Carrel name: keyword-bcg-cord Creating study carrel named keyword-bcg-cord Initializing database file: cache/cord-258877-6hy37qxa.json key: cord-258877-6hy37qxa authors: Dolgikh, S. title: Covid-19 vs BCG Universal Immunization: Statistical Significance at Six Months of Exposure date: 2020-09-08 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.06.20189423 sha: doc_id: 258877 cord_uid: 6hy37qxa file: cache/cord-208177-m8q6dyfx.json key: cord-208177-m8q6dyfx authors: Chaisemartin, Cl'ement de; Chaisemartin, Luc de title: BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden date: 2020-06-08 journal: nan DOI: nan sha: doc_id: 208177 cord_uid: m8q6dyfx file: cache/cord-256642-payjduek.json key: cord-256642-payjduek authors: Muthuvelu, Sobana; Lim, Kev Shiau-Chong; Huang, Ling-Yin; Chin, Shi-Tying; Mohan, Anand title: Measles infection causing Bacillus Calmette-Guérin reactivation: a case report date: 2019-07-24 journal: BMC Pediatr DOI: 10.1186/s12887-019-1635-z sha: doc_id: 256642 cord_uid: payjduek file: cache/cord-005882-iodfgzjf.json key: cord-005882-iodfgzjf authors: Kaufmann, Stefan H E; McMichael, Andrew J title: Annulling a dangerous liaison: vaccination strategies against AIDS and tuberculosis date: 2005-04-05 journal: Nat Med DOI: 10.1038/nm1221 sha: doc_id: 5882 cord_uid: iodfgzjf file: cache/cord-276495-q22jnkn2.json key: cord-276495-q22jnkn2 authors: Belizário, José Ernesto title: Trained innate immunity, COVID-19 therapeutic dilemma, and fake science date: 2020-07-06 journal: Clinics (Sao Paulo) DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2124 sha: doc_id: 276495 cord_uid: q22jnkn2 file: cache/cord-002058-rppsmirp.json key: cord-002058-rppsmirp authors: Carroll, Maria V.; Sim, Robert B.; Bigi, Fabiana; Jäkel, Anne; Antrobus, Robin; Mitchell, Daniel A. title: Identification of four novel DC-SIGN ligands on Mycobacterium bovis BCG date: 2010-09-01 journal: Protein & Cell DOI: 10.1007/s13238-010-0101-3 sha: doc_id: 2058 cord_uid: rppsmirp file: cache/cord-000153-134qz0aw.json key: cord-000153-134qz0aw authors: Cheung, Benny KW; Yim, Howard CH; Lee, Norris CM; Lau, Allan SY title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 date: 2009-12-17 journal: BMC Immunol DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-64 sha: doc_id: 153 cord_uid: 134qz0aw file: cache/cord-266549-g8060w8v.json key: cord-266549-g8060w8v authors: Gkentzi, Despoina; Karatza, Ageliki; Dimitriou, Gabriel title: Challenges for the Pediatricians During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Start From the Neonatal Period date: 2020-06-05 journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002713 sha: doc_id: 266549 cord_uid: g8060w8v file: cache/cord-024716-1waejlwb.json key: cord-024716-1waejlwb authors: Roy, Soumya title: Does the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine provide protection from COVID-19? date: 2020-04-30 journal: Indian J Med Sci DOI: 10.25259/ijms_37_2020 sha: doc_id: 24716 cord_uid: 1waejlwb file: cache/cord-263455-dquztf5l.json key: cord-263455-dquztf5l authors: Schoenmakers, Anne; Mieras, Liesbeth; Budiawan, Teky; van Brakel, Wim H title: The State of Affairs in Post-Exposure Leprosy Prevention: A Descriptive Meta-Analysis on Immuno- and Chemo-Prophylaxis date: 2020-10-15 journal: Res Rep Trop Med DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s190300 sha: doc_id: 263455 cord_uid: dquztf5l file: cache/cord-279620-ckh4uke6.json key: cord-279620-ckh4uke6 authors: Elenga, Narcisse title: The Imperative of Early Treatment for Children With COVID-19 Infection date: 2020-04-30 journal: Indian Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s13312-020-1871-1 sha: doc_id: 279620 cord_uid: ckh4uke6 file: cache/cord-003504-wjab4y0g.json key: cord-003504-wjab4y0g authors: Copland, Alastair; Sparrow, Adam; Hart, Peter; Diogo, Gil Reynolds; Paul, Mathew; Azuma, Miyuki; Reljic, Rajko title: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Induces PD-L1 Expression on Antigen-Presenting Cells via Autocrine and Paracrine Interleukin-STAT3 Circuits date: 2019-03-06 journal: Sci Rep DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40145-0 sha: doc_id: 3504 cord_uid: wjab4y0g file: cache/cord-260826-1n96pz86.json key: cord-260826-1n96pz86 authors: Shet, Anita; Ray, Debashree; Malavige, Neelika; Santosham, Mathuram; Bar-Zeev, Naor title: Differential COVID-19-attributable mortality and BCG vaccine use in countries date: 2020-04-06 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.01.20049478 sha: doc_id: 260826 cord_uid: 1n96pz86 file: cache/cord-018737-1h84yi2i.json key: cord-018737-1h84yi2i authors: Kumar, Sudeep title: Live-Attenuated Bacterial Vectors for Delivery of Mucosal Vaccines, DNA Vaccines, and Cancer Immunotherapy date: 2019-01-10 journal: Pharmaceuticals from Microbes DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-01881-8_2 sha: doc_id: 18737 cord_uid: 1h84yi2i file: cache/cord-252855-xtsnlu1f.json key: cord-252855-xtsnlu1f authors: Drago-Serrano, Maria Elisa; Campos-Rodríguez, Rafael; Carrero, Julio César; de la Garza, Mireya title: Lactoferrin: Balancing Ups and Downs of Inflammation Due to Microbial Infections date: 2017-03-01 journal: Int J Mol Sci DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030501 sha: doc_id: 252855 cord_uid: xtsnlu1f file: cache/cord-258742-li71b9e0.json key: cord-258742-li71b9e0 authors: Dolgikh, S. title: Covid-19 Epidemiological Factor Analysis: Identifying Principal Factors with Machine Learning date: 2020-06-05 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.01.20119560 sha: doc_id: 258742 cord_uid: li71b9e0 file: cache/cord-285306-leu2hygk.json key: cord-285306-leu2hygk authors: Gallagher, J.; Watson, C.; Ledwidge, M. title: Association of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Adult Pneumococcal and Adult Seasonal Influenza Vaccines with Covid-19 Adjusted Mortality Rates in Level 4 European countries date: 2020-06-05 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.03.20121624 sha: doc_id: 285306 cord_uid: leu2hygk file: cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.json key: cord-265472-b1s4stvz authors: Guimarães, Luísa Eça; Baker, Britain; Perricone, Carlo; Shoenfeld, Yehuda title: Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date: 2015-10-31 journal: Pharmacological Research DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003 sha: doc_id: 265472 cord_uid: b1s4stvz file: cache/cord-291722-xnfdjriz.json key: cord-291722-xnfdjriz authors: Meenakshisundaram, Ramachandran; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Thirumalaikolundusubramanian, Ponniah title: Protective effects of vaccinations and endemic infections on COVID-19: A Hypothesis date: 2020-05-26 journal: Med Hypotheses DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109849 sha: doc_id: 291722 cord_uid: xnfdjriz file: cache/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.json key: cord-278417-ty4wbtkv authors: Chugh, Tulsi title: Timelines of COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-07-21 journal: Curr Med Res Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.07.009 sha: doc_id: 278417 cord_uid: ty4wbtkv file: cache/cord-270675-37kus7mz.json key: cord-270675-37kus7mz authors: Aziz, Asma Binte; Dembinski, Jennifer L.; Jahan, Yasmin title: Debate on Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination against COVID-19: Is it worth performing clinical trials? date: 2020-07-09 journal: Biosaf Health DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.07.001 sha: doc_id: 270675 cord_uid: 37kus7mz file: cache/cord-298945-0sm0r4v8.json key: cord-298945-0sm0r4v8 authors: Kuratani, N. title: Association of national Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination policy with COVID-19 epidemiology: an ecological study in 78 countries date: 2020-05-16 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.13.20100156 sha: doc_id: 298945 cord_uid: 0sm0r4v8 file: cache/cord-276351-cv5th7hd.json key: cord-276351-cv5th7hd authors: Moorlag, Simone J.C.F.M.; van Deuren, Rosanne C.; van Werkhoven, Cornelis H.; Jaeger, Martin; Debisarun, Priya; Taks, Esther; Mourits, Vera P.; Koeken, Valerie A.C.M.; de Bree, L. Charlotte J.; Doesschate, Thijs ten; Cleophas, Maartje C.; Smeekens, Sanne; Oosting, Marije; van de Veerdonk, Frank L.; Joosten, Leo A.B.; Oever, Jaap ten; van der Meer, Jos W.M.; Curtis, Nigel; Aaby, Peter; Stabell-Benn, Christine; Giamarellos-Bourboulis, Evangelos J.; Bonten, Marc; van Crevel, Reinout; Netea, Mihai G. title: Safety and COVID-19 symptoms in individuals recently vaccinated with BCG: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-08-05 journal: Cell Rep Med DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100073 sha: doc_id: 276351 cord_uid: cv5th7hd file: cache/cord-291719-1ku6cmwj.json key: cord-291719-1ku6cmwj authors: Hajjo, Rima; Tropsha, Alexander title: A Systems Biology Workflow for Drug and Vaccine Repurposing: Identifying Small-Molecule BCG Mimics to Reduce or Prevent COVID-19 Mortality date: 2020-10-06 journal: Pharm Res DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02930-9 sha: doc_id: 291719 cord_uid: 1ku6cmwj file: cache/cord-294302-hboc3xcz.json key: cord-294302-hboc3xcz authors: Roncati, Luca; Vadalà, Maria; Corazzari, Veronica; Palmieri, Beniamino title: COVID-19 vaccine and boosted immunity: nothing ad interim to do? date: 2020-10-09 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.013 sha: doc_id: 294302 cord_uid: hboc3xcz file: cache/cord-271734-1cfhjuxi.json key: cord-271734-1cfhjuxi authors: Vergkizi, Souzan; Nikolakakis, Ioannis title: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine generates immunoregulatory cells in the cervical lymph nodes in guinea pigs injected intra dermally date: 2020-10-16 journal: Vaccine DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.009 sha: doc_id: 271734 cord_uid: 1cfhjuxi file: cache/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.json key: cord-289008-c4cu3vrp authors: Wallis, Christopher J.D.; Novara, Giacomo; Marandino, Laura; Bex, Axel; Kamat, Ashish M.; Karnes, R. Jeffrey; Morgan, Todd M.; Mottet, Nicolas; Gillessen, Silke; Bossi, Alberto; Roupret, Morgan; Powles, Thomas; Necchi, Andrea; Catto, James W.F.; Klaassen, Zachary title: Risks from Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers: A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-05-03 journal: Eur Urol DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.04.063 sha: doc_id: 289008 cord_uid: c4cu3vrp file: cache/cord-300729-35meen0h.json key: cord-300729-35meen0h authors: Miller, Aaron; Reandelar, Mac Josh; Fasciglione, Kimberly; Roumenova, Violeta; Li, Yan; Otazu, Gonzalo H title: Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study date: 2020-03-28 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937 sha: doc_id: 300729 cord_uid: 35meen0h file: cache/cord-283603-d6ult65u.json key: cord-283603-d6ult65u authors: Pasco, Samuel T.; Anguita, Juan title: Lessons from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Harnessing Trained Immunity for Vaccine Development date: 2020-09-16 journal: Cells DOI: 10.3390/cells9092109 sha: doc_id: 283603 cord_uid: d6ult65u file: cache/cord-314121-ez62fx9p.json key: cord-314121-ez62fx9p authors: de Chaisemartin, C.; de Chaisemartin, L. title: BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden. date: 2020-06-23 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.22.20137802 sha: doc_id: 314121 cord_uid: ez62fx9p file: cache/cord-340532-fpmd9nzf.json key: cord-340532-fpmd9nzf authors: Ventura, L.; Vitali, M.; Romano Spica, V. title: BCG vaccination and socioeconomic variables vs Covid-19 global features: clearing up a controversial issue date: 2020-05-26 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107755 sha: doc_id: 340532 cord_uid: fpmd9nzf file: cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.json key: cord-014712-5u4e00q6 authors: nan title: Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date: 2014-08-02 journal: J Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1007/s10875-014-0065-9 sha: doc_id: 14712 cord_uid: 5u4e00q6 file: cache/cord-292372-kn27ghlv.json key: cord-292372-kn27ghlv authors: de Chaisemartin, Clément; de Chaisemartin, Luc title: BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden date: 2020-08-23 journal: Clin Infect Dis DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1223 sha: doc_id: 292372 cord_uid: kn27ghlv file: cache/cord-289742-1usxeo9a.json key: cord-289742-1usxeo9a authors: Riksen, Niels P.; Netea, Mihai G. title: Immunometabolic control of trained immunity date: 2020-09-02 journal: Mol Aspects Med DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100897 sha: doc_id: 289742 cord_uid: 1usxeo9a file: cache/cord-323141-6z750avb.json key: cord-323141-6z750avb authors: Kuroda, Naoto title: Demand for BCG Vaccine Due to Unproven Claims of its Role in Preventing COVID-19 Is Causing Shortages of Vaccines for Infants in Japan date: 2020-12-05 journal: Pediatr Infect Dis J DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002724 sha: doc_id: 323141 cord_uid: 6z750avb file: cache/cord-298867-hzshnq7b.json key: cord-298867-hzshnq7b authors: Raham, T. F. title: Impact of Duration of Cessation of Mass BCG Vaccination Programs on Covid -19 Mortality date: 2020-08-23 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.20.20178889 sha: doc_id: 298867 cord_uid: hzshnq7b file: cache/cord-281354-sa27k8o3.json key: cord-281354-sa27k8o3 authors: Takahashi, Harutaka title: Role of Latent Tuberculosis Infections in Reduced COVID-19 Mortality: Evidence from an Instrumental Variable Method Analysis date: 2020-08-26 journal: Med Hypotheses DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110214 sha: doc_id: 281354 cord_uid: sa27k8o3 file: cache/cord-288618-01hxgcds.json key: cord-288618-01hxgcds authors: Vargas, P.; Allende, S.; Vogel, E. E.; Kobe, S. title: Rapid characterization of the propagation of COVID-19 in different countries date: 2020-06-11 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.09.20126631 sha: doc_id: 288618 cord_uid: 01hxgcds file: cache/cord-299676-6wt9rn1a.json key: cord-299676-6wt9rn1a authors: Gursel, Mayda; Gursel, Ihsan title: Is global BCG vaccination‐induced trained immunity relevant to the progression of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic? date: 2020-04-27 journal: Allergy DOI: 10.1111/all.14345 sha: doc_id: 299676 cord_uid: 6wt9rn1a file: cache/cord-292128-8o20mcur.json key: cord-292128-8o20mcur authors: Fritschi, Nora; Curtis, Nigel; Ritz, Nicole title: Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) and new TB vaccines: specific, cross-mycobacterial and off-target effects date: 2020-08-20 journal: Paediatr Respir Rev DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.08.004 sha: doc_id: 292128 cord_uid: 8o20mcur file: cache/cord-315101-7mim3yl6.json key: cord-315101-7mim3yl6 authors: Kumar Gupta, Pramod title: New disease old vaccine: Is recombinant BCG vaccine an answer for COVID-19? date: 2020-07-28 journal: Cell Immunol DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104187 sha: doc_id: 315101 cord_uid: 7mim3yl6 file: cache/cord-328623-ud8vz3zu.json key: cord-328623-ud8vz3zu authors: Raham, T. F. title: Malaria Endemicity Influence on COVID -19 Mortality: New Evidence Added to BCG and TB Prevalence date: 2020-09-11 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.09.20191684 sha: doc_id: 328623 cord_uid: ud8vz3zu file: cache/cord-304108-kn9v8qmz.json key: cord-304108-kn9v8qmz authors: Aksu, Kurtuluş; Naziroğlu, Tuğba; Özkan, Pınar title: Factors determining COVID‐19 pneumonia severity in a country with routine BCG vaccination date: 2020-08-19 journal: Clin Exp Immunol DOI: 10.1111/cei.13507 sha: doc_id: 304108 cord_uid: kn9v8qmz file: cache/cord-350103-liwvhuzj.json key: cord-350103-liwvhuzj authors: Brooks, Nathan A.; Narayan, Vikram; Hegarty, Paul K.; Zafirakis, Helen; Han, Xiang‐Yang; Kamat, Ashish M. title: The role of the urologist, BCG vaccine administration, and SARS‐CoV‐2: An overview date: 2020-06-22 journal: BJUI Compass DOI: 10.1002/bco2.21 sha: doc_id: 350103 cord_uid: liwvhuzj file: cache/cord-325966-0g7a9s5z.json key: cord-325966-0g7a9s5z authors: Shih, Hsin-I.; Wu, Chi-Jung; Tu, Yi-Fang; Chi, Chia-Yu title: Fighting COVID-19: a quick review of diagnoses, therapies, and vaccines date: 2020-05-30 journal: Biomed J DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.021 sha: doc_id: 325966 cord_uid: 0g7a9s5z file: cache/cord-344553-uya1j94u.json key: cord-344553-uya1j94u authors: Bodova, K.; Boza, V.; Brejova, B.; Kollar, R.; Mikusova, K.; Vinar, T. title: Time-adjusted Analysis Shows Weak Associations Between BCG Vaccination Policy and COVID-19 Disease Progression date: 2020-05-06 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087809 sha: doc_id: 344553 cord_uid: uya1j94u file: cache/cord-334550-xb0alubj.json key: cord-334550-xb0alubj authors: Samaddar, Arghadip; Gadepalli, Ravisekhar; Nag, Vijaya Lakshmi; Misra, Sanjeev title: The Enigma of Low COVID-19 Fatality Rate in India date: 2020-07-28 journal: Front Genet DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00854 sha: doc_id: 334550 cord_uid: xb0alubj file: cache/cord-330203-7xen4nlm.json key: cord-330203-7xen4nlm authors: Joy, Melvin; Malavika, B.; Asirvatham, Edwin Sam; Sudarsanam, Thambu David; Jeyaseelan, L. title: Is BCG associated with reduced incidence of COVID-19? A meta-regression of global data from 160 countries date: 2020-09-05 journal: Clin Epidemiol Glob Health DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.08.015 sha: doc_id: 330203 cord_uid: 7xen4nlm file: cache/cord-328262-hw8swbt5.json key: cord-328262-hw8swbt5 authors: O’Neill, Luke A. J.; Netea, Mihai G. title: BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19? date: 2020-05-11 journal: Nat Rev Immunol DOI: 10.1038/s41577-020-0337-y sha: doc_id: 328262 cord_uid: hw8swbt5 file: cache/cord-300338-duhyb754.json key: cord-300338-duhyb754 authors: Urashima, Mitsuyoshi; Otani, Katharina; Hasegawa, Yasutaka; Akutsu, Taisuke title: BCG Vaccination and Mortality of COVID-19 across 173 Countries: An Ecological Study date: 2020-08-03 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155589 sha: doc_id: 300338 cord_uid: duhyb754 file: cache/cord-309888-93rdcwrh.json key: cord-309888-93rdcwrh authors: Tamás, Fazekas; Tibor, Szarvas; Anita, Csizmarik; Boris, Hadaschik; Péter, Nyirády title: COVID-19 research: promising tracks leading to uro-oncology date: 2020-05-11 journal: Int Urol Nephrol DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02490-2 sha: doc_id: 309888 cord_uid: 93rdcwrh file: cache/cord-318542-785hnh19.json key: cord-318542-785hnh19 authors: Leeson, Cale E.; Ismail, Asmaa; Hashad, Mohamed M.; Elmansy, Hazem; Shahrour, Walid; Prowse, Owen; Kotb, Ahmed title: Systematic Review: Safety of Intravesical Therapy for Bladder Cancer in the Era of COVID-19 date: 2020-08-18 journal: SN Compr Clin Med DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00461-3 sha: doc_id: 318542 cord_uid: 785hnh19 file: cache/cord-331477-2x9szmjc.json key: cord-331477-2x9szmjc authors: Warnakulasuriya, Saman title: Protecting dental manpower from COVID‐19 infection date: 2020-06-01 journal: Oral Dis DOI: 10.1111/odi.13410 sha: doc_id: 331477 cord_uid: 2x9szmjc file: cache/cord-351002-msjurww1.json key: cord-351002-msjurww1 authors: Ouanes, Y.; Bibi, M.; Baradai, N.; Boukhris, M.; Chaker, K.; Kacem, A.; Hedhli, H.; Mrad Deli, K.; Sellami, A.; Ben Rhouma, S.; Nouira, Y. title: Does BCG protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection ?: elements of proof. date: 2020-05-06 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087437 sha: doc_id: 351002 cord_uid: msjurww1 file: cache/cord-345114-b06uz0sj.json key: cord-345114-b06uz0sj authors: Klinger, Danielle; Blass, Ido; Rappoport, Nadav; Linial, Michal title: Significantly Improved COVID-19 Outcomes in Countries with Higher BCG Vaccination Coverage: A Multivariable Analysis date: 2020-07-11 journal: Vaccines (Basel) DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030378 sha: doc_id: 345114 cord_uid: b06uz0sj file: cache/cord-355384-qa7grviy.json key: cord-355384-qa7grviy authors: NaserEddin, Adeeb; Dinur-Schejter, Yael; Shadur, Bella; Zaidman, Irina; Even-Or, Ehud; Averbuch, Diana; Shamriz, Oded; Tal, Yuval; Shaag, Avraham; Warnatz, Klaus; Elpeleg, Orly; Stepensky, Polina title: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) Vaccine-associated Complications in Immunodeficient Patients Following Stem Cell Transplantation date: 2020-10-27 journal: J Clin Immunol DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00892-6 sha: doc_id: 355384 cord_uid: qa7grviy file: cache/cord-338498-3238fz73.json key: cord-338498-3238fz73 authors: Kleen, Thomas-Oliver; Galdon, Alicia A.; MacDonald, Andrew S.; Dalgleish, Angus G. title: Mitigating Coronavirus Induced Dysfunctional Immunity for At-Risk Populations in COVID-19: Trained Immunity, BCG and “New Old Friends” date: 2020-09-04 journal: Front Immunol DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02059 sha: doc_id: 338498 cord_uid: 3238fz73 file: cache/cord-354972-nc496v6s.json key: cord-354972-nc496v6s authors: Margolin, Emmanuel; Burgers, Wendy A.; Sturrock, Edward D.; Mendelson, Marc; Chapman, Rosamund; Douglass, Nicola; Williamson, Anna-Lise; Rybicki, Edward P. title: Prospects for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines in Africa date: 2020-09-10 journal: Nat Rev Microbiol DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00441-3 sha: doc_id: 354972 cord_uid: nc496v6s file: cache/cord-355926-24z5lhet.json key: cord-355926-24z5lhet authors: Meena, Jitendra; Yadav, Arushi; Kumar, Jogender title: BCG Vaccination Policy and Protection Against COVID-19 date: 2020-06-09 journal: Indian J Pediatr DOI: 10.1007/s12098-020-03371-3 sha: doc_id: 355926 cord_uid: 24z5lhet file: cache/cord-342847-sjcanw19.json key: cord-342847-sjcanw19 authors: Leung, Andrea S; Tran, Vanessa; Wu, Zuowei; Yu, Xuping; Alexander, David C; Gao, George Fu; Zhu, Baoli; Liu, Jun title: Novel genome polymorphisms in BCG vaccine strains and impact on efficacy date: 2008-09-15 journal: BMC Genomics DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-413 sha: doc_id: 342847 cord_uid: sjcanw19 file: cache/cord-305264-0uhabgsr.json key: cord-305264-0uhabgsr authors: Weng, C-H.; Saal, A.; Butt, W. W-W.; Bica, N.; Fisher, J. Q.; Tao, J.; Chan, P. A. title: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in Rhode Island, United States: a cohort study date: 2020-07-09 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820001569 sha: doc_id: 305264 cord_uid: 0uhabgsr Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-bcg-cord === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258877-6hy37qxa author: Dolgikh, S. title: Covid-19 vs BCG Universal Immunization: Statistical Significance at Six Months of Exposure date: 2020-09-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258877-6hy37qxa.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258877-6hy37qxa.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-258877-6hy37qxa.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-024716-1waejlwb author: Roy, Soumya title: Does the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine provide protection from COVID-19? date: 2020-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-024716-1waejlwb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-024716-1waejlwb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-024716-1waejlwb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-315101-7mim3yl6 author: Kumar Gupta, Pramod title: New disease old vaccine: Is recombinant BCG vaccine an answer for COVID-19? date: 2020-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-315101-7mim3yl6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-315101-7mim3yl6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-315101-7mim3yl6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291722-xnfdjriz author: Meenakshisundaram, Ramachandran title: Protective effects of vaccinations and endemic infections on COVID-19: A Hypothesis date: 2020-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291722-xnfdjriz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291722-xnfdjriz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291722-xnfdjriz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355926-24z5lhet author: Meena, Jitendra title: BCG Vaccination Policy and Protection Against COVID-19 date: 2020-06-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355926-24z5lhet.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355926-24z5lhet.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 7 resourceName b'cord-355926-24z5lhet.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-281354-sa27k8o3 author: Takahashi, Harutaka title: Role of Latent Tuberculosis Infections in Reduced COVID-19 Mortality: Evidence from an Instrumental Variable Method Analysis date: 2020-08-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-281354-sa27k8o3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-281354-sa27k8o3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-281354-sa27k8o3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-279620-ckh4uke6 author: Elenga, Narcisse title: The Imperative of Early Treatment for Children With COVID-19 Infection date: 2020-04-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-279620-ckh4uke6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-279620-ckh4uke6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-279620-ckh4uke6.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-305264-0uhabgsr author: Weng, C-H. title: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in Rhode Island, United States: a cohort study date: 2020-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-305264-0uhabgsr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-305264-0uhabgsr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-305264-0uhabgsr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276351-cv5th7hd author: Moorlag, Simone J.C.F.M. title: Safety and COVID-19 symptoms in individuals recently vaccinated with BCG: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276351-cv5th7hd.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276351-cv5th7hd.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-276351-cv5th7hd.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298945-0sm0r4v8 author: Kuratani, N. title: Association of national Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination policy with COVID-19 epidemiology: an ecological study in 78 countries date: 2020-05-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298945-0sm0r4v8.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298945-0sm0r4v8.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-298945-0sm0r4v8.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300729-35meen0h author: Miller, Aaron title: Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study date: 2020-03-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300729-35meen0h.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300729-35meen0h.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-300729-35meen0h.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-323141-6z750avb author: Kuroda, Naoto title: Demand for BCG Vaccine Due to Unproven Claims of its Role in Preventing COVID-19 Is Causing Shortages of Vaccines for Infants in Japan date: 2020-12-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-323141-6z750avb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-323141-6z750avb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-323141-6z750avb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-294302-hboc3xcz author: Roncati, Luca title: COVID-19 vaccine and boosted immunity: nothing ad interim to do? date: 2020-10-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-294302-hboc3xcz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-294302-hboc3xcz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-294302-hboc3xcz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-266549-g8060w8v author: Gkentzi, Despoina title: Challenges for the Pediatricians During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Start From the Neonatal Period date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-266549-g8060w8v.txt cache: ./cache/cord-266549-g8060w8v.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-266549-g8060w8v.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-208177-m8q6dyfx author: Chaisemartin, Cl'ement de title: BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden date: 2020-06-08 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-208177-m8q6dyfx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-208177-m8q6dyfx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-208177-m8q6dyfx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-270675-37kus7mz author: Aziz, Asma Binte title: Debate on Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination against COVID-19: Is it worth performing clinical trials? date: 2020-07-09 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-270675-37kus7mz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-270675-37kus7mz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-270675-37kus7mz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328623-ud8vz3zu author: Raham, T. F. title: Malaria Endemicity Influence on COVID -19 Mortality: New Evidence Added to BCG and TB Prevalence date: 2020-09-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328623-ud8vz3zu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328623-ud8vz3zu.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-328623-ud8vz3zu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299676-6wt9rn1a author: Gursel, Mayda title: Is global BCG vaccination‐induced trained immunity relevant to the progression of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic? date: 2020-04-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299676-6wt9rn1a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299676-6wt9rn1a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 1 resourceName b'cord-299676-6wt9rn1a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-278417-ty4wbtkv author: Chugh, Tulsi title: Timelines of COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-07-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-260826-1n96pz86 author: Shet, Anita title: Differential COVID-19-attributable mortality and BCG vaccine use in countries date: 2020-04-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-260826-1n96pz86.txt cache: ./cache/cord-260826-1n96pz86.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-260826-1n96pz86.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-285306-leu2hygk author: Gallagher, J. title: Association of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Adult Pneumococcal and Adult Seasonal Influenza Vaccines with Covid-19 Adjusted Mortality Rates in Level 4 European countries date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-285306-leu2hygk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-285306-leu2hygk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-285306-leu2hygk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-330203-7xen4nlm author: Joy, Melvin title: Is BCG associated with reduced incidence of COVID-19? A meta-regression of global data from 160 countries date: 2020-09-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-330203-7xen4nlm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-330203-7xen4nlm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-330203-7xen4nlm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-309888-93rdcwrh author: Tamás, Fazekas title: COVID-19 research: promising tracks leading to uro-oncology date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-309888-93rdcwrh.txt cache: ./cache/cord-309888-93rdcwrh.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-309888-93rdcwrh.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331477-2x9szmjc author: Warnakulasuriya, Saman title: Protecting dental manpower from COVID‐19 infection date: 2020-06-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331477-2x9szmjc.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331477-2x9szmjc.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-331477-2x9szmjc.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-328262-hw8swbt5 author: O’Neill, Luke A. J. title: BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19? date: 2020-05-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-328262-hw8swbt5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-328262-hw8swbt5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-328262-hw8swbt5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292128-8o20mcur author: Fritschi, Nora title: Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) and new TB vaccines: specific, cross-mycobacterial and off-target effects date: 2020-08-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292128-8o20mcur.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292128-8o20mcur.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-292128-8o20mcur.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-288618-01hxgcds author: Vargas, P. title: Rapid characterization of the propagation of COVID-19 in different countries date: 2020-06-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-288618-01hxgcds.txt cache: ./cache/cord-288618-01hxgcds.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-288618-01hxgcds.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298867-hzshnq7b author: Raham, T. F. title: Impact of Duration of Cessation of Mass BCG Vaccination Programs on Covid -19 Mortality date: 2020-08-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298867-hzshnq7b.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298867-hzshnq7b.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-298867-hzshnq7b.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351002-msjurww1 author: Ouanes, Y. title: Does BCG protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection ?: elements of proof. date: 2020-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351002-msjurww1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351002-msjurww1.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351002-msjurww1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340532-fpmd9nzf author: Ventura, L. title: BCG vaccination and socioeconomic variables vs Covid-19 global features: clearing up a controversial issue date: 2020-05-26 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340532-fpmd9nzf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340532-fpmd9nzf.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-340532-fpmd9nzf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-314121-ez62fx9p author: de Chaisemartin, C. title: BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden. date: 2020-06-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-314121-ez62fx9p.txt cache: ./cache/cord-314121-ez62fx9p.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-314121-ez62fx9p.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-005882-iodfgzjf author: Kaufmann, Stefan H E title: Annulling a dangerous liaison: vaccination strategies against AIDS and tuberculosis date: 2005-04-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-005882-iodfgzjf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-005882-iodfgzjf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-005882-iodfgzjf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-258742-li71b9e0 author: Dolgikh, S. title: Covid-19 Epidemiological Factor Analysis: Identifying Principal Factors with Machine Learning date: 2020-06-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-258742-li71b9e0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-258742-li71b9e0.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 6 resourceName b'cord-258742-li71b9e0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-350103-liwvhuzj author: Brooks, Nathan A. title: The role of the urologist, BCG vaccine administration, and SARS‐CoV‐2: An overview date: 2020-06-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-350103-liwvhuzj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-350103-liwvhuzj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-350103-liwvhuzj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-276495-q22jnkn2 author: Belizário, José Ernesto title: Trained innate immunity, COVID-19 therapeutic dilemma, and fake science date: 2020-07-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-276495-q22jnkn2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-276495-q22jnkn2.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-276495-q22jnkn2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003504-wjab4y0g author: Copland, Alastair title: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Induces PD-L1 Expression on Antigen-Presenting Cells via Autocrine and Paracrine Interleukin-STAT3 Circuits date: 2019-03-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003504-wjab4y0g.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003504-wjab4y0g.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-003504-wjab4y0g.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-292372-kn27ghlv author: de Chaisemartin, Clément title: BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden date: 2020-08-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-292372-kn27ghlv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-292372-kn27ghlv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-292372-kn27ghlv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256642-payjduek author: Muthuvelu, Sobana title: Measles infection causing Bacillus Calmette-Guérin reactivation: a case report date: 2019-07-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256642-payjduek.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256642-payjduek.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256642-payjduek.