cord-023989-d6c1is5s	2020	The problem of insufficient recruitment of African American students into careers in medicine is often referred to as the medical school "pipeline" problem, which has been highlighted by several incisive publications such as An American Crisis: The Growing Absence of Black Men in Medicine and Science, a book whose lead author was Cato T. This is another example of the public health consequences of violence and police brutality in the black community, leading to a population that may be in need of psychotherapy. One area of focus is on prevention; it is estimated that about twothirds of black maternal deaths are entirely preventable if more attention is paid to socioeconomic determinants of health by eliminating social inequities through the provision of clean drinking water, better housing, improved transportation, and greater access to high-standard healthcare facilities for pre-and postnatal care. National Medical Association seeks to address violence in the African American community. The violence epidemic in the African American community: a call by the National Medical Association for comprehensive reform issues/black-african-american-communities-and-mental-health.
cord-031396-cb97rcbk	2020	Tables 7 and 8 provide the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 0.75, α = 0.5, and depict a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, MFDTM, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Table 12 provides the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 1, which depicts a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, the exact solution, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Table 12 provides the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 1, which depicts a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, the exact solution, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Table 12 provides the pricing option derivatives using fractional parameter α = 1, which depicts a good agreement among the results of FGHAM, the exact solution, RPS, and CFADM, respectively. Homotopy perturbation method for fractional Black-Scholes European option pricing equations using Sumudu transform Exact solution of fractional Black-Scholes European option pricing equations
cord-031722-n5ja5oqw	2020	RECENT FINDINGS: Studies suggest that while YBMSM display interest and acceptability of varied HIV prevention options, uptake lags due to the lingering effects of intersectional oppression from racism and sexual prejudice, HIV stigma, institutional and provider bias, and unresolved health policy barriers. Smaller surveys and qualitative studies in YBMSM or older adult Black MSM have described similar barriers including concerns over issues of cost, accuracy, comfort within testing venues, and poor communication from providers related to sexual health [17] [18] [19] . Young adults may remain covered on their parents'' insurance until age 26, which increases their ability to access care but may create a barrier to HIV prevention, PrEP, and other sexual health services if confidentiality cannot be maintained. Use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in young men who have sex with men is associated with race, sexual risk behavior and peer network size
cord-034084-b1biu6fm	2020	Historical geographies of the 21st century: Challenging our praxis On the 4 th July 2020 the statue of black anti-slavery campaigner Frederick Douglass was torn down in Rochester, New York. In 2020 the changed JHG editorial team reflected and recognised the shift to decolonising the sub-discipline, recognising questions of race and racisms in scholarship, intellectual institutions, education curricula, networks, research and the economies of research posts and publications. ''. 9 This call reflects much of the shift envisaged by the new editorial team and their individual portfolios hope to express some of the practices that may help to actualise change, improvement and material effects in producing a radical anti-racist template in academic journal publications. The team''s asynchronous dialogues around this editorial and wider journal review reveal the gaps, fissures and flaws as we work towards a praxis that ''fits'' with the politics and struggles for inclusion experienced by authors located in, for example, Latin America, India and Africa.
cord-035226-z25efnjh	2020	DATA: We collected two decades of homicide victimisation counts in England and Wales, as broken out for each racial group identified by the Office of National Statistics. Our research question is how much racial disparity in trends of homicide victimisation rates in England and Wales is obscured by the failure of official statistics to report rates of death per 100,000 people at risk? Our research question is how much racial disparity in trends of homicide victimisation rates in England and Wales is obscured by the failure of official statistics to report rates of death per 100,000 people at risk? Thus, the statistics for calculating the rate for Black and White victims per 100,000 people in this age group are based on just the 2011 Census. The greatest difference visible from reported ONS data is among persons aged 16-24, where the most recent statistics show Black death rates to be 24 times higher per 100,000 than for Whites.
