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lemma:
  https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/06/09/covid-19-record-45-deaths-and-3171-fresh-cases-in-a-day


id: cord-316805-6rshrecb
pos: NNP
token:
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lemma:
  https://www.dhakatribune.com/health/coronavirus/2020/06/07/covid-19-bangladeshrecords-highest-42-deaths-in-a-day-cases-cross-65-000-mark


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type: TAXON
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  teals Anas chlorotis swans Cygnus atratus shags Phalocrocorax carbo seagull Larus Novaehollandiae Scopulinus pheasant Phasianus colchicus turkeys Meleagris gallopavo


id: cord-255574-gqekw0si
type: ORG
entity:
  The Animals and Animal Products Examination for Residues and Maximum Residue Limits Regulations 1997


id: cord-255574-gqekw0si
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  H5N1 Personal Consumption Exemptions and Small Lot Production Programs for Regulated Agricultural Products


id: cord-255574-gqekw0si
type: FAC
entity:
  a Holistic View on Disease Problems in Free Range Chickens FAO IAEA Programme Improvement of Management and Biosecurity Practices in Smallholder Producers Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Soil


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entity:
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  The Plight of the Stateless Rohingyas Responses of the State Society the International Community Global Trends Forced Displacement Displacement and Disaster Risk Reduction


id: cord-283169-v1ly657m
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  Bangladesh Inter Sector Coordination Group ISCG Bangladesh United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs


id: cord-254250-l0v602x9
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nidovirus RdRp associated nucleotidyltransferase NiRAN and S adenosylmethionine SAM dependent N7 and 2 O methyltransferases N MT


id: cord-254250-l0v602x9
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entity:
  DIAMOND MEGAN Community Edition Interactive Exploration and Analysis of Large Scale Microbiome Sequencing Data Fast


id: cord-253542-twn07poq
type: ORG
entity:
  the World Health Organization s International Health Regulations Geneva World Health Organization Public


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type: PROTEIN
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  Guardian COVID 19 and food security in vulnerable countries Food Security and COVID 19 Ensuring food security


id: cord-341880-wxliz485
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  United Nations FAO COVID 19 Bangladesh Multi Sectoral Anticipatory Impact and Needs Analysis Dhaka 2020 The Daily Prothom Alo The Holiday


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entity:
  BDT 51 2 83 depending on the share of the daily wage earnings θ for the daily wage based farm households


id: cord-324856-hf969tav
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  the Source A Socio Economic Perspective Survey of Knowledge of Villagers in Prevention and Control of Sars


id: cord-324856-hf969tav
type: EVENT
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  the Covid 19 Epidemic in Southwestern China Study of Knowledge Attitude Anxiety Perceived Mental Healthcare Need


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entity:
  Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh Global Affairs Canada Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency


id: cord-346068-489qq5pp
type: ORG
entity:
  Sukanta Chowdhury Programme for Emerging Infections International Centre for Diarrheal Diseases Research


id: cord-346068-489qq5pp
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  the Case Manifestations and Public Health Response for Outbreak of Meningococcal W Disease Transmission of Chikungunya Virus


id: cord-346068-489qq5pp
type: DISEASE
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  influenza A virus negative shops by using a random number generator and a list of influenza A virusnegative


id: cord-346068-489qq5pp
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A viral RNA and 7 cities 70 had shops positive for the H5 subtype Among the 80 LBMs 1 shop from 74 markets 93


id: cord-346068-489qq5pp
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A viral RNA and 1 shop from 35 markets 44 was positive for influenza A H5 RNA Environmental samples from 6 LBMs 3


id: cord-346068-489qq5pp
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A virus negative shops Among these shops only 2 of influenza A H5 viruspositive shops performed disinfection


id: cord-283756-ycjzitlk
type: DISEASE
entity:
  henipaviruses in fruit juice lychee pawpaw and mango over three to four days although titres were still detectable after three days There were also large variations


id: cord-330395-2qoyrqmj
type: ORG
entity:
  Directorate of Health Services Goverment of Bangladesh Directorate of Health Services Goverment of Bangladesh Daily


id: cord-349219-tl97bj42
type: ORG
entity:
  a Mediator of Family Environment in Etiological Models of Childhood Anxiety Republished Article A structural


id: cord-349219-tl97bj42
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Examining How Neighborhood Disadvantage Influences Trajectories of Adolescent Violence A Look at Social Bonding and Psychological Distress


id: cord-349219-tl97bj42
type: EVENT
entity:
  the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories Prevalence and Psychiatric Risk Factors of Excessive Internet Use


id: cord-349219-tl97bj42
type: ORG
entity:
  Young Adult College Students Depression Anxiety and Stress Assessment of Depression Anxiety and Stress among Medical Students Enrolled


id: cord-340939-ikomc19t
type: ORG
entity:
  the United States Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Protocol


id: cord-321098-j3glby40
type: GGP
entity:
  EEI6 p 0 05 shows that due to this shut down poor people will be severely affected the price of the basic products


id: cord-321098-j3glby40
type: GGP
entity:
  SEI2 4 0 336 0 493 and SEI10 0 418 The PC3 Third showed 7 196 of the variance and was moderate positively loaded for immediate emerging issues IEI1 5 0 546 0 665 The PC4 Four indicated 6 792 of the variance and was loaded with a significant level of strong positive loadings for immediate


id: cord-321098-j3glby40
type: ORG
entity:
  Mental Health Status Healthcare System Governance and Political Perspective Socio Economic Aspects and Emerging Issues


id: cord-312417-li41ng7v
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Stewart Williams Jennifer Wertheim Heiman Khan Wasif Ali Matin Abdul Kinsman John title Rural community


# url

id: cord-316805-6rshrecb
domain: www.dhakatribune.com
url:
  http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/06/09/covid-19-record-45-deaths-and-3171-fresh-cases-in-a-day


id: cord-316805-6rshrecb
domain: www.dhakatribune.com
url:
  http://www.dhakatribune.com/health/coronavirus/2020/06/07/covid-19-bangladeshrecords-highest-42-deaths-in-a-day-cases-cross-65-000-mark


# bib

id: cord-002586-gilnlwms
author: Nahar, Nazmun
date: 2017-06-26
txt: ./txt/cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002586-gilnlwms.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5485710/
doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-2549-1
summary:
  METHODS: We implemented a behavior change communication intervention in two districts, testing different approaches to reduce the risk of NiV transmission using community mobilization, interpersonal communication, posters and TV public service announcements on local television during the 2012–2014 sap harvesting seasons. Based on previous pilot studies on interrupting bats access to sap [8] [9] [10] , and on the Government of Bangladesh''s recommendation to abstain from drinking raw sap, we developed and implemented a behavior change communication intervention using two different approaches to reduce the risk of NiV transmission. The objective of our paper is to describe and calculate the cost of an already implemented behavior change communication intervention, and estimate the cost of scaling it up to districts where NiV spillover was identified in Bangladesh, using risk-based scenarios. To implement an "only safe sap" intervention with community meetings, gachhi training, poster and the TV public service announcement in the six districts with 48% of all spillover would cost $715,000.

title:
  A large-scale behavior change intervention to prevent Nipah transmission in Bangladesh: components and costs

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Nipah virus infection (NiV) is a bat-borne zoonosis transmitted to humans through consumption of NiV-contaminated raw date palm sap in Bangladesh. The objective of this analysis was to measure the cost of an NiV prevention intervention and estimate the cost of scaling it up to districts where spillover had been identified. METHODS: We implemented a behavior change communication intervention in two districts, testing different approaches to reduce the risk of NiV transmission using community mobilization, interpersonal communication, posters and TV public service announcements on local television during the 2012–2014 sap harvesting seasons. In one district, we implemented a “no raw sap” approach recommending to stop drinking raw date palm sap. In another district, we implemented an “only safe sap” approach, recommending to stop drinking raw date palm sap but offering the option of drinking safe sap. This is sap covered with a barrier, locally called bana, to interrupt bats’ access during collection. We conducted surveys among randomly selected respondents two months after the intervention to measure the proportion of people reached. We used an activity-based costing method to calculate the cost of the intervention. RESULTS: The implementation cost of the “no raw sap” intervention was $30,000 and the “only safe sap” intervention was $55,000. The highest cost was conducting meetings and interpersonal communication efforts. The lowest cost was broadcasting the public service announcements on local TV channels. To scale up a similar intervention in 30 districts where NiV spillover has occurred, would cost between $2.6 and $3.5 million for one season. Placing the posters would cost $96,000 and only broadcasting the public service announcement through local channels in 30 districts would cost $26,000. CONCLUSIONS: Broadcasting a TV public service announcement is a potential low cost option to advance NiV prevention. It could be supplemented with posters and targeted interpersonal communication, in districts with a high risk of NiV spillover. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-017-2549-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-003062-qm8kalyt
author: Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi
date: 2018-06-21
txt: ./txt/cord-003062-qm8kalyt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003062-qm8kalyt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6013221/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199579
summary:
  This observational study examined the association of temperature, humidity and rainfall with six common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in adults (malaria, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, encephalitis, pneumonia and bacterial meningitis) in northeastern Bangladesh. Unfortunately, very few studies on the relationship between various environmental variables and trends of infectious disease incidence have been performed so far in Bangladesh, although there are reports of some infections increasing sporadically in different regions of the country [17] [18] [19] . This study examined six infectious diseases based on clinical syndromes and laboratory support (malaria, enteric fever, encephalitis, diarrheal disease, pneumonia and meningitis) to offer a broader scope on the trend of these infectious diseases and their possible relation to climate change in Bangladesh. W.H.O reported dengue, viral encephalitis, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, pneumonia and meningitis as most sensitive to climate factors, and predicted a huge rise of cases in tropical countries [25] .

title:
  The association between temperature, rainfall and humidity with common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in Bangladesh

abstract:
  Bangladesh is one of the world’s most vulnerable countries for climate change. This observational study examined the association of temperature, humidity and rainfall with six common climate-sensitive infectious diseases in adults (malaria, diarrheal disease, enteric fever, encephalitis, pneumonia and bacterial meningitis) in northeastern Bangladesh. Subjects admitted to the adult medicine ward of a tertiary referral hospital in Sylhet, Bangladesh from 2008 to 2012 with a diagnosis of one of the six chosen climate-sensitive infectious diseases were enrolled in the study. Climate-related data were collected from the Bangladesh Meteorological Institute. Disease incidence was then analyzed against mean temperature, humidity and average rainfall for the Sylhet region. Statistical significance was determined using Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test and ANOVA testing. 5033 patients were enrolled (58% male, 42% female, ratio 1.3:1). All six diseases showed highly significant (p = 0.01) rises in incidence between the study years 2008 (540 cases) and 2012 (1330 cases), compared with no significant rise in overall all-cause hospital admissions in the same period (p = 0.19). The highest number of malaria (135), diarrhea (266) and pneumonia (371) cases occurred during the rainy season. On the other hand, the maximum number of enteric fever (408), encephalitis (183) and meningitis (151) cases occurred during autumn, which follows the rainy season. A positive (P = 0.01) correlation was observed between increased temperature and the incidence of malaria, enteric fever and diarrhea, and a negative correlation with encephalitis, meningitis and pneumonia. Higher humidity correlated (P = 0.01) with a higher number of cases of malaria and diarrhea, but inversely correlated with meningitis and encephalitis. Higher incidences of encephalitis and meningitis occurred while there was low rainfall. Incidences of diarrhea, malaria and enteric fever, increased with rainfall, and then gradually decreased. The findings support a relationship between weather patterns and disease incidence, and provide essential baseline data for future large prospective studies.


id: cord-032887-ctet5mun
title: Depression literacy and awareness programs among Bangladeshi students: An online survey
author: Mamun, Mohammed A.
date: 2020-09-21
txt: ./txt/cord-032887-ctet5mun.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-032887-ctet5mun.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7509782/
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04901
summary:
  CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that depression literacy was low in the population studied and the findings here will help to facilitate mental health literacy awareness programs in the context of Bangladeshi students as well as those outside the country. There was no significant gender difference on overall D-Lit scale score as well as other subscales, except for biological symptoms (i.e., Findings also indicated that students studying in health-related disciplines had higher depression literacy levels compared to students studying non-health-related disciplines. Similar findings were reported in a very recent study of Bangladesh, where there was no difference in depression literacy scores between those students who suffered from mental issues (i.e., depression and anxiety) and those who did not .

