# ent

id: cord-299310-ukn6hm5x
type: ORG
entity:
  USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service APHIS Veterinary Services VS Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health


id: cord-009694-e59kuwf1
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  II Report of the Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General Directorate C Scientific Opinions Iron


id: cord-009694-e59kuwf1
type: GPE
entity:
  the United States Human Livestock Interactions The Stockperson and the Productivity and Welfare of Intensively Farmeed


id: cord-009694-e59kuwf1
type: ORG
entity:
  Individual Housing Design and Size on Behaviour and Stress Indicators of Special Fed Holstein Veal Calves


id: cord-261338-gvlkc2r1
type: DISEASE
entity:
  rabbit intestines Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli


id: cord-017622-aqhyt7jg
type: DISEASE
entity:
  prolapse of the phallus and cloaca in ostrich chicks Pathogenesis of human and bovine Cryptosporidium parvum


id: cord-293079-z7dx6ey9
type: GGP
entity:
  BRSV PI3 and Coronavirus 10 negative 11 13 suspicious 14 50 low 51 100 moderate 100 high The determination of an


id: cord-310792-1brqzyn6
type: DISEASE
entity:
  infectious bovine rhinotracheitis bovine viral diarrhea parainfluenza 3 and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses


id: cord-281229-s9s7awtn
type: GGP
entity:
  cows within 2 h of parturition increased linearly with agronomic Se biofortification P 0 001 Colostrum Seconcentrations were 119 504 and 1336 ng mL respectively for cows


id: cord-281229-s9s7awtn
type: GGP
entity:
  cows within 2 h of parturition increased linearly with agronomic Se biofortification P 0 001 Control cows


id: cord-281229-s9s7awtn
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  K Denise Vorachek William R Dolan Brian P Bobe Gerd Pirelli Gene J Hall Jean A title Effects of feeding pregnant beef cows selenium


id: cord-323467-ifwjvvjj
type: DNA
entity:
  E coli Escherichia Salmonella Heidelberg Clostridium Campylobacter enteric bacteria coccidi BVD bovine viral diarr rotavirus coronavirus neospor bluetongue diphtheria Mycoplasma bovis Mycobacterium bovis Schmallenberg sarcocystis anaplasm cowdria BLV bovine leukemia virus BIV bovine immunodeficiency virus BoHV 1 BHV 1 bovine herpes virus PIV 3 PIV3 parainfluenza virus Mannheimia haemolytica Pasteurella multocida Histophilus somni Arcanobacterium pyogenes


id: cord-316839-wckqscvm
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Herds B and C 166 and 162 calves respectively were enrolled and were eligible for inclusion in the study Table 1


id: cord-267659-9iy8l55f
type: GGP
entity:
  TNF α RandD Systems Minneapolis MN using 7 step serially diluted recombinant bovine TNF α standard At 5 d of age accelerometers UA 004 64 Onset Computer Corp Bourne MA


id: cord-267659-9iy8l55f
type: DISEASE
entity:
  infectious bovine rhinotracheitis bovine viral diarrhea virus I and II bovine respiratory syncytial virus parainfluenza 3 Triangle 5


id: cord-333522-zsdymkjd
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  tumor necrosis factor interleukin 1α interleukin 1β serum amyloid A haptoglobin fibrinogen C reactive protein catalase glutathione peroxidase


id: cord-333522-zsdymkjd
type: GGP
entity:
  replacer 12 of body weight day 150 g L SALVAlac MIRApro 45 Salvana Tiernahrung Klein Offenseth Sparrieshoop Germany On day 2


id: cord-333522-zsdymkjd
type: GGP
entity:
  CAT catalase GPX1 glutathione peroxidase SOD superoxide dismutase TNF tumor necrosis factor IL1A interleukin 1α IL1B interleukin 1β HP haptoglobin


id: cord-261614-3m72qwl4
type: ORG
entity:
  Draft Environmental Impact Statement Subtherapeutic Antibacterial Agents in Animal Feeds Characterization


id: cord-261614-3m72qwl4
type: ORG
entity:
  United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services USDA APHIS VS Development


id: cord-306297-bt35kaix
type: DNA
entity:
  coccidiostat Deccox Rhone Poulenc Atlanta GA at 25 mg kg Commercial milk replacer Land O Lakes Inc Ft Dodge IA


id: cord-313273-ajj4qy7c
type: ORG
entity:
  Arianna Villarreal Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis Tulare


id: cord-324365-546cu3ly
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ear vein 8 L of 0 9 saline solution 2 L of 5 glucose solution 0 25 L of 8 4 bicarbonate solution Analyses PCV


id: cord-308343-crjjhpl1
type: ORG
entity:
  G Federation of Animal Science Societies Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and


id: cord-251994-ygd8xv5x
type: GGP
entity:
  OPG 2 0 10 5 8 7 10 3 5 0 10 6 10 63 1 5 10 4 200 3 0 10 4 3 23 9 0 10 4 3 3 10 3 1 2 10 6 8 62 6 5 10 5 50 2 0 10 6 10 63 2 0 10 4 1 5 10 3 3 6 10 6 5 45 6 8 10 5 3 0 10 5 1 5 10 6 8 80


id: cord-355735-515n7knt
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  n 6 Trichosporon cutaneum n 5 C tropicalis n 3 C kefyr n 2 C lypolytica n 1 C colliculosa n 1 and C parapsilosis n 1 Unlike C glabrata


id: cord-266153-c1w1pf5t
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Mozambique Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Identification


id: cord-266153-c1w1pf5t
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Special Reference to Cryptosporidiosis Clinical Veterinary Microbiology Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease Diseases Associated


# bib

id: cord-003782-my6frz5s
author: Foster, Derek
date: 2019-05-27
txt: ./txt/cord-003782-my6frz5s.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003782-my6frz5s.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6639490/
doi: 10.1111/jvim.15529
summary:
  title: Exploratory cohort study to determine if dry cow vaccination with a Salmonella Newport bacterin can protect dairy calves against oral Salmonella challenge HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effect on calves of colostrum from cows vaccinated with a commercially available Salmonella Newport bacterin against a Salmonella Typhimurium challenge. Colostral immunity stimulated by vaccinating dry cows for Escherichia coli, rotavirus, and coronavirus has been used extensively in the dairy and beef industries to protect calves against diarrhea challenge. 8 This finding suggests that dry cow vaccination and subsequent colostrum administration may be a viable method to provide immunity against Salmonella in neonatal calves, potentially decreasing the incidence, severity, and mortality of the infection. Secondary outcomes also were evaluated to determine if consumption of colostrum from vaccinated cows would impact the titers, clinical disease, or shedding of Salmonella in calves after experimental infection. Administration of the Salmonella Newport bacterin to dry cows did not provide protective immunity to calves in our study despite increased titers.

title:
  Exploratory cohort study to determine if dry cow vaccination with a Salmonella Newport bacterin can protect dairy calves against oral Salmonella challenge

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Salmonellosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal calves, often occurring before preventative vaccines can be administered. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effect on calves of colostrum from cows vaccinated with a commercially available Salmonella Newport bacterin against a Salmonella Typhimurium challenge. ANIMALS: Twenty Holstein bull calves from a university dairy farm. METHODS: Nonrandomized placebo‐controlled trial in which colostrum was harvested from 30 cows that received 2 doses of either Salmonella bacterin or saline before calving. Colostrum collected from each group was pooled and fed to 2 groups of 10 calves at birth. At approximately 2 weeks of age, calves were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Clinical, hematologic, microbiological, and postmortem findings were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: No differences in mortality, clinical findings, hematology results, blood and fecal cultures, or necropsy findings between the 2 groups were observed. Vaccinated cows had higher colostral titers, and calves fed this colostrum had higher serum titers (mean difference, 0.429; mean [SE], 0.852 [0.02] for vaccinated versus 0.423 [0.02] for control calves). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Transfer of colostral immunoglobulins from Salmonella enterica serotype Newport bacterin to neonatal calves was not sufficient to decrease mortality, clinical signs, sepsis, intestinal damage, or fecal shedding when exposed to a highly pathogenic Salmonella isolate. A large‐scale randomized controlled clinical trial is needed to evaluate the efficacy of this bacterin when administered in the dry period for prevention of salmonellosis in neonatal calves.


id: cord-007180-pho3miid
title: Enteric Lesions and Diarrhea in Gnotobiotic Calves Monoinfected with Cryptosporidium Species
author: Heine, J.
date: 1984-11-17
txt: ./txt/cord-007180-pho3miid.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007180-pho3miid.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7109781/
doi: 10.1093/infdis/150.5.768
summary:
  Clinically affected calves have atrophy of villi and hyperplasia of crypt epithelium (apparently as a result of the destruction of villous epithelium); those areas of the small intestine that are heavily infected with the parasite become inflamed [7, 9, 10] . On the other hand, if confirmed, the reported occurrence of diarrhea and intestinal lesions in gnotobiotic pigs infected with an inoculum treated in a manner that destroys infectious agents other than Cryptosporidium [18] provides strong evidence that the parasite can act as a primary enteropathogen in the absence of other enteric flora. Gnotobiotic calves inoculated with oocysts of Cryptosporidium that had been treated with potassium dichromate and peracetic acid became infected with Cryptosporidium and developed clinical signs and enteric lesions.

abstract:
  The pathogenicity of Cryptosporidium species was studied by inoculation of two gnotobiotic calves with cryptosporidial oocysts that had been decontaminated by treatment with peracetic acid. Two control calves were inoculated with similar material from which the oocysts had been removed by filtration. Oocyst-inoculated animals shed Cryptosporidium in their feces and developed depression, weakness, anorexia, and diarrhea. At necropsy five days after inoculation, endogeneous stages of Cryptosporidium were found in association with epithelial cells throughout the small and large intestines of these animals. The parasites were most numerous in the lower small intestine. Atrophic villi, disordered and degenerate villous epithelium, and hyperplastic crypt epithelium were associated with infection in the small intestine. Control animals remained normal. Extraneous agents were not detected in any of the calves. The results indicate that Cryptosporidium can destroy intestinal epithelial cells and cause diarrhea in monoinfected gnotobiotic calves.


id: cord-007442-13q74l4f
title: Treatment of the Calf with Diarrhea
author: Lewis, Lon D.
date: 2017-07-20
txt: ./txt/cord-007442-13q74l4f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007442-13q74l4f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7115579/
doi: 10.1016/s0196-9846(17)30191-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  The most important aspect in the treatment of the diarrheic calfis the administration of fluids to replace the extensive losses of water and electrolytes that occur and which are responsible for the clinical signs and potential death of the calf. Oral administration of fluids is always the route of choice in the treatment of the diarrheic calf, unless the condition is so acute that intestinal absorption is not rapid enough to keep up with losses of fluid or unless the animal is too severely dehydrated. The intravenous route of fluid therapy is the route of choice when the animal is more than 8 per cent dehydrated (Table 1) , when the loss of fluids from the body is so rapid that replacement fluids given by other routes may not be absorbed fast enough to compensate for the losses, when shock is present, or when the animal shows clinical signs of altered concentrations of plasma electrolyte or glucose.


id: cord-007481-4mj5isyl
title: Dysentery in calves caused by an atypical strain of Escherichia coli (S102-9)
author: Chanter, N.
date: 2002-11-13
txt: ./txt/cord-007481-4mj5isyl.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007481-4mj5isyl.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7117321/
doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(86)90053-2
summary:
  Two of the four isolates were inoculated alone into 4-day-old gnotobiotic calves deprived of colostrum; neither calf developed dysentery but microscopic lesions identical to those produced by S102-9 were detected in the large intestines of both animals. An atypical strain of Escherichia coli (designated $102-9) was isolated from the faeces and intestinal contents of farm calves aged 8--21 days old during an outbreak of dysentery (Hall et al., 1985) and reproduced the disease after experimental infection of gnotobiotic calves . $102-9 was shown by an immunoperoxidase method to adhere to the mucosae of the large bowel in gnotobiotic and farm calves with dysentery, and microscopic lesions were seen in the colonic and rectal mucosae (Hall et al., 1985) . coli with atypical characteristics were an important cause of calf diarrhoea by examining a culture collection of 659 isolates from field outbreaks of diarrhoea, and thirdly, to investigate by experimental infection of gnotobiotic calves, the association between the atypical characteristics of these isolates and pathogenicity.

abstract:
  Dysentery lasting 4–8 days was produced in five 4-day-old colostrum-fed calves, after inoculation with an atypical strain of Escherichia coli S102-9; peak excretion of S102-9 occurred during the period of dysentery. Two calves were killed when clinical signs were most severe and bacteria were seen attached to the surfaces of enterocytes in the large intestine; microscopic lesions were seen in these areas. The lesions were identical to those previously reported in a natural outbreak of dysentery in calves, from which E. coli S102-9 was isolated, and to those seen in gnotobiotic calves experimentally infected with S102-9. Reinfection of the three surviving calves 16–20 days later with S102-9 and primary infection of two calves aged 24 and 51 days did not cause dysentery. Four of 659 coliforms isolated from field outbreaks of calf diarrhoea resembled the atypical strain S102-9. These four isolates and S102-9 did not produce heat-stable enterotoxin, but all produced a toxin cytopathic for Vero and HeLa cells. Two of the four isolates were inoculated alone into 4-day-old gnotobiotic calves deprived of colostrum; neither calf developed dysentery but microscopic lesions identical to those produced by S102-9 were detected in the large intestines of both animals.


id: cord-009694-e59kuwf1
author: nan
date: 2006-06-06
txt: ./txt/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009694-e59kuwf1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7163428/
doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.366
abstract: nan
summary:
  Prevention of typical calf diseases in the first 6 months of life such as diarrhoea and enzootic bronchopneumonia requires a systematic approach by improving management and housing conditions, specifically the preparation of the cow, hygiene of the calving environment, including dry clean bedding and high air quality, immediate supply with maternal antibodies, no mixing with older animals and careful attention and a rapid response to any sign indicating disease. -Space requirements -Health monitoring systems and the effect of such on clinical health in calves -Infection transmission (respiratory and digestive diseases) due to direct contact between calves in relation to social benefits of mixing -Pain relief when disbudding, dehorning and castrating calves -Design of appropriate ventilation systems for calves in confined rearing conditions -Health and environmental effects of feeding minerals as antimicrobial agents -For quantitative food safety risk categorization of farming systems individually, and/or their related ranking, further scientific information is needed.

title:
  Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems


id: cord-017622-aqhyt7jg
title: Cryptosporidiosis in Farmed Animals
author: Robertson, Lucy J.
date: 2013-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017622-aqhyt7jg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122230/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1562-6_4
summary:
  Cryptosporidiosis was first identified as a disease of veterinary, rather than human medical, importance, and infection of farmed animals with different species of Cryptosporidium continues to be of veterinary clinical concern. This chapter provides insights into Cryptosporidium infection in a range of farmed animals – cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, cervids, camelids, rabbits, water buffalo and poultry – presenting not only an updated overview of the infection in these animals, but also information on clinical disease, infection dynamics and zoonotic potential. Although extensive data have been accrued on, for example, Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves, and calf cryptosporidiosis continues to be a major veterinary concern especially in temperate regions, there remains a paucity of data for other farmed animals, despite Cryptosporidium infection causing significant clinical disease and also, for some species, with the potential for transmission of infection to people, either directly or indirectly.

abstract:
  Cryptosporidiosis was first identified as a disease of veterinary, rather than human medical, importance, and infection of farmed animals with different species of Cryptosporidium continues to be of veterinary clinical concern. This chapter provides insights into Cryptosporidium infection in a range of farmed animals – cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, cervids, camelids, rabbits, water buffalo and poultry – presenting not only an updated overview of the infection in these animals, but also information on clinical disease, infection dynamics and zoonotic potential. Although extensive data have been accrued on, for example, Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves, and calf cryptosporidiosis continues to be a major veterinary concern especially in temperate regions, there remains a paucity of data for other farmed animals, despite Cryptosporidium infection causing significant clinical disease and also, for some species, with the potential for transmission of infection to people, either directly or indirectly.


id: cord-018404-jdu4h00e
author: DuBourdieu, Dan
date: 2019-03-11
txt: ./txt/cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018404-jdu4h00e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123268/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_18
summary:
  Passive immunity can be provided to animals by several sources of antibodies including from colostrum, avian eggs, and monoclonal sources. This provides a rationale for the observations that bovine colostrum from nonimmunized cows may also afford passive immune protection against human pathogens in both humans and animals (Li-Chan et al. The animal industry has recognized this issue and has developed methods to produce specific antibodies in high titer against specific diseases that can be delivered in colostrum products. Passive antibody therapy in the treatment of infectious diseases is a concept which dates back more than 120 years, to the 1890s, when the use of serum from immunized animals provided the first effective treatment options against infections with Clostridium tetani and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Hey 2015) . Passive immunity provided by chicken egg antibodies will gain increasing use in production animals.