cord-102783-f8i20twx	2020	For each racial/ethnic group (White, Black, Asian, and Hispanic) 1 , we construct a map that shows only zip code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) where the race/ethnicity is most present 2 To quantify these differences in exposure, we compute the population-weighted average PM 2.5 concentration for every racial/ethnic population (please see Methods) (Extended Data figure A.4a). However, the CoV shows that the variation in air pollution exposure among racial/ethnic groups relative to its mean increased from 0.17 3 Ranking the ZCTAs for a particular race is done by using the population fraction of the race in every ZCTA to split them into 100 quantiles by using percentiles. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.20152942 doi: medRxiv preprint figure 4 , disparities in air pollution exposure among racial/ethnic groups and income groups are increasing.
cord-255064-u95pxed7	2020	In this mSphere of Influence article, she reflects on the personal impact of "Racial health disparities and COVID-19 – caution and context" by Merlin Chowkwanyun and Adolph L. I argue that hypothesis-driven data are flawed in additional ways, especially when it comes to infectious disease microbiology and health disparities research. From a perspective that does not consider the social determinants of health on a macroscale, it may seem that race is the underlying factor between differences in disease rates. So when we see data that say Black people have higher rates of COVID-19, we have to first consider what role institutional and structural racism have in shaping the environments in which they live and work. With Black In Microbiology Week, we want to bring awareness to how the surface level analysis of infectious disease health disparities data often leads to racist hypotheses.
cord-261907-y60yra4r	2020	22 While R0 provides theoretical information about an epidemic, practical control ultimately depends on the expected infections generated later in the outbreak prompting epidemiologists to utilize the effective reproduction number Rt (i.e., the average number of secondary cases generated by an infectious individual at time t), which obviates the assumption of a fully susceptible population and allows for the temporal dynamics to be followed in the setting of various interventions. Our next-generation matrix analysis shows that, in a segregated society like the U.S. where SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates are disproportionate across racial groups, small changes in the ratio between bb®b and bw®w can result in large changes in the reproductive ratio for the population (Figure 3a) , due mainly to 1) the effects of high assortative mixing structured by racism on the value of cb®b; and 2) the fact that the expected number of secondary infections generated within high-risk subgroups (i.e., the value gb®b in the next generation matrix-in this case driven by high relative values of cb®b) comes to dominate R0 for a population.
cord-266027-1xrq8cg9	2020	Covariates utilized for statistical adjustment due to their known associations with SEP and obesity include demographic variables such as age [5] , categorized into less than or equal to 29 years, 30-44 years, 45-59 years, and 60 or more years; marital status, [24] characterized as (1) married or living with a partner, (2) separated, divorced or widowed, and (3) never married; and three measures of health behaviors, (1) physical activity [22] , a continuous measure based on how often the study participants worked in the garden or yard, engaged in active sports or exercise, and walked, (2) smoking status [25] , specified as the participant never having smoked more than 100 cigarettes in his/her lifetime or "never smoker," having smoked more than 100 cigarettes in the past or "past smoker," and "current smoker," and (3) current alcohol consumption [22] , categorized for analytical purposes into consuming no alcoholic drinks within the past year or "none," having consumed less than 12 drinks within the past year, or "infrequent drinker," and moderate-to-heavy drinkers having consumed 12 or more drinks within the past year or "regular drinker." To minimize bias due to differentially distributed missing data on measures of SEP and BMI by ethnicity (African-American and Caribbean-Black) and sex, multiple imputation was performed prior to statistical analysis within the statistical software package IVEware [26] .
cord-266132-i57avso9	2020	Viewed holistically, multiple factors are contributing to the perfect storm: 1) Limited availability of public testing, 2) A dramatic increase in low wage worker unemployment/health insurance loss especially in the service sector of the economy, 3) High rates of preexisting chronic disease states/reduced access to early healthcare and 4) Individual provider and structural healthcare system bias. 14 Unfortunately, the fact that not all local, state and federal public health agencies are collecting race and ethnic data points will contribute to delays in reaching a complete understanding of the magnitude of this pandemic''s impact on Black communities ( Figure 1 ). 21 Viewed holistically multiple factors are contributing to the perfect storm: 1) Limited availability of public testing, 2) A dramatic increase in low wage worker unemployment/health insurance loss especially in the service sector of the economy, 3) High rates of pre-existing chronic disease states/reduced access to early healthcare and 4) Individual and structural healthcare system bias.