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Preventing depression and helping individuals to become more resilient to depression, awareness-related programs have been suggested. To implement such programs, depression literacy (D-Lit) assessment is needed. However, little information is known about it in Bangladesh, and this gap was addressed - in the present study. METHODS: An online-based cross-sectional survey was carried out among 404 university students (62.6% male; 69.3% undergraduates, mean age = 22.35 ± 2.69 years). The survey included questions asking about socio-demographics, personal and family depression history, its' stigma and related programs, and the 20-item Bangla Depression Literacy questionnaire. RESULTS: The results showed a mean score of 9.30 (SD = 2.75; out of total 20 scores) on the Bangla D-Lit scale. Participants had very limited knowledge of the psychotic symptoms, impact, and management subscales. Moreover, nine items out of the total twenty-items were answered correctly by at least 50% of the participants. There were no significant D-Lit score differences based on gender and past-year personal history, and family depression history. Structural equation modeling indicated that having knowledge about depression and attending depression seminars were positively related to elevated depression literacy. LIMITATIONS: The study has some limitations due to its cross-sectional study nature and modest sample size. In addition, there the assessment of depression did not use a validated psychometric instrument and the D-Lit comprises multiple-choice responses so the real rate of depression literacy may be even lower than that found because participants could have guessed answers that they did not know. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study suggest that depression literacy was low in the population studied and the findings here will help to facilitate mental health literacy awareness programs in the context of Bangladeshi students as well as those outside the country.


id: cord-148145-qg5623s7
title: COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak in the Subcontinent: A data-driven analysis
author: Singh, Bikash Chandra
date: 2020-08-22
txt: ./txt/cord-148145-qg5623s7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-148145-qg5623s7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.09803v1.pdf
doi: nan
summary:
  More specifically, we use various models (for example, susceptible infection recovery (SIR), exponential growth (EG), sequential Bayesian (SB), maximum likelihood (ML) and time dependent (TD)) to estimate the reproduction numbers and observe the model fitness in the corresponding data set. Since the governments of different countries have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic seriously, it is important that the researchers estimate: (i) the pandemic regionally based on the basic reproduction number, (ii) the arrival of the peak time, and forecast the time course of the epidemic by analyzing the data on the total number of infected cases, (iii) the total number of confirmed cases, (iv) the total number of deaths, and (v) the total number of cases recovered, etc. In this study, we use SIR, EG, SB, ML and TD models to analyze data to determine the reproduction number and pre-dict the epidemic trend of COVID-19 in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan.

abstract:
  Human civilization is experiencing a critical situation that presents itself for a new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus emerged in late December 2019 in Wuhan city, Hubei, China. The grim fact of COVID-19 is, it is highly contagious in nature, therefore, spreads rapidly all over the world and causes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Responding to the severity of COVID-19 research community directs the attention to the analysis of COVID-19, to diminish its antagonistic impact towards society. Numerous studies claim that the subcontinent, i.e., Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, could remain in the worst affected region by the COVID-19. In order to prevent the spread of COVID-19, it is important to predict the trend of COVID-19 beforehand the planning of effective control strategies. Fundamentally, the idea is to dependably estimate the reproduction number to judge the spread rate of COVID-19 in a particular region. Consequently, this paper uses publicly available epidemiological data of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan to estimate the reproduction numbers. More specifically, we use various models (for example, susceptible infection recovery (SIR), exponential growth (EG), sequential Bayesian (SB), maximum likelihood (ML) and time dependent (TD)) to estimate the reproduction numbers and observe the model fitness in the corresponding data set. Experimental results show that the reproduction numbers produced by these models are greater than 1.2 (approximately) indicates that COVID-19 is gradually spreading in the subcontinent.


id: cord-252795-x66zqmgv
author: Islam, Md. Akhtarul
date: 2020-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-252795-x66zqmgv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252795-x66zqmgv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238162
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238162
summary:
  title: Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web-based cross-sectional survey Following the detection of first COVID-19 case on March 8, 2020 [6] , Bangladesh like many other countries put the lockdown strategy into effect on March 26, 2020 , to ensure ''social distance'' through ''home quarantine'' to curb the ''spread'' among its population [7] [8] [9] , since a precise treatment or vaccine for the infected and people at risk are yet to achieved by the global health community [10, 11] . The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is creating a psycho-emotional chaotic situation as countries have been reporting a sharp rise of mental health problems, including anxiety, depression, stress, sleep disorder as well as fear, among its citizens [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] , that eventually increased the substance use [15] and sometimes suicidal behavior [20] [21] [22] . Researchers in China observed that the greater exposure to ''misinformation'' through social media are more likely contributing to the development of anxiety, depression, and other mental health problems among its population of different socioeconomic background [23] [24] [25] [26] .

title:
  Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web-based cross-sectional survey

abstract:
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety among Bangladeshi university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also aimed at identifying the determinants of depression and anxiety. A total of 476 university students living in Bangladesh participated in this cross-sectional web-based survey. A standardized e-questionnaire was generated using the Google Form, and the link was shared through social media—Facebook. The information was analyzed in three consecutive levels, such as univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Students were experiencing heightened depression and anxiety. Around 15% of the students reportedly had moderately severe depression, whereas 18.1% were severely suffering from anxiety. The binary logistic regression suggests that older students have greater depression (OR = 2.886, 95% CI = 0.961–8.669). It is also evident that students who provided private tuition in the pre-pandemic period had depression (OR = 1.199, 95% CI = 0.736–1.952). It is expected that both the government and universities could work together to fix the academic delays and financial problems to reduce depression and anxiety among university students.


id: cord-253542-twn07poq
author: Nikolay, Birgit
date: 2017-01-17
txt: ./txt/cord-253542-twn07poq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253542-twn07poq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002218
doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002218
summary:
  METHODS AND FINDINGS: We propose a framework to evaluate the sensitivity and representativeness of hospital-based surveillance and apply it to severe neurological infectious diseases and fatal respiratory infectious diseases in Bangladesh. We estimated the probability of surveillance detecting different sized outbreaks by distance from the surveillance hospital and compared characteristics of cases identified in the community and cases attending surveillance hospitals. We estimated the probability of surveillance detecting different sized outbreaks by distance from the surveillance hospital and compared characteristics of cases identified in the community and cases attending surveillance hospitals. We quantified case detection probabilities by distance from a surveillance hospital using log-binomial regression analysis separately for severe neurological and fatal respiratory disease cases. We described an analytic approach for evaluating the sensitivity and representativeness of hospital-based surveillance systems and applied it to surveillance for severe neurological diseases and fatal respiratory infectious diseases in Bangladesh.

title:
  Evaluating Hospital-Based Surveillance for Outbreak Detection in Bangladesh: Analysis of Healthcare Utilization Data

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The International Health Regulations outline core requirements to ensure the detection of public health threats of international concern. Assessing the capacity of surveillance systems to detect these threats is crucial for evaluating a country’s ability to meet these requirements. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We propose a framework to evaluate the sensitivity and representativeness of hospital-based surveillance and apply it to severe neurological infectious diseases and fatal respiratory infectious diseases in Bangladesh. We identified cases in selected communities within surveillance hospital catchment areas using key informant and house-to-house surveys and ascertained where cases had sought care. We estimated the probability of surveillance detecting different sized outbreaks by distance from the surveillance hospital and compared characteristics of cases identified in the community and cases attending surveillance hospitals. We estimated that surveillance detected 26% (95% CI 18%–33%) of severe neurological disease cases and 18% (95% CI 16%–21%) of fatal respiratory disease cases residing at 10 km distance from a surveillance hospital. Detection probabilities decreased markedly with distance. The probability of detecting small outbreaks (three cases) dropped below 50% at distances greater than 26 km for severe neurological disease and at distances greater than 7 km for fatal respiratory disease. Characteristics of cases attending surveillance hospitals were largely representative of all cases; however, neurological disease cases aged <5 y or from the lowest socioeconomic group and fatal respiratory disease cases aged ≥60 y were underrepresented. Our estimates of outbreak detection rely on suspected cases that attend a surveillance hospital receiving laboratory confirmation of disease and being reported to the surveillance system. The extent to which this occurs will depend on disease characteristics (e.g., severity and symptom specificity) and surveillance resources. CONCLUSION: We present a new approach to evaluating the sensitivity and representativeness of hospital-based surveillance, making it possible to predict its ability to detect emerging threats.


id: cord-254250-l0v602x9
author: Hooper, Chantelle
date: 2020-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-254250-l0v602x9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254250-l0v602x9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101120
doi: 10.3390/v12101120
summary:
  title: A Novel RNA Virus, Macrobrachium rosenbergii Golda Virus (MrGV), Linked to Mass Mortalities of the Larval Giant Freshwater Prawn in Bangladesh De novo virus assembly revealed a 29 kb single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with similarities in key protein motif sequences to yellow head virus (YHV), an RNA virus that causes mass mortalities in marine shrimp aquaculture, and other viruses in the Nidovirales order. rnaSPAdes assembly of combined libraries produced 38,826 contigs; 23 contigs, of average length 4560 bp, had similarity in protein sequence to YHV or gill-associated virus (GAV), but when the trimmed reads were aligned against the YHV genome (accession number GCA_003972805.1), no alignment was seen. rosenbergii were negative: MrNV and XSV, the causative agents of white tail disease [9, 10] ; MrTV, a virus associated with mass larval mortalities in China [15] , Spiroplasma eriocheiris [8] , and WSSV-shown to be able to infect M.

title:
  A Novel RNA Virus, Macrobrachium rosenbergii Golda Virus (MrGV), Linked to Mass Mortalities of the Larval Giant Freshwater Prawn in Bangladesh

abstract:
  Mass mortalities of the larval stage of the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, have been occurring in Bangladesh since 2011. Mortalities can reach 100% and have resulted in an 80% decline in the number of hatcheries actively producing M. rosenbergii. To investigate a causative agent for the mortalities, a disease challenge was carried out using infected material from a hatchery experiencing mortalities. Moribund larvae from the challenge were prepared for metatranscriptomic sequencing. De novo virus assembly revealed a 29 kb single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with similarities in key protein motif sequences to yellow head virus (YHV), an RNA virus that causes mass mortalities in marine shrimp aquaculture, and other viruses in the Nidovirales order. Primers were designed against the novel virus and used to screen cDNA from larvae sampled from hatcheries in the South of Bangladesh from two consecutive years. Larvae from all hatcheries screened from both years were positive by PCR for the novel virus, including larvae from a hatchery that at the point of sampling appeared healthy, but later experienced mortalities. These screens suggest that the virus is widespread in M. rosenbergii hatchery culture in southern Bangladesh, and that early detection of the virus can be achieved by PCR. The hypothesised protein motifs of Macrobrachium rosenbergii golda virus (MrGV) suggest that it is likely to be a new species within the Nidovirales order. Biosecurity measures should be taken in order to mitigate global spread through the movement of post-larvae within and between countries, which has previously been linked to other virus outbreaks in crustacean aquaculture.


id: cord-254254-14xtxmpg
title: Controlling Nipah virus encephalitis in Bangladesh: Policy options
author: Dhillon, Jasmine
date: 2015-04-30
txt: ./txt/cord-254254-14xtxmpg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254254-14xtxmpg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2015.13
doi: 10.1057/jphp.2015.13
summary:
  First identified and isolated in the village of Sungai Nipah, Malaysia in 1999 during a severe disease outbreak in humans and pigs, NiV was initially diagnosed as a Hendra-like virus and named ''Nipah''. Preliminary studies show the local population, including health professionals, in Bangladesh are generally misinformed about the transmission and spread of the Nipah virus; 9 they remain unaware of the signs of infection and methods of protecting themselves and family members. Surveillance of hospital staff biweekly or monthly during the outbreak season (November-May) will help monitor the potential nosocomial spread of the disease and will also assess the human-to-human transmission potential of the evolving Nipah virus. This option may not completely eliminate the disease as it targets only one form of virus transmission (bats-to-humans), but may help prevent the index cases in future sporadic outbreaks. A randomized controlled trial of interventions to impede date palm sap contamination by bats to prevent Nipah virus transmission in Bangladesh

abstract:
  Nipah virus (NiV) encephalitis is endemic in Bangladesh, with yearly seasonal outbreaks occurring since 2003. NiV has a notable case fatality rate, 75–100 per cent depending on the strain. In Bangladesh, primary transmission to humans is believed to be because of consumption of bat-contaminated date palm sap (DPS). Both the disease and the virus have been investigated extensively, however efforts to implement preventive strategies have met social and cultural challenges. Here we present a variety of community approaches to control the spread of Nipah encephalitis, along with advantages and disadvantages of each. This information may be useful to health workers and policymakers in potential NiV outbreak areas in Southeast Asia.


id: cord-254636-3lr008th
author: Shishir, Tushar Ahmed
date: 2020-08-16
txt: ./txt/cord-254636-3lr008th.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254636-3lr008th.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.20.212563
doi: 10.1101/2020.07.20.212563
summary:
  We conducted comparative analysis of publicly available whole-genome sequences of 64 SARS-CoV-2 isolates in Bangladesh and 371 isolates from another 27 countries to predict possible transmission routes of COVID19 to Bangladesh and genomic variations among the viruses. Compared to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 sequence reported from China, the isolates in Bangladesh had a total of 180 mutations in the coding region of the genome, and 110 of these were missense. We conducted comparative analysis of publicly available genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 from 27 countries to predict the origin of viruses in Bangladesh by studying a time-4 resolved phylogenetic relationship. Later, we analyzed the variants present in different isolates of Bangladesh to understand the pattern of mutations in relation to the ancestral Wuhan strain, find unique mutations, and possible effect of these mutations on the stability of encoded proteins, and selection pressure on genes.