title:
  Colostrum Antibodies, Egg Antibodies and Monoclonal Antibodies Providing Passive Immunity for Animals

abstract:
  Passive immunity can be provided to animals by several sources of antibodies including from colostrum, avian eggs, and monoclonal sources. These antibodies have been shown protect production and companion animals from a number of pathogens. This chapter reviews the immune system for the principles of immune response to antigens and the synthesis of immunoglobulins of the five classes of antibodies in the body. Colostrum antibodies are described for passive immunity protection in animals such as calves. Chicken egg antibodies are another source of antibodies for passive immunity. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are also used to provide passive immunity in the veterinary field.


id: cord-251994-ygd8xv5x
title: Disinfection with hydrated lime may help manage cryptosporidiosis in calves
author: Björkman, Camilla
date: 2018-12-15
txt: ./txt/cord-251994-ygd8xv5x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-251994-ygd8xv5x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.11.004
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.11.004
summary:
  parvum in the laboratory (Zintl et al., 2010) , and when hydrated lime disinfection of the calf pens was used as a complement to the standard cleaning procedures in two Swedish herds with long-lasting cryptosporidiosis problems, the farmers reported a lower incidence and less severe diarrhea in the calves (C. Before it was finally decided if a herd could be included, faecal samples were collected from five calves under three weeks of age and analysed for presence of Cryptosporidium spp., rotavirus and coronavirus. parvum-associated calf diarrhea problems, calves kept in the hydrated lime disinfected pens were older when diarrhea was first recorded and had a higher body condition score at six to eight weeks of age. oocysts in faecal samples collected from 5 to 21 day old calves in four dairy herds participating in a study on the effect of hydrated lime on cryptosporidiosis.

abstract:
  Diarrhea is common in young calves and is often caused by Cryptosporidium parvum infection. The aim of this study was to investigate if disinfection of calf pens with hydrated lime would reduce contamination of C. parvum oocysts and improve calf health in herds with C. parvum associated diarrhea problems. Four dairy herds with ongoing C. parvum associated calf diarrhea problems each participated in the study over six to seven months. During the study period, all pens/huts for young calves were cleaned according to the usual farm routine before a new calf entered. Hydrated lime was then used to disinfect half of the pens/huts. Diarrhea incidence was recorded by the farmers and by veterinarians, who clinically examined the calves every second month. In total, 402 calves participated in the study. The farmers detected diarrhea in 214 (53%) calves, with similar proportions in calves kept in lime disinfected and control pens. Age at diarrhea onset was significantly higher in lime disinfected pens than in control pens, 9.0 days and 7.6 days, respectively. There was no difference between the groups regarding duration or severity index recorded by the farmers. The body condition score in 6–8 week old calves was significantly higher in calves that had been kept in lime disinfected pens during their first weeks of life, indicating that calves in disinfected pens/huts were less affected by their infections. Faecal samples from 5 to 21 day old calves, were collected on four occasions at each farm (n = 95). Cryptosporidium positive samples were found at all samplings in all four herds. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 79 (83%) samples with no difference between lime disinfected and control pens. C. parvum was the dominant species. Two different C. parvum subtypes were found; IIaA16G1R1b in three herds and IIaA16G1R1b_variant in one herd. Only one subtype was found in each herd. Disinfection of calf pens with slaked lime delayed onset of diarrhea and improved the body condition in the calves, but did not affect diarrhea incidence or duration. Although lime disinfection alone will not be sufficient to control Cryptosporidium associated diarrhea in herds with extensive calf diarrhea problems, these results suggest that it can be a valuable complement to other measures.


id: cord-257418-cyul92w0
title: Disease Management of Dairy Calves and Heifers
author: McGuirk, Sheila M.
date: 2008-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-257418-cyul92w0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18299036/
doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.003
summary:
  This article focuses on the most important diseases of dairy calves and heifers and presents clinical approaches that can improve detection, diagnosis, and treatment of herd-based problems. As shown in Table 2 , fecal shedding results show evidence of increased exposure to C parvum and Salmonella newport in a herd with calf diarrhea problems in 9-day-old calves. For herd problems of enteric disease in calves, bedding materials from each environment that has housed calves are submitted both for bacterial counts (University of Minnesota Laboratory for Udder Health, Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, St. Paul, MN) and Salmonella spp culture. In investigating a dairy calf or heifer pneumonia problem, the review of records to determine morbidity and mortality data, seasonal patterns, health, management, housing, number of calves at maximum occupancy, nutrition, vaccinations, procedures, case definition, and treatment protocols is important.

abstract:
  This article focuses on the most important diseases of dairy calves and heifers and presents clinical approaches that can improve detection, diagnosis, and treatment of herd-based problems. A systematic herd investigation strategy is pivotal to define the problems, understand important risk factors, develop a plan, and make recommendations for disease management accurately. A review of records, colostrum and feeding routines, housing and bedding management, routine procedures, vaccination, and treatment protocols begins the investigation and determines which diagnostic procedures and testing strategies are most useful. Disease management is most effective when the problem source is well defined and the exposure can be limited, calf immunity can be enhanced, or a combination of both. Screening examinations performed regularly or done at strategic time points improves detection of disease, can be used to monitor treatment outcomes, and can avoid disease outbreaks.


id: cord-261338-gvlkc2r1
title: Pathophysiology of Diarrhea in Calves
author: Foster, D.M.
date: 2009-01-26
txt: ./txt/cord-261338-gvlkc2r1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261338-gvlkc2r1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19174281/
doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.10.013
summary:
  Infectious diarrhea in calves is most commonly associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, or some combination of these pathogens. 63 Severity of diarrhea and incidence of clinical signs in calves shedding oocysts can be variable within and between farms, leading some to question the true importance of C parvum as a primary pathogen; 67 however, it has been repeatedly isolated independent of other known pathogens in clinical cases. 79 Specifically, research has shown that the activation and inhibition of apoptosis is Calf Diarrhea related to the life stage of C parvum, and that apoptosis is inhibited during the trophozoite stage when the organism is most dependent on the host, but then increases later during the infection. Epithelial cell loss, villous atrophy, and malabsorption cannot account for all the fluid loss seen in C parvum infections, and studies have documented a prostaglandin-mediated anion secretion (Cl Ã� or HCO 3 Ã� ) and inhibition of neutral NaCl absorption (Fig. 3) .

abstract:
  Infectious diarrhea in calves is most commonly associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus, or some combination of these pathogens. Each of these agents leads to diarrhea through either secretion or malabsorption/maldigestion, though the specific mechanisms and pathways may differ. Specific pharmacologic control and treatment are dependent on gaining a greater understanding of the pathophysiology of these organisms.


id: cord-261614-3m72qwl4
author: Gomez, Diego E.
date: 2017-07-08
txt: ./txt/cord-261614-3m72qwl4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-261614-3m72qwl4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023317301284
doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.06.009
summary:
  This study evaluated the impact of an algorithm targeting antimicrobial therapy of diarrhoeic calves on the incidence of diarrhoea, antimicrobial treatment rates, overall mortality, mortality of diarrhoeic calves and changes in the faecal microbiota. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the impact of an antibiotic use algorithm on calf health (morbidity and mortality) and antimicrobial treatment rates, and to characterise the faecal microbiota of healthy calves before and after implementing the algorithm. Data for antimicrobial treatment rates, incidence of diarrhoea, and overall mortality and mortality of diarrhoeic calves, on both farms for each period are presented in Table 2 . The use of an algorithm for treatment of calf diarrhoea decreased the rates of antimicrobial treatment on two dairy farms without an adverse effect on the health of the calves. Management practices and reduction in antimicrobial treatment rates at the farm level could have an impact on the development and establishment of faecal microbiota of healthy calves.

title:
  Implementation of an algorithm for selection of antimicrobial therapy for diarrhoeic calves: Impact on antimicrobial treatment rates, health and faecal microbiota

abstract:
  This study evaluated the impact of an algorithm targeting antimicrobial therapy of diarrhoeic calves on the incidence of diarrhoea, antimicrobial treatment rates, overall mortality, mortality of diarrhoeic calves and changes in the faecal microbiota. The algorithm was designed to target antimicrobial therapy in systemically ill calves from on two dairy farms. Retrospective (farm 1: 529 calves; farm 2: 639 calves) and prospective (farm 1: 639 calves; farm 2: 842 calves) cohorts were examined for 12 months before and after implementation of the algorithm. The Mantel–Haenszel test and Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to assess the cumulative incidence risk (CIR) and time to development of each outcome before and after implementation of the algorithm. The CIR of antimicrobial treatment rates was 80% lower after implementation of the algorithm on both farms (CIR 0.19, 95% confidence interval 0.17–0.21). There was no difference in the CIR of overall mortality, but the CRI for mortality of diarrhoeic calves was lower in the period after implementation of the algorithm on one farm. The faecal microbiota of 15 healthy calves from both farms at each time period were characterised using a sequencing platform targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. On both farms, there were significant differences in community membership and structure (parsimony P < 0.001). Use of the algorithm for treatment of diarrhoeic calves reduced antimicrobial treatment rates without a negative impact on the health of calves. However, the experimental design did not take into account the potential confounding effects of dietary changes between the study periods.


id: cord-262115-kdeynhzq
author: Opgenorth, Julie
date: 2020-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-262115-kdeynhzq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262115-kdeynhzq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-18045
doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-18045
summary:
  Our objective was to determine the dose response to fish and flaxseed oil when supplemented in colostrum on concentrations of plasma fatty acid (FA), FA metabolites, and index of oxidative stress during the critical first week of life in calves to understand how supplementing n-3 FA may decrease oxidative stress. In conclusion, supplementing colostrum with 30, 60, and 120 mL of a 1:1 mixture of fish and flaxseed oil linearly increased plasma concentrations of n-3 FA and metabolites and decreased biomarkers of oxidative stress, but did not alter oxidant status or affect health or growth. Increasing doses of 30, 60, and 120 mL of 1:1 fish: flaxseed oil blend supplemented in colostrum did not affect health or growth in calves, decreased phospholipid n-6 FA: n -3 FA profile, increased free and phospholipid n-3 FA concentrations, and increased several oxylipids deriving from n-3 FA during the first week of life.

title:
  Colostrum supplementation with n-3 fatty acids alters plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediators in newborn calves

abstract:
  Calves may experience increased oxidative stress at birth through activation of metabolic and respiratory processes. Reducing oxidative stress may enhance calf viability in early life. Our objective was to determine the dose response to fish and flaxseed oil when supplemented in colostrum on concentrations of plasma fatty acid (FA), FA metabolites, and index of oxidative stress during the critical first week of life in calves to understand how supplementing n-3 FA may decrease oxidative stress. We hypothesized that n-3 FA supplemented in colostrum in a linear dose-dependent fashion would associate with increased plasma n-3 FA concentrations and decreased oxidative stress. Twenty-four male and female Holstein calves were randomly assigned to receive 0, 30, 60, or 120 mL of a 1:1 fish to flaxseed oil supplement in colostrum. All calves received 2.8 L of previously frozen colostrum (≥22% Brix) with their respective treatment within 6 h after birth. Blood was sampled before first feeding after birth and on d 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 d of age to assess oxidant status and plasma free PUFA, phospholipid FA, and oxylipid concentrations. Health indicators were observed daily. Indicators of general health and growth were unaffected by treatment. Supplemented calves exhibited greater concentrations of n-3 FA in plasma as free and phospholipid FA and some n-3 and n-6 FA-derived oxylipids in the first week of life in a linear fashion with increasing supplemental dose. Fish and flaxseed oil treatments did not alter oxidant status but overall decreased isoprostane concentrations in plasma, indicating oxidative stress was decreased. Together, these responses indicate that the fish and flaxseed oil supplement was antiinflammatory. In conclusion, supplementing colostrum with 30, 60, and 120 mL of a 1:1 mixture of fish and flaxseed oil linearly increased plasma concentrations of n-3 FA and metabolites and decreased biomarkers of oxidative stress, but did not alter oxidant status or affect health or growth. Our findings suggest neonatal calves may benefit from n-3 FA supplementation in colostrum to encourage a greater antiinflammatory state.


id: cord-264227-eym33p51
author: Katsoulos, Panagiotis D.
date: 2017-07-29
txt: ./txt/cord-264227-eym33p51.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264227-eym33p51.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.029
doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.029
summary:
  The objective of this study was to evaluate under field conditions, whether daily administration of oregano essential oil is effective in preventing and/or diminishing the severity of neonatal diarrhea syndrome in calves aged less than 15 days. The objective of the present study was to evaluate under field conditions whether daily administration of oregano essential oil is effective in preventing and/or diminishing the severity of neonatal diarrhea syndrome in calves aged < 15 days. In a former experiment Table 3 Incidence of diarrhea, percentages of calves with adequate passive immunity transfer and percentages of positive calves to Cryptosporidium spp., Rotavirus A (RVA), Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and enterotoxic Escherichia coli K99/F5 (ETEC) in the three farms of the experiment (Farm 1, 2 and 3) and in calves drenched with oregano essential oil (Eco) or left untreated as controls (Conts).

title:
  Evaluation of the in-field efficacy of oregano essential oil administration on the control of neonatal diarrhea syndrome in calves

abstract:
  The objective of this study was to evaluate under field conditions, whether daily administration of oregano essential oil is effective in preventing and/or diminishing the severity of neonatal diarrhea syndrome in calves aged less than 15 days. Ninety-one newborn calves from three dairy farms were assigned into two groups; “Eco” group (n = 46) calves were drenched with Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. Hirtum) essential oil (ECODIAR® liquid 5%) at the dose of 12.5 mg/kg body weight once per day until the age of 10 days. “Conts” group (n = 45) calves were left untreated and served as controls. All animals were monitored daily for the incidence of diarrhea until the age of 15 days and their fecal score was recorded. Fecal samples were collected on days 3, 6 and 10 for microbiological and parasitological evaluation. Average fecal score throughout the experiment, incidence of diarrhea, duration and severity of diarrhea episodes were significantly lower in Eco group compared to the controls. Daily administration of oregano essential oil in calves for the first 10 days of their life effectively diminishes the severity of naturally acquired diarrhea under field conditions and, under certain hygiene practices, possess a preventive effect against neonatal diarrhea syndrome.


id: cord-264391-7fse4h3f
author: Gow, Sheryl P.
date: 2009-07-01
txt: ./txt/cord-264391-7fse4h3f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264391-7fse4h3f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.03.010
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.03.010
summary:
  While a few studies have provided some insight to more intensive livestock production units such as hog farms (Dunlop et al., 1998; Rajic et al., 2006) , there is no information about antimicrobial drug use (AMU) in western Canadian cow-calf herds. A better understanding of AMU patterns in this population is essential to develop a baseline and determine Investigators examined antimicrobial drug use practices and reason for treatment as part of a large on-farm observational study of cow-calf herds from western Canada. The objectives of this study were to describe the frequency of treatment with any antimicrobial drug in beef calves and cows, common reasons for AMU, the types of antimicrobial drugs used, and risk factors for treatment in western Canadian cow-calf herds during the calving season. The investigation of antimicrobial drug use practices was undertaken to maximize the industry benefit from this unique opportunity for on-farm access to individual animal data from a large number of cow-calf herds.

title:
  Antimicrobial drug use and reason for treatment in 203 western Canadian cow–calf herds during calving season

abstract:
  Abstract Investigators examined antimicrobial drug use practices and reason for treatment as part of a large on-farm observational study of cow–calf herds from western Canada. Reason for treatment and antimicrobial drug use (AMU) were described using data collected during the calving season (January 1 to June 30, 2002). The study included 28,573 calves and 36,634 cows and heifers from 203 beef herds. All herds had more than 50 cows. Individual animal treatment records and a herd-level standardized questionnaire were collected from every herd. During the period of January 1 to June 30, 2002 at least one treatment was reported in 14% (95% CI, 11–17) of calves and 2.7% (95% CI, 2.2–3.4) of cows and heifers from these herds. The median percent of calves reported as treated per farm was 6.5% (range 0–100%) while the median percent of cows and heifers reported as treated was 0.9% (range 0–15%). Antimicrobial drugs used during the calving season were primarily for disease treatment rather than prevention or growth promotion. Diarrhea was the primary reason for treating calves and metritis was the primary reason for treating cows. Parenteral antimicrobial drugs were the most common formulation used in both calves and cows. The most commonly used antimicrobial drugs in these herds were tetracyclines, sulphonamides, and florfenicol. This study provides baseline estimates of the frequency of antimicrobial drug exposure, the types of drugs used, and diseases treated in these cow–calf herds. The challenges identified in collecting these data can be used to improve the design of future on-farm studies.


