Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 25 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3847 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 black 7 Black 5 COVID-19 4 white 2 american 2 Health 1 youth 1 work 1 time 1 stroke 1 state 1 soybean 1 roman 1 racial 1 prevention 1 political 1 police 1 man 1 lectin 1 historical 1 feminist 1 engagement 1 discrimination 1 covid-19 1 community 1 chinese 1 chemical 1 african 1 YBMSM 1 SARS 1 Pardo 1 Ottoman 1 Mediterranean 1 Louisiana 1 Latinxs 1 Justinianic 1 JHG 1 HIV 1 Global 1 Fcwf-4 1 FIPV 1 Death 1 Antioch 1 ATCC Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 362 health 257 % 242 cell 229 population 205 man 200 risk 179 study 178 group 173 disparity 172 pandemic 159 time 154 rate 151 disease 145 race 138 lectin 133 youth 132 level 127 woman 125 patient 124 community 123 obesity 118 research 117 plague 116 care 115 effect 114 datum 108 state 106 virus 105 year 105 soybean 104 type 104 activity 102 case 101 insomnia 100 stroke 98 income 98 difference 96 system 96 number 96 factor 96 analysis 95 result 94 discrimination 93 work 93 adult 92 racism 91 death 89 prevention 88 author 87 individual Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 214 HIV 197 Black 189 al 163 et 149 COVID-19 113 . 96 Health 90 Fcwf-4 70 YBMSM 70 US 65 SEP 59 Americans 53 National 52 United 52 SARS 51 CU 49 States 44 U.S. 43 White 43 Fig 42 FIPV 40 CoV-2 38 Mediterranean 36 Caribbean 32 Justinianic 32 American 31 MSM 31 ATCC 30 t 30 Death 29 Scholes 29 B 29 America 27 II 27 Coronavirus 26 July 26 England 26 D 26 CC 25 Medicine 24 Racial 24 M 24 CE 23 sha 23 pH 23 New 23 Latinx 22 University 22 Data 21 FGHAM Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 494 we 280 it 150 they 114 i 76 us 44 them 35 you 21 themselves 15 itself 14 ourselves 11 he 6 one 6 me 5 she 2 myself 2 him 1 mine 1 himself 1 academia.edu Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 2604 be 740 have 187 use 158 do 155 include 113 increase 108 make 95 report 91 show 88 compare 88 associate 85 base 70 present 69 find 66 provide 63 follow 62 live 55 lead 54 see 51 take 51 indicate 50 reduce 50 need 49 give 49 exist 48 relate 48 identify 48 consider 45 determine 44 know 43 work 43 remain 43 affect 41 understand 41 engage 40 obtain 38 suggest 38 produce 38 occur 37 contribute 36 test 36 describe 35 require 35 examine 34 estimate 33 reflect 33 observe 33 focus 33 establish 33 contain Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 507 black 346 racial 291 not 246 more 231 high 168 - 152 also 136 political 136 other 135 american 128 ethnic 123 white 122 social 118 such 115 low 99 african 94 well 92 however 87 only 84 likely 84 fractional 82 different 81 feline 78 public 76 old 71 covid-19 69 sexual 68 young 68 important 67 historical 65 significant 65 non 64 then 63 most 63 even 62 long 62 as 61 structural 60 new 60 further 59 medical 59 many 59 great 58 early 57 often 56 large 56 first 54 less 53 economic 52 same Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25 high 14 low 14 good 13 least 9 most 7 large 6 great 5 bad 5 Most 3 late 3 early 2 broad 1 wild 1 weak 1 simple 1 poor 1 healthy Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 54 most 11 least Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 doi.org 1 www.whitehouse.gov 1 noblenational.org 1 nam 1 creativecommons.org 1 creat 1 blacklivesmatter.com Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 12 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.20152942 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.04.20112011 1 http://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-orderprotecting-american-monuments-memorials-statues-combating-recent-criminalviolence/last 1 http://noblenational.org/ 1 http://nam 1 http://doi.org/10.1186/s13059-020-02133-w 1 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07 1 http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp2012910 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101212 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1 http://creat 1 http://blacklivesmatter.com/last Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 jhaldon@princeton.edu Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 black lives matter 3 cells were then 3 effect did not 2 % increased odds 2 cells do not 2 cells were confluent 2 disparities are variances 2 groups are more 2 health based tactics 2 health is not 2 lectin is stable 2 lectin was essentially 2 lectin was identical 2 lectin was stable 2 lectins are devoid 2 men were more 2 men were most 2 population are reportedly 2 population is concentrated 2 rates were highest 2 risk is often 2 women were least 2 women were more 1 % are thugs 1 % had at 1 % increased risk 1 % is equal 1 % were regular 1 % were white 1 % were young 1 black was also 1 black was no 1 black were comparable 1 care is unclear 1 care showing familiar 1 cells are consistent 1 cells are insensitive 1 cells are less 1 cells are more 1 cells are much 1 cells are not 1 cells are permissive 1 cells following infection 1 cells had fully 1 cells has also 1 cells is > 1 cells were critical 1 cells were due 1 cells were employable 1 cells were large Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 % had no record 1 black was no longer 1 cells are not ideal 1 health is not only 1 health is not something A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-266027-1xrq8cg9 author = Barrington, Debbie S. title = Socioeconomic Correlates of Obesity in African-American and Caribbean-Black Men and Women date = 2020-07-04 keywords = african; american; black summary = Covariates utilized for statistical adjustment due to their known associations with SEP and obesity include demographic variables such as age [5] , categorized into less than or equal to 29 years, 30-44 years, 45-59 years, and 60 or more years; marital status, [24] characterized as (1) married or living with a partner, (2) separated, divorced or widowed, and (3) never married; and three measures of health behaviors, (1) physical activity [22] , a continuous measure based on how often the study participants worked in the garden or yard, engaged in active sports or exercise, and walked, (2) smoking status [25] , specified as the participant never having smoked more than 100 cigarettes in his/her lifetime or "never smoker," having smoked more than 100 cigarettes in the past or "past smoker," and "current smoker," and (3) current alcohol consumption [22] , categorized for analytical purposes into consuming no alcoholic drinks within the past year or "none," having consumed less than 12 drinks within the past year, or "infrequent drinker," and moderate-to-heavy drinkers having consumed 12 or more drinks within the past year or "regular drinker." To minimize bias due to differentially distributed missing data on measures of SEP and BMI by ethnicity (African-American and Caribbean-Black) and sex, multiple imputation was performed prior to statistical analysis within the statistical software package IVEware [26] . doi = 10.1007/s40615-020-00798-4 id = cord-349664-p5j26lvd author = Cheng, Philip title = Racial discrimination as a mediator of racial disparities in insomnia disorder date = 2020-09-11 keywords = black; discrimination; racial; white summary = We hypothesized that differences in insomnia severity between racial minority groups and White individuals would be significantly mediated by perceived discrimination. This study examined the role of racial discrimination as a potential mechanism for racial sleep disparities in a large clinical sample comprising White and racial minority groups with DSM-5 insomnia. As such, we also opted to include these sensitivity analyses so they may be considered in the generation of hypotheses for additional research, which should aim to replicate these findings in larger samples and to further examine the complexities and nuances in the mechanisms by which sleep disparities arise within different racial and ethnic minority groups. However, our results are consistent with prior research indicating that racial discrimination was a significant mediator of the prospective relationship between race and sleep disturbances in a sample of college students, 34 and extend this finding to clinically significant insomnia. doi = 10.1016/j.sleh.2020.07.007 id = cord-304966-w2voi8en author = Cummings, Cori title = Blacks Are Less Likely to Present With Strokes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Observations From the Buckle of the Stroke Belt date = 2020-08-17 keywords = COVID-19; black summary = 2 Despite concern for increased risk of stroke, many centers reported a significant decline in number of patients presenting with strokes during the pandemic. [3] [4] [5] This alarming drop raised concern that patients with stroke may be reluctant to seek medical care in the setting of the pandemic. Other studies have reported a decline in stroke presentations throughout the United States and the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, our study is unique because it presents patient-level data in an area of high stroke rate and significant racial disparity. An important finding in our study is that a lower percentage of Black patients presented with strokes during the pandemic. This finding is alarming, as many studies have highlighted existing racial disparities in stroke care, with Black patients having both higher risk factors as well as higher in-hospital mortality and burden of stroke disability. doi = 10.1161/strokeaha.120.031121 id = cord-031722-n5ja5oqw author = Fields, Errol L. title = Mind the Gap: HIV Prevention Among Young Black Men Who Have Sex with Men date = 2020-09-10 keywords = HIV; YBMSM; black; man; prevention summary = RECENT FINDINGS: Studies suggest that while YBMSM display interest and acceptability of varied HIV prevention options, uptake lags due to the lingering effects of intersectional oppression from racism and sexual prejudice, HIV stigma, institutional and provider bias, and unresolved health policy barriers. Smaller surveys and qualitative studies in YBMSM or older adult Black MSM have described similar barriers including concerns over issues of cost, accuracy, comfort within testing venues, and poor communication from providers related to sexual health [17] [18] [19] . Young adults may remain covered on their parents'' insurance until age 26, which increases their ability to access care but may create a barrier to HIV prevention, PrEP, and other sexual health services if confidentiality cannot be maintained. Use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in young men who have sex with men is associated with race, sexual risk behavior and peer network size doi = 10.1007/s11904-020-00532-z id = cord-348848-js36pw2r author = Filut, Amarette title = Will Losing Black Physicians Be a Consequence of the COVID-19 Pandemic? date = 2020-07-28 keywords = COVID-19; black summary = A compelling case exists that increasing the number of Black physicians trained and practicing in the United States is one effective intervention to promote health equity and reduce the persistent health disparities that have become glaringly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. 4, 6 In this Invited Commentary, we caution that the COVID-19 pandemic, as a further assault on the health of Blacks in this country, may erode the meager progress that has been made in increasing the number of Black physicians. Black physicians'' exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and risk of contracting COVID-19 are proportionately greater Abstract A compelling case exists that increasing the number of Black physicians trained and practicing in the United States is one effective intervention to promote health equity and reduce the persistent health disparities that have become glaringly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. doi = 10.1097/acm.0000000000003651 id = cord-283673-oyefmgl3 author = Garcia, Marc A title = The Color of COVID-19: Structural Racism and the Pandemic’s Disproportionate Impact on Older Racial and Ethnic Minorities date = 2020-08-05 keywords = Latinxs; black; covid-19; white summary = RESULTS: We identify three proximate mechanisms through which structural racism operates as a fundamental cause of racial/ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 burden among older adults: (1) Risk of exposure; (2) Weathering processes; and (3) Health care access and quality. Below we discuss how proximate mechanisms place older Blacks and Latinxs at an elevated health risk from the COVID-19 pandemic compared to Whites, while also highlighting examples of why structural racism is a fundamental driver of these inequalities. Structural racism in the forms of residential and occupational segregation (i.e. the unequal distribution of racial/ethnic groups across neighborhoods and jobs) and wealth inequalities shape living and working conditions in ways that put Blacks and Latinxs at greater risk of COVID-19 exposure and limit their ability to A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t practice physical distancing (Ray, 2020) . doi = 10.1093/geronb/gbaa114 id = cord-332065-afq26621 author = Ghanchi, Hammad title = Racial Disparity Amongst Stroke Patients During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic date = 2020-09-10 keywords = SARS; black; stroke summary = The primary endpoint of this study is to compare whether there was a significant difference in the proportion of patients in each reported racial category presenting with stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A statistically significant increase in the number of Black and Hispanic patients presenting with strokes was noted in California, Pacific hospitals, Western hospitals, and all hospitals in the United States during various months studied comparing 2020 to 2019. Given the recent pandemic and racial disparity among patients afflicted with SARS-CoV-2 and the possible link of this virus and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), we sought to analyze whether there was a disparity for stroke patients presenting to hospitals during this time using the Get with the Guidelines (GWTG) National Stroke Database. The primary endpoint of this study is to compare whether there was a significant difference in the proportion of patients in each reported racial category presenting to our institution with stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10369 id = cord-307753-p1htdvrp author = Haldon, John title = Lessons from the past, policies for the future: resilience and sustainability in past crises date = 2020-05-24 keywords = Antioch; Black; Death; Ottoman; roman; state summary = Past human societies as a whole have been extraordinarily resilient in the face of severe challenges, but the configuration of social and political structures was always impacted in a number of ways, with substantial implications for development pathways (e.g., the different medium-term outcomes of the Black Death in England and France) (Borsch 2005, pp. How societies in the past responded to stress depends on three key sets of conditions: their complexity (the degree of interdependency across social relationships and structures), their institutional and ideological flexibility, and their systemic redundancy, all of which together determine the resilience of the system. Yet if we examine particular outbreaks, even the destructive demographic narrative demonstrates the ability of the Eastern Roman state to react both immediately to the increased numbers of deaths, maintain vital administrative efforts, and continue its long-term political goals. doi = 10.1007/s10669-020-09778-9 id = cord-102783-f8i20twx author = Jbaily, A. title = Inequalities in air pollution exposure are increasing in the United States date = 2020-07-15 keywords = black summary = For each racial/ethnic group (White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic) 1 , we construct a map that shows only zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) where the race/ethnicity is most present 2 To quantify these differences in exposure, we compute the population-weighted average PM 2.5 concentration for every racial/ethnic population (please see Methods) (Extended Data figure A.4a). However, the CoV shows that the variation in air pollution exposure among racial/ethnic groups relative to its mean increased from 0.17 3 Ranking the ZCTAs for a particular race is done by using the population fraction of the race in every ZCTA to split them into 100 quantiles by using percentiles. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.20152942 doi: medRxiv preprint figure 4 , disparities in air pollution exposure among racial/ethnic groups and income groups are increasing. doi = 10.1101/2020.07.13.20152942 id = cord-266132-i57avso9 author = Kirksey, Lee title = Pandemic Superimposed on Epidemic: Covid-19 Disparities in Black Americans date = 2020-08-01 keywords = COVID-19; black summary = Viewed holistically, multiple factors are contributing to the perfect storm: 1) Limited availability of public testing, 2) A dramatic increase in low wage worker unemployment/health insurance loss especially in the service sector of the economy, 3) High rates of preexisting chronic disease states/reduced access to early healthcare and 4) Individual provider and structural healthcare system bias. 14 Unfortunately, the fact that not all local, state and federal public health agencies are collecting race and ethnic data points will contribute to delays in reaching a complete understanding of the magnitude of this pandemic''s impact on Black communities ( Figure 1 ). 21 Viewed holistically multiple factors are contributing to the perfect storm: 1) Limited availability of public testing, 2) A dramatic increase in low wage worker unemployment/health insurance loss especially in the service sector of the economy, 3) High rates of pre-existing chronic disease states/reduced access to early healthcare and 4) Individual and structural healthcare system bias. doi = 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.07.003 id = cord-035226-z25efnjh author = Kumar, Sumit title = Racial Disparities in Homicide Victimisation Rates: How to Improve Transparency by the Office of National Statistics in England and Wales date = 2020-11-10 keywords = black; white summary = DATA: We collected two decades of homicide victimisation counts in England and Wales, as broken out for each racial group identified by the Office of National Statistics. Our research question is how much racial disparity in trends of homicide victimisation rates in England and Wales is obscured by the failure of official statistics to report rates of death per 100,000 people at risk? Our research question is how much racial disparity in trends of homicide victimisation rates in England and Wales is obscured by the failure of official statistics to report rates of death per 100,000 people at risk? Thus, the statistics for calculating the rate for Black and White victims per 100,000 people in this age group are based on just the 2011 Census. The greatest difference visible from reported ONS data is among persons aged 16-24, where the most recent statistics show Black death rates to be 24 times higher per 100,000 than for Whites. doi = 10.1007/s41887-020-00055-y id = cord-346487-f16uwuzv author = Landis, Wayne G title = Per‐ and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, Microplastics, and COVID‐19: Will We Ever Learn? date = 2020-06-15 keywords = Black; chemical summary = It has been aptly referred by many scientists as the ultimate Black Swan event; that is to say, an extremely surprising random occurrence that is having a huge impact on the world economy and that experts try to explain away as something that was predictable, if only we had had the imagination to foresee it. The fundamental question society faces today, and most certainly the scientific community, as a consequence of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, is not whether we have sufficient knowledge of the fate and effects of chemicals or plastics or even viruses on the environment and human health; it is whether we are able to connect scientific observation and theoretical study to real-life consequences. We simply do not have sufficient knowledge of our place in nature or control of our imaginations to foresee consequences, ask key questions, and to put a process in place. doi = 10.1002/ieam.4279 id = cord-314538-l4ek54cu author = Lin, Peng title = Purification of melibiose‐binding lectins from two cultivars of Chinese black soybeans date = 2008-12-16 keywords = black; chinese; lectin; soybean summary = The lectin was essentially similar to small glossy black soybean lectin except for a larger subunit molecular mass (31 kDa), a more potent mitogenic activity and lower thermostability. The small glossy black soybean lectin inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells and MCF7 cells with an IC 50 of 4.1 µM and 2.6 µM, respectively (Fig. 4) and the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC 50 of 2.82 µM (Fig. 5) . Chinese small glossy black soybean lectin exerts potent antiproliferative activity toward HepG2 and MCF7 cells, with an IC 50 of 4.1 µM and 2.6 µM, respectively. Thus lectins from the two cultivars of Chinese black soybean appear to differ in subunit molecular mass, thermostability and mitogenic activity, although they share the same N-terminal amino acid sequence and carbohydrate