# pos

id: cord-295116-eo887olu
pos: ADD
token:
  http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-andresponsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#two

lemma:
  http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-andresponsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html#two


id: cord-273897-hkt322bt
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/08/coronavirus-more-countries-will-adopt-italysmeasures-says-austrian-leader

lemma:
  https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/08/coronavirus-more-countries-will-adopt-italysmeasures-says-austrian-leader


id: cord-273897-hkt322bt
pos: NNP
token:
  https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-fromchaos/2020/03/09/knowledge-is-power-lessons-learned-from-italys-coronavirus-outbreak/

lemma:
  https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-fromchaos/2020/03/09/knowledge-is-power-lessons-learned-from-italys-coronavirus-outbreak/


id: cord-256366-9qb1zrzh
pos: NNPS
token:
  https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/britishcolumbia/trans-mountain-pipeline-expansion-support-cost-survey-1

lemma:
  https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/britishcolumbia/trans-mountain-pipeline-expansion-support-cost-survey-1


# ent

id: cord-004498-ppiqpj9i
type: ORG
entity:
  the international commission on radiological protection International Commission on Radiological Protection ICRP


id: cord-004498-ppiqpj9i
type: ORG
entity:
  Health Canada Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists Position Statement Safety Code 35 Safety Code 36 Radiation Protection and Quality Standards


id: cord-004498-ppiqpj9i
type: ORG
entity:
  Ministry of Health Canada Health Canada Safety Code 30 Radiation Protection in Dentistry Ministry of Health


id: cord-004498-ppiqpj9i
type: LAW
entity:
  the HARP Act Renewal Process Report and Recommendations on Modernizing Ontario s Radiation Protection Legislation Use of Personal Monitors to Estimate Effective Dose Equivalent and Effective Dose to Workers for External Exposure to Low LET Radiation Radiation Dose Management for Fluoroscopically Guided Interventional Medical Procedures ICRP Publication 139


id: cord-001716-lbtdex4p
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H3N2 viruses disproportionately affecting elderly individuals 65 years old We assessed vaccine effectiveness VE


id: cord-001716-lbtdex4p
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 pdm09 from Canada sentinel surveillance network Impact of repeated vaccination on vaccine effectiveness against influenza A H3N2 and B


id: cord-000857-2qds187e
type: ORG
entity:
  Situated Learning Legitimate Peripheral Participation Communities of Practice Communities of Practice Learning Meaning and Identity Learning


id: cord-263453-7v4y02j6
type: ORG
entity:
  Early Epidemiological Assessment of the Virulence of Emerging Infectious Diseases A Case Study of an Influenza Pandemic date


id: cord-263453-7v4y02j6
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Mathematical Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Model Building Analysis and Interpretation Transmission


id: cord-263453-7v4y02j6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 virus after vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine Assessing the severity of the novel influenza A H1N1 pandemic Epidemic


id: cord-273196-ji3suirn
type: ORG
entity:
  the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers CAPP the Assembly of First Nations Mining Association of Canada MAC


id: cord-263650-jxkjn8ld
type: DNA
entity:
  AMERICANS 11 2 75 79 2 65 69 3 Alzheimer s 7 mothers 5 With caregiver 1 9 0 1 75 79 1 pace maker 1 father 3 independently 10 19 2 2 80 84 2 diabetes 1 husband 3 nursing homes 20 29 1 1 85 89 1 prostate cancer 1 daughter


id: cord-280619-xcre2zgh
type: ORG
entity:
  the Qualifying Examination Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada Objectives of Training and


id: cord-253827-5vodag6c
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Case for Universal Cloth Mask Adoption and Policies to Increase Supply of Medical Masks for Health Workers Incubation


id: cord-025746-qy9ttbkx
type: ORG
entity:
  Canadian Jails Conference of State Court Administrators the National Association for Court Management


id: cord-263235-n8omnki4
type: DNA
entity:
  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 country


id: cord-349348-9rnvawfa
type: ORG
entity:
  st Century Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health Division of Health Care Services Regional


id: cord-349348-9rnvawfa
type: ORG
entity:
  Santé Publique Québec Public Health Program Québec Institut national de santé publique du Québec et Ministère de la Santé et des Services


id: cord-330228-plcdwazu
type: ORG
entity:
  Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health Geneva World Health Organization Social


id: cord-330228-plcdwazu
type: LAW
entity:
  Signs UN Declaration on Preventing and Controlling Chronic Diseases Ministry of Health Promotion Standards Programs Community Development Branch Healthy Eating Physical Activity and Healthy Weights


id: cord-330228-plcdwazu
type: ORG
entity:
  National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health Integrating Social Determinants of Health and Health Equity


id: cord-330228-plcdwazu
type: ORG
entity:
  Melbourne National Public Health Partnership Ministry of Health and Long Term Care Nutritious Food Basket


id: cord-021374-srpg754h
type: TAXON
entity:
  feline coronavirus canine distemper virus feline calcivirus feline herpesvirus Francisella tularensis Yersinia


id: cord-021374-srpg754h
type: LOC
entity:
  the West Indian Islands United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Center Mammalian


id: cord-263261-xhem8l39
type: DNA
entity:
  MMR measles mumps rubella 2 doses Hib Hemophilus influenza b rotavirus pneumococcal pneumonia and HPV Human papillomavirus vaccines


id: cord-263261-xhem8l39
type: ORG
entity:
  Accountable Care Organizations ACO Patient Centered Medical Home PCMH and Population Health Management System PHMS


id: cord-263261-xhem8l39
type: ORG
entity:
  Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development OECD Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development OECD


id: cord-278533-3gpkb8nm
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Guide to Measuring the Triple Aim Population Health Experience of Care and Per Capita Cost IHI Innovation Series


id: cord-278533-3gpkb8nm
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Picker Principles of Person Centred Care One Hospital s Experiments in Virtual Health Care Harvard Business Review Factors


id: cord-335461-wjsyun4i
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Proneurogenic Ligands Defined by Modeling Developing Cortex Growth Factor Communication Networks Hematopoietic


id: cord-283398-wplz8o2k
type: ORG
entity:
  the Identity Card Surveillance Security and Identification in Global Perspective Protecting and Proving Identity


id: cord-283398-wplz8o2k
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Final Report Systemic Barriers to Housing Initiative Failing the Homeless Barriers in the Ontario Disability Support Program for Homeless People with Disabilities Street Health Barriers


id: cord-330755-7kvaduoq
type: ORG
entity:
  Occupational Stressors to Psychological Outcomes Health System Public Health and Economic Implications


id: cord-330755-7kvaduoq
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Coronavirus The Lily How Effective Response to COVID 19 Relies on Nursing Research Working Together to Contain


id: cord-330755-7kvaduoq
type: LAW
entity:
  the COVID 19 Outbreak Telehealth for Global Emergencies Implications for Coronavirus Disease COVID 19


id: cord-330755-7kvaduoq
type: ORG
entity:
  the System of Reserve Medical Supplies for Public Health Emergencies Reflections on the Outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 Epidemic in China Combating COVID 19


id: cord-355827-e38itktq
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Routine Practices and Additional Precautions for Preventing the Transmission of Infection in Healthcare Settings


id: cord-339058-jtj12571
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Standard Occupation Code SOC 2001 Nurse Supervisors and Registered Nurses Other Technical Occupations


id: cord-339058-jtj12571
type: ORG
entity:
  Institute for Work and Health Working Paper Canadian Institute for Health Information Canada s Healthcare Providers Occupational


id: cord-339058-jtj12571
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  des risques accrus le taux de lésions professionnelles a diminué Les motifs à l appui de ces tendances sont complexes mais tout porte à croire que mettre l accent sur


id: cord-314104-dkm8396y
type: LAW
entity:
  MLISA Joint External Evaluation of IHR Core Capacities of Canada Mission Report Global Health Security Index Building Collective Action and Accountability


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: GGP
entity:
  Ii 0 11 p 0 01 and symptoms of pain Ii 0 14 p 0 01 fatigue ji 0 34 p 0 001 and cognitive difficulties p 0 30 P 0 001 For the three dimensions of the IIRS multiple regression results revealed 1


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: LAW
entity:
  The Collaborative Process to Achieve Access to Primary Health Care for Black Women and Women of Colour Project


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: EVENT
entity:
  Black Women and Women of Colour Women s Health in Women s Hands Community Health Centre Sistering Parkdale Community Health Centre Rexdale Community Health Centre


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: LAW
entity:
  P5 77 C Health and Livelihood Implications of Marginalization of Slum Dwellers in Provision of Water and Sanitation Services


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HIV Criminal justice system involvement was measured by arrest incarceration drug felony and loss denial of social services


# url

id: cord-256366-9qb1zrzh
domain: www.cbc.ca
url:
  http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/britishcolumbia/trans-mountain-pipeline-expansion-support-cost-survey-1


id: cord-273897-hkt322bt
domain: www.theguardian.com
url:
  http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/08/coronavirus-more-countries-will-adopt-italysmeasures-says-austrian-leader


id: cord-273897-hkt322bt
domain: www.brookings.edu
url:
  http://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-fromchaos/2020/03/09/knowledge-is-power-lessons-learned-from-italys-coronavirus-outbreak/


# bib

id: cord-000282-phepjf55
author: Hsieh, Ying-Hen
date: 2010-11-05
txt: ./txt/cord-000282-phepjf55.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000282-phepjf55.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2989981/
doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-283
summary:
  BACKGROUND: Management of emerging infectious diseases such as the 2009 influenza pandemic A (H1N1) poses great challenges for real-time mathematical modeling of disease transmission due to limited information on disease natural history and epidemiology, stochastic variation in the course of epidemics, and changing case definitions and surveillance practices. We sought to address three critical issues in real time disease modeling for newly emerged 2009 pH1N1: (i) to estimate the basic reproduction number; (ii) to identify the main turning points in the epidemic curve that distinguish different phases or waves of disease; and (iii) to predict the future course of events, including the final size of the outbreak in the absence of intervention. We fit both the single-and multi-phase Richards models to Canadian cumulative 2009 pH1N1 cumulative case data, using publicly available disease onset dates obtained from the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) website [10, 11] .

title:
  On epidemic modeling in real time: An application to the 2009 Novel A (H1N1) influenza outbreak in Canada

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Management of emerging infectious diseases such as the 2009 influenza pandemic A (H1N1) poses great challenges for real-time mathematical modeling of disease transmission due to limited information on disease natural history and epidemiology, stochastic variation in the course of epidemics, and changing case definitions and surveillance practices. FINDINGS: The Richards model and its variants are used to fit the cumulative epidemic curve for laboratory-confirmed pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) infections in Canada, made available by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). The model is used to obtain estimates for turning points in the initial outbreak, the basic reproductive number (R(0)), and for expected final outbreak size in the absence of interventions. Confirmed case data were used to construct a best-fit 2-phase model with three turning points. R(0 )was estimated to be 1.30 (95% CI 1.12-1.47) for the first phase (April 1 to May 4) and 1.35 (95% CI 1.16-1.54) for the second phase (May 4 to June 19). Hospitalization data were also used to fit a 1-phase model with R(0 )= 1.35 (1.20-1.49) and a single turning point of June 11. CONCLUSIONS: Application of the Richards model to Canadian pH1N1 data shows that detection of turning points is affected by the quality of data available at the time of data usage. Using a Richards model, robust estimates of R(0 )were obtained approximately one month after the initial outbreak in the case of 2009 A (H1N1) in Canada.


id: cord-000857-2qds187e
title: Indigenous populations health protection: A Canadian perspective
author: Richardson, Katya L
date: 2012-12-20
txt: ./txt/cord-000857-2qds187e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000857-2qds187e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3541974/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1098
summary:
  In alignment with the objectives of the Pandemic Influenza Outbreak Research Modelling (Pan-InfORM) team, a Canadian public health workshop was held at the Centre for Disease Modelling (CDM) to: (i) evaluate post-pandemic research findings; (ii) identify existing gaps in knowledge that have yet to be addressed through ongoing research and collaborative activities; and (iii) build upon existing partnerships within the research community to forge new collaborative links with Aboriginal health organizations. The workshop achieved its objectives in identifying main research findings and emerging information post pandemic, and highlighting key challenges that pose significant impediments to the health protection and promotion of Canadian Aboriginal populations. With the participation of key stakeholders from Aboriginal health organizations, policy decision-makers, and representatives from the research community in Canada, the workshop focused on public health responses, determinants of health, and the differential effects of intervention strategies in Aboriginal populations.

abstract:
  The disproportionate effects of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic on many Canadian Aboriginal communities have drawn attention to the vulnerability of these communities in terms of health outcomes in the face of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. Exploring the particular challenges facing these communities is essential to improving public health planning. In alignment with the objectives of the Pandemic Influenza Outbreak Research Modelling (Pan-InfORM) team, a Canadian public health workshop was held at the Centre for Disease Modelling (CDM) to: (i) evaluate post-pandemic research findings; (ii) identify existing gaps in knowledge that have yet to be addressed through ongoing research and collaborative activities; and (iii) build upon existing partnerships within the research community to forge new collaborative links with Aboriginal health organizations. The workshop achieved its objectives in identifying main research findings and emerging information post pandemic, and highlighting key challenges that pose significant impediments to the health protection and promotion of Canadian Aboriginal populations. The health challenges faced by Canadian indigenous populations are unique and complex, and can only be addressed through active engagement with affected communities. The academic research community will need to develop a new interdisciplinary framework, building upon concepts from ‘Communities of Practice’, to ensure that the research priorities are identified and targeted, and the outcomes are translated into the context of community health to improve policy and practice.


id: cord-001716-lbtdex4p
author: Gilca, Rodica
date: 2015-07-22
txt: ./txt/cord-001716-lbtdex4p.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001716-lbtdex4p.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4511737/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132195
summary:
  Canada''s Sentinel Physician Surveillance Network (SPSN) measured vaccine effectiveness (VE) against medically-attended laboratory-confirmed outpatient A(H3N2) illness of -8% (95%CI:-50-23%) overall and 2% (95%CI:-49-36%) in non-elderly (<65-year-old) adults, indicating little or no vaccine protection even among individuals capable of mounting an effective immune response [2] . Although Canadian mid-season inpatient and outpatient VE findings for the 2014/15 season have been consistent with null vaccine effects (statistically non-significant and spanning zero) in both age groups, the CIRN finding of a lower and negative point estimate of VE against A(H3N2) hospitalization in the elderly, more closely broaching statistical significance, warrants further clarification. Multivariable analyses by logistic regression adjusted for age, underlying comorbidity placing individuals at higher risk of influenza-related complications [13] , interval between symptom onset and specimen collection (4 days, 5-7 days), hospital site, epidemic week based on hospital admission date (49-51, 52, 53 and 1-2), and primary residence (community, LTCF or other institutional/group setting).

title:
  Mid-Season Estimates of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness against Influenza A(H3N2) Hospitalization in the Elderly in Quebec, Canada, January 2015

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The 2014/15 influenza season in Canada was characterized by an early epidemic due to vaccine-mismatched influenza A(H3N2) viruses, disproportionately affecting elderly individuals ≥65-years-old. We assessed vaccine effectiveness (VE) against A(H3N2) hospitalization among elderly individuals during the peak weeks of the 2014/15 epidemic in Quebec, Canada. METHODS: Nasal specimens and clinical/epidemiological data were collected within 7 days of illness onset from elderly patients admitted with respiratory symptoms to one of four participating hospitals between November 30, 2014 and January 13, 2015. Cases tested RT-PCR positive for influenza A(H3N2) and controls tested negative for any influenza. VE was assessed by test-negative case-control design. RESULTS: There were 314 participants including 186 cases (62% vaccinated) and 128 controls (59% vaccinated) included in primary VE analysis. Median age was 81.5 years, two-thirds were admitted from the community and 91% had underlying comorbidity. Crude VE against A(H3N2) hospitalization was -17% (95%CI: -86% to 26%), decreasing to -23% (95%CI: -99 to 23%) with adjustment for age and comorbidity, and to -39% (95%CI: -142 to 20%) with additional adjustment for specimen collection interval, calendar time, type of residence and hospital. In sensitivity analyses, VE estimates were improved toward the null with restriction to participants admitted from the community (-2%; 95%CI: -105 to 49%) or with specimen collection ≤4 days since illness onset (- 8%; 95%CI: -104 to 43%) but further from the null with restriction to participants with comorbidity (-51%; 95%CI: -169 to 15%). CONCLUSION: The 2014/15 mismatched influenza vaccine provided elderly patients with no cross-protection against hospitalization with the A(H3N2) epidemic strain, reinforcing the need for adjunct protective measures among high-risk individuals and improved vaccine options.