id: cord-264469-a71vxxzh
title: Letter to the Editor: A Response to the Comments of Borderas et al. (2007)
author: Quigley, J. D.
date: 2007-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-264469-a71vxxzh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264469-a71vxxzh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S002203020771809X
doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0343
abstract: nan
summary:
  The authors propose that increased morbidity and mortality in our study was caused by administration of refused calf milk replacer (CMR) by esophageal feeder. They wrote "we suggest that the increased incidence of illness observed in the calves fed the higher levels of milk replacer was due to sick calves being force-fed." They further suggested that feed refusals were a manifestation of anorexia caused by expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The authors criticized our paper for including the use of fecal scoring in calves fed varying amounts of CMR and wrote "Although this system has been widely used to evaluate diarrhea in limit-fed calves, the authors provide no evidence that this measure was repeatable or a valid indicator of any underlying pathology." The authors further suggested that ". Growth and body composition of dairy calves fed milk replacers containing different amounts of protein at two feeding rates


id: cord-266153-c1w1pf5t
author: Gebregiorgis, Ashenafi
date: 2015-11-12
txt: ./txt/cord-266153-c1w1pf5t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266153-c1w1pf5t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-015-0946-9
doi: 10.1007/s11250-015-0946-9
summary:
  coli using standard sugar fermentation tests and identify risk factors associated with its isolation from diarrheic calf feces in the area. Animals included in this study were calves under 4 months of age that were clinically affected with diarrhea and exhibiting signs of systemic disease (e.g., poor appetite, fever, dehydration, decreased mentation, and reduced suckle reflex) and had pasty-watery feces with different colors. coli isolation associated with host and management factors Among the 201 diarrheic fecal samples, six types of diarrhea, namely, yellowish, blood-tinged, pure bloody, greenish, watery, and mucoid, were observed at different proportions. coli in the present study might be attributed to the variations in age groups examined as well as environmental and management conditions of the farms such as insufficient and/or poor-quality colostrum intake by the calves as stated by Charles et al.

title:
  Characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from calf diarrhea in and around Kombolcha, South Wollo, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

abstract:
  This study was carried out from October 2012 to end of February 2013 in and around Kombolcha, Amhara regional state, Ethiopia, using a total of 201 neonatal calves aged 1 day to 4 months and suffering from diarrhea. The objectives of the study were to isolate Escherichia coli from diarrheic calves, and to determine E. coli biotypes and risk factors associated with its isolation. The fecal samples were collected, transported, and processed following standard microbiological procedures. Seventy-four isolates of E. coli were identified. Yellowish diarrhea, younger age, and low-colostrum feeding were significantly associated with rate of E. coli isolation (P < 0.05). Then the 74 isolates of E. coli were biotyped using fermentation of 9 sugars and grouped into 12 biotypes; the most dominant was biotype III (36.8 %). Finally, by comparing with studies elsewhere, from the 12 isolated biotypes, 3 of them were suggested to be enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), entherotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and adhesion and effacing E. coli (AEEC) pathogenic strains. The present study showed that E. coli accounted for 37 % of calf diarrhea, with very diverse biotypes.


id: cord-266424-wchxkdtj
title: Model to Predict Septicemia in Diarrheic Calves
author: Lofstedt, Jeanne
date: 2008-06-28
txt: ./txt/cord-266424-wchxkdtj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-266424-wchxkdtj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10225596/
doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1999.tb01134.x
summary:
  12, 16 No single laboratory test has emerged as being completely reliable for the early diagnosis of septicemia in farm animal neonates, 12, 17 therefore, various scoring systems and predictive models using easily obtainable historical, clinical, and clinicopathologic data have been developed for this purpose. For a period of time, routine blood cultures were performed on all diarrheic calves presented to the Atlantic Veterinary College Teaching Hospital regardless of whether the clinical or clinicopathologic findings indicated a diagnosis of septicemia. The prevalence of septicemia in this study was identical to that reported for calves with diarrhea, depression, and/or weakness on a veal raising facility, 14 which suggests that the predictive values of the models developed herein may be relevant to other calf populations.

abstract:
  The difficulty in distinguishing between septicemic and nonsepticemic diarrheic calves prompted a study of variables to predict septicemia in diarrheic calves, 28 days old that were presented to a referral institution. The prevalence of septicemia in the study population was 31%. Variables whose values were significantly different (P < .10) between septicemic and nonsepticemic diarrheic calves were selected using stepwise, forward, and backward logistic regression. Variables identified as potentially useful predictors were used in the final model‐building process. Two final models were selected: 1 based on all possible types of predictors (laboratory model) and 1 based only on demographic data and physical examination results (clinical model). In the laboratory model, 5 variables retained significance: serum creatinine > 5.66 mg/dL (> 500 μmol/L) (odds ratio [OR] = 8.63, P = .021), toxic changes in neutrophils ≥ 21 (OR = 2.88, P = .026), failure of passive transfer (OR = 2.72, P = .023), presence of focal infection (OR = 2.68, P = .024), and poor suckle reflex (OR = 4.10, P = .019). Four variables retained significance in the clinical model: age ≤ 5 days (OR = 2.58, P = .006), presence of focal infection (OR = 2.45, P = .006), recumbency (OR = 2.98, P = .011), and absence of a suckling reflex (OR = 3.03, P = .031). The Hosmer—Lemeshow goodness‐of‐fit chi‐square statistics for the laboratory and clinical models had P‐values of .72 and .37, respectively, indicating that the models fit the observed data reasonably well. The laboratory model outperformed the clinical model by a small margin at a predictabilty cutoff of 0.5, however, the predictive abilities of the 2 models were quite similar. The low sensitivities (39% and 40%) of both models at a predicted probability cutoff of 0.5 meant many septicemic calves were not being detected by the models. The specificity of both models at a predicted probability cutoff of 0.5 was .90%, indicating that .90% of nonsepticemic calves would be predicted to be nonsepticemic by the 2 models. The positive and negative predictive values of the models were 66–82%, which indicated the proportion of cases for which a predictive result would be correct in a population with a prevalence of septicemia of 31%.


id: cord-267659-9iy8l55f
author: Sharon, K. P.
date: 2020-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-267659-9iy8l55f.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-267659-9iy8l55f.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590286520300392
doi: 10.15232/aas.2019-01886
summary:
  ABSTRACT Objective This research study aimed to determine whether preweaning plane of milk-replacer nutrition influences health, standing and oral behaviors, and performance of high-risk calves. The HPN calves had greater performance over the preweaning period including final BW, ADG, and feed:gain (total kg of milk replacer + calf starter, kg of DM/kg of BW gain), but weaning was more stressful for HPN calves. Determining the effects of an increased plane of nutrition (PON) on the health, behavior, and performance of high-risk dairy calves can help establish recommendations for feeding calves more milk solids to increase measures of gain and animal health without compromising normal calf behavior. Potential issues with high-risk calves being fed a HPN may be reduced with increased feeding times per day, a gradual step-up method, or other nutritional strategies that improve gastrointestinal development and function.

title:
  Effects of plane of milk-replacer nutrition on the health, behavior, and performance of high-risk Holstein bull calves from a commercial calf ranch

abstract:
  ABSTRACT Objective This research study aimed to determine whether preweaning plane of milk-replacer nutrition influences health, standing and oral behaviors, and performance of high-risk calves. Materials and Methods Thirty-six Holstein bull calves (1 d of age) from a commercial calf ranch were assigned to either a high plane of milk-replacer nutrition (HPN; n = 18; 20 and 28% DM lipid and protein, respectively, Cow’s Match, Land O’Lakes Animal Milk Protein Co., Shoreview, MN) or a low plane of milk-replacer nutrition (LPN; n = 18; 20% DM lipid and protein, Herd Maker, Land O’Lakes Animal Milk Protein Co.) through weaning. Total serum protein concentrations confirmed that 72 and 76% of calves had failure of passive transfer (<5.2 g/dL) in HPN and LPN, respectively. All calves were bottle fed twice daily. The LPN were fed 455 g of DM/d of milk replacer (MR) until weaning, and the HPN calves were fed 830 g of DM/d of milk replacer during the first 10 d and 1,080 g from 11 d until weaning. Calf starter and water were offered ad libitum. Calves were step-down weaned beginning at 51 d and completely weaned after 58 d when consuming 1 kg of calf starter (as-fed basis). Data are reported as HPN versus LPN throughout, respectively. Results and Discussion Risk for bloat and scouring were greater for calves fed the HPN, but there was no difference in antibiotic treatment or mortality. The HPN calves had greater performance over the preweaning period including final BW, ADG, and feed:gain (total kg of milk replacer + calf starter, kg of DM/kg of BW gain), but weaning was more stressful for HPN calves. Implications and Applications In conclusion, the high-risk calves fed a HPN had increased preweaning ADG, but there was also an increased incidence of scours. There may be differences in the health status of calves that may affect the ability to consume and use high MR levels. When feeding high-risk calves there may be a need for alternate strategies when determining the quality and quantity of MR being fed when compared with low-risk calves. Differences in gut integrity may influence the ability of high-risk calves to handle high levels of MR early in life. Potential issues with high-risk calves being fed a HPN might be reduced with increased feeding times per day, a gradual step-up method, or other nutritional strategies that improve gastrointestinal development and function.


id: cord-268382-94hlbf98
author: Zwierzchowski, Grzegorz
date: 2020-02-21
txt: ./txt/cord-268382-94hlbf98.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268382-94hlbf98.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S187114131931248X
doi: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103976
summary:
  title: Colostrum-supplemented transition milk positively affects serum biochemical parameters, humoral immunity indicators and the growth performance of calves It can be concluded that additional five days of colostrum feeding positively influences non-specific humoral immunity indicators and serum biochemical parameters in dairy calves. Additionally, the effect of colostrum-supplemented transition milk on the growth performance of calves was determined based on changes in body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG). The effect of colostrum-supplemented transition milk on selected serum biochemical variables (ALT, AST, AP, LDH, gluc, chol, TAG, urea, crea and TP) is presented in Table 2 . The effect of colostrum-supplemented transition milk on the serum concentrations of gluc, chol, TAG and TP at different time points is presented in Fig. 3a -d. TRT calves had higher average concentrations of chol and TP compared with CR calves (by 28% and 8%, respectively; P < 0.05) at each time point, but colostrum-supplemented transition milk had a significant effect only on chol levels.

title:
  Colostrum-supplemented transition milk positively affects serum biochemical parameters, humoral immunity indicators and the growth performance of calves

abstract:
  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of colostrum-supplemented transition milk on the growth rate of newborn calves. Thirty-six day-old female Holstein calves with a birth weight of 43.4 ± 5.5 kg were randomly assigned to a treatment group and a control group. On day 1, all calves received one portion (3 kg) of colostrum within 2 h after birth. Between the second feeding and the age of 5 days, control calves received only transition milk that had been collected from dams shortly before feeding, and the treatment group received 1.5 kg of colostrum collected from dams on day 1 and 1.5 kg of transition milk from subsequent milkings. Monthly body weight and average daily gain were used to measure growth performance. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein at multiple time points to evaluate the biochemical and immune status of calves. Colostrum-supplemented transition milk increased the concentrations of serum immunoglobulins, triacylglycerols, cholesterol and total protein. The activity of lactate-dehydrogenase and ceruloplasmin decreased, whereas lysozyme activity increased with time in the control group. It can be concluded that additional five days of colostrum feeding positively influences non-specific humoral immunity indicators and serum biochemical parameters in dairy calves.


id: cord-269730-a8h7irel
title: Using routinely collected data to evaluate risk factors for mortality of veal calves
author: Santman-Berends, I.M.G.A.
date: 2018-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-269730-a8h7irel.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269730-a8h7irel.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.013
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.05.013
summary:
  From the calves that were fattened during the study period, observations of 1.1 million calves originated from the Netherlands and were available to study risk factors for veal calf mortality associated with the herd of origin. The risk factors that were significantly associated with a higher mortality rate during the fattening period were a higher use of antimicrobials, hair colour as proxy for breed, country of origin, not having an all-in/all-out system, and the answer ''not applicable'' at the critical control point "Medicines are stored in a closed cabinet or room separated from animals and feed" (Table 3 ). The significant association between veal calf mortality and number of calves in the specific production cycle that was found in this study was incoherent as both the smallest and largest veal herds were protective factors, whereas the size groups in between had a higher risk.

abstract:
  From 2009 to 2012 a gradual increase in on-farm mortality of Dutch veal calves was observed. In 2012, the cattle industry decided that more information was needed on risk factors for mortality in both veal herds and herds of origin to enable implementation of risk mitigating measures. Routinely collected data were available from seven different data sources and contained information from 2.4 million white veal calves that were fattened in the period between 1 January 2011 and 30 June 2014. Survival analysis techniques (Kaplan-Meier), multilevel Poisson and multilevel Logistic regression models were applied to analyse the data. Two different models were assembled in which risk factors for veal calf mortality in respectively veal herds and herds of origin were identified. Univariable and multivariable regression techniques were used to detect risk factors significantly associated with mortality of veal calves during the fattening period. During the study period, the mean mortality was 4.9% per production cycle. The probability to die was highest during the first weeks after arrival in the veal herds and declined thereafter. Important risk factors included a veal herds with a higher use of antimicrobials, hair colour as proxy for breed, certain countries of origin, veal herd management with a limited amount of supplied feed and a not having an all-in / all-out system. A higher body weight at arrival in the veal herd was associated with lower mortality as well as veal calves that were fed an above median amount of milk, roughage and concentrates. From the calves that were fattened during the study period, observations of 1.1 million calves originated from the Netherlands and were available to study risk factors for veal calf mortality associated with the herd of origin. Important risk factors included purchase, herds with high mortality rates in the quarter in which the calf was born, fast growth in herd size, high cattle replacement rates and a higher antibiotic use in the quarter of birth. Calves that originated from herds that were certified BVD-free, Salmonella-unsuspected or Paratuberculosis-unsuspected, had a lower odds to die during the subsequent fattening period in a veal herd. Veal calf mortality was influenced by risk factors at the herd of origin as well as at veal herds. Adequate collaboration between the different industries is necessary to optimize veal calf management leading to a reduction in veal calf mortality during the fattening period.


id: cord-274450-mukc7mxi
author: Philippe, P.
date: 2014-12-15
txt: ./txt/cord-274450-mukc7mxi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274450-mukc7mxi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304401714005305
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.003
summary:
  A blinded, randomized, controlled, multi-centric field study was conducted on French dairy farms (n = 9) to evaluate the long term efficacy of metaphylactic, single oral treatments with either 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) of diclazuril (Vecoxan(®)), or 15 mg/kg BW of toltrazuril (Baycox(®)) against natural infections with Eimeria zuernii and/or Eimeria bovis, compared to untreated control animals. This study demonstrates that, over an extended observation period of 78 days, metaphylactic treatment with both diclazuril and toltrazuril reduces the impact of coccidiosis, but greater performance benefits based on average daily weight gains, were achieved following the use of diclazuril. Using a multiple linear regression model with mixed effect (data normally distributed, Shapiro-Wilk normality test, p-value = 0.5379), the diclazuril treated calves had an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.057 kg/day, significantly (p = 0.01) higher compared to calves in the toltrazuril group over the 11 weeks post-treatment observation period.

title:
  Comparative efficacy of diclazuril (Vecoxan(®)) and toltrazuril (Baycox bovis(®)) against natural infections of Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii in French calves

abstract:
  A blinded, randomized, controlled, multi-centric field study was conducted on French dairy farms (n = 9) to evaluate the long term efficacy of metaphylactic, single oral treatments with either 1 mg/kg body weight (BW) of diclazuril (Vecoxan(®)), or 15 mg/kg BW of toltrazuril (Baycox(®)) against natural infections with Eimeria zuernii and/or Eimeria bovis, compared to untreated control animals. A total of 199 calves from nine commercial farms aged between 21 and 55 days old at the start of study were included and randomly allocated to one of three groups. Calves on all farms were observed for a period of 78 days post treatment, using both parasitological (oocyst excretion), and clinical parameters (faecal score and body weight). The assessment of efficacy was based on both control of oocyst excretion, and on the average daily weight gains throughout the study. During the whole study period, the mean number of days with diarrhoea (≥2) was similar (0.7 days) between treated groups. Excretion in the untreated group peaked at 21 days after treatment. In both the diclazuril and toltrazuril-treated groups, mean oocyst excretion decreased dramatically in the five days following treatment. Thereafter, particularly towards the end of the study period, oocyst counts and percentage levels of E. zuernii were highest in the toltrazuril-treated group. In pooled data from all trial sites, the average daily weight gain was significantly (p = 0.01) higher (+0.057 kg/day) in the diclazuril group when compared to the toltrazuril group, and the average body weight gain of the diclazuril treated group was 4.4 kg higher than the toltrazuril group. On eight of the nine trial sites, the average daily gain was greater in the diclazuril group than in the toltrazuril group. This study demonstrates that, over an extended observation period of 78 days, metaphylactic treatment with both diclazuril and toltrazuril reduces the impact of coccidiosis, but greater performance benefits based on average daily weight gains, were achieved following the use of diclazuril.


id: cord-276186-fgvu1wcx
author: Schnyder, M.
date: 2009-03-09
txt: ./txt/cord-276186-fgvu1wcx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-276186-fgvu1wcx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19062195/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.094
summary:
  Neither prophylactic nor therapeutic use of NTZ improved the clinical appearance and calves of the therapeutic showed a longer diarrheic episode (p < 0.05) with strong altered faecal consistence compared to the untreated control group. Neither prophylactic nor therapeutic use of NTZ improved the clinical appearance and calves of the therapeutic showed a longer diarrheic episode (p < 0.05) with strong altered faecal consistence compared to the untreated control group. In conclusion, these preliminary results about the first prophylactic and therapeutic use of NTZ in calves did not show the expected positive effect on the course of the Cryptosporidium-infection, neither on reducing the clinical severity, nor on oocyst excretion. In conclusion, these preliminary results about the first prophylactic and therapeutic use of NTZ in calves did not show the expected positive effect on the course of the Cryptosporidium-infection, neither on reducing the clinical severity, nor on oocyst excretion.