cord-271440-qiwixpai	2020	In The Lancet Global Health, a pioneering study by Pedro Baqui and colleagues 1 confirms in Brazil findings observed in other countries hit hard by COVID-19: that mortality rates from the pandemic differ by geographical region and ethnicity, with disproportionate impact for Black populations and other ethnic minorities. Therefore, discussions regarding ethnicity and regional variations must be integrated, not only because northern states and Rio de Janeiro have higher proportions of Pardo and Black populations, but also because the root causes of higher mortality are overlapping. The prevalence of comorbidities among Pardo and Black populations in Brazil is higher than among other ethnicities, including overweight and obesity, 6 risk factors for severity of symptoms of COVID-19. Ethnic and regional variations in hospital mortality from COVID-19 in Brazil: a cross-sectional observational study
cord-283673-oyefmgl3	2020	RESULTS: We identify three proximate mechanisms through which structural racism operates as a fundamental cause of racial/ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 burden among older adults: (1) Risk of exposure; (2) Weathering processes; and (3) Health care access and quality. Below we discuss how proximate mechanisms place older Blacks and Latinxs at an elevated health risk from the COVID-19 pandemic compared to Whites, while also highlighting examples of why structural racism is a fundamental driver of these inequalities. Structural racism in the forms of residential and occupational segregation (i.e. the unequal distribution of racial/ethnic groups across neighborhoods and jobs) and wealth inequalities shape living and working conditions in ways that put Blacks and Latinxs at greater risk of COVID-19 exposure and limit their ability to A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t practice physical distancing (Ray, 2020) .
cord-288710-fweorzis	2020	As a scholar who focuses on Black parent school engagement and understandings of educational inequities and with expertise in both psychology and education (Aixa Marchand), I am particularly drawn to the Bowyer and Kahne (2020) article that emphasizes the importance of providing varied types of learning opportunities to students and its relation to increasing political engagement in youth. These findings in conjunction with theoretical work highlighting the importance of racial sociocultural processes, such as racial identity, parent socialization, and discrimination represent the necessity to further explore how youth experiences both personally and vicariously may impact their political behaviors and engagement (Anyiwo, Bañales, Rowley, Watkins, & Richards-Schuster, 2018) . A wealth of research has shown that critical reflection of perceived inequality is associated with civic action (Diemer & Rapa, 2016; Hope et al., 2020) , therefore providing nascent evidence that parent racial socialization messages may affect political engagement in their children (Anyiwo et al., 2018) .
cord-295693-45etqt72	2020	In her scholarship on the history of race and medicine, Dr. Dorothy Roberts describes how focusing on "underlying" health conditions and behavioral risk factors allows society "[a] to ignore how disease is caused by political inequality and [b] to justify an unequal system by pointing to the inherent racial difference that disease supposedly reveals" (20) . Under racial capitalism, attention is drawn away from workplace hazards by arguing that workers are inherently at high risk of ill health due to their own racial and behavioral susceptibilities, masking and justifying how labor is structured to concentrate risky, lowwage work among non-White or otherwise marginalized workforces. In the counterfactual scenario of no Black lung function correction but a White hearing correction, industry would owe 31% more in worker''s compensation payouts (this calculation is based on applying the average payout associated with each workers'' compensation award in a typical state (30)). Under racial capitalism, Black workers experience more work-related health damage because they are concentrated in riskier, less protected jobs.