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
title: Section II: Poster Sessions
author: nan
date: 2017-12-01
txt: ./txt/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5711696/
doi: 10.1093/jurban/jti137
abstract: nan
summary:
  Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy.


id: cord-004498-ppiqpj9i
title: COMP Report: A survey of radiation safety regulations for medical imaging x‐ray equipment in Canada
author: Bjarnason, Thorarin A.
date: 2019-09-20
txt: ./txt/cord-004498-ppiqpj9i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004498-ppiqpj9i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7075391/
doi: 10.1002/acm2.12708
summary:
  COMP encourages all Canadian jurisdictions to adopt the dose limits and constraints outlined in Health Canada Safety Code 35 with the codicil that the design standards be updated to those outlined in NCRP 147 and BIR 2012. COMP encourages all Canadian jurisdictions to adopt the dose limits and constraints outlined in Health Canada Safety Code 35 with the codicil that the design standards be updated to those outlined in NCRP 147 and BIR 2012. 6 It appears that the BIR recommendations to use a dose constraint of 30% of the dose limit (or 0.3 mSv) would also be applicable to Canadian practice, since this constraint level is already achieved, especially considering the measured values reported here include staff who are exposed to workplace radiation without protection from structural shielding, including technologists who work in FGI procedures.

abstract:
  X‐ray regulations and room design methodology vary widely across Canada. The Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP) conducted a survey in 2016/2017 to provide a useful snapshot of existing variations in rules and methodologies for human patient medical imaging facilities. Some jurisdictions no longer have radiation safety regulatory requirements and COMP is concerned that lack of regulatory oversight might erode safe practices. Harmonized standards will facilitate oversight that will ensure continued attention is given to public safety and to control workplace exposure. COMP encourages all Canadian jurisdictions to adopt the dose limits and constraints outlined in Health Canada Safety Code 35 with the codicil that the design standards be updated to those outlined in NCRP 147 and BIR 2012.


id: cord-004973-yqcc54iv
author: Reitmanova, Sylvia
date: 2009-07-11
txt: ./txt/cord-004973-yqcc54iv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004973-yqcc54iv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087843/
doi: 10.1007/s10912-009-9084-6
summary:
  This work deconstructs the notion of race and ethnicity as risk factors for immigrant ill health, which is prevalent in current medical research and practice, by tracing its roots in Canadian history. Therefore, in this work I would like to deconstruct the notion of race and ethnicity as risk factors for ill health and, as well, elaborate on the relevance of these epidemiological categories to medicine and society. 30 Recent research provides sound evidence that negative health discourses about immigrants are readily present in the Western world even today, 31, 32, 33, 34 whether they concern the Ebola virus of black Africans, 35 the SARS of the Chinese, 36 or the overreproduction of Latinas, 37 which all threaten in different ways the highly regarded and healthy bodies of white Canadians, Britons, or Americans respectively.

title:
  “Disease-Breeders” Among Us: Deconstructing Race and Ethnicity as Risk Factors of Immigrant Ill Health

abstract:
  Race and ethnicity are well-established epidemiological categories that relate to the patients’ risk of exposure and their susceptibility/resistance to disease. However, this association creates the notion that factors other than a personal identity need not be held responsible for patients’ health problems. This work deconstructs the notion of race and ethnicity as risk factors for immigrant ill health, which is prevalent in current medical research and practice, by tracing its roots in Canadian history. The understanding that medical knowledge is subject to diverse historical, social, cultural and political influences can change the way health professionals perceive their patients as a health threat.


id: cord-006728-bejrttyk
title: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) in Canadian Children: A National Surveillance Study
author: Rozmus, Jacob
date: 2013-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-006728-bejrttyk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006728-bejrttyk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102302/
doi: 10.1007/s10875-013-9952-8
summary:
  Following the identification of disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infections in Canadian First Nations, Métis and Inuit (FNMI) children with unrecognized primary immune deficiencies, a national surveillance study was initiated in order to determine the incidence, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of children with SCID in Canada. The objectives of this study were to determine: 1) the incidence and type of SCID in the Canadian FNMI and general populations; 2) the incidence of disseminated BCG disease in SCID patients; 3) the average time delay to diagnosis; 4) known risk factors and initial clinical presentations; 5) whether patients received a HSCT or gene therapy; and 6) the causes of any deaths. The CPSP case definition for SCID was any child less than 2 years of age with the clinical features of SCID (including chronic diarrhea, recurrent pneumonia, failure to thrive, persistent thrush, and opportunistic infections) and at least one of the following: 1) an absolute lymphocyte count of less than 3000/ mm 3 or less than 20 % CD3+ T cells, 2) familial history of primary immunodeficiency.

abstract:
  PURPOSE: Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (SCID) is universally fatal unless treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Following the identification of disseminated Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infections in Canadian First Nations, Métis and Inuit (FNMI) children with unrecognized primary immune deficiencies, a national surveillance study was initiated in order to determine the incidence, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of children with SCID in Canada. METHODS: Canadian pediatricians were asked to complete a monthly reporting form if they had seen a suspected SCID case, from 2004 to 2010, through the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP). If the case met CPSP SCID criteria, more detailed data, including demographics and clinical information about investigations, treatment and outcome was collected. RESULTS: A total of 40 cases of SCID were confirmed for an estimated incidence of SCID in non-FNMI Canadian children of 1.4 per 100,000 live births (95 % CI 1 to 1.9/100,000). The proportion of SCID cases that were FNMI (17.5 %) was almost three times higher than was expected on the basis of proportion of the pediatric population estimated to be FNMI (6.3 %) resulting in an estimated incidence of 4.4 per 100,000 live births (95 % CI 2.1 to 9.2/100,000) in FNMI Canadian children. The mean age at diagnosis for all SCID cases was 4.2 months (range 1–583 days). There were 12 deaths (30 %; 95 % CI 18–46 %); seven died of confirmed or suspected infections before they could receive an HSCT. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of SCID cases in FNMI children is higher than in the general Canadian pediatric population. The high mortality rate, due primarily to infection, suggests that early diagnosis by newborn screening followed by HSCT could significantly benefit children with SCID.


id: cord-016256-mjgx31n9
title: The Migrant Monsters of Multiculturalism in Andrew Currie’s Fido
author: Brayton, Sean
date: 2012
txt: ./txt/cord-016256-mjgx31n9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016256-mjgx31n9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120489/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-6091-894-0_16
summary:
  Andrew Currie''s Fido (2006) , for instance, presents a Canadian satire of suburbia that positions the domesticated zombie as both worker and commodity. By presenting alterity through labour (and vice versa), the film provides an entry point into an historical examination of a conservative multicultural agenda in Canada, which presently imagines migrants as an inexpensive remedy to shortages in domestic work, the service industry and healthcare. As I argue below, Currie''s exploited zombie is a provocative symbol of difference, one that resonates with the racial politics of migrant labour and the underside of multiculturalism in Canada. While not conventionally "horrifying", Currie''s film offers an alternative space of multicultural critique where the disruptive presence of the zombie accentuates the "hidden" labour provided, for instance, by migrant workers in Canada and the US.

abstract:
  On June 9, 2008, the Canadian House of Commons passed an amendment to the Immigrant and Refugee Protection Act. Titled Bill C-50, the amendment shifts discretionary powers from Parliament to current and future immigration and citizenship ministers. Touted by the Conservative Party as an expedient remedy to the 900,000-applicant backlog and an estimated labour shortage of 300,000, Bill C- 50 raised immediate concerns within immigrant and activist communities (CBC News, 2008). Critics contend that the bill caters to the interests of Canadian employers and business lobbyists in its provision of “disposable” and inexpensive labour, while “family” and “refugee” applications may be deferred indefinitely and without recourse. In some ways, the changes under Bill C-50 are redolent of the Live-in Caregiver Program in Canada as well as the Bracero Program (1942-1964), Guest Worker legislation and H-2A initiatives in the US, all of which offered temporary visas to migrant workers but resembled what Gilbert Gonzalez calls “an imperialist schema of colonial labour” (2006, p. 2). Whereas government policies in North America continue to reduce migrants to economic figures, other conservative discourses depict migrants as self-identical foreigners who flood the economy with cheap labour, deplete welfare resources reserved for “native”citizens and present a possible threat of terror in the “post-9/11” era. If “the socalled invasion of immigrants is the exaggerated rhetoric” of political pundits, however, “the increase in global migration within and from Third World countries is real” (Bakan and Stasiulis, 1997b, p. 30).


id: cord-017168-3wbei5h2
title: Ecological impacts of non-native invertebrates and fungi on terrestrial ecosystems
author: Langor, David W.
date: 2008-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-017168-3wbei5h2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017168-3wbei5h2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121662/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9680-8_1
abstract: nan
summary:
  To bring attention to this paucity of information and to encourage a review of the current state of knowledge, the Canadian Forest Service, Biological Survey of Canada and Canadian Food Inspection Agency convened a symposium, Ecological impacts of non-native invertebrates and fungi on terrestrial ecosystems, held on November 18, 2006 during the Joint Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Canada and Entomological Society of Quebec in Montreal, Quebec. She summarizes the current distribution of exotic and native earthworm species in Canadian forests and draws on the results of studies of invasion patterns and environmental impacts in northern forests in North America and Europe to discuss potential outcomes for forests in Canada. We hope that this set of papers will help inspire others to pursue work on ecological impacts of non-native species. Ecological Impacts of Non-Native Invertebrates and Fungi on Terrestrial Ecosystems


id: cord-021374-srpg754h
title: Lynx canadensis (Carnivora: Felidae)
author: Lavoie, Maxime
date: 2019-12-10
txt: ./txt/cord-021374-srpg754h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021374-srpg754h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149466/
doi: 10.1093/mspecies/sez019
summary:
  Mean measurements (mm, n, range or SD) of males and females, respectively, were: total length 1,030 (4, 995-1,050), 980 (7, 950-1,010); length of tail 140 (4, 100-150), 110 (8, 100-140); length of hind foot 250 (4, 230-260), 230 (8, 220-240) in Alaska (Berrie 1971) ; total length 920 (12, 850-1,050), 860 (11, ; length of tail 110 (12, 100-120), 100 (11, ; length of hind foot 230 (12, 220-250), 220 (11, in Alberta (van Zyll de Jong 1975) ; total length 892.6 (96, 736.6-1,066.8), 844.0 (89, 762.0-965.2); length of tail 104.6 (96, 50.8-127.0), 97.0 (95, 76.2-121.9); length of hind foot 234.2 (95, 203.2-260.4), 223.0 (89, 190.5-247.7) in Newfoundland (Saunders 1964) ; height at chest 467 (30, ± 10.4), 422 (15, ± 6.3) in the Northwest Territories (Murray and Boutin 1991) ; total length 852.8 (120, ± 3.21), 812.7 (118, ± 3.00) in Ontario (Quinn and Gardner 1984) . Population characteristics.-Lynx canadensis is a snowshoe hare specialist, and its ecology, morphology, and behavior reflect closely that of its main prey (O''Donoghue et al. L. canadensis dynamics might differ in populations in southern latitudes because fluctuation in snowshoe hares is more stable than in the north (Koehler 1990 ) because alternate preys are more abundant (Roth et al. Lynx canadensis densities vary greatly during a snowshoe hare cycle ranging from 2.0 to 44.9/100 km 2 .

abstract:
  Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792, commonly called the Canada lynx, is a medium size felid and is the second largest of the four species in the genus Lynx. It is distributed throughout the boreal forest of most of Canada and Alaska and across portions of the northern United States. It prefers dense, regenerating coniferous forests with moderate canopy and understory cover. L. canadensis is a snowshoe hare specialist, and its ecology, morphology, and behavior closely reflect that of its main prey. It is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, is on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and its population size trend is considered stable. However, the status of United States subpopulations, being largely peripheral to the Canadian population, is more tenuous and the species is protected.


id: cord-024005-rsnf1ib0
title: COVID-19 as a Complex Intergovernmental Problem
author: Paquet, Mireille
date: 2020-04-14
txt: ./txt/cord-024005-rsnf1ib0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024005-rsnf1ib0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7184146/
doi: 10.1017/s0008423920000281
summary:
  While political leaders and media often describe COVID-19 as a crisis, the concept of CIPs generates more analytical power to understand the management of this pandemic in federations and multilevel governance systems. Instead of taking federal arrangements as a starting point, this approach focusses on the nature and characteristics of a policy problem to analyze how governance systems and actors adapt. Our research into a previous CIP in Canada-irregular border crossings-demonstrated a clear pattern of the short-term, medium-term and long-term effects that these types of problems can have on the intergovernmental system (Schertzer and Paquet, 2020) . One of the key takeaways from the surge in irregular border crossings in Canada is that a CIP evolves over time: initial periods of crisis management and collaboration can give way to intergovernmental conflict. Beyond Canada, the concept of CIPs can be used to compare responses to, and the consequences of, COVID-19 in other federations.

abstract:
  Federations increasingly face complex policy challenges, from managing climate change to mass migration. COVID-19 is a prime example of this emerging type of problem. This research note introduces the concept of complex intergovernmental problems (CIPs) to better understand these types of challenges.


id: cord-024348-nw3a0qco
title: A Critical Juncture in Fiscal Federalism? Canada''s Response to COVID-19
author: Béland, Daniel
date: 2020-04-20
txt: ./txt/cord-024348-nw3a0qco.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024348-nw3a0qco.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7198463/
doi: 10.1017/s0008423920000323
summary:
  The COVID-19 crisis could trigger a critical juncture for several institutional arrangements in Canada, potentially leading to notable changes in fiscal federalism. The COVID-19 crisis could trigger a critical juncture for several institutional arrangements in Canada, potentially leading to notable changes in fiscal federalism. We argue that intergovernmental power dynamics and the principle of provincial autonomy are particularly important considerations in thinking about fiscal federalism post-COVID-19. Beyond these public rows involving Alberta, fiscal federalism in Canada was also experiencing, prior to the COVID-19 crisis, significant structural challenges that were of concern to many provinces. The Canadian response to COVID-19 and reforms to fiscal transfer arrangements will be shaped by existing policy legacies as much as by current power relations in the federation. Respecting provincial autonomy will likely remain a key political and policy consideration, although the federal government''s dominant fiscal capacity, a considerable source of federal power, could be deployed at a time when the provinces badly need it.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 crisis could trigger a critical juncture for several institutional arrangements in Canada, potentially leading to notable changes in fiscal federalism. This research note combines insights from historical institutionalism with recent economic and fiscal projections to explore avenues for reform in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Given the magnitude of the crisis, provincial governments may be unable to absorb the fiscal costs on their own. But vast differences in fiscal and economic circumstances across provinces make federal arrangements difficult to design. We argue that intergovernmental power dynamics and the principle of provincial autonomy are particularly important considerations in thinking about fiscal federalism post–COVID-19.


id: cord-025746-qy9ttbkx
title: Trial by Zoom? The Response to COVID-19 by Canada''s Courts
author: Puddister, Kate
date: 2020-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-025746-qy9ttbkx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025746-qy9ttbkx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264448/
doi: 10.1017/s0008423920000505
summary:
  In this analysis, we seek to understand how courts have responded to COVID-19 and the challenges of physical distancing through the use of digital technologies. In this analysis, we seek to understand how courts have responded to COVID-19 and the challenges of physical distancing through the use of digital technologies. Former Chief Justice Beverly McLachlin (2012) wondered if court reporting would fall short of journalistic standards of accuracy and fairness if courts allowed the public to use social media to engage in live text-based communication from the courtroom. While digital technologies could assist courts in addressing administrative concerns such as the filing of documents, evidence, and scheduling during the pandemic, our analysis focuses only on the adjudicative role or the hearing of legal matters in court. 2 For instance, Texas issued an emergency order authorizing courts to conduct proceedings (civil or criminal) through teleconferencing, videoconferencing, or other means, with the exception of jury trials (Texas Judicial Branch, 2020) .

abstract:
  COVID-19 has made videoconferencing a regular occurrence in the lives of Canadians. Videoconferencing is being used to maintain social ties, run business meetings—and to uphold responsible government. On April 28, 2020, Members of the House of Commons sat virtually using Zoom. The virtual sitting was the first of what will become a stand-in for regular proceedings, allowing the Members to fulfill some of their parliamentary duties while complying with physical distancing (see Malloy, 2020). As the legislative and executive branches look to digital technology to allow the business of government to continue, what about the judicial branch of Canada's government? Courts are an essential service. This is best articulated by the Chief Justice of Nova Scotia: “The fact is, the Courts cannot close. As the third branch of government, an independent judiciary is vital for our Canadian democracy to function. It is never more important than in times of crisis” (Wood, 2020). In this analysis, we seek to understand how courts have responded to COVID-19 and the challenges of physical distancing through the use of digital technologies. This is accomplished through a systematic review of COVID-19 statements and directives issued from all levels of court across Canada. We briefly compare Canada to the United States, a jurisdiction that demonstrates greater openness to technology.