title:
  Prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of nitazoxanide against Cryptosporidium parvum in experimentally challenged neonatal calves

abstract:
  Diarrhoea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum is a major problem in calves younger than 4 weeks of age. To date only a few compounds have been approved for prophylactic and none for therapeutic use. Nitazoxanide (NTZ) has proven its efficacy in vitro against C. parvum and is approved by FDA for the treatment of human cryptosporidiosis. In a first experimental study, 3 uninfected calves were treated with NTZ and pharmacokinetics was followed through blood samples. Serum samples of uninfected treated calves contained both NTZ metabolites (tizoxanide and tizoxanide glucuronide) and oral administration at 12 h intervals was considered as optimal. Three groups of three calves (1–3 days old) were then each inoculated with 1 × 10(7) oocysts of C. parvum (cattle genotype): the prophylactic group received 15 mg/kg body weight NTZ twice daily orally in milk from 1 day before to 8 days postinoculation (dpi). The therapeutic group received the same dosage of NTZ for 10 days from the appearance of diarrhoea (between 1 and 5 dpi). The control group was left untreated. All calves were monitored daily from day −1 to 28 dpi and faecal samples were collected for evaluation of consistency and for determination of oocyst numbers per gram (OPG) of faeces. Diarrhoea was observed in all calves within the first week. Neither prophylactic nor therapeutic use of NTZ improved the clinical appearance and calves of the therapeutic showed a longer diarrheic episode (p < 0.05) with strong altered faecal consistence compared to the untreated control group. The number of days with oocyst excretion did not differ significantly between the groups. In 5 out of 6 infected and treated calves oocyst excretion stopped only after discontinuation of treatment. In the prophylactic and in the control group mean values of the sum of the daily OPG per calf (8.5 × 10(6) and 8.0 × 10(6), respectively) and of the mean daily number of OPG (0.3 × 10(6) and 0.3 × 10(6), respectively) were similar, while the therapeutic group showed significantly lower values (1.9 × 10(6) and 0.06 × 10(6), respectively, p < 0.05). However oocyst determinations in this group may have been altered by the severe diarrhoea, diluting oocyst densities in the analysed faecal samples. In conclusion, these preliminary results about the first prophylactic and therapeutic use of NTZ in calves did not show the expected positive effect on the course of the Cryptosporidium-infection, neither on reducing the clinical severity, nor on oocyst excretion.


id: cord-277545-xyhh7uky
author: Oliveira, Victor H.S.
date: 2020-05-11
txt: ./txt/cord-277545-xyhh7uky.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-277545-xyhh7uky.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101494
doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101494
summary:
  The etiological agents involved in a bovine respiratory disease (BRD) outbreak were investigated in a dairy heifer calf rearing unit from southern Brazil. A battery of PCR assays was performed to detect the most common viruses and bacteria associated with BRD, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis. The present study reports a molecular diagnostic survey for multiple etiological agents during an outbreak of BRD in heifer calves in a Brazilian dairy calf rearing unit. In this study, the findings of 85.7% positive BALF samples for at least one of the pathogens associated with BRD highlight the importance of this disease in the calf rearing unit, especially of the mixed infections that were more frequent (72.2%) than single infections (27.7%).

title:
  Microbial diversity involved in the etiology of a bovine respiratory disease outbreak in a dairy calf rearing unit

abstract:
  The etiological agents involved in a bovine respiratory disease (BRD) outbreak were investigated in a dairy heifer calf rearing unit from southern Brazil. A battery of PCR assays was performed to detect the most common viruses and bacteria associated with BRD, such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, and Mycoplasma bovis. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were taken from 21 heifer calves (symptomatic n = 15; asymptomatic n = 6) that, during the occurrence of the BDR outbreak, were aged between 6 and 90 days. At least one microorganism was detected in 85.7% (18/21) of the BALF samples. Mixed infections were more frequent (72.2%) than single infections (27.7%). The interactions between viruses and bacteria were the most common in coinfections (55.5%). The frequencies of BRD agents were 38.1% for BRSV, 28.6% for BVDV, 33.3% for BCoV, 42.85% for P. multocida, 33.3% for M. bovis, and 19% for H. somni. BoHV-1, BPIV-3, and M. haemolytica were not identified in any of the 21 BALF samples. Considering that BALF and not nasal swabs were analyzed, these results demonstrate the etiological multiplicity that may be involved in BRD outbreaks in dairy calves.


id: cord-280036-ev82fzly
author: Almawly, J.
date: 2013-10-18
txt: ./txt/cord-280036-ev82fzly.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280036-ev82fzly.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23707392/
doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.04.029
summary:
  We performed a randomized controlled field trial of the efficacy of HL for the prevention of natural calf cryptosporidiosis, in the presence of co-infection with rotavirus and Salmonella Typhimurium. Motivated by the need of more data on the utility HL in the presence of co-infections with other pathogens, we performed a randomized controlled field trial of the anti-Cryptosporidium preventive efficacy of the compound in calves on a New Zealand farm enzootically infected with C. In addition to the analysis for Cryptosporidium, 23 fecal specimens taken haphazardly from the three treatment groups were analyzed for the presence of rotavirus, coronavirus, enterotoxigenic K99 + Escherichia coli (K99) and Salmonella spp. The calves in Group 3 (control Group) showed an oocyst shedding curve which was typical for natural cryptosporidiosis, with the majority of the animals becoming parasitologically positive by Day 8 and again negative by Day 20 (Tables 1 and 2) .

title:
  Utility of halofuginone lactate for the prevention of natural cryptosporidiosis of calves, in the presence of co-infection with rotavirus and Salmonella Typhimurium

abstract:
  Halofuginone lactate (HL) is registered in several countries for the prevention of calf cryptosporidiosis, but the compound's utility in the presence of co-infection with other enteropathogens is not well understood. We performed a randomized controlled field trial of the efficacy of HL for the prevention of natural calf cryptosporidiosis, in the presence of co-infection with rotavirus and Salmonella Typhimurium. Newborn calves on one farm were sequentially enrolled and allocated to a full dose (n = 15), half dose (n = 15), or a placebo control group (n = 15), using a randomized block design. The Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal specimens collected on Days 6, 8, 10, 14 and 20 were counted and the severity of the diarrhea was assessed using fecal consistency scores (solid, semisolid, or liquid). The oocyst numbers and fecal consistency scores were statistically compared between the groups. Ninety one percent of the calves shed Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts during the trial. The full dose group had a longer prepatent period than the control group, but no statistical difference in the number of oocysts was identified between the groups after controlling for the effects of sex and breed. The fecal consistency scores and mortality rates did not differ between the groups. These results indicated that the anti-Cryptosporidium activity and clinical benefit of HL were limited. It is concluded that in order to maximize the clinical efficacy of HL in the field, diagnostic efforts should aim to rule out the presence of other enteropathogens.


id: cord-281229-s9s7awtn
author: Apperson, K. Denise
date: 2018-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-281229-s9s7awtn.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281229-s9s7awtn.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0946672X17308672
doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.05.014
summary:
  Based on our previous findings in dairy cows, the objective of this study was to determine if feeding Se-replete beef cows Se-enriched alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hay during the last trimester of gestation delays turnover and replacement of fetal intestinal epithelial cells in their calves, thus extending the period of time during which large proteins can be transferred from intestinal lumen to neonatal blood. In this paper, to test the hypothesis that passive transfer is enhanced in calves born to cows fed Se-biofortified alfalfa hay in the last trimester of pregnancy compared to calves born to Control cows fed the USDA-approved upper limit of Na-selenite in salt [21] , we administered 25 g oral ovalbumin (OVA) to calves at 12, 24, or 36 h after birth, and measured serum OVA concentrations to estimate the time of gut closure.

title:
  Effects of feeding pregnant beef cows selenium-enriched alfalfa hay on passive transfer of ovalbumin in their newborn calves

abstract:
  Abstract Intestinal absorption of immunoglobulins is critical for health and survival of newborn calves because there is no transfer of immunoglobulins in utero. The objective of this study was to determine if feeding beef cows Se-enriched alfalfa hay during the last trimester of gestation improves passive transfer of ovalbumin (OVA), a surrogate protein marker for IgG absorption. Control cows (n = 15) were fed non-Se-fortified alfalfa hay (5.3 mg Se/head daily) plus a mineral supplement containing inorganic Se (3 mg Se/head daily). Med-Se (n = 15) and High-Se cows (n = 15) were fed Se-biofortified alfalfa hay (27.6 and 57.5 mg Se/head daily, respectively); both groups received mineral supplement without added Se. Calves were randomly assigned to receive orally administered OVA at 12, 24, or 36 h of age. Calves that received their oral dose of OVA at 12 h of age had higher serum OVA concentrations across the first 48 h of life if born to High-Se cows compared to calves born to Control cows (P = 0.05), with intermediate values for calves born to Med-Se cows. Our results, using OVA as a model for passive transfer, suggest that if calves do not receive adequate colostrum to reach maximum pinocytosis, then supranutritional Se supplementation in beef cattle may improve passive transfer in their calves, if calves receive colostrum within the first 12 h of age.


id: cord-281635-a6ia8kxf
author: Bellinzoni, R. C.
date: 1989-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-281635-a6ia8kxf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-281635-a6ia8kxf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2551102/
doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(89)90241-7
summary:
  title: Efficacy of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina In a small-scale experimental trial, involving 21 pregnant cows (13 vaccinated and eight unvaccinated controls), a significant increase in neutralizing antibody titres against different serotypes of bovine rotaviruses was found in both the colostrum and serum of vaccinated cows compared with that of unvaccinated controls. For that reason, after several years of epidemiological studies, it was decided to develop and test an inactivated oil-adjuvanted vaccine with the aim of controlling diarrhoea in beef and dairy herds in Argentina. The results showed that the oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine tested was effective in the control of calf neonatal diarrhoea in Argentina. As shown in Figure 1 , compared with controls, vaccinated cows showed significantly higher neutralizing antibody levels against rotavirus in serum, colostrum and milk until at least 30 days after calving.

title:
  Efficacy of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in the control of calf diarrhoea in beef herds in Argentina

abstract:
  Abstract We have assessed the potency of an inactivated oil-adjuvanted rotavirus vaccine in beef herds in Argentina. Two different vaccine trials were conducted. In a small-scale experimental trial, involving 21 pregnant cows (13 vaccinated and eight unvaccinated controls), a significant increase in neutralizing antibody titres against different serotypes of bovine rotaviruses was found in both the colostrum and serum of vaccinated cows compared with that of unvaccinated controls. Seven days after birth, half of the calves born to vaccinated dams or to control cows were challenged with live virulent virus whereas the other half of both groups were left in contact with the infected calves in order to mimic a natural field challenge. Although no statistically significant differences in the rate of protection were observed among the different groups of animals, a larger number of vaccinated calves were protected in comparison with their controls, particularly where animals in contact with infected calves were concerned. Secondly, a large-scale field trial was carried out in 17 beef herds involving a total of 4066 vaccinated pregnant cows. In 11 farms morbidity and mortality in calves from vaccinated cows were compared with historical data from the previous 3 years at the same locations. In the other six herds, control groups were used to compare data of the same year: 1540 cows were vaccinated and 2700 were left as controls. Taking into account the previous and current incidence of diarrhoea, morbidity and mortality were significantly reduced in 16 of the 17 beef herds tested. Vaccine effectiveness was also evident in farms where other enteropathogens such as cryptosporidium and coronaviruses were present, together with rotavirus.


id: cord-287778-ewowkq8o
title: Salt Poisoning as a Cause of Morbidity and Mortality in Neonatal Dairy Calves
author: Ollivett, T.L.
date: 2013-04-03
txt: ./txt/cord-287778-ewowkq8o.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-287778-ewowkq8o.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551171/
doi: 10.1111/jvim.12078
abstract: nan
summary:
  Serum chemistry determinations and measurement of the sodium content of milk replacer and water used on the farm identified salt poisoning as the cause of the clinical signs. 1, 3 The current report describes acute and chronic salt toxicity in neonatal dairy calves on a Wisconsin dairy from November 2010 to February 2011 in which abnormally high concentrations of sodium were detected in sera collected from these animals and in the water in which a commercial milk replacer powder was being mixed. Two milk replacer samples from the first and last calves fed for each of 6 successive feedings after the farm visit were analyzed for total solids and sodium concentration. Additional sodium from the milk replacer powder (approximately 60 mEq/L), electrolyte powder (3% sodium), and 2 times the recommended lasalocid concentration fed to calves with no access to free-choice water likely contributed to the early onset of clinical signs and death.


id: cord-289728-s6xmdmpf
title: Calf health from birth to weaning. II. Management of diarrhoea in pre-weaned calves
author: Lorenz, Ingrid
date: 2011-09-14
txt: ./txt/cord-289728-s6xmdmpf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289728-s6xmdmpf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21917151/
doi: 10.1186/2046-0481-64-9
summary:
  In neonatal calf diarrhoea, oral rehydration therapy is the single most important therapeutic measure to be carried out by the farmer and is usually successful if instigated immediately after diarrhoea has developed. Eimeriosis has a high economic impact on the farming industries due to direct cost of treatment and calf losses, but especially due to decreased performance of clinically as well as sub-clinically affected animals. Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations, due to the direct costs of calf losses and treatment and the long term effects on performance [1] . Enterotoxic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus and coronavirus are usually seen as the most common infectious causes of neonatal calf diarrhoea [7] . Oral rehydration therapy, continued milk feeding and prudent use of antibiotics are each important in the successful management of neonatal calf diarrhoea. The comparative effectiveness of three commercial oral solutions in correcting fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances caused by calf diarrhoea

abstract:
  Calfhood diseases have a major impact on the economic viability of cattle operations. The second of this three part review series considers the management of diarrhoeic diseases in pre-weaned calves. In neonatal calf diarrhoea, oral rehydration therapy is the single most important therapeutic measure to be carried out by the farmer and is usually successful if instigated immediately after diarrhoea has developed. Continued feeding of milk or milk replacer to diarrhoeic calves is important, to prevent malnourishment and weight loss in affected calves. Indiscriminative antibiotic treatment of uncomplicated diarrhoea is discouraged, whereas systemically ill calves can benefit from systemic antibiotic treatment for the prevention of septicaemia or concurrent diseases. Ancillary treatments and specific preventive measures are discussed. Eimeriosis has a high economic impact on the farming industries due to direct cost of treatment and calf losses, but especially due to decreased performance of clinically as well as sub-clinically affected animals. Emphasis lies on prophylactic or metaphylactic treatment, since the degree of damage to the intestinal mucosa once diarrhoea has developed, makes therapeutic intervention unrewarding.


id: cord-290783-ipoelk4h
author: Crouch, C. F.
date: 1985-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-290783-ipoelk4h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X85900568
doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(85)90056-8
summary:
  This article examines methods currently used to enhance the titre and duration of specific antibody in the mammary secretions of cows and pigs with particular reference to rotavirus and coronavirus infections. The situation in neonatal piglets is less clear, rotavirus infections are apparently common 6.t4-tt, w.hilst transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), the prototype enteric coronavirus in swine, is an example of a seasonal cold-weather disease, probably related to both the thermal sensitivity of the virus ~ and the effect of cold-stress on converting subclinical to clinical infections ~8. It is apparent that the enhancement of lactogenic immunity through the vaccination of the dam provides a suitable mechanism by which neonatal pigs and calves can be protected against rotavirus and coronavirus infections. Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections: Maternal vaccination increases and prolongs immunoglobulin G 1 antibody secretion in milk Antibody responses in serum, colostrum and milk of swine after infection or vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis virus

title:
  Vaccination against enteric rota and coronaviruses in cattle and pigs: Enhancement of lactogenic immunity

abstract:
  Passive immunity against enteric viral infections is dependent upon the continual presence in the gut lumen of a protective level of specific antibodies. This article examines methods currently used to enhance the titre and duration of specific antibody in the mammary secretions of cows and pigs with particular reference to rotavirus and coronavirus infections. In addition, some of the potential problems to be found in attempting to produce vaccines against these viral infections are outlined


id: cord-293079-z7dx6ey9
author: Schaefer, A. L.
date: 2012-10-31
txt: ./txt/cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293079-z7dx6ey9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034528811003833
doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.021
summary:
  The animals were monitored for BRD using conventional biometric signs for clinical scores, core temperatures, haematology, serum cortisol and infrared thermal values over 3weeks. The data collected demonstrated that true positive animals for BRD based on a gold standard including core temperature, clinical score, white blood cell number and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio displayed higher peak infrared thermal values of 35.7±0.35°C compared to true negative animals 34.9±0.22°C (P <0.01). Many of the aforementioned technologies including clinical scores, haematology, acute phase proteins, cytokines, antibody response and core temperature monitoring are useful aids to the diagnosis of BRD particularly when its prevalence is high in a population and once the clinical signs of respiratory disease are present. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of infrared thermography to non-invasively identify animals with BRD in a population with a low prevalence of respiratory disease. The use of infrared thermography in the non-invasive, automated detection of calves displaying bovine respiratory disease

title:
  The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography

abstract:
  Abstract Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) causes considerable economic loss and biosecurity cost to the beef industry globally and also results in significant degradation to the welfare of affected animals. The successful treatment of this disease depends on the early, timely and cost effective identification of affected animals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of an automated, RFID driven, noninvasive infrared thermography technology to determine BRD in cattle. Sixty-five calves averaging 220kg were exposed to standard industry practices of transport and auction. The animals were monitored for BRD using conventional biometric signs for clinical scores, core temperatures, haematology, serum cortisol and infrared thermal values over 3weeks. The data collected demonstrated that true positive animals for BRD based on a gold standard including core temperature, clinical score, white blood cell number and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio displayed higher peak infrared thermal values of 35.7±0.35°C compared to true negative animals 34.9±0.22°C (P <0.01). The study also demonstrated that such biometric data can be non-invasively and automatically collected based on a system developed around the animal’s water station. It is concluded that the deployment of such systems in the cattle industry would aid animal managers and practitioners in the identification and management of BRD in cattle populations.