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318542-785hnh19 author: Leeson, Cale E. title: Systematic Review: Safety of Intravesical Therapy for Bladder Cancer in the Era of COVID-19 date: 2020-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318542-785hnh19.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318542-785hnh19.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318542-785hnh19.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-304108-kn9v8qmz author: Aksu, Kurtuluş title: Factors determining COVID‐19 pneumonia severity in a country with routine BCG vaccination date: 2020-08-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-304108-kn9v8qmz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-304108-kn9v8qmz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-304108-kn9v8qmz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000153-134qz0aw author: Cheung, Benny KW title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 date: 2009-12-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000153-134qz0aw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000153-134qz0aw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-000153-134qz0aw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-344553-uya1j94u author: Bodova, K. title: Time-adjusted Analysis Shows Weak Associations Between BCG Vaccination Policy and COVID-19 Disease Progression date: 2020-05-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-344553-uya1j94u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-344553-uya1j94u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-344553-uya1j94u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-355384-qa7grviy author: NaserEddin, Adeeb title: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) Vaccine-associated Complications in Immunodeficient Patients Following Stem Cell Transplantation date: 2020-10-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-355384-qa7grviy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-355384-qa7grviy.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-355384-qa7grviy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271734-1cfhjuxi author: Vergkizi, Souzan title: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine generates immunoregulatory cells in the cervical lymph nodes in guinea pigs injected intra dermally date: 2020-10-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271734-1cfhjuxi.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271734-1cfhjuxi.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-271734-1cfhjuxi.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-002058-rppsmirp author: Carroll, Maria V. title: Identification of four novel DC-SIGN ligands on Mycobacterium bovis BCG date: 2010-09-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-002058-rppsmirp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-002058-rppsmirp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-002058-rppsmirp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-300338-duhyb754 author: Urashima, Mitsuyoshi title: BCG Vaccination and Mortality of COVID-19 across 173 Countries: An Ecological Study date: 2020-08-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-300338-duhyb754.txt cache: ./cache/cord-300338-duhyb754.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-300338-duhyb754.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-325966-0g7a9s5z author: Shih, Hsin-I. title: Fighting COVID-19: a quick review of diagnoses, therapies, and vaccines date: 2020-05-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-325966-0g7a9s5z.txt cache: ./cache/cord-325966-0g7a9s5z.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-325966-0g7a9s5z.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-283603-d6ult65u author: Pasco, Samuel T. title: Lessons from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Harnessing Trained Immunity for Vaccine Development date: 2020-09-16 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-283603-d6ult65u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-283603-d6ult65u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-283603-d6ult65u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-342847-sjcanw19 author: Leung, Andrea S title: Novel genome polymorphisms in BCG vaccine strains and impact on efficacy date: 2008-09-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-342847-sjcanw19.txt cache: ./cache/cord-342847-sjcanw19.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-342847-sjcanw19.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289008-c4cu3vrp author: Wallis, Christopher J.D. title: Risks from Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers: A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-05-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291719-1ku6cmwj author: Hajjo, Rima title: A Systems Biology Workflow for Drug and Vaccine Repurposing: Identifying Small-Molecule BCG Mimics to Reduce or Prevent COVID-19 Mortality date: 2020-10-06 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291719-1ku6cmwj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291719-1ku6cmwj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-291719-1ku6cmwj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-345114-b06uz0sj author: Klinger, Danielle title: Significantly Improved COVID-19 Outcomes in Countries with Higher BCG Vaccination Coverage: A Multivariable Analysis date: 2020-07-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-345114-b06uz0sj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-345114-b06uz0sj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-345114-b06uz0sj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-334550-xb0alubj author: Samaddar, Arghadip title: The Enigma of Low COVID-19 Fatality Rate in India date: 2020-07-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-334550-xb0alubj.txt cache: ./cache/cord-334550-xb0alubj.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-334550-xb0alubj.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289742-1usxeo9a author: Riksen, Niels P. title: Immunometabolic control of trained immunity date: 2020-09-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289742-1usxeo9a.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289742-1usxeo9a.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-289742-1usxeo9a.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-018737-1h84yi2i author: Kumar, Sudeep title: Live-Attenuated Bacterial Vectors for Delivery of Mucosal Vaccines, DNA Vaccines, and Cancer Immunotherapy date: 2019-01-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-018737-1h84yi2i.txt cache: ./cache/cord-018737-1h84yi2i.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-018737-1h84yi2i.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-263455-dquztf5l author: Schoenmakers, Anne title: The State of Affairs in Post-Exposure Leprosy Prevention: A Descriptive Meta-Analysis on Immuno- and Chemo-Prophylaxis date: 2020-10-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-263455-dquztf5l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-263455-dquztf5l.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-263455-dquztf5l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-354972-nc496v6s author: Margolin, Emmanuel title: Prospects for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines in Africa date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt cache: ./cache/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252855-xtsnlu1f author: Drago-Serrano, Maria Elisa title: Lactoferrin: Balancing Ups and Downs of Inflammation Due to Microbial Infections date: 2017-03-01 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252855-xtsnlu1f.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252855-xtsnlu1f.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-252855-xtsnlu1f.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-338498-3238fz73 author: Kleen, Thomas-Oliver title: Mitigating Coronavirus Induced Dysfunctional Immunity for At-Risk Populations in COVID-19: Trained Immunity, BCG and “New Old Friends” date: 2020-09-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-338498-3238fz73.txt cache: ./cache/cord-338498-3238fz73.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-338498-3238fz73.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-265472-b1s4stvz author: Guimarães, Luísa Eça title: Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date: 2015-10-31 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt cache: ./cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author: nan title: Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date: 2014-08-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-bcg-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258877-6hy37qxa author = Dolgikh, S. title = Covid-19 vs BCG Universal Immunization: Statistical Significance at Six Months of Exposure date = 2020-09-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3862 sentences = 194 flesch = 48 summary = The intent of this work was to analyze publicly available Covid-19 epidemiological data by reporting national and subnational jurisdictions with respect to the hypothesized induced immunity population-scale protection resulting from a universal BCG vaccination policy (UBIP), current or previous, and attempt both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the hypothesis of correlation between a current or previous UBIP in the jurisdiction and a milder scenario of Covid-19 epidemics; to verify the assumptions, results and conclusions of the earlier studies [1, 2, [4] [5] [6] with a specific objective to determine, in a quantitative analysis, the constraints and confidence of the correlation and null hypotheses. We use qualitative methods such as case comparison, trend analysis and quantitative ones such evaluation of statistical parameters to analyze trends in development of the epidemiological situation across monitored jurisdictions with the intent to evaluate the significance of the correlation hypothesis between the impact of Covid-19 epidemics and a record of universal BCG immunization. cache = ./cache/cord-258877-6hy37qxa.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258877-6hy37qxa.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-005882-iodfgzjf author = Kaufmann, Stefan H E title = Annulling a dangerous liaison: vaccination strategies against AIDS and tuberculosis date = 2005-04-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9665 sentences = 515 flesch = 42 summary = Elucidation of the genetic mechanisms underlying susceptibility and protective immune mechanisms in resistant individuals that prevent disease outbreak in face of ongoing infection, as well as identification of the pathogen genes that promote transformation of latent infection into active tuberculosis, will facilitate rational design of a postexposure vaccine 27, 28, 31 . Generally, subunit vaccines crucially depend on appropriate adjuvants 38 that stimulate T helper type 1 (T H 1) immune responses by the different T cell populations required for protection against tuberculosis. Despite previous reluctance, a recent expert group meeting has strongly advocated development of viable recombinant vaccines against tuberculosis because they are the most potent stimulators of protective immune responses that perform better than BCG in experimental animal models 60 . In humans, therapeutic vaccination would probably be used to stimulate T cell responses in HIV-infected people whose virus was well controlled by antiretroviral drugs, with the aim of terminating antiretroviral therapy (ART) once the T cell levels were boosted. cache = ./cache/cord-005882-iodfgzjf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-005882-iodfgzjf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-018737-1h84yi2i author = Kumar, Sudeep title = Live-Attenuated Bacterial Vectors for Delivery of Mucosal Vaccines, DNA Vaccines, and Cancer Immunotherapy date = 2019-01-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10719 sentences = 586 flesch = 34 summary = Activation of antigen-presenting cells by live-attenuated bacterial vectors leads to adaptive immune response: Various pathogen-associated molecular patterns present in the liveattenuated bacterial vectors interact with Toll-like receptors expressed on the surface or in endosomal membranes. Live-attenuated microbes exhibit superior ability to deliver vaccine antigens to the mucosal immune system, as many of them are derived from natural mucosal pathogens, including Salmonella spp., Lm, E. Adaptation of the endogenous Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clyA-encoded hemolysin for antigen export enhances the immunogenicity of anthrax protective antigen domain 4 expressed by the attenuated live-vector vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA Immune responses to recombinant pneumococcal PspA antigen delivered by live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine Regulated delayed expression of rfc enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a heterologous antigen delivered by live attenuated Salmonella enterica vaccines Attenuated deltaguaBA Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 915 as a live vector utilizing prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems to deliver foreign antigens and elicit immune responses cache = ./cache/cord-018737-1h84yi2i.txt txt = ./txt/cord-018737-1h84yi2i.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-288618-01hxgcds author = Vargas, P. title = Rapid characterization of the propagation of COVID-19 in different countries date = 2020-06-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4926 sentences = 266 flesch = 59 summary = INTERPRETATION The adjustment of a Gaussian to daily data of COVID-19 in each country reveals the different propagation dynamics, properly characterized by the parameters proposed here. Column 1: country; Column 2: population in thousand inhabitants; Column 3: Number of applied COVID-19 tests; Column 4: Test density (ratio between the last two columns); Column 5: accumulated number of positive tests; Column 6: accumulated number of deaths; Column 7: percentage of mortality (based on the ration of the two previous columns); Column 8: BCG vaccination status; Column 9: Maximum of fitting Gaussian; Column 10: FWHM of the fitting Gaussian; Column 11: Figure of merit proposed in this paper. Despite fluctuations in the daily cases of COVID-19, it is possible in general to adjust a Gaussian function to high density sets of data pointing to a possible mathematical description of the evolution of the pandemic in different countries, as shown in Figs. cache = ./cache/cord-288618-01hxgcds.txt txt = ./txt/cord-288618-01hxgcds.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-024716-1waejlwb author = Roy, Soumya title = Does the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine provide protection from COVID-19? date = 2020-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1977 sentences = 118 flesch = 55 summary = Heterologous protection offered by BCG through production of trained immunity, epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes, non-specific activation of NK cells, and increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (particularly, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha and interleukin 1 beta) production may be the mechanism behind its crossprotection against the novel coronavirus. The countries where universal BCG vaccination is practiced have a mean COVID-19 positive cases of 131.1 (standard deviation 208.7) per 1 million population with a median of 40. The countries where universal BCG vaccination is practiced have a mean COVID-19 positive cases of 131.1 (standard deviation 208.7) per 1 million population with a median of 40. The countries where universal BCG vaccination is not practiced have a mean COVID-19 deaths of 80.7 (standard deviation 180.8) per 1 million population with a median of 18. The countries where universal BCG vaccination is practiced have a mean COVID-19 positive deaths of 4 (standard deviation 7.6) per 1 million population with a median of 1. cache = ./cache/cord-024716-1waejlwb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-024716-1waejlwb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-285306-leu2hygk author = Gallagher, J. title = Association of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Adult Pneumococcal and Adult Seasonal Influenza Vaccines with Covid-19 Adjusted Mortality Rates in Level 4 European countries date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2692 sentences = 125 flesch = 38 summary = Finally, we also analysed the peak Z score reflecting increases in total mortality from historical averages reported by EuroMOMO (Euromomo.eu), Results: Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, only BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid-19 mortality at day 30. Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid 19 mortality at day 30. cache = ./cache/cord-285306-leu2hygk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-285306-leu2hygk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289008-c4cu3vrp author = Wallis, Christopher J.D. title = Risks from Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers: A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date = 2020-05-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 9353 sentences = 446 flesch = 44 summary = Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer are at risk of disease progression, with radical cystectomy delays beyond 12 wk from diagnosis or completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To this end, PubMed was searched from inception until April 2, 2020 to identify studies examining the association between delays in treatment and clinical outcomes, including upstaging, recurrence, and mortality for patients with bladder cancer (BC; both muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive disease), prostate cancer (PCa), kidney cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer, germ cell tumors, and penile cancer. Where radiotherapy is planned to be administered, a recent Cochrane Database systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 studies including 8278 patients demonstrated that for those with intermediate-and high-risk PCa, hypofractionation is associated with equivalent oncologic outcomes (MFS, disease-specific survival, and OS), as well as functional outcomes [64] . cache = ./cache/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328623-ud8vz3zu author = Raham, T. F. title = Malaria Endemicity Influence on COVID -19 Mortality: New Evidence Added to BCG and TB Prevalence date = 2020-09-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2017 sentences = 135 flesch = 45 summary = Results: The results show with robust statistical support that standerized TB prevalence to BCG coverage is significantly associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality and malaria incidence have an additional highly significant effect in reducing COVID-19 mortality. This study will test COVID-19 mortality in malarious countries against malaria incidence and TB prevalence calibrated by BCG coverage to look for statistical associations and significances. (3) , and regarding to composite regression estimate's factors (i.e. the standardized TB/100000 by BCG vaccination coverage 2018 as direct effect, and malaria incidence for 2018/1000 population as indirect effect) results shows a meaningful composite linear regression tested in two tailed alternative statistical hypothesis of studied factor is playing effective role for reducing "Covid-19 death /1 M." rates as a function of the previous factors. Malaria which possibly induce immunological response similar to TB as we suggest in one way or another is significantly associated with reduction in COVID-19 mortality in this study. cache = ./cache/cord-328623-ud8vz3zu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328623-ud8vz3zu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-002058-rppsmirp author = Carroll, Maria V. title = Identification of four novel DC-SIGN ligands on Mycobacterium bovis BCG date = 2010-09-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5980 sentences = 320 flesch = 54 summary = The novel ligands are chaperone protein DnaK, 60 kDa chaperonin-1 (Cpn60.1), glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lipoprotein lprG. bovis BCG can bind to dendritic-cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN/CD209) to promote entry into human dendritic cells (DCs) and alveolar macrophages Maeda et al., 2003; Tailleux et al., 2003; Pitarque et al., 2005; Appelmelk et al., 2008) . However, the form of this protein identified after capture by the affinity column was not glycosylated at this position, and it is therefore very unlikely that DC-SIGN binds to this ligand via its Ca 2+ -dependent lectin activity. bovis BCG lysate incubated with either 125 I-DC-SIGN or 125 I-DC-SIGNR revealed that DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR both bind the same protein at around 27 kDa, which corresponds to lprG in our SDS-PAGE system, and is the only ligand detected by this method. DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR binding to lprG can therefore still occur when the mycobacterial protein has been denatured by SDS-PAGE. cache = ./cache/cord-002058-rppsmirp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-002058-rppsmirp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-266549-g8060w8v author = Gkentzi, Despoina title = Challenges for the Pediatricians During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Start From the Neonatal Period date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1415 sentences = 82 flesch = 47 summary = This report underscores the lack of major differences in the clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and other types of CoV or influenza infections among infants despite limited clinical features reported. S. pneumoniae was codetected in the CoV-infected infants who died in Pneumo-study while bacterial co-detection was not reported by Wei et al. The incidence of COVID-19 in infants less than 1-year-old is currently low, but studies are needed to describe the clinical features, prognosis and impact of infected infants on the COVID-19 spread. Two recent reports from China suggest that in utero infection could be possible based on the measurement of IgM levels in neonates shortly after birth but no further confirmation of this with a positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test. 4 To show the causality between the BCG vaccine and the severity of COVID-19, we have to confirm the following Bradford Hill criteria: specificity, temporality, reversibility, and experiment. cache = ./cache/cord-266549-g8060w8v.txt txt = ./txt/cord-266549-g8060w8v.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276495-q22jnkn2 author = Belizário, José Ernesto title = Trained innate immunity, COVID-19 therapeutic dilemma, and fake science date = 2020-07-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2769 sentences = 132 flesch = 44 summary = This type of immunological memory or epigenetic programming to a pre-activated state allows the generation of a sustained and more effective non-specific response, even after years, although in the protocols of these studies, the innate immunity was evaluated after 3 months (2). Various clinical trials are underway to evaluate trained immunity through BCG vaccination in healthy volunteers under the coordination of Dr. Mihail Netea (Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands). To our knowledge, there are no published articles or clinical evidences that show that BCG immunization protects against SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil. The journal The Lancet, in May 2020, published the results of an observational, longitudinal, and retrospective clinical study based on medical records of COVID-19 patient cohorts treated across 6 countries and 671 hospitals, with different technical capabilities and diverse drug protocols (13) . cache = ./cache/cord-276495-q22jnkn2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276495-q22jnkn2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-276351-cv5th7hd author = Moorlag, Simone J.C.F.M. title = Safety and COVID-19 symptoms in individuals recently vaccinated with BCG: a retrospective cohort study date = 2020-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1279 sentences = 81 flesch = 46 summary = BCG vaccination trials for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection are underway, but concerns have been raised regarding the potential harm of strong innate immune responses. To investigate the safety of BCG vaccination, we retrospectively assessed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related symptoms in three cohorts of healthy volunteers who either received BCG in the last five years or not. In conclusion, recent BCG vaccination is safe and large randomized trials are needed to reveal if BCG reduces the incidence and/or severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The incidence of self-reported sickness ( Figure 4B ) as well as the 252 incidence of symptoms ( Figure 4C and D, Figure S6 ) was not significantly different between 253 responders and non-responders, indicating that a strong trained immunity profile is not 254 associated with increased sickness or severity of symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19: A model correlating BCG vaccination to protection from 696 mortality implicates trained immunity. cache = ./cache/cord-276351-cv5th7hd.txt txt = ./txt/cord-276351-cv5th7hd.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003504-wjab4y0g author = Copland, Alastair title = Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Induces PD-L1 Expression on Antigen-Presenting Cells via Autocrine and Paracrine Interleukin-STAT3 Circuits date = 2019-03-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4856 sentences = 238 flesch = 47 summary = Finally, an in vivo immunisation model showed that BCG vaccination under PD-L1 blockade could enhance antigen-specific memory CD4 T-cell responses. Here, we show for the first time that BCG can induce the up-regulation of PD-L1 on both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) via autocrine/paracrine secretion of STAT3-activating cytokines, chiefly IL-6 and IL-10. Upon infection with BCG, both APC types expressed high levels of PD-L1 compared to the unstimulated control at 24 h and 48 h (p < 0.0001), and a dose trend was observed for increasing MOI in macrophages at 48 h. To confirm that STAT3 was mediating the up-regulation of PD-L1 expression by BCG, cells were then pre-treated with Stattic or a vehicle control for 2 hours before infection with a low dose of bacteria (Fig. 5C) . BCG vaccine mediated reduction in the MHC-II expression of macrophages and dendritic cells is reversed by activation of Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 cache = ./cache/cord-003504-wjab4y0g.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003504-wjab4y0g.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271734-1cfhjuxi author = Vergkizi, Souzan title = Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine generates immunoregulatory cells in the cervical lymph nodes in guinea pigs injected intra dermally date = 2020-10-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5707 sentences = 272 flesch = 48 summary = This work demonstrates the presence of immune regulatory cells in the cervical lymph nodes draining Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccinated site on the dorsum of the ear in guinea pigs. The objective of this work was to investigate the immune regulatory mechanism responsible for the induction of an 'immunological' type granuloma in the draining lymph node after BCG vaccination in guinea pigs and their early resolution in contrast to that observed with another mycobacterium, M. The effects of injected BCG and M leprae on the stimulation index (T/C) measured in the post auricular and cervical lymph node cell preparations cultured with PPD, leprosin, concavalin A, or BCG: live, heat killed or co-irr were compared using student's t-test for means comparison. leprae injected guinea pigs, cells from the cervical lymph nodes draining BCG induced granuloma did not respond in vitro to soluble mycobacterial antigens, PPD and leprosin, though they responded to whole BCG organisms. cache = ./cache/cord-271734-1cfhjuxi.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271734-1cfhjuxi.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252855-xtsnlu1f author = Drago-Serrano, Maria Elisa title = Lactoferrin: Balancing Ups and Downs of Inflammation Due to Microbial Infections date = 2017-03-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12045 sentences = 481 flesch = 30 summary = In this review, we highlight recent findings in in vitro and in vivo models of the gut, lung, oral cavity, mammary gland, and liver infections that provide experimental evidence supporting the therapeutic role of human and bovine Lf in promoting some parameters of inflammation and protecting against the deleterious effects of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan-associated inflammation. However, this is not always the case because studies on intestinal epithelial-barrier function and mucosal inflammation carried out in a Caco-2 cells model and macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed that both Lf forms effectively inhibited the pro-inflammatory response. In a mice model of hepatitis induced by intraperitoneal co-administration of LPS and zymosan, orally administered bLf decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase activity (a marker of liver inflammation), and increased in the small intestine the production of IL-11, an anti-inflammatory cytokine with a role in the amelioration of inflammatory response [153, 164] . cache = ./cache/cord-252855-xtsnlu1f.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252855-xtsnlu1f.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-315101-7mim3yl6 author = Kumar Gupta, Pramod title = New disease old vaccine: Is recombinant BCG vaccine an answer for COVID-19? date = 2020-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1233 sentences = 95 flesch = 34 summary = Recent reports have suggested that BCG vaccination might have protective effects against COVID-19, however it is highly unlikely that BCG vaccine in its current form can offer complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the lack of specific immunity. Nonetheless, recombinant BCG strains expressing antigens of SARS-CoV-2 may offer protection against COVID-19 due to the activation of innate as well as specific adaptive immune response. In this review we discuss about the heterologous effects of BCG, induction of trained immunity and its implication in development of a potential vaccine against COVID-19 pandemic. BCG Vaccination Protects against Experimental Viral Infection in Humans through 370 the Induction of Cytokines Associated with Trained Immunity BCG-Induced Cross-Protection and Development of Trained 376 Immunity: Implication for Vaccine Design BCG-induced trained immunity in NK cells: Role for non-specific protection to 416 infection Long-Lasting Effects of 483 BCG Vaccination on Both Heterologous Th1/Th17 Responses and Innate Trained Immunity cache = ./cache/cord-315101-7mim3yl6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-315101-7mim3yl6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-281354-sa27k8o3 author = Takahashi, Harutaka title = Role of Latent Tuberculosis Infections in Reduced COVID-19 Mortality: Evidence from an Instrumental Variable Method Analysis date = 2020-08-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1439 sentences = 89 flesch = 47 summary = title: Role of Latent Tuberculosis Infections in Reduced COVID-19 Mortality: Evidence from an Instrumental Variable Method Analysis However, these studies ignore an important fact: according to World Health Organization estimates, about a quarter of the world's population may have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), a condition in which there is no evidence of clinically active tuberculosis but persistent immune responses are stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. However, such studies ignore the important fact that about one-quarter of the world's population may have latent TB infection (LTBI), a condition in which there is no evidence of clinically active TB but persistent immune responses are stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. As explained above, the logarithm of the number of TB infections per 100,000 individuals (lntb10) can be used as a proxy variable for LTBIs. For this regression analysis to be statistically accurate, the explanatory variable X must first be correlated with the error term u (i.e., the covariance of X and u must be zero). cache = ./cache/cord-281354-sa27k8o3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-281354-sa27k8o3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-294302-hboc3xcz author = Roncati, Luca title = COVID-19 vaccine and boosted immunity: nothing ad interim to do? date = 2020-10-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2275 sentences = 127 flesch = 37 summary = Here, we illustrate the immunological mechanism to train the immune system towards a more effective and less symptomatic T-helper 1 (Th1) immune response, thanks to a subcutaneous vaccine containing lysates of Corynebacterium parvum (synonym for Propionibacterium acnes), a Gram-positive bacterium able to evoke a strong Th1 response. parvum vaccine protection against a coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus type 3), dating back to 1981 murine model by Schindler and colleagues, is also reported [31] . parvum vaccine (point 3), it is theoretically possible to train and calibrate the immune system towards a T h 1 response (point 4), able to prevent COVID-19 or to keep the disease under control in a paucisymptomatic or asymptomatic way thanks to activated reticuloendothelial system, NK, T c and dendritic cells. Efficacy of BCG vaccination in the prevention of COVID19 via the strengthening of innate immunity in health care workers cache = ./cache/cord-294302-hboc3xcz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-294302-hboc3xcz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-260826-1n96pz86 author = Shet, Anita title = Differential COVID-19-attributable mortality and BCG vaccine use in countries date = 2020-04-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2566 sentences = 141 flesch = 38 summary = Using publicly available data we built a simple log-linear regression model to assess the association of BCG use and COVID-19-attributable mortality per 1 million population after adjusting for confounders including country economic status (GDP per capita), and proportion of elderly among the population. Notwithstanding limitations due to testing constraints in LMICs, case ascertainment bias and a plausible rise of cases as countries progress along the epidemiological trajectory, these analyses provide intriguing observations that urgently warrant mobilization of resources for prospective randomized interventional studies and institution of systematic disease surveillance, particularly in LMICs. Novel SARS-CoV2 continues to wreak global havoc. To evaluate the effect of BCG vaccine on mortality attributable to COVID-19, we built a simple log-linear regression model using crude COVID-19-attributable mortality data per 1 million population for each country as outcome, BCG vaccine inclusion in the national immunization schedule as exposure, and adjusted for the effects of the following variables on mortality: country-specific GDP per capita, the percentage of population 65 years and above, and the relative position of each country on the epidemic timeline (days since 100 th case reported as of 29 March 2020). cache = ./cache/cord-260826-1n96pz86.txt txt = ./txt/cord-260826-1n96pz86.