title:
  In silico comparative genomics of SARS-CoV-2 to determine the source and diversity of the pathogen in Bangladesh

abstract:
  The COVID19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has severely affected most countries of the world including Bangladesh. We conducted comparative analysis of publicly available whole-genome sequences of 64 SARS-CoV-2 isolates in Bangladesh and 371 isolates from another 27 countries to predict possible transmission routes of COVID19 to Bangladesh and genomic variations among the viruses. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the pathogen was imported in Bangladesh from multiple countries. The viruses found in the southern district of Chattogram were closely related to strains from Saudi Arabia whereas those in Dhaka were similar to that of United Kingdom and France. The 64 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Bangladesh belonged to three clusters. Compared to the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 sequence reported from China, the isolates in Bangladesh had a total of 180 mutations in the coding region of the genome, and 110 of these were missense. Among these, 99 missense mutations (90%) were predicted to destabilize protein structures. Remarkably, a mutation that leads to an I300F change in the nsp2 protein and a mutation leading to D614G change in the spike protein were prevalent in SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences, and might have influenced the epidemiological properties of the virus in Bangladesh.


id: cord-255574-gqekw0si
title: Chapter 14 Biosecurity Strategies for Backyard Poultry: A Controlled Way for Safe Food Production
author: Samanta, Indranil
date: 2018-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-255574-gqekw0si.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-255574-gqekw0si.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128114452000143
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811445-2.00014-3
summary:
  The source of microbial infection (Salmonella, Escherichia coli) and their dissemination through the eggs in backyard flocks kept in different agroclimatic zones of West Bengal, a major egg producing state in India, was identified. In developing countries, the backyard poultry sector mostly suffers from two infectious diseases, such as Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) due to lack of biosecurity and proper vaccination (Alexander, 2001) . Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is reported from poultry and wild birds in Asia, Africa, and Europe (OIE, 2013). In Italy, eight HPAI outbreaks in backyard poultry flocks infected with H5N2 virus were reported in 1997-98 (Alexander, 2000) , while chickens raised for recreational purposes in the urban localities in the Netherlands acted as major risk factors for a HPAI outbreak in 2003 (Slingenbergh et al., 2004) . Risk for infection with highly pathogenic Avian influenza virus (H5N1) in backyard chickens in Bangladesh

abstract:
  Abstract The people of rural and periurban India depend on backyard farming system for poultry meat and eggs. It is used by weaker sections of society, such as marginal farmers as insurance against crop failure, for ready cash and to ensure basic economic returns and the empowerment of women and children. However, backyard farming does not appear to be a promising strategy to achieve the poverty reduction until the production level is increased. The major constraint in increasing the production in backyard birds is microbial infection due to lack of biosecurity knowledge among the farmers. The mitigation of the microbial infection depends on the detection of the infection route and its prevention. The source of microbial infection (Salmonella, Escherichia coli) and their dissemination through the eggs in backyard flocks kept in different agroclimatic zones of West Bengal, a major egg producing state in India, was identified. The pattern of virulence gene specially associated with urinary tract infection and antibiotic resistance genes, such as extended spectrum β lactamase (ESBL) genes of the isolates was studied. The chapter will elaborate the backyard farming including breeds reared, housing, feeding with special emphasis on suggested biosecurity strategies and consequence of the adapted strategy.


id: cord-276177-hhmd8ilk
author: Islam, Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul
date: 2020-10-28
txt: ./txt/cord-276177-hhmd8ilk.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33118070/
doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11273-2
summary:
  Since there is a close association between other viral infection cases by epidemics and environmental factors, this study intends to unveil meteorological effects on the outbreak of COVID-19 across eight divisions of Bangladesh from March to April 2020. Thus, the objectives of the current study were to investigate the effects of meteorological factors on COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths in Bangladesh using compound Poisson generalized linear modeling (CPGLM), a unique approach across the eight divisions of Bangladesh along with the Monte-Carlo method and random forest (RF) model. We employed the compound Poisson generalized linear model (CPGLMs) for exploring the relationship between daily meteorological variables (TDN, MT, NHR, MRH, AH, and rainfall), and daily confirmed cases from COVID-19 across Bangladesh from March 8 to April 30, 2020. Many studies have reported that temperature and relative humidity are the most contributing climatic variables influencing COVID-19 cases in other countries Shi et al.

title:
  Are meteorological factors enhancing COVID-19 transmission in Bangladesh? Novel findings from a compound Poisson generalized linear modeling approach

abstract:
  Novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 disease has arisen to be a pandemic. Since there is a close association between other viral infection cases by epidemics and environmental factors, this study intends to unveil meteorological effects on the outbreak of COVID-19 across eight divisions of Bangladesh from March to April 2020. A compound Poisson generalized linear modeling (CPGLM), along with a Monte-Carlo method and random forest (RF) model, was employed to explore how meteorological factors affecting the COVID-19 transmission in Bangladesh. Results showed that subtropical climate (mean temperature about 26.6 °C, mean relative humidity (MRH) 64%, and rainfall approximately 3 mm) enhanced COVD-19 onset. The CPGLM model revealed that every 1 mm increase in rainfall elevated by 30.99% (95% CI 77.18%, − 15.20%) COVID-19 cases, while an increase of 1 °C of diurnal temperature (TDN) declined the confirmed cases by − 14.2% (95% CI 9.73%, − 38.13%) on the lag 1 and lag 2, respectively. In addition, NRH and MRH had the highest increase (17.98% (95% CI 22.5%, 13.42%) and 19.92% (95% CI: 25.71%, 14.13%)) of COVID-19 cased in lag 4. The results of the RF model indicated that TDN and AH (absolute humidity) influence the COVID-19 cases most. In the Dhaka division, MRH is the most vital meteorological factor that affects COVID-19 deaths. This study indicates the humidity and rainfall are crucial factors affecting the COVID-19 case, which is contrary to many previous studies in other countries. These outcomes can have policy formulation for the suppression of the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh.


id: cord-276254-q04hqra2
author: Paul, Kishor Kumar
date: 2020-06-02
txt: ./txt/cord-276254-q04hqra2.txt
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extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.111
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.111
summary:
  title: Comparing insights from clinic-based versus community-based outbreak investigations: a case study of chikungunya in Bangladesh In this context, community-based investigations may provide additional insight into key risk factors for infection, however, the benefits of these more laborious data collection strategies remains unclear. (Khatun et al., 2015 , Salje et al., 2016b Here we use the results from a detailed investigation of an outbreak of chikungunya virus in a village in Tangail, Bangladesh where the outbreak team visited every household in the community and interviewed all members in each household. This investigation suggests that chikungunya virus has become an emerging public health problem in Bangladesh, and outbreak investigations of emerging infections often have the objective of estimating attack rates of diseases and identifying the risk factors that lead to infection.

title:
  Comparing insights from clinic-based versus community-based outbreak investigations: a case study of chikungunya in Bangladesh

abstract:
  Abstract Background Outbreak investigations typically focus their efforts on identifying cases that present at healthcare facilities. However, these cases rarely represent all cases in the wider community. In this context, community-based investigations may provide additional insight into key risk factors for infection, however, the benefits of these more laborious data collection strategies remains unclear. Methods We used different subsets of the data from a comprehensive outbreak investigation to compare the inferences we make in alternative investigation strategies. Results The outbreak investigation team interviewed 1,933 individuals from 460 homes. 364 (18%) of individuals had symptoms consistent with chikungunya. A theoretical clinic-based study would have identified 26% of the cases. Adding in community-based cases provided an overall estimate of the attack rate in the community. Comparison with controls from the same household revealed that those with at least secondary education had a reduced risk. Finally, enrolling residents from households across the community allowed us to characterize spatial heterogeneity of risk and identify the type of clothing usually worn and travel history as risk factors. This also revealed that household-level use of mosquito control was not associated with infection. Conclusions These findings highlight that while clinic-based studies may be easier to conduct, they only provide limited insight into the burden and risk factors for disease. Enrolling people who escaped from infection, both in the household and in the community allows a step change in our understanding of the spread of a pathogen and maximizes opportunities for control.


id: cord-282303-idh7io9v
title: Contamination of hospital surfaces with respiratory pathogens in Bangladesh
author: Hassan, Md. Zakiul
date: 2019-10-28
txt: ./txt/cord-282303-idh7io9v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-282303-idh7io9v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224065
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224065
summary:
  With limited infection control practices in overcrowded Bangladeshi hospitals, surfaces may play an important role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens in hospital wards and pose a serious risk of infection for patients, health care workers, caregivers and visitors. With limited infection control practices in overcrowded Bangladeshi hospitals, surfaces may play an important role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens in hospital wards and pose a serious risk of infection for patients, health care workers, caregivers and visitors. Respiratory viral and bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinoviruses and novel coronavirus strains, can survive on hospital surfaces for days, weeks or even months. This study identified that hospital surfaces in these Bangladeshi hospitals, were frequently contaminated with respiratory pathogens and pose a potential threat for fomite-borne transmission of respiratory infections to patients, healthcare workers and family caregivers.

abstract:
  With limited infection control practices in overcrowded Bangladeshi hospitals, surfaces may play an important role in the transmission of respiratory pathogens in hospital wards and pose a serious risk of infection for patients, health care workers, caregivers and visitors. In this study, we aimed to identify if surfaces near hospitalized patients with respiratory infections were contaminated with respiratory pathogens and to identify which surfaces were most commonly contaminated. Between September-November 2013, we collected respiratory (nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal) swabs from patients hospitalized with respiratory illness in adult medicine and paediatric medicine wards at two public tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh. We collected surface swabs from up to five surfaces near each case-patient including: the wall, bed rail, bed sheet, clinical file, and multipurpose towel used for care giving purposes. We tested swabs using real-time multiplex PCR for 19 viral and 12 bacterial pathogens. Case-patients with at least one pathogen detected had corresponding surface swabs tested for those same pathogens. Of 104 patients tested, 79 had a laboratory-confirmed respiratory pathogen. Of the 287 swabs collected from surfaces near these patients, 133 (46%) had evidence of contamination with at least one pathogen. The most commonly contaminated surfaces were the bed sheet and the towel. Sixty-two percent of patients with a laboratory-confirmed respiratory pathgen (49/79) had detectable viral or bacterial nucleic acid on at least one surface. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequently detected pathogen on both respiratory swabs (32%, 33/104) and on surfaces near patients positive for this organism (97%, 32/33). Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces. Efforts to introduce routine cleaning in wards may be a feasible strategy to improve infection control, given that severe space constraints prohibit cohorting patients with respiratory illness.


id: cord-283061-qr8xynn2
author: Uzzaman, Md. Nazim
date: 2020-09-28
txt: ./txt/cord-283061-qr8xynn2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283061-qr8xynn2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32988371/
doi: 10.1186/s12875-020-01270-2
summary:
  Using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as an exemplar, we aimed to assess the feasibility of blended learning (combination of face-to-face and online) for GPs, and explore trainees'' and trainers'' perspectives towards the blended learning approach. We trained 49 GPs in two groups via blended (n = 25) and traditional face-to-face approach (n = 24) and assessed their post-course knowledge and skills. Provision of postgraduate training in Family Medicine is increasing in Asia Pacific, but rarely uses innovative online learning [1] that could enhance access to continuing medical education (CME) essential for building and maintaining a high-quality primary care workforce [2] . Quantitative data measured pre-post self-assessment of adherence to COPD guidelines and qualitative focus groups and interviews explored trainee and trainers'' perspectives of the blended learning. The total training hours was 40 h in both blended and traditional learning approaches and the courses contained the same content: components aimed at enhancing COPD knowledge (16 h) and skills (24 h).

title:
  Continuing professional education for general practitioners on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: feasibility of a blended learning approach in Bangladesh

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Continuing medical education (CME) is essential to developing and maintaining high quality primary care. Traditionally, CME is delivered face-to-face, but due to geographical distances, and pressure of work in Bangladesh, general practitioners (GPs) are unable to relocate for several days to attend training. Using chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as an exemplar, we aimed to assess the feasibility of blended learning (combination of face-to-face and online) for GPs, and explore trainees’ and trainers’ perspectives towards the blended learning approach. METHODS: We used a mixed-methods design. We trained 49 GPs in two groups via blended (n = 25) and traditional face-to-face approach (n = 24) and assessed their post-course knowledge and skills. The COPD Physician Practice Assessment Questionnaire (COPD-PPAQ) was administered before and one-month post-course. Verbatim transcriptions of focus group discussions with 18 course attendees and interviews with three course trainers were translated into English and analysed thematically. RESULTS: Forty GPs completed the course (Blended: 19; Traditional: 21). The knowledge and skills post course, and the improvement in self-reported adherence to COPD guidelines was similar in both groups. Most participants preferred blended learning as it was more convenient than taking time out of their busy work life, and for many the online learning optimised the benefits of the subsequent face-to-face sessions. Suggested improvements included online interactivity with tutors, improved user friendliness of the e-learning platform, and timing face-to-face classes over weekends to avoid time-out of practice. CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement requires a multifaceted approach, but adequate knowledge and skills are core components. Blended learning is feasible and, with a few caveats, is an acceptable option to GPs in Bangladesh. This is timely, given that online learning with limited face-to-face contact is likely to become the norm in the on-going COVID-19 pandemic.


id: cord-283169-v1ly657m
author: Zaman, Shamrita
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-283169-v1ly657m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283169-v1ly657m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101694
doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101694
summary:
  Guaranteed distribution of shelter strengthening kits among all refugee households, inclusion of disaster risk awareness and preparedness trainings, ensuring safe and dignified return in Myanmar, and global and regional cooperation to address the refugee crisis are some of the propositions recommended in this study for improving Rohingyas'' future adaptation strategies in a humanitarian context. A survey conducted by UNHCR in 16 countries suggested that out of 3.2 million refugees, 200,000 were affected and 100,000 were displaced by disasters associated with natural hazards during 2013 and 2014 owing to living in vulnerable camp settings [10] . In this context, the paper aims is to assess refugees'' adopted strategies to cope with the shifting risks (i.e., the type of risks associated with natural hazards that has changed over time with the change of location) and also, the level of organisational involvement in implementing disaster resilience interventions in the camps.

title:
  Disaster risk reduction in conflict contexts: Lessons learned from the lived experiences of Rohingya refugees in Cox''s bazar, Bangladesh

abstract:
  Bangladesh is currently hosting more than one million stateless Rohingya refugees, who fled from the Rakhine State to avoid serious crimes against humanity persecuted by the Myanmar Army. The newly arrived Rohingyas were accommodated in overcrowded refugee camps in Cox's Bazar District (CBD). The camps are highly vulnerable to landslides, tropical cyclones, flash-flooding, and communicable disease outbreak. Although a number of improvement measures are ongoing, however, no study to date has addressed Rohingyas' self-adopted strategies to mitigate disaster risks. Consequently, this paper aims to explore how refugees cope with risks associated with environmental hazards in the Kutupalong Rohingya Camp in CBD. A mixed-methods research strategy incorporating both quantitative household questionnaire survey and qualitative focus group discussions (FGDs) techniques were applied. In total 250 Rohingya refugees were selected for the questionnaire survey using a stratified random sampling method from camps 17 and 19, and two FGDs (male and female-only) were carried out in camp 13 involving 21 Rohingya participants. Results derived from the study show that responding to early warning systems, storing dried food and medicine, utilising available resources, relocating to safer shelters, and keeping hopes high were some of the coping strategies practised by the respondents. Literacy level imposed a significant impact over respondents' perception to accept various measures. For instance, the probability of storing dried food in preparation for disasters was 4 times higher among literate Rohingya compared to their illiterate counterparts. Similarly, for literate respondents, the probability was 20 times higher to store medicine than for illiterate. Guaranteed distribution of shelter strengthening kits among all refugee households, inclusion of disaster risk awareness and preparedness trainings, ensuring safe and dignified return in Myanmar, and global and regional cooperation to address the refugee crisis are some of the propositions recommended in this study for improving Rohingyas' future adaptation strategies in a humanitarian context.


id: cord-283756-ycjzitlk
title: Potential for Introduction of Bat-Borne Zoonotic Viruses into the EU: A Review
author: Simons, Robin R. L.
date: 2014-05-16
txt: ./txt/cord-283756-ycjzitlk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-283756-ycjzitlk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/v6052084
doi: 10.3390/v6052084
summary:
  Bat-borne viruses can pose a serious threat to human health, with examples including Nipah virus (NiV) in Bangladesh and Malaysia, and Marburg virus (MARV) in Africa. In assessing the risks of introduction of these bat-borne zoonotic viruses to the EU, it is important to consider the location and range of bat species known to be susceptible to infection, together with the virus prevalence, seasonality of viral pulses, duration of infection and titre of virus in different bat tissues. Bats are known to have varying degrees of contact with domestic animals and commercial food crops [20, 21] , in particular contact of Pteropus giganteus bats with date palm sap producing trees in Bangladesh is considered a risk factor for human NiV infection [22] . It can be seen that while recent human infections of both NiV and MARV appear to be limited in geographical range (the red areas in Figure 2 ), there are a number of countries where bats have been identified as having the virus, but no human infection has been reported.

abstract:
  Bat-borne viruses can pose a serious threat to human health, with examples including Nipah virus (NiV) in Bangladesh and Malaysia, and Marburg virus (MARV) in Africa. To date, significant human outbreaks of such viruses have not been reported in the European Union (EU). However, EU countries have strong historical links with many of the countries where NiV and MARV are present and a corresponding high volume of commercial trade and human travel, which poses a potential risk of introduction of these viruses into the EU. In assessing the risks of introduction of these bat-borne zoonotic viruses to the EU, it is important to consider the location and range of bat species known to be susceptible to infection, together with the virus prevalence, seasonality of viral pulses, duration of infection and titre of virus in different bat tissues. In this paper, we review the current scientific knowledge of all these factors, in relation to the introduction of NiV and MARV into the EU.


id: cord-284830-vaikav9m
title: Universal Health Coverage and COVID-19 Pandemic: A Bangladesh Perspective
author: Ferdous, M. Z.
date: 2020-11-13
txt: ./txt/cord-284830-vaikav9m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284830-vaikav9m.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.11.20229526
doi: 10.1101/2020.11.11.20229526
summary:
  Background: Like many other countries around the world, Bangladesh adopts Universal Health Coverage (UHC) as a national aspiration. Results: This short description highlights that the current pandemic COVID-19 holds lessons that health systems and economies in several countries like Bangladesh are not in enough preparation to tackle a massive public health crisis. Most of the time patients have to pay all cost related to health service from their pocket which leads to poor people become poorer and even rich are also facing hardship with is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprint It is made available under a perpetuity.is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in (which was not certified by peer review) preprintThe copyright holder for this this version posted November 13, 2020.

abstract:
  Background: Like many other countries around the world, Bangladesh adopts Universal Health Coverage (UHC) as a national aspiration. The central theme of its providing quality and affordable health services which is a significant element of social protection. This paper was aimed to provide a narrative understanding of the perspectives of UHC in Bangladesh towards COVID-19 based on the existing literature. Methods: We conducted a review combining articles and abstracts with full HTML and PDF format. We searched Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Google using multiple terms related to UHC, COVID-19 and Bangladesh without any date boundary and without any basis of types of studies, that is, all types of studies were scrutinized. Results: This short description highlights that the current pandemic COVID-19 holds lessons that health systems and economies in several countries like Bangladesh are not in enough preparation to tackle a massive public health crisis. It reports the shortage of health workers, scarcity of personal protective equipment, limited and ineffective diagnostic facilities, inadequate infrastructure of health care facilities, scarcity of drugs, and underfunded health services. Further, COVID-19 pandemic highlights the country's health system needs an ongoing rehab post-COVID-19 with strong coordination in governance, in health economics, in health systems, in information systems, as well as in community participation in health to achieve UHC. Conclusions: Addressing the needs for UHC achievement, it is important to break down the access barriers and keeping up to date all the activities addressing public health crisis like COVID-19.


id: cord-286543-mtjk59rp
title: Healthcare Crisis in Bangladesh during the COVID-19 Pandemic
author: Al-Zaman, Md. Sayeed
date: 2020-08-20
txt: ./txt/cord-286543-mtjk59rp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-286543-mtjk59rp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0826
doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0826
summary:
  This article also identifies three responsible issues for the country''s deteriorating health care: 1) poor governance and increased corruption, 2) inadequate healthcare facilities, and 3) weak public health communication. As one of the world''s most densely populated countries (1,115 people/km 2 ) with 21.8% of people living below the poverty line, 2 Bangladesh has a healthcare system that lacks reliability, responsiveness, and empathy, and that has already been proved inadequate to deliver proper health care to the public on many occasions. 3, 5 Amid such a situation, the COVID-19 pandemic reveals many loopholes in the healthcare system that can be summarized under three themes: 1) poor governance and increased corruption, 2) inadequate healthcare facilities, and 3) weak public health communication. 6 In such a situation, many private medicals around the country were either unwilling or abstained from treating COVID-19 patients, and thus healthcare denial intensified.

abstract:
  The COVID-19 pandemic has had a severe impact worldwide. Developed countries, such as the United States, United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain, had their highly efficient medical infrastructure greatly stressed and suffered from high death tolls. Similarly, Bangladesh, a poverty-stricken South Asian country, is losing its battle against the pandemic, but mainly because of its incompetent healthcare system. The casualties are escalating and public sufferings are becoming unimaginable. On this backdrop, this perspective piece discusses the healthcare crisis in Bangladesh during the pandemic. This article also identifies three responsible issues for the country’s deteriorating health care: 1) poor governance and increased corruption, 2) inadequate healthcare facilities, and 3) weak public health communication.


id: cord-296550-wkmnfph3
title: Knowledge, attitudes, and fear of COVID-19 during the Rapid Rise Period in Bangladesh
author: Hossain, Mohammad Anwar
date: 2020-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-296550-wkmnfph3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296550-wkmnfph3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32970769/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239646
summary:
  The study aims to determine the level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) related to COVID-19 preventive health habits and perception of fear towards COVID-19 in subjects living in Bangladesh. The study objectives were to determine the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to COVID-19 preventive health habits and the underlying fear of COVID-19 in the Bangladeshi population and how they are affected by socio-demographic factors. The KAP section of the questionnaire related to a total of 12 score knowledge questions on COVID-19, categorical answers to attitudes towards the control of the pandemic, and practices of wearing masks and avoiding public gatherings. This study is similar to one study in China that found a significant relationship between knowledge and age and knowledge and educational level, with males reporting higher levels of knowledge than females regarding COVID-19 symptoms, precautions, and health advisory practices [16] . However, in our study, subjects living in Bangladesh reported similar knowledge for both males and females regarding COVID-19 symptoms, precautions, and health advisory practices.

abstract:
  The study aims to determine the level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) related to COVID-19 preventive health habits and perception of fear towards COVID-19 in subjects living in Bangladesh. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional survey of (n = 2157) male and female subjects, 13–88 years of age, living in Bangladesh. Methods: Ethical approval and trial registration were obtained before the commencement of the study. Subjects who volunteered to participate and signed the informed consent were enrolled in the study and completed the structured questionnaire on KAP and Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S). Results: Twenty-eight percent (28.69%) of subjects reported one or more COVID-19 symptoms, and 21.4% of subjects reported one or more co-morbidities. Knowledge scores were slightly higher in males (8.75± 1.58) than females (8.66± 1.70). Knowledge was significantly correlated with age (p < .005), an education level (p < .001), attitude (p < .001), and urban location (p < .001). Knowledge scores showed an inverse correlation with fear scores (p < .001). Eighty-three percent (83.7%) of subjects with COVID-19 symptoms reported wearing a mask in public, and 75.4% of subjects reported staying away from crowded places. Subjects with one or more symptoms reported higher fear compared to subjects without (18.73± 4.6; 18.45± 5.1). Conclusion: Bangladeshis reported a high prevalence of self-isolation, positive preventive health behaviors related to COVID-19, and moderate to high fear levels. Higher knowledge and Practice were found in males, higher education levels, older age, and urban location. Fear of COVID-19 was more prevalent in female and elderly subjects. A positive attitude was reported for the majority of subjects, reflecting the belief that COVID-19 was controllable and containable.


id: cord-297786-jz1d1m2e
title: Global and Local Mutations in Bangladeshi SARS-CoV-2 Genomes
author: Hasan, Md. Mahbub
date: 2020-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-297786-jz1d1m2e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297786-jz1d1m2e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.25.267658
doi: 10.1101/2020.08.25.267658
summary:
  Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) warrants comprehensive investigations of publicly available Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes to gain new insight about their epidemiology, mutations and pathogenesis. In this study, we compared 207 of SARS-CoV-2 genomes reported from different parts of Bangladesh and their comparison with 467 globally reported sequences to understand the origin of viruses, possible patterns of mutations, availability of unique mutations, and their apparent impact on pathogenicity of the virus in victims of Bangladeshi population. Then, we studied the variants present in different isolates of Bangladesh to investigate the pattern of mutations, identify UMs, and discuss the pseudo-effect of these mutations on the structure and function of encoded proteins, with their role in pathogenicity. To understand the SARS-CoV-2 viral transmission in Bangladesh, we performed phylogenetic analysis on the selected 207 viral genomes reported from different districts of Bangladesh along with selected 467 globally submitted sequences as reported from 42 countries and 6 continents ( Figure 1 ).

abstract:
  Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) warrants comprehensive investigations of publicly available Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes to gain new insight about their epidemiology, mutations and pathogenesis. Nearly 0.4 million mutations were identified so far in ∼60,000 SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences. In this study, we compared 207 of SARS-CoV-2 genomes reported from different parts of Bangladesh and their comparison with 467 globally reported sequences to understand the origin of viruses, possible patterns of mutations, availability of unique mutations, and their apparent impact on pathogenicity of the virus in victims of Bangladeshi population. Phylogenetic analyses indicates that in Bangladesh, SARS-CoV-2 viruses might arrived through infected travelers from European countries, and the GR clade was found as predominant in this region. We found 2602 mutations including 1602 missense mutations, 612 synonymous mutations, 36 insertions and deletions with 352 other mutations types. In line with the global trend, D614G mutation in spike glycoprotein was predominantly high (95.6%) in Bangladeshi isolates. Interestingly, we found the average number of mutations in ORF1ab, S, ORF3a, M and N of genomes, having nucleotide shift at G614 (n=459), were significantly higher (p≤0.001) than those having mutation at D614 (n=215). Previously reported frequent mutations such as P4715L, D614G, R203K, G204R and I300F were also prevalent in Bangladeshi isolates. Additionally, 87 unique amino acid changes were revealed and were categorized as originating from different cities of Bangladesh. The analyses would increase our understanding of variations in virus genomes circulating in Bangladesh and elsewhere and help develop novel therapeutic targets against SARS-CoV-2.


id: cord-303442-5fjb6iz8
author: Morshed, M. S.
date: 2020-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-303442-5fjb6iz8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-303442-5fjb6iz8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.30.20165100
doi: 10.1101/2020.07.30.20165100
summary:
  title: Clinical manifestations of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) attending at hospitals in Bangladesh Bangladesh is in the rising phase of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This is the first study aimed to report the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients attending the fever clinic of a dedicated COVID-19 Hospital (Kurmitola general hospital) in Dhaka city of Bangladesh and two Upazila health complexes from different districts (Jessore and Jhenaidah) from 5 July to 18 July 2020. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics of RT-PCR confirmed patients with COVID-19 attending fever clinics of government hospitals in Bangladesh. The most prevalent symptoms of non-critical COVID-19 patients in Bangladesh consist of fever (78.6%), fatigue (68%), and cough (44.7%).

title:
  Clinical manifestations of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) attending at hospitals in Bangladesh

abstract:
  Bangladesh is in the rising phase of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the scientific literature on clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients from Bangladesh is virtually absent. This is the first study aimed to report the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. We conducted a cross-sectional study at three dedicated COVID-19 hospitals. A total of 103 RT-PCR confirmed non-critical COVID-19 patients were enrolled. Sociodemographic factors, underlying disease conditions, clinical symptoms and vital signs including oxygen saturation were documented and analyzed. The median age of the patients was 37 years (IQR: 31-53); most of the patients (71.8%) were male. Mild, moderate and severe illness were present in 74.76%, 9.71% and 15.53% of patients respectively. More than half (52.4%) patients had a co-morbidity, with hypertension being the most common (34%), followed by diabetes (21.4%) and Ischemic heart disease (9.7%). Fever (78.6%), weakness (68%) and cough (44.7%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Other common symptoms included loss of appetite (37.9%), difficulty breathing (37.9%), altered sensation of taste or smell (35.0%), headache (32%) and bodyache (32%). The median time from onset of symptom to attending hospitals was 7 days (IQR 4-10). This study will help both the clinicians and epidemiologists to understand the magnitude and clinical spectrum of COVID-19 patients in Bangladesh.


id: cord-305682-b232ra0j
title: COVID-19 Outbreak Situations in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis
author: Rahaman Khan, Md Hasinur
date: 2020-04-22
txt: ./txt/cord-305682-b232ra0j.txt
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mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.04.16.20068312v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.16.20068312
summary:
  This paper aims at analysing primarily the current situations of Bangladesh and predicting infections and deaths for moderated term intervals by a proposed projection technique called Infection Trajectory-Pathway Strategy (ITPS) and for short term intervals prediction for total infections, deaths along with total number of severe patients and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients by polynomial regression modeling approach. . https://doi.org/10.1101 measure the risk of infectious disease and predict the risk of COVID-19 transmission using Bangladesh data along with other four countries-United States, Australia, Canada and China. Neither of the three research works dealt with the analysis of current COVID-19 situations in Bangladesh and to make direct projections for incidence, deaths, hospital ICU beds, number of severe patients etc that are the main goals of this paper. Our projection believes that total infected people and deaths in the Bangladesh will be more than 5700 and almost 350 respectively by the end of April, while the number of severe and ICU patients will be 775 and 695 respectively.

abstract:
  COVID-19 disease, as popularly known as Coronavirus 2019 disease, has been emerged from Wuhan, China in December 2019 and now is a pandemic for almost every nation in the earth. It affects every country without considering country's race, nationality and economic status. This paper aims at analysing primarily the current situations of Bangladesh and predicting infections and deaths for moderated term intervals by a proposed projection technique called Infection Trajectory-Pathway Strategy (ITPS) and for short term intervals prediction for total infections, deaths along with total number of severe patients and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients by polynomial regression modeling approach. Since April 7, Bangladesh has started to face critical situations as the number of infections has accelerated very fast in the following days. However, the fatality rate decreases considerably from 15.7 on April 1 to 4.9 on April 14, which is still high among the south asian countries. Of the 1012 cases reported on April 14, almost 70% are the male, 42% are from the capital Dhaka. We have found that the potential pathway of infections for Bangldesh would be the similar pathways that are experienced by Austria, Netherlands, Israel, France and United Kingdom. These countries are ahead a number of weeks and days in terms of infection cases since their 100-th confirmed cases. Our proposed projection method ITPS suggests that by May 10, Bangladesh will cross 12000 incidences and 720 deaths which, by May 16 will be 27000 and 1644 respectively. On the other hand, the regression model suggests that by the end of April, total number of infections, deaths, severe patients and ICU patients will be 5780, 347, 775, and 694 respectively. This study will be favorable for the administrative units of Bangladesh to plan for the next few weeks and to consider various aspects related to the control of COVID-19 outspread in Bangladesh


id: cord-306124-sn780ike
author: Jakariya, Md.
date: 2020-06-16
txt: ./txt/cord-306124-sn780ike.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306124-sn780ike.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0048969720337761
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140255
summary:
  The study also identified the need for assessing vulnerability after certain intervals, specifically owing to the dynamic nature of the coastal region where the factors were found to vary among the different study areas. An effort was made to find the crop yield vulnerability of the farmers of the three coastal districts of Bangladesh by identifying the significant factors that have increased effects on the vulnerability score by Machine Learning models. The factors related to three different variables of vulnerability, e.g., exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity, were identified through focus group discussions (FGD) with the local farmers in each village. Across the coastal region of Bangladesh, the climatic conditions were amongst the factors with the highest weights, which illustrate their importance to assess vulnerability levels. Table 3 shows the state of crop yield vulnerability of the three coastal regions of Bangladesh, which is reflected in the vulnerability scores of different villages in the study area.

title:
  Assessing climate-induced agricultural vulnerable coastal communities of Bangladesh using machine learning techniques

abstract:
  Abstract The agricultural arena in the coastal regions of South-East Asian countries is experiencing the mounting pressures of the adverse effects of climate change. Controlling and predicting climatic factors are difficult and require expensive solutions. The study focuses on identifying issues other than climatic factors using the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to measure agricultural vulnerability. Factors such as monthly savings of the farmers, income opportunities, damage to cultivable lands, and water availability had significant impacts on increasing community vulnerability with regards to agricultural practice. The study also identified the need for assessing vulnerability after certain intervals, specifically owing to the dynamic nature of the coastal region where the factors were found to vary among the different study areas. The development of a climate-resilient livelihood vulnerability assessment tool to detect the most significant factors to assess agricultural vulnerability was done using machine learning (ML) techniques. The ML techniques identified nine significant factors out of 21 based on the minimum level of standard deviation (0.03). A practical application of the outcome of the study was the development of a mobile application. Custom REST APIs (application programming interface) were developed on the backend to seamlessly sync the app to a server, thus ensuring the acquisition of future data without much effort and resources. The paper provides a methodology for a unique vulnerability assessment technique using a mobile application, which can be used for the planning and management of resources by different stakeholders in a sustainable way.


id: cord-306227-63qvvkvk
author: Shammi, Mashura
date: 2020-07-18
txt: ./txt/cord-306227-63qvvkvk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306227-63qvvkvk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00867-y
doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-00867-y
summary:
  This article, therefore, focuses on the public perception of comparative lockdown scenario analysis and how they may affect the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the strategic management regime of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh socio-economically as well as the implications of the withdrawal of partial lockdown plan. First of all, the government should come up with a comprehensive strategic plan accompanied by non-governmental and social organizations and law enforcement to analyse the spread of the virus, identifying the most vulnerable hosts, properly tracked the movement of general people, precise estimation of economic losses from different financial and industrial sectors, educational diminutions and professional and informal employment disruption to picture an integrated scenario of the current situation and future predictions by which the revival of the negative aspects of the country could be managed.

title:
  Strategic assessment of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: comparative lockdown scenario analysis, public perception, and management for sustainability

abstract:
  ABSTRACT: Community transmission of COVID-19 is happening in Bangladesh—the country which did not have a noteworthy health policy and legislative structures to combat a pandemic like COVID-19. Early strategic planning and groundwork for evolving and established challenges are crucial to assemble resources and react in an appropriate timely manner. This article, therefore, focuses on the public perception of comparative lockdown scenario analysis and how they may affect the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the strategic management regime of COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh socio-economically as well as the implications of the withdrawal of partial lockdown plan. Scenario-based public perceptions were collected via a purposive sampling survey method through a questionnaire. Datasets were analysed through a set of statistical techniques including classical test theory, principal component analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, Pearson’s correlation matrix and linear regression analysis. There were good associations among the lockdown scenarios and response strategies to be formulated. Scenario 1 describes how the death and infection rate will increase if the Bangladesh Government withdraws the existing partial lockdown. Scenario 2 outlines that limited people’s movement will enable low-level community transmission of COVID-19 with the infection and death rate will increase slowly (r = 0.540, p < 0.01). Moreover, there will be less supply of necessities of daily use with a price hike (r = 0.680, p < 0.01). In scenario 3, full lockdown will reduce community transmission and death from COVID-19 (r = 0.545, p < 0.01). However, along with the other problems gender discrimination and gender-based violence will increase rapidly (r = 0.661, p < 0.01). Due to full lockdown, the formal and informal business, economy, and education sector will be hampered severely (R = 0.695). Subsequently, there was a strong association between the loss of livelihood and the unemployment rate which will increase due to business shutdown (p < 0.01). This will lead to the severe sufferings of poor and vulnerable communities in both urban and rural areas (p < 0.01). All these will further aggravate the humanitarian needs of the most vulnerable groups in the country in the coming months to be followed which will undoubtedly affect the Bangladesh targets to achieve the SDGs of 2030 and other development plans that need to be adjusted. From our analysis, it was apparent that maintaining partial lockdown with business and economic activities with social distancing and public health guidelines is the best strategy to maintain. However, as the government withdrew the partial lockdown, inclusive and transparent risk communication towards the public should be followed. Recovery and strengthening of the health sector, economy, industry, agriculture, and food security should be focused on under the “new normal standard of life” following health guidelines and social distancing. Proper response plans and strategic management are necessary for the sustainability of the nation. GRAPHIC ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s10668-020-00867-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-307674-4fb5xnil
title: Household‐level risk factors for secondary influenza‐like illness in a rural area of Bangladesh
author: Weaver, Anne M.
date: 2017-01-05
txt: ./txt/cord-307674-4fb5xnil.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-307674-4fb5xnil.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27889937/
doi: 10.1111/tmi.12820
summary:
  It is, therefore, important to identify and address modifiable factors associated with secondary ILI, defined as ILI in another household compound member after the first patient has been identified, at the household level in Bangladesh and other highburden, low-income settings in order to design interventions to reduce transmission. We examined the following household-level characteristics as potential risk factors for secondary ILI: crowding, building materials of homes, exposure to indoor air pollution, presence of handwashing materials, water source, latrine quality and sharing, education of the household respondent and household wealth status. We assessed indicators of exposure to indoor air pollution, such as frequency of index-case patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) identified at hospitals, health complexes, pharmacies, tested for influenza (N = 377) Household compound members of index-case patients recruited, baseline questionnaire given (N = 3159) Smoking in the home and use of shared latrines are associated with an increased risk of secondary influenza-like illness in households in this study.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVE: To describe household‐level risk factors for secondary influenza‐like illness (ILI), an important public health concern in the low‐income population of Bangladesh. METHODS: Secondary analysis of control participants in a randomised controlled trial evaluating the effect of handwashing to prevent household ILI transmission. We recruited index‐case patients with ILI – fever (<5 years); fever, cough or sore throat (≥5 years) – from health facilities, collected information on household factors and conducted syndromic surveillance among household contacts for 10 days after resolution of index‐case patients’ symptoms. We evaluated the associations between household factors at baseline and secondary ILI among household contacts using negative binomial regression, accounting for clustering by household. RESULTS: Our sample was 1491 household contacts of 184 index‐case patients. Seventy‐one percentage reported that smoking occurred in their home, 27% shared a latrine with one other household and 36% shared a latrine with >1 other household. A total of 114 household contacts (7.6%) had symptoms of ILI during follow‐up. Smoking in the home (RR (adj) 1.9, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.0) and sharing a latrine with one household (RR (adj) 2.1, 95% CI: 1.2, 3.6) or >1 household (RR (adj) 3.1, 95% CI: 1.8–5.2) were independently associated with increased risk of secondary ILI. CONCLUSION: Tobacco use in homes could increase respiratory illness in Bangladesh. The mechanism between use of shared latrines and household ILI transmission is not clear. It is possible that respiratory pathogens could be transmitted through faecal contact or contaminated fomites in shared latrines.


id: cord-310677-begnpodw
title: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of children in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study
author: Yeasmin, Sabina
date: 2020-07-29
txt: ./txt/cord-310677-begnpodw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310677-begnpodw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740920309488?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105277
summary:
  This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children aged<15 years during the lockdown in Bangladesh. K-means clustering used to group children according to mental health score and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed to identify the relationship among the parental behavior and child mental health, and also these associations were assessed through chi-square test. The chi-square test was used to measure the association of socio-demographic variables, parental behavior towards children, and child mental health scores among the cluster. In this study, children''s mental health (depression, anxiety, and sleeping disorder) scores were classified into four groups: sub-threshold, mild, moderate, and severe disturbance.