id: cord-294463-rtepmxt2
title: Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Enteritis in Neonatal and Juvenile Ruminants
author: Heller, Meera C.
date: 2017-12-20
txt: ./txt/cord-294463-rtepmxt2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294463-rtepmxt2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.08.001
doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.08.001
summary:
  Common causes of infectious enteritis in neonate and juvenile ruminants include viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens. Clinical signs generally occur in calves 2 days to 4 weeks of age; however adult cattle may have subclinical disease and serve as a source of infection. Persistently infected calves may have severe enteritis as part of mucosal disease syndrome or may be more susceptible to diarrhea caused by other diarrheal agents because of their immunocompromised status. Diarrheal diseases also causing blood loss in neonates include salmonellosis, enterohemorrhagic E coli, and clostridial enteritis. Infectious enteritis causes diarrhea and associated fluid and electrolyte losses. This concentration should be decreased proportionally when increasing fluid rate to more than Table 4 Recommendations for electrolyte, carbohydrate, buffering capacity, and osmolality of oral electrolyte replacement fluids used to treat enteritis and diarrhea in neonatal ruminants maintenance, or if blood glucose measurements are greater than the normal range (6.5 AE 1.2 mmol/L, 117 AE 21.6 mg/dL).

abstract:
  Common causes of infectious enteritis in neonate and juvenile ruminants include viral, bacterial, and protozoal pathogens. The most common presenting sign in ruminants with infectious enteritis is diarrhea. Diagnosis of the cause of enteritis has important zoonotic and herd health implications. Severity of clinical signs with similar pathogens may differ between calves and small ruminants. Treatment of enteritis involves supportive care to correct fluid and electrolyte imbalances, provision of nutritional support for neonates, prevention and treatment of endotoxemia or sepsis, and pathogen-specific treatments when relevant and available.


id: cord-295193-uf3eryoy
title: Passive immunity to control Bovine coronavirus diarrhea in a dairy herd in Argentina
author: Bok, Marina
date: 2017-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-295193-uf3eryoy.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295193-uf3eryoy.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0325754117300913
doi: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.03.007
summary:
  The aim of the present work was to study if maternal IgG1 antibodies (Abs) to BCoV acquired by colostrum intake modulate the development of BCoV infection in calves reared in a dairy farm in Argentina. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine if IgG1 passive maternal Abs to BCoV acquired by colostrum intake modulate the development of BCoV natural infection and disease in calves reared in a dairy farm in Argentina. In order to evaluate the presence of neonatal diarrhea in calves with varying titers of colostrum-derived Abs, and to understand the BCoV infection dynamics under field conditions, feces were collected daily from each calf and a diarrhea score was recorded (0 = normal, 1 = pasty, 2 = semi liquid, 3 = liquid, 4 = hemorrhagic; a fecal score of 2 or higher was considered diarrhea).

abstract:
  Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a viral enteric pathogen associated with calf diarrhea worldwide being, in Argentina, mostly detected in dairy husbandry systems. The aim of the present work was to study if maternal IgG1 antibodies (Abs) to BCoV acquired by colostrum intake modulate the development of BCoV infection in calves reared in a dairy farm in Argentina. Thirty Holstein calves were monitored during their first 60 days of age. Animals were classified into two groups depending on their initial BCoV IgG1 Ab titers. The “failure of passive transfer” (FPT) group had significantly lower IgG1 Abs to BCoV than the “acceptable passive transfer” (APT) group of calves (log10 1.98 vs. 3.38 respectively) (p < 0.0001). These differences were also observed when the total protein levels in both groups were compared (p = 0.0081). Moreover, 71% (5/7) of calves from the FPT group showed IgG1 seroconversion to BCoV compared to 29.4% (5/17) of animals from the APT group. Regarding viral circulation, BCoV was detected in 10% (3/30) of all calves and BCoV IgG1 Ab seroconversion was detected in 42% of the total animals showing that almost half of the calves were infected with BCoV. In conclusion, calves with high titers of specific BCoV IgG1 (≥1024) were mostly protected against viral infection, while animals with low titers of IgG1 (<1024) were mostly infected with BCoV. IgG1 Abs from colostrum origin are critical for prevention of BCoV infection.


id: cord-297597-tqc1usry
title: Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves
author: Godden, Sandra
date: 2008-02-23
txt: ./txt/cord-297597-tqc1usry.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297597-tqc1usry.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749072007000758
doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.10.005
summary:
  Unfortunately, a significant proportion of North American dairy calves suffer from failure of passive transfer of antibodies from colostrum, contributing to excessively high preweaning mortality rates and other shortand long-term losses associated with animal health, welfare, and productivity. In addition to reduced risk for preweaning morbidity and mortality, additional long-term benefits associated with successful passive transfer include reduced mortality in the postweaning period, improved rate of gain and feed efficiency, reduced age at first calving, improved first and second lactation milk production, and reduced tendency for culling during the first lactation [7] [8] [9] [10] . In a study feeding beef cows either 100% (CO) or 57% (RS) of National Research Council (NRC) (1984) [38] protein and energy requirements, maternal nutrition did not affect either colostrum IgG concentration (43.0 versus 39.5 g/L for RS and CO, respectively) or the calves'' serum IgG concentration at 24 hours (19.1 versus 20.2 mg/mL for RS and CO, respectively) [39] .

abstract:
  Colostrum management is the single most important management factor in determining calf health and survival. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of North American dairy calves suffer from failure of passive transfer of antibodies from colostrum, contributing to excessively high preweaning mortality rates and other short- and long-term losses associated with animal health, welfare, and productivity. A successful colostrum management program requires producers to consistently provide calves with a sufficient volume of clean, high-quality colostrum within the first few hours of life. This article reviews the process of colostrogenesis and discusses important components of colostrum. The key components of delivering and monitoring a successful colostrum management program are discussed.


id: cord-299310-ukn6hm5x
author: Sutherland, M. A.
date: 2018-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-299310-ukn6hm5x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-299310-ukn6hm5x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14207
doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-14207
summary:
  ABSTRACT We determined if feeding and lying behavior, recorded by automatic calf feeding systems (ACFS) and accelerometers, could be used to detect changes in behavior before onset of neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) or in response to disbudding pain in dairy calves. Feeding (milk consumption and the number of rewarded and unrewarded visits to the feeder) and lying behavior during the 5 d leading up to calves displaying clinical signs of NCD were analyzed. Information on feeding and lying behavior collected from ACFS and accelerometers could potentially be measured remotely on-farm and used by producers as a tool to help detect NCD early so that strategies could be promptly implemented to reduce the negative effects of this disease on calf health and production. Therefore, the objectives of our study were to determine if behav-ioral data collected from ACFS and accelerometer data loggers could be used to detect changes in behavior before the onset of NCD or in response to disbudding pain in dairy calves.

title:
  Measurement of dairy calf behavior prior to onset of clinical disease and in response to disbudding using automated calf feeders and accelerometers

abstract:
  ABSTRACT We determined if feeding and lying behavior, recorded by automatic calf feeding systems (ACFS) and accelerometers, could be used to detect changes in behavior before onset of neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) or in response to disbudding pain in dairy calves. At 4 d of age, 112 calves had accelerometers attached to their hind leg and were housed in pens with ACFS. Calves were examined daily for signs of illness or injury. Of the 112 calves monitored, 18 were diagnosed with NCD; activities of calves with NCD were then compared with those of 18 healthy controls (calves that had no symptoms of NCD, other illnesses, or injury). Feeding (milk consumption and the number of rewarded and unrewarded visits to the feeder) and lying behavior during the 5 d leading up to calves displaying clinical signs of NCD were analyzed. Calves with NCD performed fewer unrewarded visits and consumed less milk than healthy calves during the 2- and 4-d periods before diagnosis with NCD, respectively. Calves with NCD tended to perform fewer lying bouts than healthy calves over the 5-d period before diagnosis with NCD. At 3 wk of age, a subset of 51 healthy calves were allocated to 1 of 5 treatment groups: (1) sham handling (SHAM, n = 10), (2) cautery disbudding (DB, n = 11), (3) administration of local anesthetic (LA) and DB (LA+DB, n = 11), 4) administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and DB (NSAID+DB, n = 9), and (5) administration of LA, NSAID and DB (LA+NSAID+DB, n = 10). Feeding and lying behavior were recorded continuously for 24 h pre- and postdisbudding. We found no effect of treatment on the number of rewarded or unrewarded visits to the feeder and milk volume consumed 24 h before administration of treatments. During the 24-h postdisbudding period, SHAM calves performed more unrewarded visits than DB, LA+DB, and NSAID+DB calves, but the number of unrewarded visits did not differ between SHAM and LA+NSAID+DB calves. During the first hour of the posttreatment period we noted a difference in lying times among treatments, with DB and NSAID+DB calves spending less time lying than SHAM calves and lying times being similar between SHAM, LA+DB, and LA+NSAID+DB calves. The ACFS and accelerometers have the potential to automatically gather valuable information regarding health status and pain in calves. Therefore, it may be advantageous to combine both of these measures (ACFS and accelerometers) when evaluating NCD on farm or pain in calves in future research.


id: cord-306194-2vraae5h
title: Characterization of the Fecal Bacterial Microbiota of Healthy and Diarrheic Dairy Calves
author: Gomez, D.E.
date: 2017-04-07
txt: ./txt/cord-306194-2vraae5h.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306194-2vraae5h.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28390070/
doi: 10.1111/jvim.14695
summary:
  The objectives of our study were to profile the fecal microbiota and predict the functional potential of microbial communities in healthy calves and calves with diarrhea from 2 large dairy farms with dissimilar management practices. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) 22 was used to identify bacterial taxa and predicted functional genes (PICRUSt) that were enriched in feces of healthy and diarrheic calves, based on a P < .05 and LDA score >2.0. [31] [32] [33] We identified significant differences in the fecal microbiota and its predicted functional metabolic pathways in healthy and diarrheic calves from 2 large dairy farms with different management practices. Significant differences in microbiota structure and membership between healthy and diarrheic calves suggest that dysbiosis occurred in diarrheic calves and was associated with changes in the predictive metagenomic function of the bacterial communities. Median relative abundance of the main metabolic pathways genes identified in feces of healthy and diarrheic calves from 2 different farms (n = 15 per group).

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Neonatal diarrhea accounts for more than 50% of total deaths in dairy calves. Few population‐based studies of cattle have investigated how the microbiota is impacted during diarrhea. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the fecal microbiota and predict the functional potential of the microbial communities in healthy and diarrheic calves. METHODS: Fifteen diarrheic calves between the ages of 1 and 30 days and 15 age‐matched healthy control calves were enrolled from 2 dairy farms. The Illumina MiSeq sequencer was used for high‐throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene (Illumina, San Diego, CA). RESULTS: Significant differences in community membership and structure were identified among healthy calves from different farms. Differences in community membership and structure also were identified between healthy and diarrheic calves within each farm. Based on linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), the genera Bifidobacterium, Megamonas, and a genus of the family Bifidobacteriaceae were associated with health at farm 1, whereas Lachnospiraceae incertae sedis, Dietzia and an unclassified genus of the family Veillonellaceae were significantly associated with health at farm 2. The Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis indicated that diarrheic calves had decreased abundances of genes responsible for metabolism of various vitamins, amino acids, and carbohydrate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The fecal microbiota of healthy dairy calves appeared to be farm specific as were the changes observed during diarrhea. The differences in microbiota structure and membership between healthy and diarrheic calves suggest that dysbiosis can occur in diarrheic calves and it is associated with changes in predictive metagenomic function.


id: cord-306297-bt35kaix
author: Quigley, J. D.
date: 1995-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-306297-bt35kaix.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306297-bt35kaix.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030295767030
doi: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76703-0
summary:
  Abstract Ninety-six Jersey calves were used to evaluate the effects of housing and method of colostrum feeding on serum Ig concentrations, incidence and severity of scours, intake, and BW changes from birth to 35 d of age. Therefore, our objectives were to determine the effects of housing and method of colostrum feeding on the incidence and severity of scours, intake, BW gain, and feed efficiency for neonatal Jersey calves. Calves were allowed to nurse the dam for 3 d or were separated from the dam and fed 1 L of colostrum in nipple-bottles at 0 and 12 h after birth and housed in individual fiberglass hutches or individual pens in an unheated calf barn. Weekly mean fecal scores, number of days of scouring per week, BW gain, feed efficiency, and days x fecal score were analyzed as a randomized complete block design in a repeated measures analysis of covariance using a general linear mixed models algorithm (5) .

title:
  Effects of Housing and Colostrum Feeding on Serum Immunoglobulins, Growth, and Fecal Scores of Jersey Calves 1

abstract:
  Abstract Ninety-six Jersey calves were used to evaluate the effects of housing and method of colostrum feeding on serum Ig concentrations, incidence and severity of scours, intake, and BW changes from birth to 35 d of age. Calves were separated from the dam and fed 2L of colostrum in nipple-bottles or allowed to nurse the dam for 3 d. Calves were housed in individual hutches or wooden pens in a barn. Intake of colostrum by calves allowed to nurse the dam was not controlled. Serum IgG and IgM concentrations at 24h of age were greater for calves that nursed the dam. Scours were less severe when calves were housed in hutches, but number of days scouring was unaffected by treatment. Calves fed colostrum in nipple-bottles and housed in the barn consumed more starter than did other calves from 3 to 5 wk of age. The BW were greater for calves allowed to nurse the dam and housed in hutches. Feed efficiency over the 35-d study was improved when calves nursed the dam. Optimal transfer of passive immunity and housing in hutches appeared to maximize health and growth in this study.


id: cord-308343-crjjhpl1
title: Impact of confinement housing on study end-points in the calf model of cryptosporidiosis
author: Graef, Geneva
date: 2018-04-25
txt: ./txt/cord-308343-crjjhpl1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308343-crjjhpl1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29694356/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006295
summary:
  FINDINGS: Calves in confinement had no significant differences in mean log oocysts enumerated per gram of fecal dry matter between CFC and IC samples (P = 0.6), nor were there diurnal variations in oocyst shedding (P = 0.1). Confinement housed calves shed significantly more oocysts (P = 0.05), had higher plasma cortisol (P = 0.001), and required more supportive care (P = 0.0009) than calves in box stalls. With neonatal calves collection of CFC is a formidable challenge requiring use of confinement housing that severely restricts calf movement and their ability to engage in natural behaviors, such as grooming. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was also used to evaluate the differences in plasma cortisol, daily weight gain, daily milk replacer consumption, volume of fluid therapy, and frequency of non-fluid therapy treatments in confinement housing and box stall calves. Plasma cortisol was elevated at 4-5 days post-infection (62 ng/ml) in confinement housing calves, coinciding with the observed peak in fecal oocyst shedding.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children < 5 years globally and the parasite genus Cryptosporidium is a leading cause of that diarrhea. The global disease burden attributable to cryptosporidiosis is substantial and the only approved chemotherapeutic, nitazoxanide, has poor efficacy in HIV positive children. Chemotherapeutic development is dependent on the calf model of cryptosporidiosis, which is the best approximation of human disease. However, the model is not consistently applied across research studies. Data collection commonly occurs using two different methods: Complete Fecal Collection (CFC), which requires use of confinement housing, and Interval Collection (IC), which permits use of box stalls. CFC mimics human challenge model methodology but it is unknown if confinement housing impacts study end-points and if data gathered via this method is suitable for generalization to human populations. METHODS: Using a modified crossover study design we compared CFC and IC and evaluated the impact of housing on study end-points. At birth, calves were randomly assigned to confinement (n = 14) or box stall housing (n = 9), or were challenged with 5 x 10(7) C. parvum oocysts, and followed for 10 days. Study end-points included fecal oocyst shedding, severity of diarrhea, degree of dehydration, and plasma cortisol. FINDINGS: Calves in confinement had no significant differences in mean log oocysts enumerated per gram of fecal dry matter between CFC and IC samples (P = 0.6), nor were there diurnal variations in oocyst shedding (P = 0.1). Confinement housed calves shed significantly more oocysts (P = 0.05), had higher plasma cortisol (P = 0.001), and required more supportive care (P = 0.0009) than calves in box stalls. CONCLUSION: Housing method confounds study end-points in the calf model of cryptosporidiosis. Due to increased stress data collected from calves in confinement housing may not accurately estimate the efficacy of chemotherapeutics targeting C. parvum.