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-283603-d6ult65u author = Pasco, Samuel T. title = Lessons from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Harnessing Trained Immunity for Vaccine Development date = 2020-09-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6855 sentences = 318 flesch = 27 summary = The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine induces some level of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) while stimulating trained immunity that correlates with lower mortality and increased protection against unrelated pathogens. PBMCs from volunteers vaccinated with gamma-irradiated BCG (γBCG) only demonstrated increased cytokine production in response to Mtb antigens, with no significant trained immunity effects observed after two weeks and three months [18] . Stimulation of macrophages deficient in NOD2 with BCG did not result in increased cytokine production following heterologous stimulation, demonstrating the critical importance of this signaling pathway in establishing trained immunity [23] . tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate (MTBVAC), the first genetically modified, live attenuated vaccine based on Mtb which has demonstrated safety and efficacy in initial clinical trials, induces trained immunity effects in vitro through shifts in metabolism and epigenetic changes at proinflammatory promoters, and can protect subcutaneously vaccinated mice from lethal intranasal doses of Streptococcus pneumoniae [62] . cache = ./cache/cord-283603-d6ult65u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-283603-d6ult65u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-263455-dquztf5l author = Schoenmakers, Anne title = The State of Affairs in Post-Exposure Leprosy Prevention: A Descriptive Meta-Analysis on Immuno- and Chemo-Prophylaxis date = 2020-10-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 11196 sentences = 705 flesch = 47 summary = More chemoprophylaxis research is needed on: enhanced medication regimens; interventions in varying (epidemiological) settings, including focal mass drug administration (fMDA); specific approaches per contact type; combinations with screening variations and field-friendly rapid tests, if available in the future; community and health staff education; ongoing antibiotic resistance surveillance; and administering chemoprophylaxis with SDR-PEP prior to BCG administration. But, given the evidence for the effectiveness of SDR-PEP and the WHO guidelines for its use, the ethics of testing new post-exposure immunoprophylactic approaches for leprosy prevention without combining them with chemoprophylaxis in both the intervention and control group needs to be discussed. The combined effect of chemoprophylaxis with single dose rifampicin and immunoprophylaxis with BCG to prevent leprosy in contacts of newly diagnosed leprosy cases: a cluster randomized controlled trial (MALTALEP study) cache = ./cache/cord-263455-dquztf5l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-263455-dquztf5l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-265472-b1s4stvz author = Guimarães, Luísa Eça title = Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date = 2015-10-31 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14633 sentences = 821 flesch = 40 summary = In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia) cache = ./cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-309888-93rdcwrh author = Tamás, Fazekas title = COVID-19 research: promising tracks leading to uro-oncology date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1786 sentences = 101 flesch = 48 summary = First of all, we would like to underline the potential protective effect of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination against Covid-19 [4] . Based on these findings, the Murdoch Children's Research Institute in Australia and the Radboud University in the Netherland have launched prospective clinical trials enrolling health care workers, to assess whether BCG vaccination protects against Sars-CoV-2 infection or reduces its severity [11, 12] . All these considerations raise some interesting questions: (1) is androgen deprivation therapy able to downregulate TMPRSS2 in lung epithelial cells, and if so is it able to affect the susceptibility and/or severity of Covid-19 infection? (2) Is the known male predominance of Sars-CoV-2 infection/Covid-19 severity related to the androgen-dependent regulation of TMPRSS2 gene? (3) Does individual variability of TMPRSS2 expression (e.g. caused by polymorphism) have any impact on Sars-CoV-2 infection/ Covid-19 severity? cache = ./cache/cord-309888-93rdcwrh.txt txt = ./txt/cord-309888-93rdcwrh.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author = nan title = Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date = 2014-08-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 36900 sentences = 2254 flesch = 49 summary = Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Pediatric Immunology, Izmir, Turkey Ig class switch recombination deficiencies are rare PIDs (1:500,000 births) with normal or elevated serum IgM and low IgG, IgA and IgE levels, defective or normal somatic hypermutation, defective T/B cooperation (50%), intrinsic B cell defect (50%), susceptibility to bacterial infections begining from the first year of age (impaired B cell immunity) and lack of germinal centres in secondary lymphoid organs. Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Even following the introduction of biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a small number of children suffering from severe, refractory autoimmune (AI), rheumatic and/or autoinflammatory disorders will not get into clinical remission (CR) and will potentially further suffer from multiple side-effects of combined and long-term immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies, in particular severe infections (Marodi L, Casanova JL. cache = ./cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-305264-0uhabgsr author = Weng, C-H. title = Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in Rhode Island, United States: a cohort study date = 2020-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1528 sentences = 94 flesch = 49 summary = In this study, we reviewed 120 consecutive adult patients (≥18 years old) with COVID-19 at a major federally qualified health centre in Rhode Island, United States from 19 March to 29 April 2020. To determine if BCG vaccination provided protection from COVID-19, we reviewed a predominately Latino/Hispanic population receiving care at the major federally qualified health centre (FQHC) in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. COVID-19 patients with BCG vaccination were less likely to be hospitalised during the disease course (3.7% vs. A recent population-based study examining the cohort of Israeli adults aged 35−41 years found that the BCG vaccine may not reduce the likelihood of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 (difference, 1.3%; 95% CI −0.3% to 2.9%; P = 0.09) [10] . However, the lower hospitalisation rate among BCG-vaccinated patients from our prospective cohort study suggests the potential of BCG in preventing more severe COVID-19 among those who acquired SARS-CoV-2. cache = ./cache/cord-305264-0uhabgsr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-305264-0uhabgsr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-279620-ckh4uke6 author = Elenga, Narcisse title = The Imperative of Early Treatment for Children With COVID-19 Infection date = 2020-04-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 939 sentences = 58 flesch = 52 summary = A number of hypotheses may explain the low susceptibility of children to COVID-19 virus [2] viz, (i) immaturity and limited function of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in children, as undifferentiated cells that express low levels of ACE2 are not readily infected by SARS-CoV; (ii) the immature innate immune system in young children results in less inflammation and consequently fewer symptoms; and, (iii) possible crossreactivity of antibodies against other viruses (influenza, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus etc.) with the SARS-CoV-2, which could provide partial protection. In patients hospitalized in French pediatric units in recent weeks, the chest computed tomography (CT) scans have often been pathological, even in children with limited respiratory sign with associated decline in lung function (unpublished data). Recently, there has been a buzz about the protective effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in COVID-19. Based on epidemiological correlations, many unpublished preprints hypothesized that the BCG vaccine may offer protection against COVID-19. The basis of the possible use of the BCG vaccine against COVID-19 lies in its non-specific effects (NSEs) over the immune system [3] . cache = ./cache/cord-279620-ckh4uke6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-279620-ckh4uke6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355926-24z5lhet author = Meena, Jitendra title = BCG Vaccination Policy and Protection Against COVID-19 date = 2020-06-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 503 sentences = 33 flesch = 52 summary = To explore this hypothesis, we assessed the correlation of COVID-19 burden at three different time points (14 April, 29 April, and 13 May 2020) with year-wise BCG coverage among the countries with universal BCG vaccination policy over past four decades . Out of 170 countries for which data on BCG vaccination and COVID-19 was available, we excluded 28 countries (<100 cases as on May 13, 2020). Among the countries with universal BCG vaccination policy (n-142), a weak but positive correlation (spearmen rho-0.1-0.5, p < 0.05) was observed between COVID-19 cases and deaths per million population and BCG vaccination coverage rates (Supplementary Table 1 ). We further explored the relationship by adjusting for covariates (age > 65 y, cardiovascular disease death rate, diabetes, GDP per capita, beds per thousand population, and the number of tests done per million population) and didn't find any consistent and significant relationship between BCG vaccination rates and COVID-19 burden. These results suggest against any meaningful relationship between country's BCG vaccination coverage and COVID-19 burden. cache = ./cache/cord-355926-24z5lhet.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355926-24z5lhet.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000153-134qz0aw author = Cheung, Benny KW title = A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 date = 2009-12-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4332 sentences = 281 flesch = 54 summary = Our previous results showed that Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), a mycobacterium used as a model to investigate the immune response against MTB, stimulates the induction of TNF-α via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in human blood monocytes. Since MAPK is regulated by MKP-1 in response to LPS and the activation of MAPK is important in BCGinduced cytokine expression, we hypothesize that MKP-1 plays a critical role in the immune regulation of BCG in human monocytes. The results revealed that MKP-1 plays a role in the induction of TNF-α expression upon BCG stimulation, which may be different from that of its conventional functions in which MKP-1 acts as a negative regulator in LPS-induced signaling pathways [7] . Similar to the results of cytokine expression, phosphorylation of both p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 in response to BCG was decreased in monocytes transfected with MKP-1 siRNA instead of the expected increase in phosphorylation ( Figure 5 ). cache = ./cache/cord-000153-134qz0aw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000153-134qz0aw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-325966-0g7a9s5z author = Shih, Hsin-I. title = Fighting COVID-19: a quick review of diagnoses, therapies, and vaccines date = 2020-05-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7324 sentences = 365 flesch = 39 summary = Some candidate drugs targeting different levels and stages of human responses against COVID-19 such as cell membrane fusion, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, viral protease inhibitor, interleukin 6 blocker, and convalescent plasma may improve the clinical outcomes of critical COVID-19 patients. However, these clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings are nonspecific and cannot differentiate COVID-19 from other viral respiratory infections; viral diagnostic methods specific for SARS-CoV-2 should be applied for disease confirmation. An open-label study published in 2004 suggested, by comparison with a control group that received only ribavirin, that the addition of lopinavir-ritonavir (400 mg and 100 mg, respectively) to ribavirin reduced the risk of adverse clinical outcomes (acute respiratory distress syndrome or death) and viral load among patients with SARS [29] . Some available candidate drugs targeting different levels of human responses to COVID-19, such as cell membrane fusion, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, viral protease inhibitor, IL-6 blocker and convalescent plasma, may improve the clinical outcomes of critical COVID-19 patients. cache = ./cache/cord-325966-0g7a9s5z.txt txt = ./txt/cord-325966-0g7a9s5z.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-314121-ez62fx9p author = de Chaisemartin, C. title = BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden. date = 2020-06-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2902 sentences = 166 flesch = 57 summary = Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate from 92% to 2% , thus allowing us to estimate the BCG's effect without all the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. found that countries with universal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of their number of cases and deaths 3 . This suggests that universal BCG vaccination has no effect on the number of COVID-19 cases per 1000 inhabitants for individuals born in 1975. In this study, we took advantage of a change in vaccination policy in Sweden to investigate the link between BCG vaccination in infancy and Covid-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths, using a regression discontinuity approach. cache = ./cache/cord-314121-ez62fx9p.txt txt = ./txt/cord-314121-ez62fx9p.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291722-xnfdjriz author = Meenakshisundaram, Ramachandran title = Protective effects of vaccinations and endemic infections on COVID-19: A Hypothesis date = 2020-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 839 sentences = 51 flesch = 42 summary = We believe that the low occurrence/fatality of Covid-19 may be due to the existing vaccination status and endemicity of other infections which might have enhanced their immune system to face the challenges of COVID-19. Countries with a high prevalence of infections with dengue, chikungunya, malaria etc., have a low occurrence of COVID-19 makes one to hypothesize that endemic infections may protect through interferon which retard subsequent illness/disease through viral interference (11, 12) . Previous experimental studies have revealed that beta coronaviruses are capable of inducing immune responses against one another by way of generating neutralizing antibodies which cross-react against other SARS-CoV viruses (15, 16) . Overall the organisms and individuals based on previous exposure to vaccines and infections come from the environment, internal sensors, memorized experience, and genome prefer to develop pathways in a goal-directed manner and improve the behavioural traits and phenotypic variability so as to protect and survive from infectious agents. Non-specific effects of BCG vaccine on viral infections cache = ./cache/cord-291722-xnfdjriz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291722-xnfdjriz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-338498-3238fz73 author = Kleen, Thomas-Oliver title = Mitigating Coronavirus Induced Dysfunctional Immunity for At-Risk Populations in COVID-19: Trained Immunity, BCG and “New Old Friends” date = 2020-09-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 12523 sentences = 559 flesch = 39 summary = Bacterial "new old friends" such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Mycobacterium obuense have the ability to elevate basal systemic levels of type 1 cytokines and immune cells, correlating with increased protection against diverse and unrelated infectious agents, called "trained immunity." Here we describe dysfunctional immune responses induced by coronaviruses, representing potentially difficult to overcome obstacles to safe, effective vaccine development for COVID-19, and outline how trained immunity could help protect high risk populations through immunomodulation with BCG and other "new old friends." One recent example of the need for continued vigilance is a study using Chinese macaques indicating cause for concern by showing that vaccine-induced, S-specific immunity in the form of anti-spike IgG resulted in severe ALI by skewing macrophage responses during subsequent, acute infection with closely related SARS-CoV (139) . cache = ./cache/cord-338498-3238fz73.txt txt = ./txt/cord-338498-3238fz73.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-278417-ty4wbtkv author = Chugh, Tulsi title = Timelines of COVID-19 Vaccines date = 2020-07-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1015 sentences = 95 flesch = 54 summary = Keywords: Coronavirus, Covid-19, Vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 World Health Organisation discussed the "Top Threats to Human Health in 2019," and developed a strategic plan to meet the challenges. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2) has caused a pandemic of Coronavirus disease -19 (Covid-19) with global public health and economic crisis. Since the WHO notification of first case of this disease on 31st Dec, 2019 and a complete genome sequence of the virus on Jan 5, 2020, global attempts to produce a suitable vaccine are ongoing in scores of laboratories. Phase I: Vaccines are given to a limited number of human volunteers with emphasis on safety and also to monitor the immune response. RNA vaccine stimulates immune system to produce protective antibodies against viral S protein. Pandemic preparedness: Developing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies for COVID-19 The early landscape of COVID-19 vaccine development in the UK and rest of the world BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19? cache = ./cache/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-258742-li71b9e0 author = Dolgikh, S. title = Covid-19 Epidemiological Factor Analysis: Identifying Principal Factors with Machine Learning date = 2020-06-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2031 sentences = 120 flesch = 56 summary = Based on a subset of Covid-19 Wave 1 cases at a time point near TZ+3m (April, 2020), we perform an analysis of the influencing factors for the epidemics impacts with several different statistical methods. The intent of the work is to repeat similar analysis at several different points in the time series of cases that would allow to make a confident conclusion about the epidemiological and social factors with strong influence on the course of the epidemics. The purpose of the analysis is to develop and verify the methods that would allow to identify the main factors, different and in addition to the known ones, that have significant influence on the course and the impact of the epidemics based on the available data. As can be see seen, the combination of three factors: policy, BCG immunization and smoking has the highest correlation and the lowest linear regression error for the resulting effect. cache = ./cache/cord-258742-li71b9e0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-258742-li71b9e0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291719-1ku6cmwj author = Hajjo, Rima title = A Systems Biology Workflow for Drug and Vaccine Repurposing: Identifying Small-Molecule BCG Mimics to Reduce or Prevent COVID-19 Mortality date = 2020-10-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6493 sentences = 315 flesch = 41 summary = METHODS: We developed and employed a systems biology workflow capable of identifying small-molecule antiviral drugs and vaccines that can boast immunity and affect a wide variety of viral disease pathways to protect from the fatal consequences of emerging viruses. RESULTS: Our analysis demonstrates that BCG vaccine affects the production and maturation of naïve T cells resulting in enhanced, long-lasting trained innate immune responses that can provide protection against novel viruses. Herein, we describe a unique drug and vaccine repurposing workflow, and list high confidence proteins and pharmacological classes of compounds, that work as BCG mimics at the system level by inducing beneficial long lasting trained immune response. Earlier studies suggested that the documented beneficial off-target effects of BCG in protecting from non-TB infections, including perhaps COVID-19, involve a potentiation of innate immune responses through epigenetic mechanisms (56) (57) (58) . cache = ./cache/cord-291719-1ku6cmwj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291719-1ku6cmwj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300729-35meen0h author = Miller, Aaron title = Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study date = 2020-03-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2744 sentences = 139 flesch = 50 summary = Most of the countries with low-income levels (17/18) reported zero deaths attributed to COVID-19 and have universal BCG policies in place consistent with a protective role of BCG vaccination. In contrast, middle high and high income countries that never had a universal BCG policy (5 countries) had a larger mortality rate, with 16.39 ± 7.33 deaths per million people. We wondered if countries that established a universal BCG policy earlier would have a reduced mortality rate, as older people that are more severely affected by COVID-19 would be protected. Consistent with a role of BCG in slowing spread of COVID-19, middle high and high income countries that never had a universal BCG policy (5 countries) had about 4 times the number of cases per million inhabitants, with 264.90± 134.88. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 3 : Higher number of COVID-19 cases were presented in countries that never implemented a universal BCG vaccination policy. cache = ./cache/cord-300729-35meen0h.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300729-35meen0h.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-270675-37kus7mz author = Aziz, Asma Binte title = Debate on Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination against COVID-19: Is it worth performing clinical trials? date = 2020-07-09 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1241 sentences = 71 flesch = 47 summary = The non-specific beneficial effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination suggest that this vaccine might play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19).Several studies propose that BCG vaccination may increase the body's immunity, thereby preventing respiratory infections caused by other respiratory pathogens. As the number of deaths due to COVID-19 is increasing rapidly and there is no specific treatment available to date, scientists are evaluating the effectiveness of already approved drugs as therapies against COVID-19, and the results were found to vary widely: from no significant effect being observed to a reduction in the time taken for clinical improvement. Therefore, these non-specific beneficial effects of BCG vaccination suggest that the vaccine could play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [5] . A controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of BCG vaccination in protecting against COVID-19 is warranted for several reasons, the most important of which is the non-specific b. cache = ./cache/cord-270675-37kus7mz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-270675-37kus7mz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-208177-m8q6dyfx author = Chaisemartin, Cl'ement de title = BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden date = 2020-06-08 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2064 sentences = 95 flesch = 52 summary = Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate from 92% to 2% , thus allowing us to estimate the BCG's effect without all the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. We used regression discontinuity to assess the effect of BCG vaccination on Covid-19 related outcomes. found that countries with universal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of their number of cases and deaths 3 . In this study, we took advantage of a change in vaccination policy in Sweden to investigate the link between BCG vaccination in infancy and Covid-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths, using a regression discontinuity approach. cache = ./cache/cord-208177-m8q6dyfx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-208177-m8q6dyfx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299676-6wt9rn1a author = Gursel, Mayda title = Is global BCG vaccination‐induced trained immunity relevant to the progression of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic? date = 2020-04-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 995 sentences = 64 flesch = 48 summary = We hypothesize that general BCG vaccination policies adopted by different countries might have impacted the transmission patterns and/or COVID-19 associated morbidity and mortality. Using this "disease stage normalized" data, there was still a highly significant difference between countries that adhered to national BCG vaccination policy versus those that had ceases/never had a national programme ( Figure 1C ). The duration of BCG-induced trained immunity or how different vaccine strains compare in terms of longevity of induced innate memory is not known. 7 Since the persistence and immunostimulatory properties of BCG strains differ, their potential to induce trained immunity in vaccinated individuals could also vary. When we analyzed available data on BCG vaccine strains used in different countries BCG Vaccination Protects against Experimental Viral Infection in Humans through the Induction of Cytokines Associated with Trained Immunity cache = ./cache/cord-299676-6wt9rn1a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299676-6wt9rn1a.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-342847-sjcanw19 author = Leung, Andrea S title = Novel genome polymorphisms in BCG vaccine strains and impact on efficacy date = 2008-09-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6105 sentences = 328 flesch = 50 summary = Using this approach, in tandem with DNA resequencing, we have identified six novel large sequence polymorphisms including four deletions and two duplications in specific BCG strains. Importantly, these polymorphisms affect genes encoding established virulence factors including cell wall complex lipids, ESX secretion systems, and the PhoP-PhoR two-component system. Our study demonstrates that major virulence factors are different among BCG strains, which provide molecular mechanisms for important vaccine phenotypes including adverse effect profile, tuberculin reactivity and protective efficacy. Subsequent analyses of multiple vaccine strains have uncovered extensive genome diversity including both deletions and duplications in BCG substrains [18, [20] [21] [22] . We have used NimbleGen tiling arrays to analyze the genomic variability of 13 BCG strains, including BCG-Russia, -Japan, -Moreau, -Sweden, -Birkhaug, -China, -Prague, -Glaxo, -Danish, -Tice, -Phipps, -Frappier and -Pasteur. Our sequence analysis revealed a number of polymorphisms in the phoP-phoR locus in various BCG strains compared to the genome sequence of M. cache = ./cache/cord-342847-sjcanw19.txt txt = ./txt/cord-342847-sjcanw19.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-350103-liwvhuzj author = Brooks, Nathan A. title = The role of the urologist, BCG vaccine administration, and SARS‐CoV‐2: An overview date = 2020-06-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2850 sentences = 144 flesch = 39 summary = OBJECTIVES: To summarize the available literature regarding bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) administration, severe acute respiratory syndrome conoravirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), and the resulting clinical condition coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) in light of recent epidemiologic work suggesting decreased infection severity in BCG immunized populations while highlighting the potential role of the urologist in clinical trials and ongoing research efforts. Specifically, the epidemiologic evidence for decreased COVID‐19 morbidity in countries with BCG vaccination programs, current clinical trials for BCG vaccination to protect against COVID‐19, potential mechanisms and rationale for this protection, and the role of the urologist and urology clinic in providing support and/or leading ongoing efforts. 18 In both animal and human studies, BCG vaccination provides a non-specific benefit to the immune system, relative protection against, and reduced mortality from infections by other microbes (bacteria and viruses) which may occur by epigenetic reprogramming and induction of trained immunity. cache = ./cache/cord-350103-liwvhuzj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-350103-liwvhuzj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292128-8o20mcur author = Fritschi, Nora title = Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) and new TB vaccines: specific, cross-mycobacterial and off-target effects date = 2020-08-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2474 sentences = 178 flesch = 50 summary = title: Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) and new TB vaccines: specific, cross-mycobacterial and off-target effects An 192 interesting randomised placebo-controlled study in 30 healthy male adults (not previously 193 BCG immunised) compared the immune response to a yellow fever immunisation as a "viral 194 challenge model" one month after BCG immunisation. tuberculosis Erdman 6 to 10 months after BCG 329 immunisation, macaques that had received intravenous BCG showed superior protection The vaccine is also being tested in trials in several other settings in adults for prevention of 443 disease and recurrence, and also for its off-target effects on bladder cancer. The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin 517 vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses 518 of the published literature Effect of BCG vaccination against 520 Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-521 analysis Non-specific effect of Bacille Calmette-Guerin 631 vaccine on the immune response to routine immunisations cache = ./cache/cord-292128-8o20mcur.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292128-8o20mcur.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298867-hzshnq7b author = Raham, T. F. title = Impact of Duration of Cessation of Mass BCG Vaccination Programs on Covid -19 Mortality date = 2020-08-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1971 sentences = 160 flesch = 51 summary = At early times during COVID-19 pandemic heterogeneous immunity towards (SARS-CoV-2), was hypothesized and statistical correlation between of BCG vaccination practices and COVID-19 mortality variances among countries was statistically proved . Through applying stem-leaf plot for exploring data screening behavior concerning Covid-19 Mortality for obsolescence duration of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs, as well as (nonlinear regression of compound model) for predicted shape behavior for that group. Results: Slope value shows highly significant effectiveness of obsolescence of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs on Covid -19 mortality at P-value<0.000. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.20.20178889 doi: medRxiv preprint CoV-2) by different way that is the cessation duration of BCG programs in countries which stopped BCG vaccinations programs. cache = ./cache/cord-298867-hzshnq7b.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298867-hzshnq7b.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-354972-nc496v6s author = Margolin, Emmanuel title = Prospects for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines in Africa date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10919 sentences = 464 flesch = 37 summary = As of 8 August 2020, there have been over 1.2 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Africa, with 29,833 deaths reported (Africa CDC) There is concern that the pandemic may pose an even greater risk to countries in Africa owing to their weak health-care infrastructure, large burden of co-infections, including HIV-1 and tuberculosis, and ongoing outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infections such as Ebola virus (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Lassa haemorrhagic fever (Nigeria) that will divert much-needed resources away from the fight against COVID-19 (ref. Given the optimistic development timeline of 12-18 months before any vaccines could be available for widespread use, it is clear that these efforts will not Box 1 | Potential impact of climate on SArS-coV-2 dissemination the comparatively low incidence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COviD19) in africa has raised the possibility that climate could influence the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-Cov-2). cache = ./cache/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt txt = ./txt/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340532-fpmd9nzf author = Ventura, L. title = BCG vaccination and socioeconomic variables vs Covid-19 global features: clearing up a controversial issue date = 2020-05-26 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3095 sentences = 151 flesch = 46 summary = Conclusions: Relying on a very large dataset and a wide array of control variables, our study confirms a strong and robust association between Covid-19 diffusion and mortality with BCG vaccination and a set socio-economic factors, opening new perspectives for clinical speculations and public health policies. In particular Tobit regressions, estimating both the impacts of covariates on the probability of a country reporting more than 100 cases as of April 17 th , and their effect on relative diffusion, was our preferred estimation method. Table 2 shows large and strongly significant effects for per capita gross domestic product and Human Freedom Index (positive) and for the summer season and BCG vaccination (negative), even controlling for more vaccinations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the impact of BCG vaccination on the diffusion and mortality of Covid-19 at the global level by controlling for a comprehensive set of social, economic, geographic and demographic variables. cache = ./cache/cord-340532-fpmd9nzf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340532-fpmd9nzf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-323141-6z750avb author = Kuroda, Naoto title = Demand for BCG Vaccine Due to Unproven Claims of its Role in Preventing COVID-19 Is Causing Shortages of Vaccines for Infants in Japan date = 2020-12-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1761 sentences = 121 flesch = 53 summary = 5 On the other hand, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend breast-feeding with strict contact precautions based on the fact that so far there is no evidence that the virus can be transferred via breast milk. 4 To show the causality between the BCG vaccine and the severity of COVID-19, we have to confirm the following Bradford Hill criteria: specificity, temporality, reversibility, and experiment. Based on this background, we analyzed the data concerning all pediatric patients with COVID-19 (0-18 years old) admitted to the San Matteo Hospital of Pavia until April 4. As of today (April 11), 17 children had COVID-19 diagnosis based on clinical data and positive swab (RT-PCR analysis). Analyzing the data concerning the whole Lombardy population, 29.3% of patients with COVID-19 had home isolation, 21.5% required low-medium-intensity care, 2.3% ICU admission, and 18.3% died. cache = ./cache/cord-323141-6z750avb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-323141-6z750avb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256642-payjduek author = Muthuvelu, Sobana title = Measles infection causing Bacillus Calmette-Guérin reactivation: a case report date = 2019-07-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2775 sentences = 145 flesch = 46 summary = BACKGROUND: Reactivation of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), manifesting as erythema, induration, ulceration or crust formation at a previous BCG inoculation site, is a common and highly specific feature of Kawasaki disease (KD). CONCLUSIONS: This case report highlights the rare finding of BCG reactivation in a child with confirmed measles infection, and suggests that this clinical manifestation may occasionally occur in children with infections or conditions other than KD. Reactivation of the BCG, manifesting as erythema, induration, ulceration or crust formation at the BCG site months or years after inoculation, has been described as an important feature of Kawasaki disease (KD) [5, 6] . Here, we present a case report of a 7-month old infant with laboratory-confirmed measles who presented with erythema and induration at the BCG inoculation site. Apart from those to confirm the measles infection, no laboratory investigations were undertaken to determine if additional viral pathogens were present in the patient and contributed to the development of the BCG reactivation. cache = ./cache/cord-256642-payjduek.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256642-payjduek.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331477-2x9szmjc author = Warnakulasuriya, Saman title = Protecting dental manpower from COVID‐19 infection date = 2020-06-01 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1876 sentences = 112 flesch = 53 summary = Oral health professionals are at risk of developing COVID 19 infection as they come into close contact with patients and accompanying relatives who may be carrying the virus. Knowledge of these symptoms would help the dental surgery staff to triage patients when it comes to spotting COVID-19-infected persons. When booking emergency dental appointments, having a checklist of COVID-19 symptoms at the reception may help to inform the dentist about symptomatic patients, to postpone non-urgent therapies and to direct such patients to hospital centres equipped for handling infected subjects and their relatives, living together. For undertaking any direct patient care, dentists and dental surgery assistants and other oral health professionals are advised to wear, disposable gloves, aprons, eye protection and face shields where there is a risk of saliva, blood, other body fluids, secretions or excretions splashing into the face and eyes. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine cache = ./cache/cord-331477-2x9szmjc.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331477-2x9szmjc.