Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 41 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4675 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 49 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41 Arabia 31 Saudi 12 MERS 5 COVID-19 4 covid-19 4 Hajj 3 respiratory 3 East 2 saudi 2 pilgrim 2 knowledge 2 health 2 Middle 1 virus 1 student 1 patient 1 nursing 1 model 1 literacy 1 hajj 1 dental 1 cryptosporidium 1 country 1 child 1 camel 1 Zika 1 Valley 1 Rift 1 Mecca 1 Kuwait 1 Kingdom 1 Jeddah 1 Human 1 Gulf 1 GCC 1 ASP Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 1285 % 1072 study 1023 infection 902 case 666 disease 647 virus 590 health 589 patient 460 coronavirus 435 country 431 outbreak 402 camel 363 risk 356 syndrome 339 child 335 transmission 329 population 327 participant 327 knowledge 324 hospital 296 year 291 contact 288 datum 278 factor 276 measure 276 control 273 rate 273 model 266 number 261 result 246 level 244 student 242 region 242 analysis 240 practice 238 healthcare 234 time 233 pilgrim 227 cryptosporidium 222 animal 217 age 209 individual 207 cov 206 care 200 author 199 group 190 sample 182 epidemic 177 period 175 day Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 1206 Saudi 1167 Arabia 1069 MERS 561 CoV 340 Middle 328 East 285 Hajj 261 COVID-19 214 Health 194 al 167 et 158 Al 144 Riyadh 139 GCC 130 . 128 Kingdom 98 east 95 Coronavirus 94 Jeddah 90 World 87 Table 85 SARS 82 PCR 82 May 79 Korea 71 June 71 Gulf 71 China 67 Organization 67 Ministry 61 March 60 middle 60 University 60 Makkah 59 United 57 Africa 54 Respiratory 54 April 53 Syndrome 53 South 52 RNA 52 Mecca 52 Fig 52 CI 51 HCWs 51 Arabian 49 Egypt 47 King 46 Disease 44 MOH Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 432 it 251 we 207 they 69 them 38 i 22 he 11 themselves 11 she 8 us 7 you 7 itself 4 one 2 u 2 him 2 herself 2 her 1 oneself 1 himself Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 5882 be 1521 have 595 use 464 report 376 include 326 show 254 associate 209 identify 206 base 175 infect 163 increase 158 do 157 confirm 152 follow 150 cause 143 conduct 138 compare 137 provide 132 occur 130 find 125 develop 124 detect 122 suggest 121 relate 119 consider 111 indicate 100 know 99 need 99 assess 91 represent 91 reduce 90 test 89 observe 89 make 88 emerge 88 accord 86 take 86 collect 81 result 81 remain 78 require 78 improve 76 give 76 determine 74 obtain 74 investigate 72 present 70 perform 70 implement 70 estimate Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 758 respiratory 492 high 433 not 374 other 307 - 304 also 298 human 281 saudi 276 more 272 such 236 most 234 low 222 however 213 public 199 first 196 different 187 clinical 183 viral 178 significant 176 only 172 well 167 social 164 dental 162 positive 153 infectious 146 zoonotic 141 severe 141 acute 140 available 135 large 131 many 123 respectively 123 important 122 primary 120 several 117 further 115 infected 109 therefore 108 non 108 new 108 as 103 less 99 current 95 total 90 old 88 recent 87 medical 85 covid-19 84 major 82 international Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69 most 67 high 37 large 35 Most 20 least 18 low 18 good 9 late 8 great 5 close 3 big 3 bad 2 poor 2 fast 1 strong 1 short 1 old 1 new 1 long 1 hot 1 holy 1 dirty 1 deep 1 common Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 167 most 26 least 2 well 1 worst 1 long Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 doi.org 3 www.who.int 1 www.mbio 1 www.dovepress.com 1 www 1 web.cbio.uct.ac.za 1 weatherspark.com 1 jid.oxfordjournals.org 1 github.com 1 clinicaltrials.gov Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 6 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 5 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096677 1 http://www.who.int/csr/don/archive/disease/mers-cov/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/ 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.mbio 1 http://www.dovepress.com/ 1 http://www 1 http://web.cbio.uct.ac.za/~darren/rdp.html 1 http://weatherspark.com/history/32777/2012/Riyadh-Saudi-Arabia 1 http://jid.oxfordjournals.org 1 http://github.com/halrashe/COVID-19_SA_Simulation 1 http://doi.org/10 1 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/home Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 zmemish@yahoo.com 1 wongv@cuhk.edu.hk Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 % were able 7 study did not 4 % did not 4 % were health 4 countries including saudi 4 cov infected patients 4 study showed satisfactory 4 study was voluntary 3 % were nurses 3 cases are asymptomatic 3 cases have also 3 cases were secondary 3 infection is usually 3 infection was mostly 3 study has several 3 viruses were human 2 % had acute 2 % had direct 2 % were male 2 % were primary 2 % were ≤ 2 arabia are more 2 arabia is necessary 2 arabia using multiplex 2 cases is close 2 cases were not 2 cov are yet 2 hospitals do n't 2 infections have not 2 participants did not 2 participants were positive 2 study are available 2 study does not 2 study is not 2 study were age 2 virus had not 1 % develop ards 1 % do not 1 % had active 1 % had history 1 % had respiratory 1 % had severe 1 % have not 1 % including gyneco 1 % is actually 1 % reported frequent 1 % reported moderate 1 % reported more 1 % used disposable 1 % used hand Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 % had no dental 1 % were not able 1 arabia is no different 1 arabia is no stranger 1 cases have no significant 1 cases is not surprising 1 cases were not always 1 cases were not fully 1 children had no carious 1 cov are not well 1 cov does not yet 1 cov were not able 1 patients were not available 1 study are not publicly 1 study does not only 1 study has not yet 1 study was not able 1 transmission have not yet 1 transmission is not yet 1 virus does not necessarily 1 viruses was not significant A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-319113-844o9nr2 author = AL-Rasheedi, Mabrouk title = Public and healthcare providers awareness of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia date = 2020-09-10 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi summary = Objective The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate the awareness of both the general public and healthcare providers in Qassim region in Saudi Arabia. Results showed significant positive correlation between the recognition of high-risk groups, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease prevention and available treatments. Results showed that there were significant differences of awareness levels among different groups of age and sex in response to the identification of COVID-19 treatment. Results showed significant positive correlation between high risk groups recognition, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease spread prevention and COVID-19 available treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the awareness of healthcare professionals and the general public regarding COVID-19 in Qassim region, kingdom Saudi Arabia with focusing on both general awareness and detailed information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has sought to evaluate COVID-19 awareness in Saudi healthcare professionals and the general public in Qassim region. doi = 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.035 id = cord-000877-usz7pnvu author = Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed S. title = Detection of Bocavirus in Children Suffering from Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Saudi Arabia date = 2013-01-30 keywords = Arabia; respiratory summary = title: Detection of Bocavirus in Children Suffering from Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Saudi Arabia Swabs samples from 80 children with respiratory tract infections were examined for the presence of HBoV. Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first found in children with acute respiratory tract infections in 2005 [1] . The current study aims to screen the epidemiological status and molecular phylogeny of HBoV isolates prevailing in pediatric patients with respiratory infection in Saudi Arabia. The current study investigated the prevalence of HBoV in patients suffering from respiratory tract infections in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis results of three selected sequences showed that the Saudi HBoV1 strains obtained from respiratory samples belonged to group I human bocaviruses (Fig. 1) . Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infections Frequent detection of viral coinfection in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection using a real-time polymerase chain reaction doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0055500 id = cord-326632-botshfa1 author = Abolfotouh, Mostafa A. title = Perception and attitude of healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia with regard to Covid-19 pandemic and potential associated predictors date = 2020-09-29 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19 summary = METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, HCWs at three tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia were surveyed via email with an anonymous link, by a concern scale about Covid-19 pandemic during 15–30 April, 2020. Predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), younger age (p = 0.003), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), living with others (p = 0.003) working in the western region (p = 0.003) and direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). In multiple regression analysis ( Table 4) , predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of younger age (p = 0.003), Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), and those working in the western region (p = 0.003), living with others (p = 0.003) and in direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05443-3 id = cord-298974-69xjc5yq author = Adegboye, Oyelola A. title = Network Analysis of MERS Coronavirus within Households, Communities, and Hospitals to Identify Most Centralized and Super-Spreading in the Arabian Peninsula, 2012 to 2016 date = 2018-05-07 keywords = Arabia; MERS; patient summary = The transmission connectivity networks of people infected with highly contagious Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia were assessed to identify super-spreading events among the infected patients between 2012 and 2016. e variables considered in this study were age, gender, patient type (whether the patient is a healthcare worker (HCW) or nonhealthcare worker), health outcome (dead or alive) as at the last day of follow-up, patient comorbidity status, types of exposure to known risk factors (animal contact and camel contact indirectly or directly or through consumption of camel products), and place of infection (classified as hospital, community, and household/ family). Patient 1664 was favoured (based on degree, closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector network centrality metrics) as the most important in the transmission network by having the highest number of secondary cases. In this study, several network centrality metrics (degree, betweenness, closeness, eigenvector, and 2-reach) were used to quantify the connectivity among MERS cases and to identify which patient requires prioritization for intervention. doi = 10.1155/2018/6725284 id = cord-318787-z6q11loy author = Ahmad, Naim title = COVID-19 Modeling in Saudi Arabia Using the Modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) Model date = 2020-09-14 keywords = Arabia; Saudi summary = This paper attempts to utilize the modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model incorporating the SD, testing, and infectiousness of exposed and infectious compartments to study the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. To study the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic, several modified SEIR models have been used to incorporate various measures, especially social distancing, testing, public responses, and mobility restrictions [2, [6] [7] [8] [9] . The objective of this paper is to model the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia using SEIR, including SD, testing, and the infectiousness of exposed and infectious populations. Similarly, the cumulative active cases that include exposed and infectious populations fit closely and the Levene test (statistic=0.5088, p-value=0.4758) proves the same. The model results in the current scenario of restrictions and testings depict that there are multiple peaks for active cases (Figure 3) . doi = 10.7759/cureus.10452 id = cord-321260-oi37dfsp author = Ahmed, Anwar E. title = Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study date = 2017-12-22 keywords = Arabia; MERS summary = title: Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study The author hypothesised that people of older age, with underlying medical conditions and from Saudi Arabia or other Middle East countries are at high risk of death related to MERS-CoV. The author obtained information on age, gender, date of notification, date of onset of MERS symptoms, date of outcome or death, whether a patient or healthcare worker, symptomatic, underlying medical conditions, source of infection and the reported country. For the MERS patients studied, the Republic of Korea or other countries (95.83% and 91.67%) had much higher 14-and 45-day survival rates than the Middle East (84.09% and 75.00%) and Saudi Arabia (82.51% and 62.92%), respectively. doi = 10.1017/s095026881700293x id = cord-254234-8w1z3un6 author = Ahmed, Shahira A. title = Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Arabia; GCC; Gulf; Kuwait; Saudi; country; cryptosporidium summary = Water