id: cord-308816-nux087gc
title: A review of the importance of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals
author: de Graaf, Dirk C
date: 2000-01-10
txt: ./txt/cord-308816-nux087gc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308816-nux087gc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10576578/
doi: 10.1016/s0020-7519(99)00076-4
summary:
  Cryptosporidium parvum is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome of calves, lambs and goat kids, causing considerable direct and indirect economic losses. In the following years methods to free the infective oocysts from other contaminating pathogens became available, which permitted the experimental demonstration that Cryptosporidium was capable of causing clinical diarrhoea in calves [27, 28] . Since then, Cryptosporidium has been attributed an increasingly important role in neonatal diarrhoea syndrome in this domestic species and is currently associated with high morbidity rates and, depending on environmental conditions and the presence of other intestinal pathogens, mortality [46, 75, 76] . Cryptosporidium parvum is the most commonly found enteropathogen during the ®rst weeks of the life of calves, lambs and goat kids and is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome.

abstract:
  Cryptosporidium species are coccidian parasites with a large capacity to reproduce and to disseminate. Several species are known to infect farm animals, although the economic importance of cryptosporidiosis is highly host species dependent. This paper reviews the impact of cryptosporidial infections in livestock and poultry. For different farm animals, the Cryptosporidium spp. that occur, as well as their clinical and pathological features, and their interactions with other pathogens, are described. In addition, data concerning the prevalence, the transmission and the epidemiology of the disease are mentioned and a description of the economic losses associated with cryptosporidiosis in each of the hosts is given. Cryptosporidiosis seems to be mainly a problem in neonatal ruminants. Cryptosporidium parvum is considered to be an important agent in the aetiology of the neonatal diarrhoea syndrome of calves, lambs and goat kids, causing considerable direct and indirect economic losses. Avian cryptosporidiosis is an emerging health problem in poultry, associated with respiratory disease in chickens and other Galliformes, and with intestinal disease in turkeys and quails. Because of limited availability of effective drugs, the control of cryptosporidiosis relies mainly on hygienic measures and good management.


id: cord-310009-yha2o28l
title: Cryptosporidium parvum infection and associated risk factors in dairy calves in western France
author: Delafosse, A.
date: 2015-03-01
txt: ./txt/cord-310009-yha2o28l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310009-yha2o28l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0167587715000203
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.005
summary:
  title: Cryptosporidium parvum infection and associated risk factors in dairy calves in western France This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in calf neonates on dairy farms in Normandy. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in calf neonates on dairy farms in Normandy. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in bovine neonates in an area of intensive dairy farming in western France. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in bovine neonates in an area of intensive dairy farming in western France. Evaluation of factors associated with the risk of infection with Cryptosporidium parvum in dairy calves Calf-level risk factors for neonatal diarrhea and shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum in Ontario dairy calves

abstract:
  This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for Cryptosporidium infection in calf neonates on dairy farms in Normandy. Fecal samples were randomly collected between July 2010 and September 2011 from 968 calves (7–21 days old) on 97 farms. Up to 10 calves were selected and sampled per farm, and feces examined for oocysts by microscopy. C. parvum oocyst shedding was scored semi-quantitatively (0–5). A questionnaire about calf-level care and management was completed, and mortality rates were obtained from the French national registration database (BDNI). Bivariable and multivariable analyses of potential risk factors for C. parvum oocyst shedding were conducted using generalized estimating equation (GEE) models (family = Binomial).Overall, 402 out of 968 calves (41.5%) were positive for oocysts, and 25.1% of animals had a shedding score >2. Seven of the 97 farms (7%) were negative for oocysts in all fecal samples. At the time of collection, 375 calves (39%) had diarrhea, and its prevalence strongly correlated with the score for C. parvum oocyst shedding (p < 0.0001). The mortality rate at 90 days was significantly greater for calves with high combined scores of diarrhea and shedding. Factors associated with the shedding of C. parvum were the Normande breed (odds ratio = 1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93–2.37), dispensing of colostrum using a bucket (odds ratio = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.00–1.89), treatment with halofuginone (odds ratio = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.19–1.15) and feeding with fermented milk (odds ratio = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.17–0.63). C. parvum is widespread among calves under 21 days old in dairy herds of western France. Shedding of C. parvum is associated with a high incidence of diarrhea and increased risk of mortality in young calves. This study identified some associated calf-level factors, although further investigations are necessary to determine appropriate measures that farmers and veterinary practitioners should take to reduce the prevalence of C. parvum.


id: cord-310366-da1hsuj4
author: Jamaluddin, A. A.
date: 1996-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-310366-da1hsuj4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310366-da1hsuj4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/0167587796010409
doi: 10.1016/0167-5877(96)01040-9
summary:
  A previous study indicated that feeding pasteurized colostrum and pasteurized waste milk to calves during the preweaning period resulted in reduced morbidity and improved weight gain compared with those fed nonpasteurized colostrum and nonpasteurized milk (Jamaludldin, 1995) . The objective of this observational study on a Californian dairy was to evaluate the effect of feeding pasteurized colostrum and pasteurized waste milk (versus unpasteurized colostrum and waste milk) during the preweaning period on postweaning weight gain of dairy heifers, controlling for demographic and morbidity variables simultaneously. Postweaning weights of calves were compared between the treatment groups, simultaneously controlling for age, birth weight, and number of days calves experienced diarrhea and pneumonia during the preweaning period using a time series cross section regression (PROC TSCSREG) (Statistical Analysis Systems Institute Inc., 1993). Results of the present study indicated that calves fed pasteurized colostrum and pasteurized waste milk during the preweaning period continued to perform better after weaning than those fed nonpasteurized colostrum and nonpasteurized milk.

title:
  Effect of preweaning feeding of pasteurized and nonpasteurized milk on postweaning weight gain of heifer calves on a Californian dairy

abstract:
  Abstract The effect of preweaning feeding of pasteurized colostrum and pasteurized waste milk on postweaning performance of dairy heifers on a dairy in the Central Valley of California was investigated as an extension of a clinical trial examining the effect of preweaning growth and morbidity on performance at weaning. Of the 150 heifer calves originally enrolled in the field trial, 115 calves (59 treatment, 56 controls) were followed to about 6 months of age, during which time their weights were measured. After weights were adjusted for several potential risk factors and effect modifiers, calves fed pasteurized colostrum and pasteurized waste milk were 3.7 kg heavier at 180 days of age than those fed nonpasteurized colostrum and nonpasteurized milk.


id: cord-310792-1brqzyn6
author: Murphy, Jacob M.
date: 2014-04-15
txt: ./txt/cord-310792-1brqzyn6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310792-1brqzyn6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165242714000099
doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.01.008
summary:
  title: Comparison of serum immunoglobulin G half-life in dairy calves fed colostrum, colostrum replacer or administered with intravenous bovine plasma To date studies evaluating half-life of colostrum replacer or plasma derived IgG are lacking. To the best of authors'' knowledge, no studies have evaluated the half-life of colostrum replacer or plasma derived IgG in dairy calves. The objective of this study was to compare the serum half-life of IgG derived from colostrum, colostrum replacer and plasma in dairy calves reared up to 35 days of age. The objective of this study was to compare the serum half-life of IgG derived from colostrum, colostrum replacer and plasma in dairy calves reared up to 35 days of age. The aim of this study was to compare serum half-life of IgG derived from colostrum or colostrum replacer and plasma.

title:
  Comparison of serum immunoglobulin G half-life in dairy calves fed colostrum, colostrum replacer or administered with intravenous bovine plasma

abstract:
  In calves, passive immunity of immunoglobulins can be acquired through ingestion of colostrum or colostrum replacers. Plasma can been used to supplement immunoglobulins in healthy or sick calves. Serum half-life of colostral derived immuglobulin G (IgG) is estimated to be 20 days. Half-life of IgG is important in determining response to antigens and timing of vaccination in calves. To date studies evaluating half-life of colostrum replacer or plasma derived IgG are lacking. The objectives of this study were to compare the serum half-life of IgG derived from colostrum, colostrum replacer and plasma in dairy calves reared up to 35 days of age. Thirty Jersey calves were randomly assigned to receive colostrum or colostrum replacer by oroesophageal tubing or plasma by intravenous administration. Serum samples were collected at 2, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. Serum IgG concentrations were determined by radial immunodiffusion. The results indicated that half-life for IgG in colostrum fed (28.5 days) or plasma transfused calves (27.3 days) was longer than colostrum replacer fed calves (19.1 days). Further studies are required to evaluate pathogen specific immunoglobulins in order to recommend vaccination timing in calves fed colostrum replacers.


id: cord-313273-ajj4qy7c
author: Maier, G. U.
date: 2019-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-313273-ajj4qy7c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313273-ajj4qy7c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0022030219305119
doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-14773
summary:
  Given the lack of improvement in BRD incidence in US dairy cattle, despite the availability of numerous vaccines and antimicrobial drugs labeled for BRD, novel approaches that target prevention in addition to control Management factors associated with bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves on California dairies: The BRD 100 study 7289 should be evaluated. Briefly, the questionnaire collected information about demographics (location, herd size, and organic or conventional production), maternity pen management (density and individual or group pens), colostrum management (source, heat treatment, storage, quality, volume fed, and testing of calves for failure of transfer of passive immunity), calf management (housing, time of weaning, treatment of sick calves, criteria for treatment, and type and volume of milk fed), vaccinations (type, timing, and frequency of administration to adult cattle and calves), and dust abatement (whether perceived as a problem and type of abatement).

title:
  Management factors associated with bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves on California dairies: The BRD 100 study

abstract:
  ABSTRACT The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine how management practices on California dairies may be associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in preweaned calves. A convenience sample of 100 dairies throughout California, providing a study population of 4,636 calves, were visited between May 2014 and April 2016. During each farm visit, in-person interviews with the herd manager or calf caretaker were conducted to collect information about herd demographics, maternity pen, colostrum and calf management, herd vaccinations, and dust abatement. A random sample of preweaned calves was identified and evaluated for the presence of BRD using a standardized tool. A survey-adjusted generalized linear mixed model with a logit link function was fitted with calf as the unit of analysis and dairy as the random effect. Mean study herd size (±SE) was 1,718 (±189.9) cows. Survey-adjusted estimates of breed types in the sample were 81.6% (±0.6) Holstein, 13.1% (±0.4) Jersey, and 5.3% (±0.5) crossbred or other purebred breeds, and calf sex proportions were 73.8% (±1.0) female and 26.2% (±1.0) male. Overall survey-adjusted BRD prevalence in the study herds was 6.91% (±0.69). Housing factors positively associated with BRD were metal hutches compared with wood hutches [odds ratio (OR) = 11.19; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.80–44.78], calf-to-calf contact in calves >75 d of age (OR = 9.95, 95% CI = 1.50–65.86), feeding Holstein calves <2.84 L of milk or replacer per day (OR = 7.16, 95% CI = 1.23–41.68), and lagoon water used for flushing manure under hutches compared with no flush (OR = 12.06, 95% CI = 1.93–75.47). Providing extra shade over hutches (OR = 0.08; 95% CI = 0.02–0.37), feeding calves at least 90% saleable milk (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.13–0.54) or pasteurized milk (OR = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.03–0.36), and feeding >5.68 L of milk or replacer per day to Jersey calves (OR = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.01–0.28) were negatively associated with BRD. Our study identified management practices on California dairies with variability and that may contribute to differences in BRD prevalence, which will be incorporated into a risk-assessment tool to control and prevent BRD in preweaned dairy calves.


id: cord-313849-lh2ixof2
author: Van Weeren-Keverling Buisman, A.
date: 1990
txt: ./txt/cord-313849-lh2ixof2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313849-lh2ixof2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2161140/
doi: 10.1007/bf00346553
summary:
  In order to develop a calf model for studying the syndrome of ruminal drinking (RD) in veal calves, three dual-fistulated calves were used to test the effect of intraruminal administration of milk replacer on the jejunal mucosa. Means of villus length and brush border enzyme activities decreased during the period of intraruminal administration of milk. Clinical recovery from the signs of RD occurred rapidly after intraruminal administration of milk ceased and was followed by restoration of villus length and brush border enzyme activities 3–4 weeks later. A reduced lactase activity compared to the initial values was found in all three experimental calves in week 12, at the end of the induction period. A reduced lactase activity was reported in diarrhoeic calves between 10 and 30 days of age, which also showed villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia in the proximal jejunum (Landsverk, 1981) .

title:
  Intraruminal administration of milk in the calf as a model for ruminal drinking: Morphological and enzymatical changes in the jejunal mucosa

abstract:
  In order to develop a calf model for studying the syndrome of ruminal drinking (RD) in veal calves, three dual-fistulated calves were used to test the effect of intraruminal administration of milk replacer on the jejunal mucosa. Biopsies of the proximal jejunal mucosa were taken through a jejunal fistula and the mucosal morphology and the activities of two brush border enzymes, lactase and alkaline phosphatase, were determined. Means of villus length and brush border enzyme activities decreased during the period of intraruminal administration of milk. The hyperplastic villus atrophy in this model was similar to that found in chronic RD patients in previous studies. This could not be associated with isolation of pathogenic micro-organisms from the faeces and is probably the consequence of the intraruminal milk feeding procedure itself. Clinical recovery from the signs of RD occurred rapidly after intraruminal administration of milk ceased and was followed by restoration of villus length and brush border enzyme activities 3–4 weeks later.


id: cord-316839-wckqscvm
title: Field evaluation of a Mycoplasma bovis bacterin in young dairy calves
author: Maunsell, Fiona P.
date: 2009-05-11
txt: ./txt/cord-316839-wckqscvm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316839-wckqscvm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.100
doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.100
summary:
  Mycoplasma bovis is an important cause of pneumonia, otitis media and arthritis in young dairy calves, and there is a critical need for improved preventative strategies for this pathogen. bovis-associated disease; for calves in the remaining 2 herds, the incidence risk for respiratory disease, otitis media and arthritis from 3 to 90 days of age was 0.64, 0.28 and 0.02, respectively. bovis has emerged as an increasingly important cause of respiratory disease, otitis media and arthritis in young calves less than 3 months of age [1, 2, 6, 7, 9] . bovis-associated disease (respiratory disease, otitis media, arthritis) and mortality in dairy calves up to 90 days of age. bovis bacterin in proprietary oil-based adjuvant that had a conditional license for the prevention of respiratory disease in U.S. feeder and stocker calves at the time of the study (Texas Vet. Labs, Inc., San Angelo, TX), while the other group received a placebo (all vaccine components except antigen; control group).

abstract:
  Mycoplasma bovis is an important cause of pneumonia, otitis media and arthritis in young dairy calves, and there is a critical need for improved preventative strategies for this pathogen. We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded field trial to determine the efficacy of a commercial M. bovis vaccine for the prevention of M. bovis-associated disease in calves. Calves (n = 373) on 3 Florida dairies with a history of M. bovis infection received an M. bovis bacterin or a placebo, administered subcutaneously at 3, 14 and 35 days of age. One of the herds did not experience M. bovis-associated disease; for calves in the remaining 2 herds, the incidence risk for respiratory disease, otitis media and arthritis from 3 to 90 days of age was 0.64, 0.28 and 0.02, respectively. Vaccination had no effect on the age at first treatment for M. bovis-associated disease, incidence of respiratory disease, mortality, weight gain, or nasal colonization with M. bovis in the first 90 days of life. In one herd, vaccination was associated with an increased risk of otitis media. There was no association between M. bovis-specific serum antibody titers and morbidity in vaccinated calves. Under the field conditions in this study, this vaccine was not efficacious for the prevention of M. bovis-associated disease in young dairy calves.


id: cord-321958-ci4onndm
author: De Waele, V.
date: 2010-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-321958-ci4onndm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321958-ci4onndm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.06.017
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.06.017
summary:
  The use of halofuginone lactate in combination with good hygienic measures, such as rearing animals in clean individual pens, was the most effective method to reduce the risk of cryptosporidiosis amongst 7-13 days old calves. The use of halofuginone lactate in combination with good hygienic measures, such as rearing animals in clean individual pens, was the most effective method to reduce the risk of cryptosporidiosis amongst 7-13 days old calves. The consistency of the faeces was recorded at the time of collection using the following scoring system: 0 for solid or pasty sample, 1 for liquid sample and 2 for watery Table 1 Cumulative geometric mean and range of the oocysts per gram (OPG) of faeces excreted by untreated control calves and calves treated with halofuginone lactate during their first 4 weeks and reared in either individual or group pens.