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351002-msjurww1 author = Ouanes, Y. title = Does BCG protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection ?: elements of proof. date = 2020-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2997 sentences = 185 flesch = 53 summary = Results : Countries that never had universal BCG vaccination policy have a higher mortality (correlated to performed diagnostic tests) attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (p<0.001). Countries that never had universal BCG vaccination policy have a higher mortality (correlated to performed diagnostic tests) attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (p<0.001). For countries that started the BCG vaccination after 1960, countries with current policies have lower mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection than countries that have stopped immunization (p=0.047). For countries that started the BCG vaccination after 1960, countries with current policies have lower mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection than countries that have stopped immunization (p=0.047). Based on these observations, we hypothesized that countries which have an early start of universal BCG vaccination policy would have a reduced morbidity and mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Or results revealed that countries that never had universal BCG vaccination policy have a higher mortality (correlated to performed diagnostic tests) attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. cache = ./cache/cord-351002-msjurww1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351002-msjurww1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-334550-xb0alubj author = Samaddar, Arghadip title = The Enigma of Low COVID-19 Fatality Rate in India date = 2020-07-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6405 sentences = 367 flesch = 48 summary = These include some ongoing mutations that can alter the virulence of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains, host factors like innate immunity, genetic diversity in immune responses, epigenetic factors, genetic polymorphisms of ACE2 receptors, micro RNAs and universal BCG vaccination, and environmental factors like high temperature and humidity which may alter the viability and transmissibility of the strain. Researchers from Translational Bioinformatics Group at International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India, performed an integrated mutational analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from different geographical locations, including India, Italy, United States, Nepal and Wuhan, and observed a novel mutation in S protein (A930V, 24351C>T) of the Indian strain, which was absent in other strains (Sardar et al., 2020) . While this apparent protection among Indians is largely attributed to non-heritable influences as discussed earlier, a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 can reduce disease severity, control transmission, and prevent future infections across all populations. cache = ./cache/cord-334550-xb0alubj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-334550-xb0alubj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298945-0sm0r4v8 author = Kuratani, N. title = Association of national Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination policy with COVID-19 epidemiology: an ecological study in 78 countries date = 2020-05-16 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1344 sentences = 85 flesch = 57 summary = A possible association between national Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination policy and lower COVID-19 incidence has been suggested in some preprint papers. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.20100156 doi: medRxiv preprint Abstract A possible association between national Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination policy and lower COVID-19 incidence has been suggested in some preprint papers. Using publicly accessible databases, I explored associations of national BCG vaccination policy with COVID-19 epidemiology in 78 countries. The mixed effect model revealed national BCG policy decreases in the country-specific risk of death by COVID-19, correspond to odds ratio of 0.446 (95% confidence interval 0.323 -0.614, P=1×10 −5 ). The mixed effect model revealed national BCG policy decreases in the country-specific risk of death by COVID-19, correspond to odds ratio of 0.446 (95% confidence interval 0.323 -0.614, P=1×10 −5 ). A possible association between national Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination policy and lower COVID-19 incidence has been suggested in some preprint papers. cache = ./cache/cord-298945-0sm0r4v8.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298945-0sm0r4v8.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-344553-uya1j94u author = Bodova, K. title = Time-adjusted Analysis Shows Weak Associations Between BCG Vaccination Policy and COVID-19 Disease Progression date = 2020-05-06 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3861 sentences = 176 flesch = 49 summary = In this study, we ascertain the associations between BCG vaccination policies and progression of COVID-19 through analysis of various time-adjusted indicators either directly extracted from the incidence and death reports, or estimated as parameters of disease progression models. The associations between BCG vaccination policy and COVID-19 disease progression have also been a subject to controversy in data analysis, with some studies claiming significant effects on the number of cases and case fatality rates (Miller et al., 2020; Berg et al., 2020) , while others criticizing weaknesses of those studies and claiming no statistically significant differences (Szigeti et al., 2020; Hensel et al., 2020; Fukui et al., 2020; Singh, 2020) . In this study, we have estimated a variety of indicators characteristic for different stages of COVID-19 epidemics, also adjusting for time since the beginning of the epidemics in each country, and found that several key indicators show weak, but statistically significant, associations with BCG vaccination status. cache = ./cache/cord-344553-uya1j94u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-344553-uya1j94u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-355384-qa7grviy author = NaserEddin, Adeeb title = Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) Vaccine-associated Complications in Immunodeficient Patients Following Stem Cell Transplantation date = 2020-10-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4276 sentences = 225 flesch = 40 summary = PURPOSE: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine with the potential of causing severe iatrogenic complications in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Since BCG is a live attenuated vaccine, complication rates are significantly increased in immunodeficient individuals [3, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] , especially so in patients with T cell defects, mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD), or chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) [5] [6] [7] 11] , reflecting the main mechanisms of defense against mycobacteria. Thirty-six pediatric patients who underwent HSCT for phagocytic and T cell defects in Hadassah medical center between 2007 and 2019, and had received the BCG vaccine prior to transplant, were included in this study (Table 1) . cache = ./cache/cord-355384-qa7grviy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-355384-qa7grviy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-304108-kn9v8qmz author = Aksu, Kurtuluş title = Factors determining COVID‐19 pneumonia severity in a country with routine BCG vaccination date = 2020-08-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2648 sentences = 161 flesch = 46 summary = While the rate of cases vaccinated with BCG is lower (68.5% vs 88.2%; p=.026), the mean age (54.0 ± 11.5 years vs 38.3 ±10.7 years; p <.001), diabetes (32.6% vs 5.9%; p=.002) and low income (84.3% vs 52.9% p<.001) are higher in patients with severe disease compared to those with mild disease. Comparison of characteristics of BCG-vaccinated andunvaccinated COVID-19 pneumonia patients revealed that, mean age and low income rate were significantly higher in BCG-unvaccinated subjects compared to BCG-vaccinated subjects. Mean age, rate of diabetes, low-income and BCGvaccination status were the parameters differed significantly between mild and severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients ( Table 3 ). 12, 13 The study population consisted of BCG-vaccinated and -unvaccinated COVID-19 pneumonia cases in order to compare the severity of the disease in the two groups. Accordingly, logistic analysis revealed that increasing age and low income level were predictive of severe disease, whereas BCG vaccination status is not related to the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. cache = ./cache/cord-304108-kn9v8qmz.txt txt = ./txt/cord-304108-kn9v8qmz.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-292372-kn27ghlv author = de Chaisemartin, Clément title = BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden date = 2020-08-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2819 sentences = 151 flesch = 56 summary = Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate, thus allowing us to estimate the BCG's effect without the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. found that countries with universal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of their number of cases and deaths [7] . In this study, we took advantage of a change in vaccination policy in Sweden to investigate the link between BCG vaccination in infancy and Covid-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths, using a regression discontinuity approach. For instance, this study estimates the effect of universal BCG vaccination for individuals born around April 1st 1975, who are in their mid-forties during the COVID-19 pandemic, and cannot be generalized to the entire population. cache = ./cache/cord-292372-kn27ghlv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-292372-kn27ghlv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-328262-hw8swbt5 author = O’Neill, Luke A. J. title = BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19? date = 2020-05-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2177 sentences = 102 flesch = 42 summary = Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination has been reported to decrease susceptibility to respiratory tract infections, an effect proposed to be mediated by the general long-term boosting of innate immune mechanisms, also termed trained immunity. This effect was mediated by peritoneal macrophages 10 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination has been reported to decrease susceptibility to respiratory tract infections, an effect proposed to be mediated by the general long-term boosting of innate immune mechanisms, also termed trained immunity. Here, we discuss the non-specific beneficial effects of BCG against viral infections and whether this vaccine may afford protection to COVID-19. Here, we discuss the non-specific beneficial effects of BCG against viral infections and whether this vaccine may afford protection to COVID-19. BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity cache = ./cache/cord-328262-hw8swbt5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-328262-hw8swbt5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-345114-b06uz0sj author = Klinger, Danielle title = Significantly Improved COVID-19 Outcomes in Countries with Higher BCG Vaccination Coverage: A Multivariable Analysis date = 2020-07-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6987 sentences = 368 flesch = 51 summary = The analysis of countries according to an age-group partition reveals that the strongest correlation is attributed to the coverage in BCG vaccination of the young population (0–24 years). Due to the varying effect of each age group on the viral spread in the population, we next investigated the relevance of age groups to the observation showing that years of BCG administration are strongly correlated with better COVID-19 outcomes. Due to the varying effect of each age group on the viral spread in the population, we next investigated the relevance of age groups to the observation showing that years of BCG administration are strongly correlated with better COVID-19 outcomes. The histogram (d-f) shows the statistical significance of the correlation of BCG years of administration for the 4 different COVID-19 outcomes according to the 3 age groups marked as: young (d) middle age (e) and elderly (f). cache = ./cache/cord-345114-b06uz0sj.txt txt = ./txt/cord-345114-b06uz0sj.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318542-785hnh19 author = Leeson, Cale E. title = Systematic Review: Safety of Intravesical Therapy for Bladder Cancer in the Era of COVID-19 date = 2020-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2670 sentences = 146 flesch = 44 summary = In this review, we aim to summarize what is known about the immunologic mechanisms of COVID-19, the current recommendations, mechanisms of action and adverse effects of intravesical BCG in bladder cancer and determine if This article is part of the Topical Collection on Covid-19 * Ahmed Kotb drahmedfali@gmail.com intravesical BCG is safe in patients that are suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19. We reviewed relevant articles focusing on the mechanism of action of intravesical BCG and chemotherapy, including systemic outcomes and side effects from intravesical treatment, and its safety and efficacy in immunocompromised patients or those with acute immunological disorders. Search terms included "SARS-CoV-2" or "COVID-19" combined with "immune response", "intravesical BCG" combined with "bladder cancer", "urothelial carcinoma", "adverse events", "side effects", "mechanism of action", "immunocompromised" and "immunological disease". With knowledge of the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and the risk for severe complications such as ARDS, it is necessary to review the side effects of intravesical treatment in an attempt to determine its safety in COVID-19 and immunocompromised patients. cache = ./cache/cord-318542-785hnh19.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318542-785hnh19.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-300338-duhyb754 author = Urashima, Mitsuyoshi title = BCG Vaccination and Mortality of COVID-19 across 173 Countries: An Ecological Study date = 2020-08-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5672 sentences = 250 flesch = 44 summary = We therefore aimed to explore whether recent BCG vaccine coverage is associated with COVID-19 morbidity and/or mortality rates, using linear regression models to explore associations between the two continuous random variables adjusted for a variety of potential confounders, such as median age and body mass index (BMI) in individual countries through this ecological study. As a result, '≥60 years of age' (p < 0.001) and 'BCG vaccine coverage' (p = 0.002) remained significant factors associated with COVID-19 mortality, even after adjustment for morbidity and PCR-tests. As a result, '≥60 years of age' (p < 0.001) and 'BCG vaccine coverage' (p = 0.002) remained significant factors associated with COVID-19 mortality, even after adjustment for morbidity and PCR-tests. cache = ./cache/cord-300338-duhyb754.txt txt = ./txt/cord-300338-duhyb754.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-330203-7xen4nlm author = Joy, Melvin title = Is BCG associated with reduced incidence of COVID-19? A meta-regression of global data from 160 countries date = 2020-09-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1170 sentences = 90 flesch = 57 summary = RESULTS: The countries that had ≤70% coverage of BCG vaccine reported 6.5 (95% CI: −8.4 to −4.5) less COVID-19 infections per 10,000 population as compared to countries that reported no coverage. 3 Data on BCG vaccination status when analysed at a national-level along with incident cases of COVID-19, can give us an ecological idea of a possible protective effect, if any. 4 Data on BCG vaccination coverage was obtained from the WHO Global Health Observatory. 6 We included 160 countries that reported official data on BCG vaccination coverage (%) and COVID-19 confirmed cases until May 31, 2020. The countries that had ≤70% coverage of BCG vaccine reported 6.5 (95% CI: −8.4 to −4.5) less COVID-19 infections per 10,000 population as compared to countries that reported no coverage (p < 0.001). Irrespective of the level of coverage, the East Asia and Pacific region countries reported 4 less infections per 10,000 population, as compared to countries without BCG vaccination strategy. cache = ./cache/cord-330203-7xen4nlm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-330203-7xen4nlm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289742-1usxeo9a author = Riksen, Niels P. title = Immunometabolic control of trained immunity date = 2020-09-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7653 sentences = 333 flesch = 31 summary = Indeed, in murine models, stimuli that induce trained immunity in circulating monocytes, including Western type diet feeding, BCG vaccination, or administration of β-glucan, were found to trigger a persistent inflammatory reprogramming of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow (Christ et al., 2018; Mitroulis et al., 2018) . Finally, additional proof for a role of glycolysis in trained immunity stems from the observations that in cohorts of healthy subjects, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key glycolytic enzymes are associated with the induction of cytokine production capacity by training of the cells ex vivo; this was reported for SNPs in hexokinase 2 (HK2) and phosphofructokinase, platelet (PFKP) for training with BCG . When innate immune cells, such as monocytes, are stimulated by growth signals or inflammatory stimuli, e.g. lipopolysaccharide, the TCA cycle shifts function to provide intermediary metabolites for biosynthetic pathways, including the production of amino acids and lipids, which is termed cataplerosis. cache = ./cache/cord-289742-1usxeo9a.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289742-1usxeo9a.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-318542-785hnh19 Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-258742-li71b9e0 cord-005882-iodfgzjf cord-340532-fpmd9nzf cord-266549-g8060w8v cord-260826-1n96pz86 cord-002058-rppsmirp cord-208177-m8q6dyfx cord-304108-kn9v8qmz cord-298945-0sm0r4v8 cord-256642-payjduek cord-318542-785hnh19 cord-000153-134qz0aw cord-263455-dquztf5l cord-265472-b1s4stvz cord-315101-7mim3yl6 cord-323141-6z750avb cord-299676-6wt9rn1a cord-298867-hzshnq7b cord-342847-sjcanw19 cord-292372-kn27ghlv cord-278417-ty4wbtkv cord-258877-6hy37qxa cord-288618-01hxgcds cord-289008-c4cu3vrp 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cord-299676-6wt9rn1a cord-276495-q22jnkn2 cord-354972-nc496v6s cord-285306-leu2hygk cord-263455-dquztf5l cord-340532-fpmd9nzf cord-300729-35meen0h cord-334550-xb0alubj cord-292372-kn27ghlv cord-351002-msjurww1 cord-330203-7xen4nlm cord-003504-wjab4y0g cord-315101-7mim3yl6 cord-005882-iodfgzjf cord-208177-m8q6dyfx cord-331477-2x9szmjc cord-024716-1waejlwb cord-002058-rppsmirp cord-288618-01hxgcds cord-298867-hzshnq7b cord-314121-ez62fx9p cord-345114-b06uz0sj Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-208177-m8q6dyfx cord-279620-ckh4uke6 cord-305264-0uhabgsr cord-291719-1ku6cmwj cord-000153-134qz0aw cord-292372-kn27ghlv cord-252855-xtsnlu1f cord-003504-wjab4y0g cord-294302-hboc3xcz cord-314121-ez62fx9p cord-276351-cv5th7hd cord-266549-g8060w8v cord-271734-1cfhjuxi cord-300338-duhyb754 cord-018737-1h84yi2i cord-005882-iodfgzjf cord-002058-rppsmirp cord-278417-ty4wbtkv cord-309888-93rdcwrh cord-285306-leu2hygk cord-289742-1usxeo9a cord-276495-q22jnkn2 cord-014712-5u4e00q6 cord-258742-li71b9e0 cord-298945-0sm0r4v8 cord-334550-xb0alubj cord-256642-payjduek cord-355384-qa7grviy cord-328623-ud8vz3zu cord-281354-sa27k8o3 cord-024716-1waejlwb cord-283603-d6ult65u cord-344553-uya1j94u cord-292128-8o20mcur cord-345114-b06uz0sj cord-260826-1n96pz86 cord-289008-c4cu3vrp cord-298867-hzshnq7b cord-258877-6hy37qxa cord-318542-785hnh19 cord-265472-b1s4stvz cord-342847-sjcanw19 cord-299676-6wt9rn1a cord-304108-kn9v8qmz cord-270675-37kus7mz cord-315101-7mim3yl6 cord-288618-01hxgcds cord-300729-35meen0h cord-354972-nc496v6s cord-350103-liwvhuzj cord-331477-2x9szmjc cord-263455-dquztf5l cord-355926-24z5lhet cord-330203-7xen4nlm cord-291722-xnfdjriz cord-340532-fpmd9nzf cord-328262-hw8swbt5 cord-323141-6z750avb cord-338498-3238fz73 cord-351002-msjurww1 cord-325966-0g7a9s5z Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-279620-ckh4uke6 cord-266549-g8060w8v cord-258877-6hy37qxa cord-270675-37kus7mz cord-288618-01hxgcds cord-000153-134qz0aw cord-276495-q22jnkn2 cord-298945-0sm0r4v8 cord-292372-kn27ghlv cord-285306-leu2hygk cord-309888-93rdcwrh cord-024716-1waejlwb cord-289742-1usxeo9a cord-330203-7xen4nlm cord-003504-wjab4y0g cord-002058-rppsmirp cord-263455-dquztf5l cord-265472-b1s4stvz cord-300729-35meen0h cord-252855-xtsnlu1f cord-260826-1n96pz86 cord-256642-payjduek cord-323141-6z750avb cord-208177-m8q6dyfx cord-276351-cv5th7hd cord-344553-uya1j94u cord-289008-c4cu3vrp cord-340532-fpmd9nzf cord-258742-li71b9e0 cord-338498-3238fz73 cord-355926-24z5lhet cord-328623-ud8vz3zu cord-351002-msjurww1 cord-350103-liwvhuzj cord-328262-hw8swbt5 cord-354972-nc496v6s cord-331477-2x9szmjc cord-318542-785hnh19 cord-298867-hzshnq7b cord-305264-0uhabgsr cord-314121-ez62fx9p cord-299676-6wt9rn1a cord-300338-duhyb754 cord-005882-iodfgzjf cord-334550-xb0alubj cord-292128-8o20mcur cord-281354-sa27k8o3 cord-325966-0g7a9s5z cord-294302-hboc3xcz cord-291719-1ku6cmwj cord-355384-qa7grviy cord-291722-xnfdjriz cord-278417-ty4wbtkv cord-018737-1h84yi2i cord-342847-sjcanw19 cord-315101-7mim3yl6 cord-304108-kn9v8qmz cord-271734-1cfhjuxi cord-345114-b06uz0sj cord-283603-d6ult65u cord-014712-5u4e00q6 Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-354972-nc496v6s cord-338498-3238fz73 cord-345114-b06uz0sj cord-289742-1usxeo9a cord-283603-d6ult65u cord-351002-msjurww1 number of items: 61 sum of words: 290,123 average size in words: 4,756 average readability score: 46 nouns: patients; vaccination; vaccine; cells; infection; disease; countries; cell; study; immunity; tuberculosis; response; mortality; infections; population; years; vaccines; cases; effects; data; studies; virus; treatment; responses; effect; number; results; analysis; age; risk; leprosy; protein; protection; time; expression; case; cancer; mice; coronavirus; syndrome; role; preprint; children; factors; rate; system; group; macrophages; diseases; pandemic verbs: used; shown; induced; including; associated; trained; increases; reporting; following; based; reduce; found; compared; suggest; developing; cause; provide; protect; led; make; express; related; presented; considered; infected; observed; identifying; results; controlled; demonstrated; binding; known; required; given; mediated; affected; prevent; treat; receive; describe; need; indicating; enhancing; perform; display; vaccinated; producing; testing; confirming; contain adjectives: immune; clinical; high; specific; covid-19; human; non; severe; respiratory; viral; different; inflammatory; innate; low; significant; protective; available; several; first; universal; higher; new; acute; primary; lower; recent; early; current; important; anti; attenuated; many; possible; positive; autoimmune; infectious; chronic; genetic; similar; potential; effective; bacterial; recombinant; systemic; global; oral; major; large; immunological; novel adverbs: also; however; well; therefore; significantly; even; currently; recently; previously; highly; respectively; still; just; moreover; less; long; mainly; especially; already; now; far; furthermore; additionally; worldwide; potentially; often; first; finally; particularly; interestingly; statistically; yet; generally; usually; prior; approximately; strongly; similarly; rather; together; specifically; relatively; probably; much; rapidly; later; never; likely; indeed; mostly pronouns: it; we; our; their; its; they; i; he; his; them; she; her; us; one; itself; themselves; my; your; ours; you; him; esat-6; İt; u; tnf)-α; rpos; rad5; ourselves; in206316; imm-101; http://expasy.org/tools/; em; -tocopherol proper nouns: BCG; COVID-19; SARS; CoV-2; T; M.; Calmette; Mycobacterium; Salmonella; Guérin; TB; HIV; DC; MKP-1; CD4; Lf; LPS; CD8; PID; Health; Fig; China; Bacillus; PD; Africa; CVID; World; L1; Guerin; B; IL-6; CoV; Bacille; Table; A; SDR; C; TNF; CC; India; April; BY; University; ND; SCID; HIV-1; Coronavirus; SIGN; RNA; PEP keywords: bcg; covid-19; sars; patient; vaccine; cell; calmette; mycobacterium; cd8; vaccination; immunity; dna; disease; cov-2; cd4; year; university; tmprss2; tca; stat3; south; sign; sdr; scid; salmonella; rna; risk; pid; pep; pcr; mtb; mkp-1; mapk; lps; listeria; leprosy; lactoferrin; kawasaki; ivig; inflammatory; infection; indian; immunology; imm-101; il-6; hsct; hospital; hiv-1; hiv; hbv one topic; one dimension: bcg file(s): http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.06.20189423v1?rss=1 titles(s): Covid-19 vs BCG Universal Immunization: Statistical Significance at Six Months of Exposure three topics; one dimension: bcg; patients; bcg file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32664505/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086544/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28257033/ titles(s): Significantly Improved COVID-19 Outcomes in Countries with Higher BCG Vaccination Coverage: A Multivariable Analysis | Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 | Lactoferrin: Balancing Ups and Downs of Inflammation Due to Microbial Infections five topics; three dimensions: bcg vaccine sars; bcg covid vaccination; patients cells cell; leprosy vaccine salmonella; patients cancer lactoferrin file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095892/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32664505/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086544/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123696/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28257033/ titles(s): Annulling a dangerous liaison: vaccination strategies against AIDS and tuberculosis | Significantly Improved COVID-19 Outcomes in Countries with Higher BCG Vaccination Coverage: A Multivariable Analysis | Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 | Live-Attenuated Bacterial Vectors for Delivery of Mucosal Vaccines, DNA Vaccines, and Cancer Immunotherapy | Lactoferrin: Balancing Ups and Downs of Inflammation Due to Microbial Infections Type: cord title: keyword-bcg-cord date: 2021-05-24 time: 21:14 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:bcg ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-304108-kn9v8qmz author: Aksu, Kurtuluş title: Factors determining COVID‐19 pneumonia severity in a country with routine BCG vaccination date: 2020-08-19 words: 2648 sentences: 161 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-304108-kn9v8qmz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-304108-kn9v8qmz.txt summary: While the rate of cases vaccinated with BCG is lower (68.5% vs 88.2%; p=.026), the mean age (54.0 ± 11.5 years vs 38.3 ±10.7 years; p <.001), diabetes (32.6% vs 5.9%; p=.002) and low income (84.3% vs 52.9% p<.001) are higher in patients with severe disease compared to those with mild disease. Comparison of characteristics of BCG-vaccinated andunvaccinated COVID-19 pneumonia patients revealed that, mean age and low income rate were significantly higher in BCG-unvaccinated subjects compared to BCG-vaccinated subjects. Mean age, rate of diabetes, low-income and BCGvaccination status were the parameters differed significantly between mild and severe COVID-19 pneumonia patients ( Table 3 ). 12, 13 The study population consisted of BCG-vaccinated and -unvaccinated COVID-19 pneumonia cases in order to compare the severity of the disease in the two groups. Accordingly, logistic analysis revealed that increasing age and low income level were predictive of severe disease, whereas BCG vaccination status is not related to the severity of COVID-19 pneumonia. abstract: BACKGROUND: The impact of countries' Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) vaccination policies on the course of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) outbreak is a curiosity. In this study, the relationship between BCG vaccination status and severity of COVID‐19 pneumonia and the factors affecting disease severity were investigated. METHODS: A retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted between March‐June 2020 in patients diagnosed with COVID‐19 pneumonia, confirmed by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 polymerase chain reaction positivity in a nasopharyngeal sample and pulmonary infiltrates in computed chest tomography, in a state hospital in Istanbul, Turkey. Sociodemographic features, body mass index, smoking status, concomitant diseases, income rates, and BCG vaccination status of subjects were analyzed. RESULTS: Study population consisted of 123 adults with COVID‐19 pneumonia (mean age, 49.7 years [standard deviation, 13.3 years]; 82 (66.7%) male). While the rate of cases vaccinated with BCG is lower (68.5% vs 88.2%; p=.026), the mean age (54.0 ± 11.5 years vs 38.3 ±10.7 years; p <.001), diabetes (32.6% vs 5.9%; p=.002) and low income (84.3% vs 52.9% p<.001) are higher in patients with severe disease compared to those with mild disease. According to multivariate analysis increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.119; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.062 – 1.178; p<.001) and low income (OR, 3.209; 95% CI, 1.008 – 10.222; p =.049) are associated with severe disease in COVID‐19 pneumonia. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that BCG vaccination is not associated with disease severity in COVID‐19 pneumonia. Age and low income are the main determinants of severe COVID‐19 pneumonia. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13507 doi: 10.1111/cei.13507 id: cord-270675-37kus7mz author: Aziz, Asma Binte title: Debate on Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination against COVID-19: Is it worth performing clinical trials? date: 2020-07-09 words: 1241 sentences: 71 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-270675-37kus7mz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-270675-37kus7mz.txt summary: The non-specific beneficial effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination suggest that this vaccine might play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19).Several studies propose that BCG vaccination may increase the body''s immunity, thereby preventing respiratory infections caused by other respiratory pathogens. As the number of deaths due to COVID-19 is increasing rapidly and there is no specific treatment available to date, scientists are evaluating the effectiveness of already approved drugs as therapies against COVID-19, and the results were found to vary widely: from no significant effect being observed to a reduction in the time taken for clinical improvement. Therefore, these non-specific beneficial effects of BCG vaccination suggest that the vaccine could play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [5] . A controlled study to evaluate the efficacy of BCG vaccination in protecting against COVID-19 is warranted for several reasons, the most important of which is the non-specific b. abstract: The non-specific beneficial effects of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination suggest that this vaccine might play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19).Several studies propose that BCG vaccination may increase the body's immunity, thereby preventing respiratory infections caused by other respiratory pathogens. As the number of deaths due to COVID-19 is increasing rapidly and there is no specific treatment available to date, scientists are evaluating the effectiveness of already approved drugs as therapies against COVID-19, and the results were found to vary widely: from no significant effect being observed to a reduction in the time taken for clinical improvement. This study thus aims to evaluate whether it is worth performing clinical trials to examine the effects of the BCG vaccine on COVID-19. We herein emphasize the need to conduct phase III randomized controlled trials with an adequate sample size and quality to investigate the effects of the BCG vaccine on COVID-19. In the event that BCG vaccination provides non-specific protection against COVID-19, administering it could be helpful in controlling the transmission of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases during future pandemics. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590053620300744?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2020.07.001 id: cord-276495-q22jnkn2 author: Belizário, José Ernesto title: Trained innate immunity, COVID-19 therapeutic dilemma, and fake science date: 2020-07-06 words: 2769 sentences: 132 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-276495-q22jnkn2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276495-q22jnkn2.txt summary: This type of immunological memory or epigenetic programming to a pre-activated state allows the generation of a sustained and more effective non-specific response, even after years, although in the protocols of these studies, the innate immunity was evaluated after 3 months (2). Various clinical trials are underway to evaluate trained immunity through BCG vaccination in healthy volunteers under the coordination of Dr. Mihail Netea (Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands). To our knowledge, there are no published articles or clinical evidences that show that BCG immunization protects against SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil. The journal The Lancet, in May 2020, published the results of an observational, longitudinal, and retrospective clinical study based on medical records of COVID-19 patient cohorts treated across 6 countries and 671 hospitals, with different technical capabilities and diverse drug protocols (13) . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32667492/ doi: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2124 id: cord-344553-uya1j94u author: Bodova, K. title: Time-adjusted Analysis Shows Weak Associations Between BCG Vaccination Policy and COVID-19 Disease Progression date: 2020-05-06 words: 3861 sentences: 176 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-344553-uya1j94u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-344553-uya1j94u.txt summary: In this study, we ascertain the associations between BCG vaccination policies and progression of COVID-19 through analysis of various time-adjusted indicators either directly extracted from the incidence and death reports, or estimated as parameters of disease progression models. The associations between BCG vaccination policy and COVID-19 disease progression have also been a subject to controversy in data analysis, with some studies claiming significant effects on the number of cases and case fatality rates (Miller et al., 2020; Berg et al., 2020) , while others criticizing weaknesses of those studies and claiming no statistically significant differences (Szigeti et al., 2020; Hensel et al., 2020; Fukui et al., 2020; Singh, 2020) . In this study, we have estimated a variety of indicators characteristic for different stages of COVID-19 epidemics, also adjusting for time since the beginning of the epidemics in each country, and found that several key indicators show weak, but statistically significant, associations with BCG vaccination status. abstract: In this study, we ascertain the associations between BCG vaccination policies and progression of COVID-19 through analysis of various time-adjusted indicators either directly extracted from the incidence and death reports, or estimated as parameters of disease progression models. We observe weak correlation between BCG vaccination status and indicators related to disease reproduction characteristics. We did not find any associations with case fatality rates (CFR), but the differences in CFR estimates are at present likely dominated by differences in testing and case reporting between countries. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.05.01.20087809v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087809 id: cord-350103-liwvhuzj author: Brooks, Nathan A. title: The role of the urologist, BCG vaccine administration, and SARS‐CoV‐2: An overview date: 2020-06-22 words: 2850 sentences: 144 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-350103-liwvhuzj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-350103-liwvhuzj.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: To summarize the available literature regarding bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) administration, severe acute respiratory syndrome conoravirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), and the resulting clinical condition coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) in light of recent epidemiologic work suggesting decreased infection severity in BCG immunized populations while highlighting the potential role of the urologist in clinical trials and ongoing research efforts. Specifically, the epidemiologic evidence for decreased COVID‐19 morbidity in countries with BCG vaccination programs, current clinical trials for BCG vaccination to protect against COVID‐19, potential mechanisms and rationale for this protection, and the role of the urologist and urology clinic in providing support and/or leading ongoing efforts. 