id: cord-025763-lz0chxab
title: The impact of COVID‐19 on food retail and food service in Canada: Preliminary assessment
author: Goddard, Ellen
date: 2020-05-06
txt: ./txt/cord-025763-lz0chxab.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025763-lz0chxab.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264603/
doi: 10.1111/cjag.12243
summary:
  The impacts fall into two major categories, the first being the actual impacts of public health on individuals, on employees in retail and food service, and on individuals throughout the rest of the supply chain, and the second being the dramatic change in what and where people want to buy their food. 6. Grocery store chains attempt to deal with the surplus of certain foods arising from reduced demand from food service through diversion to consumer-ready retail products. It is difficult to predict exactly what might happen in the food service and food retail sectors as Canada recovers from the economic and public health effects of this COVID-19 outbreak. Actions taken under the states of emergency imposed to deal with the pandemic in Canada have changed the reality of food purchasing and the confidence people have in the ability of the food retail system to maintain consistent food and grocery availability. The impact of COVID-19 on food retail and food service in Canada: Preliminary assessment

abstract:
  COVID‐19 has imposed a series of unique challenges on the food retail and food service sectors in Canada. Almost overnight, the roughly 30% of the food dollar that Canadians have been spending on food away from home has shifted to retail.


id: cord-025765-gd8217va
author: Weersink, Alfons
date: 2020-05-06
txt: ./txt/cord-025765-gd8217va.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025765-gd8217va.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264609/
doi: 10.1111/cjag.12240
summary:
  The dumping of milk, the offering of hospitality size goods in grocery stores, and the closure of processing facilities are examples of the disruptions caused by the pandemic to the dairy, poultry, and egg sectors. Although there are significant short-term disruptions as highlighted by the dumping of milk and the temporary closure of poultry processing facilities, the focus on a domestic market by these sectors along with the stability and coordination of its supply management marketing systems has mitigated, to an extent, the economic implications of COVID-19. The discussion highlights the importance of distinguishing between the farm output (i.e., milk, chicken, and eggs) and the products stemming from that output, the difference in the demand for those products for home consumption versus dining out, and the difference in the distribution systems for grocery retailers and the hospitality industry.

title:
  Economic thoughts on the potential implications of COVID‐19 on the Canadian dairy and poultry sectors

abstract:
  The dumping of milk, the offering of hospitality size goods in grocery stores, and the closure of processing facilities are examples of the disruptions caused by the pandemic to the dairy, poultry, and egg sectors. These supply management sectors, however, are more resilient to the impacts of COVID‐19 than other sectors as producers are generally more financially stable, losses are pooled, and production/marketing efforts are coordinated.


id: cord-025767-scbteel5
title: COVID‐19 impact on fruit and vegetable markets
author: Richards, Timothy J.
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025767-scbteel5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264629/
doi: 10.1111/cjag.12231
summary:
  In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers'' online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing. Anecdotal evidence suggests that, like several nonperishable products, consumers have been stockpiling frozen fruits and vegetables, which has the potential to dampen current and future sales of fresh produce. In fact, in 2018, total retail sales of fresh fruits and vegetables produced domestically averaged about $125 million (CDN) per month (StatsCan, 2020a), while imports averaged approximately seven times that amount (Statista, 2020) . Consequently, most of the impact of changing consumption patterns will be felt by importers, including wholesalers, distributors, and retailers, and any impact on availability will be determined by conditions in the US fresh fruit and vegetable supply chain. We identify three of the most significant in this context as an access to labor issues in the fresh produce growing industries of the United States and Canada, consolidation, and the move to online food purchasing.

abstract:
  Canadian fruit and vegetable markets were significantly impacted by the spread of the novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 (and COVID‐19 disease), beginning in March 2020. Due to the closure of restaurants, bars, and schools, produce growers and distributors were forced to shift supplies almost entirely from the foodservice to the retail channel. Shippers reported labor and logistical constraints in making the change, but the fresh produce supply chain remained robust. In the long term, we expect lasting changes in consumers’ online food‐purchasing habits, heightened constraints on immigrant labor markets, and tighter concentration in fresh produce distribution and perhaps retailing.


id: cord-025768-tz5jajeb
title: Food security and Canada''s agricultural system challenged by COVID‐19
author: Deaton, B. James
date: 2020-04-26
txt: ./txt/cord-025768-tz5jajeb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-025768-tz5jajeb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7264657/
doi: 10.1111/cjag.12227
summary:
  The loss of income associated with COVID-19 is expected to increase measures of food insecurity as derived from the Household Food Security Survey Module (HFSSM) of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS), conducted by Statistics Canada. Importantly, by this measure, the income shock associated with COVID-19 will likely increase the prevalence of households identified as food insecure. Another unique aspect of COVID-19 is that the policies of social distancing significantly limit the range of public agency, university, organizational, and entrepreneurial responses that might accompany other recoveries and serve to stabilize household income-thereby reducing food insecurity. From the perspective of food insecurity as measured by the Canadian Community Health Survey, COVID-19 is a unique "income shock" that is expected to increase the prevalence of household food insecurity. Moreover, because this income shock is associated with unique detrimental health effects, COVID-19 has the potential to increase the proportion of households identified as "moderately" and "severely"'' food insecure.

abstract:
  The effect of COVID‐19 on Canadian food security is examined from two different perspectives. COVID‐19 creates a unique “income shock” that is expected to increase the prevalence of household food insecurity. This food insecurity can be measured by utilizing the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS). More fundamentally, COVID‐19 heightens household concern about the capacity of the Canadian food system to ensure food availability. Despite surges in demand and supply chain disruptions, we currently do not observe broad, rapid appreciation in food prices. This suggests that there is an adequate supply of food for the near term. There is less certainty over intermediate and longer time periods because so many factors are in flux, particularly the rate of increases in sicknesses and deaths across the country and globally. Data on these health factors and elements of the food supply chain are needed to predict beyond a short time frame. In this regard, we discuss three ongoing considerations—ease of capital flows, international exchange, and maintaining transportation—that will help ensure food availability in the longer run.


id: cord-048477-ze511t38
author: Patel, Mahomed S.
date: 2008-05-28
txt: ./txt/cord-048477-ze511t38.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-048477-ze511t38.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2386973/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002269
summary:
  The framework identifies four functional domains: clinical care for influenza and other needs, public health responsibilities, the internal environment and the macro-environment of general practice. Although there is little evidence linking specific preparedness activities to effective system-wide responses to pandemic influenza [5, 6] , change management theories point to a need for dynamic partnerships between general practices and other ambulatory care services, hospitals and public health departments [10] . We aimed to develop a framework that will facilitate systematic planning for the general practice response to pandemic influenza and used it to appraise coverage of key elements in publicly available pandemic plans from Australia, England, USA, New Zealand and Canada. This calls for coordination across general practices and other ambulatory care services to ensure primary health care needs within the community are effectively monitored and addressed; with hospitals to avoid/delay hospitalisation and facilitate early discharge; and with public health units to share responsibilities for contact tracing, monitoring and treating people in home isolation or quarantine, dispensing of anti-viral medications, and participation in mass immunisations against pandemic strains of the virus (when these become available).

title:
  General Practice and Pandemic Influenza: A Framework for Planning and Comparison of Plans in Five Countries

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Although primary health care, and in particular, general practice will be at the frontline in the response to pandemic influenza, there are no frameworks to guide systematic planning for this task or to appraise available plans for their relevance to general practice. We aimed to develop a framework that will facilitate planning for general practice, and used it to appraise pandemic plans from Australia, England, USA, New Zealand and Canada. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We adapted the Haddon matrix to develop the framework, populating its cells through a multi-method study that incorporated the peer-reviewed and grey literature, interviews with general practitioners, practice nurses and senior decision-makers, and desktop simulation exercises. We used the framework to analyse 89 publicly-available jurisdictional plans at similar managerial levels in the five countries. The framework identifies four functional domains: clinical care for influenza and other needs, public health responsibilities, the internal environment and the macro-environment of general practice. No plan addressed all four domains. Most plans either ignored or were sketchy about non-influenza clinical needs, and about the contribution of general practice to public health beyond surveillance. Collaborations between general practices were addressed in few plans, and inter-relationships with the broader health system, even less frequently. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to provide a framework to guide general practice planning for pandemic influenza. The framework helped identify critical shortcomings in available plans. Engaging general practice effectively in planning is challenging, particularly where governance structures for primary health care are weak. We identify implications for practice and for research.


id: cord-104288-120uu4dh
title: Climate Change and Health in Canada
author: Ford, Lea Berrang
date: 2009-01-17
txt: ./txt/cord-104288-120uu4dh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-104288-120uu4dh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2687921/
doi: nan
abstract: nan
summary:
  Health impacts due to climate change have already been documented, including changes in the range of some vector-borne diseases (28, 29, (31) (32) (33) and an increase in heatwave-related deaths (11, 34, 35) . While the burden of negative health impacts will be disproportionately high in poorer countries, even high-income countries will be vulnerable to morbidity and mortality related to increases in the number and severity of extreme weather events such as storms, heatwaves, and floods (16) . These include: Increased surveillance, particularly of disease vectors, water quality, and air pollutants; Integration of climate projections into emergency planning and disaster preparedness (79) ; Improved access to preventive care and primary physician care to promote early detection of new disease emergence or shifting disease incidence; Integration of climate change considerations into education programming for medical students and primary health care workers; Integration of climate projection parameters into urban planning to increase protection against extreme weather events (55, (90) (91) (92) ; Increased monitoring and evaluation of food production systems and water monitoring safety given climate projections (26, 41, 63, 68) ; Development of heat wave alerts and responses, and mitigation of urban heat islands (41, 52, 53, 91) , and; Increased multi-national support for improved health capacity in low and middle income countries.


id: cord-253653-y4a6yan7
title: COVID-19 and pandemic planning in the context of rural and remote homelessness
author: Schiff, Rebecca
date: 2020-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-253653-y4a6yan7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253653-y4a6yan7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-020-00415-1
doi: 10.17269/s41997-020-00415-1
summary:
  Addressing the vulnerability and unique needs of homeless populations during pandemics has been a major component of the Canadian federal response to the COVID-19 crisis. In this commentary, we suggest that policy-makers need to take seriously the situation of rural homelessness in Canada, its implications for individual and community health, and consequences in the context of pandemics. Addressing the vulnerability and unique needs of homeless populations during pandemics has been a major component of the Canadian federal response to the COVID-19 crisis (Office of the Prime Minister 2020). Policy-makers need to take seriously the situation of rural homelessness in Canada, its implications for individual and community health, and consequences in the context of pandemics. Policy-and decision-makers can address the pandemic preparedness needs of rural and remote communities through increased homelessness funding and support which is more equitable and in line with that available to urban communities.

abstract:
  Addressing the vulnerability and unique needs of homeless populations during pandemics has been a major component of the Canadian federal response to the COVID-19 crisis. Rural and remote communities, however, have received little to no funding to aid in their care of homeless people during the pandemic. Similarly, there has been little to no research on rural communities’ pandemic preparedness in the context of homelessness. There are large numbers of homeless individuals in rural and remote Canada, including Indigenous peoples who are over-represented in homeless populations. Rural communities, including rural and remote Indigenous communities, are often isolated and more limited than urban areas in their capacity to respond to pandemics. They are particularly vulnerable due to fewer healthcare and social service resources—the lack of which has been particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this commentary, we suggest that policy-makers need to take seriously the situation of rural homelessness in Canada, its implications for individual and community health, and consequences in the context of pandemics. Policy- and decision-makers can address these concerns through increased homelessness funding and support for rural and remote communities, policy change to recognize the unique challenges associated with rural pandemic planning and homelessness, and more research that can be translated into policy, programs, and supports for rural homelessness and pandemic planning response.


id: cord-253827-5vodag6c
title: Face Masks, Public Policies and Slowing the Spread of COVID-19: Evidence from Canada
author: Karaivanov, A.
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-253827-5vodag6c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253827-5vodag6c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.24.20201178v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.09.24.20201178
summary:
  We estimate the impact of mask mandates and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on COVID-19 case growth in Canada, including regulations on businesses and gatherings, school closures, travel and self-isolation, and long-term care homes. 2 Counterfactual policy simulations using our empirical estimates suggest that mandating indoor masks nationwide in early July could have reduced weekly new cases in Canada by 25 to 40% on average by mid-August relative to the actually observed numbers, which translates into 700 to 1,100 fewer cases per week. Our results on business/gathering regulations and school closure suggest that reduced restrictions and the associated increase in business or workplace activity and gatherings or school re-opening can offset, in whole or in part, the estimated effect of mask mandates on case growth, both in our sample and subsequently. CKS (2020), whose estimation strategy we follow, exploit U.S. state-level variation in the timing of mask mandates for employees in public-facing businesses, and find that these mandates are associated with 9 to 10 percentage points reduction in the weekly growth rate of cases.

abstract:
  We estimate the impact of mask mandates and other non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) on COVID-19 case growth in Canada, including regulations on businesses and gatherings, school closures, travel and self-isolation, and long-term care homes. We partially account for behavioral responses using Google mobility data. Our identification approach exploits variation in the timing of indoor face mask mandates staggered over two months in the 34 public health regions in Ontario, Canada's most populous province. We find that, in the first few weeks after implementation, mask mandates are associated with a reduction of 25 percent in the weekly number of new COVID-19 cases. Additional analysis with province-level data provides corroborating evidence. Counterfactual policy simulations suggest that mandating indoor masks nationwide in early July could have reduced the weekly number of new cases in Canada by 25 to 40 percent in mid-August, which translates into 700 to 1,100 fewer cases per week.


id: cord-256366-9qb1zrzh
author: Spiegel, Samuel J.
date: 2020-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-256366-9qb1zrzh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256366-9qb1zrzh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33052177/
doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102298
summary:
  Reflecting on a courtroom ethnography and debates spanning legal geography, political ecology and social movements studies, this article explores embodied struggles around oil, ''justice'' and geographies of caring – discussing how Indigenous youth, grandmothers in their eighties and others were convicted of ''criminal contempt'' for being on a road near an oil pipeline expansion project. On August 15th, 2018, as part of a research programme on intergenerational environmental justice, I sat in this gallery with other courtroom observers as a seventeen-year old Indigenous boy was sentenced by a white male judge for violating an injunction against impeding construction of an oil pipeline expansion project on his ancestral territory. The elder argued that the boy should not be deemed "guilty" of anything, that forced appearance at nine court proceedings, causing repeated sleepless nights and anxiety, was already more than enough punishment, and that the "criminal contempt" label needed to be appealed, with the pipeline violating Indigenous people''s rights on land never ceded to the British colonisers before the creation of Canada nor to any Canadian government thereafter.

title:
  Climate injustice, criminalisation of land protection and anti-colonial solidarity: Courtroom ethnography in an age of fossil fuel violence

abstract:
  As plans for expanding fossil fuel infrastructure continue to ramp up despite threats to the planet, how are geographers to address the criminalisation and prosecution of peaceful acts of defending earth, water and land? Reflecting on a courtroom ethnography and debates spanning legal geography, political ecology and social movements studies, this article explores embodied struggles around oil, ‘justice’ and geographies of caring – discussing how Indigenous youth, grandmothers in their eighties and others were convicted of ‘criminal contempt’ for being on a road near an oil pipeline expansion project. The project (“Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion”) was created to transport unprecedented levels of heavy oil (bitumen) across hundreds of kilometres of Indigenous peoples' territory that was never ceded to settler-colonial authorities in Canada. Focusing on a controversial injunction designed to protect oil industry expansion, the discussion explores the performativity of a judge's exercise of power, including in denying the necessity to act defence, side-lining Indigenous jurisdiction, and escalating prison sentences. Courtroom ethnography offers a unique vantage point for witnessing power at work and vast resources used by state actors to suppress issues fundamental to the United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Paris Climate Accord. It also provides a lens into the intersectional solidarity and ethics of care among those who dare to challenge colonialism and hyper-extractivism, inviting engagement with multiple meanings of ‘irreparable harm’ at various scales. The article calls for more attention to power relations, values and affects shaping courtroom dynamics in an age in which fossil fuel interests, climate crisis and settler-colonial control over courts are entwined in evermore-complex violent entanglements.


id: cord-263235-n8omnki4
author: Hassan, Ansar
date: 2020-04-08
txt: ./txt/cord-263235-n8omnki4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263235-n8omnki4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0828282X20303238
doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.001
summary:
  As the number of COVID-19 cases continues to increase across Canada, the Canadian Society of Cardiac Surgeons (CSCS) and its Board of Directors strongly support the need to contain COVID-19 and to limit its transmission through social distancing, self-isolation, and self-quarantine, as directed by the public health authorities. With strong representation from across the country and the support of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society, the authors have attempted to provide guidance to their colleagues on the subjects of leadership roles that cardiac surgeons may assume during this pandemic: patient assessment and triage, risk reduction, and real-time sharing of expertise and experiences. With strong representation from across the country and the support of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society, the authors have attempted to provide guidance to their colleagues on the subjects of leadership roles that cardiac surgeons may assume during this pandemic: patient assessment and triage, risk reduction, and real-time sharing of expertise and experiences.