contamination, imported food, animal contact, and air transmission are also discussed in detail, to address their significant role as a source of infection and, thus, their impact on disease epidemiology in the Gulf countries'' populations. In this context, immigrant geographic origin, globalization of food supply to meet the demand of the increased labour force, food and water contamination, climate change, as well as poor hygiene after direct animal contact have all contributed to the annual flux in Cryptosporidium transmission and infection rates within the GCC countries [54, 57] . The literature search strategy was limited to title/abstract/keyword using the following MeSH terms/key words: (Cryptosporidium OR Cryptosporidiosis OR Parasite) AND (Infection OR Prevalence OR Incidence OR Occurrence OR Burden) AND (Human OR Animal OR Water OR Food) AND (Bahrain OR Kuwait OR Qatar OR Saudi Arabia OR Oman OR United Arab Emirates). doi = 10.3390/ijerph17186824 id = cord-349661-ppw80s0l author = Al Ghobain, Mohammed title = Perception and Attitude of Emergency Room Resident Physicians toward Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak date = 2017-04-10 keywords = Arabia; MERS summary = We aimed to study the psychological impact of a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak on emergency room resident physicians (ERRPs). We included all ERRPs working in these four hospitals between November 2015 and December 2015 after a major outbreak of coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. Our study highlights the perceptions, attitude, and psychological impact of MERS outbreaks among ERRPs in Saudi Arabia. A small pilot study conducted in a single center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in which the majority of respondents were nurses from the Philippines, did address the emotions and coping strategies of the healthcare workers who faced a MERS-CoV outbreak. However, the study was conducted in four major hospitals in Saudi Arabia that all treated and handled patients with MERS infection, which justifies the generalization of our findings. doi = 10.1155/2017/6978256 id = cord-351413-3nfukrfl author = Al-Ahmadi, Khalid title = Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 date = 2019-07-15 keywords = Arabia; MERS; Saudi summary = title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 We analyzed the spatiotemporal clustering of the MERS-CoV incidence in Saudi Arabia between 2012 and 2019 at the city level by using Kulldorff''s spatial scan statistics via SaTScan 9.6 [39] . The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Wadi The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Community case clusters of middle east respiratory syndrome Coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A descriptive genomic study doi = 10.3390/ijerph16142520 id = cord-302384-gljfslhs author = Al-Hanawi, Mohammed K. title = Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-05-27 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi; knowledge summary = title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Saudi public, toward COVID-19, during the pandemic. To assess the differences in mean scores, and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19, the data were run through univariate and multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Thus, this study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of KSA residents, toward COVID-19 during the pandemic spike. To the researchers'' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate COVID-19 KAP, and associated sociodemographic characteristics among the general population of the KSA. Respondents adopted good and safe practices, as a result of Saudi Arabia''s health authorities providing education and outreach materials, to increase public understating of the disease, and influence behavioral change. Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among Population in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217 id = cord-256589-45g5cvwt author = Al-Khani, A. M. title = The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic course in Saudi Arabia: A dynamic epidemiological model date = 2020-06-02 keywords = Arabia; Saudi summary = Objective: Saudi Arabia ranks second in the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. A susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) prediction model was constructed to predict the trend in COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia in the next 6 months. We name our prediction model KSA-CoV-19, and with it, aim to find the following: 1) the anticipated epidemic curve of SARS-CoV-2 in Saudi Arabia, 2) the peak, the end, and the number of COVID-19 cases associated with the curve, and 3) the timing of upcoming Hajj 2020 (July 28 th -August 2 nd ) in relation to the anticipated epidemic curve. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 doi: medRxiv preprint Finally, we generated a model that simulated the natural course or "free fall" of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in Saudi Arabia. In this paper, we generated four different models that provided an estimation for the COVID-19 course in Saudi Arabia. doi = 10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 id = cord-348278-is20odaq author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Drivers of MERS-CoV transmission: what do we know? date = 2016-02-29 keywords = Arabia; MERS; Saudi summary = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 has since resulted in sporadic cases, intra-familial transmission and major outbreaks in healthcare settings. Middle eastern respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV): case reports from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia Middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a case-control study of hospitalized patients Dromedary camels and the transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Health-care associate transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus, MERS-CoV, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia doi = 10.1586/17476348.2016.1150784 id = cord-255339-oudj079q author = Al-Tayib, Omar A. title = An Overview of the Most Significant Zoonotic Viral Pathogens Transmitted from Animal to Human in Saudi Arabia date = 2019-02-22 keywords = Arabia; Hajj; Jeddah; MERS; Rift; Saudi; Valley; virus summary = The most important zoonotic viral diseases of which eight were diagnosed (in dead or diseased animals or through antibody detection) on the Arabian Peninsula over the last years include rabies, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), influenza virus (IFV), Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Rift Valley fever (RVF), West Nile fever (WNV), and dengue fever virus. The same WHO epidemiological data suggest that in these 22 countries including