18 In both animal and human studies, BCG vaccination provides a non-specific benefit to the immune system, relative protection against, and reduced mortality from infections by other microbes (bacteria and viruses) which may occur by epigenetic reprogramming and induction of trained immunity. abstract: OBJECTIVES: To summarize the available literature regarding bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) administration, severe acute respiratory syndrome conoravirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), and the resulting clinical condition coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) in light of recent epidemiologic work suggesting decreased infection severity in BCG immunized populations while highlighting the potential role of the urologist in clinical trials and ongoing research efforts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the available literature regarding COVID‐19 and BCG vaccination. Specifically, the epidemiologic evidence for decreased COVID‐19 morbidity in countries with BCG vaccination programs, current clinical trials for BCG vaccination to protect against COVID‐19, potential mechanisms and rationale for this protection, and the role of the urologist and urology clinic in providing support and/or leading ongoing efforts. RESULTS: Epidemiologic evidence suggests that the crude case fatality rates are lower for countries with BCG vaccination compared to those without such programs. Four prospective, randomized clinical trials for BCG vaccination were identified including NCT04348370 (BADAS), NCT04327206 (BRACE), NCT04328441 (BCG‐CORONA), and NCT04350931. BCG administration may contribute to innate and adaptive immune priming with several opportunities for translational research. CONCLUSIONS: The urologist’s expertise with BCG and the infrastructure of urologic clinics may afford several opportunities for collaboration and leadership to evaluate and understand the potential role of BCG in the current COVID‐19 pandemic. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/bco2.21 doi: 10.1002/bco2.21 id: cord-002058-rppsmirp author: Carroll, Maria V. title: Identification of four novel DC-SIGN ligands on Mycobacterium bovis BCG date: 2010-09-01 words: 5980 sentences: 320 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-002058-rppsmirp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-002058-rppsmirp.txt summary: The novel ligands are chaperone protein DnaK, 60 kDa chaperonin-1 (Cpn60.1), glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lipoprotein lprG. bovis BCG can bind to dendritic-cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN/CD209) to promote entry into human dendritic cells (DCs) and alveolar macrophages Maeda et al., 2003; Tailleux et al., 2003; Pitarque et al., 2005; Appelmelk et al., 2008) . However, the form of this protein identified after capture by the affinity column was not glycosylated at this position, and it is therefore very unlikely that DC-SIGN binds to this ligand via its Ca 2+ -dependent lectin activity. bovis BCG lysate incubated with either 125 I-DC-SIGN or 125 I-DC-SIGNR revealed that DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR both bind the same protein at around 27 kDa, which corresponds to lprG in our SDS-PAGE system, and is the only ligand detected by this method. DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR binding to lprG can therefore still occur when the mycobacterial protein has been denatured by SDS-PAGE. abstract: Dendritic-cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN; CD209) has an important role in mediating adherence of Mycobacteria species, including M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG to human dendritic cells and macrophages, in which these bacteria can survive intracellularly. DC-SIGN is a C-type lectin, and interactions with mycobacterial cells are believed to occur via mannosylated structures on the mycobacterial surface. Recent studies suggest more varied modes of binding to multiple mycobacterial ligands. Here we identify, by affinity chromatography and mass-spectrometry, four novel ligands of M. bovis BCG that bind to DC-SIGN. The novel ligands are chaperone protein DnaK, 60 kDa chaperonin-1 (Cpn60.1), glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lipoprotein lprG. Other published work strongly suggests that these are on the cell surface. Of these ligands, lprG appears to bind DC-SIGN via typical proteinglycan interactions, but DnaK and Cpn60.1 binding do not show evidence of carbohydrate-dependent interactions. LprG was also identified as a ligand for DC-SIGNR (L-SIGN; CD299) and the M. tuberculosis orthologue of lprG has been found previously to interact with human toll-like receptor 2. Collectively, these findings offer new targets for combating mycobacterial adhesion and within-host survival, and reinforce the role of DCSIGN as an important host ligand in mycobacterial infection. url: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs13238-010-0101-3.pdf doi: 10.1007/s13238-010-0101-3 id: cord-208177-m8q6dyfx author: Chaisemartin, Cl''ement de title: BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden date: 2020-06-08 words: 2064 sentences: 95 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-208177-m8q6dyfx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-208177-m8q6dyfx.txt summary: Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate from 92% to 2% , thus allowing us to estimate the BCG''s effect without all the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. We used regression discontinuity to assess the effect of BCG vaccination on Covid-19 related outcomes. found that countries with universal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of their number of cases and deaths 3 . In this study, we took advantage of a change in vaccination policy in Sweden to investigate the link between BCG vaccination in infancy and Covid-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths, using a regression discontinuity approach. abstract: The Bacille Calmette-Gu'erin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine has immunity benefits against respiratory infections. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized that it may have a protective effect against COVID-19. Recent research found that countries with universal Bacillus Calmette-Gu'erin (BCG) childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, such ecological studies are biased by numerous confounders. Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate from 92% to 2% , thus allowing us to estimate the BCG's effect without all the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. Numbers of COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations were recorded for birth cohorts born just before and just after that change, representing 1,026,304 and 1,018,544 individuals, respectively. We used regression discontinuity to assess the effect of BCG vaccination on Covid-19 related outcomes. This method used on such a large population allows for a high precision that would be hard to achieve using a classical randomized controlled trial. The odds ratio for Covid-19 cases and Covid-19 related hospitalizations were 0.9997 (CI95: [0.8002-1.1992]) and 1.1931 (CI95: [0.7558-1.6304]), respectively. We can thus reject with 95% confidence that universal BCG vaccination reduces the number of cases by more than 20% and the number of hospitalizations by more than 24%. While the effect of a recent vaccination must be evaluated, we provide strong evidence that receiving the BCG vaccine at birth does not have a protective effect against COVID-19. url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.05504v2.pdf doi: nan id: cord-000153-134qz0aw author: Cheung, Benny KW title: A novel anti-mycobacterial function of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 date: 2009-12-17 words: 4332 sentences: 281 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-000153-134qz0aw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000153-134qz0aw.txt summary: Our previous results showed that Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), a mycobacterium used as a model to investigate the immune response against MTB, stimulates the induction of TNF-α via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in human blood monocytes. Since MAPK is regulated by MKP-1 in response to LPS and the activation of MAPK is important in BCGinduced cytokine expression, we hypothesize that MKP-1 plays a critical role in the immune regulation of BCG in human monocytes. The results revealed that MKP-1 plays a role in the induction of TNF-α expression upon BCG stimulation, which may be different from that of its conventional functions in which MKP-1 acts as a negative regulator in LPS-induced signaling pathways [7] . Similar to the results of cytokine expression, phosphorylation of both p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 in response to BCG was decreased in monocytes transfected with MKP-1 siRNA instead of the expected increase in phosphorylation ( Figure 5 ). abstract: BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. To combat against this pathogen, immune cells release cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which is pivotal in the development of protective granulomas. Our previous results showed that Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), a mycobacterium used as a model to investigate the immune response against MTB, stimulates the induction of TNF-α via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in human blood monocytes. Since MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) is known to regulate MAPK activities, we examined whether MKP-1 plays a role in BCG-induced MAPK activation and cytokine expression. RESULTS: Primary human blood monocytes were treated with BCG and assayed for MKP-1 expression. Our results demonstrated that following exposure to BCG, there was an increase in the expression of MKP-1. Additionally, the induction of MKP-1 was regulated by p38 MAPK and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). Surprisingly, when MKP-1 expression was blocked by its specific siRNA, there was a significant decrease in the levels of phospho-MAPK (p38 MAPK and ERK1/2) and TNF-α inducible by BCG. CONCLUSIONS: Since TNF-α is pivotal in granuloma formation, the results indicated an unexpected positive function of MKP-1 against mycobacterial infection as opposed to its usual phosphatase activity. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2804704/ doi: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-64 id: cord-278417-ty4wbtkv author: Chugh, Tulsi title: Timelines of COVID-19 Vaccines date: 2020-07-21 words: 1015 sentences: 95 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-278417-ty4wbtkv.txt summary: Keywords: Coronavirus, Covid-19, Vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 World Health Organisation discussed the "Top Threats to Human Health in 2019," and developed a strategic plan to meet the challenges. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-Cov-2) has caused a pandemic of Coronavirus disease -19 (Covid-19) with global public health and economic crisis. Since the WHO notification of first case of this disease on 31st Dec, 2019 and a complete genome sequence of the virus on Jan 5, 2020, global attempts to produce a suitable vaccine are ongoing in scores of laboratories. Phase I: Vaccines are given to a limited number of human volunteers with emphasis on safety and also to monitor the immune response. RNA vaccine stimulates immune system to produce protective antibodies against viral S protein. Pandemic preparedness: Developing vaccines and therapeutic antibodies for COVID-19 The early landscape of COVID-19 vaccine development in the UK and rest of the world BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19? abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32839724/ doi: 10.1016/j.cmrp.2020.07.009 id: cord-003504-wjab4y0g author: Copland, Alastair title: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Induces PD-L1 Expression on Antigen-Presenting Cells via Autocrine and Paracrine Interleukin-STAT3 Circuits date: 2019-03-06 words: 4856 sentences: 238 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-003504-wjab4y0g.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003504-wjab4y0g.txt summary: Finally, an in vivo immunisation model showed that BCG vaccination under PD-L1 blockade could enhance antigen-specific memory CD4 T-cell responses. Here, we show for the first time that BCG can induce the up-regulation of PD-L1 on both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) via autocrine/paracrine secretion of STAT3-activating cytokines, chiefly IL-6 and IL-10. Upon infection with BCG, both APC types expressed high levels of PD-L1 compared to the unstimulated control at 24 h and 48 h (p < 0.0001), and a dose trend was observed for increasing MOI in macrophages at 48 h. To confirm that STAT3 was mediating the up-regulation of PD-L1 expression by BCG, cells were then pre-treated with Stattic or a vehicle control for 2 hours before infection with a low dose of bacteria (Fig. 5C) . BCG vaccine mediated reduction in the MHC-II expression of macrophages and dendritic cells is reversed by activation of Toll-like receptors 7 and 9 abstract: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis (TB), and is also used as an immunotherapy for bladder cancer and other malignancies due to its immunostimulatory properties. Mycobacteria spp., however, are well known for their numerous immune evasion mechanisms that limit the true potential of their therapeutic use. One such major mechanism is the induction of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which mitigates adaptive immune responses. Here, we sought to unravel the molecular pathways behind PD-L1 up-regulation on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by BCG. We found that infection of APCs with BCG induced PD-L1 up-regulation, but that this did not depend on direct infection, suggesting a soluble mediator for this effect. BCG induced potent quantities of IL-6 and IL-10, and the downstream transcription factor STAT3 was hyper-phosphorylated. Intracellular analyses revealed that levels of PD-L1 molecules were associated with the STAT3 phosphorylation state, suggesting a causal link. Neutralisation of the IL-6 or IL-10 cytokine receptors dampened STAT3 phosphorylation and BCG-mediated up-regulation of PD-L1 on APCs. Pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 achieved the same effect, confirming an autocrine-paracrine cytokine loop as a mechanism for BCG-mediated up-regulation of PD-L1. Finally, an in vivo immunisation model showed that BCG vaccination under PD-L1 blockade could enhance antigen-specific memory CD4 T-cell responses. These novel findings could lead to refinement of BCG as both a vaccine for infectious disease and as a cancer immunotherapy. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6403281/ doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40145-0 id: cord-258742-li71b9e0 author: Dolgikh, S. title: Covid-19 Epidemiological Factor Analysis: Identifying Principal Factors with Machine Learning date: 2020-06-05 words: 2031 sentences: 120 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-258742-li71b9e0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258742-li71b9e0.txt summary: Based on a subset of Covid-19 Wave 1 cases at a time point near TZ+3m (April, 2020), we perform an analysis of the influencing factors for the epidemics impacts with several different statistical methods. The intent of the work is to repeat similar analysis at several different points in the time series of cases that would allow to make a confident conclusion about the epidemiological and social factors with strong influence on the course of the epidemics. The purpose of the analysis is to develop and verify the methods that would allow to identify the main factors, different and in addition to the known ones, that have significant influence on the course and the impact of the epidemics based on the available data. As can be see seen, the combination of three factors: policy, BCG immunization and smoking has the highest correlation and the lowest linear regression error for the resulting effect. abstract: Based on a subset of Covid-19 Wave 1 cases at a time point near TZ+3m (April, 2020), we perform an analysis of the influencing factors for the epidemics impacts with several different statistical methods. The consistent conclusion of the analysis with the available data is that apart from the policy and management quality, being the dominant factor, the most influential factors among the considered were current or recent universal BCG immunization and the prevalence of smoking. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.20119560 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.01.20119560 id: cord-258877-6hy37qxa author: Dolgikh, S. title: Covid-19 vs BCG Universal Immunization: Statistical Significance at Six Months of Exposure date: 2020-09-08 words: 3862 sentences: 194 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-258877-6hy37qxa.txt txt: ./txt/cord-258877-6hy37qxa.txt summary: The intent of this work was to analyze publicly available Covid-19 epidemiological data by reporting national and subnational jurisdictions with respect to the hypothesized induced immunity population-scale protection resulting from a universal BCG vaccination policy (UBIP), current or previous, and attempt both qualitative and quantitative analysis of the hypothesis of correlation between a current or previous UBIP in the jurisdiction and a milder scenario of Covid-19 epidemics; to verify the assumptions, results and conclusions of the earlier studies [1, 2, [4] [5] [6] with a specific objective to determine, in a quantitative analysis, the constraints and confidence of the correlation and null hypotheses. We use qualitative methods such as case comparison, trend analysis and quantitative ones such evaluation of statistical parameters to analyze trends in development of the epidemiological situation across monitored jurisdictions with the intent to evaluate the significance of the correlation hypothesis between the impact of Covid-19 epidemics and a record of universal BCG immunization. abstract: With a time-adjusted dataset of Covid-19 statistical data by reporting jurisdiction at the time point of six months after the local epidemics landfall we perform a statistical analysis of the significance of the correlation hypothesis between universal BCG immunization and milder Covid-19 scenarios proposed in the earlier studies. With the data accumulated to date the statistical significance of the BCG immunization correlation hypothesis is evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively with the conclusion that it has achieved a significant level of confidence. The conclusions of this research can be used in public policy as well as the rationale to investigate the nature and working of a potential broad immunity mechanism associated with an early-age BCG exposure. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.06.20189423v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.06.20189423 id: cord-252855-xtsnlu1f author: Drago-Serrano, Maria Elisa title: Lactoferrin: Balancing Ups and Downs of Inflammation Due to Microbial Infections date: 2017-03-01 words: 12045 sentences: 481 pages: flesch: 30 cache: ./cache/cord-252855-xtsnlu1f.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252855-xtsnlu1f.txt summary: In this review, we highlight recent findings in in vitro and in vivo models of the gut, lung, oral cavity, mammary gland, and liver infections that provide experimental evidence supporting the therapeutic role of human and bovine Lf in promoting some parameters of inflammation and protecting against the deleterious effects of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan-associated inflammation. However, this is not always the case because studies on intestinal epithelial-barrier function and mucosal inflammation carried out in a Caco-2 cells model and macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed that both Lf forms effectively inhibited the pro-inflammatory response. In a mice model of hepatitis induced by intraperitoneal co-administration of LPS and zymosan, orally administered bLf decreased the serum aspartate aminotransferase activity (a marker of liver inflammation), and increased in the small intestine the production of IL-11, an anti-inflammatory cytokine with a role in the amelioration of inflammatory response [153, 164] . abstract: Lactoferrin (Lf) is a glycoprotein of the primary innate immune-defense system of mammals present in milk and other mucosal secretions. This protein of the transferrin family has broad antimicrobial properties by depriving pathogens from iron, or disrupting their plasma membranes through its highly cationic charge. Noteworthy, Lf also exhibits immunomodulatory activities performing up- and down-regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, contributing to the homeostasis in mucosal surfaces exposed to myriad of microbial agents, such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Although the inflammatory process is essential for the control of invasive infectious agents, the development of an exacerbated or chronic inflammation results in tissue damage with life-threatening consequences. In this review, we highlight recent findings in in vitro and in vivo models of the gut, lung, oral cavity, mammary gland, and liver infections that provide experimental evidence supporting the therapeutic role of human and bovine Lf in promoting some parameters of inflammation and protecting against the deleterious effects of bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan-associated inflammation. Thus, this new knowledge of Lf immunomodulation paves the way to more effective design of treatments that include native or synthetic Lf derivatives, which may be useful to reduce immune-mediated tissue damage in infectious diseases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28257033/ doi: 10.3390/ijms18030501 id: cord-279620-ckh4uke6 author: Elenga, Narcisse title: The Imperative of Early Treatment for Children With COVID-19 Infection date: 2020-04-30 words: 939 sentences: 58 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-279620-ckh4uke6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-279620-ckh4uke6.txt summary: A number of hypotheses may explain the low susceptibility of children to COVID-19 virus [2] viz, (i) immaturity and limited function of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in children, as undifferentiated cells that express low levels of ACE2 are not readily infected by SARS-CoV; (ii) the immature innate immune system in young children results in less inflammation and consequently fewer symptoms; and, (iii) possible crossreactivity of antibodies against other viruses (influenza, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus etc.) with the SARS-CoV-2, which could provide partial protection. In patients hospitalized in French pediatric units in recent weeks, the chest computed tomography (CT) scans have often been pathological, even in children with limited respiratory sign with associated decline in lung function (unpublished data). Recently, there has been a buzz about the protective effect of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in COVID-19. Based on epidemiological correlations, many unpublished preprints hypothesized that the BCG vaccine may offer protection against COVID-19. The basis of the possible use of the BCG vaccine against COVID-19 lies in its non-specific effects (NSEs) over the immune system [3] . abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358228/ doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-1871-1 id: cord-292128-8o20mcur author: Fritschi, Nora title: Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) and new TB vaccines: specific, cross-mycobacterial and off-target effects date: 2020-08-20 words: 2474 sentences: 178 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-292128-8o20mcur.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292128-8o20mcur.txt summary: title: Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) and new TB vaccines: specific, cross-mycobacterial and off-target effects An 192 interesting randomised placebo-controlled study in 30 healthy male adults (not previously 193 BCG immunised) compared the immune response to a yellow fever immunisation as a "viral 194 challenge model" one month after BCG immunisation. tuberculosis Erdman 6 to 10 months after BCG 329 immunisation, macaques that had received intravenous BCG showed superior protection The vaccine is also being tested in trials in several other settings in adults for prevention of 443 disease and recurrence, and also for its off-target effects on bladder cancer. The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin 517 vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses 518 of the published literature Effect of BCG vaccination against 520 Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children: systematic review and meta-521 analysis Non-specific effect of Bacille Calmette-Guerin 631 vaccine on the immune response to routine immunisations abstract: The Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine was developed over a century ago and has become one of the most used vaccines without undergoing a modern vaccine development life cycle. Despite this, the vaccine has protected many millions from severe and disseminated forms of tuberculosis (TB). In addition, BCG has cross-mycobacterial effects against non-tuberculous mycobacteria and off-target (also called non-specific or heterologous) effects against other infections and diseases. More recently, BCG’s effects on innate immunity suggest it might improve the immune response against viral respiratory infections including SARS-CoV-2. New TB vaccines, developed over the last 30 years, show promise, particularly in prevention of progression to disease from TB infection in young adults. The role of BCG in the context of new TB vaccines remains uncertain as most participants included in trials have been previously BCG immunised. BCG replacement vaccines are in efficacy trials and these may also have off-target effects. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1526054220301202 doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.08.004 id: cord-285306-leu2hygk author: Gallagher, J. title: Association of Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), Adult Pneumococcal and Adult Seasonal Influenza Vaccines with Covid-19 Adjusted Mortality Rates in Level 4 European countries date: 2020-06-05 words: 2692 sentences: 125 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-285306-leu2hygk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-285306-leu2hygk.txt summary: Finally, we also analysed the peak Z score reflecting increases in total mortality from historical averages reported by EuroMOMO (Euromomo.eu), Results: Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, only BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid-19 mortality at day 30. Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid 19 mortality at day 30. abstract: Introduction Non-specific effects of vaccines have gained increasing interest during the Covid-19 pandemic. In particular, population use of BCG vaccine has been associated with improved outcomes. This study sought to determine the association of population use of BCG, adult pneumococcal and adult seasonal influenza vaccination with Covid-19 mortality when adjusted for a number of confounding variables. Methods: Using publicly available data, mortality adjusted for the timeframe of crisis, population size and population characteristics was calculated. The primary analysis was the relationship between each of the day 15 and day 30 standardised mortality rates and BCG, adult pneumococcal and influenza vaccination scores using unadjusted measures and with adjustment for population structure and case fatality rates. Secondary analyses were measures of case increases and mortality increases from day 15 to day 30 for each of the relative vaccination scores. Finally, we also analysed the peak Z score reflecting increases in total mortality from historical averages reported by EuroMOMO (Euromomo.eu), Results: Following adjustment for the effects of population size, median age, population density, the proportion of population living in an urban setting, life-expectancy, the elderly dependency ratio (or proportion over 65 years), net migration, days from day 1 to lockdown and case-fatality rate, only BCG vaccination score remained significantly associated with Covid-19 mortality at day 30. In the best fit model, BCG vaccination score was associated with a 64% reduction in log(10) mortality per 10 million population (OR 0.362 reduction [95% CI 0.188 to 0.698]), following adjustment for population size, median age, density, urbanization, elderly dependency ratio, days to lockdown, yearly migration and case fatality rate. Conclusion BCG vaccine was associated with reduced mortality rates in level 4 countries while adult pneumococcal and adult seasonal influenza vaccines were not when adjusted for a number of confounding variables. A number of trials are ongoing to determine if BCG is protective against severe Covid-19 infection. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.06.03.20121624v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.03.20121624 id: cord-266549-g8060w8v author: Gkentzi, Despoina title: Challenges for the Pediatricians During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Start From the Neonatal Period date: 2020-06-05 words: 1415 sentences: 82 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-266549-g8060w8v.txt txt: ./txt/cord-266549-g8060w8v.txt summary: This report underscores the lack of major differences in the clinical features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and other types of CoV or influenza infections among infants despite limited clinical features reported. S. pneumoniae was codetected in the CoV-infected infants who died in Pneumo-study while bacterial co-detection was not reported by Wei et al. The incidence of COVID-19 in infants less than 1-year-old is currently low, but studies are needed to describe the clinical features, prognosis and impact of infected infants on the COVID-19 spread. Two recent reports from China suggest that in utero infection could be possible based on the measurement of IgM levels in neonates shortly after birth but no further confirmation of this with a positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test. 4 To show the causality between the BCG vaccine and the severity of COVID-19, we have to confirm the following Bradford Hill criteria: specificity, temporality, reversibility, and experiment. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000002713 doi: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002713 id: cord-265472-b1s4stvz author: Guimarães, Luísa Eça title: Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity date: 2015-10-31 words: 14633 sentences: 821 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-265472-b1s4stvz.txt summary: In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. We can infer that a similar response may be associated with different safety in relation to the development of autoimmune reactions to vaccines, particularly in the patients with genetic predisposition to an enhanced response to vaccine inoculation [85] . HSP was associated with seasonal influenza, influenza A (H1N1), pneumococcal and meningococcal disease, hepatitis A virus (HAV), HBV, anti-human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines, and following multiple combinations of vaccines, such as typhoid, cholera and yellow fever [139, [171] [172] [173] . Hepatitis B vaccination and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: another brick in the wall of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (Asia) abstract: Abstract Vaccines and autoimmunity are linked fields. Vaccine efficacy is based on whether host immune response against an antigen can elicit a memory T-cell response over time. Although the described side effects thus far have been mostly transient and acute, vaccines are able to elicit the immune system towards an autoimmune reaction. The diagnosis of a definite autoimmune disease and the occurrence of fatal outcome post-vaccination have been less frequently reported. Since vaccines are given to previously healthy hosts, who may have never developed the disease had they not been immunized, adverse events should be carefully accessed and evaluated even if they represent a limited number of occurrences. In this review of the literature, there is evidence of vaccine-induced autoimmunity and adjuvant-induced autoimmunity in both experimental models as well as human patients. Adjuvants and infectious agents may exert their immune-enhancing effects through various functional activities, encompassed by the adjuvant effect. These mechanisms are shared by different conditions triggered by adjuvants leading to the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome). In conclusion, there are several case reports of autoimmune diseases following vaccines, however, due to the limited number of cases, the different classifications of symptoms and the long latency period of the diseases, every attempt for an epidemiological study has so far failed to deliver a connection. Despite this, efforts to unveil the connection between the triggering of the immune system by adjuvants and the development of autoimmune conditions should be undertaken. Vaccinomics is a field that may bring to light novel customized, personalized treatment approaches in the future. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S1043661815001711 doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003 id: cord-299676-6wt9rn1a author: Gursel, Mayda title: Is global BCG vaccination‐induced trained immunity relevant to the progression of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic? date: 2020-04-27 words: 995 sentences: 64 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-299676-6wt9rn1a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299676-6wt9rn1a.txt summary: We hypothesize that general BCG vaccination policies adopted by different countries might have impacted the transmission patterns and/or COVID-19 associated morbidity and mortality. Using this "disease stage normalized" data, there was still a highly significant difference between countries that adhered to national BCG vaccination policy versus those that had ceases/never had a national programme ( Figure 1C ). The duration of BCG-induced trained immunity or how different vaccine strains compare in terms of longevity of induced innate memory is not known. 7 Since the persistence and immunostimulatory properties of BCG strains differ, their potential to induce trained immunity in vaccinated individuals could also vary. When we analyzed available data on BCG vaccine strains used in different countries BCG Vaccination Protects against Experimental Viral Infection in Humans through the Induction of Cytokines Associated with Trained Immunity abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32339299/ doi: 10.1111/all.14345 id: cord-291719-1ku6cmwj author: Hajjo, Rima title: A Systems Biology Workflow for Drug and Vaccine Repurposing: Identifying Small-Molecule BCG Mimics to Reduce or Prevent COVID-19 Mortality date: 2020-10-06 words: 6493 sentences: 315 pages: flesch: 41 cache: ./cache/cord-291719-1ku6cmwj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291719-1ku6cmwj.txt summary: METHODS: We developed and employed a systems biology workflow capable of identifying small-molecule antiviral drugs and vaccines that can boast immunity and affect a wide variety of viral disease pathways to protect from the fatal consequences of emerging viruses. RESULTS: Our analysis demonstrates that BCG vaccine affects the production and maturation of naïve T cells resulting in enhanced, long-lasting trained innate immune responses that can provide protection against novel viruses. Herein, we describe a unique drug and vaccine repurposing workflow, and list high confidence proteins and pharmacological classes of compounds, that work as BCG mimics at the system level by inducing beneficial long lasting trained immune response. Earlier studies suggested that the documented beneficial off-target effects of BCG in protecting from non-TB infections, including perhaps COVID-19, involve a potentiation of innate immune responses through epigenetic mechanisms (56) (57) (58) . abstract: PURPOSE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is expected to continue to cause worldwide fatalities until the World population develops ‘herd immunity’, or until a vaccine is developed and used as a prevention. Meanwhile, there is an urgent need to identify alternative means of antiviral defense. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine that has been recognized for its off-target beneficial effects on the immune system can be exploited to boast immunity and protect from emerging novel viruses. METHODS: We developed and employed a systems biology workflow capable of identifying small-molecule antiviral drugs and vaccines that can boast immunity and affect a wide variety of viral disease pathways to protect from the fatal consequences of emerging viruses. RESULTS: Our analysis demonstrates that BCG vaccine affects the production and maturation of naïve T cells resulting in enhanced, long-lasting trained innate immune responses that can provide protection against novel viruses. We have identified small-molecule BCG mimics, including antiviral drugs such as raltegravir and lopinavir as high confidence hits. Strikingly, our top hits emetine and lopinavir were independently validated by recent experimental findings that these compounds inhibit the growth of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide systems biology support for using BCG and small-molecule BCG mimics as putative vaccine and drug candidates against emergent viruses including SARS-CoV-2. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11095-020-02930-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33025261/ doi: 10.1007/s11095-020-02930-9 id: cord-330203-7xen4nlm author: Joy, Melvin title: Is BCG associated with reduced incidence of COVID-19? A meta-regression of global data from 160 countries date: 2020-09-05 words: 1170 sentences: 90 pages: flesch: 57 cache: ./cache/cord-330203-7xen4nlm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-330203-7xen4nlm.txt summary: RESULTS: The countries that had ≤70% coverage of BCG vaccine reported 6.5 (95% CI: −8.4 to −4.5) less COVID-19 infections per 10,000 population as compared to countries that reported no coverage. 3 Data on BCG vaccination status when analysed at a national-level along with incident cases of COVID-19, can give us an ecological idea of a possible protective effect, if any. 4 Data on BCG vaccination coverage was obtained from the WHO Global Health Observatory. 6 We included 160 countries that reported official data on BCG vaccination coverage (%) and COVID-19 confirmed cases until May 31, 2020. The countries that had ≤70% coverage of BCG vaccine reported 6.5 (95% CI: −8.4 to −4.5) less COVID-19 infections per 10,000 population as compared to countries that reported no coverage (p < 0.001). Irrespective of the level of coverage, the East Asia and Pacific region countries reported 4 less infections per 10,000 population, as compared to countries without BCG vaccination strategy. abstract: BACKGROUND: Global research is running towards to find a vaccine to stop the threat of the COVID-19. The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine that prevents severe forms of tuberculosis is getting more attention in this scenario. The objective of our study was to determine the association between BCG vaccine coverage and incidence of COVID-19 at a national-level across the Globe. METHODS: The data of 160 countries were included in the study. Meta-regression was done to estimate the difference in the incidence of COVID-19 cases between countries with BCG vaccination coverage. BCG coverage was categorized as ≤70%, >70% and no vaccination. The analyses were carried out by adjusting for factors such as population density, income group, latitude, and percentage of the total population under age groups 15–64 and above 65 years of each country. RESULTS: The countries that had ≤70% coverage of BCG vaccine reported 6.5 (95% CI: −8.4 to −4.5) less COVID-19 infections per 10,000 population as compared to countries that reported no coverage. Those that had >70% coverage reported 10.1 (95% CI: −11.4 to −8.7) less infections per 10,000 population compared to those with no BCG countries. CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that BCG is associated with reduced COVID-19 infections if the BCG vaccine coverage is over 70%. The region-wise analyses also suggested similar findings, except the Middle East and North African region. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S2213398420301949 doi: 10.1016/j.cegh.2020.08.015 id: cord-005882-iodfgzjf author: Kaufmann, Stefan H E title: Annulling a dangerous liaison: vaccination strategies against AIDS and tuberculosis date: 2005-04-05 words: 9665 sentences: 515 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-005882-iodfgzjf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-005882-iodfgzjf.txt summary: Elucidation of the genetic mechanisms underlying susceptibility and protective immune mechanisms in resistant individuals that prevent disease outbreak in face of ongoing infection, as well as identification of the pathogen genes that promote transformation of latent infection into active tuberculosis, will facilitate rational design of a postexposure vaccine 27, 28, 31 . Generally, subunit vaccines crucially depend on appropriate adjuvants 38 that stimulate T helper type 1 (T H 1) immune responses by the different T cell populations required for protection against tuberculosis. Despite previous reluctance, a recent expert group meeting has strongly advocated development of viable recombinant vaccines against tuberculosis because they are the most potent stimulators of protective immune responses that perform better than BCG in experimental animal models 60 . In humans, therapeutic vaccination would probably be used to stimulate T cell responses in HIV-infected people whose virus was well controlled by antiretroviral drugs, with the aim of terminating antiretroviral therapy (ART) once the T cell levels were boosted. abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis annually cause 3 million and 2 million deaths, respectively. Last year, 600,000 individuals, doubly infected with HIV and M. tuberculosis, died. Since World War I, approximately 150 million people have succumbed to these two infections—more total deaths than in all wars in the last 2,000 years. Although the perceived threats of new infections such as SARS, new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and anthrax are real, these outbreaks have caused less than 1,000 deaths globally, a death toll AIDS and tuberculosis exact every 2 h. In 2003, 40 million people were infected with HIV, 2 billion with M. tuberculosis, and 15 million with both. Last year, 5 million and 50 million were newly infected with HIV or M. tuberculosis, respectively, with 2 million new double infections. Better control measures are urgently needed. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095892/ doi: 10.1038/nm1221 id: cord-338498-3238fz73 author: Kleen, Thomas-Oliver title: Mitigating Coronavirus Induced Dysfunctional Immunity for At-Risk Populations in COVID-19: Trained Immunity, BCG and “New Old Friends” date: 2020-09-04 words: 12523 sentences: 559 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-338498-3238fz73.txt txt: ./txt/cord-338498-3238fz73.txt summary: Bacterial "new old friends" such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Mycobacterium obuense have the ability to elevate basal systemic levels of type 1 cytokines and immune cells, correlating with increased protection against diverse and unrelated infectious agents, called "trained immunity." Here we describe dysfunctional immune responses induced by coronaviruses, representing potentially difficult to overcome obstacles to safe, effective vaccine development for COVID-19, and outline how trained immunity could help protect high risk populations through immunomodulation with BCG and other "new old friends." One recent example of the need for continued vigilance is a study using Chinese macaques indicating cause for concern by showing that vaccine-induced, S-specific immunity in the form of anti-spike IgG resulted in severe ALI by skewing macrophage responses during subsequent, acute infection with closely related SARS-CoV (139) . abstract: The novel, highly contagious coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 spreads rapidly throughout the world, leading to a deadly pandemic of a predominantly respiratory illness called COVID-19. Safe and effective anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are urgently needed. However, emerging immunological observations show hallmarks of significant immunopathological characteristics and dysfunctional immune responses in patients with COVID-19. Combined with existing knowledge about immune responses to other closely related and highly pathogenic coronaviruses, this could forebode significant challenges for vaccine development, including the risk of vaccine failure. Animal data from earlier coronavirus vaccine efforts indicate that elderly people, most at risk from severe COVID-19 disease, could be especially at risk from immunopathologic responses to novel coronavirus vaccines. Bacterial “new old friends” such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Mycobacterium obuense have the ability to elevate basal systemic levels of type 1 cytokines and immune cells, correlating with increased protection against diverse and unrelated infectious agents, called “trained immunity.” Here we describe dysfunctional immune responses induced by coronaviruses, representing potentially difficult to overcome obstacles to safe, effective vaccine development for COVID-19, and outline how trained immunity could help protect high risk populations through immunomodulation with BCG and other “new old friends.” url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.02059 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02059 id: cord-345114-b06uz0sj author: Klinger, Danielle title: Significantly Improved COVID-19 Outcomes in Countries with Higher BCG Vaccination Coverage: A Multivariable Analysis date: 2020-07-11 words: 6987 sentences: 368 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-345114-b06uz0sj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-345114-b06uz0sj.txt summary: The analysis of countries according to an age-group partition reveals that the strongest correlation is attributed to the coverage in BCG vaccination of the young population (0–24 years). Due to the varying effect of each age group on the viral spread in the population, we next investigated the relevance of age groups to the observation showing that years of BCG administration are strongly correlated with better COVID-19 outcomes. Due to the varying effect of each age group on the viral spread in the population, we next investigated the relevance of age groups to the observation showing that years of BCG administration are strongly correlated with better COVID-19 outcomes. The histogram (d-f) shows the statistical significance of the correlation of BCG years of administration for the 4 different COVID-19 outcomes according to the 3 age groups marked as: young (d) middle age (e) and elderly (f). abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic that started in China has spread within 3 months to the entire globe. We tested the hypothesis that the vaccination against tuberculosis by Bacille Calmette–Guérin vaccine (BCG) correlates with a better outcome for COVID-19 patients. Our analysis covers 55 countries complying with predetermined thresholds on the population size and number of deaths per million (DPM). We found a strong negative correlation between the years of BCG administration and the DPM along with the progress of the pandemic, corroborated by permutation tests. The results from multivariable regression tests with 23 economic, demographic, health-related, and pandemic restriction-related quantitative properties, substantiate the dominant contribution of BCG years to the COVID-19 outcomes. The analysis of countries according to an age-group partition reveals that the strongest correlation is attributed to the coverage in BCG vaccination of the young population (0–24 years). Furthermore, a strong correlation and statistical significance are associated with the degree of BCG coverage for the most recent 15 years, but no association was observed in these years for other broadly used vaccination protocols for measles and rubella. We propose that BCG immunization coverage, especially among the most recently vaccinated population, contribute to attenuation of the spread and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32664505/ doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030378 id: cord-315101-7mim3yl6 author: Kumar Gupta, Pramod title: New disease old vaccine: Is recombinant BCG vaccine an answer for COVID-19? date: 2020-07-28 words: 1233 sentences: 95 pages: flesch: 34 cache: ./cache/cord-315101-7mim3yl6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-315101-7mim3yl6.txt summary: Recent reports have suggested that BCG vaccination might have protective effects against COVID-19, however it is highly unlikely that BCG vaccine in its current form can offer complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the lack of specific immunity. Nonetheless, recombinant BCG strains expressing antigens of SARS-CoV-2 may offer protection against COVID-19 due to the activation of innate as well as specific adaptive immune response. In this review we discuss about the heterologous effects of BCG, induction of trained immunity and its implication in development of a potential vaccine against COVID-19 pandemic. BCG Vaccination Protects against Experimental Viral Infection in Humans through 370 the Induction of Cytokines Associated with Trained Immunity BCG-Induced Cross-Protection and Development of Trained 376 Immunity: Implication for Vaccine Design BCG-induced trained immunity in NK cells: Role for non-specific protection to 416 infection Long-Lasting Effects of 483 BCG Vaccination on Both Heterologous Th1/Th17 Responses and Innate Trained Immunity abstract: Mycobacterium bovis BCG, a live attenuated tuberculosis vaccine offers protection against disseminated TB in children. BCG exhibits heterologous protective effects against unrelated infections and reduces infant mortality due to non-mycobacterial infections. Recent reports have suggested that BCG vaccination might have protective effects against COVID-19, however it is highly unlikely that BCG vaccine in its current form can offer complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the lack of specific immunity. Nonetheless, recombinant BCG strains expressing antigens of SARS-CoV-2 may offer protection against COVID-19 due to the activation of innate as well as specific adaptive immune response. Further proven safety records of BCG in humans, its adjuvant activity and low cost manufacturing makes it a frontrunner in the vaccine development to stop this pandemic. In this review we discuss about the heterologous effects of BCG, induction of trained immunity and its implication in development of a potential vaccine against COVID-19 pandemic. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0008874920303476?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104187 id: cord-018737-1h84yi2i author: Kumar, Sudeep title: Live-Attenuated Bacterial Vectors for Delivery of Mucosal Vaccines, DNA Vaccines, and Cancer Immunotherapy date: 2019-01-10 words: 10719 sentences: 586 pages: flesch: 34 cache: ./cache/cord-018737-1h84yi2i.txt txt: ./txt/cord-018737-1h84yi2i.txt summary: Activation of antigen-presenting cells by live-attenuated bacterial vectors leads to adaptive immune response: Various pathogen-associated molecular patterns present in the liveattenuated bacterial vectors interact with Toll-like receptors expressed on the surface or in endosomal membranes. Live-attenuated microbes exhibit superior ability to deliver vaccine antigens to the mucosal immune system, as many of them are derived from natural mucosal pathogens, including Salmonella spp., Lm, E. Adaptation of the endogenous Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi clyA-encoded hemolysin for antigen export enhances the immunogenicity of anthrax protective antigen domain 4 expressed by the attenuated live-vector vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA Immune responses to recombinant pneumococcal PspA antigen delivered by live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium vaccine Regulated delayed expression of rfc enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a heterologous antigen delivered by live attenuated Salmonella enterica vaccines Attenuated deltaguaBA Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 915 as a live vector utilizing prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems to deliver foreign antigens and elicit immune responses abstract: Vaccines save millions of lives each year from various life-threatening infectious diseases, and there are more than 20 vaccines currently licensed for human use worldwide. Moreover, in recent decades immunotherapy has become the mainstream therapy, which highlights the tremendous potential of immune response mediators, including vaccines for prevention and treatment of various forms of cancer. However, despite the tremendous advances in microbiology and immunology, there are several vaccine preventable diseases which still lack effective vaccines. Classically, weakened forms (attenuated) of pathogenic microbes were used as vaccines. Although the attenuated microbes induce effective immune response, a significant risk of reversion to pathogenic forms remains. While in the twenty-first century, with the advent of genetic engineering, microbes can be tailored with desired properties. In this review, I have focused on the use of genetically modified bacteria for the delivery of vaccine antigens. More specifically, the live-attenuated bacteria, derived from pathogenic bacteria, possess many features that make them highly suitable vectors for the delivery of vaccine antigens. Bacteria can theoretically express any heterologous gene or can deliver mammalian expression vectors harboring vaccine antigens (DNA vaccines). These properties of live-attenuated microbes are being harnessed to make vaccines against several infectious and noninfectious diseases. In this regard, I have described the desired features of live-attenuated bacterial vectors and the mechanisms of immune responses manifested by live-attenuated bacterial vectors. Interestingly anaerobic bacteria are naturally attracted to tumors, which make them suitable vehicles to deliver tumor-associated antigens thus I have discussed important studies investigating the role of bacterial vectors in immunotherapy. Finally, I have provided important discussion on novel approaches for improvement and tailoring of live-attenuated bacterial vectors for the generation of desired immune responses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123696/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-01881-8_2 id: cord-298945-0sm0r4v8 author: Kuratani, N. title: Association of national Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination policy with COVID-19 epidemiology: an ecological study in 78 countries date: 2020-05-16 words: 1344 sentences: 85 pages: flesch: 57 cache: ./cache/cord-298945-0sm0r4v8.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298945-0sm0r4v8.txt summary: A possible association between national Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination policy and lower COVID-19 incidence has been suggested in some preprint papers. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.20100156 doi: medRxiv preprint Abstract A possible association between national Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination policy and lower COVID-19 incidence has been suggested in some preprint papers. Using publicly accessible databases, I explored associations of national BCG vaccination policy with COVID-19 epidemiology in 78 countries. The mixed effect model revealed national BCG policy decreases in the country-specific risk of death by COVID-19, correspond to odds ratio of 0.446 (95% confidence interval 0.323 -0.614, P=1×10 −5 ). The mixed effect model revealed national BCG policy decreases in the country-specific risk of death by COVID-19, correspond to odds ratio of 0.446 (95% confidence interval 0.323 -0.614, P=1×10 −5 ). A possible association between national Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination policy and lower COVID-19 incidence has been suggested in some preprint papers. abstract: A possible association between national Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination policy and lower COVID-19 incidence has been suggested in some preprint papers. Using publicly accessible databases, I explored associations of national BCG vaccination policy with COVID-19 epidemiology in 78 countries. Data collection was conducted from April 25 to May 5, 2020. I compared countries that have a current universal BCG vaccination policy (BCG countries), with countries that currently lack such a policy (non-BCG countries). The mixed effect model revealed national BCG policy decreases in the country-specific risk of death by COVID-19, correspond to odds ratio of 0.446 (95% confidence intervals 0.323 - 0.614, P =1x10-5). In BCG countries, the case increase rate was attenuated marginally by 25.4% (95% CI 3.0 to 42.7, P=0.029) as compared with those of the non-BCG countries. Although the protective mechanism of BCG vaccination against COVID-19 remains unknown, further laboratory and clinical research should be warranted. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.13.20100156 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.13.20100156 id: cord-323141-6z750avb author: Kuroda, Naoto title: Demand for BCG Vaccine Due to Unproven Claims of its Role in Preventing COVID-19 Is Causing Shortages of Vaccines for Infants in Japan date: 2020-12-05 words: 1761 sentences: 121 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-323141-6z750avb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-323141-6z750avb.txt summary: 5 On the other hand, the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommend breast-feeding with strict contact precautions based on the fact that so far there is no evidence that the virus can be transferred via breast milk. 4 To show the causality between the BCG vaccine and the severity of COVID-19, we have to confirm the following Bradford Hill criteria: specificity, temporality, reversibility, and experiment. Based on this background, we analyzed the data concerning all pediatric patients with COVID-19 (0-18 years old) admitted to the San Matteo Hospital of Pavia until April 4. As of today (April 11), 17 children had COVID-19 diagnosis based on clinical data and positive swab (RT-PCR analysis). Analyzing the data concerning the whole Lombardy population, 29.3% of patients with COVID-19 had home isolation, 21.5% required low-medium-intensity care, 2.3% ICU admission, and 18.3% died. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000002724 doi: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002724 id: cord-318542-785hnh19 author: Leeson, Cale E. title: Systematic Review: Safety of Intravesical Therapy for Bladder Cancer in the Era of COVID-19 date: 2020-08-18 words: 2670 sentences: 146 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-318542-785hnh19.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318542-785hnh19.txt summary: In this review, we aim to summarize what is known about the immunologic mechanisms of COVID-19, the current recommendations, mechanisms of action and adverse effects of intravesical BCG in bladder cancer and determine if This article is part of the Topical Collection on Covid-19 * Ahmed Kotb drahmedfali@gmail.com intravesical BCG is safe in patients that are suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19. We reviewed relevant articles focusing on the mechanism of action of intravesical BCG and chemotherapy, including systemic outcomes and side effects from intravesical treatment, and its safety and efficacy in immunocompromised patients or those with acute immunological disorders. Search terms included "SARS-CoV-2" or "COVID-19" combined with "immune response", "intravesical BCG" combined with "bladder cancer", "urothelial carcinoma", "adverse events", "side effects", "mechanism of action", "immunocompromised" and "immunological disease". With knowledge of the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and the risk for severe complications such as ARDS, it is necessary to review the side effects of intravesical treatment in an attempt to determine its safety in COVID-19 and immunocompromised patients. abstract: A novel coronavirus has emerged in late 2019 capable of causing a severe respiratory disease known as COVID-19. Its pathogenesis appears to be the initiation of an immune response and resulting cytokine storm that damages the healthy lung tissue of the host. Some epidemiological studies found bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine can help to decrease morbidity and mortality of the viral infection. We aim to review and summarize what is known about COVID-19 and the current implications of intravesical BCG with regard to the disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32838196/ doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00461-3 id: cord-342847-sjcanw19 author: Leung, Andrea S title: Novel genome polymorphisms in BCG vaccine strains and impact on efficacy date: 2008-09-15 words: 6105 sentences: 328 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-342847-sjcanw19.txt txt: ./txt/cord-342847-sjcanw19.txt summary: Using this approach, in tandem with DNA resequencing, we have identified six novel large sequence polymorphisms including four deletions and two duplications in specific BCG strains. Importantly, these polymorphisms affect genes encoding established virulence factors including cell wall complex lipids, ESX secretion systems, and the PhoP-PhoR two-component system. Our study demonstrates that major virulence factors are different among BCG strains, which provide molecular mechanisms for important vaccine phenotypes including adverse effect profile, tuberculin reactivity and protective efficacy. Subsequent analyses of multiple vaccine strains have uncovered extensive genome diversity including both deletions and duplications in BCG substrains [18, [20] [21] [22] . We have used NimbleGen tiling arrays to analyze the genomic variability of 13 BCG strains, including BCG-Russia, -Japan, -Moreau, -Sweden, -Birkhaug, -China, -Prague, -Glaxo, -Danish, -Tice, -Phipps, -Frappier and -Pasteur. Our sequence analysis revealed a number of polymorphisms in the phoP-phoR locus in various BCG strains compared to the genome sequence of M. abstract: Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis currently used as a vaccine against tuberculosis. Global distribution and propagation of BCG has contributed to the in vitro evolution of the vaccine strain and is thought to partially account for the different outcomes of BCG vaccine trials. Previous efforts by several molecular techniques effectively identified large sequence polymorphisms among BCG daughter strains, but lacked the resolution to identify smaller changes. In this study, we have used a NimbleGen tiling array for whole genome comparison of 13 BCG strains. Using this approach, in tandem with DNA resequencing, we have identified six novel large sequence polymorphisms including four deletions and two duplications in specific BCG strains. Moreover, we have uncovered various polymorphisms in the phoP-phoR locus. Importantly, these polymorphisms affect genes encoding established virulence factors including cell wall complex lipids, ESX secretion systems, and the PhoP-PhoR two-component system. Our study demonstrates that major virulence factors are different among BCG strains, which provide molecular mechanisms for important vaccine phenotypes including adverse effect profile, tuberculin reactivity and protective efficacy. These findings have important implications for the development of a new generation of vaccines. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-413 doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-413 id: cord-354972-nc496v6s author: Margolin, Emmanuel title: Prospects for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines in Africa date: 2020-09-10 words: 10919 sentences: 464 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt txt: ./txt/cord-354972-nc496v6s.txt summary: As of 8 August 2020, there have been over 1.2 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Africa, with 29,833 deaths reported (Africa CDC) There is concern that the pandemic may pose an even greater risk to countries in Africa owing to their weak health-care infrastructure, large burden of co-infections, including HIV-1 and tuberculosis, and ongoing outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infections such as Ebola virus (Democratic Republic of Congo) and Lassa haemorrhagic fever (Nigeria) that will divert much-needed resources away from the fight against COVID-19 (ref. Given the optimistic development timeline of 12-18 months before any vaccines could be available for widespread use, it is clear that these efforts will not Box 1 | Potential impact of climate on SArS-coV-2 dissemination the comparatively low incidence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COviD19) in africa has raised the possibility that climate could influence the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-Cov-2). abstract: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a global pandemic, prompting unprecedented efforts to contain the virus. Many developed countries have implemented widespread testing and have rapidly mobilized research programmes to develop vaccines and therapeutics. However, these approaches may be impractical in Africa, where the infrastructure for testing is poorly developed and owing to the limited manufacturing capacity to produce pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, a large burden of HIV-1 and tuberculosis in Africa could exacerbate the severity of infection and may affect vaccine immunogenicity. This Review discusses global efforts to develop diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccines, with these considerations in mind. We also highlight vaccine and diagnostic production platforms that are being developed in Africa and that could be translated into clinical development through appropriate partnerships for manufacture. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32913297/ doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-00441-3 id: cord-355926-24z5lhet author: Meena, Jitendra title: BCG Vaccination Policy and Protection Against COVID-19 date: 2020-06-09 words: 503 sentences: 33 pages: flesch: 52 cache: ./cache/cord-355926-24z5lhet.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355926-24z5lhet.txt summary: To explore this hypothesis, we assessed the correlation of COVID-19 burden at three different time points (14 April, 29 April, and 13 May 2020) with year-wise BCG coverage among the countries with universal BCG vaccination policy over past four decades . Out of 170 countries for which data on BCG vaccination and COVID-19 was available, we excluded 28 countries (<100 cases as on May 13, 2020). Among the countries with universal BCG vaccination policy (n-142), a weak but positive correlation (spearmen rho-0.1-0.5, p < 0.05) was observed between COVID-19 cases and deaths per million population and BCG vaccination coverage rates (Supplementary Table 1 ). We further explored the relationship by adjusting for covariates (age > 65 y, cardiovascular disease death rate, diabetes, GDP per capita, beds per thousand population, and the number of tests done per million population) and didn''t find any consistent and significant relationship between BCG vaccination rates and COVID-19 burden. These results suggest against any meaningful relationship between country''s BCG vaccination coverage and COVID-19 burden. abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03371-3 doi: 10.1007/s12098-020-03371-3 id: cord-291722-xnfdjriz author: Meenakshisundaram, Ramachandran title: Protective effects of vaccinations and endemic infections on COVID-19: A Hypothesis date: 2020-05-26 words: 839 sentences: 51 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-291722-xnfdjriz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291722-xnfdjriz.txt summary: We believe that the low occurrence/fatality of Covid-19 may be due to the existing vaccination status and endemicity of other infections which might have enhanced their immune system to face the challenges of COVID-19. Countries with a high prevalence of infections with dengue, chikungunya, malaria etc., have a low occurrence of COVID-19 makes one to hypothesize that endemic infections may protect through interferon which retard subsequent illness/disease through viral interference (11, 12) . Previous experimental studies have revealed that beta coronaviruses are capable of inducing immune responses against one another by way of generating neutralizing antibodies which cross-react against other SARS-CoV viruses (15, 16) . Overall the organisms and individuals based on previous exposure to vaccines and infections come from the environment, internal sensors, memorized experience, and genome prefer to develop pathways in a goal-directed manner and improve the behavioural traits and phenotypic variability so as to protect and survive from infectious agents. Non-specific effects of BCG vaccine on viral infections abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720308902?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109849 id: cord-300729-35meen0h author: Miller, Aaron title: Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study date: 2020-03-28 words: 2744 sentences: 139 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-300729-35meen0h.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300729-35meen0h.txt summary: Most of the countries with low-income levels (17/18) reported zero deaths attributed to COVID-19 and have universal BCG policies in place consistent with a protective role of BCG vaccination. In contrast, middle high and high income countries that never had a universal BCG policy (5 countries) had a larger mortality rate, with 16.39 ± 7.33 deaths per million people. We wondered if countries that established a universal BCG policy earlier would have a reduced mortality rate, as older people that are more severely affected by COVID-19 would be protected. Consistent with a role of BCG in slowing spread of COVID-19, middle high and high income countries that never had a universal BCG policy (5 countries) had about 4 times the number of cases per million inhabitants, with 264.90± 134.88. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937 doi: medRxiv preprint Figure 3 : Higher number of COVID-19 cases were presented in countries that never implemented a universal BCG vaccination policy. abstract: COVID-19 has spread to most countries in the world. Puzzlingly, the impact of the disease is different in different countries. These differences are attributed to differences in cultural norms, mitigation efforts, and health infrastructure. Here we propose that national differences in COVID-19 impact could be partially explained by the different national policies respect to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) childhood vaccination. BCG vaccination has been reported to offer broad protection to respiratory infections. We compared large number of countries BCG vaccination policies with the morbidity and mortality for COVID-19. We found that countries without universal policies of BCG vaccination (Italy, Nederland, USA) have been more severely affected compared to countries with universal and long-standing BCG policies. Countries that have a late start of universal BCG policy (Iran, 1984) had high mortality, consistent with the idea that BCG protects the vaccinated elderly population. We also found that BCG vaccination also reduced the number of reported COVID-19 cases in a country. The combination of reduced morbidity and mortality makes BCG vaccination a potential new tool in the fight against COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.24.20042937 id: cord-276351-cv5th7hd author: Moorlag, Simone J.C.F.M. title: Safety and COVID-19 symptoms in individuals recently vaccinated with BCG: a retrospective cohort study date: 2020-08-05 words: 1279 sentences: 81 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-276351-cv5th7hd.txt txt: ./txt/cord-276351-cv5th7hd.txt summary: BCG vaccination trials for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection are underway, but concerns have been raised regarding the potential harm of strong innate immune responses. To investigate the safety of BCG vaccination, we retrospectively assessed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related symptoms in three cohorts of healthy volunteers who either received BCG in the last five years or not. In conclusion, recent BCG vaccination is safe and large randomized trials are needed to reveal if BCG reduces the incidence and/or severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The incidence of self-reported sickness ( Figure 4B ) as well as the 252 incidence of symptoms ( Figure 4C and D, Figure S6 ) was not significantly different between 253 responders and non-responders, indicating that a strong trained immunity profile is not 254 associated with increased sickness or severity of symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19: A model correlating BCG vaccination to protection from 696 mortality implicates trained immunity. abstract: Summary Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) induces long-term boosting of innate immunity, termed trained immunity, and decreases susceptibility to respiratory tract infections. BCG vaccination trials for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection are underway, but concerns have been raised regarding the potential harm of strong innate immune responses. To investigate the safety of BCG vaccination, we retrospectively assessed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related symptoms in three cohorts of healthy volunteers who either received BCG in the last five years or not. BCG vaccination is not associated with increased incidence of symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Netherlands. Our data suggest that BCG vaccination might be associated with a decrease in the incidence of sickness during the COVID-19 pandemic (AOR 0.58, P < 0.05), and lower incidence of extreme fatigue. In conclusion, recent BCG vaccination is safe and large randomized trials are needed to reveal if BCG reduces the incidence and/or severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100073 doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100073 id: cord-256642-payjduek author: Muthuvelu, Sobana title: Measles infection causing Bacillus Calmette-Guérin reactivation: a case report date: 2019-07-24 words: 2775 sentences: 145 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-256642-payjduek.