title:
  Cardiac Surgery in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Guidance Statement From the Canadian Society of Cardiac Surgeons

abstract:
  On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared that COVID-19 was a pandemic.(1) At that time, only 118,000 cases had been reported globally, 90% of which had occurred in 4 countries.(1) Since then, the world landscape has changed dramatically. As of March 31, 2020, there are now nearly 800,000 cases, with truly global involvement.(2) Countries that were previously unaffected are currently experiencing mounting rates of the novel coronavirus infection with associated increases in COVID-19–related deaths. At present, Canada has more than 8000 cases of COVID-19, with considerable variation in rates of infection among provinces and territories.(3) Amid concerns over growing resource constraints, cardiac surgeons from across Canada have been forced to make drastic changes to their clinical practices. From prioritizing and delaying elective cases to altering therapeutic strategies in high-risk patients, cardiac surgeons, along with their heart teams, are having to reconsider how best to manage their patients. It is with this in mind that the Canadian Society of Cardiac Surgeons (CSCS) and its Board of Directors have come together to formulate a series of guiding statements. With strong representation from across the country and the support of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society, the authors have attempted to provide guidance to their colleagues on the subjects of leadership roles that cardiac surgeons may assume during this pandemic: patient assessment and triage, risk reduction, and real-time sharing of expertise and experiences. A visual abstract of the main principles underlying our recommended approach is provided in Figure 1.


id: cord-263261-xhem8l39
title: Bismarck and the Long Road to Universal Health Coverage
author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.
date: 2018-03-30
txt: ./txt/cord-263261-xhem8l39.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263261-xhem8l39.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128045718000317
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804571-8.00031-7
summary:
  Each nation will develop its own unique approach to national health systems, but there are models used by a number of countries based on principles of national responsibility for health, social solidarity for providing funding, and for effective ways of providing care with comprehensiveness, efficiency, quality, and cost containment. Health reform is necessarily a continuing process as all countries must adapt to face challenges of cost constraints, inequalities in access to care, aging populations, emergence of new disease conditions and advancing technology including the growing capacity of medicine, public health and health promotion. Despite rapid increases in health care expenditures during the 1970s and 1980s, despite improved health promotion activities and rapidly developing medical technology, the health status of the American population G Preventive programs strong tradition; screening for cancer; smoking reduction; food fortification, school lunch programs; nutrition support for poor pregnant women and children (WIC); G Hospitals obliged to provide emergency care to all regardless of insurance status, citizenship, legal status or ability to pay has improved less rapidly than that in other western countries and universal coverage has not been achieved.

abstract:
  The 2015 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) state that All United Nations Member States have agreed to try to achieve Universal Health Coverage by 2030. This includes financial risk protection, access to quality essential health care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all. Universal health coverage (UHC) means inclusion and empowerment for all people to access medical care, including treatment and prevention services. UHC exists in all the industrial nations except the US, which has a mixed public-private system and struggles with closing the gap between the insured and the uninsured population. Middle- and low-income countries face many challenges for UHC achievement, including low levels of funding, lack of personnel, weak health management, and issues of availability of services favoring middle- and upper-class communities. Community health services for preventive and curative health services for needs in populations at risk for poor health in low-income countries must be addressed with proactive health promotion initiatives for the double burden of infectious and noncommunicable diseases. Each nation will develop its own unique approach to national health systems, but there are models used by a number of countries based on principles of national responsibility for health, social solidarity for providing funding, and for effective ways of providing care with comprehensiveness, efficiency, quality, and cost containment. Universal access does not eliminate social inequalities in health by itself, including a wide context of reducing social inequities. Understanding national health systems requires examining representative models of different systems. Health reform is necessarily a continuing process as all countries must adapt to face challenges of cost constraints, inequalities in access to care, aging populations, emergence of new disease conditions and advancing technology including the growing capacity of medicine, public health and health promotion. The growing stress of increasing obesity, diabetes, and other chronic diseases, requires nations to modify their health care systems. Learning from the systems developed in different countries helps to learn from the processes of change in other countries.


id: cord-263453-7v4y02j6
author: Nishiura, Hiroshi
date: 2009-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-263453-7v4y02j6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263453-7v4y02j6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006852
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006852
summary:
  We first examine the approach by analyzing an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong (2003) with known unbiased cCFR estimate, and then investigate published epidemiological datasets of novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in the USA and Canada (2009). Nevertheless, a much-used crude estimate of the cCFR, i.e. the ratio of the cumulative number of deaths to cases at calendar time t, tends to yield a biased (and mostly underestimated) cCFR due to the time-delay from onset to death [8] ; similar estimates of such a biased cCFR for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) have shown how such estimates can vary substantially as an epidemic progresses, stabilizing only in the later stages of the outbreak [8, 9] . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006852.g003 Figure 6 shows the time course of biased cCFR estimates in the USA and Canada based on the reporting date of confirmed cases and deaths to the World Health Organization.

title:
  Early Epidemiological Assessment of the Virulence of Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Case Study of an Influenza Pandemic

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The case fatality ratio (CFR), the ratio of deaths from an infectious disease to the number of cases, provides an assessment of virulence. Calculation of the ratio of the cumulative number of deaths to cases during the course of an epidemic tends to result in a biased CFR. The present study develops a simple method to obtain an unbiased estimate of confirmed CFR (cCFR), using only the confirmed cases as the denominator, at an early stage of epidemic, even when there have been only a few deaths. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Our method adjusts the biased cCFR by a factor of underestimation which is informed by the time from symptom onset to death. We first examine the approach by analyzing an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong (2003) with known unbiased cCFR estimate, and then investigate published epidemiological datasets of novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in the USA and Canada (2009). Because observation of a few deaths alone does not permit estimating the distribution of the time from onset to death, the uncertainty is addressed by means of sensitivity analysis. The maximum likelihood estimate of the unbiased cCFR for influenza may lie in the range of 0.16–4.48% within the assumed parameter space for a factor of underestimation. The estimates for influenza suggest that the virulence is comparable to the early estimate in Mexico. Even when there have been no deaths, our model permits estimating a conservative upper bound of the cCFR. CONCLUSIONS: Although one has to keep in mind that the cCFR for an entire population is vulnerable to its variations among sub-populations and underdiagnosis, our method is useful for assessing virulence at the early stage of an epidemic and for informing policy makers and the public.


id: cord-263650-jxkjn8ld
title: Family care across diverse cultures: Re-envisioning using a transnational lens
author: Andruske, Cynthia Lee
date: 2020-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-263650-jxkjn8ld.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263650-jxkjn8ld.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890406520300621
doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2020.100892
summary:
  Specifically, drawing on a broad understanding of care that is consistent with Fisher and Tronto (1990) ; also Tronto, 2013) , the purpose of our study was to explore and compare the relationships between culture and informal family care practices across three diverse ethno-cultural groups: Chinese, South Asians, and Latin Americans living in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Adults self-identifying as Chinese, South Asian, and Latin American, and providing unpaid, informal care or support to someone over the age of 65 needing some level of assistance with activities of daily living, were invited to participate. Even only adult children like Argentinian Rossana pointed out that she had created networks from her family (husband, daughter, and grandchildren, among others) and paid companions as well as her 92-year-old mother''s long-time friends to provide support and care.

abstract:
  In an increasingly globalized world, the importance of developing a more culturally complex understanding of family care has been clearly identified. This study explored family care across three different cultural groups - Chinese, South Asian, and Latin American - living in a metropolitan, Pacific-West, Canadian city. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 29 family members from one of the three family groups exploring how they practiced ‘care’ for their aging, often frail, relatives. The importance of conceptualizing family care as a transnational, collective undertaking emerged from the outset as critical for understanding care practices in all three cultural communities. Three themes identified contributed to this conceptualization: the need to broaden the understanding of family care; the centrality of geographic mobility, and the need to rethink the location of aging and consider its relationship to mobility; and the use of technology by extended family networks to facilitate continuity and connection. An over-riding notion of ‘flow’ or fluid movement, rather than a fixed, static arrangement, emerged as critical for understanding family care. This perspective challenges the dominant approach to studying family care in gerontology that generally conceptualizes family care practice as one local primary caregiver, often female, with some support from other family members. Understanding family care from a transnational lens builds support for the importance of a feminist Ethics of Care lens and has important implications for policy and service delivery practices.


id: cord-268799-obeinwyq
title: Canada 2010: what should global health expect?
author: Horton, Richard
date: 2009-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-268799-obeinwyq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268799-obeinwyq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673609616779
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61677-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  Prime Minister Stephen Harper has already signalled four priorities: the global economy, climate change, development, and democratic governance. Canada has many natural advantages to shape its international policyworld-class universities with global ambitions, a history of international policy infl uence (eg, the 1974 Lalonde report, which redrew the boundaries of health), frontrank scientists and intellectuals who have redefi ned what is possible in health, 7-9 and increasing overseas development assistance. The Lancet-UCL Commission on the health eff ects of climate change 13 argued that global warming is the biggest threat to health in the 21st century. Canada has been the leading nation bar none to develop the concept of peace dividends through policies on health. As the birthplace of evidence-based medicine, Canada''s health community should have a strong voice about the way health metrics are used to shape global health policies. Lancet-UCL Institute for Global Health Commission: managing the health eff ects of climate change


id: cord-269498-q63ce5pi
title: Pandemic planning in pediatric care: A website policy review and national survey data
author: Nicholas, David
date: 2010-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-269498-q63ce5pi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269498-q63ce5pi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851010000229
doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.01.007
summary:
  Methods Online pandemic plans from national, provincial and territorial government websites were reviewed to identify: plans for children and families, and psychosocial and ethical issues. For example, there is still a need to address ethical concerns during a pandemic, for instance, governments may be required to infringe upon civil liberties to ensure infection control, and policy makers need to establish frameworks for decisionmaking to allocate scarce health care resources [6] . Survey participants included individuals with expertise in pediatric care and pandemic planning, including: (1) members of national, provincial and territorial pandemic influenza committees; (2) professionals working in infection control and pandemic planning; and (3) professionals working with children, youth and families in crisis. A review of the pandemic plans of the Public Health Agency of Canada, provincial and territorial governments has identified needs in pediatric planning.

abstract:
  Abstract Objectives This study investigates current policies, key issues, and needs for pandemic planning in pediatrics in Canada. Methods Online pandemic plans from national, provincial and territorial government websites were reviewed to identify: plans for children and families, and psychosocial and ethical issues. A survey was administered to gather participants’ perspectives on the needs in pediatric planning, as well as important elements of their organizations’ and regions’ pandemic plans. A thematic analysis was conducted on qualitative survey responses. Results The majority of existing plans did not adequately address the unique needs of pediatric populations, and mainly focused on medical and policy concerns. Several gaps in plans were identified, including the need for psychosocial supports and ethical decision-making frameworks for children and families. Similarly, survey respondents identified parallel gaps, in their organization's or region's plans. Conclusions Although many plans provide guidelines for medical and policy issues in pediatrics, much more work remains in psychosocial and ethical planning. A focus on children and families is needed for pandemic planning in pediatrics to ensure best outcomes for children and families.


id: cord-270021-8obqdbh9
title: Post-Discharge Cardiac Care in the Era of Coronavirus 2019: How Should We Prepare?
author: Percy, Edward
date: 2020-04-09
txt: ./txt/cord-270021-8obqdbh9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270021-8obqdbh9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32299750/
doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.04.006
summary:
  This manuscript describes the current status of post-discharge cardiac care in Canada and provides suggestions with regards to steps that policymakers and healthcare organizations can take to prepare for the COVID-19 pandemic. This manuscript describes the current status of post-discharge cardiac care in Canada and provides suggestions with regards to steps that policymakers and healthcare organizations can take to prepare for the COVID-19 pandemic. Summary: As COVID-19 case numbers continue to increase worldwide, many additional patients with new or comorbid cardiovascular disease will benefit from cardiac rehabilitation and post-discharge care following acute care hospitalization. We describe the current status of cardiovascular rehabilitation in Canada and provide suggestions on steps that policymakers and healthcare organizations can take to optimize post-discharge cardiac care in the COVID-19 era. 3 As case numbers continue to increase exponentially, it is plausible that there will be a massive surge in the number of patients with new or comorbid CVD who will require cardiac rehabilitation after acute care hospitalization.

abstract:
  The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed intense pressure on healthcare organizations around the world. Amongst others, there has been an increasing recognition of common and deleterious cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 based on preliminary studies. Furthermore, patients with pre-existing cardiac disease are likely to experience a more severe disease course with COVID-19. As case numbers continue to increase exponentially, a surge in the number of patients with new or comorbid cardiovascular disease will translate into more frequent, and in some cases, prolonged rehabilitation needs following acute hospitalization. This manuscript describes the current status of post-discharge cardiac care in Canada and provides suggestions with regards to steps that policymakers and healthcare organizations can take to prepare for the COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-272690-r8lv1zzx
title: Border Screening for SARS
author: St. John, Ronald K.
date: 2005-01-17
txt: ./txt/cord-272690-r8lv1zzx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-272690-r8lv1zzx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705315/
doi: 10.3201/eid1101.040835
summary:
  With the rapid international spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from March through May 2003, Canada introduced various measures to screen airplane passengers at selected airports for symptoms and signs of SARS. Because of the continuing outbreak in Toronto, domestic spread in other affected countries in Southeast Asia, and international spread to other countries, Health Canada intensified its initial response by instituting both inbound and outbound passenger screening to identify persons with symptoms or signs compatible with SARS. In parallel to these measures, Health Canada initiated a pilot study on May 8, 2003 , on the use of infrared thermal scanning machines to detect temperatures >38°C in selected international arriving and departing passengers at Vancouver''s International and Toronto''s Pearson International airports. Careful analysis of the travel histories of suspected and probable SARS patients who traveled to Canada showed that persons became ill after arrival and would not have been detected by airport screening measures.

abstract:
  With the rapid international spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) from March through May 2003, Canada introduced various measures to screen airplane passengers at selected airports for symptoms and signs of SARS. The World Health Organization requested that all affected areas screen departing passengers for SARS symptoms. In spite of intensive screening, no SARS cases were detected. SARS has an extremely low prevalence, and the positive predictive value of screening is essentially zero. Canadian screening results raise questions about the effectiveness of available screening measures for SARS at international borders.


id: cord-273196-ji3suirn
author: Ciupa, Kristin
date: 2020-08-05
txt: ./txt/cord-273196-ji3suirn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273196-ji3suirn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214790X20302215
doi: 10.1016/j.exis.2020.07.018
summary:
  Created in the context of a global call for extractive industry accountability, as well as increasing scrutiny of Canadian mining activities for alleged human rights and environmental abuses, the ESTMA aims to deter corruption via financial reporting requirements for Canadian extractive firms operating in Canada and abroad. While the Act does mandate disclosures useful to the advocacy community, limited oversight, a lack of standardized reporting and excluded activities under the Act mean that the ESTMA offers limited leverage to substantively address the human and ecological cost of Canada''s extractive industry. As we discuss in specific examples below, the ESTMA also lacks systematized reporting requirements for firms which undermines the ability of civil society organizations to monitor and hold governments accountable based on company disclosures. An exploration of examples of Canadian extractive firms (including Tahoe Resources, DeBeers and Africa Oil Corporation), and their relationship to the ESTMA reporting requirements, reveals the contradictions we have discussed above concerning ESTMA reporting as audit culture transparency.

title:
  Enhancing corporate standing, shifting blame: An examination of Canada''s Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act

abstract:
  Canada's Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act (ESTMA) is the culmination of a series of proposals and consultations with government, industry and civil society organizations to address conflict over Canadian extractive industry. Created in the context of a global call for extractive industry accountability, as well as increasing scrutiny of Canadian mining activities for alleged human rights and environmental abuses, the ESTMA aims to deter corruption via financial reporting requirements for Canadian extractive firms operating in Canada and abroad. By mandating that firms publicly disclose payments to various levels of government, however, the ESTMA is constructed atop global corruption discourse that identifies host states in the Global South as the source of social pathologies that facilitate corruption, largely excluding a critical analysis of extractive firms in the Global North. Drawing on interviews, document analysis of material related to the ESTMA and case studies of extractive firm financial reporting, this paper argues that under the ESTMA's financial reporting processes, corporate risk management trumps meaningful social regulation. While the Act does mandate disclosures useful to the advocacy community, limited oversight, a lack of standardized reporting and excluded activities under the Act mean that the ESTMA offers limited leverage to substantively address the human and ecological cost of Canada's extractive industry. As has resulted from transparency policies more broadly, however, the ESTMA provides firms a means to counter broader critique and, in complying with audit culture, promotes investment security.


id: cord-273897-hkt322bt
title: The Myriad Ways in Which COVID-19 Revealed Character
author: Seijts, Gerard
date: 2020-05-14
txt: ./txt/cord-273897-hkt322bt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-273897-hkt322bt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0090261620300176
doi: 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2020.100765
abstract: nan
summary:
  As Crossan and her colleagues articulated in their research and outreach, truly great leaders demonstrate strength in each of the character dimensions and, coupled with excellent judgment, are able to call upon and deploy the character dimensions to suit any particular situation: (1) transcendence to visualize the needed end state and to remain optimistic while journeying the often long and difficult road to get there; (2) integrity to recognize what needs to be done and to report candidly on the progress to those directly and indirectly impacted by the measures; (3) drive to deliver results despite obstacles, setbacks, and criticism; (4) courage to make tough and often unpopular decisions; (5) humanity to do what needs to be done, all the while caring about and taking steps to assist the many people affected; (6) justice to recognize and issue the support needed by individuals and/or organizations to help mitigate the negative consequences born of a situation outside of their control; (7) humility to learn and actively seek the best practices to lead teams, organizations, communities, cities, and nations through the crisis; (8) temperance to show calm and restraint even under the most dire of situations, especially as emotions, like a virus, tend to be contagious; (9) accountability to the various stakeholders and bearing responsibility for decisions and the subsequent consequences; (10) collaboration with a very large and diverse group of parties to achieve the desired outcome; and, finally, (11) judgment, to bring all these dimensions together into an effective, efficient, and principled process to work through the crisis.


id: cord-276625-3l8qu1qx
author: Elbeddini, Ali
date: 2020-05-18
txt: ./txt/cord-276625-3l8qu1qx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276625-3l8qu1qx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32454982/
doi: 10.1186/s40545-020-00219-1
summary:
  title: Amid COVID-19: the importance of developing an positive adverse drug reaction (ADR) and medical device incident (MDI) reporting culture for Global Health and public safety Amid COVID-19 Crisis, reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and medical device incidents (MDIs) to Health Canada or health authorities in every country is crucial for monitoring medication safety and improving public health. In the current COVID-19 Crisis, it is especially important for health care providers to be diligent about reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), since misinformation propagated by the media is causing patients to misuse certain medications. We need to shift the current thought process about ADR reporting in order to encourage a positive reporting culture by patients and health care providers. Responses from the Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists to Questions Related to Mandatory Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions and Medical Device Incidents by Provincial and Territorial Healthcare Institutions

title:
  Amid COVID-19: the importance of developing an positive adverse drug reaction (ADR) and medical device incident (MDI) reporting culture for Global Health and public safety

abstract:
  Amid COVID-19 Crisis, reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and medical device incidents (MDIs) to Health Canada or health authorities in every country is crucial for monitoring medication safety and improving public health. Health Canada, for example, through their online database, has facilitated the process of reporting side effects relating to drugs and medical devices. However, several patients and health care professionals still fail to voluntarily report adverse events. For health care providers, some barriers to reporting may include fear of negative feedback, apathy, legal concerns, and uncertainty about whether an incident qualifies as an ADR. In the current COVID-19 Crisis, it is especially important for health care providers to be diligent about reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), since misinformation propagated by the media is causing patients to misuse certain medications. We need to shift the current thought process about ADR reporting in order to encourage a positive reporting culture by patients and health care providers.


id: cord-278533-3gpkb8nm
author: Appireddy, Ramana
date: 2020-05-12
txt: ./txt/cord-278533-3gpkb8nm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-278533-3gpkb8nm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32394872/
doi: 10.1017/cjn.2020.92
abstract: nan
summary:
  3 Virtual health care solutions are one way we can offer transformative changes to the practice of neurological ambulatory care in Canada, in order to meet some of the unmet needs of this challenging patient population. 11 Physicians were able to assess patients more quickly via eVisit than via an in-person encounter, thus increasing the timely availability of health care. 14 Provided through the Ontario Telemedicine Network, eVisits were used exclusively for follow-up of clinical activities like the review of investigations, symptom management, therapeutic decisions, medication titration, other specialist consultations, patient counselling, and education. The high uptake in these clinics is due to multiple factors including the nature of the disease, patient barriers to accessing outpatient care (lack of driving privileges, physical disability, etc.), as well as the limited requirement for detailed hands-on neurological examination during follow-ups for epilepsy and sleep.

title:
  Tackling the Burden of Neurological Diseases in Canada with Virtual Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond


id: cord-279779-kp6ik8qb
title: Identifying gaps in COVID-19 health equity data reporting in Canada using a scorecard approach
author: Blair, A.
date: 2020-09-25
txt: ./txt/cord-279779-kp6ik8qb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279779-kp6ik8qb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.20200147
doi: 10.1101/2020.09.23.20200147
summary:
  Method: A scan was performed of provincial and territorial reporting of five data elements (cumulative totals of tests, cases, hospitalizations, deaths and population size) across three units of aggregation (province or territory-level, health regions, and local areas) (15 "overall" indicators), and for two vulnerable settings (long term care and detention facilities) and six social markers (age, sex, immigration status, race/ethnicity, essential worker status, and income) (120 "equity-related" indicators). . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.23.20200147 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 2 : Overall, province-and territory-level reporting (data availability) on the cumulative total of tests, cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Though information on population sizes by immigration status, race/ethnicity, and income are available for jurisdictions overall, and by region and local area are all available through the Canadian Census, no province or territory reported on any of the data elements according to these social markers (Figure 4) .

abstract:
  Objective: To assess health equity-oriented COVID-19 data reporting across Canadian provinces and territories, using a scorecard approach. Method: A scan was performed of provincial and territorial reporting of five data elements (cumulative totals of tests, cases, hospitalizations, deaths and population size) across three units of aggregation (province or territory-level, health regions, and local areas) (15 "overall" indicators), and for two vulnerable settings (long term care and detention facilities) and six social markers (age, sex, immigration status, race/ethnicity, essential worker status, and income) (120 "equity-related" indicators). Per indicator, one point was awarded if case-delimited data were released, 0.7 points if only summary statistics were reported, and 0 if neither was provided. Results were presented using a scorecard approach. Results: Overall, information on cases and deaths was more complete than for tests, hospitalizations and population size denominators needed for rate estimation. Information provided on jurisdictions and their regions, overall, tended to be more available (average score of 53%, "B") than for equity-related indicators (average score of 21%, "D"). Only British Columbia and Alberta provided case-delimited data, and only Alberta provided information for local areas. No jurisdiction reported on outcomes according to patients' individual-level immigration status, race, or income. Only Ontario and Quebec provided detailed information for long-term care settings and detention facilities. Conclusion: Socially stratified reporting for COVID-19 outcomes is sparse in Canada. However, several best practices in health equity-oriented reporting were observed and set a relevant precedent for all jurisdictions to follow for this pandemic and future ones.


id: cord-280619-xcre2zgh
title: Identifying Public Health Competencies Relevant to Family Medicine
author: Harvey, Bart J.
date: 2011-09-28
txt: ./txt/cord-280619-xcre2zgh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280619-xcre2zgh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379711003576
doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.002
summary:
  Using a multi-staged, iterative process that included a detailed literature review, the authors developed a set of public health competencies relevant to primary care, identifying competencies relevant across four levels, from "post-MD" to "enhanced." Feedback from family medicine and public health educator–practitioners regarding the set of proposed "essential" competencies indicated the need for a more limited, feasible set of "priority" areas to be highlighted during residency training. This focused set of public health competencies has begun to guide relevant components of the University of Toronto''s Family Medicine Residency Program curriculum, including academic half-days; clinical experiences, especially identifying "teachable moments" during patient encounters; resident academic projects; and elective public health agency placements. This revised draft was then sent to all symposium participants for additional review and feedback, which resulted in the proposal of a detailed set of public health competencies relevant to family medicine and primary care (Appendix B, available online at www.ajpmonline.org).

abstract:
  Public health situations faced by family physicians and other primary care practitioners, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and more recently H1N1, have resulted in an increased interest to identify the public health competencies relevant to family medicine. At present there is no agreed-on set of public health competencies delineating the knowledge and skills that family physicians should possess to effectively face diverse public health challenges. Using a multi-staged, iterative process that included a detailed literature review, the authors developed a set of public health competencies relevant to primary care, identifying competencies relevant across four levels, from “post-MD” to “enhanced.” Feedback from family medicine and public health educator–practitioners regarding the set of proposed “essential” competencies indicated the need for a more limited, feasible set of “priority” areas to be highlighted during residency training. This focused set of public health competencies has begun to guide relevant components of the University of Toronto's Family Medicine Residency Program curriculum, including academic half-days; clinical experiences, especially identifying “teachable moments” during patient encounters; resident academic projects; and elective public health agency placements. These competencies will also be used to guide the development of a family medicine–public health primer and faculty development sessions to support family medicine faculty facilitating residents to achieve these competencies. Once more fully implemented, an evaluation will be initiated to determine the degree to which these public health competencies are being achieved by family medicine graduates, especially whether they attained the knowledge, skills, and confidence necessary to effectively face diverse public health situations—from common to emergent.


id: cord-280648-1dpsggwx
title: Regulation, competition and network evolution in aviation
author: Gillen, David
date: 2005-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-280648-1dpsggwx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280648-1dpsggwx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S096969970500030X
doi: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2005.03.002
summary:
  The organization of production spatially in air transportation networks confers both demand and supply side network economies and the choice of network structure by a carrier necessarily reflects aspects of its business model and will exhibit different revenue and cost drivers. Like the FSA model, the VBA business plan creates a network structure that can promote connectivity but in contrast trades off lower levels of service, measured both in capacity and frequency, against lower fares. The entrenched FSA carriers'' focuses on developing hub and spoke networks while new entrants seem intent on creating low-cost, point-to-point structures. The resulting market structure of competition between FSAs was thus a cozy oligopoly in which airlines competed on prices for some economy fares, but practiced complex price discrimination that allowed high yields on business travel.

abstract:
  Abstract Our focus is the evolution of business strategies and network structure decisions in the commercial passenger aviation industry. The paper reviews the growth of hub-and-spoke networks as the dominant business model following deregulation in the latter part of the 20th century, followed by the emergence of value-based airlines as a global phenomenon at the end of the century. The paper highlights the link between airline business strategies and network structures, and examines the resulting competition between divergent network structure business models. In this context we discuss issues of market structure stability and the role played by competition policy.


id: cord-283398-wplz8o2k
author: Sanders, Chris
date: 2020-06-13
txt: ./txt/cord-283398-wplz8o2k.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283398-wplz8o2k.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124227
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17124227
summary:
  Through this scoping review, we seek to enter into this conversation regarding barriers to obtaining PID by highlighting the ways in which the problems posed by a lack of PID are particularly pronounced for people living in rural, northern, and remote access communities-people whom we already know experience poorer health outcomes than residents in metropolitan and suburban areas, and whom to date have been largely ignored in the scholarship [8] . In Canada, for instance, Indigenous people make up a significant proportion of the population in the rural and provincial north, and further clarity is needed on the unique PID problems facing this population, such as birth registration and the acquisition of birth certificates, as well as the difficulties of obtaining PID in areas with extremely limited access to state social and health services [6] .

title:
  “You Need ID to Get ID”: A Scoping Review of Personal Identification as a Barrier to and Facilitator of the Social Determinants of Health in North America

abstract:
  Personal identification (PID) is an important, if often overlooked, barrier to accessing the social determinants of health for many marginalized people in society. A scoping review was undertaken to explore the range of research addressing the role of PID in the social determinants of health in North America, barriers to acquiring and maintaining PID, and to identify gaps in the existing research. A systematic search of academic and gray literature was performed, and a thematic analysis of the included studies (n = 31) was conducted. The themes identified were: (1) gaining and retaining identification, (2) access to health and social services, and (3) facilitating identification programs. The findings suggest a paucity of research on PID services and the role of PID in the social determinants of health. We contend that research is urgently required to build a more robust understanding of existing PID service models, particularly in rural contexts, as well as on barriers to accessing and maintaining PID, especially among the most marginalized groups in society.


id: cord-283450-w6scpc65
title: The United States and Canada as a coupled epidemiological system: An example from hepatitis A
author: Amariei, Raluca
date: 2008-02-28
txt: ./txt/cord-283450-w6scpc65.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283450-w6scpc65.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18307785/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-23
summary:
  The objective of this study was to use dynamic models to investigate the possible effects on hepatitis A incidence in Canada due to (1) implementing vaccination in the US, and (2) varying the volume of travel by Canadians to the US. Our age-structured SEIRV compartmental model stratifies individuals according to epidemiologic status (Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered-Vaccinated) and age class (ages 0-4, 5-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40Maternal immunity is short-lived and affects relatively few individuals in a non-endemic country such as Canada, so we do not include it [10] . The rate at which a susceptible person is infected due to travel in endemic countries ( ), and the rate at which a susceptible person is infected by infectious persons due to domestic US transmission ( ) were computed simultaneously using: (1) published data on the true incidence of hepatitis A in the US, adjusted for under-reporting and the probability of jaundice [8] , (2) data on the age-specific proportion of cases attributable to travel in endemic countries [13] , and (3) an assumed form for a "Who Acquires Infection From

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Hepatitis A (HA) is a low-incidence, non-endemic disease in Canada and the United States (US). However, a large difference in HA incidence between Canada and HA-endemic countries has made travel an important contributor to hepatitis A prevalence in Canada. There is also a (smaller) incidence differential between Canada and the US. Although the US has only moderately higher HA incidence, the volume of travel by Canadians to the US is many times higher than travel volume to endemic countries. Hence, travel to the US may constitute a source of low to moderate risk for Canadian travelers. To our knowledge, travel to the US has never been included as a potential risk factor for HA infection in Canadian epidemiologic analyses. The objective of this study was to use dynamic models to investigate the possible effects on hepatitis A incidence in Canada due to (1) implementing vaccination in the US, and (2) varying the volume of travel by Canadians to the US. METHODS: We developed and analyzed age-structured compartmental models for the transmission and vaccination of hepatitis A, for both Canada and the US. Models were parameterized using data on seroprevalence, case reporting, and travel patterns. The potential effect of hepatitis A prevalence in the US on hepatitis A prevalence in Canada was captured through a term representing infection of Canadians due to travel in the US. RESULTS: The model suggests that approximately 22% of HA cases in Canada in the mid 1990s may have been attributable to travel to the US. A universal vaccination programme that attained 70% coverage in young children in the US in the mid 1990s could have reduced Canadian incidence by 21% within 5 years. CONCLUSION: Since not all necessary data were available to parameterize the model, the results should be considered exploratory. However, the analysis shows that, under plausible assumptions, the US may be more important for determining HA prevalence in Canada than is currently supposed. As international travel continues to grow, making vaccination policies ever more relevant to populations beyond a country's borders, such multi-country models will most likely come into wider use as predictive aids for policy development.


id: cord-284893-qi6dkcb3
title: Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and the Canadian blood system after the tainted blood tragedy
author: Wilson, Kumanan
date: 2006-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-284893-qi6dkcb3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284893-qi6dkcb3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953606004345
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.023
summary:
  The objective of our overall study was to understand and compare the decision-making processes concerning two Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease-related decisions: a 1995 withdrawal of blood products from a classical CJD donor and a 1999 decision to defer donations from individuals who had traveled to the United Kingdom for 6 months during the peak of the BSE outbreak (1980) (1981) (1982) (1983) (1984) (1985) (1986) (1987) (1988) (1989) (1990) (1991) (1992) (1993) (1994) (1995) (1996) . In Canada three pieces of information played an important role in influencing the decision-making process leading to the donor deferral decision: (1) the risk of transmission of vCJD via blood products, (2) the impact of donor deferral on the blood supply, and (3) the degree of reduction in the blood supply the blood system could sustain.

abstract:
  The transfusion transmission of hepatitis C and HIV to thousands of Canadian blood recipients was one of this country's largest public health catastrophes. In response to this crisis, and in an effort to prevent such a tragedy from occurring again, the Canadian blood system has undergone substantial reform. Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob (vCJD) disease was the first infectious threat faced by the blood system since undergoing reform. The response at the time to this risk provides insights into the Canadian blood system's new approach to infectious threats. Our analysis of the decision-making concerning vCJD identifies two dominant themes characterizing the new blood system's approach to safety: (1).. the adoption of a precautionary approach to new risks which involves taking action in advance of definitive evidence, and (2).. risk aversion amongst policy makers, which has contributed to the adoption of safety measures with comparatively high cost-effectiveness ratios. Overall the principles governing the new blood system have contributed to the system both providing protection against emerging infectious risks and regaining the confidence of the public and recipients. However, the current set of policy factors will likely contribute to increasingly risk-averse policy making that will contribute to continued increases in the cost of the blood system. The challenge the blood system now faces is to find the appropriate balance between maximizing safety and ensuring the system remains affordable.


id: cord-295116-eo887olu
title: Time Series Forecasting of COVID-19 transmission in Canada Using LSTM Networks()
author: Chimmula, Vinay Kumar Reddy
date: 2020-05-08
txt: ./txt/cord-295116-eo887olu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295116-eo887olu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0960077920302642
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109864
summary:
  title: Time Series Forecasting of COVID-19 transmission in Canada Using LSTM Networks() Based on the public datasets provided by John Hopkins university and Canadian health authority, we have developed a forecasting model of COVID-19 outbreak in Canada using state-of-the-art Deep Learning (DL) models. In this novel research, we evaluated the key features to predict the trends and possible stopping time of the current COVID-19 outbreak in Canada and around the world. In this paper we presented the Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, a deep learning approach to forecast the future COVID-19 cases. Recurrent LSTM networks has capability to address the limitations of traditional time series forecasting techniques by adapting nonlinearities of given COVID-19 dataset and can result state of the art results on temporal data. Accord-COVID-19 forecasting using LSTM Networks ing to this second model within 10 days, Canada is expected to see exponential growth of confirmed cases.