cord-299976-36r794ow	2018	FCoVs are typically grouped into two biotypes (or pathotypes), which have been classified as feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), based on tissue tropism, disease progression, and genetic markers (reviewed in Kipar and Meli, 2014; Pedersen, 2014 Pedersen, , 2009 , although the range of disease signs and clinical outcomes are likely to extend beyond these two basic definitions. As part of this study, we characterized three feline cell lines-two from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and one from Cornell University-and evaluated the replication kinetics, efficiency of plaque formation, and responsiveness of these cells to interferon (IFN) in order to identify the optimal cell culture conditions for type I FIPV Black. After observing the rapid and uniform development of CPE and release of virus into cell supernatants during infection of AK-D and Fcwf-4 CU cells, we reasoned that these cells would be employable in a standardized plaque assay to consistently determine FIPV Black titer.
cord-301000-ozm5f5dy	2020	For us, this has recently manifested in a collective statement on publishing and open access, which we have jointly produced and signed with several other intersectional feminist and social justice journal editorial boards. This is exhibited in our recent work to imagine what a life after existing models of open access could and should look like with our colleagues from other feminist and social justice journals (see below). • replacing the values of efficiency, transparency and compliance with those of equality, diversity, solidarity, care and inclusion • providing a more sustainable and equitable ecological economics of scholarly publishing in tune with social and environmental justice • working collectively and collaboratively rather than competitively • thinking and acting internationally, rather than through parochial national or regional policies • working across publishing and the academy with a view to responsible householding and accountability in both sectors • seeking to work across funding and institutional barriers, including between STEM and AHSS scholars • seeking further collaborations and partnerships in order to build new structures (disciplines, ethics, processes and practices of scholarship including peer review, citation, impact, engagement and metrics) and infrastructures to support a more healthy and diverse publishing ecology • challenging the technologisation and systematisation of research by working to increase our visibility as editors and academics making us and our publications more accessible and approachable for those who are minoritised in academic publishing
cord-304966-w2voi8en	2020	2 Despite concern for increased risk of stroke, many centers reported a significant decline in number of patients presenting with strokes during the pandemic. [3] [4] [5] This alarming drop raised concern that patients with stroke may be reluctant to seek medical care in the setting of the pandemic. Other studies have reported a decline in stroke presentations throughout the United States and the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, our study is unique because it presents patient-level data in an area of high stroke rate and significant racial disparity. An important finding in our study is that a lower percentage of Black patients presented with strokes during the pandemic. This finding is alarming, as many studies have highlighted existing racial disparities in stroke care, with Black patients having both higher risk factors as well as higher in-hospital mortality and burden of stroke disability.
cord-307753-p1htdvrp	2020	Past human societies as a whole have been extraordinarily resilient in the face of severe challenges, but the configuration of social and political structures was always impacted in a number of ways, with substantial implications for development pathways (e.g., the different medium-term outcomes of the Black Death in England and France) (Borsch 2005, pp. How societies in the past responded to stress depends on three key sets of conditions: their complexity (the degree of interdependency across social relationships and structures), their institutional and ideological flexibility, and their systemic redundancy, all of which together determine the resilience of the system. Yet if we examine particular outbreaks, even the destructive demographic narrative demonstrates the ability of the Eastern Roman state to react both immediately to the increased numbers of deaths, maintain vital administrative efforts, and continue its long-term political goals.
cord-314538-l4ek54cu	2008	The lectin was essentially similar to small glossy black soybean lectin except for a larger subunit molecular mass (31 kDa), a more potent mitogenic activity and lower thermostability. The small glossy black soybean lectin inhibited proliferation of HepG2 cells and MCF7 cells with an IC 50 of 4.1 µM and 2.6 µM, respectively (Fig. 4) and the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC 50 of 2.82 µM (Fig. 5) . Chinese small glossy black soybean lectin exerts potent antiproliferative activity toward HepG2 and MCF7 cells, with an IC 50 of 4.1 µM and 2.6 µM, respectively. Thus lectins from the two cultivars of Chinese black soybean appear to differ in subunit molecular mass, thermostability and mitogenic activity, although they share the same N-terminal amino acid sequence and carbohydrate specificity and have similar HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity.
cord-329310-8viyz7me	2020	And yet here I sit, looking day after day at the searing television images of the new civil rights demonstrations, watching videos of white policemen murdering Black men for no reason except they could, thinking they would get away with it, as they had so often in the past. In Norway, Iceland, New Zealand, Britain, and Ireland, police officers generally do not carry firearms." 4 Intermixed with racial brutality on the part of the law enforcement system in the U.S. is the gross misuse of the American military against the American people they are sworn to protect. The Washington Post looked into this issue and tuned the data even finer: "Although half of the people shot and killed by police are white, black Americans are shot at a disproportionate rate.
cord-332065-afq26621	2020	The primary endpoint of this study is to compare whether there was a significant difference in the proportion of patients in each reported racial category presenting with stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A statistically significant increase in the number of Black and Hispanic patients presenting with strokes was noted in California, Pacific hospitals, Western hospitals, and all hospitals in the United States during various months studied comparing 2020 to 2019. Given the recent pandemic and racial disparity among patients afflicted with SARS-CoV-2 and the possible link of this virus and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), we sought to analyze whether there was a disparity for stroke patients presenting to hospitals during this time using the Get with the Guidelines (GWTG) National Stroke Database. The primary endpoint of this study is to compare whether there was a significant difference in the proportion of patients in each reported racial category presenting to our institution with stroke during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2.
cord-346487-f16uwuzv	2020	It has been aptly referred by many scientists as the ultimate Black Swan event; that is to say, an extremely surprising random occurrence that is having a huge impact on the world economy and that experts try to explain away as something that was predictable, if only we had had the imagination to foresee it. The fundamental question society faces today, and most certainly the scientific community, as a consequence of the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, is not whether we have sufficient knowledge of the fate and effects of chemicals or plastics or even viruses on the environment and human health; it is whether we are able to connect scientific observation and theoretical study to real-life consequences. We simply do not have sufficient knowledge of our place in nature or control of our imaginations to foresee consequences, ask key questions, and to put a process in place.
cord-346603-ooaur990	2020	Here, we explore potential associations between pandemic disease and climate over the last 2,500 years in Mediterranean history, focusing on ancient disease outbreaks and the Justinianic plague in particular. To establish whether climatological and environmental factors influenced the emergence of past Mediterranean pandemics knowing where and when the outbreak began, and its pathogenic identity, are fundamental, as are high quality, long-running climate records from different archives, which resolve various aspects of climate and environment change at high spatial and temporal resolution and which also cover the full annual cycle. The Justinianic plague may have emerged from a non-extant reservoir in East Africa or southern Arabia, where sixth-century writers identify the disease first, or farther afield yet, but small genetic variations in the ten late antique plague genomes presently available teach that recorded Justinianic plague recurrences in the Mediterranean region represent not Y.
cord-348848-js36pw2r	2020	A compelling case exists that increasing the number of Black physicians trained and practicing in the United States is one effective intervention to promote health equity and reduce the persistent health disparities that have become glaringly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic. 4, 6 In this Invited Commentary, we caution that the COVID-19 pandemic, as a further assault on the health of Blacks in this country, may erode the meager progress that has been made in increasing the number of Black physicians. Black physicians'' exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and risk of contracting COVID-19 are proportionately greater Abstract A compelling case exists that increasing the number of Black physicians trained and practicing in the United States is one effective intervention to promote health equity and reduce the persistent health disparities that have become glaringly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic.
cord-349664-p5j26lvd	2020	We hypothesized that differences in insomnia severity between racial minority groups and White individuals would be significantly mediated by perceived discrimination. This study examined the role of racial discrimination as a potential mechanism for racial sleep disparities in a large clinical sample comprising White and racial minority groups with DSM-5 insomnia. As such, we also opted to include these sensitivity analyses so they may be considered in the generation of hypotheses for additional research, which should aim to replicate these findings in larger samples and to further examine the complexities and nuances in the mechanisms by which sleep disparities arise within different racial and ethnic minority groups. However, our results are consistent with prior research indicating that racial discrimination was a significant mediator of the prospective relationship between race and sleep disturbances in a sample of college students, 34 and extend this finding to clinically significant insomnia.