title:
  Control of cryptosporidiosis in neonatal calves: Use of halofuginone lactate in two different calf rearing systems

abstract:
  To date there is no effective treatment for bovine cryptosporidiosis. This study describes the use of halofuginone lactate in preventing cryptosporidiosis in naturally infected neonatal calves on a dairy farm with a high prevalence of infection. The animals were kept in two different calf rearing systems. A randomized double-blind trial was carried out with 32 naturally infected calves, divided into four groups. The two prophylactic halofuginone lactate treated groups were kept in either individual or group pens. Similarly, the animals receiving the placebo were housed in either individual pens or together in a large pen. A total of ten faecal samples were collected periodically during the 28 days study from each calf and tested for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopic and molecular methods. Generalized estimating equations models were used to determine if the effects of the various treatments and/or rearing systems on the presence of diarrhoea and infection were statistically significant. Further analysis (classification trees models) was carried out to explore possible risk factors for cryptosporidiosis and interactions between treatments and rearing systems. Halofuginone lactate was shown to be effective in reducing clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis and environmental contamination. However, the treatment did not delay the onset of diarrhoea and did not reduce the risk of infection amongst calves reared together in a highly contaminated environment. The use of halofuginone lactate in combination with good hygienic measures, such as rearing animals in clean individual pens, was the most effective method to reduce the risk of cryptosporidiosis amongst 7–13 days old calves. It was concluded that the control of the parasite could be achieved by the combination of using effective preventive drugs, such as halofuginone lactate and good animal husbandry procedures.


id: cord-323467-ifwjvvjj
title: Invited review: A systematic review of the effects of early separation on dairy cow and calf health
author: Beaver, Annabelle
date: 2019-07-31
txt: ./txt/cord-323467-ifwjvvjj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323467-ifwjvvjj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0022030219304175
doi: 10.3168/jds.2018-15603
summary:
  A limiting factor in many of the cross-sectional studies presented in this review is the absence of a temporal relationship between Johne''s diagnosis and the impleListed for each study are country, breed of cattle, study design, groups compared (in reference to length of cow-calf contact), total number of calves sampled, the number of herds included (and groups within herds where applicable), the type of herd, the diagnostic(s) used, and the authors'' conclusion and direction of effect (with + signifying a beneficial effect of suckling or cow-calf contact, − signifying a negative effect, and = representing no difference. Official Johne''s disease control programs frequently describe the risks associated with allowing the calf to suckle and remain within the maternity area, or directly recommend immediate separation of cow and calf following parturition; such programs include the Three Step Calf Rearing Plan of Australia (Animal Health Australia, 2016), the Voluntary Bovine Johne''s Disease Control Program of the United States (USDA, 2010), and several regionspecific Canadian programs [such as the Atlantic Veterinary College (2015) Johne''s Disease Initiative, which deems calf nursing to be a risky practice, even within test-negative herds].

abstract:
  ABSTRACT Concern from the public is growing regarding early cow-calf separation, yet proponents of this practice maintain that artificial rearing is critical for cow and calf health. Early separation is assumed to reduce the risk of transfer of pathogens from dam to neonatal calf, but a wide range of health benefits associated with extended cow-calf contact has also been documented. The aim of this systematic review was to report and synthesize conclusions from the literature on dairy cow and calf health in conventional rearing versus cow-calf contact systems. Peer-reviewed, published manuscripts, written in English, directly comparing dairy cow or calf health in artificial versus suckling systems, were eligible for inclusion. We conducted 7 targeted searches using Web of Science to identify key literature on important health conditions. The resulting manuscripts underwent a 4-step appraisal process, and further manuscripts were sourced from reference lists. This process resulted in a final sample of 70 articles that addressed cow and calf health. Sufficient literature was available to assess mastitis in cows, and scours, cryptosporidiosis, Johne's disease, pneumonia, immunity, and mortality in calves. The results for cryptosporidiosis, pneumonia, immunity, and mortality were mixed, with some differences between studies likely attributable to flawed comparisons between cohorts. Overall, the articles addressing calf scours and mastitis pointed to beneficial or no effects of suckling. The studies addressing Johne's disease did not find cow-calf contact to be a significant risk factor. In conclusion, the scientific peer-reviewed literature on cow and calf health provides no consistent evidence in support of early separation.


id: cord-324365-546cu3ly
author: Koch, A.
date: 2008-02-14
txt: ./txt/cord-324365-546cu3ly.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324365-546cu3ly.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0029.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.0029.x
summary:
  No obvious differences with respect to the extent of these clinical signs were observed between calves of study I (NaCl) and study II (NaHCO 3 ); however, during application of HBS, the respiratory rate increased more profoundly up to roughly 60 breaths per minute compared with the calves treated with hypertonic saline. Age, body weight (BW), clinical variables, and results of blood analysis before initial IV treatment of diarrheic calves with saline (5.85%; 5 mL/kg BW over 4 minutes; study I) and sodium bicarbonate (8.4%; 10 mL/ kg BW over 8 minutes; study II), respectively, followed by administration of 3 L of oral rehydration solution. General condition, rectal temperature, enophthalmus, heart rate, respiratory rate, and fecal dry matter before and after initial IV treatment of diarrheic calves with saline (5.85%; 5 mL/kg BW over 4 minutes; study I) and sodium bicarbonate (8.4%; 10 mL/kg BW over 8 minutes; study II), respectively, followed by administration of 3 L of oral rehydration solution.

title:
  Clinical Efficacy of Intravenous Hypertonic Saline Solution or Hypertonic Bicarbonate Solution in the Treatment of Inappetent Calves with Neonatal Diarrhea

abstract:
  Background: The clinical efficacy of IV administered hypertonic saline solution and hypertonic bicarbonate solution (HBS) in the treatment of inappetent diarrheic calves has not been compared yet. Hypothesis: HBS is more advantageous than hypertonic saline in the treatment of calves with severe metabolic acidosis. Animals: Twenty‐eight dehydrated, inappetent calves with neonatal diarrhea. Methods: In 2 consecutive clinical studies, calves were initially treated with saline (5.85%; 5 mL/kg body weight [BW] over 4 minutes; study I: N = 16) or bicarbonate solution (8.4%; 10 mL/kg BW over 8 minutes; study II: N = 12), respectively, followed by oral administration of 3 L isotonic electrolyte solution 5 minutes after injection. Clinical and laboratory variables were monitored for 72 hours. Results: Treatment failed in 6 calves of study I and in 1 calf of study II as indicated by a deterioration of the general condition. All treatment failures had more severe metabolic acidosis compared with successfully treated calves before treatment. In the latter, rehydration was completed within 18 hours after injection; metabolic acidosis was corrected within 24 hours (study I) and 6 hours (study II) after injection. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Diarrheic calves with slight metabolic acidosis (base excess [BE] >−10 mM) can be treated successfully with hypertonic saline. HBS is appropriate in calves without respiratory problems with more severe metabolic acidosis (BE up to −20 mM). Intensive care of the calves is required to ensure a sufficient oral fluid intake after the initial IV treatment.


id: cord-325148-oe3yv69y
title: Replacement Management in Cattle: Health Management
author: Dutta, Ritaban
date: 2015-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325148-oe3yv69y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780081005965010350
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100596-5.01035-0
summary:
  Greater attention must be paid to animal and environmental biosecurity to prevent introduction of diseases into the herd and to digestive disorders such as diarrhea, internal parasites and appropriate vaccination programs for the calves. Continual video monitoring of the herd, modern thermal infrared imaging of the dry cows and calves body parts to identify early symptoms, and overall animal health and biosecurity risk analysis could achieve a sustainable and efficient replacement management practice in cattle industry. Focusing on improving health management of replacements will yield tremendous returns through decreased losses of animals with the greatest genetic potential on the dairy, decreased costs of medication, improved growth rates, improved feed efficiency and earlier entry into the milking herd. Focusing on improving health management of replacements will yield tremendous returns through decreased losses of animals with the greatest genetic potential on the dairy, decreased costs of medication, improved growth rates, improved feed efficiency and earlier entry into the milking herd.

abstract:
  Replacements are the future of the dairy industry. Focusing on improving health management of replacements will yield tremendous returns through decreased losses of animals with the greatest genetic potential on the dairy, decreased costs of medication, improved growth rates, improved feed efficiency and earlier entry into the milking herd. Health management begins before replacements are born with attention to the nutrition of lactating and dry cows, the vaccination of lactating and dry cows, control of length of the dry period and both control of the disease status of the dams and the cleanliness of the calving environment. Greater attention must be paid to animal and environmental biosecurity to prevent introduction of diseases into the herd and to digestive disorders such as diarrhea, internal parasites and appropriate vaccination programs for the calves. Health management of replacements is often overlooked because producers do not see the immediate returns for their efforts. Common sense management in cattle, historical facts, experience based practice cultural and social aspects, combined with research, would depict that having adequately optimised balanced diets for the replacements, without producing excessive body conditions, could achieve a production of healthy replacements with superior levels of milk production. Continual video monitoring of the herd, modern thermal infrared imaging of the dry cows and calves body parts to identify early symptoms, and overall animal health and biosecurity risk analysis could achieve a sustainable and efficient replacement management practice in cattle industry.


id: cord-329648-ixzymz8a
author: Niskanen, R.
date: 2002-05-31
txt: ./txt/cord-329648-ixzymz8a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329648-ixzymz8a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023301906574
doi: 10.1053/tvjl.2001.0657
summary:
  In this study, the possibility of transmission of BVDV from calves simultaneously subjected to acute BVDV and bovine coronavirus (BCV) infection was investigated. Following infection, BCV was detected in nasal secretions and in faeces of the calves and, after three weeks in the study, all had seroconverted to this virus. All calves, including the controls, showed at least one of the following clinical signs during days 3–15 after the trial started: fever (≥40°C), depressed general condition, diarrhoea, and cough. Furthermore, BCV was introduced which should, in theory, facilitate the transmission of BVDV by causing increased nasal secretions, cough and diarrhoea, clinical signs that were indeed shown by the dually infected calves. All calves infected exclusively with BCV became diseased, which was regarded clinically as a sign of alimentary and respiratory tract involvement, i.e. diarrhoea, nasal and conjunctival discharge and coughing. Lack of virus transmission from primarily bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infected calves to susceptible peers

title:
  Failure to Spread Bovine Virus Diarrhoea Virus Infection from Primarily Infected Calves Despite Concurrent Infection with Bovine Coronavirus

abstract:
  Abstract Previous reports on the spread of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) from animals primarily infected with the agent are contradictory. In this study, the possibility of transmission of BVDV from calves simultaneously subjected to acute BVDV and bovine coronavirus (BCV) infection was investigated. Ten calves were inoculated intranasally with BVDV Type 1. Each of the 10 calves was then randomly allocated to one of two groups. In each group there were four additional calves, resulting in five infected and four susceptible calves per group. Virulent BCV was actively introduced in one of the groups by means of a transmitter calf. Two calves, susceptible to both BVDV and BCV, were kept in a separate group, as controls. All ten calves actively inoculated with BVDV became infected as shown by seroconversions, and six of them also shed the virus in nasal secretions. However, none of the other eight calves in the two groups (four in each) seroconverted to this agent. In contrast, it proved impossible to prevent the spread of BCV infection between the experimental groups and consequently all 20 study calves became infected with the virus. Following infection, BCV was detected in nasal secretions and in faeces of the calves and, after three weeks in the study, all had seroconverted to this virus. All calves, including the controls, showed at least one of the following clinical signs during days 3–15 after the trial started: fever (≥40°C), depressed general condition, diarrhoea, and cough. The study showed that BVDV primarily infected cattle, even when co-infected with an enteric and respiratory pathogen, are inefficient transmitters of BVDV. This finding supports the principle of the Scandinavian BVDV control programmes that elimination of BVDV infection from cattle populations can be achieved by identifying and removing persistently infected (PI) animals, i.e. that long-term circulation of the virus without the presence of PI animals is highly unlikely.


id: cord-331809-1d0c0zc2
title: Detection of Bovine Torovirus in Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea in Lower Austria and Styria (Austria)
author: Haschek, B.
date: 2006-04-19
txt: ./txt/cord-331809-1d0c0zc2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-331809-1d0c0zc2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16629982/
doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00936.x
summary:
  Faeces of 230 calves with and without diarrhoea collected during the winter period 2004/2005 in 100 Austrian farms (Styria and Lower Austria) were examined for viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens. In addition, the following agents were detected in bovine faecal samples: Bovine coronavirus, 25.7%; Escherichia coli, 17%; Cryptosporidium spp., 11.7%; Eimeria spp., 10.4%; Rotavirus, 9.1%; Clostridium perfringens, 9.1% and Giardia spp., 6.1%. Furthermore, the faecal prevalences of the most important viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens as co-infecting agents to BoTV on the one hand and on the other as causative pathogens in neonatal calf diarrhoea were determined. Single infection with BoTV was only found in two calves, both suffering from diarrhoea at the time of sampling. On clinical examination, the majority of BoTV-positive calves showed signs of dehydration, and faecal consistency was abnormal in seven animals ranging from watery to mushy.

abstract:
  Faeces of 230 calves with and without diarrhoea collected during the winter period 2004/2005 in 100 Austrian farms (Styria and Lower Austria) were examined for viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens. Torovirus‐specific nucleic acid confirmed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction was found in 12 of 230 calves (5.2%). Ten of these calves were clinically ill, several of them showing signs of dehydration and abnormal faecal consistency at the time of sampling. Computer assisted analysis of two nucleotide sequences obtained from Austrian bovine samples revealed 93% similarity to Breda strain, but only 71% or 52% similarity to Equine Berne or Porcine Markelo torovirus strains respectively. Phylogenetic analysis grouped Austrian torovirus samples into the Bovine torovirus cluster indicating the first detection of Bovine torovirus in Austria. In addition, the following agents were detected in bovine faecal samples: Bovine coronavirus, 25.7%; Escherichia coli, 17%; Cryptosporidium spp., 11.7%; Eimeria spp., 10.4%; Rotavirus, 9.1%; Clostridium perfringens, 9.1% and Giardia spp., 6.1%. Salmonella spp. was not detected.


id: cord-333522-zsdymkjd
author: Gruse, Jeannine
date: 2016-01-11
txt: ./txt/cord-333522-zsdymkjd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333522-zsdymkjd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26752173/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146932
summary:
  Blood samples were taken repeatedly to measure plasma concentrations of flavonols, glucose, lactate, total protein, albumin, urea, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A. Basal blood samples were taken before the morning feeding on days 1, 2, 4 and 7 from the jugular vein using evacuated tubes containing either potassium-EDTA (1.2-2 mg/mL EDTA) for analyses of plasma metabolites, insulin, glucagon, immunoglobulins and acute-phase proteins or Li-heparin (12-30 IU heparin) for the determination of the cortisol and flavonol concentrations and the antioxidative status in the plasma. Feed intake, body temperature, heart and respiratory rate and plasma concentrations of metabolites, hormones, flavonols and markers of antioxidative status were analyzed by repeated measurement ANOVA using the MIXED procedure of SAS/STAT software and a model with the fixed factors diet, quercetin and day of life (repeated variable) and all interactions between the fixed factors.

title:
  Quercetin Feeding in Newborn Dairy Calves Cannot Compensate Colostrum Deprivation: Study on Metabolic, Antioxidative and Inflammatory Traits

abstract:
  Immaturity of the neonatal immune system is causative for high morbidity in calves and colostrum intake is crucial for acquiring passive immunity. Pathogenesis is promoted by reactive oxygen species accumulating at birth if counter-regulation is inadequate. The flavonol quercetin exerts antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects that may enhance neonatal health. The aim of this work was to study effects of quercetin feeding on metabolic, antioxidative and inflammatory parameters in neonatal calves to investigate whether quercetin could compensate for insufficient colostrum supply. Twenty-eight newborn calves were assigned to two dietary groups fed colostrum or milk-based formula on day 1 and 2 and milk replacer thereafter. From day 2 onwards, 7 calves per diet group were additionally fed quercetin aglycone (50 mg/(kg body weight × day)). Blood samples were taken repeatedly to measure plasma concentrations of flavonols, glucose, lactate, total protein, albumin, urea, non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, immunoglobulins, fibrinogen, haptoglobin and serum amyloid A. Trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity, ferric reducing ability of plasma, thiobarbituric acid reactive species and F2-isoprostanes were analyzed to evaluate plasma antioxidative status. Expression of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase mRNA were measured in liver tissue on day 8. Plasma flavonol concentrations were detectable only after quercetin-feeding without differences between colostrum and formula feeding. Plasma glucose, lactate, total protein, immunoglobulins, triglycerides, cholesterol, trolox equivalent antioxidative capacity and thiobarbituric acid reactive species were higher after colostrum feeding. Body temperature, fecal fluidity and plasma concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin were higher in formula- than in colostrum-fed groups. Hepatic mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor was higher after quercetin feeding and expression of C-reactive protein was higher after formula feeding. Data confirm that colostrum improves neonatal health and indicate that quercetin feeding cannot compensate for insufficient colostrum supply.


id: cord-333535-pzjj2wxc
title: Antimicrobial Decision Making for Enteric Diseases of Cattle
author: Smith, Geof
date: 2015-02-20
txt: ./txt/cord-333535-pzjj2wxc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333535-pzjj2wxc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S074907201400084X
doi: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2014.11.004
summary:
  Despite the limited number of enteric diseases in adult cattle that would benefit from antimicrobial therapy, surveys indicate that diarrhea is a relatively common reason for the use of antibiotics. If Salmonella are the main target of antimicrobial therapy in adult cattle with diarrhea, drug selection should ideally be based on the results of susceptibility testing using bacterial strains recovered from that particular dairy or feedlot. Despite this importance, the United States Department of Agriculture Dairy 2007 study shows a preweaned Antimicrobial Decision Making heifer calf mortality rate of 8.7% and reports that only 40% of farms can supply an adequate number of replacements from their own herd. The investigators concluded that amoxicillin had a significant effect on disease by decreasing mortality and number of scouring days; however, treatment success could not be predicted by whether the E coli cultured from rectal swabs was susceptible or resistant to the antimicrobial being used.

abstract:
  Diarrhea in neonatal and adult cattle is common and can be caused by several etiologic agents. As diagnostic testing is not always readily available, practitioners must often decide on a course of treatment based on knowledge of the likely pathogen and their own clinical experience. Antimicrobials have long been used to treat diarrhea in adults and neonates; however, there is increased pressure to prevent unnecessary use of antibiotics in food animal species. This article reviews existing data on the use of antibiotics given to cattle with enteric diseases to decide when they are necessary and which antimicrobials should be used.


id: cord-335215-h9p4kmss
author: Follet, Jérôme
date: 2011-12-02
txt: ./txt/cord-335215-h9p4kmss.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-335215-h9p4kmss.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1297-9716-42-116
doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-116
summary:
  These studies on dairy calves reported a within herd prevalence of Cryptosporidium without identifying species or the relation to the host''s age. parvum at the age of 5 weeks were excluded because Cryptosporidium species could not be identified in all of the following samples collected in these animals. The present study based on 18S rDNA and gp60 gene analysis is the first in France to include molecular characterization to describe the prevalence and the host age related susceptibility to different Cryptosporidium species after a follow up of the same animal. This observation shows that prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection decreases with increasing age of the cattle in France as in many other countries [17, 19, [33] [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] . parvum, a prevalent zoonotic species, in 5-week-old calves was in agreement with the report of Atwill et al., who considered that the contribution of cattle to human cryptosporidiosis is limited to calves under 2 months of age [53] .

title:
  Cryptosporidium infection in a veal calf cohort in France: molecular characterization of species in a longitudinal study

abstract:
  Feces from 142 animals were collected on 15 farms in the region of Brittany, France. Each sample was directly collected from the rectum of the animal and identified with the ear tag number. Animals were sampled three times, at 5, 15 and 22 weeks of age. After DNA extraction from stool samples, nested PCR was performed to amplify partial 18S-rDNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein genes of Cryptosporidium. The parasite was detected on all farms. One hundred out of 142 calves (70.4%) were found to be parasitized by Cryptosporidium. Amplified fragments were sequenced for Cryptosporidium species identification and revealed the presence of C. parvum (43.8%), C. ryanae (28.5%), and C. bovis (27%). One animal was infected with Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. The prevalence of these species was related to the age of the animal. C. parvum caused 86.7% of Cryptosporidium infections in 5-week-old calves but only 1.7% in 15-week-old animals. The analysis of the results showed that animals could be infected successively by C. parvum, C. ryanae, and C. bovis for the study period. C. parvum gp60 genotyping identifies 6 IIa subtypes of which 74.5% were represented by IIaA15G2R1. This work confirms previous studies in other countries showing that zoonotic C. parvum is the dominant species seen in young calves.


id: cord-337329-a9l8e5z6
title: Rotavirus infection in calves in Bangladesh
author: Selim, S. A.
date: 1991
txt: ./txt/cord-337329-a9l8e5z6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337329-a9l8e5z6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1659033/
doi: 10.1007/bf00430039
summary:
  Faecal samples from 434 calves under 1 year of age (307 diarrhoeal and 127 normal) were collected from three dairy farms and one village in selected areas of Bangladesh. More than 80% of rotavirus-positive samples from diarrhoeic calves exhibited a titre of 128 or more (geometric mean 345±4.5), whereas non-diarrhoeal calves had titres less than or equal to 128 (geometric mean=29±1.9), suggesting that rotavirus infection in calves in Bangladesh was mostly associated with diarrhoea. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of rotavirus infection in selected dairy farms and in conventionally reared village calves in Bangladesh, and to study the prevalence of rotavirus in diarrhoeic and age matched non-diarrhoeic calves. The study, however, suggests that the rotavirus infection in young calves also exists in different locations of the country outside the Dhaka region and is the first report of the existence of the virus in high concentration in association with diarrhoea in young dairy calves in that country.

abstract:
  Faecal samples from 434 calves under 1 year of age (307 diarrhoeal and 127 normal) were collected from three dairy farms and one village in selected areas of Bangladesh. The samples were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the presence of rotavirus antigen. Of 402 dairy calves tested, 28 (7.0%) were positive, of which 21 (7.2%) were from diarrhoeic calves and 7 (6.3%) from non-diarrhoeic calves. Rotavirus infection varied from farm to farm (2.7–9.2%) and there was no positive response from any of the 32 village calves. Rotavirus was most commonly found in calves of 1 week of age or less (up to 22.2% in one group) but was not found in any calves later than 6 months of age. More than 80% of rotavirus-positive samples from diarrhoeic calves exhibited a titre of 128 or more (geometric mean 345±4.5), whereas non-diarrhoeal calves had titres less than or equal to 128 (geometric mean=29±1.9), suggesting that rotavirus infection in calves in Bangladesh was mostly associated with diarrhoea.


id: cord-337354-ky8mq4y0
author: Velasquez-Munoz, Ana
date: 2019-02-07
txt: ./txt/cord-337354-ky8mq4y0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337354-ky8mq4y0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1802-3
doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1802-3
summary:
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prebiotic supplementation with stabilized rice bran (SRB) in milk on health, immunity, and performance of pre-weaned organic dairy calves. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that the dietary addition of SRB in milk did not have an effect in health, immunity or performance of pre-weaned dairy calves. We hypothesized that the addition of SRB in milk of pre-weaned calves would reduce the presentation and severity of neonatal diarrhea, improving the immune response and consequently the overall calf performance. The addition of prebiotics via SRB into milk starting at 6-7 days of age was assessed for effects on health and performance of pre-weaned organic dairy calves over a 28 days period. The major finding from this study was that the addition of SRB in the milk of newborn calves for 28 days did not enhance performance, health, or immunity during the first month of life, a period characterized for the presentation of digestive diseases.

title:
  Effect of prebiotic supplementation with stabilized rice bran in milk of pre-weaned organic Holstein calves

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The first month of life possess significant challenges for dairy calves due to high susceptibility to digestive diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of prebiotic supplementation with stabilized rice bran (SRB) in milk on health, immunity, and performance of pre-weaned organic dairy calves. Holstein heifer calves (n = 90) were enrolled at 6 ± 1 days old and monitored for 28 days, from July to August 2017. Calves were randomly assigned to a control (CTR; n = 45) or a treatment group (SRB; n = 45). The CTR group received milk alone and the SRB group received 120 g of SRB per day in milk to achieve a 10% w/w dose of the total calories. Daily health evaluations were conducted to score health status and disease severity (healthy, slightly affected, moderately or severely sick) of calves, through integrated assessment of diarrhea, dehydration, attitude, and milk intake. Body weights and fecal IgA quantification were completed on the first and last day of the study. RESULTS: Overall, weight gain and fecal IgA concentrations were not affected by the dietary addition of SRB. The total number of calf-days classified as healthy or sick were not different between treatment groups. Similarly, the number of calf-days categorized as slightly affected, moderately sick, or severely sick did not differ between treatment groups. Time to event analyses indicated a tendency for a treatment effect in the time to the first moderate case of diarrhea (P = 0.08), as well as in the time to recovery from diarrhea (P = 0.052), favoring control calves. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that the dietary addition of SRB in milk did not have an effect in health, immunity or performance of pre-weaned dairy calves.


id: cord-349484-rp1a8lj8
author: Rocha, Thaís Gomes
date: 2017-03-20
txt: ./txt/cord-349484-rp1a8lj8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349484-rp1a8lj8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1263-2
doi: 10.1007/s11250-017-1263-2
summary:
  Reports of rotavirus excretion in calves usually result from cross-sectional studies, and in face of the conflicting results regarding protection of calves born to vaccinated dams against diarrhea, the aim of the present study was to evaluate rotavirus excretion in dairy calves born to vaccinated or unvaccinated dams, to identify the genotypes of bovine rotavirus group A (RVA) strains isolated from these animals as well as to investigate characteristics of the disease in naturally occurring circumstances throughout the first month of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate rotavirus excretion and to identify the genotypes of RVA strains isolated from a vaccinated and an unvaccinated dairy herd from São Paulo state, Brazil. A recent report of longitudinal evaluation of diarrhea occurrence in a dairy herd in Brazil stated that the excretion of rotavirus in feces lasted for 1-3 days, which agrees with the results of the present study (Coura et al.

title:
  Longitudinal study of bovine rotavirus group A in newborn calves from vaccinated and unvaccinated dairy herds

abstract:
  Reports of rotavirus excretion in calves usually result from cross-sectional studies, and in face of the conflicting results regarding protection of calves born to vaccinated dams against diarrhea, the aim of the present study was to evaluate rotavirus excretion in dairy calves born to vaccinated or unvaccinated dams, to identify the genotypes of bovine rotavirus group A (RVA) strains isolated from these animals as well as to investigate characteristics of the disease in naturally occurring circumstances throughout the first month of life. Five hundred fifty-two fecal samples were taken from 56 calves, 28 from each farm and, in the vaccinated herd, 11/281 samples (3.91%) taken from six different calves tested positive for RVA while in the unvaccinated herd, 3/271 samples (1.11%) taken from 3 different calves tested positive. The genotyping of the VP7 genes showed 91.2% nucleotide sequence identity to G6 genotype (NCDV strain), and for the VP4 gene, strains from the vaccinated herd were 96.6% related to B223 strain, while strains from the unvaccinated herd were 88% related to P[5] genotype (UK strain). Genotypes found in this study were G6P[11] in the vaccinated herd and G6P[5] in the unvaccinated herd. All calves infected with rotavirus presented an episode of diarrhea in the first month of life, and the discrepancy between the genotypes found in the commercial vaccine (G6P[1] and G10P[11]) and the rotavirus strains circulating in both vaccinated and unvaccinated herds show the importance of keeping constant surveillance in order to avoid potential causes of vaccination failure.


id: cord-350023-7wx5v9b8
title: Factors associated with calf mortality and poor growth of dairy heifer calves in northeast Germany
author: Tautenhahn, A.
date: 2020-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-350023-7wx5v9b8.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33069140/
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105154
summary:
  A cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty German dairy farms to identify risk factors for high mortality and poor growth in calves. In the model "Risk factors associated with median ADG from birth to weaning", average daily weight gain (ADG) of calves from birth until twelve weeks of life was the dependent variable at herd level. For the investigation of associations between potential risk factors with calf mortality and ADG from birth to weaning a multivariable model each was built. The results of the present field study indicate that high calf mortality (> 5%), FPT in the neonate (serum protein < 55 g/l) and low ADG from birth to weaning (< 700 g/day) are still a problem on dairy farms under livestock production conditions in northeast Germany.

abstract:
  A cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty German dairy farms to identify risk factors for high mortality and poor growth in calves. Between 2012 and 2014, farm visits took place and a questionnaire on farm management practices was completed by in-person interview. In addition, heart girth measurements of calves around weaning were performed to estimate average daily weight gain. Furthermore, blood and faecel samples of calves were collected and a score addressing calf welfare was determined. The epidemiological associations between risk factors and high mortality and poor growth were estimated using two regression models. The factors significantly associated with high calf mortality (> 5%) were a high rate of calves with failure of passive transfer (> 25%) and the metaphylactic use of halofuginone lactate. A small amount of concentrates consumed around weaning, relocating calves more than twice until weaning and a low incidence risk of milk fever (< 5%) were found to be significantly associated with poor growth (median: 675 grams). Although the fifty farms cannot be considered as a representative sample for North-East Germany, the results indicate that the farm management has a big impact on growth and survival of dairy calves and needs to be addressed more thoroughly when raising the future dairy cow.


id: cord-351920-igmb2yfe
author: Oma, Veslemøy Sunniva
date: 2016-06-13
txt: ./txt/cord-351920-igmb2yfe.txt
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url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-016-0555-x
doi: 10.1186/s12985-016-0555-x
summary:
  The aims of the study were to investigate the duration and quantity of BCoV shedding in feces and nasal secretions related to clinical signs, the presence of virus in blood and tissues and to test the hypothesis that seropositive calves are not infectious to naïve in-contact calves three weeks after BCoV infection. In two experimental studies, infected calves were not protected against reinfection with a different BCoV strain three weeks after the first challenge, but did not develop clinical signs [19, 20] . The majority of experimental studies have used BCoV inoculation as challenge procedure, which may influence clinical signs and viral shedding, and thereby the transmission potential compared to natural infection. The present study showed that calves infected with BCoV shed viral RNA for five weeks, and harbored viral RNA in intestinal tissues and lymph nodes even longer.

title:
  Bovine coronavirus in naturally and experimentally exposed calves; viral shedding and the potential for transmission

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) is a widely distributed pathogen, causing disease and economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. Prevention of virus spread is impeded by a lack of basic knowledge concerning viral shedding and transmission potential in individual animals. The aims of the study were to investigate the duration and quantity of BCoV shedding in feces and nasal secretions related to clinical signs, the presence of virus in blood and tissues and to test the hypothesis that seropositive calves are not infectious to naïve in-contact calves three weeks after BCoV infection. METHODS: A live animal experiment was conducted, with direct contact between animal groups for 24 h as challenge procedure. Four naïve calves were commingled with a group of six naturally infected calves and sequentially euthanized. Two naïve sentinel calves were commingled with the experimentally exposed group three weeks after exposure. Nasal swabs, feces, blood and tissue samples were analyzed for viral RNA by RT-qPCR, and virus isolation was performed on nasal swabs. Serum was analyzed for BCoV antibodies. RESULTS: The calves showed mild general signs, and the most prominent signs were from the respiratory system. The overall clinical score corresponded well with the shedding of viral RNA the first three weeks after challenge. General depression and cough were the signs that correlated best with shedding of BCoV RNA, while peak respiratory rate and peak rectal temperature appeared more than a week later than the peak shedding. Nasal shedding preceded fecal shedding, and the calves had detectable amounts of viral RNA intermittently in feces through day 35 and in nasal secretions through day 28, however virus isolation was unsuccessful from day six and day 18 from the two calves investigated. Viral RNA was not detected in blood, but was found in lymphatic tissue through day 42 after challenge. Although the calves were shedding BCoV RNA 21 days after infection the sentinel animals were not infected. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged shedding of BCoV RNA can occur, but detection of viral RNA does not necessarily indicate a transmission potential. The study provides valuable information with regard to producing scientifically based biosecurity advices. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0555-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-355735-515n7knt
author: Elad, D.
date: 1998
txt: ./txt/cord-355735-515n7knt.txt
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url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9725026/
doi: 10.1023/a:1006860418915
summary:
  To examine the possibility of a mycotic involvement in neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) the presence of fungi was assessed in (a) the intestinal contents of dead calves and fecal samples submitted for routine laboratory examination, (b) fecal specimens, sampled once in winter and once in summer, of calves raised on 2 farms with different management systems, and (c) mucosal scrapings of various segments of the digestive tract of a diarrheic calf, massively shedding Candida glabrata. C. glabrata colonized the abomasum (the functional equivalent of the monogastric stomach) but not the other segments of the digestive tract of the euthanized calf Based on the findings of this study it seems that while some yeast species may be considered as commensals of the digestive tract of calves, and consequently their isolation from intestinal contents or fecal samples has no clinical significance, others, such as C.

title:
  Yeasts in the gastrointestinal tract of preweaned calves and possible involvement of Candida glabrata in neonatal calf diarrhea

abstract:
  To examine the possibility of a mycotic involvement in neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) the presence of fungi was assessed in (a) the intestinal contents of dead calves and fecal samples submitted for routine laboratory examination, (b) fecal specimens, sampled once in winter and once in summer, of calves raised on 2 farms with different management systems, and (c) mucosal scrapings of various segments of the digestive tract of a diarrheic calf, massively shedding Candida glabrata. C. glabrata was the most prevalent fungal species isolated from the routine samples. It was the only fungus which was shed by the calves on the 2 farms, for continuous, more or less prolonged periods, but exclusively in the winter months. Diarrhea and C. glabrata shedding seemed to be associated. C. glabrata colonized the abomasum (the functional equivalent of the monogastric stomach) but not the other segments of the digestive tract of the euthanized calf Based on the findings of this study it seems that while some yeast species may be considered as commensals of the digestive tract of calves, and consequently their isolation from intestinal contents or fecal samples has no clinical significance, others, such as C. glabrata may be involved in enteric pathogenic processes. Moreover, characteristics of the culture, previous chemotherapeutic treatments, the animal's age and possibly climatic conditions should be taken into account before deciding on the fungal isolate's clinical relevance. Determination of mycotic involvement in NCD by routine mycological examination of intestinal contents and fecal samples of diarrheic calves may be useful to avoid unnecessary and potentially harmful antibacterial therapy.