abstract:
  On March 11(th) 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2019 novel corona virus as global pandemic. Corona virus, also known as COVID-19 was first originated in Wuhan, Hubei province in China around December 2019 and spread out all over the world within few weeks. Based on the public datasets provided by John Hopkins university and Canadian health authority, we have developed a forecasting model of COVID-19 outbreak in Canada using state-of-the-art Deep Learning (DL) models. In this novel research, we evaluated the key features to predict the trends and possible stopping time of the current COVID-19 outbreak in Canada and around the world. In this paper we presented the Long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, a deep learning approach to forecast the future COVID-19 cases. Based on the results of our Long short-term memory (LSTM) network, we predicted the possible ending point of this outbreak will be around June 2020. In addition to that, we compared transmission rates of Canada with Italy and USA. Here we also presented the 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14(th) day predictions for 2 successive days. Our forecasts in this paper is based on the available data until March 31, 2020. To the best of our knowledge, this of the few studies to use LSTM networks to forecast the infectious diseases.


id: cord-297567-38t82q9t
author: Lamarre, Alain
date: 2005-12-06
txt: ./txt/cord-297567-38t82q9t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297567-38t82q9t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464834/
doi: 10.1002/eji.1830271245
summary:
  Purified scFv fragments retained the antigen‐binding properties of the parental antibody, could inhibit its binding to viral antigens with apparently higher efficiency than monovalent antigen‐binding (Fab) fragments, but neutralized viral infectivity with lower efficiency (about sevenfold at a molar level). Therefore, even though the scFv could neutralize viral infectivity in vitro, the same quantity of fragments that partially protected mice in the form of Fab only slightly delayed virus‐induced lethality when injected as scFv fragments, probably because of a much faster in vivo clearance: the biologic half‐life was estimated to be about 6 min. To explore the possibility of using antibody fragments expressed in bacteria for the treatment of viral diseases, an scFv was constructed from the sequences of MHV-specific mAb 7-1 OA and its in vitro neutralization and in vivo protection properties were evaluated. The neutralization capacity of the recombinant scFv fragment was evaluated and compared to that of the Fab fragment by incubating 50 PFU of virus with dilutions of purified fragments and determining the residual viral infectivity on murine fibroblast cells (Fig. 6) .

title:
  A recombinant single chain antibody neutralizes coronavirus infectivity but only slightly delays lethal infection of mice

abstract:
  The variable region genes of a murine anti‐coronavirus monoclonal antibody (mAb) were joined by assembly polymerase chain reaction and expressed in Escherichia coli in a single chain variable fragment (scFv) configuration. After induction of expression, the expected 32‐kDa protein was identified by Western immunoblotting with specific rabbit anti‐idiotype antibodies. The scFv fragments were purified from soluble cytoplasmic preparations by affinity chromatography on nickel agarose, which was possible with an N‐terminal but not with a C‐terminal histidine tag. Purified scFv fragments retained the antigen‐binding properties of the parental antibody, could inhibit its binding to viral antigens with apparently higher efficiency than monovalent antigen‐binding (Fab) fragments, but neutralized viral infectivity with lower efficiency (about sevenfold at a molar level). To evaluate the usefulness of these smaller and less immunogenic molecules in the treatment of viral diseases, mice were treated with purified recombinant scFv fragments and challenged with a lethal viral dose. A small delay in mortality was observed for the scFv‐treated animals. Therefore, even though the scFv could neutralize viral infectivity in vitro, the same quantity of fragments that partially protected mice in the form of Fab only slightly delayed virus‐induced lethality when injected as scFv fragments, probably because of a much faster in vivo clearance: the biologic half‐life was estimated to be about 6 min. Since a scFv derived from a highly neutralizing and protective mAb is only marginally effective in the passive protection of mice from lethal viral infection, the use of such reagents for viral immunotherapy will require strategies to overcome stability limitations.


id: cord-306798-f28264k3
title: Blood-Borne Pathogens: A Canadian Blood Services Centre for Innovation Symposium
author: Walsh, Geraldine M.
date: 2016-02-23
txt: ./txt/cord-306798-f28264k3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306798-f28264k3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.02.003
doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2016.02.003
summary:
  Transfusion services can employ indirect measures such as surveillance, hemovigilance, and donor questioning (defense), protein-, or nucleic acid based direct testing (detection), or pathogen inactivation of blood products (destruction) as strategies to mitigate the risk of transmission-transmitted infection. Cost concerns make it likely that pathogen inactivation will be contemplated by blood operators through the lens of health economics and risk-based decision making, rather than in zero-risk paradigms previously embraced for transfusable products. Dr Margaret Fearon, CBS Medical Director, Medical Microbiology, and Assistant Professor, University of Toronto, discussed the current prevalence of classical transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) in CBS blood donors, new and emerging infectious diseases, how CBS prepares for and manages new risks, and also addressed new paradigms for risk management. Other transfusion-transmissible diseases are currently being monitored as potential emerging threats to the safety of the blood supply, including babesiosis, hepatitis E, CHIKV, and dengue virus.

abstract:
  Testing donations for pathogens and deferring selected blood donors have reduced the risk of transmission of known pathogens by transfusion to extremely low levels in most developed countries. Protecting the blood supply from emerging infectious threats remains a serious concern in the transfusion medicine community. Transfusion services can employ indirect measures such as surveillance, hemovigilance, and donor questioning (defense), protein-, or nucleic acid based direct testing (detection), or pathogen inactivation of blood products (destruction) as strategies to mitigate the risk of transmission-transmitted infection. In the North American context, emerging threats currently include dengue, chikungunya, and hepatitis E viruses, and Babesia protozoan parasites. The 2003 SARS and 2014 Ebola outbreaks illustrate the potential of epidemics unlikely to be transmitted by blood transfusion but disruptive to blood systems. Donor-free blood products such as ex vivo generated red blood cells offer a theoretical way to avoid transmission-transmitted infection risk, although biological, engineering, and manufacturing challenges must be overcome before this approach becomes practical. Similarly, next generation sequencing of all nucleic acid in a blood sample is currently possible but impractical for generalized screening. Pathogen inactivation systems are in use in different jurisdictions around the world, and are starting to gain regulatory approval in North America. Cost concerns make it likely that pathogen inactivation will be contemplated by blood operators through the lens of health economics and risk-based decision making, rather than in zero-risk paradigms previously embraced for transfusable products. Defense of the blood supply from infectious disease risk will continue to require innovative combinations of surveillance, detection, and pathogen avoidance or inactivation.


id: cord-307293-zp4oddrt
author: McCoy, Liam G
date: 2020-04-22
txt: ./txt/cord-307293-zp4oddrt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307293-zp4oddrt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.20068460
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.17.20068460
summary:
  This novel dataset enables robust, inter-jurisdictional comparisons of pandemic response, can serve as a model for other jurisdictions and can be linked with other information about case counts, transmission dynamics, health care utilization, mobility data and economic indicators to derive important insights regarding NPI impact. We present the first comprehensive, open dataset containing detailed information about all publicly available NPIs that have been implemented by governments and major private organizations in Canada in response to COVID-19. In this dataset, we define a non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) as any publicly-announced program, statement, enforceable order, initiative, or operational change originating from any public or private organization in response to COVID-19-whether to curtail its transmission or mitigate its social and economic ramifications. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.20068460 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 4 : Variation in time-to-intervention by Canadian province / territory for two major NPIs-declaration of state of emergency and school closure-shown relative to two descriptors of the local COVID-19 outbreak, dates of first case and first death in each region.

title:
  CAN-NPI: A Curated Open Dataset of Canadian Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions in Response to the Global COVID-19 Pandemic

abstract:
  Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been the primary tool used by governments and organizations to mitigate the spread of the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19. Natural experiments are currently being conducted on the impact of these interventions, but most of these occur at the subnational level - data not available in early global datasets. We describe the rapid development of the first comprehensive, labelled dataset of 1640 NPIs implemented at federal, provincial/territorial and municipal levels in Canada to guide COVID-19 research. For each intervention, we provide: a) information on timing to aid in longitudinal evaluation, b) location to allow for robust spatial analyses, and c) classification based on intervention type and target population, including classification aligned with a previously developed measure of government response stringency. This initial dataset release (v1.0) spans January 1st, and March 31st, 2020; bi-weekly data updates to continue for the duration of the pandemic. This novel dataset enables robust, inter-jurisdictional comparisons of pandemic response, can serve as a model for other jurisdictions and can be linked with other information about case counts, transmission dynamics, health care utilization, mobility data and economic indicators to derive important insights regarding NPI impact.


id: cord-311172-4uk2y206
author: Fischer, Benedikt
date: 2020-08-03
txt: ./txt/cord-311172-4uk2y206.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311172-4uk2y206.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32746871/
doi: 10.1186/s13011-020-00294-2
summary:
  Concretely, it is unclear how the remedial actions proposed will materially alleviate stigma process and impacts, especially given apparent gaps in the issues examined, including essential strategies – for example, reform of drug user criminalization as a fundamental element and driver of structural stigma for action that directly relate to the jurisdictions and privileged mandates of the report sources themselves as health and policy leaders. Luomo notes that research on stigma in the addiction realm is in its "infancy", and that even less is known on "how to reduce stigma in this area." [10] Two pre-eminent ''anti-stigma'' manifests Both above-mentioned reports ascribe fundamental and sweeping cause-effect agency, as well as necessary remedial prescriptions to the phenomenon of ''stigma'' as applied to the current public health crisis of substance/ opioid use in Canada.

title:
  Some notes on the use, concept and socio-political framing of ‘stigma’ focusing on an opioid-related public health crisis

abstract:
  Canada has been home to a longstanding public health crisis related to opioids, including an extensive mortality and morbidity toll in the face of substantive intervention gaps. Recently (2019), two extensive reports from preeminent federal authorities – the Chief Public Health Officer and the Mental Health Commission of Canada – have been tabled with detailed, core focus on the phenomenon of ‘stigma’ and its impacts on substance/opioid use and harms. The reports present extensive descriptions of the nature and effects, as well as a multitude of prescriptions for remedial measures and actions to “stop the cycle of stigma”. Closer reading of the documents, however, suggests substantial conceptual and empirical limitations in the characterization of the – multi-faceted and challenging – nature and workings of ‘stigma’ as a socio-political, structural or individual process or force, specifically as it applies to and negatively affects substance use and related outcomes, primarily the wellbeing of substance users. Concretely, it is unclear how the remedial actions proposed will materially alleviate stigma process and impacts, especially given apparent gaps in the issues examined, including essential strategies – for example, reform of drug user criminalization as a fundamental element and driver of structural stigma - for action that directly relate to the jurisdictions and privileged mandates of the report sources themselves as health and policy leaders. The commentary provides some concrete while subjective notes and observations on the dynamics of stigma as applies to and framed for substance/opioid use, as well as strategies and measures necessary to both tangibly address the material health and wellbeing of substance users, and related forces of stigma, in the distinct context of the opioid crisis in Canada.


id: cord-312252-4l3ok44o
title: Barriers to conducting deprescribing in the elderly population amid the COVID-19 pandemic
author: Elbeddini, Ali
date: 2020-05-29
txt: ./txt/cord-312252-4l3ok44o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312252-4l3ok44o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1551741120306021?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.05.025
summary:
  Barriers to deprescribing before the pandemic include patient and system related factors, such as resistance to change, patient''s knowledge deficit about deprescribing, lack of alternatives for treatment of disease, uncoordinated delivery of health services, prescriber''s attitudes and/or experience, limited availability of guidelines for deprescribing, and lack of evidence on preventative therapy. Some of these barriers can be mitigated by using the following interventions:patient education, prioritization of non-pharmacological therapy, incorporation of electronic health record (EHR), continuous prescriber education, and development of research studies on deprescribing. Barriers to deprescribing before COVID-19, such as resistance to change, knowledge deficit about deprescribing, and lack of alternatives for treatment of disease, uncoordinated delivery of health services, prescribers'' attitudes and/or experience, limited availability of guidelines for deprescribing, and lack of evidence on preventative therapy need to be managed through different interventions.

abstract:
  Deprescribing aims to reduce polypharmacy, especially in the elderly population, in order to maintain or improve quality of life, reduce harm from medications, and limit healthcare expenditure. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that has led to a pandemic and has changed the lives many throughout the world. The mode of transmission of this virus is from person to person through the transfer of respiratory droplets. Therefore, non-essential healthcare services involving direct patient interactions, including deprescribing, has been on hiatus to reduce spread. Barriers to deprescribing before the pandemic include patient and system related factors, such as resistance to change, patient's knowledge deficit about deprescribing, lack of alternatives for treatment of disease, uncoordinated delivery of health services, prescriber's attitudes and/or experience, limited availability of guidelines for deprescribing, and lack of evidence on preventative therapy. Some of these barriers can be mitigated by using the following interventions:patient education, prioritization of non-pharmacological therapy, incorporation of electronic health record (EHR), continuous prescriber education, and development of research studies on deprescribing. Currently, deprescribing cannot be delivered through in person interactions, so virtual care is a reasonable alternative format. The full incorporation of EHR throughout Canada can add to the success of this strategy. However, there are several challenges of conducting deprescribing virtually in the elderly population. These challenges include, but are not limited, to their inability to use technology, lack of literacy, lack of assistance from others, greater propensity for withdrawal effects, and increased risk of severe consequences, if hospitalized. Virtual care is the future of healthcare and in order to retain the benefits of deprescribing, additional initiatives should be in place to address the challenges that elderly patients may experience in accessing deprescribing virtually. These initiatives should involve teaching elderly patients how to use technology to access health services and with technical support in place to address any concerns.


id: cord-313218-4rbxdimf
author: Narushima, Miya
date: 2020-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-313218-4rbxdimf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313218-4rbxdimf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890406520300451
doi: 10.1016/j.jaging.2020.100875
summary:
  However, we also found that older women are largely silent about their needs, and that experiences varied depending on life histories, health conditions, and the availability of supports in their wider environment (home care, alternative housing options, accessible transportation, opportunities for social and physical activities). Comparing the 2011 and 2016 censuses, the ratio of people aged 65 and older living in "collective dwellings" (e.g., assisted living, supportive housing, retirement residences, seniors'' apartments, continuum care facilities, and nursing homes) has dropped from 7.9% to 6.9% (Garner, Tanuseputro, Manuel, & Sanmartin, 2018; Statistics Canada, 2012) . For example, in a public guide issued by the federal government, "aging in place" is defined as "having access to services and the health and social supports and services you need to live safely and independently in your home or your community for as long as you wish and are able" (Federal/Provincial/Territorial Ministers Responsible for Seniors, 2015, p.1).

title:
  “Fiercely independent”: Experiences of aging in the right place of older women living alone with physical limitations

abstract:
  This study explores the experience of aging among older Canadian women with physical limitations who live by themselves. While aging in place has been a policy priority in rapidly greying Canada, a lack of complementary public supports poses challenges for many older adults and their family members. Employing a qualitative methodology, and drawing from the notion of aging in the right place, we collected personal narratives of 12 women (aged 65 to 92) in two geographic areas in Ontario, including residents of regular houses, apartments, condominiums, assisted living and community housing for seniors. Through thematic analysis, we identified four overarching themes: 1) striving to continue on “at home”, 2) living as a “strong independent woman”, 3) the help needed to support their “independence”, and 4) social activities to maintain self. Our findings illustrate how, despite their mobility limitations, older women can change their residential environment and their behavior by deploying the coping strategies and resources they have developed over time. However, we also found that older women are largely silent about their needs, and that experiences varied depending on life histories, health conditions, and the availability of supports in their wider environment (home care, alternative housing options, accessible transportation, opportunities for social and physical activities). We hope these findings will incite further studies and discussion to help make aging in the right place a real choice for anyone who wishes to do so.


id: cord-314104-dkm8396y
author: Tam, Theresa W. S.
date: 2020-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-314104-dkm8396y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-314104-dkm8396y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32228317/
doi: 10.1177/0840470420917172
summary:
  This article highlights principles and practices to assist health leaders in preparing for uncertainty, including integrating scalability to ensure response activities can be more easily adapted to suit evolving needs; assessing risk and capabilities to inform planning for appropriate response measures; and considering overall flexibility and adaptability of plans, systems, and resources. Another key principle involves taking a risk management approach to preparedness and response by conducting risk and capability assessments, to inform planning and response measures, and to identify gaps or enhancements that need to be addressed. The importance of risk communication, building and maintaining public trust and confidence, and cross health sector engagement are just a few of the key lessons that have been identified from past emergency responses. Health leaders need to prepare for uncertainty during an emergency response by developing, enhancing, and exercising resources-whether it be plans, people, or other resources-that can be flexible, scalable, and that are built on lessons learned and evidence-based practices.

title:
  Preparing for uncertainty during public health emergencies: What Canadian health leaders can do now to optimize future emergency response

abstract:
  It is clear that the risk for epidemics with high health and socio-economic impacts remains but there will be many unknowns at the start of future responses to these events. This article highlights principles and practices to assist health leaders in preparing for uncertainty, including integrating scalability to ensure response activities can be more easily adapted to suit evolving needs; assessing risk and capabilities to inform planning for appropriate response measures; and considering overall flexibility and adaptability of plans, systems, and resources. Ultimately, being prepared for “Disease X” is about applying the approaches that we have learned from previous events, using evidence-based practices to develop and strengthen foundational capacities, so that we are able to respond to the unanticipated in proportionate and appropriate ways.