Saudi Arabia, in recent years, there has been report of steadily increasing number of sporadic human cases, incidence, and outbreaks of the virus [122] . Surprisingly, the current review showed that during an outbreak, each of these eight most zoonotic viruses (rabies, MERS-CoV, influenza, AHFV, CCHFV, RVFV, DHFV, and WNV) which occurred and/or cases confirmed in Saudi Arabia particularly from (Jeddah and/or Makkah) areas with at least one or all of these eight zoonotic viral pathogenic diseases [33, 44, 46, 78, [96] [97] [98] [99] 121, 130, 156, 171] . doi = 10.3390/pathogens8010025 id = cord-289921-2x6011gr author = Aldarhami, Abdu title = Public Perceptions and Commitment to Social Distancing “Staying-at-Home” During COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey in Saudi Arabia date = 2020-09-22 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; saudi summary = OBJECTIVE: Social distancing measures, such as stay-at-home, are currently implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. Hence, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the awareness and practices of the Saudi population in relation to social distancing (stay-at-home). A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted to evaluate the overall awareness and adherence of the Saudi population to social distancing to control the spread of COVID-19. 7 Therefore, this study was conducted to analyse the knowledge and practices of the population in KSA in relation to staying at home as a preventive measure for containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The responses indicated a high level of awareness among the Saudi population, with the majority of the participants (94%) expressing the view that everyone should practice social distancing. doi = 10.2147/ijgm.s269716 id = cord-320928-flsaa1wx author = Aldohyan, Meshal title = The perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey date = 2019-03-21 keywords = Arabia; MERS; Saudi; knowledge summary = This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary care HCWs at a hospital in Saudi Arabia that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in this country. CONCLUSIONS: A negative perception of the effectiveness of MERS-CoV knowledge transfer was associated with poorer knowledge and was more prevalent among male HCWs, physicians/pharmacists and less experienced HCWs. Hospitals should always refer to efficient knowledge sharing and educational strategies that render beneficial outcomes to patients, HCWs, and the public community. Therefore, there was an emerging need to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer from the HCW''s perspective, in a setting that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in Saudi Arabia. This explains why HCWs with less work experience (< 5 years) had significantly more negative perceptions of knowledge transfer and the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs. doi = 10.1186/s12879-019-3898-2 id = cord-264378-69mf7wi7 author = Alghamdi, Saleh title = Barriers to implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes in three Saudi hospitals: Evidence from a qualitative study date = 2019-02-20 keywords = ASP; Arabia; saudi summary = OBJECTIVES: This study explored antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) team members'' perspectives regarding factors influencing the adoption and implementation of these programmes in Saudi hospitals. METHODS: This was a qualitative study based on face-to-face semistructured interviews with healthcare professionals involved in ASPs and activities across three Ministry of Health (MoH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia (n = 18). ASP team members highlight that lack of enforcement of policies and guidelines from the MoH and hospital administration is a significant barrier to ASP adoption and implementation. Second, healthcare organisation-related barriers such as lack of management support, disintegration, poor communication, lack of recruitment/shortage of ASP team members, lack of education and training, and lack of health information technology (IT). This is critical as the lack of top management support and commitment have been identified as significant barriers to ASP adoption and implementation in Saudi MoH hospitals (T3 Q4-5). doi = 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.01.031 id = cord-302863-9e5ajbgq author = Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah title = Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date = 2018-11-30 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; child; dental summary = Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and identifying key associated factors in 6-8-year-old school children in Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia would contribute towards the knowledge of dental caries by enriching the baseline data and determining population-specific risk factors of such a highly prevalent and preventable condition. Our analysis is the first in Saudi Arabia to comprehensively evaluate and prioritize factors encompassing all four major risk domains for dental caries, including parental socioeconomic status, children oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits. doi = 10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z id = cord-318410-fznw4bbq author = Alhazmi, Amani title = Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study date = 2020-09-18 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi summary = title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices of public residents towards corona virus disease-2019 preventive measures in Saudi Arabia. Conclusions: This study showed satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and practice towards corona virus disease-2019 in Saudi Arabia. This survey aimed to study the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the participants towards COVID-19 preventive and precautionary measures in relation to containment of the pandemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by determining the participants'' socio-demographic characteristics, measuring participants'' knowledge about major facts concerning the virus, determining participants'' practices to prevent the spread of the infection, and measuring the response rate and participants'' level of adherence to MOH preventive and precaution measures. Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study doi = 10.4081/jphr.2020.1867 id = cord-337060-jkzbyqtm author = Alqurshi, Abdulmalik title = Investigating the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on pharmaceutical education in Saudi Arabia – A call for a remote teaching contingency strategy date = 2020-08-03 keywords = Arabia; COVID-19; Saudi; student summary = METHODS: Two cross-sectional Likert-scale based questionnaires targeted at students and teachers separately, designed to explore stakeholders'' satisfaction in three areas of emergency distance teaching/learning: The use of virtual classrooms, completion of course learning outcomes (CLOs) and assessment via alternative methods during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Diverging stacked bar chart to show results from a 5-point Likert-scale student-targeted questionnaire to measure student level of agreement with several statements in 3 categories concerned with the educational process during COVID-19 lockdown, these included: Virtual classrooms, Completion of CLOs and Alternative assessment methods (n = 363). Diverging stacked bar chart to show results from a 5-point Likert-scale teacher-targeted questionnaire to measure teachers'' level of agreement with several statements in 3 main categories concerned with the educational process during COVID-19 lockdown, these included: Virtual classrooms, Course learning outcomes (CLOs) and Alternative assessment methods (n = 74). doi = 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.008 id = cord-268779-qbn3i2nq author = Alrasheed, Hend title = COVID-19 Spread in Saudi Arabia: Modeling, Simulation and Analysis date = 2020-10-23 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19; model summary = In this work, we propose a simulation model for the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia using a network-based epidemic model. The proposed model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to investigate multiple vaccination strategies. We aimed to match the model simulations with empirical data and then used the model to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to predict the percentage of individuals that must be vaccinated to stop the outbreak (when a vaccine becomes available). Volz [35] modeled SIR dynamics on a static random network, which represents the population structure of susceptible and infected individuals and their contact patterns with an arbitrary degree distribution. doi = 10.3390/ijerph17217744 id = cord-003629-xogzl1lv author = Alsuheel, Ali Mohammed title = Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia date = 2019-04-12 keywords = Arabia; Human; Saudi summary = title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the presence of hMPV antigens in the nasopharyngeal secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized with respiratory tract infections in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, serological hospital-based study included all pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated that hMPV is a potential etiologic factor for the commonly occurring acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. This prospective, serological study included pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. doi = 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_72_18 id = cord-032513-uf4i46x9 author = Altuwaijri, Fahad S. title = Investigating Agile Adoption in Saudi Arabian Mobile Application Development date = 2020-08-18 keywords = Arabia; Saudi summary = Therefore, the purpose of this PhD is to investigate the factors that have a significant impact on agile adoption in mobile app development by small and medium-size software organisations in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this PhD research is to investigate the factors influencing agile adoption in mobile application development sector in Saudi Arabia. This research aims to investigate the key factors that can either support or hinder agile adoption in mobile app development by software organisations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this research will investigate the factors identified in previous studies to determine whether they can be considered as the main aspects affecting the adoption of agile in Saudi mobile app development. This cycle aims to conduct in-depth investigation to obtain a deep insight into the key factors that may influence agile adoption in Saudi mobile app development and the tools and techniques used. doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-58858-8_27 id = cord-343168-gphud9yx author = Alyami, H. S. title = Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-05-15 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19 summary = title: Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between March 27 th and April 27 th , 2020, to explore depression and anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previously validated assessment scales, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety among the study participants. The prevalence rate of moderate-to-severe depression symptoms in this study seems to be considerably higher than that of those reported by the Chinese study that included 1210 respondents during the COVID-19 outbreak (16.5%) whereas comparable rates for anxiety were noted (28.8%) [3] . Further, the study of Wang et al (2020) revealed that the female gender was significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and had higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05) (3) . doi = 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096677 id = cord-271681-jmoyy8rb author = Assiri, Abdullah M. title = Epidemiology of a Novel Recombinant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans in Saudi Arabia date = 2016-06-14 keywords = Arabia; East; MERS; Saudi summary = To assess the epidemiologic and clinical features of the disease, we investigated all cases reported by the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health (MoH) during January-June 2015, and we attempted genetic sequencing on all available specimens. At the time of this investigation, reporting in Saudi Arabia was required for all patients with clinical or radiologic evidence of MERS-CoV infection and a positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test result [21] . Genome analysis of human MERS-CoV strains from Saudi Arabia in 2015 and the recent outbreak in South Korea/China [31] [32] [33] and camels as noted above [35, 36] revealed a probable signature recombination event between 2 different parental clade B viruses involving a region of the ORF1ab and spike genes. Most cases identified in Saudi Arabia in February had documented exposure to healthcare facilities, a well-demonstrated risk factor for MERS-CoV infection [10] [11] [12] . doi = 10.1093/infdis/jiw236 id = cord-329275-cd71wttk author = Benkouiten, Samir title = Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria among Pilgrims during the 2013 Hajj date = 2014-11-17 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; hajj summary = Nasal swab samples were independently tested as described (5) for influenza virus A/H3N2 (16), influenza B virus (16), influenza C virus (17) , and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (18) ; human adenovirus (19) ; human bocavirus (20) , human cytomegalovirus (21) ; human coronaviruses (HCoVs); human enterovirus (22) ; human metapneumovirus (23); human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs); human parechovirus (24); human respiratory syncytial virus (25) ; and human rhinovirus (HRV) (26) by using real-time reverse transcription PCRs. HCoVs and human HPIVs were detected by using an HCoV/HPIV R-Gene Kit (Argene/bioMérieux, Marcy l''Etoile, France) (27) . Of 19 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were positive for HRV, 17 (89.5%) had acquired the infection during their stay in Saudi Arabia (Figure 1 ). Of 50 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were positive for ≥1 respiratory virus, 43 (86.0%) reported ≥1 respiratory symptom during their stay in Saudi Arabia, of whom 37 (86.0%) still had respiratory symptoms at the time of sampling. Also, of 79 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were negative for respiratory viruses, 74 (93.7%) reported ≥1 respiratory symptom during their stay Saudi Arabia, of whom 53 (71.6%) still had respiratory symptoms at the time of sampling. doi = 10.3201/eid2011.140600 id = cord-252274-n2m5evh0 author = Binalrimal, Sultan title = Awareness and compliance of dental students and interns toward infection control at Riyadh Elm University date = 2019-08-05 keywords = Arabia summary = Aim: Dental students have increasing patient contact during their education and clinical years, putting them at high risk of cross-infection; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the level of infection control practices among dental students and interns at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the level of compliance with infection control practices among dental students and interns at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In previous studies investigating dental students'' and interns'' knowledge of, attitude toward and compliance with HBV vaccination among private and governmental dental schools in Saudi Arabia, their attitude was positive regarding infection control protocols, but they unfortunately lacked compliance with HBV vaccination; greater emphasis on the importance of immunization and vaccine coverage was needed. The results of this study indicated increased awareness among concerned dental students and interns at Riyadh Elm University towards the implementation of effective infection control measures. doi = 10.3205/dgkh000326 id = cord-252883-1ub01j2x author = Bleibtreu, A. title = Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date = 2019-11-11 keywords = Arabia; East; MERS; Middle; Saudi summary = Since the first case of human infection by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in June 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed MERS-CoV infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of October 2018. The first case of infection attributed to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was detected in Saudi Arabia in June 2012 [1] . Despite these viruses being identified in several reports as causing lower respiratory tract infections, it was generally accepted that coronaviruses were of low pathogenicity until the emergence of SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) in 2002, a virus with a fatality rate estimated at 10%. Very shortly afterwards, in September 2012, a second patient was admitted to hospital in the United Kingdom for severe respiratory infection related to a novel coronavirus following travel to the Middle East. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission doi = 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.10.004 id = cord-319358-1bqzf7zw author = Cheema, Ejaz title = Assessing the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about adverse drug reactions and reporting methods in Saudi Arabia: an open-label randomised controlled trial date = 2019-03-27 keywords = Arabia; Saudi summary = title: Assessing the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about adverse drug reactions and reporting methods in Saudi Arabia: an open-label randomised controlled trial OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of educational intervention on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about ADRs. METHODS: This was a 3-month randomized controlled trial conducted in Saudi Arabia between January 2018 and March 2018. Given the poor knowledge of healthcare professionals about ADRs and its impact on ADR reporting, this study aims to assess the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about ADRs and their reporting methods in Saudi Arabia. At the 12-week follow-up, there was a significant improvement in the percentage of participants who were familiar with the types of ADRs that should be reported in adults (section 2 of the questionnaire in supplementary material) in the intervention group (from 0 at baseline to 28%; 95% CI 6.6-51.0; p = 0.008). doi = 10.1007/s40267-019-00621-z id = cord-299440-y6o5e2k5 author = Elachola, Habida title = A crucial time for public health preparedness: Zika virus and the 2016 Olympics, Umrah, and Hajj date = 2016-02-07 keywords = Arabia; Hajj; Zika summary = Although winter temperatures mean that mosquito density is expected to be low in Brazil at the time of the Olympics, given the summer time mosquito density in the northern hemisphere, including in Saudi Arabia, the introduction of a few infections to the mosquito population might be suffi cient to cause outbreaks of Zika virus in other countries. 11 Although both countries may have robust vector control eff orts, no single approach is adequate to prevent mosquito bites and non-vector modes of Zika virus transmission; a combination of measures is needed at personal, community, and policy levels. Given that pilgrim fl ow to Saudi Arabia is continuous, these eff orts will help minimise current transmission of Zika virus as well. 4, 13 Lessons from Saudi Arabia''s success with hosting Hajj during declared pandemics can be helpful to Brazil and the Olympics organisers. Liraglutide safety and effi cacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00274-9 id = cord-316566-5iqtj3db author = Elachola, Habida title = Oil prices, climate change—health challenges in Saudi Arabia date = 2016-01-27 keywords = Arabia; Saudi summary = 12, 13 In high-income countries, some health indices showed counter-cyclical eff ects with economic contractions (eg, increases in suicides, depression, and anxiety disorders and worsening reproductive health outcomes). If Saudi Arabia maintains increased relief spending on child health, improvements in access to nutrition and health, and strong infectious diseases control then these approaches can also help reduce mortality. Since Saudi Arabia''s sociodemographic and geopolitical foundation is diff erent from that of the case studies available thus far, it is diffi cult to predict potential health eff ects of the present economic recession and newly proposed health-sector reforms. 3 The expatriate workforce of Saudi Arabia, which accounts for 56% of the total population and about 86% of the private sector workforce, are not covered by the government health-care system. 14 Despite free health care, Saudi Arabia''s shortcomings are in the control of non-communicable diseases and mitigation of risk factors for disease. The eff ect of economic recession on population health doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00203-8 id = cord-340104-6n0sn5lk author = Fagbo, Shamsudeen F. title = Acute viral respiratory infections among children in MERS‐endemic Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012–2013 date = 2016-07-29 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; respiratory summary = This large study population determined the burden of respiratory viruses associated with ARI in children over a 2-year period a multiplex molecular testing platform. With over 60% of 2235 children testing positive for respiratory viruses, more infections were detected than previous studies [Akhter et al., 2009; Al Hajjar et al., 2011; Alanazi et al., 2013; Bukhari and Elhazmi, 2013] . This high rate was significantly different from that obtained in the present 2-year study (23% detection for RSV in children positive for respiratory viruses), as well as others [Alanazi et al., 2013; Amer et al., 2015] . Viruses associated with respiratory tract infections in children attending to the emergency room, king abdulaziz medical city, riyadh, Saudi Arabia Viral agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children at a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.1002/jmv.24632 id = cord-267090-jc1k3fki author = Gardner, Emma G. title = A case-crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome date = 2019-02-04 keywords = Arabia; MERS; Saudi summary = METHODS: A case-crossover design was used to identify associations between primary MERS cases and preceding weather conditions within the 2-week incubation period in Saudi Arabia using univariable conditional logistic regression. Data from meteorological stations closest to the largest city in each province were used to calculate the daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature ((ο)C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (m/s), and visibility (m). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS--CoV) is an emerging zoonotic agent that was first isolated in 2012 from a patient hospitalized in Saudi Arabia [1] , and has since infected over 2200 people with a 36% case fatality ratio [2] . By comparing weather conditions immediately before MERS cases to weather conditions at other times, this study aimed to identify environmental factors that are associated with primary human MERS in Saudi Arabia. The risk of primary human cases of MERS was associated with a decrease in temperature and humidity, and an increase in ground visibility. doi = 10.1186/s12879-019-3729-5 id = cord-356048-nku844kt author = Hoang, Van-Thuan title = Infectious Diseases and Mass Gatherings date = 2018-08-28 keywords = Arabia; Hajj; Saudi; pilgrim summary = RECENT FINDINGS: In the context of Hajj, one of the largest religious MGs at Mecca, Saudi Arabia, respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of infectious diseases in pilgrims with a prevalence of 50–93%. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the field of infectious diseases associated with international MGs. The Hajj (Table 1) The Hajj, an annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is one of the largest religious MGs in the world with about two million pilgrims from 185 countries [4] . The predominance of bacterial pathogens in Hajj-related gastrointestinal infections poses a major risk to public health through the potential emergence and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria [53] . (Table 1) Although numerous gastrointestinal and respiratory outbreaks have been documented at large-scale open-air festivals, particularly music festivals, with thousands of participants, these events are probably neglected, in terms of public health attention, as well as surveillance and prevention of infectious disease strategies, compared to other categories of MGs [78] . doi = 10.1007/s11908-018-0650-9 id = cord-017009-j069q0l3 author = Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title = Emerging Infectious Diseases in Camelids date = 2016-10-13 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; camel summary = The most notable emerging viral infections in OWC include camelpox, Rift Valley fever (RVF), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Outbreaks have been reported in Asia (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Yemen, Syria, Afghanistan, southern parts of Russia and India, and Pakistan) and in Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Somalia, and Sudan). The first conclusive evidence of zoonotic CMLV infection in humans, associated with outbreaks in dromedary camels, has been recently reported in India where three human cases of camelpox have been reported (Bera et al. In September of 2010, an RVF outbreak occurred in northern Mauritania involving mass abortions in small ruminants and camels (Camelus dromedarius) and at least 63 human clinical cases, including 13 deaths. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_20 id = cord-261421-k1s5iy3u author = Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title = MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 date = 2015-07-17 keywords = Arabia; MERS; Saudi summary = To assess the temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1–2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during April 2013–May 2014 in Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia, and tested for MERS-CoV RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Furthermore, MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels was definitively proven by the detection of virus and virus sequences in respiratory specimens, feces, and milk collected from camels in Qatar (9, 13) , Oman (14) , Saudi Arabia (5, 15, 16) , and Egypt (17) . To address these limitations and to clarify the dynamics of MERS-CoV infection in these animals, we conducted a year-round study in which we collected a large number of specimens from the upper respiratory tracts of live dromedary camels and from the lungs of dromedary camel carcasses. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.3201/eid2107.150070 id = cord-016191-9gr6lh5w author = Khraif, Rshood M. title = Migration in Saudi Arabia: Present and Prospects date = 2019-10-11 keywords = Arabia; Kingdom summary = The expert and technical labour force brought in to fulfil the increasing requirements of technological development and innovation affects the locally available native manpower in the fast changing Saudi Arabia, resulting in an imbalance on regional and urban scales, impacting upon economy, urban planning, transport, housing and employment and, in return, creating an over-urbanization (United Nations 2009 Khraif 2007 Khraif , 2001 Makki 1986 ). The International Database of US Census Bureau provides migration data-net migrants by year, which has been collected for Saudi Arabia and the other GCC states from 1993 to 2012-to compare the changes and its contribution to the population growth. Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the GCC in terms of both land area and population, thus having the highest level of international migration within the Arab world and beyond. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-9224-5_5 id = cord-291821-ovfqfurf author = Memish, Ziad A title = Emergence of medicine for mass gatherings: lessons from the Hajj date = 2011-12-19 keywords = Arabia; Hajj; Mecca; Saudi; health; pilgrim summary = Among all MGs, the public health issues, associated with the Hajj (an annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia) is clearly the best reported—probably because of its international or even intercontinental implications in terms of the spread of infectious disease. Imperial organisations linked cholera morbus, a non-epidemic diarrhoea, to Hajj, allowing a public health industry to develop that used health concerns to control immigration, pilgrim passports, proof of suffi cient funds to allow return travel, maritime regulation, and vessel quarantine procedures. Effi cient reorganization of the pilgrimage in every direction is needed and should be facilitated by the governments of the large number of the countries involved." 34 By the early 20th century, non-Muslim European powers were heavily engaged in the management of the Hajj and would remain so until modern Saudi Arabia came into existence and acquired fi nancial independence through petrochemical wealth. doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70337-1 id = cord-331129-vwavivmo author = Mohsen Alsufyani, Abdulaziz title = Linking the Saudi Arabian 2030 Vision with Nursing Transformation in Saudi Arabia: Roadmap for Nursing Policies and Strategies date = 2020-10-14 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; nursing summary = This study presented a comprehensive plan for developing a policy based on current challenges, recognition of policy goals, assessment of potential options and alternatives, identification of stakeholders, proposition of recommended solutions, and implementation of the framework to transform nursing standards and link these changes with the Saudi Vision 2030. Globally, nurses have made important contributions to a range of health priorities including universal health coverage, mental and community health, emergency preparedness and response, patient safety, and the provision of comprehensive patient-centered care 1 However, Saudi Arabia has entered a new era of progress and prosperity after developing Vision 2030-a program that contributes a series of developments in the fields of health delivery systems, nursing, trade, education, communications, science, and technology. However, in juxtaposition with developed countries, Saudi Arabia faces extreme staffing shortages, socio-cultural challenges, paucity of international and national benchmark evidence, absence of clear and defined scope of nursing practice, and, most importantly, policies and regulations along with the ensuing repercussions on the quality of care being offered 6, 7 . doi = 10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100256 id = cord-331228-wbd0s4fo author = Shehata, Mahmoud M. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review date = 2016-01-20 keywords = Arabia; East; MERS; Middle; Saudi; respiratory summary = authors: Shehata, Mahmoud M.; Gomaa, Mokhtar R.; Ali, Mohamed A.; Kayali, Ghazi Role of the spike glycoprotein of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in virus entry and syncytia formation Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study First cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia doi = 10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6 id = cord-353354-34tqy9tb author = Sheshah, Eman title = Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date = 2020-11-13 keywords = Arabia; Saudi; covid-19 summary = title: Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia This retrospective study aimed to characterize comorbidities and associated with mortality among hospitalized adults with Covid-19 managed as per the Saudi Ministry of Health protocol in a specialized tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The present retrospective study aims to determine the common comorbidities and risk factors that are associated with mortality among hospitalized patients admitted for Covid-19 and managed as per the Saudi MoH protocol for patients suspected of/confirmed with COVID-19 in a single specialized tertiary hospital in the capital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of T2DM and hypertension among hospitalized Covid-19 patients have already been observed not only in majority of industrialized countries with high cases of SARS-CoV2 infection, but have also been associated with higher risk for severe outcomes, including death [11] [12] [13] . doi = 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108538 id = cord-007118-fo2lq1sb author = Zakaria, Nasriah title = Development of Saudi e-health literacy scale for chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia: using integrated health literacy dimensions date = 2018-03-24 keywords = Arabia; health; literacy summary = Despite evidence of high IT use, there is no published evidence about whether the Saudi population is using IT to obtain health information or make decisions, especially regarding NCDs such as diabetes, cardiovascular issues and hypertension. In this study, we describe the development of a Saudi e-health literacy scale (SeHL) for measuring e-health literacy among Saudis suffering from NCDs, especially diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We were able to aggregate a scale that measures e-health literacy based on four dimensions: decision making, information seeking, confidence, and use of media and technology. We did this by reviewing previous studies in health literacy and e-health literacy and by conducting workshops to propose a new scale suitable for measuring e-health literacy levels among the Saudi population. In terms of the public health field, this e-health literacy research can help organization build a better patient education system that would promote prevention of NCDs. This study also analyzed literacy dimensions identified in other wellknown scales in AlSayah et al. doi = 10.1093/intqhc/mzy033