abstract:
  COVID-19 pandemic poses a significant mental health threat among children in Bangladesh. This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of children aged<15 years during the lockdown in Bangladesh. An online cross-sectional study was conducted from 25th April to 9th May 2020 among 384 parents having at least one child aged less than 15 years using non-probability sampling. K-means clustering used to group children according to mental health score and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) performed to identify the relationship among the parental behavior and child mental health, and also these associations were assessed through chi-square test. Children were classified into four groups where 43% of child had subthreshold mental disturbances (mean Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)-10; 2.8), 30.5% had mild (mean MDD-10; 8.9), 19.3% suffered moderately (mean MDD-10; 15.9), and 7.2% of child suffered from severe disturbances (mean MDD-10; 25.2). The higher percentage of mental health disturbances of children with the higher education level of parents, relative infected by COVID-19 (yes), parents still need to go the workplace (yes), and parent’s abnormal behavior but lower to their counterparts. This paper demonstrates large proportions of children are suffering from mental health disturbances in Bangladesh during the period of lockdown. Implementation of psychological intervention strategies and improvement in house-hold financial conditions, literacy of parents, taking care of children, and job security may help in improving the psychological/mental status of children and the authors believe that the findings will be beneficial to accelerate the rate of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) linked to health status in Bangladesh.


id: cord-311256-o3ig9sde
title: Biomedical waste amid COVID-19: perspectives from Bangladesh
author: Rahman, Md Mostafizur
date: 2020-08-13
txt: ./txt/cord-311256-o3ig9sde.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-311256-o3ig9sde.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32798448/
doi: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30349-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  The average medical waste generation rate is 1·63-1·99 kg per bed per day in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. 3 In April 2020, at least 14 500 tonnes of waste from health care was generated across the country because of COVID-19, 4 which has undoubtedly increased due to the increasing infection rate. Also, on average, 206 tonnes of medical waste are produced because of COVID-19 per day in Dhaka alone. In Bangladesh, despite the introduction of the Medical Waste Management and Processing Rules in 2008, no safe system has yet been developed to manage the health-care waste generated daily in hospitals, clinics, and households. Additionally, household waste (eg, tissues, masks, gloves) puts waste management workers at increased health risk. Failing to tackle the huge surge in medical waste amid COVID-19 is likely to put Bangladesh at further environmental and public health risk.


id: cord-312417-li41ng7v
author: Chowdhury, Moyukh
date: 2020-10-12
txt: ./txt/cord-312417-li41ng7v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312417-li41ng7v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33040695/
doi: 10.1080/16549716.2020.1824383
summary:
  title: Rural community perceptions of antibiotic access and understanding of antimicrobial resistance: qualitative evidence from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System site in Matlab, Bangladesh OBJECTIVE: To explore factors and practices around access and use of antibiotics and understanding of antimicrobial resistance in rural communities in Bangladesh from a socio-cultural perspective. METHODS: This qualitative study comprises the second phase of the multi-country ABACUS (Antibiotic Access and Use) project in Matlab, Bangladesh. Multi-sectoral action is needed to confront the underlying social, economic, cultural and political drivers that impact on the access and use of antibiotic medicines in Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to explore factors and practices around access and use of antibiotics and understanding of antimicrobial resistance in rural communities in Bangladesh from a socio-cultural perspective. This study found that people in rural communities in Matlab were either not informed or knew little about appropriate access and use of antibiotic medicines.

title:
  Rural community perceptions of antibiotic access and understanding of antimicrobial resistance: qualitative evidence from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System site in Matlab, Bangladesh

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The use of large quantities of antimicrobial drugs for human health and agriculture is advancing the predominance of drug resistant pathogens in the environment. Antimicrobial resistance is now a major public health threat posing significant challenges for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. In Bangladesh, where over one third of the population is below the poverty line, the achievement of safe and effective antibiotic medication use for human health is challenging. OBJECTIVE: To explore factors and practices around access and use of antibiotics and understanding of antimicrobial resistance in rural communities in Bangladesh from a socio-cultural perspective. METHODS: This qualitative study comprises the second phase of the multi-country ABACUS (Antibiotic Access and Use) project in Matlab, Bangladesh. Information was collected through six focus group discussions and 16 in-depth interviews. Informants were selected from ten villages in four geographic locations using the Health and Demographic Surveillance System database. The Access to Healthcare Framework guided the interpretation and framing of the findings in terms of individuals’ abilities to: perceive, seek, reach, pay and engage with healthcare. RESULTS: Village pharmacies were the preferred and trusted source of antibiotics for self-treatment. Cultural and religious beliefs informed the use of herbal and other complementary medicines. Advice on antibiotic use was also sourced from trusted friends and family members. Access to government-run facilities required travel on poorly maintained roads. Reports of structural corruption, stock-outs and patient safety risks eroded trust in the public sector. Some expressed a willingness to learn about antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSION: Antimicrobial resistance is both a health and development issue. Social and economic contexts shape medicine seeking, use and behaviours. Multi-sectoral action is needed to confront the underlying social, economic, cultural and political drivers that impact on the access and use of antibiotic medicines in Bangladesh.


id: cord-313603-y8p9bmph
title: Coding-Complete Genome Sequences of Three SARS-CoV-2 Strains from Bangladesh
author: Akter, Shahina
date: 2020-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-313603-y8p9bmph.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-313603-y8p9bmph.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32972934/
doi: 10.1128/mra.00764-20
summary:
  title: Coding-Complete Genome Sequences of Three SARS-CoV-2 Strains from Bangladesh We report the sequencing of three severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes from Bangladesh. We have identified a unique mutation (NSP2_V480I) in one of the sequenced genomes (isolate hCoV-19/Bangladesh/BCSIR-NILMRC-006/2020) compared to the sequences available in the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database. After generating a FASTA file from the FASTQ files using the DRAGEN software, it was found that the complete genome sequences of the Bangladeshi SARS-CoV-2 strains (BCSIR_ NILMRC_006, BCSIR_NILMRC_007, and BCSIR_NILMRC_008) have linear RNAs of 29,892 bp, 29,823 bp, and 29,758 bp, respectively, with an average GC content of 39%. The sequences of these SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Bangladesh were submitted to the GISAID database (accession no. We extend special thanks to Architect Yeafesh Osman, Honorable Minister of Science and Technology. Anwar Hossain, Senior Secretary, Ministry of Science and Technology.

abstract:
  We report the sequencing of three severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes from Bangladesh. We have identified a unique mutation (NSP2_V480I) in one of the sequenced genomes (isolate hCoV-19/Bangladesh/BCSIR-NILMRC-006/2020) compared to the sequences available in the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database. The data from this analysis will contribute to advancing our understanding of the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh as well as worldwide at the molecular level and will identify potential new targets for interventions.


id: cord-316805-6rshrecb
title: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Fear of COVID-19 during the Rapid Rise Period in Bangladesh
author: Hossain, M. A.
date: 2020-06-18
txt: ./txt/cord-316805-6rshrecb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316805-6rshrecb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.17.20133611
doi: 10.1101/2020.06.17.20133611
summary:
  Objectives: To determine the level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) related to COVID-19 preventive health habits and perception of Fear towards COVID-19 in subjects living in Bangladesh. The study objectives were to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, and practice related to COVID-19 preventive health habits and underlying fear towards COVID 19 in the Bangladeshi population and how they are affected by socio-demographics factors. This study is similar to one study in China that found a significant relationships between knowledge and age and knowledge and educational level, with males reporting higher levels of knowledge than females regarding COVID-19 symptoms, precautions and health advisory practices (Zhong et al., 2020) . However, in our study, subjects living in Bangladesh reported similar knowledge for both males and females regarding COVID-19 symptoms, precautions and advisory health practices.

abstract:
  Objectives: To determine the level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) related to COVID-19 preventive health habits and perception of Fear towards COVID-19 in subjects living in Bangladesh. Design: Prospective, cross-sectional survey of (n= 2157) male and female subjects, 13-90 years of age, living in Bangladesh. Methods: Ethical Approval and Trial registration were obtained prior to the commencement of the study. Subjects who volunteered to participate and signed the informed consent were enrolled in the study and completed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCS). Results: Twenty-eight percent (28.69%) of subjects reported one or more COVID-19 symptoms and 21.4% of subjects reported one or more comorbidities. Knowledge scores were slightly higher in males (8.75, SD 1.58) than females (8.66, SD 1.70). Knowledge was significantly correlated with age (p<.005), an education level (p<.001), Attitude (p<.001), and urban location (p<.001). Knowledge scores showed an inverse correlation with Fear scores (p<.001). Eighty-three percent (83.7%) of subjects with COVID-19 symptoms reported wearing a mask in public and 75.4% of subjects reported staying away from crowded places. Subjects with one or more symptoms reported higher Fear compared to subjects without (18.73, SD 4.6; 18.45, SD 5.1). Conclusions: Overall, Bangladeshis reported a high prevalence of self-isolation, positive preventive health behaviors related to COVID-19, and moderate to high fear levels. Higher Knowledge and Practice were found in males, higher education levels, older age, and urban location. Fear of COVID-19 was more prevalent in female and elderly subjects. Positive Attitude was reported for the majority of subjects, reflecting the belief that COVID-19 was controllable and containable.


id: cord-319435-le2eifv8
author: Rahman, Mohammad Mahmudur
date: 2020-04-23
txt: ./txt/cord-319435-le2eifv8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319435-le2eifv8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20071415
doi: 10.1101/2020.04.19.20071415
summary:
  To estimate the impact of social distancing we assumed eight different scenarios, the predicted results confirmed the positive impact of this type of control strategies suggesting that by strict social distancing and lockdown, COVID-19 infection can be under control and then the infection cases will steadily decrease down to zero. In this study, we attempt to estimate the final epidemic size of COVID-19 using the classic compartmental susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model [9] . The SIR model presents the increase of decrease information of an outbreak based on some initial data i.e. total given population (N), the infection rate of the infectious disease (β), the recovery rate of the disease (Ɣ), initial susceptible population (S0), initial infected population (I0) and the initial recovered population (R0). The SIR model base prediction of infection curve was compared with the confirmed cases ( Figure 02 ).

title:
  Impact of control strategies on COVID-19 pandemic and the SIR model based forecasting in Bangladesh.

abstract:
  COVID-19 is transmitting worldwide drastically and infected nearly two and half million of people sofar. Till date 2144 cases of COVID-19 is confirmed in Bangladesh till 18th April though the stage-3/4 transmission is not validated yet. To project the final infection numbers in Bangladesh we used the SIR mathematical model. We also tried to demonstrate the impact of control strategies like social distancing on the COVID-19 transmission. Due to large population and socio-economic characteristics, we assumed 60% social distancing and lockdown can be possible. Assuming that, the predicated final size of infections will be 3782558 on the 92th day from the first infections. To estimate the impact of social distancing we assumed eight different scenarios, the predicted results confirmed the positive impact of this type of control strategies suggesting that by strict social distancing and lockdown, COVID-19 infection can be under control and then the infection cases will steadily decrease down to zero.


id: cord-321098-j3glby40
author: Bodrud-Doza, Md.
date: 2020-06-26
txt: ./txt/cord-321098-j3glby40.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-321098-j3glby40.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32676492/
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00341
summary:
  Background: The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the partial lockdown, the disease intensity, weak governance in the healthcare system, insufficient medical facilities, unawareness, and the sharing of misinformation in the mass media has led to people experiencing fear and anxiety. To understand the possible psychosocial, socio-economic, and environmental impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh, we considered and identified several relevant and possible items based on the socio-economic situation, political analysis, the existing healthcare system, environmental analysis, possible emerging issues utilized from scenario developments, analysis of local and global reports of the COVID-19 pandemic from the print and electronic media, and a literature review. The socioeconomic issues (SEI 10) and immediate emerging issues (IEI2) have a statistically significant positive impact (p < 0.01), e.g., obstruction to the formal education system, and the potentiality of a huge number of people becoming infected may contribute to the fear development of the COVID-19 outbreak in this country.

title:
  Psychosocial and Socio-Economic Crisis in Bangladesh Due to COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perception-Based Assessment

abstract:
  Background: The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the partial lockdown, the disease intensity, weak governance in the healthcare system, insufficient medical facilities, unawareness, and the sharing of misinformation in the mass media has led to people experiencing fear and anxiety. The present study intended to conduct a perception-based analysis to get an idea of people's psychosocial and socio-economic crisis, and the possible environmental crisis, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Methods: A perception-based questionnaire was put online for Bangladeshi citizens of 18 years and/or older. The sample size was 1,066 respondents. Datasets were analyzed through a set of statistical techniques including principal component and hierarchical cluster analysis. Results: There was a positive significant association between fear of the COVID-19 outbreak with the struggling healthcare system (p < 0.05) of the country. Also, there was a negative association between the fragile health system of Bangladesh and the government's ability to deal with the pandemic (p < 0.05), revealing the poor governance in the healthcare system. A positive association of shutdown and social distancing with the fear of losing one's own or a family members' life, influenced by a lack of healthcare treatment (p < 0.05), reveals that, due to the decision of shutting down normal activities, people may be experiencing mental and economic stress. However, a positive association of the socio-economic impact of the shutdown with poor people's suffering, the price hike of basic essentials, the hindering of formal education (p < 0.05), and the possibility of a severe socio-economic and health crisis will be aggravated. Moreover, there is a possibility of a climate change-induced disaster and infectious diseases like dengue during/after the COVID-19 situation, which will create severe food insecurity (p < 0.01) and a further healthcare crisis. Conclusions: The partial lockdown in Bangladesh due to the COVID-19 pandemic increased community transmission and worsened the healthcare crisis, economic burden, and loss of GDP despite the resuming of industrial operations. In society, it has created psychosocial and socio-economic insecurity among people due to the loss of lives and livelihoods. The government should take proper inclusive steps for risk assessment, communications, and financial stimulus toward the public to alleviate their fear and anxiety, and to take proper action to boost mental health and well-being.


id: cord-324856-hf969tav
author: Abir, Tanvir
date: 2020-07-21
txt: ./txt/cord-324856-hf969tav.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324856-hf969tav.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32708161/
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17145252
summary:
  title: Factors Associated with the Perception of Risk and Knowledge of Contracting the SARS-Cov-2 among Adults in Bangladesh: Analysis of Online Surveys Since the sheer illness of the whole country is sufficient to destroy the health care system, this current study is to examine changes of individual perception of risk for contracting SARS-Cov-2, and the awareness level in Bangladesh during the early and late lockdowns implemented by the government of Bangladesh. In this study, males who were worried about contracting SARS-Cov-2 were more likely to perceive themselves as being at high risk of contracting the infection, as well as those who did not quarantine themselves or only did so at the request of the public health officers. Moreover, in India, it was found that a higher level of knowledge on COVID-19 was associated with the high-risk perception of contracting the infection during the consistent lockdown period [28] .

title:
  Factors Associated with the Perception of Risk and Knowledge of Contracting the SARS-Cov-2 among Adults in Bangladesh: Analysis of Online Surveys

abstract:
  This study investigated the perception and awareness of risk among adult participants in Bangladesh about Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). During the lockdown era in Bangladesh at two different time points, from 26−31 March 2020 (early lockdown) and 11−16 May 2020 (late lockdown), two self-administered online surveys were conducted on 1005 respondents (322 and 683 participants, respectively) via social media. To examine risk perception and knowledge-related factors towards COVID-19, univariate and multiple linear regression models were employed. Scores of mean knowledge (8.4 vs. 8.1, p = 0.022) and perception of risk (11.2 vs. 10.6, p < 0.001) differed significantly between early and late lockdown. There was a significant decrease in perceived risk scores for contracting SARS-Cov-2 [β = −0.85, 95%CI: −1.31, −0.39], while knowledge about SARS-Cov-2 decreased insignificantly [β = −0.22, 95%CI: −0.46, 0.03] in late lockdown compared with early lockdown period. Self-quarantine was a common factor linked to increased perceived risks and knowledge of SARS-Cov-2 during the lockdown period. Any effort to increase public awareness and comprehension of SARS-Cov-2 in Bangladesh will then offer preference to males, who did not practice self-quarantine and are less worried about the propagation of this kind of virus.


id: cord-325109-zi1qm589
author: Ara, Tasnim
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-325109-zi1qm589.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325109-zi1qm589.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580268
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580268
summary:
  title: Identifying the Associated Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Bangladesh: A Web-Based Survey The objective of this study is to identify the risk factors associated with sleep disturbance which has developed as a general impact of COVID-19 and new normal life during the lockdown (a measure to control the spread of COVID19) in Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to identify the risk factors associated with sleep disturbance which has developed as a general impact of COVID-19 and new normal life during the lockdown (a measure to control the spread of COVID19) in Bangladesh. This information includes whether they are following the social distancing rule; whether they or their family members, relatives, friends, or neighbors got infected by COVID-19; whether they are working from home/doing online classes; whether they have to go to the workplace during the lockdown; whether any of the family members including respondent have lost their job; exercise status, whether food consumption dominates the new normal life during the lockdown, daily internet usage, perception regarding the risk of getting infected by COVID-19, anxiety, sleeping schedule, etc.

title:
  Identifying the Associated Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Bangladesh: A Web-Based Survey

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Bangladesh, a developing country with a lower-middle-income and one of the world’s most densely populated areas, has been severely affected by COVID-19. This global epidemic is not only affecting the physical health of the patients but also causing severe psychological effects among those who have not yet been infected. Sleep disturbance is one of the key symptoms of major depression and one of the proven risk factors for suicide. The objective of this study is to identify the risk factors associated with sleep disturbance which has developed as a general impact of COVID-19 and new normal life during the lockdown (a measure to control the spread of COVID-19) in Bangladesh. METHODS: Demographic characteristics, COVID-19, and lockdown related information have been collected from 1,128 individuals by conducting a web-based survey. Respondent’s perspective regarding sleep disturbance during COVID-19 lockdown is considered as the outcome of interest which is dichotomous. Descriptive statistics methods have been applied to explore the distribution of respondent’s demographic characteristics. Pearson’s chi-square tests have been performed to relate the sleep disturbance status of the respondents to their demographic, personal, and COVID-19 related information. Furthermore, a multivariable logistic regression model has been adopted to identify the significant association of sleep disturbance with the demographic, COVID-19, and lockdown related information of respondents during the COVID-19 lockdown in Bangladesh. FINDINGS: The prevalence of sleep disturbance during the COVID-19 lockdown is found to be higher among participants aged 31–40 years. Gender disparity has also been observed in favor of male participants, whereas no significant regional heterogeneity has been found. Working from home or doing online classes during the lockdown has been found as a potential predictive factor of sleep disturbance. Losing a job has been considered as an adverse economic effect of COVID-19, which also induces sleep disturbance. Perception regarding the risk of getting infected and anxiety triggered the chance of developing sleep disturbance. The sleeping schedule is also found as a risk factor for sleep disturbance. CONCLUSION: Evidence-based policies are required to combat psychological challenges that have arisen due to COVID-19, primarily targeting the groups who are largely suffering from sleep disturbance.


id: cord-325226-8zrtjuwf
title: Underreporting COVID-19: the curious case of the Indian subcontinent
author: Biswas, Raaj Kishore
date: 2020-09-11
txt: ./txt/cord-325226-8zrtjuwf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325226-8zrtjuwf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268820002095
doi: 10.1017/s0950268820002095
summary:
  In the meantime, academic studies started making inferences on the COVID-19 response effectiveness through comparing the disease prevalence and fatality rates between higher and lower income nations in order to investigate the curious case of low COVID-19 infection rates among the LMICs. Conducting research on LMICs with limited data could often lead to erroneous findings and biased interpretations, which is becoming a concern with the avalanche of studies published daily. India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are among the worst 20 countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of total number of cases; however, they are ranked 138, 139 and 147, respectively, in tests per million population, as of 18 June 2020 [1] . This lack of testing capabilities during the early days accompanied by the limited protective gears for health personnel and low implementation capacity related to the response of such pandemics could have concealed the true rate of infection and disease spread in the LMICs of the ISC.

abstract:
  COVID-19 has spread across the globe with higher burden placed in Europe and North America. However, the rate of transmission has recently picked up in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in the Indian subcontinent. There is a severe underreporting bias in the existing data available from these countries mostly due to the limitation of resources and accessibility. Most studies comparing cross-country cases or fatalities could fail to account for this systematic bias and reach erroneous conclusions. This paper provides several recommendations on how to effectively tackle these issues regarding data quality, test coverage and case counts.


id: cord-330395-2qoyrqmj
title: COVID-19 in Bangladesh: Data deficiency to delayed decision
author: Huq, Samin
date: 2020-04-15
txt: ./txt/cord-330395-2qoyrqmj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-330395-2qoyrqmj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010342
doi: 10.7189/jogh.10.010342
abstract: nan
summary:
  The decisions of cluster-wise lockdown or social distancing, or even preparing the health system to respond to the pandemic are made without the availability of adequate data. Although scarcity of test kits and lack of awareness from the general public certainly contributed to the crisis, Bangladesh is one of the few countries which had more than two months to prepare for COVID-19 crisis. The crisis has already started in the form of limited availability of disinfectants and personal protective equipment in the health care facilities. The recent surge of daily testing has managed to uncover more cases and traces of transmission at the community level. Additionally, it can lead to a surge on heightened risk of exposure due to minimized health response priorities, efforts and initiatives -such as contact tracing and testing in the rural areas and considering their movement to the urban areas.


id: cord-337329-a9l8e5z6
title: Rotavirus infection in calves in Bangladesh
author: Selim, S. A.
date: 1991
txt: ./txt/cord-337329-a9l8e5z6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-337329-a9l8e5z6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1659033/
doi: 10.1007/bf00430039
summary:
  Faecal samples from 434 calves under 1 year of age (307 diarrhoeal and 127 normal) were collected from three dairy farms and one village in selected areas of Bangladesh. More than 80% of rotavirus-positive samples from diarrhoeic calves exhibited a titre of 128 or more (geometric mean 345±4.5), whereas non-diarrhoeal calves had titres less than or equal to 128 (geometric mean=29±1.9), suggesting that rotavirus infection in calves in Bangladesh was mostly associated with diarrhoea. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of rotavirus infection in selected dairy farms and in conventionally reared village calves in Bangladesh, and to study the prevalence of rotavirus in diarrhoeic and age matched non-diarrhoeic calves. The study, however, suggests that the rotavirus infection in young calves also exists in different locations of the country outside the Dhaka region and is the first report of the existence of the virus in high concentration in association with diarrhoea in young dairy calves in that country.

abstract:
  Faecal samples from 434 calves under 1 year of age (307 diarrhoeal and 127 normal) were collected from three dairy farms and one village in selected areas of Bangladesh. The samples were tested by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect the presence of rotavirus antigen. Of 402 dairy calves tested, 28 (7.0%) were positive, of which 21 (7.2%) were from diarrhoeic calves and 7 (6.3%) from non-diarrhoeic calves. Rotavirus infection varied from farm to farm (2.7–9.2%) and there was no positive response from any of the 32 village calves. Rotavirus was most commonly found in calves of 1 week of age or less (up to 22.2% in one group) but was not found in any calves later than 6 months of age. More than 80% of rotavirus-positive samples from diarrhoeic calves exhibited a titre of 128 or more (geometric mean 345±4.5), whereas non-diarrhoeal calves had titres less than or equal to 128 (geometric mean=29±1.9), suggesting that rotavirus infection in calves in Bangladesh was mostly associated with diarrhoea.


id: cord-340939-ikomc19t
author: van Doremalen, Neeltje
date: 2019-06-06
txt: ./txt/cord-340939-ikomc19t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-340939-ikomc19t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31170144/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007462
summary:
  title: A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters Prime-only as well as prime-boost vaccination resulted in uniform protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh: all animals survived challenge and we were unable to find infectious virus either in oral swabs, lung or brain tissue. All vaccinated animals challenged with NiV Malaysia survived with no signs of disease such as weight loss at any stage throughout the experiment. An adeno-associated virus vaccine expressing NiV G protein offered 50% protection against a lethal challenge with HeV in hamsters [46] . Furthermore, infectious virus could only be detected in the lungs of control animals and not in the lungs of vaccinated animals, and thus as in previous studies, ChAdOx1 NiV Belicited antibodies are able to provide protection against a lethal challenge with NiV.

title:
  A single-dose ChAdOx1-vectored vaccine provides complete protection against Nipah Bangladesh and Malaysia in Syrian golden hamsters

abstract:
  Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic re-emerging virus that causes outbreaks in South East Asia. Currently, no approved and licensed vaccine or antivirals exist. Here, we investigated the efficacy of ChAdOx1 NiV(B), a simian adenovirus-based vaccine encoding NiV glycoprotein (G) Bangladesh, in Syrian hamsters. Prime-only as well as prime-boost vaccination resulted in uniform protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh: all animals survived challenge and we were unable to find infectious virus either in oral swabs, lung or brain tissue. Furthermore, no pathological lung damage was observed. A single-dose of ChAdOx1 NiV(B) also prevented disease and lethality from heterologous challenge with NiV Malaysia. While we were unable to detect infectious virus in swabs or tissue of animals challenged with the heterologous strain, a very limited amount of viral RNA could be found in lung tissue by in situ hybridization. A single dose of ChAdOx1 NiV(B) also provided partial protection against Hendra virus and passive transfer of antibodies elicited by ChAdOx1 NiV(B) vaccination partially protected Syrian hamsters against NiV Bangladesh. From these data, we conclude that ChAdOx1 NiV(B) is a suitable candidate for further NiV vaccine pre-clinical development.


id: cord-341880-wxliz485
author: Mottaleb, Khondoker Abdul
date: 2020-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-341880-wxliz485.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341880-wxliz485.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33064771/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240709
summary:
  This study examines the food security and welfare impacts of the COVID-19 induced lockdown on daily wage workers both in the farm and nonfarm sectors in Bangladesh. Then, applying simple econometric estimation processes, this study estimates the minimum compensation packages for the daily wage-based farm and nonfarm households of Bangladesh that ensure their minimum food security during the lockdown. The estimation suggests a common minimum support at US $ 1 per daily wage-based household in Bangladesh to ensure minimum food security during COVID-19 induced lockdown time. Using information of more than 50,000 respondents from the HIES 2016-17 dataset, this study, firstly quantified the economic loss due to the COVID-19 induced lockdown and suggested the minimum support package to ensure food security of the daily wage-based workers in Bangladesh.

title:
  COVID-19 induced economic loss and ensuring food security for vulnerable groups: Policy implications from Bangladesh

abstract:
  At present nearly half of the world’s population is under some form of government restriction to curb the spread of COVID-19, an extremely contagious disease. In Bangladesh, in the wake of five deaths and 48 infections from COVID-19, between March 24 and May 30, 2020, the government imposed a nationwide lockdown. While this lockdown restricted the spread of COVID-19, in the absence of effective support, it can generate severe food and nutrition insecurity for daily wage-based workers. Of the 61 million employed labor force in Bangladesh, nearly 35% of them are paid on a daily basis. This study examines the food security and welfare impacts of the COVID-19 induced lockdown on daily wage workers both in the farm and nonfarm sectors in Bangladesh. Using information from more than 50,000 respondents complied with the 2016–17 Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) in Bangladesh, this study estimates daily wage rates as Bangladesh Taka (BDT) 272.2 in the farm sector and BDT 361.5 in the nonfarm sector. Using the estimated daily wage earnings, this study estimates that a one-day complete lockdown generates a US$64.2 million equivalent economic loss only considering the wage loss of the daily wage workers. After estimating the daily per capita food expenditure separately for farm and nonfarm households, this study estimates a minimum compensation package for the daily wage-based farm and nonfarm households around the US $ 1 per day per household to ensure minimum food security for the daily wage-based worker households.


id: cord-345655-fb4vv4my
author: Islam, M. Z.
date: 2020-10-29
txt: ./txt/cord-345655-fb4vv4my.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345655-fb4vv4my.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268820002630
doi: 10.1017/s0950268820002630
summary:
  title: Risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients on the 28th day of the disease course: a retrospective cohort study in Bangladesh We conducted this retrospective cohort study with a cohort of 1016 COVID-19 patients diagnosed in May 2020 to identify the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes. A study conducted on outcomes of the COVID-19 patients found that non-survivors were more often older and men, and they had a higher prevalence of DM, hyperlipidemia and CHDs. The history of current tobacco uses and having COPD was more among the non-survivors [11] . Based on these realities, in this particular study, we aimed to identify the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients. We conducted this single centred retrospective cohort study to identify the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients on the 28th day of the disease course.

title:
  Risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes of COVID-19 patients on the 28th day of the disease course: a retrospective cohort study in Bangladesh

abstract:
  Diverse risk factors intercede the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We conducted this retrospective cohort study with a cohort of 1016 COVID-19 patients diagnosed in May 2020 to identify the risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality outcomes. Data were collected by telephone-interview and reviewing records using a questionnaire and checklist. The study identified morbidity and mortality risk factors on the 28th day of the disease course. The majority of the patients were male (64.1%) and belonged to the age group 25–39 years (39.4%). Urban patients were higher in proportion than rural (69.3% vs. 30.7%). Major comorbidities included 35.0% diabetes mellitus (DM), 28.4% hypertension (HTN), 16.6% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 7.8% coronary heart disease (CHD). The morbidity rate (not-cured) was 6.0%, and the mortality rate (non-survivor) was 2.5%. Morbidity risk factors included elderly (AOR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.31–4.99), having comorbidity (AOR = 1.43, 95% CI = 0.83–2.47), and smokeless tobacco use (AOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.84–5.61). The morbidity risk was higher with COPD (RR = 2.68), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (RR = 3.33) and chronic liver disease (CLD) (RR = 3.99). Mortality risk factors included elderly (AOR = 7.56, 95% CI = 3.19–17.92), having comorbidity (AOR = 5.27, 95% CI = 1.88–14.79) and SLT use (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI = 0.50–7.46). The mortality risk was higher with COPD (RR = 7.30), DM (RR = 2.63), CHD (RR = 4.65), HTN (RR = 3.38), CKD (RR = 9.03), CLD (RR = 10.52) and malignant diseases (RR = 9.73). We must espouse programme interventions considering the morbidity and mortality risk factors to condense the aggressive outcomes of COVID-19.


id: cord-346068-489qq5pp
author: Chowdhury, Sukanta
date: 2020-09-17
txt: ./txt/cord-346068-489qq5pp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346068-489qq5pp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32818393/
doi: 10.3201/eid2609.191029
summary:
  Bangladesh has a large number of LBMs in urban areas in which multiple poultry species from backyard and commercial farms are housed together for sale; several studies detected highly pathogenic and low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in LBM poultry and the environment (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) . Bird Markets, Bangladesh temporary or permanent LBM closure, banning overnight poultry storage, and mandatory rest day(s), as well as daily cleaning of surfaces to reduce environmental contamination (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) . For example, biosecurity and hygiene practices, including weekly rest days, depopulation, and cleaning with disinfectant, reduced the risk for AIV detection in poultry and environmental specimens in China (28) . Bangladesh should consider investing in poultry shop infrastructure improvements and biosecurity practices, particularly in city areas, to better control environmental contamination with AIVs. In China, poultry trading networks linked with LBMs were strongly associated with a higher prevalence of H7N9 virus among poultry and risk for H7N9 transmission to humans (36) .

title:
  Association of Biosecurity and Hygiene Practices with Environmental Contamination with Influenza A Viruses in Live Bird Markets, Bangladesh

abstract:
  In Bangladesh, live bird market environments are frequently contaminated with avian influenza viruses. Shop-level biosecurity practices might increase risk for environmental contamination. We sought to determine which shop-level biosecurity practices were associated with environmental contamination. We surveyed 800 poultry shops to describe biosecurity practices and collect environmental samples. Samples from 205 (26%) shops were positive for influenza A viral RNA, 108 (14%) for H9, and 60 (8%) for H5. Shops that slaughtered poultry, kept poultry overnight, remained open without rest days, had uneven muddy floors, held poultry on the floor, and housed sick and healthy poultry together were more frequently positive for influenza A viruses. Reported monthly cleaning seemed protective, but disinfection practices were not otherwise associated with influenza A virus detection. Slaughtering, keeping poultry overnight, weekly rest days, infrastructure, and disinfection practices could be targets for interventions to reduce environmental contamination.


id: cord-347375-5ucemm87
title: Nipah Virus Infection Outbreak with Nosocomial and Corpse-to-Human Transmission, Bangladesh
author: Sazzad, Hossain M.S.
date: 2013-02-17
txt: ./txt/cord-347375-5ucemm87.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-347375-5ucemm87.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1902.120971
doi: 10.3201/eid1902.120971
summary:
  In Bangladesh, 135 probable or confirmed cases of Nipah virus (NiV) infection in humans were identified from 2001 through 2008; 98 (73%) were fatal (1) . To detect outbreaks of NiV infection, the surveillance system identifies sporadic NiV cases during January-March and clusters of encephalitis patients throughout the year. To assess asymptomatic NiV infection in the outbreak community, we asked community members who had close physical contact or had shared date palm sap from the same pot with probable or confirmed case-patients within the preceding month, to provide a blood specimen for serologic testing. We shipped an aliquot of serum, cerebrospinal fluid, throat swab specimens, and urine from patients with probable and confirmed cases of NiV infection and from those with IgM against NiV to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA, for confirmatory testing.

abstract:
  Active Nipah virus encephalitis surveillance identified an encephalitis cluster and sporadic cases in Faridpur, Bangladesh, in January 2010. We identified 16 case-patients; 14 of these patients died. For 1 case-patient, the only known exposure was hugging a deceased patient with a probable case, while another case-patient’s exposure involved preparing the same corpse for burial by removing oral secretions and anogenital excreta with a cloth and bare hands. Among 7 persons with confirmed sporadic cases, 6 died, including a physician who had physically examined encephalitis patients without gloves or a mask. Nipah virus–infected patients were more likely than community-based controls to report drinking raw date palm sap and to have had physical contact with an encephalitis patient (29% vs. 4%, matched odds ratio undefined). Efforts to prevent transmission should focus on reducing caregivers’ exposure to infected patients’ bodily secretions during care and traditional burial practices.


id: cord-349219-tl97bj42
author: Rayhan Arusha, Anowara
date: 2020-07-18
txt: ./txt/cord-349219-tl97bj42.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-349219-tl97bj42.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740920309786?v=s5
doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105254
summary:
  Several contributing factors of stress, anxiety, and depression among students were identified in literature including sex, strained relationships, family and peer pressure, high parental expectation, lack of financial support and hardships, sleep deprivation, future worries, loneliness, longer screen time, toxic psychological environment, academic pressure, workload, size of the academic curriculum, and heavy test schedules (Brenneisen Mayer et al., 2016; Abdel Wahed and Hassan, 2017; Saeed et al., 2018; Silva and Figueiredo-Braga, 2018; ul Haq et al., 2018; Mamun and Griffiths, 2019) . To contribute to that gap, the present study investigated the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among Bangladeshi students and their associated risk factors with respect to socio-demographics and lifestyle measures. The objective of the study was to identify factors that affect the mental health of students due to examinations, particularly the socio-demographic and psychological factors using a survey conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2020.

title:
  Prevalence of Stress, Anxiety and Depression due to Examination in Bangladeshi Youths: A Pilot Study

abstract:
  An estimated 25% people suffer from mental health disorders worldwide. Almost 7 million suffer from anxiety and depression in Bangladesh. There are several factors that can cause stress among youths, both academic and non-academic, ranging from socioeconomic, environmental, cultural and psychological attributes. However, these are not widely researched in Bangladesh. This study identified the factors that affect the mental health of students due to examinations in Bangladesh, particularly the socio-demographic, lifestyle and psychological factors. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted on May 2020 with a sample size of 210 tertiary level students in Dhaka. A modified DASS-21 was used to measure stress, anxiety and depression scores related to examination. Binary logistic model showed that those who lived with family, spent time with parents, had regular sufficient (self-assessed) sleeps and consumed balanced (self-assessed) diets had significantly lower stress, anxiety, and depression. Balanced lifestyle with greater social bonding might help to better equip youths to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression during examination, which could be an avenue for future intervention studies.


id: cord-351083-3oy7zuy9
title: Towards a socially just model: balancing hunger and response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh
author: Rashid, Sabina Faiz
date: 2020-06-01
txt: ./txt/cord-351083-3oy7zuy9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351083-3oy7zuy9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002715
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002715
abstract: nan
summary:
  ► Responsive and timely research is needed to better understand the challenges faced by poor and vulnerable populations to inform immediate interventions and policies to address this unprecedented COVID-19 modern-day pandemic. ► In the context of COVID-19, the lockdown model is being imported from a different context (western or developed economies) with stronger economic bases and better social safety nets for those in need, but is there a better way forward for low resource contexts? While there is no easy solution or strategy, for Bangladesh and its high proportion of vulnerable populations, continuation of the shutdown has to be accompanied with strong political resolve to ensure that people do not go without food BMJ Global Health and have basic health information and support, given the grounded realities of their lives.


id: cord-352672-gjo29e21
title: Adjusted Dynamics of COVID-19 Pandemic due to Herd Immunity in Bangladesh
author: Hoque, E.
date: 2020-09-05
txt: ./txt/cord-352672-gjo29e21.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-352672-gjo29e21.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.09.03.20186957v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.09.03.20186957
summary:
  . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.03.20186957 doi: medRxiv preprint number of susceptible populations as well as case fatalities rate to achieve the herd immunity in Bangladesh. In the Table 1 , we present the age distribution of the population in Bangladesh (collected from Socioeconomic Data and Application Center, or SEDAC) along with the confirmed positive cases and deaths for each of those age groups (collected from Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research, or IEDCR). Therefore, if 30% of the total working population in Bangladesh get affected by COVID-19 to achieve herd immunity, we estimate that a total number of positive cases would be approximately 17.7 million. To estimate the dynamics of the COVID-19 cases, such as confirmed, recoverd, and death cases, in case of herd immunity, we have used the Unscented Kalman Filter The age group based population distribution, along with gender, in Bangladesh has been used to estimate the initial susceptible population for SIRD model.

abstract:
  Amid growing debate between scientists and policymakers on the trade-off between public safety and reviving economy during the COVID-19 pandemic, the government of Bangladesh decided to relax the countrywide lockdown restrictions from the beginning of June 2020. Instead, the Ministry of Public Affairs officials have declared some parts of the capital city and a few other districts as red zones or high-risk areas based on the number of people infected in the late June 2020. Nonetheless, the COVID-19 infection rate had been increasing in almost every other part of the country. Ironically, rather than ensuring rapid tests and isolation of COVID-19 patients, from the beginning of July 2020, the Directorate General of Health Services restrained the maximum number of tests per laboratory. Thus, the health experts have raised the question of whether the government is heading toward achieving herd immunity instead of containing the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, the dynamics of the pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 in Bangladesh are analyzed with the SIRD model. We demonstrate that the herd immunity threshold can be reduced to 31% than that of 60% by considering age group cluster analysis resulting in a total of 53.0 million susceptible populations. With the data of Covid-19 cases till July 22, 2020, the time-varying reproduction numbers are used to explain the nature of the pandemic. Based on the estimations of active, severe, and critical cases, we discuss a set of policy recommendations to improve the current pandemic control methods in Bangladesh.