id: cord-317661-v93mde6l
title: Using Machine Learning to Estimate Unobserved COVID-19 Infections in North America
author: Vaid, Shashank
date: 2020-05-07
txt: ./txt/cord-317661-v93mde6l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317661-v93mde6l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32618918/
doi: 10.2106/jbjs.20.00715
summary:
  CONCLUSIONS: We have identified 2 key findings: (1) as of April 22, 2020, the United States may have had 1.5 to 2.029 times the number of reported infections and Canada may have had 1.44 to 2.06 times the number of reported infections and (2) even if we assume that the fatality and growth rates in the unobservable population (undetected infections) are similar to those in the observable population (confirmed infections), the number of undetected infections may be within ranges similar to those described above. We have identified 2 key findings: (1) as of April 22, 2020, the United States may have had 1.5 to 2.029 times the number of reported infections and Canada may have had 1.44 to 2.06 times the number of reported infections and (2) even if we assume that the fatality and growth rates in the unobservable population (undetected infections) are similar to those in the observable population (confirmed infections), the number of undetected infections may be within ranges similar to those described above.

abstract:
  The detection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases remains a huge challenge. As of April 22, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to take its toll, with >2.6 million confirmed infections and >183,000 deaths. Dire projections are surfacing almost every day, and policymakers worldwide are using projections for critical decisions. Given this background, we modeled unobserved infections to examine the extent to which we might be grossly underestimating COVID-19 infections in North America. METHODS: We developed a machine-learning model to uncover hidden patterns based on reported cases and to predict potential infections. First, our model relied on dimensionality reduction to identify parameters that were key to uncovering hidden patterns. Next, our predictive analysis used an unbiased hierarchical Bayesian estimator approach to infer past infections from current fatalities. RESULTS: Our analysis indicates that, when we assumed a 13-day lag time from infection to death, the United States, as of April 22, 2020, likely had at least 1.3 million undetected infections. With a longer lag time—for example, 23 days—there could have been at least 1.7 million undetected infections. Given these assumptions, the number of undetected infections in Canada could have ranged from 60,000 to 80,000. Duarte’s elegant unbiased estimator approach suggested that, as of April 22, 2020, the United States had up to >1.6 million undetected infections and Canada had at least 60,000 to 86,000 undetected infections. However, the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering data feed on April 22, 2020, reported only 840,476 and 41,650 confirmed cases for the United States and Canada, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We have identified 2 key findings: (1) as of April 22, 2020, the United States may have had 1.5 to 2.029 times the number of reported infections and Canada may have had 1.44 to 2.06 times the number of reported infections and (2) even if we assume that the fatality and growth rates in the unobservable population (undetected infections) are similar to those in the observable population (confirmed infections), the number of undetected infections may be within ranges similar to those described above. In summary, 2 different approaches indicated similar ranges of undetected infections in North America. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


id: cord-321667-jkzxjk54
author: Papineau, Amber
date: 2019-04-11
txt: ./txt/cord-321667-jkzxjk54.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321667-jkzxjk54.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30976080/
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-42355-y
summary:
  Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis indicate it is a new species of Gammacoronavirus, as it falls below the threshold of 90% amino acid similarity in the protein domains used to demarcate Coronaviridae. Additional features that distinguish the genome of Canada goose coronavirus include 6 novel ORFs, a partial duplication of the 4 gene and a presumptive change in the proteolytic processing of polyproteins 1a and 1ab. As the full genome was sequenced from only the cloacal swab of a single Canada goose, a screening PCR was designed based on the 4b duplication region unique to CGCoV and performed on all samples. To summarize, the complete genome of CGCoV, a novel Gammacoronavirus species was sequenced directly from the cloacal swab of a Canada goose associated with a mass die-off. The CGCoV genome was also detected in samples derived from a second Canada goose and a snow goose that perished in the die-off, using PCR, Sanger and high throughput sequencing.

title:
  Genome Organization of Canada Goose Coronavirus, A Novel Species Identified in a Mass Die-off of Canada Geese

abstract:
  The complete genome of a novel coronavirus was sequenced directly from the cloacal swab of a Canada goose that perished in a die-off of Canada and Snow geese in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analysis indicate it is a new species of Gammacoronavirus, as it falls below the threshold of 90% amino acid similarity in the protein domains used to demarcate Coronaviridae. Additional features that distinguish the genome of Canada goose coronavirus include 6 novel ORFs, a partial duplication of the 4 gene and a presumptive change in the proteolytic processing of polyproteins 1a and 1ab.


id: cord-323658-lwr0rcap
author: Chen, Innie
date: 2020-10-01
txt: ./txt/cord-323658-lwr0rcap.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323658-lwr0rcap.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogc.2020.06.010
doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2020.06.010
abstract: nan
summary:
  title: Women''s Issues in Pandemic Times: How COVID-19 Has Exacerbated Gender Inequities for Women in Canada and around the World D espite progress in women''s issues in recent decades, there is concern that the COVID-19 pandemic has accentuated existing disparities, causing a reversion to traditional gender roles and adversely affecting the health of many women in Canada, with possible long-lasting physical, psychological, social, and economic effects. As of June 4, 2020, Public Health Agency of Canada weekly updates report that 57% of COVID-19 infections and 54% of deaths are among women. The various economic, social, and physical stressors that women face during the pandemic are undoubtedly having an adverse impact on mental health as well. As a community of dedicated and caring health care providers for women, the obstetriciangynaecologists of Canada must continue to advocate for the long-lasting systemic changes that are needed at all levels of society to ensure gender equity for women, especially during pandemic times.

title:
  Women''s Issues in Pandemic Times: How COVID-19 Has Exacerbated Gender Inequities for Women in Canada and around the World


id: cord-324507-w32pe2pz
author: Dubé, Mirette
date: 2020-08-18
txt: ./txt/cord-324507-w32pe2pz.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324507-w32pe2pz.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41077-020-00138-w
doi: 10.1186/s41077-020-00138-w
summary:
  Our provincial simulation program in the province of Alberta, Canada (population = 4.37 million; geographic area = 661,848 km(2)), has rapidly responded to this need by leading the intake, design, development, planning, and co-facilitation of over 400 acute care simulations across our province in both urban and rural Emergency Departments, Intensive Care Units, Operating Rooms, Labor and Delivery Units, Urgent Care Centers, Diagnostic Imaging and In-patient Units over a 5-week period to an estimated 30,000 learners of real frontline team members. The goal of this paper is to share the unique features and advantages of using a centralized provincial simulation response team, preparedness using learning and systems integration methods, and to share the highest risk and highest frequency outcomes from analyzing a mass volume of COVID-19 simulation data across the largest health authority in Canada.

title:
  COVID-19 pandemic preparation: using simulation for systems-based learning to prepare the largest healthcare workforce and system in Canada

abstract:
  Healthcare resources have been strained to previously unforeseeable limits as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020. This has prompted the emergence of critical just-in-time COVID-19 education, including rapid simulation preparedness, evaluation and training across all healthcare sectors. Simulation has been proven to be pivotal for both healthcare provider learning and systems integration in the context of testing and integrating new processes, workflows, and rapid changes to practice (e.g., new cognitive aids, checklists, protocols) and changes to the delivery of clinical care. The individual, team, and systems learnings generated from proactive simulation training is occurring at unprecedented volume and speed in our healthcare system. Establishing a clear process to collect and report simulation outcomes has never been more important for staff and patient safety to reduce preventable harm. Our provincial simulation program in the province of Alberta, Canada (population = 4.37 million; geographic area = 661,848 km(2)), has rapidly responded to this need by leading the intake, design, development, planning, and co-facilitation of over 400 acute care simulations across our province in both urban and rural Emergency Departments, Intensive Care Units, Operating Rooms, Labor and Delivery Units, Urgent Care Centers, Diagnostic Imaging and In-patient Units over a 5-week period to an estimated 30,000 learners of real frontline team members. Unfortunately, the speed at which the COVID-19 pandemic has emerged in Canada may prevent healthcare sectors in both urban and rural settings to have an opportunity for healthcare teams to participate in just-in-time in situ simulation-based learning prior to a potential surge of COVID-19 patients. Our coordinated approach and infrastructure have enabled organizational learnings and the ability to theme and categorize a mass volume of simulation outcome data, primarily from acute care settings to help all sectors further anticipate and plan. The goal of this paper is to share the unique features and advantages of using a centralized provincial simulation response team, preparedness using learning and systems integration methods, and to share the highest risk and highest frequency outcomes from analyzing a mass volume of COVID-19 simulation data across the largest health authority in Canada.


id: cord-330228-plcdwazu
author: Gore, Dana
date: 2012-08-14
txt: ./txt/cord-330228-plcdwazu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330228-plcdwazu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889402/
doi: 10.1186/1475-9276-11-41
summary:
  An approach that effectively engages with the determinants has been suggested in Mikkonen and Raphael''s The Social Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts, and includes policies that offer a higher minimum wage, higher assistance levels for those unable to work, a more progressive taxation structure that redistributes income more fairly, increased unionization, better funding of public education, government regulation of post-secondary institution tuition, stronger legislation on anti-discrimination policies and equal opportunity hiring, a national childcare strategy, strategies to increase the affordability of nutritious food, increased spending on a housing strategy, policies that reduce barriers for refugees and immigrants to practice their professions, and recognizing Aboriginal government authority over a wider range of Aboriginal affairs [3] . Structure-based: These initiatives directly acknowledge the impact of various structures (e.g. social, political, economic) that create inequities leading to chronic diseases and attempt to address the social determinants of health directly in order to improve healthy eating and active living.

title:
  Social determinants of health in Canada: Are healthy living initiatives there yet? A policy analysis

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Preventative strategies that focus on addressing the social determinants of health to improve healthy eating and physical activity have become an important strategy in British Columbia and Ontario for combating chronic diseases. What has not yet been examined is the extent to which healthy living initiatives implemented under these new policy frameworks successfully engage with and change the social determinants of health. METHODS: Initiatives active between January 1, 2006 and September 1, 2011 were found using provincial policy documents, web searches, health organization and government websites, and databases of initiatives that attempted to influence to nutrition and physical activity in order to prevent chronic diseases or improve overall health. Initiatives were reviewed, analyzed and grouped using the descriptive codes: lifestyle-based, environment-based or structure-based. Initiatives were also classified according to the mechanism by which they were administered: as direct programs (e.g. directly delivered), blueprints (or frameworks to tailor developed programs), and building blocks (resources to develop programs). RESULTS: 60 initiatives were identified in Ontario and 61 were identified in British Columbia. In British Columbia, 11.5% of initiatives were structure-based. In Ontario, of 60 provincial initiatives identified, 15% were structure-based. Ontario had a higher proportion of direct interventions than British Columbia for all intervention types. However, in both provinces, as the intervention became more upstream and attempted to target the social determinants of health more directly, the level of direct support for the intervention lessened. CONCLUSIONS: The paucity of initiatives in British Columbia and Ontario that address healthy eating and active living through action on the social determinants of health is problematic. In the context of Canada's increasingly neoliberal political and economic policy, the public health sector may face significant barriers to addressing upstream determinants in a meaningful way. If public health cannot directly affect broader societal conditions, interventions should be focused around advocacy and education about the social determinants of health. It is necessary that health be seen for what it is: a political matter. As such, the health sector needs to take a more political approach in finding solutions for health inequities.


id: cord-330755-7kvaduoq
author: McMahon, Meghan
date: 2020-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-330755-7kvaduoq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330755-7kvaduoq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32813643/
doi: 10.12927/hcpol.2020.26249
summary:
  Seven COVID-19 priorities for health services and policy research were identified: system adaptation and organization of care; resource allocation decision-making and ethics; rapid synthesis and comparative policy analysis of the COVID-19 response and outcomes; healthcare workforce; virtual care; long-term consequences of the pandemic; and public and patient engagement. COVID-19 illuminates the ability of healthcare delivery systems (e.g., a health authority) and organizations (e.g., a hospital or LTC home) to use COVID-19 and other data to support real-time decision-making, foster continuous learning and evidence-informed planning and implement policies and interventions across the system. Research that evaluates the health system response, analyzes and informs policy options and identifies how to improve the design and delivery of health services is essential for many reasons, including successful navigation out of the current pandemic, improving health system preparedness for future outbreaks and ensuring that the Canadian healthcare system that reopens is stronger, resilient, and more accessible, more equitable and of higher quality than the one that existed before the onslaught of COVID-19.

title:
  Informing Canada''s Health System Response to COVID-19: Priorities for Health Services and Policy Research

abstract:
  To inform Canada's research response to COVID-19, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research's Institute of Health Services and Policy Research (IHSPR) conducted a rapid-cycle priority identification process. Seven COVID-19 priorities for health services and policy research were identified: system adaptation and organization of care; resource allocation decision-making and ethics; rapid synthesis and comparative policy analysis of the COVID-19 response and outcomes; healthcare workforce; virtual care; long-term consequences of the pandemic; and public and patient engagement. Three additional cross-cutting themes were identified: supporting the health of Indigenous Peoples and vulnerable populations, data and digital infrastructure, and learning health systems and knowledge platforms. IHSPR hopes these research priorities will contribute to the broader ecosystem for collective research investment and action.


id: cord-333974-mvo2k2jt
title: Projected Increases in Suicide in Canada as a Consequence of COVID-19
author: McIntyre, Roger S.
date: 2020-05-19
txt: ./txt/cord-333974-mvo2k2jt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333974-mvo2k2jt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113104
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113104
summary:
  Time-trend regression models were used to evaluate and predict the number of excess suicides in 2020 and 2021 for two possible projection scenarios following the COVID-19 pandemic: 1) an increase in unemployment of 1.6% in 2020, 1.2% in 2021, or 2) an increase in unemployment of 10.7% in 2020, 8.9% in 2021. We recently reported that the rapid rise in unemployment as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic is predicted to result in 3, 164 excess suicides between 2020 and 2021, representing a 3.3-8.4% increase in suicides per year from the 2018 rate of 48,432 suicides in the USA (McIntyre and Lee, 2020). Time-trend regression models were used to evaluate and predict the number of excess suicides attributable to the projected rise in unemployment rate following the COVID-19 pandemic.

abstract:
  Macroeconomic indicators, notably unemployment, are significant moderators of suicide. We projected the number of excess suicides in Canada as a consequence of the impact of COVID-19 on unemployment. Annual suicide mortality (2000-2018) and unemployment (2000-2019) data were derived from Statistics Canada. Time-trend regression models were used to evaluate and predict the number of excess suicides in 2020 and 2021 for two possible projection scenarios following the COVID-19 pandemic: 1) an increase in unemployment of 1.6% in 2020, 1.2% in 2021, or 2) an increase in unemployment of 10.7% in 2020, 8.9% in 2021. A percentage point increase in unemployment was associated with a 1.0% increase in suicide between 2000-2018. In the first scenario, the rise in unemployment rates resulted in a projected total of 418 excess suicides in 2020-2021 (suicide rate per 100,000: 11.6 in 2020). In the second scenario, the projected suicide rates per 100,000 increased to 14.0 in 2020 and 13.6 in 2021, resulting in 2,114 excess suicides in 2020-2021. These results indicate that suicide prevention in the context of COVID-19-related unemployment is a critical priority. Furthermore, timely access to mental healthcare, financial provisions and social/labour support programs, as well as optimal treatment for mental disorders is urgently needed.


id: cord-335461-wjsyun4i
title: Stem Cell Network
author: Draper, Jon
date: 2020-07-02
txt: ./txt/cord-335461-wjsyun4i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335461-wjsyun4i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32679523/
doi: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101890
abstract: nan
summary:
  As Canada''s only national network and leader for stem cell research and regenerative medicine, SCN has led the way in building a vibrant sector that is yielding scientific advancements, fuelling clinical trials and enabling company creation.  Require research excellence, integrity and a commitment to ethical practice;  Fostering collaboration;  Fostering equity, diversity and inclusion;  Driving innovation; and  Supporting continual learning and development When SCN was first launched in 2001, the stem cell research community was scattered and siloed across the country. Over the years, SCN has worked tirelessly to build a robust national network through programs that stressed collaboration and a multidisciplinary approach for moving stem cell science forward.  Translation & Society Team Awards: Supports ELSI-led (ethical, legal and social implications) research address issues that impede the translation of innovative stem cell research SCN has led the way in building multidisciplinary networks, generating industry partnerships, training the next generation of scientific talent and enabling knowledge mobilization.


id: cord-338390-v4ncshav
title: Managing public health crises: the role of models in pandemic preparedness
author: Moghadas, Seyed M.
date: 2009-03-02
txt: ./txt/cord-338390-v4ncshav.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-338390-v4ncshav.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19496845/
doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00081.x
summary:
  4 The workshop brought together public health experts, key decision makers, and infectious disease modelers to: (i) identify the strengths and weaknesses of mathematical models, and suggest ways to improve their predictive ability that will ultimately influence policy effectiveness; and (ii) provide an opportunity for the discussion of priority components of a pandemic plan and determine key parameters that affect policy decision making. These included evaluations and model predictions for antiviral strategies and their implications for drug stockpiling; the role of population contact networks in the emergence and spread of drug-resistance; targeting influenza vaccination at specific age groups; optimal control of pandemic outbreaks; and the usefulness of non-pharmaceutical interventions in disease mitigation. There are two major reasons underlying this evaluation: first, data are limited and prior to the emergence of a novel pandemic strain, it is not possible to study the epidemiological impact of disease or interventions in a real world environment; second, public health authorities would need to be prepared for all the likely scenarios that could influence the outcome of preparedness strategies.

abstract:
  Background Given the enormity of challenges involved in pandemic preparedness, design and implementation of effective and cost‐effective public health policies is a major task that requires an integrated approach through engagement of scientific, administrative, and political communities across disciplines. There is ample evidence to suggest that modeling may be a viable approach to accomplish this task. Methods To demonstrate the importance of synergism between modelers, public health experts, and policymakers, the University of Winnipeg organized an interdisciplinary workshop on the role of models in pandemic preparedness in September 2008. The workshop provided an excellent opportunity to present outcomes of recent scientific investigations that thoroughly evaluate the merits of preventive, therapeutic, and social distancing mechanisms, where community structures, priority groups, healthcare providers, and responders to emergency situations are given specific consideration. Results This interactive workshop was clearly successful in strengthening ties between various disciplines and creating venues for modelers to effectively communicate with policymakers. The importance of modeling in pandemic planning was highlighted, and key parameters that affect policy decision‐making were identified. Core assumptions and important activities in Canadian pandemic plans at the provincial and national levels were also discussed. Conclusions There will be little time for thoughtful and rapid reflection once an influenza pandemic strikes, and therefore preparedness is an unavoidable priority. Modeling and simulations are key resources in pandemic planning to map out interdependencies and support complex decision‐making. Models are most effective in formulating strategies for managing public health crises when there are synergies between modelers, planners, and policymakers.


id: cord-339058-jtj12571
title: Trends in Injuries, Illnesses, and Policies in Canadian Healthcare Workplaces
author: Yassi, Annalee
date: 2005-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-339058-jtj12571.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339058-jtj12571.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16238148/
doi: 10.1007/bf03404026
summary:
  BACKGROUND: Analysis of workers'' compensation data and occupational health and safety trends in healthcare across Canada was conducted to provide insight concerning workplace injuries and prevention measures undertaken in the healthcare sector. While occupational health is a provincial jurisdiction, harmonizing data in addition to sharing data on successful prevention measures and best practices may improve workplace conditions and thereby further reduce injury rates for higher risk healthcare sector occupations. [95] [96] [97] [98] [99] [100] Health Canada commissioned this study to obtain an overview of trends in workers'' compensation claims and provincial-level prevention initiatives in order to gain insight into successful strategies for improving working conditions in healthcare. Timeloss injury and occupational disease data for 1992-2002 were collected from the National Work Injuries Statistics Program (NWISP) compiled by the Association of Workers'' Compensation Boards of Canada (AWCBC).

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Analysis of workers’ compensation data and occupational health and safety trends in healthcare across Canada was conducted to provide insight concerning workplace injuries and prevention measures undertaken in the healthcare sector. METHODS: Timeloss claims data were collected for 1992–2002 from the Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada. Labour Force data from Statistics Canada were used to calculate injury rates. The Occupational Health and Safety Agency for Healthcare in British Columbia coordinated with provincial occupational health and safety agencies in Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia to analyze injury data and collate prevention measures in their regions. RESULTS: The national timeloss injury rate declined from 4.3 to 3.7 injuries per 100 personyears since 1998. Musculoskeletal injuries consistently comprised the majority of timeloss claims. Needlestick injuries, infectious diseases and stress-related claims infrequently resulted in timeloss claims although they are known to cause great concern in the workplace. Prevention measures taken in the various provinces related to safer equipment (lifts and electric beds), return-to-work programs, and violence prevention initiatives. Different eligibility criteria as well as adjudication policies confounded the comparison of injury rates across provinces. DISCUSSION: Since 2000, all provinces experienced healthcare restructuring and increased workload in an aging workforce. Despite these increased risks, injury rates have decreased. Attribution for these trends is complex, but there is reason to believe that focus on prevention can further decrease injuries. While occupational health is a provincial jurisdiction, harmonizing data in addition to sharing data on successful prevention measures and best practices may improve workplace conditions and thereby further reduce injury rates for higher risk healthcare sector occupations.


id: cord-341709-nzvon5hc
title: Inclusion and equity in education: Current policy reform in Nova Scotia, Canada
author: Whitley, Jess
date: 2020-09-09
txt: ./txt/cord-341709-nzvon5hc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341709-nzvon5hc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32921822/
doi: 10.1007/s11125-020-09503-z
summary:
  As with most other provinces and territories, inclusive education policy in Nova Scotia has broadened to include a lens of equity, with a focus on not only students with special education needs, but all students – particularly those most often marginalized by and within Canadian school systems. Recognition of continued disparities among student experiences and outcomes has propelled recent efforts in provinces including Nova Scotia to collect and share achievement and wellbeing-related data that is disaggregated in a number of ways (Ontario Ministry of Education 2017; UNICEF Canada 2019). Our current work in the province of Nova Scotia is an opportunity to examine the ways in which a new policy of inclusive education is understood and implemented in light of the broader Canadian and international discussions of equity and inclusion.

abstract:
  This article aims to explore the context of inclusive education policy in Canada, and to highlight the particular case of inclusive education policy reform in the province of Nova Scotia. As with most other provinces and territories, inclusive education policy in Nova Scotia has broadened to include a lens of equity, with a focus on not only students with special education needs, but all students – particularly those most often marginalized by and within Canadian school systems. The article reflects on the first phase of the developmental evaluation process which took place prior to full implementation of the policy. Four interconnected key themes emerge: 1) the shifting roles and identities for educators and specialized staff; 2) the changing roles of classroom teachers; 3) the importance of support to ensure effective universal and differentiated classroom practices; and 4) the professional learning of school staff. Although situated within the Nova Scotian and the national Canadian context, the discussion and implications can readily be applied to international systems engaged in developing and implementing broad inclusive education policy.


id: cord-346050-ssv1arr1
author: Hodgkinson, Tarah
date: 2020-06-20
txt: ./txt/cord-346050-ssv1arr1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346050-ssv1arr1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101706
doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101706
summary:
  This creates an opportunity to explore the preliminary effects of this lockdown on crime trends in one of Canada''s major cities, with the intention of determining if the shift in opportunity structures have changed crime trends and to improve planning for safety and crime prevention for potential further outbreaks of the pandemic and future exceptional events. Opportunity theories, such as routine activities theory, would predict that during an exceptional event, crime rates will both increase and decrease depending on the crime type and the shift in opportunity structure (Leither et al., 2011) . Routine activity theory argues that in order for a crime event to occur, a suitable target, a motivated offender, and the lack of a capable guardian need to come together in time and space (Cohen & Felson, 1979) .

title:
  Show me a man or a woman alone and I''ll show you a saint: Changes in the frequency of criminal incidents during the COVID-19 pandemic

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency of various crime types (property, violent, and mischief) in Vancouver, Canada. METHODS: Crime data representing residential burglary, commercial burglary, theft of vehicle, theft from vehicle, theft, violence, and mischief are analysed at the city level using interrupted time series techniques. RESULTS: While COVID-19 has not had an impact on all crime types, statistically significant change has been identified in a number of cases. Depending on the crime type, the magnitude and direction of the change in frequency varies. It is argued that (mandated) social restrictions, shifted activity patterns and opportunity structures which are responsible for these findings. CONCLUSIONS: We find support for changes in the frequency of particular crime types during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for criminal justice and social service practitioners when operating within an extraordinary event.


id: cord-348039-kl1a0au3
title: What might the future bring? COVID-19 planning considerations for faculty and universities
author: Majowicz, S. E.
date: 2020-04-29
txt: ./txt/cord-348039-kl1a0au3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348039-kl1a0au3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32345390/
doi: 10.1017/s0950268820000898
summary:
  This paper applies a scenario planning approach, to outline some current uncertainties related to COVID-19 and what they might mean for plausible futures for which we should prepare, and to identify factors that we as individual faculty members and university institutions should be considering now, when planning for the future under COVID-19. The PHAC report was underpinned by two planning methodologies: scenario planning [4] , which aims to describe the range of plausible futures so that decisions and plans can be robust in the face of uncertainty; and a modified Political, Economic, Social, Technological (PEST) analysis [5] , a framework for identifying macro-level factors in the wider environment that can impact organisations'' abilities to function. This paper applies a similar approach, in order to: (a) outline some current uncertainties related to COVID-19, and what they might mean for plausible futures for which we should prepare; and (b) list factors that we as individual faculty members and university institutions should be considering now, when planning for the future under COVID-19.

abstract:
  This paper applies a scenario planning approach, to outline some current uncertainties related to COVID-19 and what they might mean for plausible futures for which we should prepare, and to identify factors that we as individual faculty members and university institutions should be considering now, when planning for the future under COVID-19. Although the contextual focus of this paper is Canada, the content is likely applicable to other places where the COVID-19 epidemic curve is in its initial rising stage, and where universities are predominantly publicly funded institutions.


id: cord-349348-9rnvawfa
title: Genomics and Public Health Research: Can the State Allow Access to Genomic Databases?
author: Cousineau, J
date: 2012-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-349348-9rnvawfa.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349348-9rnvawfa.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23113174/
doi: nan
summary:
  Thus, genomic databases will constitute an important source of information, on the one hand, in order to pursue research aiming to understand better the genetic susceptibility to a disease regarding certain individuals within a population, and on the other, to implement eventually public health interventions. Following an overview of the essential roles of public health and an analysis of relevant Quebec legislation, the precautionary principle is examined as another possible avenue to justify State access to and use of genomic databases for research purposes or, for the management of a pandemic. Ongoing surveillance does not apply "to research and knowledge development activities carried out in the sector of health or social services in particular, by the Institut national de santé publique du Québec" (art. Our analysis of the pandemic influenza recommendations proposed by the World Health Organization, Canada and Quebec, all of which are important planning instruments, centers on the four principal functions of public health: monitoring, promotion, prevention and protection.

abstract:
  Because many diseases are multifactorial disorders, the scientific progress in genomics and genetics should be taken into consideration in public health research. In this context, genomic databases will constitute an important source of information. Consequently, it is important to identify and characterize the State’s role and authority on matters related to public health, in order to verify whether it has access to such databases while engaging in public health genomic research. We first consider the evolution of the concept of public health, as well as its core functions, using a comparative approach (e.g. WHO, PAHO, CDC and the Canadian province of Quebec). Following an analysis of relevant Quebec legislation, the precautionary principle is examined as a possible avenue to justify State access to and use of genomic databases for research purposes. Finally, we consider the Influenza pandemic plans developed by WHO, Canada, and Quebec, as examples of key tools framing public health decision-making process. We observed that State powers in public health, are not, in Quebec, well adapted to the expansion of genomics research. We propose that the scope of the concept of research in public health should be clear and include the following characteristics: a commitment to the health and well-being of the population and to their determinants; the inclusion of both applied research and basic research; and, an appropriate model of governance (authorization, follow-up, consent, etc.). We also suggest that the strategic approach version of the precautionary principle could guide collective choices in these matters.


id: cord-350915-x0gn8wqv
author: Oostlander, Samantha A.
date: 2020-10-21
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url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101925
doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101925
summary:
  Through content analysis, five themes and one model were generated from the data: 1) Emergency management is not synonymous with first response, 2) Unrealistic expectations for a "side-of-desk" role, 3) Minding the gap between academia and practice with a ''whole-society'' approach, 4) Personal preparedness tends to be weak, 5) Behind the scenes roles can have mental health implications. This complimentary strategy takes aim at Canadian specific priority areas including: 1) Enhance whole-ofsociety collaboration and governance to strengthen resilience, 2) Improve understanding of disaster risks in all sectors of society, 3) Increase focus on whole-of-society disaster prevention and mitigation activities, 4) Enhance disaster response capacity and coordination and foster the development of new capabilities, and 5) Strengthen recovery efforts by building back better to minimize the impacts of future disasters (Public Safety Canada, 2019).

title:
  The Roles of Emergency Managers and Emergency Social Services Directors to Support Disaster Risk Reduction in Canada

abstract:
  Emergency managers (EMs) and Emergency Social Services Directors (ESSDs) are essential service providers who fulfill critical roles in disaster risk reduction. Despite being positioned throughout all levels of government, and in the private sector, EMs and ESSDs fulfill roles which occur largely behind the scenes. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the roles of EMs and ESSDs from different regions across Canada. Specifically, we wanted to understand their perceptions of barriers, vulnerabilities and capabilities within the context of their roles. EMs (n=15) and ESSDs (n=6) from six Canadian provinces participated in semi-structured telephone interviews. Through content analysis, five themes and one model were generated from the data: 1) Emergency management is not synonymous with first response, 2) Unrealistic expectations for a “side-of-desk” role, 3) Minding the gap between academia and practice with a ‘whole-society’ approach, 4) Personal preparedness tends to be weak, 5) Behind the scenes roles can have mental health implications. We present a model, based on these themes, which makes explicit the occupational risks that EMs and ESSDs may encounter in carrying out the skills, tasks, and roles of their jobs. Identification of occupational risks is a first step towards reducing vulnerabilities and supporting capability. This is particularly relevant in our current society as increased demands placed on these professionals coincides with the increasing frequency and severity of natural disasters due to climate change and the emergence of the world wide COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-351204-5m1ch7ls
title: Vulnerability of Aboriginal health systems in Canada to climate change
author: Ford, James D.
date: 2010-06-22
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url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0959378010000439
doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.05.003
summary:
  The existing burden of ill-health increases the sensitivity of Indigenous peoples to the adverse impacts of climate change, which combined with a proportionally higher dependence of many Indigenous Climate change Health Adaptation Vulnerability Aboriginal Inuit Mé tis First nations Canada Social determinants of health Inequality Indigenous A B S T R A C T Climate change has been identified as potentially the biggest health threat of the 21st century. However, there remains a significant deficit in information required to inform and guide adaptation among Aboriginal peoples-part of what we broadly term an Indigenous peoples ''vulnerability deficit.'' Major Canadian assessments of climate change, for example, identify research on Aboriginal health a priority for action , and while Furgal and Prowse (2008) focus on the health of mostly Inuit inhabitants in the north, other Aboriginal populations have been less studied (Healey and Meadows, 2007; Wilson and Young, 2008) .

abstract:
  Climate change has been identified as potentially the biggest health threat of the 21st century. Canada in general has a well developed public health system and low burden of health which will moderate vulnerability. However, there is significant heterogeneity in health outcomes, and health inequality is particularly pronounced among Aboriginal Canadians. Intervention is needed to prevent, prepare for, and manage climate change effects on Aboriginal health but is constrained by a limited understanding of vulnerability and its determinants. Despite limited research on climate change and Aboriginal health, however, there is a well established literature on Aboriginal health outcomes, determinants, and trends in Canada; characteristics that will determine vulnerability to climate change. In this paper we systematically review this literature, using a vulnerability framework to identify the broad level factors constraining adaptive capacity and increasing sensitivity to climate change. Determinants identified include: poverty, technological capacity constraints, socio-political values and inequality, institutional capacity challenges, and information deficit. The magnitude and nature of these determinants will be distributed unevenly within and between Aboriginal populations necessitating place-based and regional level studies to examine how these broad factors will affect vulnerability at lower levels. The study also supports the need for collaboration across all sectors and levels of government, open and meaningful dialogue between policy makers, scientists, health professionals, and Aboriginal communities, and capacity building at a local level, to plan for climate change. Ultimately, however, efforts to reduce the vulnerability of Aboriginal Canadians to climate change and intervene to prevent, reduce, and manage climate-sensitive health outcomes, will fail unless the broader determinants of socio-economic and health inequality are addressed.


id: cord-355827-e38itktq
title: COVID-19 in Canada and the use of Personal Protective Equipment
author: Adisesh, Anil
date: 2020-05-18
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url: https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa094
doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa094
abstract: nan
summary:
  It lists specific micro-organisms including the virus responsible for SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), for which contact and droplet precautions are advised, except during aerosol-generating medical procedures, when airborne precautions are to be instituted. The routine practices and additional precautions lay out in some detail the PPE to be used together with descriptions of the different types of medical grade gloves, masks and respirators, and eye protection. It is noteworthy that if this approach were followed for exposure to SARS-CoV-2, a biosafety Risk Group 3 organism [7], the choice of respiratory protection for any patient encounter for suspected or known COVID-19 disease would be at least a filtering face-piece respirator. Canada usually tends to align closely with US practices, but it is notable that the guidance from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is different in recommending an N95 respirator in all situations for a patient suspected or known to have COVID-19 [9] .