specificity and have similar HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity. doi = 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2008.00488.x id = cord-346603-ooaur990 author = Luterbacher, J. title = Past pandemics and climate variability across the Mediterranean date = 2020-09-19 keywords = Black; Justinianic; Mediterranean summary = Here, we explore potential associations between pandemic disease and climate over the last 2,500 years in Mediterranean history, focusing on ancient disease outbreaks and the Justinianic plague in particular. To establish whether climatological and environmental factors influenced the emergence of past Mediterranean pandemics knowing where and when the outbreak began, and its pathogenic identity, are fundamental, as are high quality, long-running climate records from different archives, which resolve various aspects of climate and environment change at high spatial and temporal resolution and which also cover the full annual cycle. The Justinianic plague may have emerged from a non-extant reservoir in East Africa or southern Arabia, where sixth-century writers identify the disease first, or farther afield yet, but small genetic variations in the ten late antique plague genomes presently available teach that recorded Justinianic plague recurrences in the Mediterranean region represent not Y. doi = 10.1007/s41207-020-00197-5 id = cord-288710-fweorzis author = Marchand, Aixa D. title = Contextual factors shaping diverse political action: A commentary on the special issue on adolescent political development date = 2020-10-14 keywords = black; engagement; political; youth summary = As a scholar who focuses on Black parent school engagement and understandings of educational inequities and with expertise in both psychology and education (Aixa Marchand), I am particularly drawn to the Bowyer and Kahne (2020) article that emphasizes the importance of providing varied types of learning opportunities to students and its relation to increasing political engagement in youth. These findings in conjunction with theoretical work highlighting the importance of racial sociocultural processes, such as racial identity, parent socialization, and discrimination represent the necessity to further explore how youth experiences both personally and vicariously may impact their political behaviors and engagement (Anyiwo, Bañales, Rowley, Watkins, & Richards-Schuster, 2018) . A wealth of research has shown that critical reflection of perceived inequality is associated with civic action (Diemer & Rapa, 2016; Hope et al., 2020) , therefore providing nascent evidence that parent racial socialization messages may affect political engagement in their children (Anyiwo et al., 2018) . doi = 10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101212 id = cord-295693-45etqt72 author = McClure, Elizabeth S title = Racial Capitalism within Public Health: How Occupational Settings Drive COVID-19 Disparities date = 2020-07-03 keywords = COVID-19; Health; black; white summary = In her scholarship on the history of race and medicine, Dr. Dorothy Roberts describes how focusing on "underlying" health conditions and behavioral risk factors allows society "[a] to ignore how disease is caused by political inequality and [b] to justify an unequal system by pointing to the inherent racial difference that disease supposedly reveals" (20) . Under racial capitalism, attention is drawn away from workplace hazards by arguing that workers are inherently at high risk of ill health due to their own racial and behavioral susceptibilities, masking and justifying how labor is structured to concentrate risky, lowwage work among non-White or otherwise marginalized workforces. In the counterfactual scenario of no Black lung function correction but a White hearing correction, industry would owe 31% more in worker''s compensation payouts (this calculation is based on applying the average payout associated with each workers'' compensation award in a typical state (30)). Under racial capitalism, Black workers experience more work-related health damage because they are concentrated in riskier, less protected jobs. doi = 10.1093/aje/kwaa126 id = cord-301000-ozm5f5dy author = Naqvi, Zainab Batul title = A Wench’s Guide to Surviving a ‘Global’ Pandemic Crisis: Feminist Publishing in a Time of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-04 keywords = COVID-19; Global; black; feminist; time; work summary = For us, this has recently manifested in a collective statement on publishing and open access, which we have jointly produced and signed with several other intersectional feminist and social justice journal editorial boards. This is exhibited in our recent work to imagine what a life after existing models of open access could and should look like with our colleagues from other feminist and social justice journals (see below). • replacing the values of efficiency, transparency and compliance with those of equality, diversity, solidarity, care and inclusion • providing a more sustainable and equitable ecological economics of scholarly publishing in tune with social and environmental justice • working collectively and collaboratively rather than competitively • thinking and acting internationally, rather than through parochial national or regional policies • working across publishing and the academy with a view to responsible householding and accountability in both sectors • seeking to work across funding and institutional barriers, including between STEM and AHSS scholars • seeking further collaborations and partnerships in order to build new structures (disciplines, ethics, processes and practices of scholarship including peer review, citation, impact, engagement and metrics) and infrastructures to support a more healthy and diverse publishing ecology • challenging the technologisation and systematisation of research by working to increase our visibility as editors and academics making us and our publications more accessible and approachable for those who are minoritised in academic publishing doi = 10.1007/s10691-020-09435-1 id = cord-299976-36r794ow author = O’Brien, Amornrat title = Characterizing replication kinetics and plaque production of type I feline infectious peritonitis virus in three feline cell lines date = 2018-12-01 keywords = ATCC; Black; FIPV; Fcwf-4 summary = FCoVs are typically grouped into two biotypes (or pathotypes), which have been classified as feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), based on tissue tropism, disease progression, and genetic markers (reviewed in Kipar and Meli, 2014; Pedersen, 2014 Pedersen, , 2009 , although the range of disease signs and clinical outcomes are likely to extend beyond these two basic definitions. As part of this study, we characterized three feline cell lines-two from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and one from Cornell University-and evaluated the replication kinetics, efficiency of plaque formation, and responsiveness of these cells to interferon (IFN) in order to identify the optimal cell culture conditions for type I FIPV Black. After observing the rapid and uniform development of CPE and release of virus into cell supernatants during infection of AK-D and Fcwf-4 CU cells, we reasoned that these cells would be employable in a standardized plaque assay to consistently determine FIPV Black titer. doi = 10.1016/j.virol.2018.08.022 id = cord-271440-qiwixpai author = Ribeiro, Helena title = In the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, do brown lives matter? date = 2020-07-02 keywords = Pardo; black summary = In The Lancet Global Health, a pioneering study by Pedro Baqui and colleagues 1 confirms in Brazil findings observed in other countries hit hard by COVID-19: that mortality rates from the pandemic differ by geographical region and ethnicity, with disproportionate impact for Black populations and other ethnic minorities. Therefore, discussions regarding ethnicity and regional variations must be integrated, not only because northern states and Rio de Janeiro have higher proportions of Pardo and Black populations, but also because the root causes of higher mortality are overlapping. The prevalence of comorbidities among Pardo and Black populations in Brazil is higher than among other ethnicities, including overweight and obesity, 6 risk factors for severity of symptoms of COVID-19. Ethnic and regional variations in hospital mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: a cross-sectional observational study doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30314-4 id = cord-261907-y60yra4r author = Richardson, E. T. title = Reparations for Black American Descendants of Persons Enslaved in the U.S. and Their Estimated Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Transmission date = 2020-06-05 keywords = Health; Louisiana; black summary = 22 While R0 provides theoretical information about an epidemic, practical control ultimately depends on the expected infections generated later in the outbreak prompting epidemiologists to utilize the effective reproduction number Rt (i.e., the average number of secondary cases generated by an infectious individual at time t), which obviates the assumption of a fully susceptible population and allows for the temporal dynamics to be followed in the setting of various interventions. Our next-generation matrix analysis shows that, in a segregated society like the U.S. where SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates are disproportionate across racial groups, small changes in the ratio between bb®b and bw®w can result in large changes in the reproductive ratio for the population (Figure 3a) , due mainly to 1) the effects of high assortative mixing structured by racism on the value of cb®b; and 2) the fact that the expected number of secondary infections generated within high-risk subgroups (i.e., the value gb®b in the next generation matrix-in this case driven by high relative values of cb®b) comes to dominate R0 for a population. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.04.20112011 id = cord-031396-cb97rcbk author = Saratha, S. R. title = Solving Black–Scholes equations using fractional generalized homotopy analysis method date = 2020-09-04 keywords = Black summary = Tables 7 and 8 provide the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 0.75, α = 0.5, and depict a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, MFDTM, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Table 12 provides the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 1, which depicts a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, the exact solution, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Table 12 provides the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 1, which depicts a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, the exact solution, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Table 12 provides the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 1, which depicts a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, the exact solution, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Homotopy perturbation method for fractional Black-Scholes European option pricing equations using Sumudu transform Exact solution of fractional Black-Scholes European option pricing equations doi = 10.1007/s40314-020-01306-4 id = cord-329310-8viyz7me author = Schwartz, Stephan A. title = Police Brutality and Racism in America date = 2020-07-02 keywords = black; police summary = And yet here I sit, looking day after day at the searing television images of the new civil rights demonstrations, watching videos of white policemen murdering Black men for no reason except they could, thinking they would get away with it, as they had so often in the past. In Norway, Iceland, New Zealand, Britain, and Ireland, police officers generally do not carry firearms." 4 Intermixed with racial brutality on the part of the law enforcement system in the U.S. is the gross misuse of the American military against the American people they are sworn to protect. The Washington Post looked into this issue and tuned the data even finer: "Although half of the people shot and killed by police are white, black Americans are shot at a disproportionate rate. doi = 10.1016/j.explore.2020.06.010 id = cord-255064-u95pxed7 author = Taylor, Kishana title = mSphere of Influence: That’s Racist—COVID-19, Biological Determinism, and the Limits of Hypotheses date = 2020-09-30 keywords = Black summary = In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on the personal impact of "Racial health disparities and COVID-19 – caution and context" by Merlin Chowkwanyun and Adolph L. I argue that hypothesis-driven data are flawed in additional ways, especially when it comes to infectious disease microbiology and health disparities research. From a perspective that does not consider the social determinants of health on a macroscale, it may seem that race is the underlying factor between differences in disease rates. So when we see data that say Black people have higher rates of COVID-19, we have to first consider what role institutional and structural racism have in shaping the environments in which they live and work. With Black In Microbiology Week, we want to bring awareness to how the surface level analysis of infectious disease health disparities data often leads to racist hypotheses. doi = 10.1128/msphere.00945-20 id = cord-034084-b1biu6fm author = Tolia-Kelly, Divya title = Historical geographies of the 21st century: Challenging our praxis date = 2020-10-21 keywords = Black; JHG; historical summary = Historical geographies of the 21st century: Challenging our praxis On the 4 th July 2020 the statue of black anti-slavery campaigner Frederick Douglass was torn down in Rochester, New York. In 2020 the changed JHG editorial team reflected and recognised the shift to decolonising the sub-discipline, recognising questions of race and racisms in scholarship, intellectual institutions, education curricula, networks, research and the economies of research posts and publications. ''. 9 This call reflects much of the shift envisaged by the new editorial team and their individual portfolios hope to express some of the practices that may help to actualise change, improvement and material effects in producing a radical anti-racist template in academic journal publications. The team''s asynchronous dialogues around this editorial and wider journal review reveal the gaps, fissures and flaws as we work towards a praxis that ''fits'' with the politics and struggles for inclusion experienced by authors located in, for example, Latin America, India and Africa. doi = 10.1016/j.jhg.2020.08.002 id = cord-023989-d6c1is5s author = Williams, Richard Allen title = Conclusion and Afterword date = 2020-04-25 keywords = american; black; community summary = The problem of insufficient recruitment of African American students into careers in medicine is often referred to as the medical school "pipeline" problem, which has been highlighted by several incisive publications such as An American Crisis: The Growing Absence of Black Men in Medicine and Science, a book whose lead author was Cato T. This is another example of the public health consequences of violence and police brutality in the black community, leading to a population that may be in need of psychotherapy. One area of focus is on prevention; it is estimated that about twothirds of black maternal deaths are entirely preventable if more attention is paid to socioeconomic determinants of health by eliminating social inequities through the provision of clean drinking water, better housing, improved transportation, and greater access to high-standard healthcare facilities for pre-and postnatal care. National Medical Association seeks to address violence in the African American community. The violence epidemic in the African American community: a call by the National Medical Association for comprehensive reform issues/black-african-american-communities-and-mental-health. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-41960-8_10