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256642-payjduek.txt summary: BACKGROUND: Reactivation of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), manifesting as erythema, induration, ulceration or crust formation at a previous BCG inoculation site, is a common and highly specific feature of Kawasaki disease (KD). CONCLUSIONS: This case report highlights the rare finding of BCG reactivation in a child with confirmed measles infection, and suggests that this clinical manifestation may occasionally occur in children with infections or conditions other than KD. Reactivation of the BCG, manifesting as erythema, induration, ulceration or crust formation at the BCG site months or years after inoculation, has been described as an important feature of Kawasaki disease (KD) [5, 6] . Here, we present a case report of a 7-month old infant with laboratory-confirmed measles who presented with erythema and induration at the BCG inoculation site. Apart from those to confirm the measles infection, no laboratory investigations were undertaken to determine if additional viral pathogens were present in the patient and contributed to the development of the BCG reactivation. abstract: BACKGROUND: Reactivation of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), manifesting as erythema, induration, ulceration or crust formation at a previous BCG inoculation site, is a common and highly specific feature of Kawasaki disease (KD). We report the unusual finding of BCG reactivation in an infant with laboratory-confirmed measles. CASE PRESENTATION: A previously healthy 7-month old infant presented initially with fever, cough and coryza, and subsequently developed Koplik’s spots followed by a typical morbilliform skin rash. There was significant contact history with a household relative who had recently been diagnosed with measles. On examination, a 2.5 cm area of erythema and induration was seen at the previous BCG inoculation site, in addition to the widespread maculopapular rash. No other clinical features of KD were present. Measles virus was isolated from the throat swab and measles antibodies (IgM) were present in the serum. The patient recovered completely with oral vitamin A and supportive therapy, and had normal echocardiography examination on follow up. CONCLUSIONS: This case report highlights the rare finding of BCG reactivation in a child with confirmed measles infection, and suggests that this clinical manifestation may occasionally occur in children with infections or conditions other than KD. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31340782/ doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1635-z id: cord-355384-qa7grviy author: NaserEddin, Adeeb title: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) Vaccine-associated Complications in Immunodeficient Patients Following Stem Cell Transplantation date: 2020-10-27 words: 4276 sentences: 225 pages: flesch: 40 cache: ./cache/cord-355384-qa7grviy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-355384-qa7grviy.txt summary: PURPOSE: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine with the potential of causing severe iatrogenic complications in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Since BCG is a live attenuated vaccine, complication rates are significantly increased in immunodeficient individuals [3, [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] , especially so in patients with T cell defects, mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD), or chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) [5] [6] [7] 11] , reflecting the main mechanisms of defense against mycobacteria. Thirty-six pediatric patients who underwent HSCT for phagocytic and T cell defects in Hadassah medical center between 2007 and 2019, and had received the BCG vaccine prior to transplant, were included in this study (Table 1) . abstract: PURPOSE: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) is a live attenuated vaccine with the potential of causing severe iatrogenic complications in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We aim to investigate risk factors of post-HSCT BCG-related complications in PID patients. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of pediatric PID patients who had received the BCG vaccine and underwent HSCT at Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, between 2007 and 2019. RESULTS: We found 15/36 (41.67%) patients who developed post-HSCT BCG-related complications. The most significant risk factor for developing BCG-related complications was T cell deficiency (47.6% of the non-complicated vs 83.3% of the BCGitis and 100% of the BCGosis groups had T cell lymphopenia, p = 0.013). None of the chronic granulomatous patients developed BCG-related manifestation post-transplant. Among T cell–deficient patients, lower NK (127 vs 698 cells/μl, p = 0.04) cell counts and NK-SCID were risk factors for ongoing post-HSCT BCGosis, as was pretransplant disseminated BCGosis (33.3% of patients with BCGosis vs none of the non-BCGosis patients, p = 0.04). Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) was observed in 3/5 patients with Omenn syndrome. Prophylactic antimycobacterial treatment was not proven effective. CONCLUSION: BCG vaccination can cause significant morbidity and mortality in the post-transplant T cell–deficient patient, especially in the presence of pre-transplant disease. Taking a detailed medical history prior to administering, the BCG vaccine is crucial for prevention of this complication. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-020-00892-6 doi: 10.1007/s10875-020-00892-6 id: cord-351002-msjurww1 author: Ouanes, Y. title: Does BCG protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection ?: elements of proof. date: 2020-05-06 words: 2997 sentences: 185 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-351002-msjurww1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351002-msjurww1.txt summary: Results : Countries that never had universal BCG vaccination policy have a higher mortality (correlated to performed diagnostic tests) attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (p<0.001). Countries that never had universal BCG vaccination policy have a higher mortality (correlated to performed diagnostic tests) attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (p<0.001). For countries that started the BCG vaccination after 1960, countries with current policies have lower mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection than countries that have stopped immunization (p=0.047). For countries that started the BCG vaccination after 1960, countries with current policies have lower mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection than countries that have stopped immunization (p=0.047). Based on these observations, we hypothesized that countries which have an early start of universal BCG vaccination policy would have a reduced morbidity and mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Or results revealed that countries that never had universal BCG vaccination policy have a higher mortality (correlated to performed diagnostic tests) attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. abstract: Background : There are several factors explaining the difference in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection including the BCG vaccination. This fact is supported by the concept of beneficial non specific effect of this live vaccine associated to its interaction with the immune system. Our study aims to identify the correlation between the universal BCG vaccination policy and the mortality attributed to COVID-19. Methods : We conducted an epidemiological study in which we collected COVID-19 pandemic data of April 11th, 2020 from the web site worldometers.info . The exclusion criteria for our study were a number of inhabitants less than one million, low-income countries according to the World Bank classification, a total number of infection cases less than 500 and countries that have performed less than one hundred tests per million inhabitants. Results : Countries that never had universal BCG vaccination policy have a higher mortality (correlated to performed diagnostic tests) attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection (p<0.001). We found that the year of introduction of vaccination influenced significantly the mortality. Countries that started immunization policy before 1960 had more favorable results (p=0.049). For countries that started the BCG vaccination after 1960, countries with current policies have lower mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection than countries that have stopped immunization (p=0.047). Conclusions : Countries that have a BCG vaccination policy have a lower mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The populations of countries that applied this immunization before 1960 are more protected even if this universal policy has been interrupted. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.20087437 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.01.20087437 id: cord-328262-hw8swbt5 author: O’Neill, Luke A. J. title: BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19? date: 2020-05-11 words: 2177 sentences: 102 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-328262-hw8swbt5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328262-hw8swbt5.txt summary: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination has been reported to decrease susceptibility to respiratory tract infections, an effect proposed to be mediated by the general long-term boosting of innate immune mechanisms, also termed trained immunity. This effect was mediated by peritoneal macrophages 10 Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination has been reported to decrease susceptibility to respiratory tract infections, an effect proposed to be mediated by the general long-term boosting of innate immune mechanisms, also termed trained immunity. Here, we discuss the non-specific beneficial effects of BCG against viral infections and whether this vaccine may afford protection to COVID-19. Here, we discuss the non-specific beneficial effects of BCG against viral infections and whether this vaccine may afford protection to COVID-19. BCG vaccination protects against experimental viral infection in humans through the induction of cytokines associated with trained immunity abstract: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination has been reported to decrease susceptibility to respiratory tract infections, an effect proposed to be mediated by the general long-term boosting of innate immune mechanisms, also termed trained immunity. Here, we discuss the non-specific beneficial effects of BCG against viral infections and whether this vaccine may afford protection to COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0337-y doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0337-y id: cord-283603-d6ult65u author: Pasco, Samuel T. title: Lessons from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Harnessing Trained Immunity for Vaccine Development date: 2020-09-16 words: 6855 sentences: 318 pages: flesch: 27 cache: ./cache/cord-283603-d6ult65u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-283603-d6ult65u.txt summary: The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine induces some level of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) while stimulating trained immunity that correlates with lower mortality and increased protection against unrelated pathogens. PBMCs from volunteers vaccinated with gamma-irradiated BCG (γBCG) only demonstrated increased cytokine production in response to Mtb antigens, with no significant trained immunity effects observed after two weeks and three months [18] . Stimulation of macrophages deficient in NOD2 with BCG did not result in increased cytokine production following heterologous stimulation, demonstrating the critical importance of this signaling pathway in establishing trained immunity [23] . tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate (MTBVAC), the first genetically modified, live attenuated vaccine based on Mtb which has demonstrated safety and efficacy in initial clinical trials, induces trained immunity effects in vitro through shifts in metabolism and epigenetic changes at proinflammatory promoters, and can protect subcutaneously vaccinated mice from lethal intranasal doses of Streptococcus pneumoniae [62] . abstract: Vaccine design traditionally focuses on inducing adaptive immune responses against a sole target pathogen. Considering that many microbes evade innate immune mechanisms to initiate infection, and in light of the discovery of epigenetically mediated innate immune training, the paradigm of vaccine design has the potential to change. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine induces some level of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) while stimulating trained immunity that correlates with lower mortality and increased protection against unrelated pathogens. This review will explore BCG-induced trained immunity, including the required pathways to establish this phenotype. Additionally, potential methods to improve or expand BCG trained immunity effects through alternative vaccine delivery and formulation methods will be discussed. Finally, advances in new anti-Mtb vaccines, other antimicrobial uses for BCG, and “innate memory-based vaccines” will be examined. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32948003/ doi: 10.3390/cells9092109 id: cord-298867-hzshnq7b author: Raham, T. F. title: Impact of Duration of Cessation of Mass BCG Vaccination Programs on Covid -19 Mortality date: 2020-08-23 words: 1971 sentences: 160 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-298867-hzshnq7b.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298867-hzshnq7b.txt summary: At early times during COVID-19 pandemic heterogeneous immunity towards (SARS-CoV-2), was hypothesized and statistical correlation between of BCG vaccination practices and COVID-19 mortality variances among countries was statistically proved . Through applying stem-leaf plot for exploring data screening behavior concerning Covid-19 Mortality for obsolescence duration of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs, as well as (nonlinear regression of compound model) for predicted shape behavior for that group. Results: Slope value shows highly significant effectiveness of obsolescence of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs on Covid -19 mortality at P-value<0.000. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.20.20178889 doi: medRxiv preprint CoV-2) by different way that is the cessation duration of BCG programs in countries which stopped BCG vaccinations programs. abstract: Back ground: BCG have heterogeneous immunity to certain pathogens other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis effect. At early times during COVID-19 pandemic heterogeneous immunity towards (SARS-CoV-2), was hypothesized and statistical correlation between of BCG vaccination practices and COVID-19 mortality variances among countries was statistically proved . These studies was criticized because of low evidence of such studies and possible confounding factors. For that reason this study was designed to look for impact of duration of cessation of BCG programs on Covid-19 mortality looking for the hypotheses by different design and looking forward to support previous studies. Methods: Total number of studied group is 14 countries which has stopped BCG vaccination programs. Through applying stem-leaf plot for exploring data screening behavior concerning Covid-19 Mortality for obsolescence duration of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs, as well as (nonlinear regression of compound model) for predicted shape behavior for that group. Results: Slope value shows highly significant effectiveness of obsolescence of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs on Covid -19 mortality at P-value<0.000. Obsolescence of duration of cessation of mass BCG vaccination programs has strongly negatively associated with Covid-19 mortality in countries which stopped BCG vaccination programs. Conclusion: The longer the cessation duration of BCG programs, the higher the Covid-19 mortality is, and vice versa. url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.08.20.20178889v1?rss=1 doi: 10.1101/2020.08.20.20178889 id: cord-328623-ud8vz3zu author: Raham, T. F. title: Malaria Endemicity Influence on COVID -19 Mortality: New Evidence Added to BCG and TB Prevalence date: 2020-09-11 words: 2017 sentences: 135 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-328623-ud8vz3zu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-328623-ud8vz3zu.txt summary: Results: The results show with robust statistical support that standerized TB prevalence to BCG coverage is significantly associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality and malaria incidence have an additional highly significant effect in reducing COVID-19 mortality. This study will test COVID-19 mortality in malarious countries against malaria incidence and TB prevalence calibrated by BCG coverage to look for statistical associations and significances. (3) , and regarding to composite regression estimate''s factors (i.e. the standardized TB/100000 by BCG vaccination coverage 2018 as direct effect, and malaria incidence for 2018/1000 population as indirect effect) results shows a meaningful composite linear regression tested in two tailed alternative statistical hypothesis of studied factor is playing effective role for reducing "Covid-19 death /1 M." rates as a function of the previous factors. Malaria which possibly induce immunological response similar to TB as we suggest in one way or another is significantly associated with reduction in COVID-19 mortality in this study. abstract: Background: Regarding SARS-CoV-2 it is well known that a substantial percentage of adult population cannot get infected if exposed to this novel coronavirus. Several studies give primary indication of the possible role of preexisting immunity whether cross immunity or not. Possible role of latent TB and BCG have been already suggested to create innate cross heterogeneous immunity. Possible role of malaria is suggested in this paper possibly by same mechanism of protection. Material and methods:80 malarious countries are enrolled in this study. Hierarchical multiple regression type of analyses is used for data analyses. TB prevalence/ 100,000 population standardized to BCG coverage rates is taken as direct factor in the test. Malaria incidence /1000 population is considered as intermediate factor and the outcome is COVID-19 mortality/ 1 million (M) population. Results: The results show with robust statistical support that standerized TB prevalence to BCG coverage is significantly associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality and malaria incidence have an additional highly significant effect in reducing COVID-19 mortality. Conclusions: Malaria and standardized TB prevalence are statistical significant factors predicting COVID-19 mortality in negative associations. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.09.20191684 doi: 10.1101/2020.09.09.20191684 id: cord-289742-1usxeo9a author: Riksen, Niels P. title: Immunometabolic control of trained immunity date: 2020-09-02 words: 7653 sentences: 333 pages: flesch: 31 cache: ./cache/cord-289742-1usxeo9a.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289742-1usxeo9a.txt summary: Indeed, in murine models, stimuli that induce trained immunity in circulating monocytes, including Western type diet feeding, BCG vaccination, or administration of β-glucan, were found to trigger a persistent inflammatory reprogramming of myeloid progenitor cells in the bone marrow (Christ et al., 2018; Mitroulis et al., 2018) . Finally, additional proof for a role of glycolysis in trained immunity stems from the observations that in cohorts of healthy subjects, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key glycolytic enzymes are associated with the induction of cytokine production capacity by training of the cells ex vivo; this was reported for SNPs in hexokinase 2 (HK2) and phosphofructokinase, platelet (PFKP) for training with BCG . When innate immune cells, such as monocytes, are stimulated by growth signals or inflammatory stimuli, e.g. lipopolysaccharide, the TCA cycle shifts function to provide intermediary metabolites for biosynthetic pathways, including the production of amino acids and lipids, which is termed cataplerosis. abstract: Innate immune cells can adopt long-term inflammatory phenotypes following brief encounters with exogenous (microbial) or endogenous stimuli. This phenomenon is named trained immunity and can improve host defense against (recurrent) infections. In contrast, trained immunity can also be maladaptive in the context of chronic inflammatory disorders, such as atherosclerosis. Key to future therapeutic exploitation of this mechanism is thorough knowledge of the mechanisms driving trained immunity, which can be used as pharmacological targets. These mechanisms include profound changes in intracellular metabolism, which are closely intertwined with epigenetic reprogramming at the level of histone modifications. Glycolysis, glutamine replenishment of the tricarboxylic acid cycle with accumulation of fumarate, and the mevalonate pathway have all been identified as critical pathways for trained immunity in monocytes and macrophages. In this review, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of how these metabolic pathways interact with epigenetic programs to develop trained immunity. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2020.100897 doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2020.100897 id: cord-294302-hboc3xcz author: Roncati, Luca title: COVID-19 vaccine and boosted immunity: nothing ad interim to do? date: 2020-10-09 words: 2275 sentences: 127 pages: flesch: 37 cache: ./cache/cord-294302-hboc3xcz.txt txt: ./txt/cord-294302-hboc3xcz.txt summary: Here, we illustrate the immunological mechanism to train the immune system towards a more effective and less symptomatic T-helper 1 (Th1) immune response, thanks to a subcutaneous vaccine containing lysates of Corynebacterium parvum (synonym for Propionibacterium acnes), a Gram-positive bacterium able to evoke a strong Th1 response. parvum vaccine protection against a coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus type 3), dating back to 1981 murine model by Schindler and colleagues, is also reported [31] . parvum vaccine (point 3), it is theoretically possible to train and calibrate the immune system towards a T h 1 response (point 4), able to prevent COVID-19 or to keep the disease under control in a paucisymptomatic or asymptomatic way thanks to activated reticuloendothelial system, NK, T c and dendritic cells. Efficacy of BCG vaccination in the prevention of COVID19 via the strengthening of innate immunity in health care workers abstract: SUMMARY Today, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health emergency and vaccination measures to counter its diffusion are deemed necessary. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of the disease, unleashes a T-helper 2 immune response in those patients requiring intensive care. Here, we illustrate the immunological mechanism to train the immune system towards a more effective and less symptomatic T-helper 1 (Th1) immune response, thanks to a subcutaneous vaccine containing lysates of Corynebacterium parvum (synonym for Propionibacterium acnes), a Gram-positive bacterium able to evoke a strong Th1 response. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.013 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.013 id: cord-024716-1waejlwb author: Roy, Soumya title: Does the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine provide protection from COVID-19? date: 2020-04-30 words: 1977 sentences: 118 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-024716-1waejlwb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-024716-1waejlwb.txt summary: Heterologous protection offered by BCG through production of trained immunity, epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes, non-specific activation of NK cells, and increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (particularly, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha and interleukin 1 beta) production may be the mechanism behind its crossprotection against the novel coronavirus. The countries where universal BCG vaccination is practiced have a mean COVID-19 positive cases of 131.1 (standard deviation 208.7) per 1 million population with a median of 40. The countries where universal BCG vaccination is practiced have a mean COVID-19 positive cases of 131.1 (standard deviation 208.7) per 1 million population with a median of 40. The countries where universal BCG vaccination is not practiced have a mean COVID-19 deaths of 80.7 (standard deviation 180.8) per 1 million population with a median of 18. The countries where universal BCG vaccination is practiced have a mean COVID-19 positive deaths of 4 (standard deviation 7.6) per 1 million population with a median of 1. abstract: OBJECTIVE: The novel coronavirus pandemic is ravaging throughout the world. It has infected more than 1.2 million people and killed more than 64,000. Frantic research is underway to find prevention and cure. Of late, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) has been speculated as a possible protection from COVID-19. We sought to investigate the evidence behind the claim. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected regarding the total number of COVID-19 cases per million and total number of COVID-19 deaths per million in various countries. The BCG vaccination policies of these countries were also obtained. RESULTS: It was seen that the countries with no universal BCG policy had a mean 1272.9 (median 795) cases per million and 80.7 deaths (median 18) per million population. On the contrary, the countries with a universal BCG vaccination policy had a mean 131.2 (median 40) cases per million and 4 deaths (median 1) per population. The difference is highly significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The data strongly support the hypothesis that BCG may offer protection from COVID-19. Heterologous protection offered by BCG through production of trained immunity, epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes, non-specific activation of NK cells, and increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (particularly, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha and interleukin 1 beta) production may be the mechanism behind its cross- protection against the novel coronavirus. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7217267/ doi: 10.25259/ijms_37_2020 id: cord-334550-xb0alubj author: Samaddar, Arghadip title: The Enigma of Low COVID-19 Fatality Rate in India date: 2020-07-28 words: 6405 sentences: 367 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-334550-xb0alubj.txt txt: ./txt/cord-334550-xb0alubj.txt summary: These include some ongoing mutations that can alter the virulence of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains, host factors like innate immunity, genetic diversity in immune responses, epigenetic factors, genetic polymorphisms of ACE2 receptors, micro RNAs and universal BCG vaccination, and environmental factors like high temperature and humidity which may alter the viability and transmissibility of the strain. Researchers from Translational Bioinformatics Group at International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India, performed an integrated mutational analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from different geographical locations, including India, Italy, United States, Nepal and Wuhan, and observed a novel mutation in S protein (A930V, 24351C>T) of the Indian strain, which was absent in other strains (Sardar et al., 2020) . While this apparent protection among Indians is largely attributed to non-heritable influences as discussed earlier, a safe and effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 can reduce disease severity, control transmission, and prevent future infections across all populations. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute onset pneumonia caused by a novel Betacoronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly evolved into a pandemic. Though its origin has been linked to the Wuhan City of China’s Hubei Province in December 2019, recent reports claim that the original animal-to-human transmission of the virus probably happened sometime between September and October 2019 in Guangdong Province, rather than Hubei. As of July 3, 2020, India has reported a case positivity rate of 6.5% and a fatality rate of 2.8%, which are among the lowest in the world. Also, the severity of the disease is much less among Indians as evidenced by the low rate of ICU admission (15.3%) and the need for mechanical ventilation (4.16%). As per the World Health Organization (WHO) situation report 165 on July 3, 2020, India has one of the lowest deaths per 100,000 population (1.32 deaths against a global average of 6.04). Several factors related to the pathogen, host and environment might have some role in reducing the susceptibility of Indians to COVID-19. These include some ongoing mutations that can alter the virulence of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains, host factors like innate immunity, genetic diversity in immune responses, epigenetic factors, genetic polymorphisms of ACE2 receptors, micro RNAs and universal BCG vaccination, and environmental factors like high temperature and humidity which may alter the viability and transmissibility of the strain. This perspective -highlights the potential factors that might be responsible for the observed low COVID-19 fatality rate in Indian population. It puts forward several hypotheses which can be a ground for future studies determining individual and population susceptibility to COVID-19 and thus, may offer a new dimension to our current understanding of the disease. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32849833/ doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00854 id: cord-263455-dquztf5l author: Schoenmakers, Anne title: The State of Affairs in Post-Exposure Leprosy Prevention: A Descriptive Meta-Analysis on Immuno- and Chemo-Prophylaxis date: 2020-10-15 words: 11196 sentences: 705 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-263455-dquztf5l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-263455-dquztf5l.txt summary: More chemoprophylaxis research is needed on: enhanced medication regimens; interventions in varying (epidemiological) settings, including focal mass drug administration (fMDA); specific approaches per contact type; combinations with screening variations and field-friendly rapid tests, if available in the future; community and health staff education; ongoing antibiotic resistance surveillance; and administering chemoprophylaxis with SDR-PEP prior to BCG administration. But, given the evidence for the effectiveness of SDR-PEP and the WHO guidelines for its use, the ethics of testing new post-exposure immunoprophylactic approaches for leprosy prevention without combining them with chemoprophylaxis in both the intervention and control group needs to be discussed. The combined effect of chemoprophylaxis with single dose rifampicin and immunoprophylaxis with BCG to prevent leprosy in contacts of newly diagnosed leprosy cases: a cluster randomized controlled trial (MALTALEP study) abstract: OBJECTIVE: Annually, over 200,000 people are diagnosed with leprosy, also called Hansen’s disease. This number has been relatively stable over the past years. Progress has been made in the fields of chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis to prevent leprosy, with a primary focus on close contacts of patients. In this descriptive meta-analysis, we summarize the evidence and identify knowledge gaps regarding post-exposure prophylaxis against leprosy. METHODS: A systematic literature search according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was conducted by searching the medical scientific databases Cochrane, Embase, Pubmed/MEDLINE, Research Gate, Scopus and Web of Science on Jan. 22, 2020, using a combination of synonyms for index terms in four languages: “leprosy” and “population” or “contacts” and “prevention” or “prophylaxis.” Subsequently, Infolep.org and Google Scholar were searched and the "snowball method" was used to retrieve other potentially relevant literature. The found articles were screened for eligibility using predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS: After deduplication, 1,515 articles were screened, and 125 articles were included in this descriptive meta-analysis. Immunoprophylaxis by bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination is known to provide protection against leprosy. The protection it offers is higher in household contacts of leprosy patients compared with the general population and is seen to decline over time. Contact follow-up screening is important in the first period after BCG administration, as a substantial number of new leprosy patients presents three months post-vaccination. Evidence for the benefit of re-vaccination is conflicting. The World Health Organization (WHO) included BCG in its Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Leprosy by stating that BCG at birth should be maintained in at least all leprosy high-burden regions. Literature shows that several vaccination interventions with other immunoprophylactic agents demonstrate similar or slightly less efficacy in leprosy risk reduction compared with BCG. However, most of these studies do not exclusively focus on post-exposure prophylaxis. Two vaccines are considered future candidates for leprosy prophylaxis: Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MiP) and LepVax. For chemoprophylaxis, trials were performed with dapsone/acedapsone, rifampicin, and ROM, a combination of rifampicin, ofloxacin, and minocycline. Single-dose rifampicin is favored as post-exposure prophylaxis, abbreviated as SDR-PEP. It demonstrated a protective effect of 57% in the first two years after administration to contacts of leprosy patients. It is inexpensive, and adverse events are rare. The risk of SDR-PEP inducing rifampicin resistance is considered negligible, but continuous monitoring in accordance with WHO policies should be encouraged. The integration of contact screening and SDR-PEP administration into different leprosy control programs was found to be feasible and well accepted. Since 2018, SDR-PEP is included in the WHO Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Leprosy. CONCLUSION: Progress has been made in the areas of chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis to prevent leprosy in contacts of patients. Investing in vaccine studies, like LepVax and MiP, and increasing harmonization between tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy research groups is important. SDR-PEP is promising as a chemoprophylactic agent, and further implementation should be promoted. More chemoprophylaxis research is needed on: enhanced medication regimens; interventions in varying (epidemiological) settings, including focal mass drug administration (fMDA); specific approaches per contact type; combinations with screening variations and field-friendly rapid tests, if available in the future; community and health staff education; ongoing antibiotic resistance surveillance; and administering chemoprophylaxis with SDR-PEP prior to BCG administration. Additionally, both leprosy prophylactic drug registration nationally and prophylactic drug availability globally at low or no cost are important for the implementation and further upscaling of preventive measures against leprosy, such as SDR-PEP and new vaccines. url: https://doi.org/10.2147/rrtm.s190300 doi: 10.2147/rrtm.s190300 id: cord-260826-1n96pz86 author: Shet, Anita title: Differential COVID-19-attributable mortality and BCG vaccine use in countries date: 2020-04-06 words: 2566 sentences: 141 pages: flesch: 38 cache: ./cache/cord-260826-1n96pz86.txt txt: ./txt/cord-260826-1n96pz86.txt summary: Using publicly available data we built a simple log-linear regression model to assess the association of BCG use and COVID-19-attributable mortality per 1 million population after adjusting for confounders including country economic status (GDP per capita), and proportion of elderly among the population. Notwithstanding limitations due to testing constraints in LMICs, case ascertainment bias and a plausible rise of cases as countries progress along the epidemiological trajectory, these analyses provide intriguing observations that urgently warrant mobilization of resources for prospective randomized interventional studies and institution of systematic disease surveillance, particularly in LMICs. Novel SARS-CoV2 continues to wreak global havoc. To evaluate the effect of BCG vaccine on mortality attributable to COVID-19, we built a simple log-linear regression model using crude COVID-19-attributable mortality data per 1 million population for each country as outcome, BCG vaccine inclusion in the national immunization schedule as exposure, and adjusted for the effects of the following variables on mortality: country-specific GDP per capita, the percentage of population 65 years and above, and the relative position of each country on the epidemic timeline (days since 100 th case reported as of 29 March 2020). abstract: While mortality attributable to COVID-19 has devastated global health systems and economies, striking regional differences have been observed. The Bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine has previously been shown to have non-specific protective effects on infections, as well as long-term efficacy against tuberculosis. Using publicly available data we built a simple log-linear regression model to assess the association of BCG use and COVID-19-attributable mortality per 1 million population after adjusting for confounders including country economic status (GDP per capita), and proportion of elderly among the population. The timing of country entry into the pandemic epidemiological trajectory was aligned by plotting time since the 100th reported case. Countries with economies classified as lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income and high-income countries (LMIC, UMIC, HIC) had median crude COVID-19 log-mortality of 0.4 (Interquartile Range (IQR) 0.1, 0.4), 0.7 (IQR 0.2, 2.2) and 5.5 (IQR 1.6, 13.9), respectively. COVID-19-attributable mortality among BCG-using countries was 5.8 times lower [95% CI 1.8-19.0] than in non BCG-using countries. Notwithstanding limitations due to testing constraints in LMICs, case ascertainment bias and a plausible rise of cases as countries progress along the epidemiological trajectory, these analyses provide intriguing observations that urgently warrant mobilization of resources for prospective randomized interventional studies and institution of systematic disease surveillance, particularly in LMICs. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.01.20049478 doi: 10.1101/2020.04.01.20049478 id: cord-325966-0g7a9s5z author: Shih, Hsin-I. title: Fighting COVID-19: a quick review of diagnoses, therapies, and vaccines date: 2020-05-30 words: 7324 sentences: 365 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-325966-0g7a9s5z.txt txt: ./txt/cord-325966-0g7a9s5z.txt summary: Some candidate drugs targeting different levels and stages of human responses against COVID-19 such as cell membrane fusion, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, viral protease inhibitor, interleukin 6 blocker, and convalescent plasma may improve the clinical outcomes of critical COVID-19 patients. However, these clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings are nonspecific and cannot differentiate COVID-19 from other viral respiratory infections; viral diagnostic methods specific for SARS-CoV-2 should be applied for disease confirmation. An open-label study published in 2004 suggested, by comparison with a control group that received only ribavirin, that the addition of lopinavir-ritonavir (400 mg and 100 mg, respectively) to ribavirin reduced the risk of adverse clinical outcomes (acute respiratory distress syndrome or death) and viral load among patients with SARS [29] . Some available candidate drugs targeting different levels of human responses to COVID-19, such as cell membrane fusion, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, viral protease inhibitor, IL-6 blocker and convalescent plasma, may improve the clinical outcomes of critical COVID-19 patients. abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has infected more than 4.9 million individuals and resulted in over 300,000 deaths globally. The rapid spread of the virus and the precipitously increasing numbers of cases necessitate the urgent development of accurate diagnostic methods, effective treatments, and vaccines. Here, we review the progress of developing diagnostic methods, therapies, and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on current clinical trials and their challenges. For diagnosis, nucleic acid amplification tests remain the mainstay diagnostics for laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, while serological antibody tests are used to aid contact tracing, epidemiological, and vaccine evaluation studies. Viral isolation is not recommended for routine diagnostic procedures due to safety concerns. Currently, no single effective drug or specific vaccine is available against SARS-CoV-2. Some candidate drugs targeting different levels and stages of human responses against COVID-19 such as cell membrane fusion, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, viral protease inhibitor, interleukin 6 blocker, and convalescent plasma may improve the clinical outcomes of critical COVID-19 patients. Other supportive care measures for critical patients are still necessary. Advances in genetic sequencing and other technological developments have sped up the establishment of a variety of vaccine platforms. Accordingly, numerous vaccines are under development. Vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 are mainly based upon the viral spike protein due to its vital role in viral infectivity, and most of these candidates have recently moved into clinical trials. Before the efficacy of such vaccines in humans is demonstrated, strong international coordination and collaboration among studies, pharmaceutical companies, regulators, and governments are needed to limit further damage due the emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.021 doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.021 id: cord-281354-sa27k8o3 author: Takahashi, Harutaka title: Role of Latent Tuberculosis Infections in Reduced COVID-19 Mortality: Evidence from an Instrumental Variable Method Analysis date: 2020-08-26 words: 1439 sentences: 89 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-281354-sa27k8o3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-281354-sa27k8o3.txt summary: title: Role of Latent Tuberculosis Infections in Reduced COVID-19 Mortality: Evidence from an Instrumental Variable Method Analysis However, these studies ignore an important fact: according to World Health Organization estimates, about a quarter of the world''s population may have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), a condition in which there is no evidence of clinically active tuberculosis but persistent immune responses are stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. However, such studies ignore the important fact that about one-quarter of the world''s population may have latent TB infection (LTBI), a condition in which there is no evidence of clinically active TB but persistent immune responses are stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. As explained above, the logarithm of the number of TB infections per 100,000 individuals (lntb10) can be used as a proxy variable for LTBIs. For this regression analysis to be statistically accurate, the explanatory variable X must first be correlated with the error term u (i.e., the covariance of X and u must be zero). abstract: Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there has been significant interest in the potential protective effect of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine against COVID-19 mortality. This effect has been attributed to innate immune responses induced by BCG vaccination. However, these studies ignore an important fact: according to World Health Organization estimates, about a quarter of the world's population may have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), a condition in which there is no evidence of clinically active tuberculosis but persistent immune responses are stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens. Thus, both LTBI and BCG induce lifelong immunity and may provide immunological protection against COVID-19. In this study, the relationship between LTBI and reduced COVID-19 mortality was analyzed using the instrumental variable method. The results showed with robust statistical support that LTBI was also associated with reduced COVID-19 mortality. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306987720325305?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110214 id: cord-309888-93rdcwrh author: Tamás, Fazekas title: COVID-19 research: promising tracks leading to uro-oncology date: 2020-05-11 words: 1786 sentences: 101 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-309888-93rdcwrh.txt txt: ./txt/cord-309888-93rdcwrh.txt summary: First of all, we would like to underline the potential protective effect of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination against Covid-19 [4] . Based on these findings, the Murdoch Children''s Research Institute in Australia and the Radboud University in the Netherland have launched prospective clinical trials enrolling health care workers, to assess whether BCG vaccination protects against Sars-CoV-2 infection or reduces its severity [11, 12] . All these considerations raise some interesting questions: (1) is androgen deprivation therapy able to downregulate TMPRSS2 in lung epithelial cells, and if so is it able to affect the susceptibility and/or severity of Covid-19 infection? (2) Is the known male predominance of Sars-CoV-2 infection/Covid-19 severity related to the androgen-dependent regulation of TMPRSS2 gene? (3) Does individual variability of TMPRSS2 expression (e.g. caused by polymorphism) have any impact on Sars-CoV-2 infection/ Covid-19 severity? abstract: nan url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-020-02490-2 doi: 10.1007/s11255-020-02490-2 id: cord-300338-duhyb754 author: Urashima, Mitsuyoshi title: BCG Vaccination and Mortality of COVID-19 across 173 Countries: An Ecological Study date: 2020-08-03 words: 5672 sentences: 250 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-300338-duhyb754.txt txt: ./txt/cord-300338-duhyb754.txt summary: We therefore aimed to explore whether recent BCG vaccine coverage is associated with COVID-19 morbidity and/or mortality rates, using linear regression models to explore associations between the two continuous random variables adjusted for a variety of potential confounders, such as median age and body mass index (BMI) in individual countries through this ecological study. As a result, ''≥60 years of age'' (p < 0.001) and ''BCG vaccine coverage'' (p = 0.002) remained significant factors associated with COVID-19 mortality, even after adjustment for morbidity and PCR-tests. As a result, ''≥60 years of age'' (p < 0.001) and ''BCG vaccine coverage'' (p = 0.002) remained significant factors associated with COVID-19 mortality, even after adjustment for morbidity and PCR-tests. abstract: Ecological studies have suggested fewer COVID-19 morbidities and mortalities in Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-vaccinated countries than BCG-non-vaccinated countries. However, these studies obtained data during the early phase of the pandemic and did not adjust for potential confounders, including PCR-test numbers per population (PCR-tests). Currently—more than four months after declaration of the pandemic—the BCG-hypothesis needs reexamining. An ecological study was conducted by obtaining data of 61 factors in 173 countries, including BCG vaccine coverage (%), using morbidity and mortality as outcomes, obtained from open resources. ‘Urban population (%)’ and ‘insufficient physical activity (%)’ in each country was positively associated with morbidity, but not mortality, after adjustment for PCR-tests. On the other hand, recent BCG vaccine coverage (%) was negatively associated with mortality, but not morbidity, even with adjustment for percentage of the population ≥ 60 years of age, morbidity, PCR-tests and other factors. The results of this study generated a hypothesis that a national BCG vaccination program seems to be associated with reduced mortality of COVID-19, although this needs to be further examined and proved by randomized clinical trials. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155589 doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155589 id: cord-288618-01hxgcds author: Vargas, P. title: Rapid characterization of the propagation of COVID-19 in different countries date: 2020-06-11 words: 4926 sentences: 266 pages: flesch: 59 cache: ./cache/cord-288618-01hxgcds.txt txt: ./txt/cord-288618-01hxgcds.txt summary: INTERPRETATION The adjustment of a Gaussian to daily data of COVID-19 in each country reveals the different propagation dynamics, properly characterized by the parameters proposed here. Column 1: country; Column 2: population in thousand inhabitants; Column 3: Number of applied COVID-19 tests; Column 4: Test density (ratio between the last two columns); Column 5: accumulated number of positive tests; Column 6: accumulated number of deaths; Column 7: percentage of mortality (based on the ration of the two previous columns); Column 8: BCG vaccination status; Column 9: Maximum of fitting Gaussian; Column 10: FWHM of the fitting Gaussian; Column 11: Figure of merit proposed in this paper. Despite fluctuations in the daily cases of COVID-19, it is possible in general to adjust a Gaussian function to high density sets of data pointing to a possible mathematical description of the evolution of the pandemic in different countries, as shown in Figs. abstract: BACKGROUND COVID-19 has spread rapidly, and there are still many characteristics of this new disease to be unveiled. We propose a simple method to calculate a figure of merit FC to provide an early characterization of the disease status in country C. METHODS We use mathematical tools to adjust a Gaussian function to the daily increase of infected patients. Maximum value and full width half maximum of the Gaussian are characteristics of the development of the development of the pandemic in each country. These parameters are supplemented by the testing volume and the mortality rate to produce just one characterizing parameter: FC. In addition, the stability of the Gaussian fits was calculated within an entire week towards the end of the study period. Seventeen different countries were fully considered, while others are considered when discussing particular properties. Data employed is publically available. FINDINGS Fitted Gaussian functions render effective information about the development of COVID-19. The number of critical days vary between 11 (South Korea) and 52 (Mexico). FC varies between 1 (Australia) and 899 (Mexico). The epidemic appears stabilized in some countries and unstable in others. Some large countries are experiencing fast development of the propagation of the disease with high FC. A correlation between low (high) values of the mortality rate (and to some extent FC) and the presence (absence) of BCG vaccination is exposed. INTERPRETATION The adjustment of a Gaussian to daily data of COVID-19 in each country reveals the different propagation dynamics, properly characterized by the parameters proposed here. Testing plays a clear role to control the spread of the disease. Mortality rate spans more than one order of magnitude and is somewhat related to permanent massive BCG vaccination. The figure of merit, FC, introduced here spans more than 2 orders of magnitude which makes it a useful indicator to quickly find out the status of the pandemics in each territory. Geography plays a role: low population density and isolated countries can be efficient in controlling the spread of the disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.09.20126631 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.09.20126631 id: cord-340532-fpmd9nzf author: Ventura, L. title: BCG vaccination and socioeconomic variables vs Covid-19 global features: clearing up a controversial issue date: 2020-05-26 words: 3095 sentences: 151 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-340532-fpmd9nzf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340532-fpmd9nzf.txt summary: Conclusions: Relying on a very large dataset and a wide array of control variables, our study confirms a strong and robust association between Covid-19 diffusion and mortality with BCG vaccination and a set socio-economic factors, opening new perspectives for clinical speculations and public health policies. In particular Tobit regressions, estimating both the impacts of covariates on the probability of a country reporting more than 100 cases as of April 17 th , and their effect on relative diffusion, was our preferred estimation method. Table 2 shows large and strongly significant effects for per capita gross domestic product and Human Freedom Index (positive) and for the summer season and BCG vaccination (negative), even controlling for more vaccinations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study assessing the impact of BCG vaccination on the diffusion and mortality of Covid-19 at the global level by controlling for a comprehensive set of social, economic, geographic and demographic variables. abstract: Background: The Covid-19 pandemic is characterized by extreme variability in the outcome distribution and mortality rates across different countries. Some recent studies suggested an inverse correlation with BCG vaccination at population level, while others denied this hypothesis. In order to address this controversial issue, we performed a strict epidemiological study collecting data available on a global scale, considering additional variables such as cultural-political factors and adherence to other vaccination coverages. Methods: Data on 121 countries, accounting for about 99% of Covid-19 cases and deaths globally, were from John's Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, United Nations, Human Freedom Report, and BCG Atlas. Statistical models used were Ordinary Least Squares, Tobit and Fractional Probit, implemented on Stata/MP16 software. Results: Based on our results, countries where BCG vaccination is or has been mandated in the last decades have seen a drastic reduction in Covid-19 diffusion (-80% on average) and mortality (-50% on average), even controlling for relative wealth of countries and their governmental health expenditure. A significant contribution to this reduction (respectively -50% and -13% on average) was also associated to the outbreak onset during summer, suggesting a possible influence of seasonality. Other variables turned out to be associated, though to a lesser extent. Conclusions: Relying on a very large dataset and a wide array of control variables, our study confirms a strong and robust association between Covid-19 diffusion and mortality with BCG vaccination and a set socio-economic factors, opening new perspectives for clinical speculations and public health policies. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.20107755 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.20.20107755 id: cord-271734-1cfhjuxi author: Vergkizi, Souzan title: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine generates immunoregulatory cells in the cervical lymph nodes in guinea pigs injected intra dermally date: 2020-10-16 words: 5707 sentences: 272 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-271734-1cfhjuxi.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271734-1cfhjuxi.txt summary: This work demonstrates the presence of immune regulatory cells in the cervical lymph nodes draining Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccinated site on the dorsum of the ear in guinea pigs. The objective of this work was to investigate the immune regulatory mechanism responsible for the induction of an ''immunological'' type granuloma in the draining lymph node after BCG vaccination in guinea pigs and their early resolution in contrast to that observed with another mycobacterium, M. The effects of injected BCG and M leprae on the stimulation index (T/C) measured in the post auricular and cervical lymph node cell preparations cultured with PPD, leprosin, concavalin A, or BCG: live, heat killed or co-irr were compared using student''s t-test for means comparison. leprae injected guinea pigs, cells from the cervical lymph nodes draining BCG induced granuloma did not respond in vitro to soluble mycobacterial antigens, PPD and leprosin, though they responded to whole BCG organisms. abstract: This work demonstrates the presence of immune regulatory cells in the cervical lymph nodes draining Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccinated site on the dorsum of the ear in guinea pigs. It is shown that whole cervical lymph node cells did not proliferate in vitro in the presence of soluble mycobacterial antigens (PPD or leprosin) despite being responsive to whole mycobacteria. Besides, T cells from these lymph nodes separated as a non-adherent fraction on a nylon wool column, proliferated to PPD in the presence of autologous antigen presenting cells. Interestingly, addition of as low as 20% nylon wool adherent cells to these, sharply decreased the proliferation by 83%. Looking into what cells in the adherent fraction suppressed the proliferation, it was found that neither the T cell nor the macrophage enriched cell fractions of this population individually showed suppressive effect, indicating that their co-presence was necessary for the suppression. Since BCG induced granulomas resolve much faster than granulomas induced by other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae the present experimental findings add to the existing evidence that intradermal BCG vaccination influences subsequent immune responses in the host and may further stress upon its beneficial role seen in Covid-19 patients. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0264410X20312846 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.009 id: cord-289008-c4cu3vrp author: Wallis, Christopher J.D. title: Risks from Deferring Treatment for Genitourinary Cancers: A Collaborative Review to Aid Triage and Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic date: 2020-05-03 words: 9353 sentences: 446 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289008-c4cu3vrp.txt summary: Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer are at risk of disease progression, with radical cystectomy delays beyond 12 wk from diagnosis or completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. To this end, PubMed was searched from inception until April 2, 2020 to identify studies examining the association between delays in treatment and clinical outcomes, including upstaging, recurrence, and mortality for patients with bladder cancer (BC; both muscle-invasive and non-muscle-invasive disease), prostate cancer (PCa), kidney cancer, upper tract urothelial cancer, germ cell tumors, and penile cancer. Where radiotherapy is planned to be administered, a recent Cochrane Database systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 studies including 8278 patients demonstrated that for those with intermediate-and high-risk PCa, hypofractionation is associated with equivalent oncologic outcomes (MFS, disease-specific survival, and OS), as well as functional outcomes [64] . abstract: CONTEXT: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is leading to delays in the treatment of many urologic cancers. OBJECTIVE: To provide a contemporary picture of the risks from delayed treatment for urologic cancers to assist with triage. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A collaborative review using literature published as of April 2, 2020. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Patients with low-grade non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer are unlikely to suffer from a 3–6-month delay. Patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer are at risk of disease progression, with radical cystectomy delays beyond 12 wk from diagnosis or completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Prioritization of these patients for surgery or management with radiochemotherapy is encouraged. Active surveillance should be used for low-risk prostate cancer (PCa). Treatment of most patients with intermediate- and high-risk PCa can be deferred 3–6 mo without change in outcomes. The same may be true for cancers with the highest risk of progression. With radiotherapy, neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard of care. For surgery, although the added value of neoadjuvant ADT is questionable, it may be considered if a patient is interested in such an approach. Intervention may be safely deferred for T1/T2 renal masses, while locally advanced renal tumors (≥T3) should be treated expeditiously. Patients with metastatic renal cancer may consider vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy over immunotherapy. Risks for delay in the treatment of upper tract urothelial cancer depend on grade and stage. For patients with high-grade disease, delays of 12 wk in nephroureterectomy are not associated with adverse survival outcomes. Expert guidance recommends expedient local treatment of testis cancer. In penile cancer, adverse outcomes have been observed with delays of ≥3 mo before inguinal lymphadenectomy. Limitations include a paucity of data and methodologic variations for many cancers. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and clinicians should consider the oncologic risk of delayed cancer intervention versus the risks of COVID-19 to the patient, treating health care professionals, and the health care system. PATIENT SUMMARY: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to delays in the treatment of patients with urologic malignancies. Based on a review of the literature, patients with high-grade urothelial carcinoma, advanced kidney cancer, testicular cancer, and penile cancer should be prioritized for treatment during these challenging times. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0302283820303316?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.04.063 id: cord-331477-2x9szmjc author: Warnakulasuriya, Saman title: Protecting dental manpower from COVID‐19 infection date: 2020-06-01 words: 1876 sentences: 112 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-331477-2x9szmjc.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331477-2x9szmjc.txt summary: Oral health professionals are at risk of developing COVID 19 infection as they come into close contact with patients and accompanying relatives who may be carrying the virus. Knowledge of these symptoms would help the dental surgery staff to triage patients when it comes to spotting COVID-19-infected persons. When booking emergency dental appointments, having a checklist of COVID-19 symptoms at the reception may help to inform the dentist about symptomatic patients, to postpone non-urgent therapies and to direct such patients to hospital centres equipped for handling infected subjects and their relatives, living together. For undertaking any direct patient care, dentists and dental surgery assistants and other oral health professionals are advised to wear, disposable gloves, aprons, eye protection and face shields where there is a risk of saliva, blood, other body fluids, secretions or excretions splashing into the face and eyes. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine abstract: World Health Organization declared on 11 March, COVID 19 as a pandemic infection that has spread rapidly across the globe. Covid-19 currently has no known treatment or a vaccine. Oral health professionals are at risk of developing COVID 19 infection as they come into close contact with patients and accompanying relatives who may be carrying the virus. Since January 2020, and by the end of April this year, more than 150 medical doctors in Italy and over 100 National Health Service workers in the UK have died in the COVID-19 crisis. While the transmission of COVID 19 via human ex-haled droplets and direct contact is clear, the potential for aerosol transmission is a significant risk particularly for dental practices. The objective of this brief review is to highlight ways how dental manpower could protect from the spread of disease. url: https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13410 doi: 10.1111/odi.13410 id: cord-305264-0uhabgsr author: Weng, C-H. title: Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccination and clinical characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in Rhode Island, United States: a cohort study date: 2020-07-09 words: 1528 sentences: 94 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-305264-0uhabgsr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-305264-0uhabgsr.txt summary: In this study, we reviewed 120 consecutive adult patients (≥18 years old) with COVID-19 at a major federally qualified health centre in Rhode Island, United States from 19 March to 29 April 2020. To determine if BCG vaccination provided protection from COVID-19, we reviewed a predominately Latino/Hispanic population receiving care at the major federally qualified health centre (FQHC) in Providence, Rhode Island, United States. COVID-19 patients with BCG vaccination were less likely to be hospitalised during the disease course (3.7% vs. A recent population-based study examining the cohort of Israeli adults aged 35−41 years found that the BCG vaccine may not reduce the likelihood of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 (difference, 1.3%; 95% CI −0.3% to 2.9%; P = 0.09) [10] . However, the lower hospitalisation rate among BCG-vaccinated patients from our prospective cohort study suggests the potential of BCG in preventing more severe COVID-19 among those who acquired SARS-CoV-2. abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a global pandemic, and there is limited data on effective therapies. Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, a live-attenuated strain derived from an isolate of Mycobacterium bovis and originally designed to prevent tuberculosis, has shown some efficacy against infection with unrelated pathogens. In this study, we reviewed 120 consecutive adult patients (≥18 years old) with COVID-19 at a major federally qualified health centre in Rhode Island, United States from 19 March to 29 April 2020. Median age was 39.5 years (interquartile range, 27.0–50.0), 30% were male and 87.5% were Latino/Hispanics. Eighty-two (68.3%) patients had BCG vaccination. Individuals with BCG vaccination were less likely to require hospital admission during the disease course (3.7% vs. 15.8%, P = 0.019). This association remained unchanged after adjusting for demographics and comorbidities (P = 0.017) using multivariate regression analysis. The finding from our study suggests the potential of BCG in preventing more severe COVID-19. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32641191/ doi: 10.1017/s0950268820001569 id: cord-314121-ez62fx9p author: de Chaisemartin, C. title: BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden. date: 2020-06-23 words: 2902 sentences: 166 pages: flesch: 57 cache: ./cache/cord-314121-ez62fx9p.txt txt: ./txt/cord-314121-ez62fx9p.txt summary: Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate from 92% to 2% , thus allowing us to estimate the BCG''s effect without all the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. found that countries with universal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of their number of cases and deaths 3 . This suggests that universal BCG vaccination has no effect on the number of COVID-19 cases per 1000 inhabitants for individuals born in 1975. In this study, we took advantage of a change in vaccination policy in Sweden to investigate the link between BCG vaccination in infancy and Covid-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths, using a regression discontinuity approach. abstract: Background The Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine has immunity benefits against respiratory infections. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized that it may have a protective effect against COVID-19. Recent research found that countries with universal BCG childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, such ecological studies are biased by numerous confounders. Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate from 92% to 2% , thus allowing us to estimate the BCG's effect without all the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. Methods Numbers of COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations were recorded for birth cohorts born just before and just after that change, representing 1,026,304 and 1,018,544 individuals, respectively. We used regression discontinuity to assess the effect of BCG vaccination on Covid-19 related outcomes. This method used on such a large population allows for a high precision that would be hard to achieve using a classical randomized controlled trial. Results The odds ratio for Covid-19 cases and Covid-19 related hospitalizations were 0.9997 (CI95: [0.8002-1.1992]) and 1.1931 (CI95: [0.7558-1.6304]), respectively. We can thus reject with 95% confidence that universal BCG vaccination reduces the number of cases by more than 20% and the number of hospitalizations by more than 24% Conclusions While the effect of a recent vaccination must be evaluated, we provide strong evidence that receiving the BCG vaccine at birth does not have a protective effect against COVID-19. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.22.20137802 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.22.20137802 id: cord-292372-kn27ghlv author: de Chaisemartin, Clément title: BCG vaccination in infancy does not protect against COVID-19. Evidence from a natural experiment in Sweden date: 2020-08-23 words: 2819 sentences: 151 pages: flesch: 56 cache: ./cache/cord-292372-kn27ghlv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-292372-kn27ghlv.txt summary: Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate, thus allowing us to estimate the BCG''s effect without the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. found that countries with universal Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of their number of cases and deaths [7] . In this study, we took advantage of a change in vaccination policy in Sweden to investigate the link between BCG vaccination in infancy and Covid-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths, using a regression discontinuity approach. For instance, this study estimates the effect of universal BCG vaccination for individuals born around April 1st 1975, who are in their mid-forties during the COVID-19 pandemic, and cannot be generalized to the entire population. abstract: BACKGROUND: The Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine has immunity benefits against respiratory infections. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized to have a protective effect against COVID-19. Recent research found that countries with universal BCG childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, such ecological studies are biased by numerous confounders. Instead, this paper takes advantage of a rare nationwide natural experiment that took place in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns BCG vaccination led to a dramatic fall of the BCG coverage rate, thus allowing us to estimate the BCG’s effect without the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. METHODS: Numbers of COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations were recorded for birth cohorts born just before and just after 1975, representing 1,026,304 and 1,018,544 individuals, respectively. We used regression discontinuity to assess the effect of BCG vaccination on Covid-19 related outcomes. This method used on such a large population allows for a high precision that would be hard to achieve using a randomized controlled trial. RESULTS: The odds ratio for Covid-19 cases and Covid-19 related hospitalizations were 1·0005 (CI95: [0·8130-1·1881]) and 1·2046 (CI95: [0·7532-1·6560]), allowing us to reject fairly modest effects of universal BCG vaccination. We can reject with 95% confidence that universal BCG vaccination reduces the number of cases by 19% and the number of hospitalizations by 25%. CONCLUSIONS: While the effect of a recent vaccination must be evaluated, we provide strong evidence that receiving the BCG vaccine at birth does not have a protective effect against COVID-19 among middle-aged individuals. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1223 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1223 id: cord-014712-5u4e00q6 author: nan title: Selected Abstracts from the 100th J Project Meeting, Antalya, Turkey, March 12-14, 2014 date: 2014-08-02 words: 36900 sentences: 2254 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-014712-5u4e00q6.txt summary: Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Dept of Pediatric Immunology, Izmir, Turkey Ig class switch recombination deficiencies are rare PIDs (1:500,000 births) with normal or elevated serum IgM and low IgG, IgA and IgE levels, defective or normal somatic hypermutation, defective T/B cooperation (50%), intrinsic B cell defect (50%), susceptibility to bacterial infections begining from the first year of age (impaired B cell immunity) and lack of germinal centres in secondary lymphoid organs. Great North Children''s Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and Primary Immunodeficiency Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Even following the introduction of biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a small number of children suffering from severe, refractory autoimmune (AI), rheumatic and/or autoinflammatory disorders will not get into clinical remission (CR) and will potentially further suffer from multiple side-effects of combined and long-term immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies, in particular severe infections (Marodi L, Casanova JL. abstract: nan url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086544/ doi: 10.1007/s10875-014-0065-9 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-questions.py", line 24, in df = pd.read_csv( tsv, sep='\t' ) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/io/parsers.py", line 676, in parser_f return _read(filepath_or_buffer, kwds) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/io/parsers.py", line 454, in _read data = parser.read(nrows) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/io/parsers.py", line 1133, in read ret = self._engine.read(nrows) File "/data-disk/python/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pandas/io/parsers.py", line 2037, in read data = self._reader.read(nrows) File "pandas/_libs/parsers.pyx", line 860, in pandas._libs.parsers.TextReader.read File "pandas/_libs/parsers.pyx", line 875, in pandas._libs.parsers.TextReader._read_low_memory File "pandas/_libs/parsers.pyx", line 929, in pandas._libs.parsers.TextReader._read_rows File "pandas/_libs/parsers.pyx", line 916, in pandas._libs.parsers.TextReader._tokenize_rows File "pandas/_libs/parsers.pyx", line 2071, in pandas._libs.parsers.raise_parser_error pandas.errors.ParserError: Error tokenizing data. C error: EOF inside string starting at row 93 ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel