Luan-Yin title = Status of Cellular Rather Than Humoral Immunity is Correlated with Clinical Outcome of Enterovirus 71 date = 2006 keywords = CNS; EV71; case summary = The median (range) interval between their disease onset and enrollment in this study was not significantly different among the three groups: 1.9 (1.1-2.9) years for the 7 cases with brainstem encephalitis plus pulmonary edema, 2.5 (0.7-5.2) years for 12 cases with CNS involvement, and 2.6 (0.7-2.7) for 11 uncomplicated cases (p ϭ 0.17 with Kruskal-Wallis test). The median (range) age at this immune study was 3.1 (1.7-3.8) years for the 7 cases with brainstem encephalitis plus pulmonary edema, 5.8 (3.5-7.3) years for 12 cases with CNS involvement, and 4.5 (2.0 -8.1) years for 11 uncomplicated cases (p ϭ 0.005 with Kruskal-Wallis test). EV71 cases with pulmonary edema had a significantly lower PHA stimulation index (p ϭ 0.04, measured to compare the percentages of a response over the median level of increase of all the EV71 cases by using likelihood ratio 2 test). doi = 10.1203/01.pdr.0000238247.86041.19 id = cord-103291-nqn1qzcu author = Chapman, Lloyd A. C. title = Inferring transmission trees to guide targeting of interventions against visceral leishmaniasis and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis date = 2020-02-25 keywords = PKDL; case; individual summary = ú CI = credible interval, calculated as the 95% highest posterior density interval † risk of subsequent VL/asymptomatic infection if susceptible ‡ based on assumed infectiousness § in the absence of background transmission and relative to living directly outside the case household. Based on the relative infectiousness of VL and the di erent 151 types of PKDL from the xenodiagnostic data, in the absence 152 of any other sources of transmission, the estimated probability 153 of being infected and developing VL if living in the same 154 household as a single symptomatic individual for 1 month 155 following their onset was 0.018 (95% CI: 0.013, 0.024) for VL 156 and ranged from 0.009 to 0.023 (95% CIs: (0.007,0.013)-(0.018, 157 0.031)) for macular/papular PKDL to nodular PKDL. We estimate the historical asymptomatic infection rate, ⁄0, by fitting the model to age-prevalence data on leishmanin skin 186 test (LST) positivity amongst non-symptomatic individuals from a cross-sectional survey of three of the study paras conducted 187 in 2002 (28) (see Figure S4 ). doi = 10.1101/2020.02.24.20023325 id = cord-321819-lqyo9px1 author = Chaw, Liling title = Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in Different Settings, Brunei date = 2020-11-17 keywords = Brunei; SARS; case summary = We identify red flags for potential superspreading events, specifically densely populated gatherings with prolonged exposure in enclosed settings, persons with recent travel history to areas with active SARS-CoV-2 infections, and group behaviors. Brunei''s thorough contact tracing provides a rare opportunity to study the epidemiologic and transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 in different community settings. Among 1,755 close contacts of the COVID-19 cluster among Tablighi members in Brunei, 52 local transmissions were detected, giving an overall nonprimary attack rate of 2.9% (95% CI 2.2%-3.8%). We could not calculate the attack rate for attendees of the local religious gathering because the 3 primary cases at the event had different symptom statuses and we could not ascertain how transmission occurred. In the household setting, symptomatic casepatients had 2.7 times the risk of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to their close contacts, compared with asymptomatic and presymptomatic case-patients (crude risk ratio 2.66 [95% CI 1.12-6.34]; Table 3 ). doi = 10.3201/eid2611.202263 id = cord-291726-8670s4st author = Che, Xiao-yan title = A Patient with Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Antigenemia from the 2003–2004 Community Outbreak of SARS in Guangzhou, China date = 2006-07-01 keywords = SARS; case summary = doi = 10.1086/504943 id = cord-314851-de6kyjup author = Chen, Peng title = Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 136 cases of COVID-19 in main district of Chongqing date = 2020-04-29 keywords = Chongqing; case summary = BACKGROUND: We did a comprehensive exploration of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 136 patients with confirmed COVID-19 in main district of Chongqing which was adjacent to the west of Hubei province. The time from contact symptomatic case to illness was 7.7 days, and 88 patients (64.7%) were cluster cases, radiological evidence found bilateral lung involvement was common (57.4%).Compared with the imported cases, the local cases were significantly older, the proportion of men is lower. We conducted a statistical comparison of the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of imported cases and local cases in main district of Chongqing, hoping to provide guidance in preventing local epidemics, and to provide a reference for the development of prevention and control measures in other provinces and regions. This research provided epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 136 confirmed COVID-19 patients in main district of Chongqing. doi = 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.019 id = cord-353786-284qn075 author = Chen, Zhi-Min title = Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus date = 2020-02-05 keywords = case; infection; patient; respiratory summary = title: Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus At the onset of the disease, infected children mainly present with fever, fatigue and cough, which may be accompanied by nasal congestion, runny nose, expectoration, diarrhea, headache, etc. 2. Children with a history of contacting patients with fever or respiratory symptoms who have a travel or residence history in Wuhan City and neighboring areas, or in other areas with persistent local transmission within 14 days prior to disease onset. 3. Children with a history of contacting confirmed or suspected cases infected with 2019-nCoV within 14 days prior to disease onset. 4. Children who are related with a cluster outbreak: in addition to this patient, there are other patients with fever or respiratory symptoms, including suspected or confirmed cases infected with 2019-nCoV. Most of the cases have normal or decreased white blood cell counts, while severely infected children show reduced level of lymphocyte count. doi = 10.1007/s12519-020-00345-5 id = cord-337219-d81v8b4j author = Cheong, Chang Heon title = Case Study of Airborne Pathogen Dispersion Patterns in Emergency Departments with Different Ventilation and Partition Conditions date = 2018-03-13 keywords = ACH; case; pathogen summary = Simulation cases for analysis were established, as shown in Table 3 , to conduct a case study that analyzed the range of airborne pathogen dispersion according to the location of diffusers in the bed area of the ED, the ventilation rate, and the installation of partitions between beds. Simulation cases for analysis were established, as shown in Table 3 , to conduct a case study that analyzed the range of airborne pathogen dispersion according to the location of diffusers in the bed area of the ED, the ventilation rate, and the installation of partitions between beds. Simulation cases for analysis were established, as shown in Table 3 , to conduct a case study that analyzed the range of airborne pathogen dispersion according to the location of diffusers in the bed area of the ED, the ventilation rate, and the installation of partitions between beds. doi = 10.3390/ijerph15030510 id = cord-282338-u01qv3uc author = Cherry, James. D. title = The chronology of the 2002–2003 SARS mini pandemic date = 2004-11-05 keywords = CoV; SARS; case summary = doi = 10.1016/j.prrv.2004.07.009 id = cord-255140-3dwqqgv1 author = Christian, Michael D. title = Biowarfare and Bioterrorism date = 2013-07-04 keywords = agent; anthrax; bioterrorism; case; clinical; table; toxin summary = Although some experts state that the risk of a largescale bioterrorist attack is low, 7 in a more recent analysis, US Senators Graham and Talent quote their conclusion form the Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation and Terrorism in 2010, which stated "unless the world community acts decisively and with great urgency, it is more likely than not that a [biologic] weapon of mass destruction will be used in a terrorist attack somewhere in the world by the end of 2013." 8 Anthrax in particular remains such a concern, because of both the lethality of the agent and also the potential availability given the number of governments that produced weaponized anthrax in the past. The mode of deployment as a biological weapon in the past has often been through infected vectors 22 ; however, a modern bioterrorist would most like deploy the agent via aerosolization and it could present as: primary pneumonic tularemia (inhalation), oculoglandular tularemia (eye contact), ulceroglandular (broken skin contact), or oropharyngeal (mucous membrane contact without deep inhalation). doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2013.03.015 id = cord-256995-itiz6mqv author = Christoffersen, S. title = The importance of microbiological testing for establishing cause of death in 42 forensic autopsies date = 2015-05-31 keywords = COD; case summary = C-reactive protein levels were raised in 14 cases of the 19 cases, histological findings either supported or were a decisive factor for the classification of microbiologically related cause of death in 14 cases. In a retrospective study including 42 autopsies performed at our Institute, where microbiological test had been applied, analyses were made with regard to: type of microbiological tests performed, microorganisms found, histological findings, antemortem information, C-reactive protein measurement and cause of death. In a retrospective study including 42 autopsies performed at our Institute, where microbiological test had been applied, analyses were made with regard to: type of microbiological tests performed, microorganisms found, histological findings, antemortem information, C-reactive protein measurement and cause of death. Microbiological sampling remains an important part of the autopsy yielding the cause of death in 42.8% of the cases in which it was performed. doi = 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.02.020 id = cord-262646-64ldtrjf author = Chuang, Pei-Hung title = A dynamic estimation of the daily cumulative cases during infectious disease surveillance: application to dengue fever date = 2010-05-27 keywords = Taiwan; case summary = This study proposes a dynamic statistical model to estimate the daily number of new cases and the daily cumulative number of infected cases, which was then applied to historic dengue fever data. Our results show that when an infectious disease required a time-consuming process for diagnosis, such as the dengue fever using the previously mentioned protocol, the actual daily number of infected cases and cumulative positive cases are potentially underestimated. The Figure 3 and Table 1 for cumulative cases showed that a gamma distribution is a more appropriate assumption for the onset-todiagnosis time when estimating the probability of being a positive case using the dengue fever example; nonetheless, the difference between the gamma and the nonparametric method is again only slight except towards the end stage of the epidemic after January 1. This study has proposed a statistical method that more accurately estimates the real-time daily new cases and daily cumulative number of infected cases using a dengue fever epidemic as an example. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-10-136 id = cord-293315-kx4x2g24 author = Colmenero, I. title = SARS‐CoV‐2 endothelial infection causes COVID‐19 chilblains: histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultraestructural study of 7 paediatric cases date = 2020-06-20 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case summary = title: SARS‐CoV‐2 endothelial infection causes COVID‐19 chilblains: histopathological, immunohistochemical and ultraestructural study of 7 paediatric cases CONCLUSIONS: Although the clinical and histopathological features were similar to other forms of chilblains, the presence of viral particles in the endothelium and the histological evidence of vascular damage, support a causal relation of the lesions with SARS‐CoV‐2. 4 Most patients have been negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) when tested by PCR of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs, and less than 50% have a history of exposure to positive household contacts or previous history of mild upper respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. Lymphocytic vascular damage was the hallmark feature in biopsies from our 7 patients with COVID-19 related chilblains. 25 We have demonstrated the presence of viral particles within endothelial cells in lesional skin biopsies from patients presenting with chilblains during the COVID-19 pandemic. Chilblain-like lesions: a case series of 41 patients during the COVID-19 pandemic doi = 10.1111/bjd.19327 id = cord-343962-12t247bn author = Cori, Anne title = Key data for outbreak evaluation: building on the Ebola experience date = 2017-05-26 keywords = Ebola; african; case; datum; west summary = Here we build on experience gained in the West African Ebola epidemic and prior emerging infectious disease outbreaks to set out a checklist of data needed to: (1) quantify severity and transmissibility; (2) characterize heterogeneities in transmission and their determinants; and (3) assess the effectiveness of different interventions. Dynamic transmission models, which account for saturation effects, can be used to assess the long-term impact of the outbreak such as predicting the timing and magnitude of the epidemic peak or the attack rate (final proportion of population infected) [39, 40] . Estimates of the secondary attack rate have been obtained for the West African Ebola epidemic by reconstructing household data based on information reported by cases, in particular, as part of contact-tracing activities [86, 87] . Such data were widely used during the West African Ebola epidemic to quantify the risk of international spread of the disease, and to assess the potential impact of airport screening and travel restrictions on the outbreak [9,94 -96] . doi = 10.1098/rstb.2016.0371 id = cord-018714-i291z2ju author = Criado, Paulo Ricardo title = Adverse Drug Reactions date = 2016-12-31 keywords = DIHS; Fig; HHV-6; HLA; SJS; case; cutaneous; dress; drug; eruption; patient; reaction; syndrome summary = • If possible identify the physiopathologic mechanism involved in the reaction; • Identify as rapidly as possible the drug inducing the reaction and always opt for its withdrawal; in some circumstances the choice is difficult as there is no alternative drug and its use is essential for the maintenance of life; • A careful and intensive observation is recommended for the occurrence of warning signs regarding the appearance of a potentially severe adverse drug reaction, especially in relation to mucous, oral, ocular, and genital involvement and progression of any present cutaneous eruption; • It is imperative that the drug responsible may be withdrawn on a permanent basis together with chemically related com-pounds, and this advice is also valid for first-degree relatives who can present the same type of reaction. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-33919-1_26 id = cord-254340-e1x0z3rh author = Cruz, Christian Joy Pattawi title = Exploring the young demographic profile of COVID-19 cases in Hong Kong: Evidence from migration and travel history data date = 2020-06-26 keywords = Hong; Kong; case; covid-19 summary = Using detailed case data from Hong Kong''s Centre for Health Department and Immigration Department, we analyze the sex and age distribution of the confirmed cases along with their recent travel histories and immigration flows for the period January to April 2020. Our analysis highlights Hong Kong''s high proportion of imported cases and large overseas student population in developing COVID-19 hotspot areas such as the United Kingdom. Our study includes an examination of the age and sex distribution of the COVID-19 confirmed cases in Hong Kong and an exploration of how the different measures to combat this outbreak resulted in a relatively low number of cases and deaths. In this paper, we highlight the potential impact of the young profile of the confirmed cases on the total number of mortalities and the effect of early, aggressive policy measures including travel bans, enforced quarantines and contact-tracing imposed by the Hong Kong government as early as January 27, 2020 in containing the spread of the COVID-19. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0235306 id = cord-119626-qb6fea06 author = Cruz-Aponte, Mayte''e title = Balancing Fiscal and Mortality Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Mitigation Measurements date = 2020-06-02 keywords = case; figure summary = We constructed an enhanced mathematical SIR (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered) epidemic model [5] to simulate the COVID-19 epidemic in the US in an attempt to estimate the fiscal impact and the optimal conditions to mitigate this ongoing pandemic. Figure 2 : Varying physical distancing starting two days after the epidemic: lowering the infection rate 20% for four-week intervals and increasing it between 50% to 75% for eight weeks intervals as described on Table 2 . When the infection is reduced by 40% or 80%, the associated cost of the pandemic to the government decreased by $51.4 billion than when the public health policy is implemented earlier like in Figure 4 . When infection is reduced by 90% for eight weeks, mortality is 10,713 lower than in the herd immunity case and the fiscal cost of the pandemic is the minimum with respect to any of the scenarios presented in this article. doi = nan id = cord-010513-7p07efxo author = Daniels, Norman title = Resource Allocation and Priority Setting date = 2015-08-31 keywords = CEA; Medicaid; care; case; decision; health; public; service summary = The cases in this chapter that discuss resource allocation force us to contemplate decisions about priorities in public health as opposed to the more frequently discussed medical issues about health care priorities. Specifi cally, some mental health conditions require signifi cant resources for what Medicaid terms as "behavioral management," which is seen as a social support service not a medical treatment . Public health decisions about resource allocation-judging from the cases on that topic in this volume-face reasonable ethical disagreement. Approved in 1993, health reform in Colombia was supposed to overcome problems such as low coverage, inequality in access and use of health care services, and ineffi ciency in the allocation and distribution of resources. Variability in the frameworks used to allocate public health resources illustrates the importance of refl ecting upon the value s that undergird policy decisions and individual practices, like critical care triage. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0_3 id = cord-006328-0tpj38vb author = Dass Hazarika, Rashna title = Invasive Meningococcal Infection: Analysis of 110 cases from a Tertiary Care Centre in North East India date = 2012-07-22 keywords = India; case; meningococcal summary = OBJECTIVES: To report an outbreak of invasive meningococcal disease from Meghalaya, in the north east India, from January 2008 through June 2009. Fever was the most common manifestation (100 %) followed by meningeal signs (78.2 %), headache (56.4 %), vomiting (53.6 %), shock (38.2 %), low Glasgow coma scale (GCS) (25.5 %), purpura and rashes (23.6 %), seizures (9.1 %), abdominal symptoms (4.5 %), irritability and excessive crying (4.5 %) and bulging anterior fontanalle (23 %) in those below 18 mo of age. from Delhi reported that 67 % children had meningococcal meningitis, 20 % had meningococcemia and 13 % had both with mortality of 4.5 %, 25 % and 69 %, respectively [12] . Although Pollard RB [21] has reported that deafness has not been a common complication of meningococcal meningitis in the antibiotic era, there was one case with bilateral sensorineural hearing defect in the present study. doi = 10.1007/s12098-012-0855-0 id = cord-279215-qwk0jkqm author = Delmage, D. A. title = Auricular chondritis in a cat date = 2008-06-28 keywords = case; cat; disease summary = doi = 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02457.x id = cord-296739-ujsqshjg author = Dexter, Franklin title = Forecasting the Probability That Each Surgical Case Will Either Be Ambulatory or the Patient Will Remain in the Hospital Overnight Versus Having a Length of Stay of Two or More Days date = 2020-10-08 keywords = LOS; case summary = doi = 10.7759/cureus.10847 id = cord-001512-u3u2k8hj author = Ding, Hua title = A family cluster of three confirmed cases infected with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Zhejiang Province of China date = 2014-12-31 keywords = H7N9; Index; January; case summary = title: A family cluster of three confirmed cases infected with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Zhejiang Province of China BACKGROUND: A total of 453 laboratory-confirmed cases infected with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus (including 175 deaths) have been reported till October 2,2014, of which 30.68% (139/453) of the cases were identified from Zhejiang Province. Human infection with avian influenza A/H7N9 virus was first identified in March 31 of 2013, in China, a total of 453 confirmed cases were found in the world up to date [1] . Here we describe an additional cluster, comprised of three laboratory-confirmed cases of human infection with H7N9 virus reported in Zhejiang Province in January 2014. Furthermore, 42.30% (11/26) of environments samples from different live bird markets under routine surveillance in Xiaoshan district during the same period were H7N9 positive (Source: unpublished data from the Zhejiang Avian Surveillance System); (2) Case 2 stayed with the Index case and provided beside bed medical care frequently on the January 14, 16, and 17-19. doi = 10.1186/s12879-014-0698-6 id = cord-251070-gxqg494t author = Diouf, Massamba title = Logistic growth model and modeling of factors for community case transmission date = 2020-11-05 keywords = Senegal; case summary = We estimate parameters and evaluate the growth factor, community rate, weekly increase and daily difference, and make forecasting to help on how to find concrete actions to control the situation. The objective of this work is to model the variables potentially involved in the spread of cases resulting from community transmission of COVID-19 in Senegal in order to identify statistical associations. Here, we give forecasting pandemic size of community cases for Senegal and daily predictions using the logistic model. Variables such as community rate, growth factor, daily difference (daily variations) and weekly increase (number of cumulative cases per week) were defined to better understand the dynamics of the development of community cases in Senegal. In this section, we a perform forecast with the logistics model ( [9, 10, 11] ) to predict the final size of coronavirus epidemy, for community cases in Senegal. doi = nan id = cord-332086-hnn00byf author = Dolgikh, S. title = Identifying Explosive Cases with Unsupervised Machine Learning date = 2020-05-22 keywords = case; impact summary = An analysis of a combined dataset of Wave 1 and 2 cases, aligned at approximately Local Time Zero + 2 months with unsupervised machine learning methods such as PCA and deep autoencoder dimensionality reduction allows to clearly separate milder background cases from those with more rapid and aggressive onset of the epidemics. The methodology is based on processing the input data expressed as a set of observable parameters that were identified and described in the study with unsupervised machine learning methods to identify and extract a smaller set of the most informative components. In many cases, evaluating distributions of data in the representations of informative components such as principal components in PCA or dimensionality reduction with neural network autoencoder models allows to identify and separate classes in the data by essential characteristics that can be linked to the outcome. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.17.20104661 id = cord-264486-o01s0upf author = Du, Wenjun title = Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China date = 2020-04-16 keywords = case; child summary = title: Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in children compared with adults in Shandong Province, China We reported on the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of children cases to help health workers better understand and provide timely diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: Retrospectively, two research centers'' case series of 67 consecutive hospitalized cases including 53 adult and 14 children cases with COVID-19 between 23 Jan 2020 and 15 Feb 2020 from Jinan and Rizhao were enrolled in this study. Laboratory tests and chest computed tomographic (CT) scans were also evaluated and the results suggested that decreased lymphocyte counts and bilateral pneumonia were common clinical features, especially in severe cases [7, 8] . In this study, we analyzed and compared the epidemic characteristics and clinical features in children and adults in Shandong Province, China. This is because a lower inflammatory response to lung injuries causes milder clinical symptoms in children compared with adults. doi = 10.1007/s15010-020-01427-2 id = cord-298626-duvzwxv0 author = Džiugys, Algis title = Simplified model of Covid-19 epidemic prognosis under quarantine and estimation of quarantine effectiveness date = 2020-07-29 keywords = case; new; quarantine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110162 id = cord-103711-tnw82hbm author = Einian, Majid title = Modeling of COVID-19 Pandemic and Scenarios for Containment date = 2020-03-30 keywords = Iran; case summary = This note evaluates various scenarios, based on an estimation of number of identified and unidentified infected cases, and examines the effectiveness of different policy responses to contain this pandemic. Iran initially refused to quarantine the holy city of Qom, the source city of COVID-19 in Iran, and let the virus spread all over the country, and in a matter of a few weeks, all cities reported new cases of infected patients. Although the model is estimated for Iran, many countries are in similar stages of the pandemic or soon will be in the same stage and therefore, based on the results, extreme measures need to be adopted to save lives and stop further spread of the virus. is the (which was not peer-reviewed) The copyright holder for this preprint Figure 10 : Ending the shelter-in-place policy 30-days after the peak of scenario (v), assuming that intensive testing continues and social interaction diminishes by 25 percent. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.27.20045849 id = cord-303657-o66rchhw author = El Qadmiry, M. title = On the true numbers of COVID-19 infections: behind the available data date = 2020-05-28 keywords = case; number summary = Among the concerned information, there are the incubation period [1, 2] , the reproduction number [3] , mortality rate [4] , and the asymptomatic proportion as in [5] , where was used the data of the Diamond Princess cruise ship; which means that the study is done on a closed population, a fact that is worthy to mention. Our aim in this work is to approach the true number of infected cases, and to develop an analytical method in order to allow the simulation of different scenarios that can occur if we modify the underlying variables of two special 1 medkadmiri@hotmail.fr 2 hassanfa@yahoo.com 3 y-hassou@fsr.ac.ma probabilistic functions. Let us denote this distribution function by Pd(t) -(d)-subscript as detected, and "t" as time representing days since infection-and write its explicit expression in the following manner: To do so, every time tn= n-days, we recalculate the numbers of infected and detected cases, where t0 = 0 is the moment of illness onset for the entire population. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.26.20114074 id = cord-260180-kojb8efv author = Elsoukkary, Sarah S. title = Autopsy Findings in 32 Patients with COVID-19: A Single-Institution Experience date = 2020-09-17 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; SARS; case; patient summary = doi = 10.1159/000511325 id = cord-314211-tv1nhojk author = Eltoukhy, Abdelrahman E. E. title = Data Analytics for Predicting COVID-19 Cases in Top Affected Countries: Observations and Recommendations date = 2020-09-27 keywords = August; case; covid-19; number summary = doi = 10.3390/ijerph17197080 id = cord-321104-0rk1ef53 author = Etchenique, R. title = Estimate of the actual number of COVID-19 cases from the analysis of deaths. date = 2020-09-23 keywords = IFR; case summary = Using the calculated values for the Infection Fatality Rate (IFR) of COVID-19 it is possible to estimate the prevalence of cases of infection in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, throughout the pandemic. By having the fraction of IgG positive in each age range, and the data on deaths due to COVID-19, which are more reliable than confirmed cases (despite possible undercounts, vide infra) it is possible to determine the Infection-Fatality Ratio (IFR) for each age range. Although this number of estimated actual infections can be entered in a single day, in that case the temporary values obtained will be noisy, especially for the age ranges of lower IFR. Using the loglinear expression for the corrected IFR, the prevalence values of Figure 11b are obtained, more in accordance with the observed slope in cases and death curves. b) Accumulated prevalence at 31/8/2020 in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires according to age range, estimated from IFR values using excess deaths values. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.21.20198416 id = cord-008686-9ybxuy00 author = Everett, Tom title = Poor transmission of seasonal cold viruses in a British Antarctic Survey base date = 2019-03-14 keywords = China; H1N1; H7N9; SHBV; case; virus summary = However, in the acute infection stage respiratory viruses are generally present in relatively high copy numbers, with median values of mostly 4-8 log 10 (i.e. 10,0 0 0-10 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 copies/ml) for adeno-, corona-, hMPV, influenza, PIV and RSV, as reported in one comprehensive paediatric study. 2 A 26-year-old male ( index case of the outbreak report 2 ) from Kerala''s Perambra town died undiagnosed with fever, en-cephalitis and respiratory distress in Government Medical College Kozhikode(GMCK), after being transferred from Taluk Hospital, Perambra(THP). 6 Along with the wound cleansing and post-exposure rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) and vaccination, any risk of SHBV requires that high dose acyclovir (preferably valaciclovir 1 g TDS PO; or acyclovir 800 mg 5 times daily PO, for adults) PEP for at least 14 days should be considered. After the first dengue-fever epidemic in China, which occurred in May 1978 in Foshan, Guangdong Province, there have been regional outbreaks of dengue every year and the number of cases has increased. doi = 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.03.007 id = cord-002426-5e1xn7kj author = Falcón-Lezama, Jorge Abelardo title = Analysis of spatial mobility in subjects from a Dengue endemic urban locality in Morelos State, Mexico date = 2017-02-22 keywords = DENV; case; control summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a cohort-nested, case-control study with 126 individuals (42 cases, 42 intradomestic controls and 42 population controls) with the goal of describing human mobility patterns of recently Dengue virus-infected subjects, and comparing them with those of non-infected subjects living in an urban endemic locality. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study show that human mobility in a small urban setting exceeded that considered by local health authority''s administrative limits, and was different between recently infected and non-infected subjects living in the same household. These observations provide important insights about the role that human mobility may have in Dengue virus transmission and persistence across endemic geographic areas that need to be taken into account when planning preventive and control measures. Sample: 126 individuals (42 cases, 42 intradomestic controls and 42 population controls) with age older than 12, and residents in Axochiapan, Morelos State, México, were selected from the cohort "Peridomestic infection as determinant for Dengue virus transmission" [13] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0172313 id = cord-288389-z0sz1msj author = Fanoy, Ewout B title = Travel-related MERS-CoV cases: an assessment of exposures and risk factors in a group of Dutch travellers returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, May 2014 date = 2014-10-17 keywords = East; MERS; case summary = title: Travel-related MERS-CoV cases: an assessment of exposures and risk factors in a group of Dutch travellers returning from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, May 2014 BACKGROUND: In May 2014, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, with closely related viral genomes, was diagnosed in two Dutch residents, returning from a pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). METHODS: All travellers, including the two cases, completed a questionnaire focussing on potential human, animal and food exposures to MERS-CoV. Exposure to MERS-CoV during a hospital visit is considered a likely source of infection for Case 1 but not for Case 2. Investigation of an imported case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in two returning travellers in the Netherlands World Health Organization: Case-Control Study to Assess Potential Risk Factors Related to Human Illness Caused by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) doi = 10.1186/1742-7622-11-16 id = cord-339009-wcoch07b author = File, Thomas M. title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Pertinent Clinical Characteristics and Therapy date = 2012-08-23 keywords = CoV; SARS; case; patient; respiratory summary = Because the causative agent of SARS is • one or more clinical findings of respiratory illness (e.g. cough, contagious, preventative measures focus on avoidance of exposhortness of breath, difficulty in breathing, or hypoxia) sure, and infection control strategies for suspected patients and • travel within 10 days of onset of symptoms to an area with contacts. [12] Of the reported cases was updated to include laboratory criteria for evidence of infection 64% were from China, 19% from Hong Kong, 8% from Taiwan, with the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Algorithm for evaluating and managing patients requiring hospitalization for radiographically confirmed pneumonia, in the absence of person-toperson transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) anywhere in the world. doi = 10.2165/00151829-200504020-00003 id = cord-016290-l592k753 author = Finke, Jürgen title = Hematology and Hemostasis date = 2008 keywords = Chap; FVIII; ITP; anemia; case; factor; platelet; treatment summary = In patients previously exposed to heparin (< 100 days), reoccurrence within hours • Severe thrombocytopenia (platelets < 100,000/µl), median platelet count approximately 60,000/µl, rarely < 20,000/µl or decreased to < 50% of the initial count; worsening of thrombocytopenia if heparin treatment is continued • Thromboembolic complications up to 40 days after heparin administration • IgG antibodies mostly against the platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin complex → Immune complex formation → Platelet activation due to binding of the immune complex to the Fc receptor (Fcγ RIIA), PF4 release → Platelet aggregation, endothelial cell damage, thrombin activation → Thromboembolic complications ("white clot syndrome") Clinical relevance: HIT type II: • Main symptom: thrombophilia, not hemorrhage • Warning signs: exanthema or necrosis at injection site • High incidence (up to 53%) of venous and arterial thrombosis, renal dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, infarction (complications may occur weeks after discontinuation of heparin) doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-73277-8_6 id = cord-312267-0tb08b0z author = Freitas, A. S. title = New S.I.R. model used in the projection of COVID 19 cases in Brazil date = 2020-05-01 keywords = Brazil; case summary = The model presented here describes with reasonable agreement the number of COVID-19 cases registered in Brazil between February 26 and April 25, 2020 based on the hypothesis that there a large number no notified cases (11 to 1) and variation in contagion rate according to social isolation measures and greater or lesser exposure to the virus (highest rate in beginning from epidemic). . Fig. 1 shows the behavior of the curves of infected and exposed individuals (that still didn''t contract the disease) in function time, in agreement with the model proposed in this wo qualitative way, however there is slight dependence between the date which the peak of infection occurs and total percentage of infected (number of accumulated cases) at the peak of infection: the larger infected and if the total number of infected is greater (especially in the epidemic peak), the impact on health system is considerably greater (taking into account the same rate of contagion in two cases) . doi = 10.1101/2020.04.26.20080218 id = cord-314368-p5ecpcll author = Fu, Haiyan title = Analysis on the Clinical Characteristics of 36 Cases of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia in Kunming date = 2020-03-01 keywords = case summary = Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia in Kunming City, and to study the correlation between nutritional status and immune function. The changes of lymphocyte absolute value and hypersensitive c-reactive protein in patients with the common and mild cases of the new coronavirus pneumonia are not as evident as those in the severe and critical cases, which can be easily ignored during clinical observation. Our study suggests that patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia experience a decrease in t-cell subsets on admission, and in combination with clinical typing, we speculate that immune function may be suppressed or impaired in the early stage of the disease. doi = 10.1101/2020.02.28.20029173 id = cord-317451-gv9q7sf1 author = Fukada, Ai title = Presepsin as a predictive biomarker of severity in COVID‐19: a case series date = 2020-06-12 keywords = case summary = doi = 10.1002/jmv.26164 id = cord-314634-udtoutew author = Furuse, Yuki title = Clusters of Coronavirus Disease in Communities, Japan, January–April 2020 date = 2020-09-17 keywords = Japan; case summary = doi = 10.3201/eid2609.202272 id = cord-261256-iwdusvrw author = Gandolfi, Alberto title = Planning of school teaching during Covid-19 date = 2020-10-01 keywords = case; covid-19; school summary = The key differences with the usual SEIR model [14] are: an external source of infection [15] , [19] , the possibility of transmission limited to 7 hours per working day; a control indicating from the start whether, for each day, schools are open or closed; and the presence of asymptomatic individuals. As benchmark cases we consider the full closure and the complete opening of the school, which is to say, the two most extreme choices of a fully remote teaching or regular 7 hours a day in-class activities for the whole year. In addition, we indicate of each parameter the range of values for which the optimal solution achieves a substantial reduction with respect to complete opening, but limited to determining at most an 100% increase in the number of cases with respect to school closure. doi = 10.1016/j.physd.2020.132753 id = cord-323074-u3bs5sj0 author = Garcia, L. P. title = ESTIMATING UNDERDIAGNOSIS OF COVID-19 WITH NOWCASTING AND MACHINE LEARNING: EXPERIENCE FROM BRAZIL date = 2020-07-02 keywords = COVID-19; case; international summary = This study aimed to analyze the underdiagnosis of COVID-19, through nowcasting with machine learning, in a South of Brazil capital. To analyze the underdiagnosis, we compared the difference between the data without nowcasting and the median of the nowcasted projections for the entire period and for the six days from the date of onset of symptoms to diagnosis at the moment of data extraction. To help overcome this challenge, the present study aimed to analyze the underdiagnosis of COVID-19 cases, through nowcasting with machine learning, in a South of Brazil capital city. The following variables were extracted from anonymized database of suspected and confirmed cases: i) diagnostic (confirmed, discarded or missing), ii) sex, iii) age (in years), The number of infected people (with a positive diagnosis and less than 14 days of symptom onset) and the rate of infected people per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated for the health regions where each notified person resides. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.01.20144402 id = cord-301299-flb5wwzg author = García, Inés Suárez title = SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in a hospital in Madrid, Spain date = 2020-07-21 keywords = COVID-19; case; hcw summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.020 id = cord-347248-6scdvu1d author = Ge, Yang title = Estimation of Coronavirus Disease Case-Fatality Risk in Real Time date = 2020-08-17 keywords = case summary = title: Estimation of Coronavirus Disease Case-Fatality Risk in Real Time We ran a simulation comparing 3 methods to calculate case-fatality risk for coronavirus disease using parameters described in previous studies. When comparing real-time case-fatality risk, the current trajectory of the epidemic should be considered. In their analyses, the authors estimated the case-fatality risk adjusted to a fixed lag time to death. Progression of coronavirus disease outbreak and changes in the case-fatality risk by crude and adjusted rates. When comparing real-time estimation of the case-fatality risk across countries and regions, our results indicate that the current trajectory of the epidemic should be considered, particularly if the epidemic is still in its early growth phase. Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China Estimating risk for death from 2019 novel coronavirus disease, China doi = 10.3201/eid2608.201096 id = cord-282561-t1edr9gp author = Gershengorn, Hayley B. title = Pre-Procedural Screening for COVID-19 with Nasopharyngeal Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing date = 2020-08-15 keywords = case summary = title: Pre-Procedural Screening for COVID-19 with Nasopharyngeal Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing Our cohort consisted of 4,176 cases (3,804 patients In sum, we found that very few (1 in 220) cases had a positive COVID-19 PCR within 7 days preprocedure; this rate was substantially lower (1 in 442) if testing was specifically for "pre-procedural" We were unable to reliably assess the indication for COVID-19 testing in all cases; however, ineffectively excluding symptomatic patients likely biases us towards overestimating screening positivity rates. And, as we learn more about the incubation period, risk of asymptomatic transmission, and exposure potential of COVID-19, it will be important to reconsider policies advocating for testing every patient pre-procedurally, even once. Early institutional head and neck oncologic and microvascular surgery practice patterns across the United States during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) pandemic doi = 10.1016/j.bja.2020.08.011 id = cord-351941-fgtatt40 author = Ghaffarzadegan, Navid title = Simulation‐based estimation of the early spread of COVID‐19 in Iran: actual versus confirmed cases date = 2020-07-06 keywords = Iran; March; case; covid-19; death summary = Estimates using data up to March 20th, 2020, point to 916,000 (90% UI: 508 K, 1.5 M) cumulative cases and 15,485 (90% UI: 8.4 K, 25.8 K) total deaths, numbers an order of magnitude higher than official statistics. The current paper focuses on using a standard dynamic epidemiological model as a tool for incorporating various sources of data into a unified estimation of the actual trajectory of disease, applying the method to COVID-19 outbreak in Iran. We also use unofficial data points including four observations about the number of Iranian passengers diagnosed with COVID-19 upon arrival in international airports, and three estimates aggregated by healthcare providers in Iran and reported by BBC and Iran International news agencies about total cases of death from COVID-19. We define a likelihood function for change over time (net-inflow) of official reports on cumulative death, recovered and infection assuming they are count events drawn from model-predicted rates (Poisson distribution). doi = 10.1002/sdr.1655 id = cord-272956-0yumc7em author = Gnavi, Roberto title = Therapy With Agents Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin System and Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection date = 2020-05-22 keywords = SARS; case summary = doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa634 id = cord-338830-h2nrw374 author = Gong, Xiaohuan title = Three infection clusters related with potential pre-symptomatic transmission of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), Shanghai, China, January to February 2020 date = 2020-08-20 keywords = COVID-19; January; case summary = Investigators interviewed suspected COVID-19 cases to collect epidemiological information, including demographic characteristics, illness onset, hospital visits, close contacts, activities'' trajectories between 14 days before illness onset and isolation, and exposure histories. On 1 February 2020, another hospital in Shanghai reported one suspected COVID-19 case and six of their close contacts to the local district CDC; four of the close contacts tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by realtime reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain-reaction (rRT-PCR), 1-2 days later (Cluster 2). Investigators interviewed COVID-19 cases, close contacts and healthcare workers directly (face-to-face or over the phone) to collect epidemiological information including demographic characteristics, date of illness onset, hospital visits, close contacts, activities'' trajectories between 14 days before illness onset and isolation and exposure histories (i.e. travel to or living in Wuhan or Hubei Province, visiting any other area with local sustained transmission of SARS-CoV-2, contact with persons with respiratory symptoms, contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases). doi = 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.33.2000228 id = cord-322525-22bt6zv8 author = Gorges, Rebecca J. title = Staffing Levels and COVID‐19 Cases and Outbreaks in US Nursing Homes date = 2020-08-08 keywords = case; covid-19 summary = We use logistic regressions to examine the associations of staffing levels from Nursing Home Compare with the outcomes of any COVID‐19 cases and, conditional on at least one case, an outbreak (defined as confirmed cases / certified beds greater than 10% or total confirmed and suspected cases / beds greater than 20% or greater than 10 deaths). However, among facilities with at least one case, higher nurse aide and total nursing hours are associated with a lower probability of experiencing an outbreak and with fewer deaths. For example, whereas staffing levels are unrelated to the probability of having at least one case or even increase that probability, perhaps by increasing traffic in and out of the facility, higher NA and total nursing hours are associated with lower probability of a larger outbreak and fewer deaths. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16787 id = cord-311195-oee19duz author = Gostic, Katelyn title = Estimated effectiveness of symptom and risk screening to prevent the spread of COVID-19 date = 2020-02-24 keywords = COVID-19; case; figure; screening summary = doi = 10.7554/elife.55570 id = cord-128436-xndrlnav author = Granozio, Fabio Miletto title = Comparative analysis of the diffusion of Covid-19 infection in different countries date = 2020-03-18 keywords = case; country summary = The comparative analysis of the registered cases curves highlights remarkable similarities, especially among Western countries, together with some minor but crucial differences. We analyse here the data of three of the countries that registered at the date of March 15 the highest cumulative number of registered cases, i.e. China, Italy, and South Korea. The comparison of the plots shows that, in spite of the extremely fast growth rate ( =2.4d, corresponding to a doubling time of one day) the rapid response of the Korean society allowed to switch the growth to a slower rate before reaching 500 registered infected people. When plotted with the appropriate relative time scale (IT reference, DE, FR -9d, ES -10d, US -11d), the data show how early or late the different countries deviated from the red exponential "phase #1" curve with  ~2.0d, D ~2.0d. doi = nan id = cord-304820-q3de7r1p author = Griette, P. title = Clarifying predictions for COVID-19 from testing data: the example of New-York State date = 2020-10-12 keywords = case; number summary = Cumulative number of reported (tested infectious) cases at time t Daily number of reported (tested infectious) cases at time t Phenomenological models for the reported cases: At the early stage of the epidemic, we assume that all the infected components of the system grow exponentially while the number of susceptible remains unchanged during a relatively short period of time t ∈ [t 1 , t 2 ]. In figure (d) we plot the cumulative number of cases coming from the model as a function of the cumulative number of tests from the data. In Figure 8 , we replace the daily number of tests n data (t) (coming from the data for New-York''s state) in the model by either 2 × n data (t), 5 × n data (t), 10 × n data (t) or 100 × n data (t). Predicting the cumulative number of cases for the COVID-19 epidemic in China from early data doi = 10.1101/2020.10.10.20203034 id = cord-288770-hquc2v2c author = Gupta, Rajan title = A Comprehensive Analysis of COVID-19 Outbreak situation in India date = 2020-04-11 keywords = India; case; covid-19 summary = With so much happening in India right now, it becomes imperative that we study the current situation and impact of various such events in India through data analysis methods and come up with different plans for future which can be helpful for the Indian administrators and medical professionals. Also, the studies in Indian region from the past are more focused on presenting time series analysis based on the overall data for Indian region rather than covering other sources of information apart from just considering the number of infected patients, so the need to analyze the patients background and information is required for the authorities to get better insight about the situation. Studied like [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] worked on various mathematical models to determine the spread of the disease, predict the number of infected patients, commenting on the preparedness for each country in tackling COVID-19 4 spread and finding the patterns of flattening curve in different conditions. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.08.20058347 id = cord-245047-d81cf3ms author = Gupta, Sourendu title = Epidemic parameters for COVID-19 in several regions of India date = 2020-05-18 keywords = CFR; case summary = Bayesian analysis of publicly available time series of cases and fatalities in different geographical regions of India during April 2020 is reported. One point about the quality test that is developed here is that absolute numbers are not as important for it as the check that fatalities and identified cases are independently tracing the same rate of growth of the epidemic. Conversely, the regions which lie above the diagonal (namely Indore, Mumbai, and Pune, and, possibly, Chennai) could be seeing an increased growth in infections, not yet visible in fatalities because of the same time lag. Counts of known cases and fatalities of COVID-19 from five cities (Ahmedabad, Chennai, Delhi, Indore, and Mumbai), one district (Pune), and three states (Gujarat, Kerala and West Bengal) was investigated in this work. Since fatalities track cases with a delay of 17.8 days on the average, the early part of this data could track the growth in the time before the lock-down. doi = nan id = cord-323672-s0jfadyp author = Gökçe, Şule title = Corrigendum to “A Rare Cause of Childhood Cerebellitis-Influenza Infection: A Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature” date = 2018-02-20 keywords = Case summary = key: cord-323672-s0jfadyp authors: Gökçe, Şule; Kurugol, Zafer; Aslan, Aslı; Çiçek, Candan title: Corrigendum to "A Rare Cause of Childhood Cerebellitis-Influenza Infection: A Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature" date: 2018-02-20 journal: Case Rep Pediatr DOI: 10.1155/2018/5781843 sha: doc_id: 323672 cord_uid: s0jfadyp [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2017/4039358.]. In the article titled "A Rare Cause of Childhood Cerebellitis-In uenza Infection: A Case Report and Systematic Review of Literature" [1] , Dr. Candan Çiçek was missing from the authors'' list. e corrected authors'' list is shown above. Additionally, there were errors in the Case Representation section which should be corrected as follows: A rare cause of childhood cerebellitis-in uenza infection: a case report and systematic review of literature doi = 10.1155/2018/5781843 id = cord-256260-9jatvium author = Han, Yuanyuan title = COVID-19 in a patient with long-term use of glucocorticoids: A study of a familial cluster date = 2020-04-08 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = Here, we report a familial cluster of COVID-19 where a 47-year-old woman with long-term use of glucocorticoids did not develop any symptoms within the 14-day quarantine period but was confirmed with COVID-19 by tested positive of antibody on day 40 after she left Wuhan. In December 2019, a novel pneumonia resulting from SARS-CoV2, named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in Wuhan [1, 2] . However, a tremendous number of patients who were still in their incubation period traveled across China before the lockdown date due to Chinese New Year, resulting in the widespread transmission of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV2 nuclei acid test from nasopharyngeal swabs was negative, but her IgM and IgG antibodies were positive. By further examining their epidemiological data, we find that the incubation period of COVID-19 and the shedding duration of SARS-CoV2 might be extremely long in this case. doi = 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108413 id = cord-329739-wm5xho2o author = Hanna, Fikry title = Multiple myelomas in cats date = 2005-04-26 keywords = case; cat; multiple; myeloma summary = Parameters abstracted from each cat''s medical record: age, breed, sex, complete blood haematological and biochemical analysis results, feline leukaemia, feline immune deficiency and coronavirus (FIP) antibody titre test results, relative serum viscosity readings, serum protein electrophoresis and agar gel immunoelectrophoresis results, radiological findings, bone marrow aspiration cytologies or biopsy findings, routine urinalysis, urine electrophoresis and urine heat precipitation test results. In those cats with complete remission, transient or absence of the clinical signs were seen in cases 3, 5, 6 and 7, insignificant or complete absence of lucency on radiographs of the affected bone in cases 3 and 6, and return of serum protein level to normal in cases 3, 5, 6 and 7 when serum proteins were re-measured 8 weeks after treatment. Blood samples were suggestive of feline infectious peritonitis and the only evidence that multiple myeloma might be present was the presence of osteolytic bone lesions on radiographs of the lumbar spine and relative serum viscosity was 3.65 which may suggest hyperviscosity syndrome. doi = 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.12.005 id = cord-338067-vjyad10p author = Hao, Yan title = Prediction and analysis of Corona Virus Disease 2019 date = 2020-10-05 keywords = LSTM; SVM; case summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239960 id = cord-311479-8pjoz64q author = He, Daihai title = The relative transmissibility of asymptomatic cases among close contacts date = 2020-04-18 keywords = case summary = A recent 24 study in China showed that transmissibility of the asymptomatic cases is comparable to that 25 of symptomatic cases. A recent 24 study in China showed that transmissibility of the asymptomatic cases is comparable to that 25 of symptomatic cases. 28 29 Keywords: COVID-19; asymptomatic cases; relative transmissibility 30 31 32 33 Main text 35 Nishiura et al (Nishiura et al, 2020 ) estimated the asymptomatic ratio of COVID-19 was 41.6% 36 (5 out of 12 confirmed cases) among 565 Japanese individuals evacuated from Wuhan, China. The odds ratio (OR) is estimated 109 In summary, we conclude that the relatively transmissibility of asymptomatic case could be 127 significantly smaller than that of the symptomatic cases. Estimation of the asymptomatic ratio of novel coronavirus infections (COVID-158 19) Estimating the asymptomatic 161 proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess 162 cruise ship doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.034 id = cord-018116-99z6ykb2 author = Healing, Tim title = Surveillance and Control of Communicable Disease in Conflicts and Disasters date = 2009 keywords = case; disease; health; population; surveillance summary = They must be able to • assess the health status of the population affected and identify the main health priorities • monitor the development and determine the severity of any health emergency that develops (including monitoring the incidence of and case fatality rates from diseases, receiving early warning of epidemics and monitoring responses) At first sight, undertaking public health activities in emergencies, especially in conflicts, may seem to be difficult or impossible. In other types of disaster public health activities may be expected to be less affected by the security situation than in a war (although aid workers may be at risk if populations are severely deprived of resources such as food, shelter, water, or cash), and with limited access and damage to communication systems and other parts of the infrastructure assessment, surveillance and control activities can be severely restricted. doi = 10.1007/978-1-84800-352-1_13 id = cord-341639-a8ig607t author = Hellewell, Joel title = Feasibility of controlling 2019-nCoV outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts date = 2020-02-11 keywords = case; contact summary = We considered scenarios that varied in: the number of initial cases; the basic reproduction number R0; the delay from symptom onset to isolation; the probability contacts were traced; the proportion of transmission that occurred before symptom onset, and the proportion of subclinical infections. For higher values of R0 and a large initial number of cases, contact tracing and isolation was only potentially feasible when less than 1% of transmission occurred before symptom onset. For example, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak that began in Southern China in 2003 was amenable to eventual control through tracing contacts of suspected cases and isolating confirmed cases because the majority of transmission occurred after symptom onset 7 . Figure 4 : The percentage of outbreaks controlled for the baseline scenario (black), and varied number of initial cases (A), time from onset to isolation (B), percentage of transmission before symptoms (C), and proportion of subclinical (asymptomatic) cases (D). doi = 10.1101/2020.02.08.20021162 id = cord-284017-1fz90e3k author = Henríquez, Josefa title = The first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; Health; Ministry; Spain; case summary = Although the first case diagnosed with COVID-19 was registered at the end of January, the Spanish health authorities did not undertake measures until one month later, moment when a systematic and exponential increase in registered cases and deceases was observed. To tackle with the outbreak and contain the spread, the management of public health policies were centralized within the Ministry of Health and the authorities undertook exceptional measures based on a generalized lockdown by which the majority of the economic activity ceased for several weeks. Until May, the ISCIII released daily information at regional level regarding confirmed cases (through different testing methods), hospitalizations as well as referrals to Intensive Care Units (ICU), deceased and recovered cases. Despite the measures to tackle with COVID-19 have been centralized by the Ministry of Health and implemented homogeneously across the country, we have shown that the pandemic has had a different impact across Spanish provinces. doi = 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.013 id = cord-017012-yl0vanuh author = Herberg, Jethro title = Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date = 2009 keywords = BKV; CMV; HBV; HIV; HIVAN; acute; case; disease; infection; patient; renal summary = Renal involvement in infectious diseases may occur by a variety of mechanisms: direct microbial invasion of the renal tissues or collecting system may take place in conditions such as staphylococcal abscess of the kidney as a result of septicemic spread of the organism or as a consequence of ascending infection; damage to the kidney may be caused by the systemic release of endotoxin or other toxins and activation of the inflammatory cascade during septicemia or by a focus of infection distant from the kidney; ischemic damage may result from inadequate perfusion induced by septic shock; the kidney may be damaged by activation of the immunologic pathways or by immune complexes resulting from the infectious process. However, in addition to this post-infection immunologically mediated disorder, in recent years there have been increasing reports of GAS causing acute renal failure as part of an invasive infection with many features of the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (28) . doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-76341-3_52 id = cord-354821-t7400ru5 author = Hermanowicz, Slav W title = Simple model for Covid-19 epidemics - back-casting in China and forecasting in the US date = 2020-04-03 keywords = China; case summary = We sequentially estimated sets of model parameters (maximum number of cases K, growth rate r, and half-time t0) and the epidemic "end time" t95 (defined as the time when the number of cases, predicted or actual, reached 95% of the maximum). In our previous recent work (Hermanowicz 2020) , we used a simple logistic model to analyze the evolution of data on Covid-19 cases as reported in mainland China by the National Health Commission of the People''s Republic of China (NHC 2020) . For each dataset of reported cumulative case numbers (China and the US), we estimated three parameters of the logistic model (maximum case number K, growth rate r, half-time t0) fitting model predictions to the data. 1101 In case of China, where the epidemic growth has essentially ended, the sequential estimation process (back-casting) simulated near-real time analysis of the dynamics. doi = 10.1101/2020.03.31.20049486 id = cord-322799-opf1qwgl author = Hiremath, Channabasavaraj Shivalingaiah title = IACTS guidelines: practice of cardiovascular and thoracic surgery in the COVID-19 era date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; Health; case; patient summary = Patients undergoing cardiovascular and thoracic procedures are at an accentuated risk of higher morbidity and mortality, which are a consequence of the proliferative nature of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the lung vasculature, which in turn reflects as a cascading effect on the interdependent physiology of the cardiovascular and pulmonary organ systems. A patient with any acute respiratory illness and having been in contact with a confirmed or probable COVID-19 case in the last 14 days prior to symptom onset or C. However, as per Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, all hospital personnel handling COVID-19 cases are advised hydroxychloroquine prophylaxis. Testing recommendation for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients planned for surgery -continuing the service and ''suppressing'' the pandemic COVID-19: elective case triage guidelines for surgical care (thoracic surgery COVID-19: elective cases triage guidelines for surgical care (vascular surgery doi = 10.1007/s12055-020-01016-w id = cord-018917-7px75s3c author = Hopkins, Richard S. title = Informatics in Disease Prevention and Epidemiology date = 2013-07-29 keywords = case; disease; health; surveillance; system summary = This chapter provides a description of the components of disease prevention and control programs, and then focuses on information systems designed to support public health surveillance, epidemiologic investigation of cases and outbreaks, and case management. Public health surveillance systems may be based on data capture from a variety of sources, including case reports, population-based surveys, sentinel providers, electronic health records (including laboratory information management systems for ELR and emergency department records for syndromic surveillance), or administrative data (like hospital or physician claims for reimbursement). Information systems to support reportable disease surveillance contain records representing case reports that currently are, for the most part, entered manually into an application by public health staff, based on information received from doctors, infection control practitioners, hospitals, and laboratories. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4471-4237-9_14 id = cord-347323-lmgn3626 author = Howe, James R. title = COVID-19 Guideline Modifications as CMS Announces “Opening Up America Again”: Comments from the Society of Surgical Oncology date = 2020-05-06 keywords = CMS; case summary = The CMS document suggests that ''''providers should prioritize surgical/procedural care and high/complexity chronic disease management.'''' 1 This would require testing capacity, a healthy workforce, adequate personal protective equipment (PPE), and post-acute care that would not jeopardize the facility''s capacity to respond to another surge in COVID-19 cases. To summarize, the White House and CMS documents 1,2 suggest that facilities with down-trending numbers of COVID-19 cases, adequate testing abilities, and no shortages of PPE, intensive care unit (ICU) beds, ventilators, or health care workers may be able to resume elective surgeries, which would reasonably include all cancer cases. The early recovery phase is characterized by fewer COVID-19 cases each day and greater availability of limited resources such as PPE, health care workers, ventilators, ICU beds, and testing. ACS Guidelines for Triage and Management of Elective Cancer Surgery Cases During the Acute and Recovery Phases of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. doi = 10.1245/s10434-020-08565-9 id = cord-328921-trwggffp author = Hoz, Samer S. title = Neurosurgery in Iraq at the Time of Corona date = 2020-05-09 keywords = case summary = [1] Despite strict containment measures to stem the spread of the virus, the situation has escalated rapidly; the virus has now swept across 114 nations, with a total of 33106 deaths and 693224 confirmed cases worldwide (data as of the WHO''s situation report on March 30, 2020). In Iraq, the set of challenges is rather unique; while the medical personnel are accustomed to working under conditions of extreme resource scarcity, our already collapsing, war-strained, cash-starved health-care system is unlikely to withstand the pressure brought on by the pandemic and, should the number of cases continues to escalate, the system is very likely to disintegrate, with deleterious short-and long-term consequences. [2] e Neurosurgery Teaching Hospital (NTH) in Baghdad/ Iraq provides neurosurgical care for 4.2 million peopleapproximately 50% of the population in Baghdad -with a total capacity of 102 beds, 16 neurosurgical intensive care unit beds, and 7 operating rooms. doi = 10.25259/sni_143_2020 id = cord-244687-xmry4xj4 author = Hsieh, Chung-Han title = On Control of Epidemics with Application to COVID-19 date = 2020-11-02 keywords = case; section summary = Having defined the two problems, our main results are a set of sufficient conditions on a class of linear control policy which assures that the epidemic is"well-controlled"; i.e., both of the infected cases and deceased cases are upper bounded uniformly and the number of infected cases converges to zero asymptotically. In this section, to understand the contagion process and the evolution of the epidemic, we assume that there exists a control policy u(·) which assures that infected cases I(k), susceptible cases S(k), recovered cases R(k) and deceased cases D(k) are all nonnegative for all k with probability one. With the aids of Theorem 4.2 and Lemma 4.4, we see that if we take linear feedback policy with constant gain; i.e., u(k) = KI(k) and assuming that δ max < v min ( such that infected cases I(k) ≤ M D for all k with probability one. doi = nan id = cord-102850-0kiypige author = Huang, C.-C. title = A Machine Learning Study to Improve Surgical Case Duration Prediction date = 2020-06-12 keywords = XGB; case; model summary = The results are reported in 225 In Fig. 3 , we plotted scatter plots of actual versus predicted duration on the external 234 testing set for the average models of surgeon-and procedure-specific, and the XGB 235 model. Moreover, 251 three of the features which we computed from surgeons'' data (i.e. total surgical minutes 252 performed by the surgeon within the last 7 days and on the same day, and number of Accurate prediction of operation case duration is vital in elevating OR efficiency and 257 reducing cost. It has been reported in the past studies that primary surgeons contributed the 301 largest variability in operation case duration prediction compared to other factors 302 attributed to patients [2, 16, 23] . 356 We propose extracting additional information from operation and surgeons'' data to 357 be used as predictor variables for ML algorithm training since their importance was 358 high in the XGB model. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.10.20127910 id = cord-270805-o6rbfmie author = Hussein, Osama title = Second wave of of Covid-19 is determined by immune mechanism date = 2020-09-02 keywords = case summary = doi = 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110238 id = cord-311669-112kxj5s author = Imdad, Kashif title = A district-level susceptibility and vulnerability assessment of the COVID-19 pandemic's footprint in India date = 2020-11-08 keywords = April; India; Kerala; case; covid-19; district; figure summary = doi = 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100390 id = cord-349821-5ykwwq75 author = Ippolito, G. title = Biological weapons: Hospital preparedness to bioterrorism and other infectious disease emergencies date = 2006-09-09 keywords = SARS; States; United; case; infection summary = The term ''highly infectious diseases'' describes infections caused by pathogens that are transmissible from person to person, cause severe or life-threatening illness; present a serious hazard in healthcare settings and in the community; and require specific control measures, which may include management of cases in a highly secure isolation unit. In Canada, where SARS ''paralysed the Greater Toronto Area healthcare system for weeks'' [27] , and the Toronto public health department investigated 2132 potential cases of SARS, identified over 23,000 contacts as requiring quarantine and logged more than 316,000 calls on its SARS hotline [28] , a national review commission identified systemic deficiencies in response capacity, including ''inadequacies in institutional outbreak management protocols, infection control and infectious disease surveillance'', and found that these deficiencies resulted at least in part from failure to implement lessons learned from earlier public health emergencies [22] . doi = 10.1007/s00018-006-6309-y id = cord-291024-9g4om4sf author = Isakbaeva, Elmira T. title = SARS-associated Coronavirus Transmission, United States date = 2004-02-17 keywords = SARS; case; patient summary = doi = 10.3201/eid1002.030734 id = cord-342303-ddulfe06 author = Ismael, Julia title = Multidisciplinary approach to COVID-19 and cancer: consensus from scientific societies in Argentina date = 2020-05-13 keywords = COVID-19; cancer; case; patient; treatment summary = METHODOLOGY: The review included two phases: 1) search and systematic revision of the medical literature; 2) consensus and revision of the document drafted by national scientific societies involved in the management and care of cancer patients using the modified Delphi method. The recommendations are grouped as follows: 1) general care interventions—training of the personnel, cleaning and disinfection of the hospital premises and patient scheduling; 2) treatment decisions—patient care, surgeries, immunosuppressive therapy, radiotherapy and screening; 3) ethical considerations—optimisation of resources, end-of-life care for critically-ill patients; 4) management of hospitalised patients; and 5) wellbeing of the healthcare team. In cases where the overall benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy may be small, and where there are no immunosuppressive options available (for example, hormonal therapy in early-stage hormone-dependant breast cancer), the risk of infection from COVID-19 can be considered as an additional factor to evaluate before the different options available to the patient. doi = 10.3332/ecancer.2020.1044 id = cord-283749-j4600733 author = Itoyama, Satoru title = ACE1 polymorphism and progression of SARS date = 2004-10-22 keywords = SARS; case summary = Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE1) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism was previously reported to show association with the adult respiratory distress syndrome, which is also thought to play a key role in damaging the lung tissues in SARS cases. Despite the small sample size, the frequency of the D allele was significantly higher in the hypoxemic group than in the non-hypoxemic group (p =0.013), whereas there was no significant difference between the SARS cases and controls, irrespective of a contact history. Genotypic distribution and allele frequency of the ACE I/D polymorphism in SARS cases and controls with or without contact history to SARS patients were compared (Table 4 ). The ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism has also been reported to be a risk factor of the diseases mentioned above [17] and this might be associated with systemic angiopathy and influence progression of SARS in the lung. Lung pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a study of 8 autopsy cases from Singapore doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.208 id = cord-273573-a9inlk96 author = Jaeger, Gry title = Haemorrhagic pneumonia in sled dogs caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus - one fatality and two full recoveries: a case report date = 2013-09-11 keywords = case; dog; subsp summary = title: Haemorrhagic pneumonia in sled dogs caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. Following training on the 4th day post-vaccine, several dogs in the kennel started to cough, and 24 hours later there were more animals in the pack with an intensive cough. In a study of experimental parvovirus infection in dogs, Potgieter and others [13] observed that dogs vaccinated with modified live CDV and CAV-1 five days before Figure 6 Control radiograph of the lung of case 2 eight weeks after admission to hospital. zooepidemicus is not normally carried by dogs, but it can probably cause disease in a situation where there is high level exposure from diseased dogs or other sources in the environment, an on-going viral infection, temperature stress, transport stress, intense exercise associated with training and competition and vaccine induced immunosuppression. Outbreak and control of haemorrhagic pneumonia due to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in dogs A clonal outbreak of acute fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia in intensively housed (shelter) dogs caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. doi = 10.1186/1751-0147-55-67 id = cord-275457-buq2d4k2 author = Jannes, G. title = Beta regression with spatio-temporal effects as a tool for hospital impact analysis of initial phase epidemics: the case of COVID-19 in Spain date = 2020-06-29 keywords = Hosp; ICU; beta; case summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.06.27.20141614 id = cord-004211-58x3nnsc author = Javelle, Emilie title = The challenging management of Rift Valley Fever in humans: literature review of the clinical disease and algorithm proposal date = 2020-01-22 keywords = Fever; RVF; RVFV; Rift; Valley; case; virus summary = title: The challenging management of Rift Valley Fever in humans: literature review of the clinical disease and algorithm proposal Clinicians need to consider RVF in the differential diagnosis for febrile illnesses in a suitable context, however manifestations of RVFV in humans are varied and unspecific including hepatitis, encephalitis, hemorrhagic disease, and retinitis with potential dramatic consequences. during the major outbreak in Egypt in 1977, it is considered that less than 5% of symptomatic cases will present complications including ocular, neurologic and hemorrhagic symptoms, while favorable outcome will occur within 1 week for the others [17] . Epidemic Rift Valley fever in Saudi Arabia: a clinical study of severe illness in humans Pathologic studies on suspect animal and human cases of Rift Valley fever from an outbreak in Eastern Africa Severe human illness caused by Rift Valley Fever Virus in Mauritania doi = 10.1186/s12941-020-0346-5 id = cord-018016-r7tg0s45 author = John, Maya title = Shiny Framework Based Visualization and Analytics Tool for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome date = 2019-12-04 keywords = MERS; case summary = This work deals with developing an application where users can interactively view information about the infection in the form of plots, tables and maps. By viewing the data visualizations, users can analyze MERS cases better, find trends, monitor the disease and help authorities set detection and prevention guidelines. In the case of different cases analysis, the user can view the information as pie charts and maps, or tables. The analysis based on all cases reported in "all cities within Riyadh region" during January to February 2019 is shown in Fig. 2 . The table also has provision for searching values and selecting the number Application page corresponding to "Different Cases Analysis" tab for cities within a region of records to be displayed in a page. In this paper, we have created an interactive visualization tool for MERS Co-V infection cases based on details of cases reported in Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-36365-9_16 id = cord-349978-zklwovba author = Jombart, Thibaut title = Inferring the number of COVID-19 cases from recently reported deaths date = 2020-04-27 keywords = CFR; case summary = We developed a model to use CFR alongside other epidemiological factors underpinning disease transmission to infer the likely number of cases in a population from newly reported deaths. This model combines data on the reproduction number (R) and serial interval distribution to simulate new cases ''y t '' on day ''t'' from a Poisson distribution: Our approach is implemented in the R software 13 and publicly available as R scripts (see Extended data) 14 , as well as in a user-friendly, interactive web-interface available at: https://cmmid.github.io/visualisations/ inferring-covid19-cases-from-deaths 2 . We first used our model to assess likely epidemic sizes when an initial COVID-19 death is reported in a new location. Extended data for: Inferring the number of COVID-19 cases from recently reported deaths This article describes a statistical modeling method for estimating the number of COVID-19 cases from the first reported deaths in a defined location. doi = 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15786.1 id = cord-351930-puhm3w42 author = Juan, J. title = Effects of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on Maternal, Perinatal and Neonatal Outcomes: a Systematic Review of 266 Pregnancies date = 2020-05-06 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case summary = . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.02.20088484 doi: medRxiv preprint are fever, cough, dyspnea/shortness of breath and fatigue; third, on admission, most cases have patchy shadowing or ground-glass opacity on CT of the chest, and that normal or low leukocyte, lymphocytopenia and raised CRP are the most common laboratory findings observed in COVID-19-infected pregnant patients; fourth, the rate of severe COVID-19 pneumonia is relatively low but there are two reported maternal deaths, as of April 23, 2020; fifth, COVID-19 does not appear to increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia; sixth, only a few pregnancies have resulted in a spontaneous miscarriage or abortion; seventh, of those who have delivered, the gestational age at delivery ranged from 28 to 41 weeks and the majority of cases have had Cesarean delivery; and eighth, in the case-series there have been no reported cases of neonates tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, however, in the case-reports there has been one case each with positive SARS-CoV-2 in amniotic fluid and neonatal throat swab. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20088484 id = cord-269457-i02brfzr author = Kabba, Mustapha S. title = Gossypiboma with perforation of the umbilicus mimicking a complicated urachal cyst: a case report date = 2020-10-17 keywords = case; surgical summary = title: Gossypiboma with perforation of the umbilicus mimicking a complicated urachal cyst: a case report We report an unusual case of a gossypiboma mimicking a complicated urachal cyst that led to perforation of the umbilicus. CASE PRESENTATION: A 38-year-old female patient presented in our facility with a palpable periumbilical mass and discharge of pus from the umbilicus for 7 months after an open appendectomy. Preventive measures as well as the inclusion of gossypibomas in the differential diagnosis of intraabdominal masses or fistulation detected in patients with a history of surgery are of utmost importance to minimize morbidity, mortality, and potential medicolegal implications. The presentation of our patient with a periumbilical mass and discharge of pus at the umbilicus prompted the potential differential diagnosis of an infected urachal cyst. This case shows that the diagnosis of gossypiboma can be complicated by its nonspecific presentation, which clinically and radiologically imitates other common pathologies, such as abscesses and tumors, and rare conditions, such as urachal cysts. doi = 10.1186/s12893-020-00904-7 id = cord-322235-ttjja4r2 author = Kahambing, Jan Gresil S. title = Stigma, Exclusion, and Mental Health during COVID19: 2 Cases from the Philippines date = 2020-07-11 keywords = case; health summary = title: Stigma, Exclusion, and Mental Health during COVID19: 2 Cases from the Philippines Amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) called for considerations that might include stigma and social exclusion as mental health and psychological concerns. Psychiatry is vital in the crisis since it exposes psychosocial problems that, in the case of mental health, feed on the response of the people and society at large (Tandon, 2020) . Health care workers in the Philippines often suffer from the abuse that comes from stigma (Reuters, 2020) and this was shown even among themselves in the second case. This denial forms part of the negative effect on the health of those socially excluded (Samers, 1998) . The state of the art in European research on reducing social exclusion and stigma related to mental health: A systematic mapping of the literature Covid-19: Philippines health care workers suffer abuse, stigma doi = 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102292 id = cord-264037-43yr6qon author = Kang, Yun-Jung title = Lessons Learned From Cases of COVID-19 Infection in South Korea date = 2020-05-07 keywords = Korea; case; covid-19 summary = The highly contagious virus known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infected Case No. 31 in Daegu; she was the first patient related to Sincheonji Church. This study, through collecting epidemiological data about various COVID-19 infection cases, discovered that getting together in large groups leads to mass infection, and that paying close attention to personal hygiene by means of wearing masks, sanitary gloves, etc., can prevent the spread of COVID-19. This study collected and studied various cases of COVID-19 infections to the time of this writing to determine measures of prevention against the spread of the disease, while suggesting a managerial direction for public health, which is in urgent demand now. The temporary conclusion of this study, based on limited epidemiological data and information on confirmed cases currently available, is that group meetings lead to mass infections of COVID-19, and that caring for individual hygiene by wearing masks and sanitary gloves can prevent its spread. doi = 10.1017/dmp.2020.141 id = cord-260299-0blol7to author = Karadag, Engin title = Increase in COVID‐19 cases and case‐fatality and case‐recovery rates in Europe: A cross‐temporal meta‐analysis date = 2020-06-02 keywords = case; rate summary = In this study, the case‐increase, case‐fatality, and case‐recovery rates of COVID‐19 in 36 European countries were analyzed with the meta‐analysis method using data released by the health organizations and WHO. Therefore, the epidemiological characteristics, case-increase, casefatality, and case-recovery rate of COVID-19 in Europe using the data of a 3-month period from 24 January until today were found using the method of meta-analysis. All search results were evaluated ( Figure 1) according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the final analysis was conducted on 1 744 704 COVID-19 diagnosed cases in 36 countries. The study examined the increase of COVID-19 cases in European countries using cross-temporal meta-analysis. Increase in COVID-19 cases and case-fatality and case-recovery rates in Europe: A cross-temporal meta-analysis doi = 10.1002/jmv.26035 id = cord-317512-kx0u9955 author = Karaye, Ibraheem M. title = The Impact of Social Vulnerability on COVID-19 in the U.S.: An Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships date = 2020-06-26 keywords = Americans; COVID-19; U.S.; case summary = This study estimates the association between case counts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and social vulnerability in the U.S., identifying counties at increased vulnerability to the pandemic. At the "global" level, overall Social Vulnerability Index (e β=1.65, p=0.03) and minority status and language (e β=6.69, p<0.001) were associated with increased COVID-19 case counts. In this study, minority status and language, household composition and transportation, and housing and disability predicted COVID-19 case counts in the U.S. Addressing the social factors that create poor health is essential to reducing inequities in the health impacts of disasters. At the "global" level, the finding that overall SVI and minority status and language were associated with increased COVID-19 case counts, highlights the impact of social vulnerability on the pandemic. In this study, minority status and language, household composition and disability, and housing and transportation were found to predict COVID-19 case counts in U.S. counties. doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.006 id = cord-355267-ndzgxk0k author = Kassa, Semu M. title = Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19: from mathematical modelling perspective date = 2020-06-05 keywords = COVID-19; case; disease; figure summary = Whereas knowledge of the virus dynamics and host response are essential for formulating strategies for antiviral treatment, vaccination, and epidemiological control of COVID-19, estimation of changes in transmission over time can provide insights into the epidemiological situation and help to identify whether public health control measures are having a measurable effect [5, 39] . Applying the above described set of assumptions in the bounds for some of the parameters, we optimized the model output to fit the daily new cases data reported from the Hubei province, China. Analysis of the mitigation strategies for COVID-19 Figure 11 : Dynamics of the disease with at most 10% of the population in the class and at least 50% of the class are detected and quarantined just after Phase 1 period, with strict social distancing rule imposed for 11 weeks. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109968 id = cord-257801-rgzmpoxv author = Keeling, Matt J title = The Efficacy of Contact Tracing for the Containment of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19). date = 2020-02-17 keywords = case; contact summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.02.14.20023036 id = cord-315490-xs5v3uc3 author = Kessler, Remi A. title = Neurosurgical management of brain and spine tumors in the COVID-19 era: an institutional experience from the epicenter of the pandemic date = 2020-05-05 keywords = COVID-19; case; patient; tumor summary = In this case-based formatted report, we present the Mount Sinai Hospital (New York, NY) Department of Neurosurgery institutional experience in the epicenter of the pandemic and the guiding principles for our current management of intracranial, skull base, and spine tumors. In this paper, we present our institutional neurosurgical oncology patient management approach for the treatment of brain and spine tumors during the COVID-19 pandemic in NYC. The following example cases are solely to provide our guiding principles and experience at this unprecedented time in neurosurgical practice at a large tertiary care academic medical center in NYC, the heart of the coronavirus pandemic in the United States. In this report, we provide examples of the Mount Sinai Hospital (New York, NY) neurosurgical experience and clinical reasoning for the changes in management of brain and spine tumors. doi = 10.1007/s11060-020-03523-7 id = cord-336934-57kbz29c author = Kesteman, Thomas title = Investigating Pneumonia Etiology Among Refugees and the Lebanese population (PEARL): A study protocol date = 2019-06-13 keywords = Lebanon; answer; cap; case; lebanese; study summary = pneumoniae serotypes in nasopharyngeal and blood samples; identify the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the pathogenic bacteria isolated from nasopharyngeal and blood samples and compare these profiles with antibiotic prescriptions; examine the association between respiratory viral infections and invasive pneumococcal infections; identify risk factors for CAP in this population, especially those that may be modifiable (crowding, tobacco smoking, domestic sources of smoke produced by cooking or heating, etc.), and thus provide data for prevention programs; provide current data on the incidence and severity of CAP in vulnerable populations in Lebanon; provide a unique transcriptomics dataset as regards the sociodemographic profile of the patients and spectrum of diseases; compare microbiological and transcriptomic methods in estimating viral vs bacterial attributable fractions of LRTI; and assess the operational capacity of rapid, nuclear acid-based point-of-care diagnostic tests in a humanitarian crisis. doi = 10.12688/gatesopenres.12811.2 id = cord-326584-io2f52kn author = Killeen, G. title = Why lockdown? Simplified arithmetic tools for decision-makers, health professionals, journalists and the general public to explore containment options for the novel coronavirus date = 2020-04-20 keywords = China; Coronavirus; Tanzania; case; covid-19; figure summary = Faced with such brutally difficult decisions, it is essential that as many people as possible understand (1) why lock-down interventions represent the only realistic way for individual countries to contain their national-level epidemics before they turn into public health catastrophes, (2) why these need to be implemented so early, so aggressively and for such extended periods, and (3) why international co-operation to conditionally re-open trade and travel between countries that have successfully eliminated local transmission represents the only way to contain the pandemic at global level. Faced with such brutally difficult decisions, it is essential for policy-makers, health professionals, journalists and the general public that as many people as possible understand (1) why lock-down interventions represent the only realistic way for individual countries to contain their national-level epidemics before they turn into public health catastrophes, (2) why these need to be implemented so early, so aggressively and for such extended periods, and (3) why international co-operation to conditionally re-open trade and travel between countries that have successfully eliminated local transmission represents the only way to contain the pandemic at global level. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20066845 id = cord-290902-9ibswt32 author = Kim, Jong-Hyun title = Infectious diseases in children and adolescents in the Republic of Korea; Past & recent status date = 2011-12-31 keywords = case; report; year summary = doi = 10.3345/kjp.2011.54.12.489 id = cord-312615-q333qgps author = Knobbe, Rebecca B title = Pathogens Causing Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age in Senegal date = 2019-12-30 keywords = Senegal; case; child; respiratory summary = The aim of this study was to identity the various respiratory pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Senegal. CONCLUSIONS: This case-control study in a primary care setting in sub-Saharan Africa found influenza virus A and B, RSV, and S pneumoniae to be the main causes of acute respiratory tract infections in children below 5 years of age. Therefore, the aim of this case-control study was to investigate the prevalence of the different viruses and bacteria colonizing the airways and their association with the occurrence of ARTIs and severity of disease in children less than 5 years of age, visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Dakar, Senegal. This case-control study investigates the prevalence of the different viruses and bacteria colonizing the airways and their 6 Microbiology Insights association with the occurrence of ARTIs in children visiting a sub-urban primary care clinic in Senegal. doi = 10.1177/1178636119890885 id = cord-253851-27nt0op8 author = Koh, David title = SARS: health care work can be hazardous to health date = 2003-06-17 keywords = SARS; case summary = Health care workers (HCWs) are a high-risk group for SARS-CoV infection. As at 4 May, 41% of 203 SARS patients in Singapore and 22% of 1629 cases in Hong Kong [7] were HCWs. The majority of cases in Canada (74.4%) have been attributed to exposure in a hospital or health care setting [8] . That the cluster of cases included housekeepers is also significant-preventive measures need to target much broader groups of HCWs than just the doctors and nurses in direct contact with patients. This was the case in a Singapore hospital [11] , where the experience was reported as: ''We did not see any further transmission from this index patient after we implemented strict infection control measures involving use of N95 masks, gown, gloves, and handwashing before and after patient contact''. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore: clinical features of index patient and initial contacts doi = 10.1093/occmed/kqg090 id = cord-300583-0krbrj4w author = Koh, Wee Chian title = Estimating the impact of physical distancing measures in containing COVID-19: an empirical analysis date = 2020-08-13 keywords = case; measure summary = METHODS: We identified three distinct physical distancing measures with varying intensity and implemented at different times—international travel controls, restrictions on mass gatherings, and lockdown-type measures—based on the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. INTERPRETATION: A combination of physical distancing measures, if implemented early, can be effective in containing COVID-19—tight border controls to limit importation of cases, encouraging physical distancing, moderately stringent measures such as working from home, and a full lockdown in the case of a probable uncontrolled outbreak. is the average reproduction number of country over the 14 days following the date of the 100 th case; is country ''s physical distancing measure of type on the date of the 100 th case; represents the country characteristic (income level, population density, age structure, and temperature) of country ; is a constant term, ''s are the regression coefficients, and denotes the error term. doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.026 id = cord-316006-t080mykk author = Kong, Dechuan title = Clusters of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) cases in Chinese tour groups date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID-19; China; case summary = Our study describes clusters of COVID-19 cases within tour groups travelling in European countries from January 16 through 28. Tour group transmission may have occurred in the following sceParis-Shanghai, all of the confirmed and suspected cases had seats within two rows ( Figure 3 ). We reported three clusters of COVID-19 confirmed cases in three tour groups travelling in European countries and one cluster of suspected cases on one flight in late January 2020. In group A, the cluster was initiated by a familial transmission, followed by spread of disease to 13 out of 34 members in the 12-day tour. In conclusion, we reported a cluster of 13 COVID-19 cases, which was initiated by within-family transmission followed by propagative transmission into tour groups travelling in European countries. The study findings show that clustered cases in tour groups may be more propagative than simple familial transmission. Clusters of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases in Chinese tour groups doi = 10.1111/tbed.13729 id = cord-310144-s25do8cb author = Lara-Reyna, Jacques title = “Staying Home” - Early Changes in Patterns of Neurotrauma in New York City during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-07-27 keywords = March; case; covid-19 summary = In an attempt to slow the progression of COVID-19 pandemic, New York state and city governments enacted strict social distancing policies starting on March 12th, which included a progressive restriction and cancellation of non-fundamental activities, like the closure of schools, restaurants, bars, and business; as well as the cancellation of all elective surgical procedures. To assess these possible changes, we reviewed all neurotrauma admissions to our trauma center during the early COVID-19 period, and assessed changes in frequency, demographics, and mechanisms, in order to highlight any changes due to social distancing policies. 8 During this time period, we observed a decrease in the frequency of neurotrauma at the early phase after the strict limitation of non-essential activities in the city, compared to the pre-COVID-19 period. Interestingly, transit-related neurotrauma, as well as TBIs related to violence (direct head trauma with an object) increased in frequency in the COVID-19 period showing significant difference. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.155 id = cord-290567-hyod58n2 author = Laxmipriya, S. title = COVID-19 and its relationship to particulate matter pollution – case study from part of greater chennai, india date = 2020-10-09 keywords = case summary = doi = 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.768 id = cord-333928-boq65pci author = Lee, Jia‐Jung title = Review of the present features and the infection control challenges of COVID‐19 pandemic in dialysis facilities date = 2020-06-03 keywords = case; covid-19 summary = Taiwan has 429 COVID-19 confirmed cases with clinical presentation including 298 (69.6%) cases of mild disease, 95 (22.2%) cases of pneumonia, 35 (8.2%) cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and six deaths (1.4%). Accordingly, this interim summary is not a comprehensive review but aims to update present clinical information and infection control strategies currently focusing on COVID-19 control in dialysis facilities. In the first case series reported in the United States, in the presentation and outcome of 21 critically ill patients, the majority was linked to exposure at a skilled nursing facility. 10 One large, retrospective case series of 1591 COVID-19-positive cases who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in the Lombardy Region of Italy showed similar presentation and patient outcomes. Coronavirus disease 19 infection does not result in acute kidney injury: An analysis of 116 hospitalized patients from Wuhan, China doi = 10.1002/kjm2.12239 id = cord-294118-tm2kesum author = Lemos, Daniele Rocha Queiros title = Health system collapse 45 days after the detection of COVID-19 in Ceará, Northeast Brazil: a preliminary analysis date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; Ceará; case summary = This study aim to describe the epidemiological course of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 and their impact on hospital bed occupancy rates in the first 45 days of the epidemic in the state of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: The first 45 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ceará revealed a large number of cases and deaths, spreading initially among the population with a high socioeconomic status. In Brazil, the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed on February 26, 2020, and the first death on March 17, both in the state of São Paulo 7 . We describe the epidemiological scenario of cases and deaths from COVID-19 and their impact on hospital bed occupancy rate in the first 45 days (February 17 to April 27, 2020) of the epidemic in Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. The study used an ecological design to compare confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths to bed occupancy rates in Ceará. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0354-2020 id = cord-343234-ps12f9jq author = Levallois, P. title = Risk of Infectious Gastroenteritis in Young Children Living in Québec Rural Areas with Intensive Animal Farming: Results of a Case–Control Study (2004–2007) date = 2013-02-14 keywords = Campylobacter; O157; case summary = The quality of the drinking water used by the participants was investigated for microbial indicators as well as for four zoonotic bacterial pathogens (Campylobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Yersinia spp) and two enteric parasites (Cryptosporidium spp and Giardia spp). We conducted a population-based case-control survey of all children aged less than 5 years and living in a large rural area, with intensive animal farming, admitted to hospitals or notified to the public health department (as reportable diseases), with symptoms of acute diarrhoea during a period of 21 months. We defined a case as a child who was (i) a resident of the study area; (ii) aged from 6 months to 5 years; (iii) either (a) hospitalized for diarrhoea in the absence of a diagnosed chronic gastrointestinal disease; or (b) notified to the public health department with a laboratory diagnosis of gastroenteritis for one of the microbial enteric pathogens of interest. doi = 10.1111/zph.12039 id = cord-286477-0euaaspo author = Li, Xiaochen title = Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan date = 2020-04-12 keywords = case; covid-19; patient summary = This study aims to describe and compare the 141 epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics as well as the 142 complications, treatment and outcomes of hospitalized patients with nonsevere and severe 143 COVID-19. Comparison of findings between nonsevere and severe cases in 223 the patients with positive viral nucleic acid test pre-admission showed essentially the similar 224 differences to that in the total patients (see Table E1 in the Online Repository). In the follow-up period, the complications of COVID-19 were assessed , including acute 297 respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (38.3%), cardiac injury (21.7%), liver dysfunction (19.3%), 298 acute kidney injury (17.3%), bacteremia (7.7%), diffuse intravascular coagulation (7.7%), and 299 hyperglycemia (33.2%) ( This study provided a comprehensive data on the epidemiological, demographic, clinical, 338 laboratory, and radiological characteristics as well as the complications, treatment, and outcomes 339 of hospitalized patients with nonsevere and severe COVID-19 in Wuhan. doi = 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.006 id = cord-327301-5eko4htz author = Li, Yang title = Chest CT imaging characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia in preschool children: a retrospective study date = 2020-05-18 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = METHODS: From January 26, 2020 to February 20, 2020, the clinical and initial chest CT imaging data of eight preschool children with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from two hospitals were retrospectively collected. The present study indicates that infected preschool children have different clinical symptoms and CT imaging findings from those of adults. The present findings indicate that the chest CT features of COVID-19 pneumonia in preschool children differ from those in adults. The early-stage imaging features of preschool children are not typical, mainly presenting consolidations, while the most common early-stage CT feature in adult patients with COVID-19 pneumonia is the GGO distributed along the bronchovascular bundle or the dorsolateral and subpleural part of the lungs [12] . In summary, the chest CT imaging features and clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in preschool children are atypical and various, and are relatively mild or moderate compared with adult patients. doi = 10.1186/s12887-020-02140-7 id = cord-344008-h4kc04w0 author = Liang, Donghai title = Urban Air Pollution May Enhance COVID-19 Case-Fatality and Mortality Rates in the United States date = 2020-09-21 keywords = case; covid-19; rate summary = We used both single and multipollutant models and controlled for spatial trends and a comprehensive set of potential confounders, including state-level test positive rate, county-level healthcare capacity, phase-of-epidemic, population mobility, population density, sociodemographics, socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, behavioral risk factors, and meteorology. To address these analytical gaps and contribute towards a more complete understanding of the impact of long-term exposures to ambient air pollution on COVID-19-related health consequences, we conducted a nationwide study in the USA (3,122 counties) examining associations between multiple key ambient air pollutants, NO 2 , PM 2.5 , and O 3 , and COVID-19 case-fatality and mortality rates in both single and multi-pollutant models, with J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f comprehensive covariate adjustment. We hypothesized that residents living in counties with higher long-term ambient air pollution levels may be more susceptible to COVID-19 severe outcomes, thus resulting in higher COVID-19 case-fatality rates and mortality rates. doi = 10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100047 id = cord-262623-lmf2h6oc author = Light, R. Bruce title = Plagues in the ICU: A Brief History of Community-Acquired Epidemic and Endemic Transmissible Infections Leading to Intensive Care Admission date = 2009-01-31 keywords = ICU; case; disease; outbreak; respiratory; syndrome summary = In addition to the HIV pandemic, the smaller epidemic outbreaks of Legionnaire''s disease, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and severe acute respiratory syndrome, among many others, points out the potential risk associated with a lack of preplanning and preparedness. In the late 1970s, emergency rooms and ICUs throughout North America began to see an increasing number of young menstruating women presenting with a previously little-known syndrome characterized by sudden onset of a high fever, often associated with vomiting and diarrhea, quickly followed by severe hypotension. At the beginning of the epidemic, most patients presenting for care with HIV/AIDS and Pneumocystosis were severely ill with diffuse pneumonia and hypoxemic respiratory failure and many died, 80%-90% in most centers, prompting widespread debate about whether such patients should even be admitted to ICU for mechanical ventilatory support. doi = 10.1016/j.ccc.2008.11.002 id = cord-290206-fmy4zrim author = Lim, Jue Tao title = The Costs of an Expanded Screening Criteria for COVID-19: A Modelling Study date = 2020-08-12 keywords = ESC; PIR; case summary = The screening process should therefore maximise sensitivity to minimise the number of missed cases and risk of nosocomial transmission, which occurred in Singapore during another coronavirus outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003. Using ESC, NUH clinicians were able to identify and isolate 13 patients who did not fit the WHO SARS criteria but were eventually confirmed to have SARS, who would have otherwise been potential spreaders (the number of positive and negative cases for SARS are presented in Supplementary Table 1.) 12 Clinicians responded to the COVID-19 crisis similarly, implementing ESC on 7 th February 2020, which was approximately three weeks after the first imported case. At an of 2.5 and incubation period (IP) of 4 days, approximate to estimates by Wu and colleagues 29 for Wuhan, an estimated 240 (95% CI: 200-290) cases would be prevented over 150 days through ESC by isolating patients presenting fever or respiratory symptoms such as cough with their travel and exposure profile not considered (Table 2) . doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.025 id = cord-302774-ekw2oxw2 author = Lin, Gary title = Explaining the Bomb-Like Dynamics of COVID-19 with Modeling and the Implications for Policy date = 2020-04-07 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = Given the mounting evidence that potentially large fractions of the population are asymptomatic, the weaker priors that generate the high R0 values to fit the data required assumptions about the epidemiology of COVID-19 that do not fit with the biology, particularly regarding the timeframe that people remain infectious. Our results suggest that models of transmission assuming a relatively lower R0 value that do not consider a large number of asymptomatic cases can result in misunderstanding of the underlying dynamics, leading to poor policy decisions and outcomes. Our goal was to estimate the ranges of parameters that would fit the data of the beginning of an outbreak in a country, assuming that initially the effects of distancing and other measures to control the disease are largely absent and thus the data are largely representative of the transmission dynamics but that some proportion of the infected population is not observed. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.05.20054338 id = cord-142389-t5swlp04 author = Linden, Matthias title = The foreshadow of a second wave: An analysis of current COVID-19 fatalities in Germany date = 2020-10-12 keywords = IFR; SARS; age; case summary = We investigated this apparent discrepancy using age-stratified case and death reports [3] , and an age-dependent infection fatality rate (IFR). From this age-dependent IFR we predict the temporal evolution of the COVID-19associated deaths by delaying each age group''s observed weekly cases by two weeks and multiplying by the IFR (see supplementary material). The observed number deaths (black) in each age group matches well the predicted deaths calculated from the case numbers (color) using an age-dependent infection-fatality rate from a metaanalysis [4] . b. IFR calculation The overall goal is to estimate death numbers from past reported cases per age group and compare them to the observed number of deaths. c. Estimating the number of deaths from the reported SARS-CoV-2 cases The number of deaths is estimated by multiplying the published weekly number of reported cases in 5-years-wide age groups by the associated IFR (equation (2)). doi = nan id = cord-263044-o8aosx2q author = Lipsitch, Marc title = Potential Biases in Estimating Absolute and Relative Case-Fatality Risks during Outbreaks date = 2015-07-16 keywords = CFR; bias; case summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003846 id = cord-273601-icituitn author = Liu, M. title = Forecasting the Spread of COVID-19 under Different Reopening Strategies date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; case; social summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.05.26.20113993 id = cord-296229-pkwxlydz author = Liu, Yang title = The contribution of pre-symptomatic infection to the transmission dynamics of COVID-2019 date = 2020-04-01 keywords = case; symptomatic summary = Methods: Using the probability for symptom onset on a given day inferred from the incubation period, we attributed the serial interval reported from Shenzen, China, into likely pre-symptomatic and symptomatic transmission. We did so by first using the incubation period density distribution to calculate the probability of having developed symptoms on each day since infection and then using this to stratify the serial interval distribution, assumed to be a proxy for the generation time, into likely pre-symptomatic and symptomatic onward transmissions. In the scenario of no active case finding and isolation before six days after symptom onset, and assuming uncorrelated serial interval and incubation period distributions, we estimate that 23% (range accounting for correlation: 12 -28%) of onward transmissions in Shenzen have occurred during the pre-symptomatic period ( Figure 2 and Table 1 ). doi = 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15788.1 id = cord-351098-x729wpp7 author = Long, Rachel B. title = Characterizing trends in human-wildlife conflicts in the American Midwest using wildlife rehabilitation records date = 2020-09-11 keywords = admission; case; wildlife summary = The purpose of this study was to examine the value of wildlife rehabilitation facility admissions records for informing understanding of local human-wildlife conflicts and wildlife disease trends by 1) identifying the top reasons for admission to this facility, 2) examining how occurrences as measured by admitted cases may fluctuate monthly and across taxa, and 3) analyzing trends in commonly admitted disease cases. To examine how human-wildlife conflict as measured by admissions to this facility may vary seasonally and across taxonomic groups, we assessed changes in mean cases admitted per month via Chi-squared tests. We further examined the top four identified specific causes of admission to the wildlife rehabilitation facility: orphaned, dog attacks, cat attacks, and vehicle strikes. Our study demonstrates the value of wildlife rehabilitation records for characterizing local human-wildlife conflicts and potentially select disease trends, as well as how occurrences may fluctuate seasonally and impact taxa differently. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0238805 id = cord-298086-pbfi5c8e author = Lyngse, F. P. title = COVID-19 Transmission Within Danish Households: A Nationwide Study from Lockdown to Reopening date = 2020-09-09 keywords = September; case; test summary = Methods We used comprehensive administrative register data from Denmark, comprising the full population and all COVID-19 tests, to estimate household transmission risk and attack rate. To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide study that uses estimates of household attack rates and transmission risks that exploit SARS-CoV-2 test data from an entire population. We defined the attack rate as the proportion of additional household members that tested positive, whereas the transmission risk was the proportion of secondary cases per primary case. To estimate the attack rate, we estimated the proportion of potential secondary household members who received a positive test within 14 days after the test date of the primary case. (In Appendix D, we illustrate changes over all three periods.) Figure 1 panel (a) shows that after receiving a positive test result in the household (t = 0), 36% of potential secondary cases were tested (blue) the day after the positive test result (t = 1) of the primary case was available and 13% of these 36% were positive (red). doi = 10.1101/2020.09.09.20191239 id = cord-022176-hprwqi4n author = Löscher, Thomas title = Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases date = 2009-07-28 keywords = Africa; Europe; United; case; country; disease; infection summary = Since the detection of the etiologic infectious agent and the subsequent development of laboratory diagnostic tests in the 1980s, the number of reported cases of Lyme disease has increased from 0 to 16,000 per year, indicating that it is an "emerging diagnosis." The reported numbers vary depending on the reproduction of the hosting rodents for ticks as well as the contacts between humans and nature (Spach et al. In recent years, norovirus infections are increasingly recognized as the cause of large outbreaks of diarrheal diseases in the general population, school classes, nursing homes, hospitals, and cruise ships in western countries with peaks in colder seasons (winter epidemics) (Centers of disease control 2006; Verhoef et al. Definition: only infections that are newly discovered in humans are listed in this chapter: HIV, new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), hemorrhagic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli, viral hemorrhagic fevers like Hanta, Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, monkeypox, human ehrlichiosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus infection, SARS), and avian influenza (H5N1) (see Fig. 3 .1 and Table 3 .2). doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-93835-6_3 id = cord-280394-v2pwvst7 author = Ma, Lin-Lu title = Developments, Evolution, and Implications of National Diagnostic Criteria for COVID-19 in China date = 2020-05-15 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = Therefore, we aim to share our experience with the rest of the world based on an analysis of the evolving changes in the diagnostic criteria incorporated in the different versions of China''s national guidelines for COVID-19. In the first edition, three types were described: observed case, confirmed case, and critical case; however, from the second edition onwards, the term "observed case" has been changed to "suspected case, " and the criteria for "severe case" has been added. However, this item was deleted from the second edition onwards, but "a history of contact with patients with fever or respiratory symptoms from Wuhan city within the last 14 days before symptom onset, or with a cluster of confirmed cases" was added. Hence, in the fifth edition of the guideline, suspected patients who had imaging features of pneumonia in Hubei Province were considered as clinically diagnosed cases, and then given standardized treatment. doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00242 id = cord-296487-m4xba78g author = MacIntyre, Chandini Raina title = Health system capacity in Sydney, Australia in the event of a biological attack with smallpox date = 2019-06-14 keywords = Sydney; case; contact summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0217704 id = cord-337360-3fuuqbyq author = Machery, Edouard title = Responses to Herman Cappelen and Jennifer Nado date = 2020-10-30 keywords = Cappelen; Machery; case summary = Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds (Machery 2017) addresses the reference class problem by identifying the causes of the demographic and presentation effects-the disturbing characteristics-and by generalizing to all the cases that have the same characteristics. I will assume that Nado does not take Weatherson''s proposal to be a normative proposal about how to use ''''knowledge'''' (i.e., it is not a piece of conceptual engineering or a metalinguistic negotiation) nor is it a case of precisifying an antecedently indeterminate question; it is rather a truth-evaluable claim about the fact of the matter in the situation described in Gettier cases, and it takes theoretical virtues to be truth-conducive. Even if Cappelen were right about unusualness and even if his arguments somehow extended to the two other disturbing characteristics, this would only show that I have failed at identifying the features of the cases examined by experimental philosophers that produce unreliable judgments, not that there are no such features. doi = 10.1007/s11098-020-01583-z id = cord-282125-3i2jhvwn author = Maitra, S. title = Case- fatality rate in COVID- 19 patients: A meta-analysis of publicly accessible database date = 2020-04-14 keywords = case summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.09.20059683 id = cord-291307-71s44kbs author = Malhotra, Rajesh title = Conducting orthopaedic practical examination during the Covid-19 pandemic date = 2020-07-10 keywords = case summary = BACKGROUND: As the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is expected to stay for a longer time, educational activities including residency training have gradually resumed with the aid of virtual tools. The conventional exam pattern involved clinical case presentations and required resident interaction with a number of patients. However, in view of the COVID-19 pandemic we conducted a "zero-patient contact virtual practical exit examination" for orthopaedic residents. CONCLUSION: Orthopaedic residency end-of-training examinations can be successfully conducted during the COVID pandemic, and we hope our experience will be helpful to other residency programs. However, the Covid-19 pandemic posed a few challenges that made conducting the practical 42 exams in a conventional manner unseemly, difficult and impractical. A total of seven 43 candidates completed the tenure of residency training and were appearing for the examination 44 in June 2020 and therefore 28 clinical cases were needed. To overcome both these challenges, our department planned to 50 conduct a "zero-patient contact virtual practical exit examination" for orthopaedic residents. doi = 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.07.002 id = cord-340027-6l55rcfm author = Mamode Khan, Naushad title = Studying the trend of the novel coronavirus series in Mauritius and its implications date = 2020-07-10 keywords = Mauritius; case; covid-19 summary = This paper proposes an integer-valued time series model to analyze the series of COVID-19 cases in Mauritius wherein the corresponding innovation term accommodates for covariate specification. Based on the proposed COM-Poisson mixture models, we could predict the number of COVID-19 cases in Mauritius. The paper therefore proposes an integer-valued auto-regressive model (INAR(1)) with Conway-Maxwell Poisson (COM-Poisson) mixed innovation terms that can accommodate for covariate, random effect and serial auto-correlation specifications. The organization of the paper is as follows: In Section 2, material in terms of time series of COVID-19 in Mauritius and proposed methods principally the INAR(1) Process and the COM-Poisson mixture innovations have been provided. The results of this research revealed that several factors, the most significant being confinement measure, and least one being climatic conditions, affect the number of COVID-19 cases in Mauritius. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0235730 id = cord-262413-jm4qmpeg author = Mao, Suling title = Epidemiological analysis of 67 local COVID-19 clusters in Sichuan Province, China date = 2020-10-08 keywords = Sichuan; case; covid-19 summary = BACKGROUND: This study was intended to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 clusters and the severity distribution of clinical symptoms of involved cases in Sichuan Province, so as to provide information support for the development and adjustment of strategies for the prevention and control of local clusters. Ten cases were exposed before the confirmed cases they contacted with developed clinical symptoms, and the possibility of exposure to other infection sources was ruled out; two clusters were caused by asymptomatic carriers; confirmed cases mainly presented with fever, respiratory and systemic symptoms; a gradual decline in the severity of clinical symptoms was noted with the increase of the case generation. In this study, information about all local clusters was exported from sub-module "Emergency Public Reporting System" and data about related confirmed cases and asymptomatic carriers from sub-module "Infectious Disease Management Information System". doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-09606-4 id = cord-349238-qfvm883x author = Maponga, Brian A title = Risk factors for contracting watery diarrhoea in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe, 2011: a case control study date = 2013-12-02 keywords = City; Kadoma; case summary = title: Risk factors for contracting watery diarrhoea in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe, 2011: a case control study We conducted a case controlstudy to determine risk factorsfor contracting watery diarrhoea in children less than 5 years in Kadoma City. METHODS: An unmatched 1:1 case control study was conducted in Ngezi and Rimuka townships in Kadoma City, Zimbabwe. Diarrheal disease is a leading cause of child mortality and morbidity in the world, and mostly results from contaminated food and water sources.In developing countries, children below 3 years experience on average 3 episodes of diarrhoea every year. A case was defined as a child less than five years old who presented to a health facility with acute watery diarrhoea, with or without vomiting and other symptoms, between 5 th September and 1 st October 2011, who had been resident in Kadoma City for one week prior to onset of symptoms. This study sought to establish risk factors for contracting watery diarrhoea among children less than five years old in Kadoma City. doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-13-567 id = cord-273913-xem3alih author = Marraha, Farah title = A Review of the Dermatological Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) date = 2020-08-11 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; case; patient summary = In this review, we discuss these various cutaneous manifestations and skin problems related to personal protective equipment, as well as different cutaneous anti-COVID-19 drug-associated reactions. e first case infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was reported in Wuhan, China, in late November 2019. ese skin lesions can guide clinicians for diagnosis if the patients present other COVID-19 symptoms; however, viral infection cannot be the only cause; mediated inflammatory responses and drug reactions can also be suspected. e aim of our literature review is to report the various cutaneous manifestations described to date associated with COVID-19, the skin problems related to personal protective equipment, and the different cutaneous anti-COVID-19 drug reactions [6, 7] . e frequency of the skin lesions associated with COVID-19 infection varies according to the series; in a Chinese study of 1099 positive cases, the incidence was only 0.2%, while in an Italian series of 88 patients it was 20.4% [42] . doi = 10.1155/2020/9360476 id = cord-323591-8r30lsq8 author = Martinez, Edson Zangiacomi title = Long-term forecasts of the COVID-19 epidemic: a dangerous idea date = 2020-08-26 keywords = case; covid-19 summary = Among other important contributions, mathematical and statistical models are being used to forecast the short and long term course of the COVID-19 epidemic in a given population; these results are useful for estimating medical capacity requirements and to keep the public and decision-makers informed. Considering the model based on the Richards curve, it is estimated that in SP there will be K = 2,276,152 cases of COVID-19 by the end of the epidemic, and the peak of cases will occur on day b = 186.1 (tentatively, August 28, 2020). Figure 3 shows estimates of parameters K and b obtained from the fit of Richards models to the daily COVID-19 reports in SP and CE, considering a time series beginning on the date of notification of the first case in each state and ending on different dates, in a range from April 14 to July 8, 2020. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0481-2020 id = cord-303703-ekhwb5xb author = Mash, Bob title = Primary care management of the coronavirus (COVID-19) date = 2020-03-31 keywords = COVID-19; case; patient summary = 1 As I write this, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is hitting South Africa and events are unfolding fast as new measures are taken on a daily basis to contain its spread within communities. If people meet the case definition, the primary care provider should immediately adopt infection prevention and control measures. If people meet the case definition, the primary care provider should immediately adopt infection prevention and control measures. Mild cases can be managed at home with self-isolation, symptomatic treatment and follow-up if the disease worsens. Keywords: coronavirus; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; primary care; continuing medical education; clinical management. Patients should be treated in a separate room, although not necessarily an airborne infection isolation room, as measures to prevent contact and surface contamination are most important. • At least one of the following epidemiological criteria in the 14 days prior to onset of symptoms: ß Was in close contact with a confirmed or probable case of SARS-Cov-2 infection. doi = 10.4102/safp.v62i1.5115 id = cord-307834-shmpfnrj author = Massad, Eduardo title = Two complementary model-based methods for calculating the risk of international spreading of a novel virus from the outbreak epicentre. The case of COVID-19 date = 2020-06-09 keywords = case summary = The second model calculates the probability that an infected traveller will generate at least one secondary autochthonous case in the visited country. Next, we calculate the values of parameters π and σ from equations (9a) and (9b) to estimate the probability that the infected traveller who imported the virus to his/her home country would generate at least one secondary case, according to equation (11) . One model addresses the case of disease exportation from the epidemic outbreak and considers a certain number of travellers leaving the epidemic region during the incubation period, thereby importing the virus into another country. We simulated the model with the same case of the province of Hubei in China and the results show that one single infective traveller would be able to generate at least one secondary autochthonous case in the visited country, along his/her infectiousness period, with a probability of 23%. doi = 10.1017/s0950268820001223 id = cord-025886-259357pg author = Mehrotra, Sanjay title = A model of supply‐chain decisions for resource sharing with an application to ventilator allocation to combat COVID‐19 date = 2020-05-02 keywords = case; covid-19; ventilator summary = Going forward, the federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic will require centralized decision-making around how to equitably allocate, and reallocate, limited supplies of ventilators to states in need. Importantly, computational results from the model also provide estimates of the shortfall of ventilators in each state under different future demand scenarios. Section 4 presents our computational results under different mechanical ventilator demand scenarios for the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. In this section, we present a multiperiod planning model to allocate ventilators to different regions, based on their needs, for the treatment of critical patients. The results in Table 4 indicate that in Cases VI (severe) and V (extreme), the State of New York requires between 11 100 and 17 500 additional ventilators for COVID-19 patients during its peak demand. Overall, the model developed in this paper can be used as a planning tool/framework by state and federal agencies in acquiring and allocating ventilators to meet national demand. doi = 10.1002/nav.21905 id = cord-022512-939pika7 author = Merck, Melinda D. title = Clinical Management of Large-Scale Cruelty Cases date = 2015-12-04 keywords = animal; case; cat; shelter summary = The veterinarian plays a role in the planning of the operation, at the crime scene, the temporary shelter, and the hospital receiving cats for more advanced treatment. Shelter design should take into account the number of cats, special housing needs, ease of handling, infectious disease, temperature control, airflow, foot traffic, noise levels, animal stress, and environmental enrichment. The standard medical protocols enacted depend on the known existing conditions and diseases within the population, the expected length of stay in the temporary shelter, and the expected disposition of the cats; however, a variety of infectious diseases (including respiratory, enteric, and dermatologic pathogens) should be expected. 9 Based on observed diarrhea findings at the scene, within the temporary shelter, or diagnostic test results, it may be reasonable to treat all cats for coccidiosis. The clinical management of large-scale feline cruelty cases starts at the scene and continues to the temporary housing in a shelter or hospital. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-22652-3.00069-4 id = cord-277563-rc88vn6e author = Merrin, Jack title = Differences in power-law growth over time and indicators of COVID-19 pandemic progression worldwide date = 2020-04-02 keywords = China; case summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.03.31.20048827 id = cord-312137-u260m04t author = Morrison, Daniel R. title = Head and neck oncologic surgery in the COVID‐19 pandemic: Our experience in a deep south tertiary care center date = 2020-05-19 keywords = COVID-19; HNS; case summary = doi = 10.1002/hed.26262 id = cord-247554-535cpe5x author = Moustakas, Aristides title = Ranking the explanatory power of factors associated with worldwide new Covid-19 cases date = 2020-05-29 keywords = case; covid-19; new summary = Data driven analysis of epidemiological, economic, public health, and governmental intervention variables was performed in order to select the optimal variables in explaining new Covid-19 cases across all countries in time. To that end methods that can account for both spatial and temporal autocorrelation [17] in the data of new Covid-19 cases but can quantify the effect of each epidemiological, economic, public health, and governmental intervention are key to our understanding of how the disease spreads in populations worldwide [18, 19] . Hierarchical Variance Partitioning (HVP) statistical modelling was implemented to account for the contribution of each data driven epidemiological, economic, public health, and governmental intervention explanatory variable to the total variance of new Covid-19 per million cases [29, 30] . Results from variance partitioning of the data-driven selected 9 epidemiological, public health, economic, and governmental intervention variables explaining Covid-19 new cases per million across countries through time, indicated that the vast majority of new cases per million are explained by the number of tests conducted. doi = nan id = cord-306340-fmgsp615 author = Mu, Di title = CFD investigation on the effects of wind and thermal wall-flow on pollutant transmission in a high-rise building date = 2018-04-01 keywords = Fig; case; wall; wind summary = Finally, the tracer gas method is employed in the numerical simulation to analyse the influence of the wind and wall thermal plume flow on the inter-flat pollutant transmission characteristics. [40] calculated a set of CFD simulation cases to investigate the impact of solar radiation on pollutant dispersion in different street layouts and estimated the relative strength of thermally/ mechanically induced flow using the ratio of Gr/Re 2 . Finally, to analyse the influence of the wind and wall thermal plume flow on the pollutant transmission characteristics, the tracer gas method is employed in the numerical simulation. The results of present work are helpful for a profound understanding of how solar radiation and near-wall flow affect the vertical inter-flat contaminant transmission routes, and the results also reveal the combined effect of wind force and buoyancy lift on the pollutant dispersion near the building. doi = 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.03.051 id = cord-304455-z5n9ys86 author = Murray, Jillian title = Infectious Disease Surveillance date = 2017-12-31 keywords = Health; case; disease; surveillance summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00517-8 id = cord-337878-hiylqqie author = Namasivayam, Abirami title = Atypical case of COVID-19 in a critically unwell 5-week old infant date = 2020-09-14 keywords = COVID-19; case; infant summary = To our knowledge, he is the youngest reported case in the UK to require mechanical ventilation and intensive care treatment as a direct result of COVID-19 following horizontal transmission. 4 A larger nationwide study investigating 134 paediatric cases across China reported that 76% cases had fever, 64.9% cases presented as acute upper respiratory tract infection, 26.9% as mild pneumonia and 1.5% cases were critical; unfortunately, the specific age groups and comorbidities were not reported. At present there are few reports of paediatric patients requiring intensive care support with confirmed COVID-19. This case demonstrates the need for vigilance in considering COVID-19 infection in infants presenting with less discriminatory symptoms such as lethargy or reduced feeding. Dong et al report a case series of 2135 paediatric patients with confirmed and suspected coronavirus; infants (<1 year) were noted to be particularly vulnerable. doi = 10.1136/bcr-2020-237142 id = cord-279539-s2zv7hr4 author = Narayanan, C. S. title = Modeling the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States date = 2020-05-05 keywords = CFR; case summary = We combine a cohort-based model that determines case fatality rates along with a modified logistic model that evaluates the case incidence to determine the number of deaths in all the US states over time; the model is also able to include the impact of interventions. The number of 34 deaths is a product of the case fatality rate (CFR) and the population confirmed to 35 have been infected [13] . The logistic model forecasts the slow initial rise, exponential growth, and eventual 87 decay of cumulative cases, but cannot account for the changes that result from parameters: the terminal number of cumulative cases (C), the CFR growth rate (r), and 94 the days to the inflection point (t i ). We used a cohort analysis approach to estimate CFR and a modified logistic model 198 (that explicitly accounts for the impact of mitigation efforts) to forecast case incidence 199 on the state level, and afterwards calculated mortality on the state and national levels. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.30.20086884 id = cord-144860-a4i9vnjz author = Nason, Guy P. title = Rapidly evaluating lockdown strategies using spectral analysis: the cycles behind new daily COVID-19 cases and what happens after lockdown date = 2020-04-16 keywords = case; country; covid-19 summary = Here we show that transformed new daily COVID-19 cases for many countries generally contain three cycles operating at wavelengths of around 2.7, 4.1 and 6.7 days (weekly). However, we show that there are considerable and useful similarities in the underlying cyclic (spectral) behaviours of the numbers of new daily COVID-19 cases for a range of different countries (see Extended Data figures). Using data [2] from all of the countries we considered, our results show that transformed new daily COVID-19 cases have three underlying cycles: one operating at a wavelength of 2.7 days, a second at 4.1 days and a third at 6.7 days, which we take to be a weekly effect. Given the similarity of the cycles across countries, this indicates that cases could be monitored and pooled across regions, over a short number of days to be fused into longer effective samples using the methods described here. doi = nan id = cord-000721-leedutqo author = Nawaz, Sameena title = Human Bocaviruses Are Not Significantly Associated with Gastroenteritis: Results of Retesting Archive DNA from a Case Control Study in the UK date = 2012-07-24 keywords = case; control summary = Human bocavirus (HBoV)s, which are associated with respiratory infections, have also frequently been detected in stool samples in cases of gastroenteritis, and a tentative association between HBoVs, and in particular type-2 HBoVs, and gastroenteritis has previously been made. The aim of this study was to determine the role of HBoVs in gastroenteritis, using archived DNA samples from the case-control Infectious Intestinal Disease Study (IID). In the genotype-specific assays 106 of the 324 HBoV-positive samples were genotyped, with HBoV-1 predominantly found in controls whilst HBoV-2 was more frequently associated with cases of gastroenteritis (p<0.01). The prevalence of HBoV-2 in children in the UK was significantly lower than that reported in a study in Australia, in which HBoV-2 was detected in 17.2% and 8.1% of the cases and controls, respectively [22] . Human bocavirus in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis: a case-control study doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0041346 id = cord-256553-iw5squ6n author = Neiva, Mariane Barros title = Brazil: the emerging epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic date = 2020-10-21 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; case summary = RESULTS: Results show that while other countries have flattened their curves and present low numbers of active cases, Brazil continues to see an increase in COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: All analyses show that Brazil is not ready for reopening, and the premature easing of restrictions may increase the number of COVID-19-related deaths and cause the collapse of the public health system. However, one can see that Brazil and the United States, the second and first countries, respectively, in the number of confirmed cases, do not follow the same patterns in the new cases/deaths and active case graphs, as shown in Figures 1g and 1h . This is because São Paulo is the industrial center FIGURE 3: Besides the high number of cases in Brazil, the country is known for its lower testing rate. doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0550-2020 id = cord-293167-3bd3adip author = Nepal, Gaurav title = Neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review date = 2020-07-13 keywords = China; SARS; case; covid-19; patient summary = Most patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 have presented with a mild clinical course: beginning with fever and dry cough, progressing to a form of mild or moderate respiratory disease, and resolving without specific treatment [2] . A retrospective observational study from Wuhan, China, reported that six (2.8%) patients, out of the 214 reviewed COVID-19 cases, developed ischemic stroke. A retrospective observational study from a different center in Wuhan, China, found eleven (5.0%) patients, out of 221 reviewed COVID-19 cases, developed acute ischemic stroke. Those who had COVID-19 infection with new onset of ischemic stroke were more likely to have a severe SARS-CoV-2 presentation, an advanced age (71.6 ± 15.7 years versus 52.1 ± 15.3 years), and preexisting cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, and previous cerebrovascular disease. A retrospective observational study from Wuhan, China, reported one (0.45%) patient, out of 221 reviewed COVID-19 cases, who developed intracerebral hemorrhage. doi = 10.1186/s13054-020-03121-z id = cord-322986-fwm7rfps author = Ng, Boon Hau title = Silicone pneumonitis after gluteal filler: a case report and literature review date = 2020-02-18 keywords = case; silicone summary = We describe a case of severe silicone pneumonitis complicated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and bilateral pneumothorax secondary to silicone gluteal augmentation. Liquid injectable silicone induced embolism has been reported by several studies as a cause of acute pneumonitis with alveolar haemorrhage [1] [2] [3] . The respiratory consequences that associated with silicone injection include acute pneumonitis [4] , acute respiratory distress syndrome, alveolar haemorrhages, and pulmonary embolism [5] . Diagnosis of the silicone pneumonitis is based on the clinical history of silicone implant or injection, the radiological pattern of subpleural infiltrates and peripherally distributed ground-glass opacities (GGO) [6, 7] , and tissues biopsy with histopathological features of alveolar haemorrhage [7] and non-refractile vacuole-like structure within the alveoli [1] . reported a case of acute pneumonitis after silicone injection for gluteal augmentation. Case report and literature review: acute pneumonitis and alveolar hemorrhage after subcutaneous injection of liquid silicone doi = 10.1002/rcr2.538 id = cord-253542-twn07poq author = Nikolay, Birgit title = Evaluating Hospital-Based Surveillance for Outbreak Detection in Bangladesh: Analysis of Healthcare Utilization Data date = 2017-01-17 keywords = Bangladesh; case; surveillance summary = METHODS AND FINDINGS: We propose a framework to evaluate the sensitivity and representativeness of hospital-based surveillance and apply it to severe neurological infectious diseases and fatal respiratory infectious diseases in Bangladesh. We estimated the probability of surveillance detecting different sized outbreaks by distance from the surveillance hospital and compared characteristics of cases identified in the community and cases attending surveillance hospitals. We estimated the probability of surveillance detecting different sized outbreaks by distance from the surveillance hospital and compared characteristics of cases identified in the community and cases attending surveillance hospitals. We quantified case detection probabilities by distance from a surveillance hospital using log-binomial regression analysis separately for severe neurological and fatal respiratory disease cases. We described an analytic approach for evaluating the sensitivity and representativeness of hospital-based surveillance systems and applied it to surveillance for severe neurological diseases and fatal respiratory infectious diseases in Bangladesh. doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002218 id = cord-028721-x6f26ahr author = Nistal, Manuel title = Non-neoplastic diseases of the testis date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Fig; Klinefelter; Leydig; SRY; Sertoli; case; cell; fsh; gene; germ; human; male; man; normal; patient; primary; seminiferous; syndrome; testicular; testis; tubular; tubule summary = Congenital decrease of germ cells occurs in numerous conditions, including trisomies 13, 18, and 21, some forms of primary hypogonadism such as Klinefelter''s syndrome, anencephaly, many cryptorchid testes, and in patients with posterior urethral valves and severe obstruction of the urinary ducts. 728, 729 Leydig cell hypoplasia This variant of male pseudohermaphroditism is defi ned by insuffi cient testosterone secretion 422 and the following characteristics: predominance of female external genitalia; absence of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty; absence of uterus and fallopian tubes and the presence of epididymis and vas deferens; 46XY karyotype; lack of response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation; absence of an enzymatic defect in testosterone synthesis; and small undescended testes that are gray and mucous on section. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-01970-5.50014-2 id = cord-292709-4hn55wui author = Nor, Mohd Basri Mat title = Pneumonia in the tropics: Report from the Task Force on tropical diseases by the World Federation of Societies of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine date = 2017-12-31 keywords = H5N1; MERS; case; influenza summary = Various forms of pneumonia including the viral causes such as influenza (seasonal and avian varieties), the coronaviruses and the Hantavirus as well as bacterial causes, specifically the pneumonic form of Yersinia pestis and melioidosis are discussed. The first association of avian influenza H5N1 with clinical respiratory disease was in 1997 in Hong Kong, as a human infection transmitted from birds. In all cases of severe influenza whatever the type bacterial coinfection is possible and as such, appropriate antimicrobial treatment directed toward those organisms causing bacterial acute community acquired pneumonia, and mechanical ventilation as required can reduce the mortality rate. Melioidosis must be considered in the differential of all febrile patients that have visited endemic regions, as antibiotics used routinely for community acquired pneumonia are not effective, and inappropriate therapy in severe disease increases mortality. Interim guidance on the use of antiviral medications for treatment of human infections with novel influenza A viruses associated with severe human disease doi = 10.1016/j.jcrc.2017.11.004 id = cord-022034-o27mh4wz author = OLANO, JUAN P. title = Distinguishing Tropical Infectious Diseases from Bioterrorism date = 2009-05-15 keywords = PCR; United; agent; case; clinical; disease; laboratory summary = They include presence of disease outbreaks of the same illness in noncontiguous areas, disease outbreaks with zoonotic impact, different attack rates in different environments (indoor versus outdoor), presence of large epidemics in small populations, increased number of unexplained deaths, unusually high severity of a disease for a particular pathogen, unusual clinical manifestations owing to route of transmission for a given pathogen, presence of a disease (vector-borne or not) in an area not endemic for that particular disease, multiple epidemics with different diseases in the same population, a case of a disease by an uncommon agent (smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fevers, inhalational anthrax), unusual strains of microorganisms when compared to conventional strains circulating in the same affected areas, and genetically homogenous organisms isolated from different locations. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-443-06668-9.50124-1 id = cord-015947-kgyl052w author = Oommen, Seema title = Emerging Respiratory Pandemics date = 2016-02-22 keywords = case; infl; uenza summary = • The common clinical presentation [ 1 , 6 , 7 ] of most respiratory pandemic viruses is that of an ''infl uenza-like illness (ILI)'': an acute respiratory infection with sudden onset of fever (temperature of >38 °C or >100.4 °F), chills, myalgia and a non-productive cough. • A history of contact, in the preceding 10 days of symptom onset with poultry or with a known case in the countries detected to have human avian infl uenza cases, has to be elicited. • Multiplex PCR can detect simultaneously other viruses causing a similar clinical picture like the seasonal infl uenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus. • In case of H5N1, close contacts of strongly suspected cases of human avian infl uenza and personnel handling infected poultry are advised oseltamivir as chemoprophylaxis [ 10 ] . doi = 10.1007/978-81-322-2710-6_45 id = cord-337789-pabaoiqs author = Oprinca, George-Călin title = Postmortem examination of three SARS-CoV-2-positive autopsies including histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis date = 2020-08-27 keywords = SARS; case; covid-19; lung summary = This paper describes three autopsy cases with postmortem diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, with detailed macroscopic examination as well as advanced microscopic studies of organ tissues collected using hematoxylin-eosin stains and immunohistochemical markers. Microscopic evaluation revealed viral cytopathic effect of type II pneumocytes with a couple of cells that presented cytoplasmic and nuclear inclusions and who tend to form clusters mimicking multinucleated giant cells. This paper describes three autopsy cases with unknown cause of death, with full macroscopic examination as well as histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of collected organ tissues, including the lung from which reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) tests were made to determine SARS-CoV-2 infection. Microscopic examination of the pulmonary tissue revealed large areas of alveolar damage with destruction of the alveolar wall lining and intra-alveolar septa, marked vascular congestion, accompanied by intra-alveolar hemorrhage. doi = 10.1007/s00414-020-02406-w id = cord-007331-wccmeaep author = Orcutt, Connie J. title = Emergency and Critical Care of Ferrets date = 2017-04-20 keywords = case; clinical; disease; ferret summary = Differential diagnoses for the ferret in respiratory distress include pleural effusion (cardiac disease, neoplasia, infection, heartworm disease, hypoproteinemia, metabolic disease); pulmonary edema (cardiac disease, hypoproteinemia, metabolic disease, electrical cord bite); anterior mediastinal mass; pneumonia; pneumothorax; diaphragmatic hernia; tracheal obstruction; metabolic disease (acidosis); and profound weakness (circulatory collapse, hypoglycemia, anemia).21,36 Hyperthermia or pain may also manifest as dyspnea in ferrets. In contrast to the canine patient, diarrhea in the ferret is difficult to classify as being small intestinal or large intestinal in character.26 Differential diagnoses for diarrhea include GI foreign body or trichobezoar, dietary indiscretion, Helicobacter mustelae gastritis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis or other inflammatory bowel disease, neoplasia, metabolic disease (i.e., hepatopathy), clostridial overgrowth subsequent to prolonged antibiotic administration, influenza, rotavirus (usually in very young, unweaned ferrets), eDV (generally accompanied by respiratory signs and a crusting dermatitis), epizootic catarrhal enteritis ("green slime disease"), GI parasitism (i.e., coccidiosis, giardiasis), and proliferative bowel disease. doi = 10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30157-3 id = cord-320953-1st77mvh author = Overton, ChristopherE. title = Using statistics and mathematical modelling to understand infectious disease outbreaks: COVID-19 as an example date = 2020-07-04 keywords = Wuhan; case; household; individual; model summary = These include interpreting symptom progression and fatality ratios with delay distributions and right-censoring, exacerbated by exponential growth in cases leading to the majority of case data being on recently infected individuals; lack of clarity and consistency in denominators; inconsistency of case definitions over time and the eventual impact of interventions and changes to behaviour on transmission dynamics. We then develop a household-based contact tracing model, with which we investigate the extinction probability under weaker isolation policies paired with contact tracing, thus shedding light on possible combinations of interventions that allow us to feasibly manage the infection while minimising the social impact of control policies. Applying household isolation at 65% adherence ( 0.65 W α = ) manages to reduce the spread of infection, but appears insufficient in this model and with baseline parameters for controlling the outbreak in the long-term, unless other intervention strategies that reduce the global transmission (increasing ε) are adopted at the same time. doi = 10.1016/j.idm.2020.06.008 id = cord-283399-iz4l9i0d author = O’Gorman, C. title = Human metapneumovirus in adults: a short case series date = 2006-03-14 keywords = case; respiratory summary = This study was carried out to further the available information on adult cases of human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a recently described cause of respiratory infection. For adults presenting with respiratory symptoms and a background of pre-existing respiratory disease or who are immunocompromised, nucleic acid-based techniques are a cost-effective means of making the viral diagnosis in a clinically relevant time frame. In young children and elderly patients hMPV is most commonly associated with a clinical diagnosis of bronchiolitis or bronchitis, respectively, whereas in middle-aged adults, it may produce an influenza-like illness, which can be complicated by pneumonitis in the presence of immunocompromising factors [5] . This retrospective observational study reviewed all cases of hMPV detected in patients over 18 years of age, from the time the RT-PCR method was adopted in July 2003 through to January 2005. doi = 10.1007/s10096-006-0116-0 id = cord-320135-kof4tcoe author = P, R. title = Covid Pandemic Analysis using Regression date = 2020-10-13 keywords = case summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.10.08.20208991 id = cord-000614-gl9cjmno author = Pang, Xinghuo title = Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Quarantined Close Contacts, Beijing, People’s Republic of China date = 2011-10-17 keywords = H1N1; case summary = We estimated the attack rate of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and assessed risk factors for infection among close contacts quarantined in Beijing, People''s Republic of China. These studies were conducted in outbreak settings, and attack rates were calculated on the basis of clinical diseases that included infl uenza-like illness (ILI) or acute respiratory illness (ARI) of close contacts rather than confi rmed infection with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus. Public health workers conducted epidemiologic investigation of all index case-patients (including those with subclinical infections) and traced and quarantined close contacts whose residence was within the jurisdiction of Beijing. We estimated the attack rate of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection and assessed risk factors or correlates for infection among different types of close contacts, including household members and aircraft passengers. The overall attack rate for infection among close contacts (positive test result) was 2.4% (167 of 7,099), indicating that 1 index case-patient transmitted infection to 0.27 close contacts (167 of 613) on average (reproduction number = 0.27). doi = 10.3201/eid1710.101344 id = cord-288052-qfjet2sa author = Paparini, Sara title = Case study research for better evaluations of complex interventions: rationale and challenges date = 2020-11-10 keywords = case; research; study summary = Empirical case studies typically enable dynamic understanding of complex challenges and provide evidence about causal mechanisms and the necessary and sufficient conditions (contexts) for intervention implementation and effects. For example, in an empirical case study of how the policy of free bus travel had specific health effects in London, UK, a quasi-experimental evaluation (led by JG) identified how important aspects of context (a good public transport system) and intervention (that it was universal) were necessary conditions for the observed effects, thus providing useful, actionable evidence for decisionmakers in other contexts [17] . If evaluative health research is to move beyond the current impasse on methods for understanding interventions as interruptions in complex systems, we need to consider in more detail how researchers can conduct and report empirical case studies which do aim to elucidate the contextual factors which interact with interventions to produce particular effects. doi = 10.1186/s12916-020-01777-6 id = cord-300570-xes201g7 author = Patwardhan, J. title = PREDICTIONS FOR EUROPE FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMICAFTER LOCKDOWN WAS LIFTED USING AN SIR MODEL date = 2020-10-06 keywords = case; day; model summary = The data is observed to fit the model as predicted until around 150 days after December 31, 2019, after which many countries lift their lockdowns and begin to reopen. An analysis of the residuals is provided to locate the precise date of the departure of each country from its accepted data estimates and test each data point to its predicted value using a Z-test to determine whether each observation can fit the given model. After around Day 170, the model predicts small X2 values with small standards of deviation, so observed residuals at this point mostly represent the growth of the virus itself during that time. Finally, an examination of the date of the first deaths in each country compared to the days until the model began to deviate from its expected behavior yields no relation, indicating that any failure of the observed data points to conform to the model is most likely due to the policy measures taken in each country. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.03.20206359 id = cord-276254-q04hqra2 author = Paul, Kishor Kumar title = Comparing insights from clinic-based versus community-based outbreak investigations: a case study of chikungunya in Bangladesh date = 2020-06-02 keywords = Bangladesh; case; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.111 id = cord-030870-ao5p3ra3 author = Paul, Suman title = Dynamics and risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in urban areas: a geographical assessment on Kolkata Municipal Corporation, India date = 2020-08-25 keywords = India; Kolkata; SARS; case summary = Nearly 85% cases are reported from major cities of India and most interestingly, Mumbai, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Thane, Pune, Kolkata become the most contributing urban centres to SARS-CoV-2 cases (as on 19 May, 2020). Further an attempt has also been made to quantify and assess the hotspot zones along with risks of the concentrated areas of Kolkata (one of the Metro city) for proper understanding of transmission of diseases in the congested and unhealthy places as a case study [9, 15, 16] . Based on socio-economic data of slum of Kolkata Municipal Corporation and containment zone data and containment zone data from different web sources we have selected the following indicators for quantity exposure, sensitivity and resilience for assessing the risk [22] infector disease like SARS-CoV-2 (see Table 1 ). As Kolkata has experienced 1st case of SARS-CoV-2, here we have taken ward wise containment zone to find out the nature of hot spots located in the Municipal area. doi = 10.1007/s41324-020-00354-6 id = cord-327096-m87tapjp author = Peng, Liangrong title = Epidemic analysis of COVID-19 in China by dynamical modeling date = 2020-02-18 keywords = Hubei; Wuhan; case summary = As shown in Fig. 3e-f , the predicted total infected cases at the end of epidemic, as well as the the inflection point, at which the basic reproduction number is less than 1 6 , both show a positive correlation with the infection rate β and the quarantined time δ −1 and a negative correlation with the protection rate α. 16.20023465 doi: medRxiv preprint of COVID-19 since its onset in Mainland * , Hubei * , and Wuhan (Beijing and Shanghai are not considered due to their too small numbers of infected cases on Jan. 20th). Based on detailed analysis of the public data of NHC of China from Jan. 20th to Feb. 9th, we estimate several key parameters for COVID-19, like the latent time, the quarantine time and the basic reproduction number in a relatively reliable way, and predict the inflection point, possible ending time and final total infected cases for Hubei, Wuhan, Beijing, Shanghai, etc. doi = 10.1101/2020.02.16.20023465 id = cord-312065-nqy7m38f author = Peng, Philip W. H. title = Infection control and anesthesia: Lessons learned from the Toronto SARS outbreak date = 2003 keywords = SARS; Toronto; case; patient summary = PURPOSE: To describe the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, its impact on anesthesia practice and the infection control guidelines adopted to manage patients in the operating room (OR) and to provide emergency intubation outside the OR. S of July 10, 2003, 438 cases (250 probable, 188 suspect) of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were reported in Canada, 375 (85.3%) of which occurred in Ontario. Because of early reports of clusters of cases in community settings such as apartment buildings and the high infection rates among health care workers in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Hanoi and Toronto, the etiological agent of SARS was thought to be highly contagious. Time should be allowed for the anesthesiologist and assistant to remove contaminated gloves, gowns, face shields or masks and head cover and renew protective precautions at the end of the case. doi = 10.1007/bf03018361 id = cord-272909-n6wfe1of author = Peng, Shu title = Clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019 in 11 patients after thoracic surgery and challenges in diagnosis date = 2020-04-10 keywords = COVID-19; case summary = doi = 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2020.04.005 id = cord-342774-zjpi34up author = Pennisi, M.G. title = Case Report of Leishmaniasis in Four Cats date = 2004 keywords = case summary = At the time of diagnosis the following clinical signs were observed: depression and anorexia (cases 1 and 4), severe weight loss (cases 1 and 4), pale mucous membranes (cases 1 and 4), dehydration (case 1), solitary (case 3) or systemic lymph node enlargement (cases 2 and 4), presence of a small crusty ulcer (case 1), cutaneous bloody cyst (cases 1 and 3), alopecia (case 4), dyspnea (case 1) and hepatomegaly (case 4). At the time of euthanasia lymph node enlargement was no longer evident, the specific antibody titre was 320 and serum protein electrophoresis had changed in the preceding month with reduction of hypergammaglobulinemia and development of hyperalfaglobulinemia. For the first time feline leishmaniasis has been reported in FIV+ cats (three cases out of four) and treated with oral drugs, which generally meet with greater compliance from the owners, especially for long-term therapy. doi = 10.1023/b:verc.0000045447.96444.be id = cord-309108-ulvnn3we author = Perdana, Tomy title = Scenarios for handling the impact of COVID-19 based on food supply network through regional food hubs under uncertainty date = 2020-09-30 keywords = Java; RFH; West; case; food summary = This paper discusses an optimization model for handling the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic based on food supply network through regional food hubs (RFHs) under uncertainty. The locations for the development of RFHs and optimal logistics for the food network must be determined based on various general conditions and, at the time of a pandemic, by considering the entire community as victims affected by it. This model also addressed several uncertainties, such as food demand, food production, and distribution cost uncertainties using robust optimization (RO) that assumes that the uncertain parameters lie in an uncertainty set (Ben-Tal et al., 2009; Gorissen et al., 2015; Yanıko glu et al., 2019) . It aims to identify the best alternative RFH location and capacity and food distribution network; the maximum product fulfillment of each region; and the minimum logistic costs in red zones, defined as an area at the epicenter COVID-19 infection. doi = 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05128 id = cord-349217-vpih1wvs author = Petropoulos, Fotios title = Forecasting the novel coronavirus COVID-19 date = 2020-03-31 keywords = case; forecast summary = Assuming that the data used is reliable and that the future will continue to follow the past pattern of the disease, our forecasts suggest a continuing increase in the confirmed COVID-19 cases with sizable associated uncertainty. While all three data patterns show an exponential increase, the trends of both the confirmed cases and the deaths were reduced in the mid of February; a second exponential increase is observed in late February and March as a result of the increased number of cases in South Korea, Iran, and Europe. The mean estimate (point forecast) for the confirmed cases ten-days-ahead was 209 thousand with the 90% prediction intervals ranging from about 38 to 534 thousand cases. However, the estimated uncertainty by splitting the data is considerably lower, possibly since the confirmed cases outside Mainland China have significantly increased only recently. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0231236 id = cord-320385-myiuhxdb author = Peña, Laura title = Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in lymphoid tissues of the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) date = 2006-04-19 keywords = case; iberian; lynx summary = The aim of this study was to evaluate the histopathological status of the peripheral lymphoid tissues and thymus of Iberian lynxes necropsied between 1998 and 2003 in relation to other pathologies found in the animals. The lymphoid tissues histologically evaluated included spleen, lymph nodes (at least three per animal; lymph nodes without granulomas were studied to establish cellular depletion in the cases with tuberculosis), MALT (respiratory and intestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) and thymus (three samples of animals aged 16, 17 months and 2 years old). This is a descriptive study in which reductions of immune cells were found by histopathology (H&E) and immunohistochemistry in peripheral lymphoid tissues of 15 Iberian lynxes. The results of our study indicate that all animals presented some degree of immune depletion, affecting both B and T cells, which could only be explained in a few cases by old age and/or concomitant diseases (tuberculosis, tumors). doi = 10.1016/j.cimid.2006.01.003 id = cord-151030-5x3ztp1n author = Piasecki, Tomasz title = A new SEIR type model including quarantine effects and its application to analysis of Covid-19 pandemia in Poland in March-April 2020 date = 2020-05-29 keywords = Poland; case; quarantine summary = title: A new SEIR type model including quarantine effects and its application to analysis of Covid-19 pandemia in Poland in March-April 2020 We focus on modelling the time period when the social distancing measures were in place and then consider different scenarios of relaxation of the restrictions with possible improvement of testing and contact tracing. Further, to acknowledge the capacity limits of the public health system to perform the contact tracing, we introduce a quantity K max , describing the maximum number of people who can be put in quarantine during one time step. We estimate the transmission rates β by fitting the model predictions to the data on the cumulative number of confirmed cases. In case κ = 0.2, so assuming that currently only 20% of infections are diagnosed, the low values of R are due to low β 3 rather than the effect of quarantine (controlling epidemic by social contact restrictions). doi = nan id = cord-259126-5d4p8woi author = Pinotti, Francesco title = Tracing and analysis of 288 early SARS-CoV-2 infections outside China: A modeling study date = 2020-07-17 keywords = China; February; case summary = BACKGROUND: In the early months of 2020, a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) spread rapidly from China across multiple countries worldwide. We collected data on COVID-19 cases outside China during the early phase of the pandemic and used them to predict trends in importations and quantify the proportion of undetected imported cases. Countries outside China promptly reinforced border controls and intensified active surveillance to rapidly detect and isolate importations, trace contacts, and isolate suspect cases [3, 4] . We modeled the total number of imported cases out of China over time accounting for date of travel, delay in reporting, and source areas. At that time, indeed, case definition for the importation of a COVID-19 suspect case was based exclusively on China as the origin of exposure or travel [54, 55] , with few exceptions including East Asian countries [56, 57] . doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003193 id = cord-304317-ad3tct5b author = Pinotti, Francesco title = Lessons learnt from 288 COVID-19 international cases: importations over time, effect of interventions, underdetection of imported cases date = 2020-02-25 keywords = China; case; international summary = Outside China, affected countries are facing importations of cases and clusters of local transmission 1, 4, 5 Border controls have been reinforced in many countries, and active surveillance has been intensified to rapidly detect and isolate importations, trace contacts and isolate suspect cases 6,7 . We modeled the total number of imported cases out of China over time accounting for date of travel, delay in reporting, and source areas. Fifteen cases were classified as both imported and local transmissions, since they contracted the infection outside China and traveled to a different country once infected (ES01, ES02, GB03, GB04, GB05, GB06, GB07, GB08, KR12, KR16, KR17, KR19, MY09, TH20, TH21 in our database 16 ). 24.20027326 doi: medRxiv preprint The reduced volume of exported cases worldwide following the travel ban may have given countries the time to prepare and strengthen their surveillance systems, as signaled by a reduction of the interval from travel date to detection over time. doi = 10.1101/2020.02.24.20027326 id = cord-315466-74m7cur3 author = Plank, M. J. title = Potential reduction in transmission of COVID-19 by digital contact tracing systems date = 2020-09-01 keywords = case; contact; trace summary = We use an age-structured branching process model of the transmission of COVID-19 in different settings to estimate the potential of manual contact tracing and digital tracing systems to help control the epidemic. We investigate the effect of the uptake rate and proportion of contacts recorded by the digital system on key model outputs: the effective reproduction number, the mean outbreak size after 30 days, and the probability of elimination. While contact tracing alone is unlikely to contain the spread of COVID-19 Kucharski et al., 2020) , in countries like New Zealand where cases have been reduced to very low numbers (Cousins, 2020; Binny et al., 2020) , it may allow population-wide social distancing measures to be relaxed. Manual-only contact tracing (which corresponds to a digital uptake rate of = 0 in Fig. 3 ) with moderately (50%) effective quarantine of pre-symptomatic or subclinical individuals reduced to 1.55, the mean outbreak size to approximately 34 and increased the probability of extinction to 67%. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.27.20068346 id = cord-131678-rvg1ayp2 author = Ponce, Marcelo title = covid19.analytics: An R Package to Obtain, Analyze and Visualize Data from the Corona Virus Disease Pandemic date = 2020-09-02 keywords = PPE; SIR; case; datum; function summary = doi = nan id = cord-355309-nr8fwc8q author = Porten, Klaudia title = A super-spreading ewe infects hundreds with Q fever at a farmers'' market in Germany date = 2006-10-06 keywords = Soest; case summary = To investigate risk factors for infection we conducted a case control study (cases were Q fever patients, controls were randomly selected Soest citizens) and a cohort study among vendors at the market. To determine the outbreak size we therefore asked local public health departments in Germany to ascertain a possible link to the farmers'' market in Soest for all patients notified with Q-fever. To obtain an independent, second estimate of the proportion of hospitalizations among symptomatic patients beyond that reported through the statutory surveillance system we calculated the proportion of hospitalized patients among those persons fulfilling the clinical case definition (as used in the vendors'' study (s.b.)) identified through random sampling of the Soest population (within CCS2 (s.b.)) as well as in two cohorts (vendors'' study and the 9 sailor friends (see below)). doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-6-147 id = cord-283979-1dn7at6k author = Portillo, Aránzazu title = Arthropods as vectors of transmissible diseases in Spain() date = 2018-12-14 keywords = Europe; Spain; case; disease summary = 23 Spain was an endemic country of malaria until 1964, when WHO declared it a The risk of emergence/re-emergence is calculated based on three factors: (a) presence of cases of the disease in humans in the last 5 years in Europe, Mediterranean, Central and South American countries with a significant relationship with Spain; (b) presence of the vector in Spain; (c) pathogenicity of the virus for humans. Following this meeting, a special article was published in the New England Journal of Medicine which stated that the distribution of infectious diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, rickettsiosis or West Nile fever are expanding at the same rate as their AVs. 38 We know that climate variations and extreme weather events have a profound impact on AVBD. In relation to this issue, the epidemiology of Mediterranean spotted fever seems clearly associated with climate change, especially with low rainfall values 47 and it has been shown that warming causes greater aggressiveness in its AVs. Table 4 shows the tick-borne diseases throughout the world, with the prediction of risk for Spain (subjective assessments). doi = 10.1016/j.medcle.2018.10.008 id = cord-315609-naqo1m0r author = Prayuenyong, Pattarawadee title = Clinical Implications of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Ototoxicity for COVID-19 Treatment: A Mini-Review date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; case; chloroquine summary = In the literature, there are reports of ototoxic effects of the drugs causing damage to the inner ear structures, which then result in hearing loss, tinnitus, and/or imbalance. The characteristics of sensorineural hearing loss and/or tinnitus after chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine treatment can be temporary but reports of persistent auditory and vestibular dysfunction exist. Ototoxicity after chloroquine use tends to be more sudden, while Assessment of short term chloroquine-induced ototoxicity in malaria patients (14) Subramaniam and Vaswani (14) Prospective observational study 30 (Aged 14-58 years old) 1200 mg loading load then 600 mg oral every 12 hours for 2 days -2 subjects showed a change in hearing thresholds on high frequency audiometry (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) . (28) Case report of a 34-year-old woman 1 400 mg daily -Patient complained of hearing loss and tinnitus after 5 months of hydroxychloroquine use. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00252 id = cord-293234-ouykx6g5 author = Puig-Barberà, J. title = Effectiveness of the 2010–2011 seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults: A case–case comparison, case-control study date = 2012-08-24 keywords = PCR; case; influenza; vaccine summary = doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.006 id = cord-320636-mvtux07x author = Pullano, G. title = Underdetection of COVID-19 cases in France in the exit phase following lockdown date = 2020-08-12 keywords = France; case; covid-19 summary = Using age-stratified transmission models parameterized to behavioral data and calibrated to regional hospital admissions, we estimated that 69,115 [58,072-77,449] COVID-19 symptomatic cases occurred, suggesting that 9 out of 10 cases with symptoms were not ascertained. In France, the surveillance strategy implemented by authorities to exit lockdown on May 11, 2020 was multifold 2,3 and based on an expanded case definition for COVID-19 suspect cases to guide clinical diagnosis 4 ; recommendations to the general population to seek healthcare even in presence of mild symptoms; prescription of diagnostic tests to suspect cases by general practitioners for systematic and comprehensive testing; isolation of confirmed cases and tracing of their contacts. Here we estimated the rate of detection of COVID-19 symptomatic cases in France in May-June 2020 after lockdown, through the use of virological and participatory syndromic surveillance data coupled with mathematical transmission models calibrated to regional hospitalizations. doi = 10.1101/2020.08.10.20171744 id = cord-126419-u61qc8ey author = Qi, Chong title = Model studies on the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden date = 2020-04-03 keywords = case summary = We study the increases of infections and deaths in Sweden caused by COVID-19 with several different models: Firstly an analytical susceptible-infected (SI) model and the standard susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model. Our analysis shows that, irrespective of the possible uncertainty of our model prediction, the next few days can be critical for determining the future evolution of the death cases (Updated April 02). Within the basic research community, quite a few mathematical and physical models have been proposed [1] [2] [3] [4] to study the evolution of the infected cases, aiming to make reliable predictions and to help the governments to make proper strategic preparedness and response plans. The above Woods-Saxon function seems to agree rather well with the data on reported COVID-19 death cases from China where the pandemic period may be expected to be over. Our simulations show that all SI, SIR, SID models describe well the reported infected cases show rather modest increase in the near future which is very promising. doi = nan id = cord-271862-jk37ej4c author = Qian, Hua title = Indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2 date = 2020-04-07 keywords = January; case; outbreak summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.04.20053058 id = cord-259984-csdf1a69 author = Raffiq, Azman title = COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Neurosurgery Practice in Malaysia: Academic Insights, Clinical Experience and Protocols from March till August 2020 date = 2020-10-27 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; Malaysia; N95; PPE; care; case; patient; surgical summary = For emergent/unavoidable case for a known or undetermined COVID-19 patient, the surgeon and all OT personnel in the surgical suite should use PAPR, which filter the air being breathed in addition to face shields and other standard PPE. In routine clinical care of COVID-19 suspected or confirmed infections, surgical masks are acceptable PPE, except in the case of aerosol generating procedures (intubation, high flow nasal cannula, non-invasive ventilation, bronchoscopy, administration of nebulised medications, etc). Hospitals, professional societies and ministries of health could also provide physician and nursing staff with basic ICU and ventilator management refresher education to improve their capacity to care for COVID-19 patients. Designated COVID-19 hospitals may not be able to support all elective cases, in particular those that require post-operative intensive care or significant use of blood and blood products Surgeons, in consultation with anaesthetist, nursing colleagues as well as patients (or legally accepted next of kin), should weigh the risks of proceeding (exposure, lack of resources) against those of deferment, (progression of disease, worse patients outcomes) including the expectation of delay of 2-3 months or more or until the COVID-19 is less prevalent Figure 6 . doi = 10.21315/mjms2020.27.5.14 id = cord-319837-5avoulan author = Raman, Eshwara V. title = Pediatric Airway Surgeries in COVID 19 Era date = 2020-07-27 keywords = COVID; case summary = To outline a set of recommendations on the management of pediatric cases who requiring airway surgery in the context of COVID 19 pandemic. These recommendations have been made to help other pediatric airway surgeons to manage airway cases, however, this can be changed during this pandemic crisis though this can be changed later due to the evolving nature of COVID 19 and available evidence. As paediatric airway surgeries are aerosol generated procedure where the risk of contracting COVID 19 by the surgeons and support staff is very high, we suggest recommendations to prevent the contact with infected aerosol. As paediatric airway surgeries are aerosol generated procedure where the risk of contracting COVID 19 by the surgeons and support staff is very high, we suggest recommendations to prevent the contact with infected aerosol. doi = 10.1007/s12070-020-01989-5 id = cord-334521-sa0eyzq7 author = Ramos-Fresnedo, Andres title = Neurosurgical Interactive Teaching Series: A Multidisciplinary Educational Approach date = 2020-09-18 keywords = case; multidisciplinary; present summary = Conclusion: As the world of medicine is constantly changing, we are in need of developing new 18 tools to enhance our ability to relay knowledge through accredited and validated methods onto 19 physicians-in-training, such as the implementation of structured, multi-disciplinary, case-based 20 lectures as presented in this manuscript. Conclusion: As the world of medicine is constantly changing, we are in need of developing new 18 tools to enhance our ability to relay knowledge through accredited and validated methods onto 19 physicians-in-training, such as the implementation of structured, multi-disciplinary, case-based 20 lectures as presented in this manuscript. 13, 14 Based on 23 the multidisciplinary approach, we created a separate weekly lecture format, that is broadcast 24 internationally, where trainees are encouraged to critically prepare (with the help of multiple 25 experts) and review surgical cases for educational purposes. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.09.074 id = cord-304798-j2tyjo1j author = Rapkiewicz, Amy V. title = Megakaryocytes and platelet-fibrin thrombi characterize multi-organ thrombosis at autopsy in COVID-19: A case series date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; Fig; case; patient; thrombosis summary = title: Megakaryocytes and platelet-fibrin thrombi characterize multi-organ thrombosis at autopsy in COVID-19: A case series FINDINGS: In seven patients (four female), regardless of anticoagulation status, all autopsies demonstrated platelet-rich thrombi in the pulmonary, hepatic, renal, and cardiac microvasculature. We counted numbers of megakaryocytes in the lungs and the hearts of 7 COVID-19 cases and, for comparison, 9 cases of patients who died with ARDS of other causes, selected as a convenience sample from autopsies previously performed at the National Cancer Institute between 2017 and 2020. Previous pathology studies, identified by searching PubMed on June 7, 2020 for the terms "COVID-19 00 and "autopsy" or "histopathology", have reported findings in multiple organs, including thrombi on gross inspection, but did not use special stains to identify megakaryocytes and platelets in tissues of patients dying with COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100434 id = cord-262787-3a3c8ee1 author = Ray, Debashree title = Predictions, role of interventions and effects of a historic national lockdown in India''s response to the COVID-19 pandemic: data science call to arms date = 2020-04-18 keywords = India; case; covid-19; lockdown summary = Objective: To study the shortand long-term impact of an initial 21-day lockdown on the total number of COVID-19 cases in India compared to other less severe non-pharmaceutical interventions using epidemiological forecasting models and Bayesian estimation algorithms; to compare effects of hypothetical durations of lockdown from an epidemiological perspective; to study alternative explanations for slower growth rate of the virus outbreak in India, including exploring the association of the number of cases and average monthly temperature; and finally, to outline the pivotal role of reliable and transparent data, reproducible data science methods, tools and products as we reopen the country and prepare for a post lock-down phase of the pandemic. Results: Our predicted cumulative number of COVID-19 cases in India on April 30 assuming a 1-week delay in people''s adherence to a 21-day lockdown (March 25 April 14) and a gradual, moderate resumption of daily activities after April 14 is 9,181 with upper 95% CI of 72,245. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.15.20067256 id = cord-302842-idbmh1uo author = Raza, Ali title = Association between meteorological indicators and COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan date = 2020-10-14 keywords = Pakistan; case; covid-19 summary = This study was designed to investigate the impact of meteorological indicators (temperature, rainfall, and humidity) on total COVID-19 cases in Pakistan, its provinces, and administrative units from March 10, 2020, to August 25, 2020. The contribution of this study is (a) it first time examined the relationship between meteorological indicators and COVID-19 in Pakistan, (b) it first time examined the relationship between meteorological indicators and COVID-19 in four provinces and three administrative units in Pakistan, and (c) it used the generalized models to investigate the impact of average temperature, rainfall, and humidity on COVID-19 cases. A higher correlation coefficient was observed between temperature (minimum, maximum, and Fig. 11 Humidity in provinces and administrative areas Environ Sci Pollut Res average) and COVID-19 cases for all provinces and administrative units (Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Islamabad Capital Territory, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Jammu and Kashmir). doi = 10.1007/s11356-020-11203-2 id = cord-259368-k8t8brjy author = Ren, Xiang title = Evidence for pre‐symptomatic transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in China date = 2020-08-07 keywords = Wuhan; case summary = doi = 10.1111/irv.12787 id = cord-315343-ywgoqlxj author = Ribeiro, Haroldo V. title = City size and the spreading of COVID-19 in Brazil date = 2020-09-23 keywords = COVID-19; case; city summary = doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0239699 id = cord-275978-pezm1tnw author = Riccardo, Flavia title = Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in Italy and estimates of the reproductive numbers one month into the epidemic date = 2020-04-11 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; SARS; case summary = Methods We analysed data from the national case-based integrated surveillance system of all RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 infections as of March 24th 2020, collected from all Italian regions and autonomous provinces. However, once interventions are introduced or the susceptibility in the population decreases, the transmission potential at a given time t is measured as the net reproduction number Rt. In this paper, we estimated both R0 and Rt for Italian regions in different epidemiological situations (high, intermediate and low age-adjusted attack rates), selected among those with highest data robustness. In this paper, we summarize key epidemiological findings from data on the first 62,843 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Italy, including 5,541 associated deaths, and initial findings on SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility across different regions. In this paper, we summarize key epidemiological findings from data on the first 62,843 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Italy, including 5,541 associated deaths, and initial findings on SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility across different regions. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.08.20056861 id = cord-024564-ff5ex004 author = Ricoca Peixoto, Vasco title = Epidemic Surveillance of Covid-19: Considering Uncertainty and Under-Ascertainment date = 2020-04-09 keywords = COVID-19; Italy; case summary = Addressing under-ascertainment of cases is relevant in most surveillance systems, especially in pandemics of new diseases with a large spectrum of clinical presentations as it may influence timings of policy implementation and public risk perception. From this perspective, this article presents and discusses early evidence on under-ascertainment of COVID-19 and its motifs, options for surveillance, and reflections around their importance to tailor public health measures. In the case of COVID-19, systematically addressing and estimating under-ascertainment of cases is essential to tailor timely public health measures, and communicating these findings is of the utmost importance for policy making and public perception. One document of the European Centre of Disease Control (ECDC) [10] reports that "the detection of CO-VID-19 cases and/or deaths outside of known chains of transmission is a strong signal that social distancing mea-sures should be considered." However, with restrictive testing strategies, these signals may be missed. doi = 10.1159/000507587 id = cord-311044-kjx0z1hc author = Rubio-Pérez, Inés title = COVID-19: key concepts for the surgeon date = 2020-05-28 keywords = COVID-19; China; SARS; case; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.cireng.2020.05.009 id = cord-347317-qcghtkk0 author = Russo, Lucia title = Tracing day-zero and forecasting the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy: A compartmental modelling and numerical optimization approach date = 2020-10-30 keywords = Lombardy; March; case; number summary = For the estimation of the day-zero of the outbreak in Lombardy, as well as of the "effective" per-day transmission rate for which no clinical data are available, we have used the proposed SEIIRD simulator to fit the numbers of new daily cases from February 21 to the 8th of March. Among the perplexing problems that mathematical models face when they are used to estimate epidemiological parameters and to forecast the evolution of the outbreak, two stand out: (a) the uncertainty regarding the day-zero of the outbreak, the knowledge of which is crucial to assess the stage and dynamics of the epidemic, especially during the first growth period, and (b) the uncertainty that characterizes the actual number of the asymptomatic infected cases in the total population (see e.g. doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0240649 id = cord-309378-sfr1x0ob author = Röst, Gergely title = Early Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Hungary and Post-Lockdown Scenarios date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; ICU; case; number summary = doi = 10.3390/v12070708 id = cord-296081-6coxz3l8 author = SOURIS, M. title = COVID-19: Spatial Analysis of Hospital Case-Fatality Rate in France date = 2020-05-20 keywords = France; case summary = The objective of this article is to estimate the influence of the hospital care system on lethality in metropolitan France during the inception of the COVID-19 epidemic, by analyzing the spatial variability of the hospital case-fatality rate between French districts. France based on the rates published by the health authorities, but to estimate the 114 influence of the healthcare system on lethality by analyzing the spatial variability of the 115 hospital case-fatality rate (confirmed hospitalized cases and hospital deaths) in 116 metropolitan France between districts (i.e. French départements). in the case-fatality rate in metropolitan France, and enable to highlight the relative 123 differences between districts, as well as to analyze the causes independently of the 124 system of definition and enumeration of cases and deaths, and also independently of 125 the main biological risk factor of severity (age) after standardization on this factor. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.16.20104026 id = cord-308556-xi2un0kc author = Saadat, S. title = Covid-19 SEIDRD Modelling for Pakistan with implementation of seasonality, healthcare capacity and behavioral risk reduction date = 2020-09-02 keywords = Pakistan; September; case summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.09.01.20182642 id = cord-347353-ll2pnl81 author = Saberi, M. title = Accounting for underreporting in mathematical modelling of transmission and control of COVID-19 in Iran date = 2020-05-06 keywords = CFR; Iran; case summary = We use a mathematical epidemic model utilizing official confirmed data and estimates of underreporting to understand how transmission in Iran has been changing between February and April 2020. We estimate a reduction in the effective reproduction number during this period, from 1.73 (95% CI 1.60-1.87) on 1 March 2020 to 0.69 (95% CI 0.68-0.70) on 15 April 2020, due to various non-pharmaceutical interventions including school closures, a ban on public gatherings including sports and religious events, and full or partial closure of non-essential businesses. This study aims to understand the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in Iran and to assess the effectiveness of the control measures that were put in place over time through estimation of the effective reproduction number ܴ ሺ ‫ݐ‬ ሻ defined as the average number of susceptible persons infected by an infected person during its infectious period at a given time in the course of the epidemic. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.02.20087270 id = cord-338819-wkb318sq author = Saez, Marc title = Effects of long-term exposure to air pollutants on the spatial spread of COVID-19 in Catalonia, Spain date = 2020-09-12 keywords = COVID-19; Catalonia; abs; case summary = Our objective was to investigate, at a small area level, whether long-term exposure to air pollutants increased the risk of COVID-19 incidence and death in Catalonia, Spain, controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors. Our objective in this paper was to investigate, at a small area level and controlling for socioeconomic and demographic factors, whether long-term exposure to air pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM 10 , coarse particles with a diameter of 10 µm or less) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), increased the risk of COVID-19 incidence and death in Catalonia, Spain. In Tables 2 and 3 we show the estimation results of the GLMM models with which we specified the association between air pollutants and the daily incident positive cases and daily deaths, controlling, in both cases, for socioeconomic and demographic variables, unobserved confounders and the spatial and the temporal dependency. doi = 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110177 id = cord-288676-wycj1imc author = Saini, Varinder title = Case Finding Strategies under National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) date = 2020-09-30 keywords = ACF; case summary = Looking from the programmatic point of view, with the pre-defined targets set for TB elimination, ACF seems to be an attractive option for early case finding and subsequent treatment, particularly during first 3 years after exposure, when the chances of developing active disease and spreading the infection are the highest. Close monitoring and rapid evaluation of innovative interventions, long term follow up of existing campaigns and carrying out randomized controlled trials in different epidemiological settings for studying the impact of different approaches for effective screening/case finding is urgently required, as we struggle to meet the goals so set forth in the End TB strategy. 35 Training and mobilization of patients, their contacts and socially active persons in the community as peer educators may work wonders in case finding and TB elimination. Active versus passive case finding for tuberculosis in marginalised and vulnerable populations in India: comparison of treatment outcomes doi = 10.1016/j.ijtb.2020.09.029 id = cord-257684-4b66lenw author = Salenger, Rawn title = The Surge after the Surge: Cardiac Surgery post-COVID-19 date = 2020-05-04 keywords = case; pandemic summary = doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.018 id = cord-326929-ytix4l1o author = Samillan, V. J. title = Environmental and climatic impact on the infection and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 in Peru date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Peru; SARS; case summary = In this study, we explored the relationship between the cumulative number of infections and mortality cases with climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, water vapor pressure, wind), environmental data (elevation, NDVI, PM2.5 and NO2 concentration), and population density in Peru. Multiple linear regression models indicate elevation, mean solar radiation, air quality, population density and green cover are influential factors in the distribution of infection and mortality of SARS-CoV-2 in Peru. Although more studies are necessary, the rate of infection and the severity of the diseases seems different for people living in cities at high altitudes, where not only hipoxia is a major factor, but other factors such as air quality, solar radiation, and population density, could play a role in SARS-CoV-2 person-to-person transmission. The main objectives of this study was to explore the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality cases, case-fatality rates with a set of climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, water vapor pressure, and wind), environmental data (elevation, NDVI, PM 2.5 and NO 2 concentration), and population density in Peru. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.16.20196170 id = cord-291363-re45w37d author = Sanville, Bradley title = A Community Transmitted Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome due to SARS CoV2 in the United States date = 2020-03-30 keywords = SARS; case summary = title: A Community Transmitted Case of Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome due to SARS CoV2 in the United States The current novel coronavirus (SARS CoV2) outbreak, which was identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China has spread rapidly causing a significant public health crisis worldwide 1 . Two healthcare workers in contact with the patient at the outside hospital have subsequently tested positive for SARS CoV2. Overall, these reviews note a case fatality rate of 1.40-3.46%, though this may be considerably lower when accounting for a likely large number of mild or asymptomatic patients that were not tested 6, 9, 10 DeWit and colleagues from the NIH, Gilead, and Columbia University successfully treated rhesus macaques against a model of MERS 13 . As noted in a recent editorial, diagnosis becomes even more difficult considering the likelihood of a large number of mild or asymptomatic patients who are not formally identified with a SARS CoV2 infection 18, 19 . doi = 10.1093/cid/ciaa347 id = cord-028444-bl9ahsxk author = Sarfo, Anthony Kwabena title = Application of Geospatial Technologies in the COVID-19 Fight of Ghana date = 2020-07-04 keywords = Accra; COVID-19; Ghana; case summary = This research sought to highlight the use of geospatial technologies in the fight against COVID-19 in Ghana with best practices from China where the infections originated from; present the trends in Ghana and model near future trends of the virus. This app coupled with WorldPop analyses aided in the mapping of mobility patterns and tracking of infected cases or pandemics, hence, giving credence to how powerful spatial analysis methods are in modeling the spread of disease, pattern detection, delineating and hotspots and determination of possible future occurrences (Gardner 2020) . Comparing population distribution and COVID-19 cases (Fig. 5) , there is seemingly a link in infection trends and the regional level of Ghana''s population distribution.. The modeling was based on mobility dynamics, current COVID-19 cases, population dynamics, and the rate of SARS-CoV2 infection in Ghana. doi = 10.1007/s41403-020-00145-3 id = cord-331830-vr2eqsbq author = Sawalha, Khalid title = Systematic Review of COVID-19 Related Myocarditis: Insights on Management and Outcome date = 2020-08-18 keywords = COVID-19; case; myocarditis summary = Methods Using a combination of search terms in the PubMed/Medline, Ovid Medline and the Cochrane Library databases and manual searches on Google Scholar and the bibliographies of articles identified, we reviewed all cases reported in the English language citing myocarditis associated with COVID-19 infection. Results Fourteen records comprising a total of fourteen cases that report myocarditis/myopericarditis secondary to COVID-19 infection were identified. Infection with the novel pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also referred to as COVID-19, was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020 (1). Pulmonary involvement is the most dominant clinical manifestation of COVID-19 including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) which is associated with higher mortality, up to 52.4% in one series (3). Until prospective studies and trials establish guidelines for the management of COVID-19 myocarditis, treatment has to be catered to individual case presentations. doi = 10.1016/j.carrev.2020.08.028 id = cord-347375-5ucemm87 author = Sazzad, Hossain M.S. title = Nipah Virus Infection Outbreak with Nosocomial and Corpse-to-Human Transmission, Bangladesh date = 2013-02-17 keywords = Bangladesh; case; patient summary = In Bangladesh, 135 probable or confirmed cases of Nipah virus (NiV) infection in humans were identified from 2001 through 2008; 98 (73%) were fatal (1) . To detect outbreaks of NiV infection, the surveillance system identifies sporadic NiV cases during January-March and clusters of encephalitis patients throughout the year. To assess asymptomatic NiV infection in the outbreak community, we asked community members who had close physical contact or had shared date palm sap from the same pot with probable or confirmed case-patients within the preceding month, to provide a blood specimen for serologic testing. We shipped an aliquot of serum, cerebrospinal fluid, throat swab specimens, and urine from patients with probable and confirmed cases of NiV infection and from those with IgM against NiV to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA, for confirmatory testing. doi = 10.3201/eid1902.120971 id = cord-221717-h1h2vd3r author = Scabini, Leonardo F. S. title = Social Interaction Layers in Complex Networks for the Dynamical Epidemic Modeling of COVID-19 in Brazil date = 2020-05-16 keywords = Brazil; ICU; brazilian; case summary = Therefore this study presents a new approach to model the COVID-19 epidemic using a multi-layer complex network, where nodes represent people, edges are social contacts, and layers represent different social activities. The SIR model on networks works as follows: each node represents a person and, the elements are connected according to some criteria and the epidemic propagation happens through an agent-based approach. At the end of the evolution of a SIR model applied to a network, the number of nodes in each SIR category (susceptible, infected and recovered) can be calculated for each unit of time evaluated and then compare these data with real information, for example, the hospital capabilities of the health system. Unlike the traditional SIR model, which consists of a single β term to describe the probability of infection, here we propose a dynamic strategy to better represent the real world and the new COVID-19 disease. doi = nan id = cord-029410-m19od0wj author = Scatti-Regàs, Aina title = Clinical features and origin of cases of parotiditis in an emergency department() date = 2020-07-19 keywords = case summary = 2 Some of the infectious agents other than MuV that may be involved in parotitis as a general clinical presentation include influenza A virus, parainfluenza virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), adenovirus, coxsackievirus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, herpesvirus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, as well as gram-positive bacteria, atypical mycobacteria and Bartonella species. We carried out a retrospective study through the collection of data corresponding to 2 full years (2016 and 2017), including all patients given a diagnosis of parotitis (with swelling of the parotid glands being a requirement for inclusion) in the paediatric emergency department of a tertiary ଝ Please cite this article as: Scatti-Regàs A., Aguilar-Ferrer M.C., Antón-Pagarolas A., Martínez-Gómez X., González-Peris S. Another 5 patients received an aetiological diagnosis of parotitis due to MuV by serologic testing (positive IgM test), adding up to a total of 18 cases caused by MuV. Patients with MuV infection were significantly older compared to children with a different aetiological agent (median age, 14.3 vs 6.5 years; P = .005). doi = 10.1016/j.anpede.2019.11.007 id = cord-331666-iwkuwnun author = Schweitzer, Wolf title = Implications for forensic death investigations from first Swiss post-mortem CT in a case of non-hospital treatment with COVID-19 date = 2020-06-30 keywords = COVID-19; PMCT; SARS; case summary = Comment: With the pandemic impact of SARS-COV-2, a range of issues unfolds, also for medicolegal investigations into deaths, as we report the first Swiss case with post-mortem CT where death had occurred due to a SARS-COV-2 infection, with features of a severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, as an outpatient. Control: Case of a 24 year old woman who had no acute respiratory distress syndrome related findings at all; there was post-mortem hypostasis dorsally at the right lung. While this man''s subjective report apparently did not include dyspnea, even less than a day prior to his death, the pulmonary pathology of this outpatient, as evidenced by PMCT, appears to extend beyond the severity shown in descriptions of currently published SARS-CoV-2-related fatalities, all of which apparently had obtained prior hospital and intensive-care treatment [39] [40] [41] . As post-mortem RT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a forensic setting may not be available or too slow, PMCT may identify lung changes possibly related to COVID-19. doi = 10.1016/j.fri.2020.200378 id = cord-310288-onr700ue author = Sciubba, Daniel M. title = Scoring system to triage patients for spine surgery in the setting of limited resources: Application to the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; case; system summary = title: Scoring system to triage patients for spine surgery in the setting of limited resources: Application to the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond Methods Using a modified Delphi technique, a cohort of 16 fellowship-trained spine surgeons from 10 academic medical centers constructed a scoring system for the triage and prioritization of emergent and elective spine surgeries. Results The devised scoring system included 8 independent components: neurological status, underlying spine stability, presentation of a high-risk post-operative complication, patient medical comorbidities, expected hospital course, expected discharge disposition, facility resource limitations, and local disease burden. Conclusion Here we present the first quantitative urgency scoring system for the triage and prioritizing of spine surgery cases in resource-limited settings. The devised scoring system included 8 independent components: neurological status, underlying 19 spine stability, presentation of a high-risk post-operative complication, patient medical 20 comorbidities, expected hospital course, expected discharge disposition, facility resource 21 limitations, and local disease burden. doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.233 id = cord-201798-doi5w7tb author = Seto, Christopher title = Commuting Network Spillovers and COVID-19 Deaths Across US Counties date = 2020-10-02 keywords = case; county; covid-19 summary = We utilized 3-level mixed effects negative binomial regression models to estimate the impact of network COVID-19 exposure on county confirmed cases and deaths over time. We utilize 3-level mixed effects negative binomial models, analyzing COVID-19 cases and deaths of county-time periods (N=31,380), nested within counties (N=3,139), nested within states (N=51, includes DC). The weighted outcome regression model determines the causal effect of each county level characteristic on deaths by COVID-19 through statistical hypothesis testing. To aid our causal inference, we also conducted several analyses using different weighting strategies on a cross-sectional version of our data in which outcomes are cumulative counts of a county''s cases or deaths, and network and spatially lagged measures are based on these cumulative counts. Negative binomial models (with state and county random intercepts) predicting COVID-19 outcomes across 10 time periods based on network, spatial, and time lagged cases. doi = nan id = cord-266077-l13wv186 author = Shenoy-Bhangle, Anuradha S title = Prospective Analysis of Radiology Resource Utilization and Outcomes for Participation in Oncology Multidisciplinary Conferences date = 2020-07-01 keywords = MDC; case; radiologist summary = MATERIALS AND METHODS: Following institutional review board approval, prospective data on all MDCs covered by abdominal radiologists at a single tertiary care academic center were obtained over nine weeks. CONCLUSION: Section-wide radiologist participation in MDCs directly resulted in change in clinical management in nearly half of reviewed cases. MDC impact on radiology and pathology workflow was previously studied in a single conference setting, highlighting time demands, but without a translation into cost, or reference to outcomes (11) . The data from each case was then measured for four basic outcomes that highlighted contributions directly attributable to the radiologist: 1) Any changes from the original imaging report that the attending radiologist deemed clinically impactful to warrant presentation at MDC, 2) changes in cancer staging for oncology cases, and 3) instances when the radiologist either recommended a new diagnostic imaging study at the MDC, or 4) recommended cancelling a planned follow-up imaging study for lack of added value. doi = 10.1016/j.acra.2020.05.036 id = cord-305498-8tmtvw1r author = Singh Saraj, K. title = Modification of Neurosurgical Practice during Corona Pandemic: Our Experience at AIIMS Patna And Long Term Guidelines date = 2020-09-10 keywords = ICU; India; case; patient summary = Neurosurgery department formulated their own strategy for successful and covid free management of neurosurgical patients along with zero transmission rate among doctors and staff. METHODS: All Neurosurgical patients who got attended, admitted and operated from 25(th) March to 30(th) June 2020 (Period of lockdown) were taken in this study. A proper training to all neurosurgical staff and residents were given for management of patients (admission to operation to discharge). CONCLUSION: Following a properly made standard operating procedure and strictly implementing it can avoid any type of misadventure in neurosurgery during corona pandemic. To avert crisis during such pandemic, hospital and department both need a strategy to meticulously manage their staff, emergency, operation theatre complex (OTC), Intensive care unit (ICU) and wards. One Resident was fixed for taking rounds of covid negative patients in the ward and ICU for 1 week. [9, 10, 12] At our center, all patients were shifted to Neurosurgical ICU in post-operative period. doi = 10.1016/j.inat.2020.100895 id = cord-254955-q5gb4qkq author = Singh, B. P. title = Forecasting Novel Corona Positive Cases in Indiausing Truncated Information: A Mathematical Approach date = 2020-05-05 keywords = India; case summary = Novel corona virus is declared as pandemic and India is struggling to control this from a massive attack of death and destruction, similar to the other countries like China, Europe, and the United States of America. The time of point of inflexion is found in the end of the April, 2020 means after that the increasing growth will start decline and there will be no new case in India by the end of July, 2020. For the spread of novel corona virus, when disease dynamics are still unclear, mathematical modeling helps us to estimate the cumulative number of positive cases in the present scenarios. We obtained the truncated information on cumulative number of corona positive confirmed cases in India from March 13 to April 2, 2020 from covid19india.org. For example in the corona virus case, the maximum limit would be the total number of exposed people in India because when everybody is infected, the growth will be stopped. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.29.20085175 id = cord-338466-7uvta990 author = Singh, Brijesh P. title = Modeling and forecasting the spread of COVID-19 pandemic in India and significance of lockdown: A mathematical outlook date = 2020-10-31 keywords = COVID-19; India; March; case; model summary = For the spread of COVID-19, when disease dynamics are still unclear, mathematical modeling helps us to estimate the cumulative number of positive cases in the present scenarios. There are already various measures such as social distancing, lockdown masking and washing hand regularly has been implemented to prevent the spread of COVID-19, but in absence of particular medicine and vaccine it is very important to predict how the infection is likely to develop among the population that support prevention of the disease and aid in the preparation of healthcare service. The logistic growth regression model is used for the estimation of the final size and its peak time of the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries of the World and found similar result obtained by SIR model (Batista, 2020) . doi = 10.1016/bs.host.2020.10.005 id = cord-283294-fvhq8yud author = Skalet, Alison H. title = Considerations for the Management and Triage of Ocular Oncology Cases during the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-04-21 keywords = case summary = title: Considerations for the Management and Triage of Ocular Oncology Cases during the COVID-19 Pandemic To the extent possible, ocular oncology surgical cases for malignant tumors and some visionthreatening benign tumors should proceed during the current COVID-19 pandemic. The availability of local resources and perceived risk for COVID-19 exposure asso-Mruthyunjaya/Gombos Ocul Oncol Pathol 2 DOI: 10.1159/000507734 ciated with care given a region''s burden of disease may also factor into decision-making. It is important to note that while retinoblastoma care does not fall into an urgent category due to optimal timing for serial interventions, the continuation of retinoblastoma care including examinations under anesthesia is a critical need and should be prioritized − Nonurgent cases should be deferred for at least 2-3 months or until improved availability of local and national operating room resources Some surgical cases are believed to carry a higher risk for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 [4, 5] . doi = 10.1159/000507734 id = cord-006790-lye0qjw8 author = Song, R. title = Surveillance of the first case of human avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Beijing, China date = 2013-10-16 keywords = H7N9; case; virus summary = A number of specimens from the environment of this cluster and from the feces specimens tested positive for viral RNA of the H7N9 virus on the fourth day following onset of the index case''s illness. A number of specimens from the environment of this cluster and from the feces specimens tested positive for viral RNA of the H7N9 virus on the fourth day following onset of the index case''s illness. Fifteen hours after the fever began, the pharyngeal swab collected from the index case tested positive for the H7N9 virus by RT-time PCR. Pharyngeal swabs collected from the index case''s mother tested positive for the H7N9 virus on 12 April and 14 April and were negative after 15 April. Although the family members of the index case were all exposed to asymptomatic chickens infected with H7N9 virus, they presented with distinct outcomes. doi = 10.1007/s15010-013-0533-9 id = cord-281603-3308f8hm author = Souza, William Marciel de title = Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil date = 2020-04-29 keywords = Brazil; COVID-19; case summary = doi = 10.1101/2020.04.25.20077396 id = cord-017634-zhmnfd1w author = Straif-Bourgeois, Susanne title = Infectious Disease Epidemiology date = 2005 keywords = CDC; case; datum; disease; infectious; outbreak; program; surveillance summary = Use of additional clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data may enable a physician to diagnose a disease even though the formal surveillance case definition may not be met. Another way to detect an increase of cases is if the surveillance system of reportable infectious diseases reveals an unusually high number of people with the same diagnosis over a certain time period at different health care facilities. On the other hand, however, there should be no time delay in starting an investigation if there is an opportunity to prevent more cases or the potential to identify a system failure which can be caused, for example, by poor food preparation in a restaurant or poor infection control practices in a hospital or to prevent future outbreaks by acquiring more knowledge of the epidemiology of the agent involved. In developing countries, surveys are often necessary to evaluate health problems since data collected routinely (disease surveillance, hospital records, case registers) are often incomplete and of poor quality. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-26577-1_34 id = cord-290116-ytpofa7b author = Sujath, R. title = A machine learning forecasting model for COVID-19 pandemic in India date = 2020-05-30 keywords = COVID-19; MLP; case summary = Figure 5 shows the COVID-19 predicted confirmed cases; death cases and recovered cases based on actual confirmed, death and recovered data with a 95% CI with LR.The graph can be interpreted that cases are going to be increased in future as per the existing case data. Figure 9 shows the predicted impacts of COVID-19 based on the actual data of confirmed, death and recovered cases with 95% CI via LR. Figure 10 predicts the impacts of COVID-19 based on the actual data of confirmed, death and recovered cases with 95% CI through MLP. Figure 12 shows the predicted impacts of COVID-19 death based on the actual data of death cases with 95% CI through MLP. Figure 14 shows the predicted impacts of COVID-19 recovered based on the actual data of recovered cases with 95% CI with MLP. doi = 10.1007/s00477-020-01827-8 id = cord-122594-0y34yxlb author = Teles, Pedro title = Predicting the evolution Of SARS-Covid-2 in Portugal using an adapted SIR Model previously used in South Korea for the MERS outbreak date = 2020-03-23 keywords = case; scenario summary = This allowed me to fit the curve of current active cases in Portugal with a model, which I then use, by implementing the control measure parameters predicted in the model to predict the future number of cases, in five different scenarios (the out-of-control scenario, a scenario in which measures were the same as in the original model (scenario 1), a scenario where government measures are 50% as effective as those in South Korea, and self-protective measures reduce the transmission rate by 50% (scenario 2), a similar scenario but in this case the transmission rate was only reduced to 70% (scenario 3), and a fourth scenario, similar to the two previous ones but in which the transmission rate was reduced to 80%. • Scenario where government measures are 50% as effective as those in South Korea, and self-protective measures reduce the transmission rate by 80% (scenario 4) 3.1 Fitting of parameters λ and δ (Italy). doi = nan id = cord-352635-yrq58n4k author = Teles, Pedro title = PREDICTING THE EVOLUTION OF COVID-19 IN PORTUGAL USING AN ADAPTED SIR MODEL PREVIOUSLY USED IN SOUTH KOREA FOR THE MERS OUTBREAK date = 2020-03-20 keywords = Portugal; case summary = I then construct two or three different scenarios for the evolution of covid-19 in Portugal, considering both the effectiveness of the mitigation measurements implemented by the government, and the self-protective measures taken by the population, as explained in the South Korean model. Without control and self-protective measures, this model predicts that the figures of active cases of SARS-covid-2 would reach a staggering ~40,000 people It shows the importance of control and self-protecting measure to bring down the number of affected people by following the recommendations of the WHO and health authorities. This allowed me to fit the curve of current active cases in Portugal with a model, which I then use, by implementing the control measure parameters predicted in the model to predict the future number of cases, in three different scenarios (the outof-control scenario, a scenario in which the government is successful in applying control measures and citizens mildly adhere to self-protection measures, and a scenario in which the government fails to completely apply control measures, yet citizens still adhere to some measure of self-protection). doi = 10.1101/2020.03.18.20038612 id = cord-011745-dbdtpojs author = Thompson, Mark G. title = Effectiveness of Nonadjuvanted Monovalent Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccines for Preventing Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction–Confirmed Pandemic Influenza Hospitalizations: Case-Control Study of Children and Adults at 10 US Influenza Surveillance Network Sites date = 2013-12-01 keywords = case summary = title: Effectiveness of Nonadjuvanted Monovalent Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccines for Preventing Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction–Confirmed Pandemic Influenza Hospitalizations: Case-Control Study of Children and Adults at 10 US Influenza Surveillance Network Sites During 2009-2010, we examined 217 patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed pandemic influenza in 9 Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network sites and 413 ageand community-matched controls and found that a single dose of monovalent nonadjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine was 50% (95% confidence interval, 13%-71%) effective in preventing hospitalization associated with A(H1N1) pdm09 virus infection. During 2009-2010, we examined 217 patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed pandemic influenza in 9 Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network sites and 413 ageand community-matched controls and found that a single dose of monovalent nonadjuvanted influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine was 50% (95% confidence interval, 13%-71%) effective in preventing hospitalization associated with A(H1N1) pdm09 virus infection. doi = 10.1093/cid/cit551 id = cord-006818-2lclcf1x author = Tibary, A. title = Reproductive emergencies in camelids date = 2008-06-02 keywords = camelid; case; emergency; female; llama; reproductive; surgical; uterine summary = The objective of the present paper is to review the most common reproductive emergencies in male, female, and neonatal camelids. Pregnant females may present with a variety of emergency clinical syndromes, ranging from severe colic, downer (lateral or sternal continuous recumbency), anorexia, diarrhea, depression, neurologic conditions, excessive straining, vaginal discharge, premature lactation, vulvar dilation, or vaginal prolapse. Difficulties encountered in transrectal evaluation for uterine torsion include physical limitations, particularly in alpacas (tight anal sphincter, narrow pelvis and size of the examiner''s hand and arm), as well as a lack of experience palpating late-pregnant camelids in a sternal position. Regarding obstetrical procedures, there are three major differences between camelids and ruminants: (1) the pelvic inlet is narrower; (2) the cervix and vaginal are more prone to laceration and severe inflammation (often leading to adhesions); (3) risks for neonatal hypoxia and death are increased by the forceful uterine and abdominal contractions and the rapid detachment of the microcotyledonary placenta. doi = 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.024 id = cord-017016-twwa9djm author = Tomashefski, Joseph F. title = Aspiration, Bronchial Obstruction, Bronchiectasis, and Related Disorders date = 2008 keywords = Fig; aspiration; bronchial; bronchiectasis; case; chapter; cystic; fibrosis; lung; patient; pneumonia; pulmonary summary = These occult aspirations may lead to interstitial fibrosis, and perhaps account for the 20% to 54 % incidence of associated and unexplained pulmonary fibrosis in patients with esophageal abnormalities, most commonly hiatal hernia or simple reflux,39,40 The role of reflux in asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, and sudden infant death syndrome has been reviewed by Allen et al. 130 In their reviews, Phillips and Rao l3l and Penner and colleagues130 note that similar predisposing factors as those with community-acquired pneumonia, such as aspiration and abscess formation, pertain to this entity, but the location helps distinguish it from the other typical sites of aspiration, When in the upper lobes, it appears to progress through necrotizing pneumonia with thrombosis of arteries (pulmonary and bronchial) and veins, [129] [130] [131] Although not strictly abiding by the foregoing definition (of localization in upper lobe), in one case total unilateral lung gangrene was attributed to hilar vessel involvement following treatment of a massive hilar recurrence of Hodgkin''s disease. doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-68792-6_5 id = cord-002972-ge7qt256 author = Torner, Núria title = Descriptive study of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza during five epidemic seasons (2010–2015) date = 2018-04-14 keywords = SHCLCI; case; influenza summary = OBJECTIVE: The Plan of Information on Acute Respiratory Infections in Catalonia (PIDIRAC) included the surveillance of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza (SHCLCI) in 2009. Surveillance of SHCLCI provides an estimate of the severity of seasonal influenza epidemics and the identification and characterization of at-risk groups in order to facilitate preventive measures such as vaccination and early antiviral treatment. Given the situation generated by the 2009 pandemic caused by the new influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus, the PIDIRAC sentinel network included surveillance of severe hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza (SHCLCI) to assess severity. The aims of SHCLCI surveillance are to provide an estimate of the severity of seasonal influenza epidemics to identify and characterize the risk groups that may present serious complications as a result of infection by circulating influenza viruses or their association with some underlying diseases and to identify the virological characteristics of viruses associated with these severe cases, such as genetic changes and/or antigenic changes that lead to increased virulence. doi = 10.1186/s13104-018-3349-y id = cord-265049-uwzmvlr4 author = Tuge Deressa, Chernet title = Modeling and Optimal Control Analysis of Transmission Dynamics of COVID-19: The Case of Ethiopia date = 2020-10-09 keywords = COVID-19; Ethiopia; case summary = doi = 10.1016/j.aej.2020.10.004 id = cord-325300-wawui0fd author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = 4 Communicable Diseases date = 2000-12-31 keywords = AIDS; Africa; America; HIV; Health; OPV; States; United; World; case; control; disease; person; vaccine summary = No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. doi = 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 id = cord-025337-lkv75bgf author = Vakkuri, Ville title = “This is Just a Prototype”: How Ethics Are Ignored in Software Startup-Like Environments date = 2020-05-06 keywords = case; ethic; system summary = However, there is only limited research on methods and tools for implementing AI ethics in software development, and we currently have little knowledge of the state of practice. Yet, little is currently known about software development practices and methods in the context of AI ethics, as empirical studies in the area are scarce. The dynamic between actions and concerns was considered a tangible way to approach the focus of this study: practices for implementing AI ethics. The ethical concerns they had in relation to accountability were in general largely related to existing areas of focus in software development. Nonetheless, some of the ethical issues such as error handling and transparency of systems development were tackled in a systematic manner through existing software engineering practices such as code documentation and version control. • Even when ethics are not particularly considered, some currently commonly used software development practices, such as documentation, support EAD. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-49392-9_13 id = cord-346583-2w39qsld author = Valev, D. title = Relationships of total COVID-19 cases and deaths with ten demographic, economic and social indicators date = 2020-09-08 keywords = case; death summary = Below the results of statistical studies on the relationship of total COVID-19 cases per 1 million population and deaths per 1 million populations at 28 May 2020 with 10 demographic, economic and social indicators (indices) are shown. The statistical relationships of total COVID-19 Cases and Deaths per million populations in these countries with 10 demographic, economic and social indicators (indices) were studied. The statistical relationships of total COVID-19 Cases and Deaths per million populations in these countries with 10 demographic, economic and social indicators (indices) were studied. These indicators are Life Expectancy, Median Age, Growth Rate, Population Density, GDP PPP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), Gini index of income equality, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and Democracy Index. These indicators are Life Expectancy, Median Age, Growth Rate, Population Density, GDP PPP per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), Gini index of income equality, Intelligence Quotient (IQ), Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and Democracy Index. doi = 10.1101/2020.09.05.20188953 id = cord-323705-n2rec4i8 author = Varatharaj, Aravinthan title = Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study date = 2020-06-25 keywords = COVID-19; COVID19; case; patient summary = METHODS: During the exponential phase of the pandemic, we developed an online network of secure rapid-response case report notification portals across the spectrum of major UK neuroscience bodies, comprising the Association of British Neurologists (ABN), the British Association of Stroke Physicians (BASP), and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych), and representing neurology, stroke, psychiatry, and intensive care. During the exponential phase of the pandemic, we developed an online network of secure rapidresponse case report notification portals (CoroNerve platforms) comprising the Association of British Neurologists (ABN) Rare Diseases Ascertainment and Recruitment (RaDAR), 12 the British Association of Stroke Physicians (BASP), 13 and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych), 14 in collabo ration with the British Paediatric Neurology Association (BPNA), 15 the Neuro Anaesthesia and Critical Care Society (who used the ABN portal), the Intensive Care Society, and key stakeholders. doi = 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30287-x id = cord-349197-3trr8d0u author = Ventura, Francesco title = Two Fatal Cases of Hidden Pneumonia in Young People date = 2010-04-28 keywords = ARDS; acute; case summary = In both cases the cause of death was cardio‐respiratory failure following an acute bilateral pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage and ARDS associated with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Our cases suggest on one side the importance of an early diagnosis to avoid unexpected death while on the other that the diagnosis of ARDS has to be confirmed on the basis of a careful postmortem examination and a complete microscopy and microbiological study. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to impaired gas exchange with concomitant systemic release of inflammatory mediators by local epithelial and endothelial cells, causing inflammation, hypoxemia resulting often in multiple organ failure (MOF), and disseminate intravascular coagulation (DIC) (1) . The clinical presentation, the radiological and laboratory findings in one case, and the postmortem examination with histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological exams in both cases, led us to conclude for an acute cardio-respiratory failure secondary to bilateral pneumonia with DAD and consequently ARDS associated with sepsis and DIC. doi = 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01413.x id = cord-292490-djp9onk5 author = Verma, V. R. title = Projecting Demand-Supply Gap of Hospital Capacity in India in the face of COVID-19 pandemic using Age-Structured Deterministic SEIR model date = 2020-05-19 keywords = ICU; India; case; covid-19 summary = Within a short span of time, a localized outbreak evolved into pandemic with three defining characteristics: a) Speed and Scale-the disease has spread quickly to all corners of the world, and its capacity for explosive spread has overwhelmed even the most resilient health systems b) Severity-Overall, 20% cases are severe or critical, with a crude clinical case fatality rate currently of over 3%, increasing in older age groups and in those with certain underlying conditions c) Societal and economic disruption-shocks to health and social care systems and measures taken to control transmission having deep socio-economic consequences (3) . Under case-3, where 10% of capacity in public facilities and 30% in private facilities is apportioned for COVID-19, and testing coverage is 200,000 per day with TTP of 5%, the estimated demand for severe and critical cases can only be met if supply of ICU beds and ventilators is increased by 8.4% and 2.6% before 27 th July 2020. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.14.20100537 id = cord-320666-cmqj8get author = Walach, H. title = What association do political interventions, environmental and health variables have with the number of Covid-19 cases and deaths? A linear modeling approach date = 2020-06-22 keywords = June; case; model summary = Results: We fitted two models with log-linearly linked variables on gamma-distributed outome variables (CoV2 cases and Covid-19 related deaths, standardized on population). Population standardized cases were best predicted by number of tests, life-expectancy in a country, and border closure (negative predictor, i.e. preventive). Population standardized deaths were best predicted by time, the virus had been in the country, life expectancy, smoking (negative predictor, i.e. preventive), and school closures (positive predictor, i.e. accelerating). The model predicting Covid-19 related deaths is presented in Table 3 : Here the duration the infection had been in the country is a significant positive predictor, and so is life expectancy. The major findings of this modeling study using population data for 40 countries are clear, if surprising: Life-expectancy emerges as a stable positive predictor both for standardized cases of CoV2 infections, as well as for Covid-19 related deaths. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.18.20135012 id = cord-313420-ubm8j1xe author = Wang, Pengfei title = Severe air pollution events not avoided by reduced anthropogenic activities during COVID-19 outbreak date = 2020-07-31 keywords = China; case summary = Compared with the case without emission change (Case 1), Case 3 predicted that PM2.5 concentrations decreased by up to 20% with absolute decreases of 5.35, 6.37, 9.23, 10.25, 10.30, 12.14, 12.75, 14.41, 18.00 and 30.79 μg/m3 in Guangzhou, Shanghai, Beijing, Shijiazhuang, Tianjin, Jinan, Taiyuan, Xi''an, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, respectively. In high-pollution days with PM2.5 greater than 75 μg/m3, the reductions of PM2.5 in Case 3 were 7.78, 9.51, 11.38, 13.42, 13.64, 14.15, 14.42, 16.95 and 22.08 μg/m3 in Shanghai, Jinan, Shijiazhuang, Beijing, Taiyuan, Xi''an, Tianjin, Zhengzhou and Wuhan, respectively. This study highlights that large emissions reduction in transportation and slight reduction in industrial would not help avoid severe air pollution in China, especially when meteorology is unfavorable. In order to investigate the effect of reduced anthropogenic activities on air pollution, three simulation scenarios were performed and compared (Table 1) the Case 1, Case 2 had a decrease of 40% and 20% in transportation and industry emission, respectively. doi = 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104814 id = cord-293430-h4r0jpy5 author = Wang, Tsung-Hsi title = Unexplained Deaths and Critical Illnesses of Suspected Infectious Cause, Taiwan, 2000–2005 date = 2008-10-17 keywords = Taiwan; case summary = We report 5 years'' surveillance data from the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control on unexplained deaths and critical illnesses suspected of being caused by infection. In 2000, the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control collaborated with academic institutions, medical examiners, local health authorities, and experts from different fi elds to establish a nationwide surveillance center for outbreak and unexplained death investigation due to unknown infectious causes (COUNEX) (Figure) . Local health authorities, hospitals, or clinics report suspected infection-related cases through the "notifiable infectious disease surveillance system," "syndromic surveillance system," and toll-free notification hotline Figure. *If unexplained infectious causes were suspected, COUNEX mobilized an investigation team including experts, fi eld epidemiology training program members, public health workers from the local branch of Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (TCDC), and public health authorities to proceed with further fi eld investigation. doi = 10.3201/eid1410.061587 id = cord-315744-nr0fu2qb author = Wang, Yu title = Reduction of secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in households by face mask use, disinfection and social distancing: a cohort study in Beijing, China date = 2020-05-28 keywords = case; covid-19; transmission summary = doi = 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002794 id = cord-333226-o23da4x2 author = Wang, Yuke title = Strongly Heterogeneous Transmission of COVID-19 in Mainland China: Local and Regional Variation date = 2020-06-19 keywords = China; Wuhan; case summary = We studied the variation in transmission of COVID-19, locally in Wuhan, as well as on a larger spatial scale, among different cities and even among provinces in mainland China. The sizes of outbreak in provinces of mainland China mainly depended on the numbers of cases imported from Wuhan as the local reproduction numbers were low. Second, to evaluate the role of "the Market" in Wuhan and estimate the numbers of cases caused by contact with this source (its reproduction number) in early transmission, data for the first confirmed 425 COVID-19 cases with date of symptom onset and exposure information to "the Market" was extracted from a recently published report (6) . (B) Distribution of the serial interval for onset of clinical symptoms, estimated from COVID-19 clusters with partially known links ( Figure 2 ). doi = 10.3389/fmed.2020.00329 id = cord-343897-f4imrltt author = Weimer, Louis H. title = Neuromuscular disorders in pregnancy date = 2020-08-04 keywords = GBS; case; patient; pregnancy; woman summary = Disorders include carpal tunnel syndrome and other focal neuropathies, Bell palsy, myasthenia gravis, and other neuromuscular junction disorders, acute and chronic inflammatory neuropathy, hereditary and acquired muscle diseases, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, channelopathies, autonomic neuropathy, and dysautonomia. In one patient-reported symptom-based study, a male fetus and prior back pain were positive risk factors but prior pregnancy was not. One study found further evidence that facial neuropathy is more severe in pregnancy-associated cases despite corticosteroid treatment (Phillips et al., 2017) . A large Italian series reviewed plasmapheresis complications of 936 procedures during 57 pregnancies; treatment indications were various and included some for myasthenia gravis (MG). Pregnancy-induced disease severity alterations and treatment adjustments are important clinical considerations; a multidisciplinary medical approach that includes an obstetrician and neurologist is best (Norwood et al., 2014 15% of mildly affected patients became relatively severe. doi = 10.1016/b978-0-444-64240-0.00012-x id = cord-290133-4ou7ubb4 author = Weiss, Martin M. title = Rethinking Smallpox date = 2004-12-01 keywords = case; smallpox; vaccination; virus summary = The last recorded death due to smallpox, according to World Health Organization investigators, was likely associated with virus that had been transmitted by aerosol [16] . Such observations-along with the long incubation period of smallpox (mean, 12-14 days; range, 7-21 days)suggest that there would be adequate time to vaccinate the public and prevent a more widespread outbreak. Nonetheless, these masks, if distributed to the public, could prove to be critical for the control of a smallpox epidemic that was overwhelming our health care system, and they might also prove to be effective in limiting contagion of smaller viruses, such as influenza virus (either natural virus, as in 1918, or engineered virus [61] ). Because of the possibility of an attack involving bioengineered smallpox virus that is resistant to the current vaccine, methisazone should be reexamined, and research should be continued on other antiviral agents. doi = 10.1086/425745 id = cord-227268-8k9zaqsy author = Wick, W. David title = Stopping the SuperSpreader Epidemic: the lessons from SARS (with, perhaps, applications to MERS) date = 2013-08-29 keywords = MERS; case summary = This gave rise to the theory that HIV is an SS epidemic; the candidates for the superpreaders are: (a) persons in the primary retroviral-infection period that lasts a few weeks, who have a thousand times the level of virus in blood and semen found in chronically-infected patients; and (b) cases like "patient zero," the Canadian airline attendant with an impressive Rolodex of sexual partners in many cities, described in ''Randy Shilts''s 1987 book, And the Band Played On. priate kind of model is called a "stochastic multi-type branching-process." The adjective "stochastic" refers to random events, as in a dice game; in computer terms, when simulating the model the program makes calls on the random number generator, abbreviated RNG (supplied with your operating system), when making updates. doi = nan id = cord-297360-rw2vmlno author = Wiwanitkit, Viroj title = The usefulness of case reports in managing emerging infectious disease date = 2011-05-20 keywords = case summary = doi = 10.1186/1752-1947-5-194 id = cord-308680-moligska author = Wong, Justin title = Epidemiological Investigation of the First 135 COVID-19 Cases in Brunei: Implications for Surveillance, Control, and Travel Restrictions date = 2020-08-14 keywords = Brunei; case; covid-19 summary = We report findings from the epidemiological investigation of the initial 135 COVID-19 cases in Brunei and describe the impact of control measures and travel restrictions. Regular and ongoing testing of high-risk groups to supplement the existing surveillance program and a phased easing of physical distancing measures has helped maintain suppression of the COVID-19 outbreak in Brunei, as evidenced by the identification of only six additional cases from April 5 to August 5, 2020. Here, we report findings from the first 135 COVID-19 cases, detected within the first 5 weeks of the local epidemic, along with their epidemiological, clinical, and transmission characteristics. In Hong Kong, case isolation and contact tracing were combined with other physical distancing measures (but no lockdown), which resulted in an estimated effective reproduction number near 1 for 8 weeks. doi = 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0771 id = cord-342012-1w3x0g42 author = Wu, Joseph T. title = Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China date = 2020-03-19 keywords = Supplementary; Table; Wuhan; case summary = For a completely novel pathogen, especially one with a high (say, >2) basic reproductive number (the expected number of secondary cases generated by a primary case in a completely susceptible population) relative to other recently emergent and seasonal directly transmissible respiratory pathogens 4 , assuming homogeneous mixing and mass action dynamics, the majority of the population will be infected eventually unless drastic public health interventions are applied over prolonged periods and/or vaccines become available sufficiently quickly. We therefore extended our previously published transmission dynamics model 4 , updated with real-time input data and enriched with additional new data sources, to infer a preliminary set of clinical severity estimates that could guide clinical and public health decision-making as the epidemic continues to spread globally. Given that we have parameterized the model using death rates inferred from projected case numbers (from traveler data) and observed death numbers in Wuhan, the precise fatality risk estimates may not be generalizable to those outside the original epicenter, especially during subsequent phases of the epidemic. doi = 10.1038/s41591-020-0822-7 id = cord-318340-hptjqmrl author = Xiang, Nijuan title = Lessons from an active surveillance pilot to assess the pneumonia of unknown etiology surveillance system in China, 2016: the need to increase clinician participation in the detection and reporting of emerging respiratory infectious diseases date = 2019-09-03 keywords = China; PUE; case summary = We reviewed medical records for documented exposure history associated with respiratory infectious diseases, collected throat samples that were tested for seasonal and avian influenza, and interviewed clinicians regarding reasons for reporting or not reporting PUE cases. If a case is reported to the PUE system, the local center for disease control and prevention (CDC) will conduct a field investigation, collect respiratory specimens and send them to a national influenza surveillance network laboratory for testing of avian influenza viruses and, if associated with clusters of respiratory disease or relevant travel history, testing of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). For patients with illnesses meeting the PUE case definition, the surveillance officer used a standard questionnaire to collect information from the hospital information system related to demographics and, if available, epidemiological risk factors, including exposures to poultry, patients with similar symptoms, and travel history. doi = 10.1186/s12879-019-4345-0 id = cord-119576-8qp8o2g2 author = Xu, Liyan title = Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Antiepidemic Policies and Global Situation Assessment of COVID-19 date = 2020-04-16 keywords = China; Wuhan; case; control summary = With a two-layer contact-dispersion model and data in China, we analyze the cost-effectiveness of three types of antiepidemic measures for COVID-19: regular epidemiological control, local social interaction control, and inter-city travel restriction. We find that: 1) intercity travel restriction has minimal or even negative effect compared to the other two at the national level; 2) the time of reaching turning point is independent of the current number of cases, and only related to the enforcement stringency of epidemiological control and social interaction control measures; 3) strong enforcement at the early stage is the only opportunity to maximize both antiepidemic effectiveness and cost-effectiveness; 4) mediocre stringency of social interaction measures is the worst choice. Overall, compared with in-city epidemiological and social interaction control measures, the contribution of inter-city travel restrictions to the reduction of the number of infected cases and the spatial spread of disease is much smaller-lower by two orders of magnitudes. doi = nan id = cord-206391-1dj285h8 author = Yan, Donghui title = Estimating the Number of Infected Cases in COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-24 keywords = case; report summary = Thus the number of newly reported cases at any particular day within this time window might be mixed, in the sense that it would include both cases that are infected both before (but were in dormant period) and after the report date. That is, those cases with a dormant period extending more than T days post-report will be truncated and not included inD type1 , with the total count of such truncated cases being ''cancelled out'' by the newly infected cases within the post-report time window of a properly chosen length T . Due to the lack of reported case data for individual states by age groups, we use the overall estimate, which is 87.94% according to discussions in Section 2.2, for the ratio of type II cases for all the states. doi = nan id = cord-273861-sg7esn4p author = Yi, Lina title = A cluster of adenovirus type B55 infection in a neurosurgical inpatient department of a general hospital in Guangdong, China date = 2017-06-26 keywords = China; case summary = doi = 10.1111/irv.12457 id = cord-011245-nkr0998x author = Yokomichi, Hiroshi title = Immune thrombocytopenic purpura risk by live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccinations among Japanese adults, children and infants: a matched case–control study date = 2020-04-06 keywords = ITP; Japan; case; vaccination summary = title: Immune thrombocytopenic purpura risk by live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccinations among Japanese adults, children and infants: a matched case–control study This case–control study investigated immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) risk following live, inactivated, and simultaneous vaccination, with a focus on infants aged < 2 years. We matched case patients with ITP to one or two control patients with other diseases by institution, hospital visit timing, sex, and age. These limited data suggest no significant ITP risk following vaccinations or simultaneous vaccination in any age group, including infants. In this case-control study, we aimed to determine the ITP risk after live, inactivated and simultaneous vaccination in Japan. To measure this exposure, participating physicians who treated case (ITP) and control (other diseases) patients completed questionnaires covering retrospective information on vaccination history and other characteristics. Participating physicians matched controls with case patients by the institution, timing of hospital visit (within a 1-month difference), sex and age. doi = 10.1007/s12185-020-02866-1 id = cord-341187-jqesw4e8 author = Yu, Xinhua title = Modeling Return of the Epidemic: Impact of Population Structure, Asymptomatic Infection, Case Importation and Personal Contacts date = 2020-08-27 keywords = case; covid-19; epidemic summary = title: Modeling Return of the Epidemic: Impact of Population Structure, Asymptomatic Infection, Case Importation and Personal Contacts J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 7 We investigate the impact of population structure, case importation, asymptomatic cases, and the number of contacts on a possible second wave of epidemic through mathematical modelling. Methods: we built a modified Susceptible-exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model with parameters mirroring those of the COVID-19 pandemic and reported simulated characteristics of epidemics for incidence, hospitalizations and deaths under different scenarios. Methods: we built a modified Susceptible-exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model with parameters mirroring those of the COVID-19 pandemic and reported simulated characteristics of epidemics for incidence, hospitalizations and deaths under different scenarios. Epidemic model simulation has been used extensively to estimate essential epidemic parameters, In this study, we will build a modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model [27] to simulate the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate the impact of population structure, asymptomatic cases, case importation, and the number of contacts on the epidemic progression. doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101858 id = cord-327005-7zgolyqf author = Zhang, Lan title = Clinical Features of 33 Cases in Children Infected With SARS-CoV-2 in Anhui Province, China–A Multi-Center Retrospective Cohort Study date = 2020-06-16 keywords = SARS; case summary = Here, we report 33 patients under the age of 19 years with confirmed COVID-19 infection from Anhui province, China, and describe the clinical features, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of a chest CT, treatment, and clinical outcome. Information recorded included demographic data, medical history, familial clustering, details of the confirmed patients, if any, in the family, whether they were residents of Wuhan, or traveled to Wuhan, whether they came in contact with confirmed patients, signs, and symptoms, including pharyngodynia, fever, cough, vomiting and diarrhea, fatigue, tightness in the chest, total WBC and lymphocyte percentages, levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, liver function, CKMB, a marker of myocardial injury, chest CT, administration of INF a, lopinavir and ritonavir, ribavirin, or arbidol, and titers of Mp-IgM, anti-parainfluenza virus IgM, anti-influenza virus IgM, and anti-adenovirus IgM. A retrospective cohort study was used to analyze the epidemiological data, clinical symptoms, and signs, changes in WBC and total lymphocyte counts, chest CT, and the different treatments in children infected with SARS-COV-2. doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00255 id = cord-324518-a346cjx4 author = Zhang, Zhibin title = The outbreak pattern of the SARS cases in Asia date = 2004 keywords = SARS; case summary = The increase rate of SARS cases is expected to decrease with the cumulative SARS cases, as described by the traditional logistical model, which is widely used in population dynamic studies. The maximum instantaneous rate of increase, basic reproductive number, and maximum cumulative SARS cases were also calculated by using the logistic model. The outbreak pattern of cumulative SARS cases is likely of a logistic type because at the initial stage, it grows exponentially, later due to the increasing control effort by people and/or due to depletion of susceptible individuals, the infection will be slowed down. significant and negative linear "density dependency" of the instantaneous rate of increase on the cumulative cases of SARS indicates that the outbreak pattern of SARS can be well described by the logistic model( Fig. 1(a) and (b) ). doi = 10.1007/bf03183407 id = cord-295513-q5f8d0ig author = Zhao, Pengcheng title = A Comparison of Infection Venues of COVID-19 Case Clusters in Northeast China date = 2020-06-03 keywords = case; covid-19; figure summary = In this study, we compared various types of infection locations in which COVID-19 cases clustered, based on the data from three adjacent provinces in Northeast China. Thus, we propose choosing a region with a sufficient number of COVID-19 cases and their detailed case reports to illustrate the role of different types of location in person-to-person transmission of this disease. Based on the collected and deduced information, we compared the epidemic situations between cities and/or provinces and enumerated the cases for the various location clusters. Figure 1 specifies all locations outside the home where case clustering occurred, and all train or flight numbers are marked along with the cases'' travel date. Figure 3b , the number of contacts between cases of different distances (i.e., inter-province, inter-city and intra-city) varied by location category. This study analysed the epidemic situations in various areas in the three provinces of Northeast China and the effects of various types of infection location on identified COVID-19 clusters. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17113955 id = cord-316959-iua8c4hy author = Zia, Kashif title = COVID-19 Outbreak in Oman: Model-Driven Impact Analysis and Challenges date = 2020-04-06 keywords = Oman; case summary = Motivated by the rapid spread of COVID-19 all across the globe, we have performed simulations of a system dynamic epidemic spread model in different possible situations. The simulation, not only captures the model dynamic of the spread of the virus, but also, takes care of population and mobility data. For epidemics like corona-virus, SIR model was extended to SEIR [6] , introducing a new state exposed between susceptible and infectious. Hence, the simulation generated in data driven, in which a user is responsible of describing system dynamics model of the epidemic, whereas, all the relevant population and mobility global data in integrated at the server side. With a system dynamic model of epidemic spread, incorporated with population and mobility data, we performed simulation of many different cases of COVID-19 impact, representing different real situations. With a more representative population and mobility data about different regions of the country, we may see more cases and a longer impact. doi = 10.1101/2020.04.02.20050666 id = cord-312911-nqq87d0m author = Zou, D. title = Epidemic Model Guided Machine Learning for COVID-19 Forecasts in the United States date = 2020-05-25 keywords = case; model summary = We propose a new epidemic model (SuEIR) for forecasting the spread of COVID-19, including numbers of confirmed and fatality cases at national and state levels in the United States. Specifically, the SuEIR model is a variant of the SEIR model by taking into account the untested/unreported cases of COVID-19, and trained by machine learning algorithms based on the reported historical data. Besides providing basic projections for confirmed and fatality cases, the proposed SuEIR model is also able to predict the peak date of active cases, and estimate the basic reproduction number (R0). Based on the proposed model, we are able to make accurate predictions on the numbers of confirmed cases and fatality cases for nation, states and and counties. Moreover, our model can also predict the peak dates of active cases and estimate the basic reproduction number (R 0 ) of different states in the US. doi = 10.1101/2020.05.24.20111989 id = cord-034961-4lpjo9a5 author = dos Santos, Bruno Pereira title = Is COVID-19 the current world-wide pandemic having effects on the profile of psychoactive substance poisonings? date = 2020-11-08 keywords = case summary = For this purpose, data was gathered from cases of intoxication by the five main classes of psychoactive substances: anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, and recreational drugs, arriving at the Toxicological Information Center of Rio Grande do Sul, from March to July 2019 and from March to July 2020 ( Table 1 ). While quarantine can be effective in reducing the number of suicide attempts, the number of individual accidents has increased expressively (Table 1) , mainly associated with recreational drugs, anticonvulsants, and benzodiazepines, especially accidents with children up to 5 years old. For instance, children aged 0-5 years showed a serious increase in cases of intoxication by recreational drugs, of + 275%, followed by more than + 30% in anticonvulsants and benzodiazepines. Furthermore, individuals over 19 years old, showed a substantial increase in the consumption of recreational drugs, with + 48.0% and only + 3.0% in antipsychotics, as opposed to other classes which decreased, justifiable by a reduction in suicide attempts. doi = 10.1007/s11419-020-00558-3 id = cord-000718-7whai7nr author = nan title = ESP Abstracts 2012 date = 2012-08-22 keywords = ALK; BRAF; CD10; CD34; CK7; CRC; Dept; EBV; EGFR; HCC; HER2; Hodgkin; Hospital; IHC; KRAS; Ki-67; Ki67; MSI; Medical; NSCLC; Objective; PCR; Pathology; Turkey; University; cancer; carcinoma; case; cell; conclusion; diagnosis; dna; expression; fish; high; method; patient; primary; result; study; tissue; tumor summary = Method: We analyzed consecutive gastric cancer cases in terms of AMACR immunohistochemical expression and clinical/pathological characteristics and followed patients'' postoperative history. Results: Histological, immunohistochemical and molecular examination revealed non-neoplastic lymphadenopathy with atypical paracortical T-cell hyperplasia with immunoblastic reaction in the former and burnt-out histiocytic pattern in the latter, both falling into a broad spectrum of reactive lymph node changes associated with Still''s disease. Method: We have thus collected, from our two Institutions a large number (45 cases) of cancers showing the histological definition of adenosquamous carcinomas according to the WHO criteria and performed gene analysis for k-RAS (codons 12, 13) and EGFR (codons 18, 19 and 21) mutations. Objective: We previously identified amplified fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGFR1) as a therapeutic target for small molecule inhibitor (SMI) therapy in squamous cell lung cancer (L-SCC), resulting in currently running clinical trials treating patients with stage III disease. doi = 10.1007/s00428-012-1284-1 id = cord-004675-n8mlxe7p author = nan title = 2019 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2019-02-26 keywords = ADA; CD3; CD4; CD8; CGD; CMV; CVID; EBV; HLH; HSCT; IFN; IVIG; PCR; PID; PIDD; RAG1; SCID; TCL; age; case; cell; disease; dna; dock8; infection; mutation; patient; report; result; year summary = However, the mean infusion rate per site was similar between patients aged <18 years ( XMEN disease (X-linked Immunodeficency with Magnesium defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection and Neoplasia) is a primary immune deficiency caused by mutations in MAGT1 and characterized by chronic infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), EBV-driven lymphoma, CD4 T-cell lymphopenia, and dysgammaglobulinemia. We present the case of a 1-year old Hispanic infant with a pathogenic variant in MAGT1 gene that clinically manifested with early Pneumocystis jirovecii and cytomegalovirus (CMV) interstitial pneumonia, and EBV chronic infection with good response to intravenous immunoglobulins supplementation without hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or gene therapy. Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, IDGS, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA Hypomorphic Recombination Activating Gene 1 (RAG1) mutations result in residual T-and B-cell development in both humans and mice and have been found in patients presenting with delayed-onset combined immune deficiency with granulomas and/or autoimmunity (CID-G/AI). doi = 10.1007/s10875-019-00597-5 id = cord-005105-twsy61oq author = nan title = SIU 2015 Abstracts date = 2015-09-21 keywords = ADT; BPH; ESWL; Gleason; Group; Hospital; IPSS; Introduction; January; LUTS; MRI; Objective; PCNL; PSA; Prostate; RARP; TRUS; aft; bladder; case; conclusion; follow; mean; method; patient; renal; result; score; signifi; study; treatment; urinary; year summary = Th e present study is based on a retrospective analysis of a database of over 600 patients (age range 17-57 years) who met the consensus criteria for bacterial prostatitis, 75% of whom had dysuria, 35% perineal discomfort, 60% had obstructive luts, 37% infertility of unknown etiology, 10% erectile dysfunction and 25% recurrent infection of the partner. Further research is needed to determine to assess whether localization of small volume disease on 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT can improve diagnostic algorithms and outcomes in patients with recurrent PCa. Introduction and Objective: To assess long-term results of salvage pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in prostate cancer (PC) patients (pts) with biochemical recurrence aft er primary local treatment and confi rmed solitary lymph node (LN) metastases. doi = 10.1007/s00345-015-1684-3 id = cord-005147-mvoq9vln author = nan title = Autorenregister date = 2017-02-23 keywords = Berlin; Genetics; Germany; Human; Illumina; Institute; NGS; PCR; RNA; Sanger; University; WES; analysis; case; cell; disease; dna; expression; family; gene; mutation; patient; result; sequencing; study; syndrome; variant summary = Using whole-exome sequencing and trio-based de novo analysis, we identified a novel heterozygous de novo frameshift variant in the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene causing instability of the mRNA in a patient presenting with bilateral CAKUT and requiring kidney transplantation at one year of age. Loss of cdkl5 associated with deficient mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in mice and human cells We and other groups have shown that mutations in the X-linked cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) gene cause a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with clinical features including intellectual disability, early-onset intractable seizures and autism, that are closely related to those present in Rett syndrome (RTT) patients. Functional characterization of novel GNB1 mutations as a rare cause of global developmental delay Over the past years, prioritization strategies that combined the molecular predictors of sequence variants from exomes and genomes of patients with rare Mendelian disorders with computer-readable phenotype information became a highly effective method for detecting disease-causing mutations. doi = 10.1007/s11825-017-0126-6 id = cord-005646-xhx9pzhj author = nan title = 2nd World Congress on Pediatric Intensive Care 1996 Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 23–26 June 1996 Abstracts of Oral Presentations, Posters and Nursing Programme date = 1996 keywords = ARDS; CPB; Care; Children; ECMO; Hospital; ICU; Intensive; PICU; Pediatric; Unit; age; blood; case; child; conclusion; day; failure; group; high; hour; increase; infant; level; mean; method; patient; prism; pulmonary; respiratory; result; severe; study; ventilation; year summary = Aims and methods The aim of both a prospective and retrospective survey conducted in German pediatric intensive care units in 1993 was to accumulate data on the epidemiology, risk factors, natural history and treatment strategies in a large group of pediatric ARDS patients who were treated in the tt~ee year period from 1991 to 1993.All patients had acute bilateral alveolar infiltration of noncardiogenic origin and a pO2~iO2 ratio < 150mmHg. The influence of sex, underlying disease and single organ failure was analyzed using the Fischer''s exact test, the influence of additional organ failure on mortality was tested with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszet statistics. doi = 10.1007/bf02316512 id = cord-005816-i54q5gsu author = nan title = 10(th) European Congress of Trauma and Emergency Surgery: May 13–17, 2009 Antalya, Turkey date = 2009-08-06 keywords = Department; GCS; Hospital; ICU; ISS; Istanbul; January; Turkey; University; abdominal; case; conclusion; day; fracture; group; injury; introduction; method; mortality; patient; result; score; study; surgery; trauma; treatment; year summary = Several factors such as the initial lack of symptoms, a low diagnostic sensitivity of the CT (34% false negatives), and the nonoperative management of solid organ injuries, have contributed to a delayed diagnosis in one of every five patients in our series, but this has not led to a significant increase in septic complications in this group. Method: The demographic features, the treatments, the intensity of the illness and mortality rate of the 155 patients in Afyon Kocatepe University General Surgery clinic between the years 2006 Background: Enterocutaneous fistula continues to be a serious surgical problem. Introduction: In our previous study, we examined the treatment results of burn patients older than 45 years, and found a significant increase in mortality with increasing age groups. Methods: Data on emergency surgical cases and admissions to the surgical service over a 3-month period were collected and analyzed; this included patient demographics, referral sources, diagnosis, operation, and length of stay (LOS Conclusion: Emergency workload represents a significant part of the work for the general surgeons. doi = 10.1007/s00068-009-8001-z id = cord-005881-oswgjaxz author = nan title = Abstracts: 11(th) European Congress of Trauma and Emergency Surgery May 15–18, 2010 Brussels, Belgium date = 2010 keywords = Hospital; ICU; ISS; case; complication; conclusion; follow; fracture; group; high; injury; introduction; material; mean; method; patient; result; score; screw; significant; study; surgery; trauma; treatment; year summary = Prospective case series with historical control group.(Level III) Results: Preliminary data indicate: *a shorter time on ventilator than anticipated (based on comparisson to historical data) * a shorter time on ICU * less pneumoniae * no intra-operative complications * good healing results of the rib fractures * no implant failures * acceptable pain scores * good overal satisfaction * acceptable cosmetic results Conclusion: Internal fixation of rib fractures (flair chest or multiple sequential fractures with pulmonary function compromise) results in a earlier recuperation of pulmonary function with shortened ICU stay. (Regional Association Sanitary Emergencies) Material and Methods: The ARES, whose members are about 600, all over the nation, is configured as an extraordinary health resource, activated by the National Civil Defence operations centre, in according with the Regional centre of Marche, in disater situations Results: The main objectives of ARES are training and organization of medical staff and structures and its growth crosses several missions including: AE Earthquake in Molise, 2002 Introduction: Cephalomedullary nails rely on a large lag screw that provides fixation into the femoral head. doi = 10.1007/s00068-010-8888-z id = cord-006849-vgjz74ts author = nan title = 27th International Congress of the European Association for Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) Sevilla, Spain, 12–15 June 2019 date = 2019-09-13 keywords = BMI; December; ERCP; Endosc; GERD; Hospital; ICG; January; Japan; MRI; Medical; Nissen; November; TME; University; aim; approach; cancer; case; complication; conclusion; day; gastric; group; hernia; laparoscopic; method; patient; perform; postoperative; procedure; resection; result; robotic; roux; study; surgery; surgical; time; treatment; year summary = Methods: We are performing this procedures within a prospective randomized trial that is design to compare the long term results of LRYGB-B versus the standard laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.The video shows our technique in a case of a 46 years old female with a BMI of 46 Kg/m2. Material and methods: We present a video of the surgical intervention of a 32-year-old patient, with functional dyspepsia, with a casual diagnosis of a pseudocystic mass of the right colon after performing a CT scan: giant diverticulum of the hepatic colon angle with fecaloid content inside it under tension The patient goes to the emergency room for acute abdominal pain, pending colonoscopy, antibiotic treatment is established, and a laparoscopic approach is decided upon after the patient''s evolution. Method: We present the case of a 65-year-old patient with surgical antecedent of laparoscopic low anterior resection due to rectal cancer, presenting in postoperative period an anastomosis leakage with severe peritonitis was identified and a laparotomy with end colostomy was performed. doi = 10.1007/s00464-019-07109-x id = cord-006854-o2e5na78 author = nan title = Scientific Session of the 16th World Congress of Endoscopic Surgery, Jointly Hosted by Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) & Canadian Association of General Surgeons (CAGS), Seattle, Washington, USA, 11–14 April 2018: Poster Abstracts date = 2018-04-20 keywords = BMI; CBD; Center; ERCP; FLS; GERD; Hospital; ICG; January; LOS; LSG; Medical; RYGB; SILS; University; case; complication; conclusion; follow; gastric; group; hernia; introduction; laparoscopic; method; operative; outcome; patient; postoperative; procedure; rate; report; result; robotic; roux; study; surgeon; surgery; surgical; time summary = Totally Laparoscopic ALPPS Combined with the Microwave Ablation for a Patient with a Huge HCC Hua Zhang; Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Introduction: Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is a novel technique for resecting hepatic tumors that were previously considered unresectable due to the insufficient future liver remnant (FLR) which may result in postoperative liver failure (PLF). Not only does this case show that a large epiphrenic diverticulm can be successfully resected via the trans-abdominal laparoscopic approach, this case makes the argument that patients undergoing any minimally-invasive epiphrenic diverticulectomy and myotomy, with or without fundoplication, may be successfully managed with early post-operative contrast studies and dietary advancement, thus decreasing their length of hospitalization and overall cost of treatment. Introduction: There are reports of increased operative duration, blood loss and postoperative morbidity, caused by difficulties in obtaining good visualization and in controlling bleeding when laparoscopic resection is performed in obese patients with colon cancer. doi = 10.1007/s00464-018-6121-4 id = cord-006882-t9w1cdr4 author = nan title = Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland date = 2012-07-22 keywords = DEXA; Hospital; case; disease; medical; patient; study; year summary = doi = 10.1007/s11845-012-0833-6 id = cord-006924-1i3kf01j author = nan title = Abstracts from USCAP 2020: Pulmonary, Mediastinum, Pleura, and Peritoneum Pathology (1869-1980) date = 2020-03-05 keywords = BAP1; EGFR; IHC; NGS; NSCLC; UIP; case; cell; lung; patient; tumor summary = doi = 10.1038/s41374-020-0400-0 id = cord-009713-sxd4t2tz author = nan title = Poster Presentations date = 2020-01-10 keywords = CSF; Children; DMD; EEG; Hospital; MRI; Neurology; Paediatric; age; case; child; conclusion; patient; present; report; result; seizure; study; year summary = Poster No. 010 Seizure, developmental and cognitive outcomes in children post hemispherotomy TT TAY 1 , DR REED 2 , VJ JOSAN 3 , SR RUST 4 , JT TAN 5 1 University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; 2 Neuropsychology Team, Paediatric Psychosocial Service, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; 3 Neurosurgery, Salford Royal NHS Foundation, Manchester, UK; 4 Paediatric Neuropsychology, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK; 5 Paediatric Neurology, Royal Manchester Children''s Hospital, Manchester, UK Introduction: Patients with focal refractory epilepsy secondary to structural hemispheric changes have been shown in retrospective studies to have significantly improved seizure outcomes following hemispheric disconnection. In a univariate analysis of 682 cases with ≥12 months follow-up data, poor final outcome (defined as modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 3-6) occurred in 30% and was associated with very young or elderly age at onset, movement disorder, decreased consciousness, autonomic dysfunction, mechanical ventilation, higher mRS score in the acute phase, longer hospital stay, extreme delta brush on EEG, abnormal MRI, CSF pleocytosis and elevated CSF protein (all p<0.05). doi = 10.1111/dmcn.14411 id = cord-010027-r0tl01kq author = nan title = Dublin Pathology 2015. 8th Joint Meeting of the British Division of the International Academy of Pathology and the Pathological Society of Great Britain & Ireland date = 2015-09-15 keywords = EQA; FFPE; Hospital; IHC; Ireland; NGS; PCR; University; cancer; case; cell; diagnosis; dna; expression; patient; result; study; tumour summary = Further profiling of other T cell populations may help to further understand this expression which may act as a biomarker or provide a therapeutic target Biomarkers that are able to distinguish stage II and III colon cancer patients at high risk of developing disease recurrence, who may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy, are still lacking. *AM supported by the NIHR and the Academy of Medical Sciences ABSTRACTS S·17 Assessment of HER2 Status on Needle Core Biopsy of Breast Cancer: Impact of Histopathological Concordance P M Pigera; AHS Lee; IO Ellis; EA Rakha; Z Hodi Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK One of the key recommendations introduced in the ASCO/CAP update guideline recommendation on HER2 testing is the novel concept of "histopathological concordance." It is proposed that certain tumour morphological features such as histologic type and grade should trigger repeating a molecular test in cases of "discordance". doi = 10.1002/path.4631 id = cord-010119-t1x9gknd author = nan title = Abstract Presentations from the AABB Annual Meeting San Diego, CA ctober 7‐10, 2017 date = 2017-09-04 keywords = ABO; Anti; Background; Blood; CD36; Case; Center; DAT; DTT; Design; FDA; FFP; HBV; HCV; HIV; HLA; Hospital; IPC; MTP; Medical; Medicine; NAT; PCR; PLT; RBC; RHD; Red; Studies; Study; System; TPE; University; WBC; ZIKV; Zika; cd341; cell; conclusion; day; dna; donor; finding; method; patient; platelet; result; sample; table; test; transfusion; type summary = Conclusion: The wide distribution in the concentration of bioactive lipids among 405 stored RBC units suggests that lipid degradation is highly donor-Background/Case Studies: To ensure availability of biological products to hospitals, blood banks have developed and validated multiple storage conditions for each of their products to maximize shelf life and quality. 1 The Department of Blood Transfusion, The PLA General Hospital, 2 The Department of Blood Transfusion, Air Force General Hospital, PLA Background/Case Studies: Recently, multi researches have reported that longer term-stored red blood cells(RBCs) units were associated with increased risks of clinically adverse events, especially in critically ill patients. Weak D types 1, 2 and 3 express all the major RhD epitopes and these patients can be managed as RhD-positive, which may lead to a reduction in unnecessary Rh immunoglobulin (RhIG) administration and conservation of RhD-negative RBCs. Study Design/Method: RHD genotyping was performed on all patient samples with weaker than expected or discrepant RhD typing results, utilizing a commercially available genotyping kit manufactured by Immucor (RHD BeadChip). doi = 10.1111/trf.14286 id = cord-010980-sizuef1v author = nan title = ECTES Abstracts 2020 date = 2020-05-11 keywords = AIS; Department; Emergency; Fig; GCS; Hospital; ICU; ISS; January; Japan; MCI; Progressions; REBOA; TBI; Trauma; University; case; clinical; conclusion; fracture; group; injury; introduction; material; method; mortality; patient; result; retrospective; score; study; surgery; treatment; year summary = doi = 10.1007/s00068-020-01343-y id = cord-014687-0am4l5ms author = nan title = SPR 2012 date = 2012-03-29 keywords = ACR; ADC; Administration; Case; Center; Children; College; DWI; Dr.; Drug; FDA; Food; Hospital; Imaging; MDCT; MRI; Materials; Medical; NF1; PET; Pediatric; Purpose; Radiology; Report; SPR; Society; University; child; clinical; conclusion; diagnosis; finding; image; patient; result; review; study summary = This presentation will focus on recent developments that have lead to a better understanding of the embryopathogenesis for fibropolycystic liver diseases (including choledochal cysts and Caroli disease), histopathological findings that have led to new classification systems for of pediatric vascular anomalies, technological advances and contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging that are useful to characterize and limit the differential diagnosis of hepatic masses. Disclosure: Dr. Annapragada has indicated that he is a stock holder and consultant for Marval Biosciences Inc. Paper #: PA-067 Cardiovascular Image Quality Using a Nanoparticle CT Contrast Agent: Preliminary Studies in a Pig Model Rajesh Krishnamurthy, Radiology, Texas Children''s Hospital, rxkrishn@texaschildrens.org; Ketan Ghaghada, Prakash Masand, Abhay Divekar, Eric Hoffman, Ananth Annapragada Purpose or Case Report: Image quality in a separate study using a long circulating, liposomal-based nanoscale blood pool iodinated contrast agent (NCTX) suggests clinical utility in pediatrics, potentially reducing difficulties in contrast-CT of children with congenital heart disease (CHD) including the size of intravenous cannula, need for accurate timing, inability to simultaneously opacify multiple targets of interest (requiring repeated contrast administration and/or repeated imaging). doi = 10.1007/s00247-012-2356-8 id = cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author = nan title = Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date = 2014-08-02 keywords = BCG; CGD; CVID; HSCT; Hospital; IVIG; Immunology; PID; SCID; University; case; cell; deficiency; disease; dna; infection; patient; year summary = Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Pediatric Immunology, Izmir, Turkey Ig class switch recombination deficiencies are rare PIDs (1:500,000 births) with normal or elevated serum IgM and low IgG, IgA and IgE levels, defective or normal somatic hypermutation, defective T/B cooperation (50%), intrinsic B cell defect (50%), susceptibility to bacterial infections begining from the first year of age (impaired B cell immunity) and lack of germinal centres in secondary lymphoid organs. Great North Children''s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Even following the introduction of biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a small number of children suffering from severe, refractory autoimmune (AI), rheumatic and/or autoinflammatory disorders will not get into clinical remission (CR) and will potentially further suffer from multiple side-effects of combined and long-term immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies, in particular severe infections (Marodi L, Casanova JL. doi = 10.1007/s10875-014-0065-9 id = cord-014794-yppi30a0 author = nan title = 19th European Congress of Pathology, Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 6-11, 2003 date = 2003-07-31 keywords = Bcl-2; CD10; CD30; Department; FNA; HCC; Hospital; IHC; III; Institute; Introduction; Ki-67; Ki67; Medical; Medicine; NHL; PCNA; PCR; Pathology; University; VEGF; aim; cancer; carcinoma; case; cell; conclusion; diagnosis; dna; expression; group; high; hpv; lesion; material; method; patient; positive; result; study; tissue; tumor summary = These parts were in a high percentage associated with fibrosis and lymphocyte rich areas and showed a higher mitotic activity than usual PTCs. Discussion The differences in the occurrence of TCV and TCmorphology between the presented series and previously reported cases might result from until now not clearly defined tall cell morphology as well as from similarities to PTCs, such as the oxyphilic variant, which is extremely rare in our series, and maybe also from often described squamous changes within PTCs. Due to these data it is not clear which tumor parts have relevance for prognosis and which tumors should be treated more aggressively than others. The aims of this study were to characterize the group of patients with BSOT and evaluate the significance of various molecular markers expression versus serous papillary ovarian carcinomas (SPOC) Material and methods We analyzed a total of 102 cases including: 64 cystadenoma, 10 borderline and 28 cystadenocarcinoma. doi = 10.1007/s00428-003-0864-5 id = cord-015348-qt0worsl author = nan title = Abstract date = 2010-07-30 keywords = Dept; EGFR; Hospital; IHC; MGMT; Objective; PCR; Pathology; University; VEGF; cancer; carcinoma; case; cell; conclusion; diagnosis; disease; dna; expression; kit; lesion; method; patient; result; study; tissue; tumor summary = However, the application of the compounds in clinical trials has revealed promising results only when predictive procedures have been available for determining which patients will benefit from targeting therapy, so-called eligibility or predictive tests, e.g. Her2 in breast cancer, KRAS and EGFR mutations in colorectal cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Conclusion: We report on the development of a quantitative tissue-based immunohistochemical (IHC) methodology employing activation-specific antibodies against multiple components of the BCR signaling pathway that will assess the activity of the BCR pathway in formalin-fixed paraffinembedded primary DLBCLs. This approach will identify the subset of patient tumors that are actively signaling through the BCR pathway and, therefore, will predict therapeutic responsiveness to targeted inhibition of BCR signaling. Method: In our study, we investigate 120 cases diagnosed with invasive breast carcinoma in which we established microscopic characterization, immunohistochemical profiles (expression of proliferation markers, steroid receptors and Her2) and computer-assisted morphometric profiles by determining the mean values for nuclear area, cellular area and N/C ratio with Lucia Net Software. doi = 10.1007/s00428-010-0947-z id = cord-015352-2d02eq3y author = nan title = ESPR 2017 date = 2017-04-26 keywords = ADC; CNS; CXR; DWI; JIA; LUS; MRE; MRI; Objective; Pediatr; Radiol; Suppl; ZIKV; case; child; diagnosis; disease; figure; finding; high; image; imaging; patient; pediatric; study summary = Lapierre; Montreal/CA Summary: Objectives: To review the classification of visceroatrial situs To describe the associated cardiac and non-cardiac anomalies To illustrate typical findings in fetuses, neonates and children To discuss the surgical consideration and the long-term follow-up in these patients Abstract: By definition, the type of situs is determined by the relationship between the atria and the adjacent organs. As is often the case, radiology in JIA is all about: knowing your clinicians (i.e. the pretest likelihood for disease) being technically eloquent (e.g. using high-resolution US probes, not delaying post-contrast MRI acquisitions) knowing what is normal (e.g. normal undulations in the articular surface, focal bone marrow signal variation) not being dogmatic about individual observations or measurements interpreting your findings in a clinical context The lecture will demonstrate similarities and differences among joints and modalities in children with variable-severity JIA. doi = 10.1007/s00247-017-3820-2 id = cord-015359-gf32a6f1 author = nan title = B scientific sessions (SS) date = 2002 keywords = CTA; DSA; DTPA; Doppler; ECG; Germany; MRA; MRI; MSCT; Purpose; Siemens; case; conclusion; contrast; image; material; method; patient; result; study summary = Methods and materials: 73 consecutive patients, clinically considered to have stage 1B tumour (confined to the cervix), underwent MR imaging studies at 1 T, according to the following protocol: fast spin-echo (FSE) T2-weighted, gadoliniumenhanced SE Tl-weighted, and fat-suppressed gadolinium-enhanced SE Tlweighted sequences. Purpose: To describe the radiological (thin section CT) findings correlated to activity and remission in ANCA associated pulmonary-renal small vessel vasculitis (SVV) Material and methods: We used retrospective analysis of 37 CTs, 27 in disease activity (8 first manifestations, 19 relapses) 10 im remission of 17 patients with pulmorenal syndrome (9 Wegener, 4 microscopic polyangiitis-MPA, 3 Churg-Strauss-syndrome, 1 idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis following the Chapel Hill classification) 7 women, 10 men, median 65.5 years (34 -84). Varghese, P.R. Mueller; Boston, MA/US Purpose: We sought to determine the incidence of malignancy and to assess a possible role for image guided biopsy of this category of renal masses Materials & methods: Of the 397 renal biopsies performed at our institution between 1991 and 2000; a total of 28 patients with 28 category III lesions, were identified for analysis. doi = 10.1007/s00330-002-0002-9 id = cord-015368-a0qz4tb9 author = nan title = 48th Annual Meeting of the Austrian Society of Surgery, Graz, June 7–9, 2007 date = 2007 keywords = Austria; Background; Department; III; case; complication; conclusion; dna; follow; group; high; mean; method; month; operation; patient; postoperative; procedure; rate; result; study; surgery; surgical; treatment; year summary = Surgical treatment and evaluation, complications, short and long term patency of our patients were compared to interventional techniques and international literature. The aim of the study was to investigate: i) relevant and combined determinants of the development, management and outcome of a representative patient cohort (n ¼ 9.991) with acute appendicitis enrolled in a prospective unicenter study through a time period of 27 years (middle Europe), and ii) the frequency and impact of specific categories (e.g., characteristics of the medical history, clinical and intraoperative findings, complications), correlation and relative risk factors of the disease and its prognosis. From 01=1997 until 12=2006 198 TEM procedures were performed in 194 patients, 104 males, 90 females, mean age was 68.9 years (38-91), the median hospital stay was 8 days . No conversion to open technique had to be performed, no postoperative surgical complications were observed, one patient died 4 weeks postoperative due to liver failure following esophageal varices bleeding. doi = 10.1007/s10353-007-0330-8 id = cord-015369-72cjogxz author = nan title = 50th Annual Meeting of the Austrian Society of Surgery. Vienna, June 18–20, 2009. Guest Editors: Albert Tuchmann, Erhard Schwanzer, Benedikt Walzel date = 2009 keywords = Abteilung; BMI; Background; Behandlung; CLE; Chemotherapie; Ergebnisse; Fällen; GERD; Grundlagen; Gruppe; Jahren; Komplikationen; Operation; PGD; Patienten; Rahmen; Studie; Therapie; V.A.C.; auf; bei; case; conclusion; day; der; des; die; eine; follow; ist; method; mit; nach; patient; result; sich; surgery; treatment; tumor; von; werden; wurde; year summary = Bei 2 Patienten wurde wegen eines Rezidivs eine neuerliche RFT mit liver packing notwendig, 5 Patienten wurden ohne Packing ein zweites mal abladiert und ein Patient unterzog sich einer linksseitigen Hemihepatektomie nach rechtsseitiger Ablation. Das laparoskopische Liver Packing ermöglicht eine ablative Therapie der Leber in Patienten, die mit den herkömmlichen Möglichkeiten nicht lokal therapierbar sind. Zusammenfassend lässt sich anhand der hier vorliegenden Studie zeigen, dass die Therapie von VSM mittels ELT mit 1470-nm-Diodenlaser und Radialfaser eine sowohl minimalinvasive als auch sichere und effiziente Therapieoption darstellt und eine hohe frühzeitige Erfolgsrate bei niedrigem Schmerzniveau aufweist.In weiteren Studien muss geprueft werden, ob aehnlich gute Resultate auch bei weiterer Absenkung des Energienivaus zu erreichen sind. Patients who underwent R0 resection for colon and rectal cancer during the period 1995-2000 showed a significantly improved 5-year survival rate compared to those operated on between 1991 and 1995. doi = 10.1007/s10353-009-0461-1 id = cord-015372-76xvzvdg author = nan title = National scientific medical meeting 1996 abstracts date = 1996 keywords = CAD; HCV; HIV; HSP; ICU; PCR; age; case; disease; group; increase; irish; level; mean; patient; positive; study; year summary = One, two and five-year survival rates were examined; age at diagnosis and lesion type were extremely significant factors in relation to patient outcome. Patients'' age, sex, risk group, CDC stage, CD4 count, indication for therapy, complication rate and response to treatment are described. Fifty-eight patients (34 male, 24 female) ranging in age from 15 to 65 years (Mean + SD = 28.4 + 10.8) were included in the study. Among these 48 patients (mean age 68.0+12.7), after controlling for age and for the duration and continuity of subsequent antipsychotic treatment, increasing duration of initially untreated psychosis was associated with greater severity of negative symptoms (p<0.005) and with lower scores on the MMSE (p<0.05) but not with executive dysfunction on the EXIT (p=0.3). Conclusion Although not a population based study, care of IDDM in Ireland is almost totally hospital clinic based Cigarette smoking is identified as the major problem to be addressed Patients with diabetes meltitus (DM) are at a higher risk of developing vascular complications, including coronary artery disease (CAD). doi = 10.1007/bf02945204 id = cord-019347-tj3ye1mx author = nan title = ABSTRACT BOOK date = 2010-02-19 keywords = CD4; CD8; CIC; ELISA; FEV1; HIV; ICS; IVIG; OVA; PCN; allergic; allergy; asthma; case; cell; conclusion; group; history; introduction; method; patient; report; result; skin; study; symptom; test; treatment; year summary = Method:Case Report:A 15y/o w/f athlete presented with a two month history of recurrent hives and angioedema which she associated with ingestion of Halloween candy .One week before evaluation she had hives with Coconut as well.Her history was othewise unremarkable except for recurrent UTI''S, annual sinusitis, pneumonia in 1998 as well as migraines.She denied sexual activity.Her physical exam was normal.Results:An evaluation for autoimmune disease revealed normal ESR, ANA, DSDNA, mono and hepatitis serology as well as lyme titers however her CH50 was low17u/ml(normal 26-58U/ml)and evaluation of complement revealed c4 14mg/dl(normal 16-47mg//dl)and c2 <1.3mg/dl(normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)with normal c3, c5-c9.Her father had nor-malc4 but c2 was 1.4mg/dl (normal 1.6-3.5mg/dl)Her sister had c2 of 1.5mg/dl and normal c4 and her mother had normal c2 and c4.Her workup included positive prick skin test to ragweed, ash and grass and she was started on Rhinocort and Clarinex seasonally.She has been followed for one year with resolution of hives and is asymptomatic.Her diagnosis had been confirmed by a pediatric rheumatologist.Conclusion;We present an atypical case of C2 complement deficiency in an currently asymptomatic individual. doi = 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61294-x id = cord-021087-n4epxwn9 author = nan title = ECR – Final Programme: Scientific and Educational Exhibits date = 2004 keywords = CTA; DSA; Doppler; HRCT; Learning; MDCT; MRA; MRI; MSCT; Objectives; Purpose; case; conclusion; detail; finding; image; imaging; lesion; material; method; patient; result summary = Conclusions: MRI is useful to identify tumor response to Imatinib Mesylate in advanced GIST as from the early months of therapy with the following indicators of treatment activity: A) Size of lesions; B) signal intensity; C) vascularization; D) amount of degenerative tissue or necrosis; E) presence of peritoneal fluid. Materials and Methods: 34 patients (13 female, 21 male) from two centres with proven myocardial infarction by ECG, clinical and echo criteria underwent stress/ rest Tc99 sestamibi Gated SPECT scanning with a dual headed gamma camera and late contract enhanced MRI on identical 1.5 Tesla scanners in each centre using a protocol which imaged 15 minutes after injection of 0.1 mmol/kg IV gadolinium. These preliminary results illustrate the ability of MRI to assess the integrity of the TFCC and suggests its use as the first imaging method following plain radiography in the evaluation of patients with chronic posttraumatic pain on the ulnar side of the wrist. doi = 10.1007/s10406-005-0142-5 id = cord-022147-istz1iql author = nan title = Procedures to Investigate Waterborne Illness date = 2016-07-13 keywords = Flint; Form; Giardia; Table; case; illness; outbreak; person; sample; source; water summary = • Identifying illness associated with an exposure and verifying that the causative agent is waterborne • Detecting all cases, the causative agent, and the place of exposure • Determining the water source, mode of contamination, processes, or practices by which proliferation and/or survival of the etiological agent occurred • Implementing emergency measures to control the spread of the outbreak • Gathering information on the epidemiology of waterborne diseases and the etiology of the causative agents that can be used for education, training, and program planning, thereby impacting on the prevention of waterborne illness • Determining if the outbreak under investigation is part of a larger outbreak by immediately reporting to state/provincial/national epidemiologists In the instance of a bottled water outbreak, halting of distribution and sale of product and recall of product, some of which may already be in consumers'' homes, are necessary to prevent further illness. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-26027-3_1 id = cord-022597-9b1a8cri author = nan title = Hematopoietic Tumors date = 2009-05-15 keywords = CLL; Figure; bone; case; cat; cell; dog; leukemia; lymphoma; report; tumor summary = Hepatosplenic lymphoma is a relatively uncommon, distinct presentation in the dog marked by a lack of peripheral lymphadenopathy in the face of hepatic, splenic, and bone marrow infiltration with malignant lymphocytes, usually of T-cell origin. The prognosis for canine lymphoma varies and depends on a number of factors, such as the location of disease, the extent of disease (the clinical stage), the presence or absence of clinical signs (the substage), the histologic grade, the immunophenotype (T cell or B cell), exposure to previous chemotherapy or corticosteroids and subsequent development of MDR (see Chapter 11), altered cell death processes (apoptosis), the proliferation rate of the tumor, the presence of concurrent medical problems or paraneoplastic conditions (e.g., hypercalcemia, weight loss, and liver insufficiency), and possibly gender.* Although canine lymphoma is rarely curable (fewer than 10% of cases), complete responses and a good quality of life during extended remissions and survival are typical. doi = 10.1016/b978-072160558-6.50034-4 id = cord-022650-phsr10jp author = nan title = Abstracts TPS date = 2018-08-14 keywords = AIT; Ara; Background; Der; ELISA; FEV1; HAE; HDM; Hospital; IgE; LTP; PR-10; SCIT; SDS; SLIT; SPT; allergen; allergic; allergy; asthma; case; conclusion; food; group; high; level; method; patient; result; specific; study; symptom; test; treatment; year summary = 0685 | Skin prick test reactivity to aeroallergens in adult allergy clinic in a tertiary hospital: a 12-year retrospective study Results: Five different human sera were screened for specific IgE level against 29 different allergen sources using test methods of three different suppliers. Conclusion: This multicenter prospective study confirmed that stepwise single-dose OFC to egg will help to clarify the severity of egg allergy, and will contribute to improved food allergy manageMethod: The study design was a retrospective cohort study extracting data from the electronic chart of children older than 4 years who visited our out-patient clinic for egg or milk allergy and who underwent an oral food challenge test (OFC) twice within 24 months between November 2013 and December 2017. Results: In the base case analysis, using Italy clinical practice patients with moderate-to severe allergic rhino-conjunctivitis (SS ranging from 6 to 15 points) and a mean age at entry of 21 years, both SCIT and SLIT were associated with increased cost but superior efficacy compared to pharmacotherapy alone. doi = 10.1111/all.13539 id = cord-022756-kdgo4rqb author = nan title = Hematopoietic Tumors date = 2012-11-28 keywords = CLL; CML; CNS; case; cat; cell; chapter; chop; dog; figure; lymphoma; tumor summary = Hepatosplenic lymphoma is a relatively uncommon, distinct presentation in the dog marked by a lack of significant peripheral lymphadenopathy in the face of hepatic, splenic, and bone marrow infiltration with malignant lymphocytes, usually of T-cell origin. In a randomized study of 60 dogs with lymphoma comparing CHOP-based chemotherapy with CHOPbased chemotherapy and a human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) DNA cationic-lipid complexed autologous whole tumor cell vaccine, a small measure of immunomodulation was documented by delayed-type hypersensitivity; however, significant improvement in clinical outcome was not noted. 263 Total body irradiation (and/or ablative chemotherapy) for complete or partial bone marrow ablation followed by reconstitution with bone marrow or stem-cell transplant in dogs, although a recognized model in comparative research settings, 264,265 is still in its early phases of development and application in clinical veterinary It is associated with slow progression and long-term survival following corticosteroid management; however, it does have the potential to progress to high-grade lymphoma. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2362-5.00032-3 id = cord-023186-gqltd6u0 author = nan title = Poster Sessions date = 2019-06-27 keywords = CPAP; OSA; PICU; case; child; group; patient; study summary = Methods: This is a one-year retrospective study that was conducted in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) comparing the intervention failure rate of three different Noninvasive respiratory support modalities (bi-level positive airway pressure (BIPAP), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and HFNC) for infants and young children between the ages of 1 month and 2 years admitted with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis. The aim of the study was to determine the association between Methods: Ninety children aged between > 28 days to < 5 years hospitalized with diagnosis of severe CAP in the Pediatric Department of West Nusa Tenggara Province General Hospital from January to October 2018 were enrolled. Arterial blood gases, respiratory rate, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and mean airway pressure (MAP) of rat lung during respiratory support, wetto-dry lung weight ratio, lung homogenate and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid tumor necrosis factor-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, interleukin-6 and total protein levels were measured and compared among groups after study completion. doi = 10.1002/ppul.24373 id = cord-024651-578c9ut5 author = nan title = 2020 CIS Annual Meeting: Immune Deficiency & Dysregulation North American Conference date = 2020-05-11 keywords = ALPS; Abstract; Background; CD4; CD8; CGD; CVID; Case; EBV; GOF; HIES; HLH; HSCT; Hospital; IFN; IVIG; Immunology; National; PID; Report; SCID; STAT3; Text; cell; disease; figure; infection; introduction; mutation; patient; result summary = doi = 10.1007/s10875-020-00764-z id = cord-034340-3ksfpaf7 author = nan title = Proceedings of the 26th European Paediatric Rheumatology Congress: part 2: Virtual. 23 - 26 September 2020 date = 2020-10-28 keywords = ANA; ESR; IVIG; JIA; MAS; MTX; SLE; TNF; arthritis; case; child; clinical; disease; introduction; patient; result; treatment; year summary = Objectives: The current study was undertaken to evaluate sociodemographic and sociocultural features, parent behavior, the gestation and breastfeeding period, nutritional status of early childhood in our patients with JIA, and to determine their relationship with disease activity, damage index, remission time, and relapse rate. Methods: In the present study were included data 170 JIA(55 boys and 115 girls)aged from 2 to 17 years,who received scheduled vaccination before the age of 2 years and before JIA onset against measles,parotitis,diphtheria and rubella.Incomplete vaccination means the reduced number of vaccine to age.In all patients the Ig G anti-vaccine antibodies levels were detected with ELISA.JIA categories were:oligoarthritis -73,polyarthritis -61,systemic-16 and enthesitisrelated arthritis-20.Data presented with median and 25%>75% Results: Incomplete vaccination against MMR was in 50 (42%)diphtheria in 85 (50%) of the JIA patients. doi = 10.1186/s12969-020-00470-5 id = cord-326785-le2t1l8g author = nan title = Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 163rd meeting, 3–5 July 1991 date = 2005-06-15 keywords = HPV; biopsy; bone; carcinoma; case; cell; change; disease; dna; expression; increase; lesion; normal; number; patient; present; renal; section; small; specimen; stain; study; tissue; type summary = The lesions (usually multlpleand each 5 mm orless m diameter) were identified in lung parenchymaat a distance from the tumour and consisted of thickened alveolar walls lined by prominent, distinctly atypical cells morphologically Slmllar to type I 1 pneumacytes and cytologically different to the associated turnour Reactive changes 8" lung involved by obstrmtive pneumonitis were not included !n thts Sews All of the associated tumwra were peripheral adenocarcinamas and all showed a pattern of alveolar wall spread at the tumour periphery Clinically 7 of the patients were female and all were smokers or ex-smokers The slgnlflcance of this lesion in the histogenesis of primary pulmonary ademcarcinoma IS. doi = 10.1002/path.1711640412 id = cord-338123-4pshh5ov author = nan title = SARS Alert Applicability date = 2004-08-17 keywords = SARS; case summary = If the illness is included in the list of notifiable infectious diseases, the case must be reported to the local public health authority so infection control measures can be implemented. To determine how the sickness certification system in other European Union countries operates and assesses the feasibility of the WHO alert surveillance, we interviewed specialists in infectious diseases or public health in France (seven imported cases of SARS, two in healthcare workers), Spain (one case), and Denmark (no cases) (2) by electronic mail. All hospitals that treated patients with suspected SARS either had their own committee to classify patients according to World Health Organization guidelines or followed the protocol for classification or reclassification of reported cases by the team members (3). From the first day that suspected cases were reported to the Taiwan Center for Disease Control, the patients were placed in negative-pressure isolation rooms when available. doi = 10.3201/eid1008.040221