Carrel name: keyword-arabia-cord Creating study carrel named keyword-arabia-cord Initializing database file: cache/cord-017009-j069q0l3.json key: cord-017009-j069q0l3 authors: Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title: Emerging Infectious Diseases in Camelids date: 2016-10-13 journal: Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of Livestock DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_20 sha: doc_id: 17009 cord_uid: j069q0l3 file: cache/cord-007118-fo2lq1sb.json key: cord-007118-fo2lq1sb authors: Zakaria, Nasriah; AlFakhry, Ohoud; Matbuli, Abeer; Alzahrani, Asma; Arab, Noha Samir Sadiq; Madani, Alaa; Alshehri, Noura; Albarrak, Ahmed I title: Development of Saudi e-health literacy scale for chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia: using integrated health literacy dimensions date: 2018-03-24 journal: Int J Qual Health Care DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzy033 sha: doc_id: 7118 cord_uid: fo2lq1sb file: cache/cord-264378-69mf7wi7.json key: cord-264378-69mf7wi7 authors: Alghamdi, Saleh; Atef-Shebl, Nada; Aslanpour, Zoe; Berrou, Ilhem title: Barriers to implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes in three Saudi hospitals: Evidence from a qualitative study date: 2019-02-20 journal: J Glob Antimicrob Resist DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.01.031 sha: doc_id: 264378 cord_uid: 69mf7wi7 file: cache/cord-268779-qbn3i2nq.json key: cord-268779-qbn3i2nq authors: Alrasheed, Hend; Althnian, Alhanoof; Kurdi, Heba; Al-Mgren, Heila; Alharbi, Sulaiman title: COVID-19 Spread in Saudi Arabia: Modeling, Simulation and Analysis date: 2020-10-23 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17217744 sha: doc_id: 268779 cord_uid: qbn3i2nq file: cache/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.json key: cord-003629-xogzl1lv authors: Alsuheel, Ali Mohammed; Ali, Abdelwahid Saeed; Al-Hakami, Ahmed Musa; Shati, Ayed Abdullah; Chandramoorthy, Harish C.; Al-Qahtani, Saleh Mohammed title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia date: 2019-04-12 journal: Saudi J Med Med Sci DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_72_18 sha: doc_id: 3629 cord_uid: xogzl1lv file: cache/cord-016191-9gr6lh5w.json key: cord-016191-9gr6lh5w authors: Khraif, Rshood M.; Salam, Asharaf Abdul; Nair, P. S.; Elsegaey, Ibrahim title: Migration in Saudi Arabia: Present and Prospects date: 2019-10-11 journal: India's Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9224-5_5 sha: doc_id: 16191 cord_uid: 9gr6lh5w file: cache/cord-302384-gljfslhs.json key: cord-302384-gljfslhs authors: Al-Hanawi, Mohammed K.; Angawi, Khadijah; Alshareef, Noor; Qattan, Ameerah M. N.; Helmy, Hoda Z.; Abudawood, Yasmin; Alqurashi, Mohammed; Kattan, Waleed M.; Kadasah, Nasser Akeil; Chirwa, Gowokani Chijere; Alsharqi, Omar title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study date: 2020-05-27 journal: Front Public Health DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217 sha: doc_id: 302384 cord_uid: gljfslhs file: cache/cord-299440-y6o5e2k5.json key: cord-299440-y6o5e2k5 authors: Elachola, Habida; Gozzer, Ernesto; Zhuo, Jiatong; Memish, Ziad A title: A crucial time for public health preparedness: Zika virus and the 2016 Olympics, Umrah, and Hajj date: 2016-02-07 journal: Lancet DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00274-9 sha: doc_id: 299440 cord_uid: y6o5e2k5 file: cache/cord-326632-botshfa1.json key: cord-326632-botshfa1 authors: Abolfotouh, Mostafa A.; Almutairi, Adel F.; BaniMustafa, Ala’a A.; Hussein, Mohamed A. title: Perception and attitude of healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia with regard to Covid-19 pandemic and potential associated predictors date: 2020-09-29 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05443-3 sha: doc_id: 326632 cord_uid: botshfa1 file: cache/cord-000877-usz7pnvu.json key: cord-000877-usz7pnvu authors: Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed S.; Kamel, Mahmoud M.; Al-Ghamdi, Abdullhamid S.; Al-Malky, Mater I. R. title: Detection of Bocavirus in Children Suffering from Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Saudi Arabia date: 2013-01-30 journal: PLoS One DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055500 sha: doc_id: 877 cord_uid: usz7pnvu file: cache/cord-271681-jmoyy8rb.json key: cord-271681-jmoyy8rb authors: Assiri, Abdullah M.; Midgley, Claire M.; Abedi, Glen R.; Saeed, Abdulaziz Bin; Almasri, Malak M.; Lu, Xiaoyan; Al-Abdely, Hail M.; Abdalla, Osman; Mohammed, Mutaz; Algarni, Homoud S.; Alhakeem, Raafat F.; Sakthivel, Senthilkumar K.; Nooh, Randa; Alshayab, Zainab; Alessa, Mohammad; Srinivasamoorthy, Ganesh; AlQahtani, Saeed Yahya; Kheyami, Ali; HajOmar, Waleed Husein; Banaser, Talib M.; Esmaeel, Ahmad; Hall, Aron J.; Curns, Aaron T.; Tamin, Azaibi; Alsharef, Ali Abraheem; Erdman, Dean; Watson, John T.; Gerber, Susan I. title: Epidemiology of a Novel Recombinant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-06-14 journal: Journal of Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw236 sha: doc_id: 271681 cord_uid: jmoyy8rb file: cache/cord-256589-45g5cvwt.json key: cord-256589-45g5cvwt authors: Al-Khani, A. M.; Khalifa, M. A.; AlMazrou, A.; Saquib, N. title: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic course in Saudi Arabia: A dynamic epidemiological model date: 2020-06-02 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 sha: doc_id: 256589 cord_uid: 45g5cvwt file: cache/cord-319358-1bqzf7zw.json key: cord-319358-1bqzf7zw authors: Cheema, Ejaz; Almualem, Abdulmohsin Abdulaziz; Basudan, Abdulmohsen Talal; Salamatullah, AbdulAziz Khalid; Radhwi, Sohaib Omar; Alsehli, Ammar Soliman title: Assessing the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about adverse drug reactions and reporting methods in Saudi Arabia: an open-label randomised controlled trial date: 2019-03-27 journal: Drugs Ther Perspect DOI: 10.1007/s40267-019-00621-z sha: doc_id: 319358 cord_uid: 1bqzf7zw file: cache/cord-032513-uf4i46x9.json key: cord-032513-uf4i46x9 authors: Altuwaijri, Fahad S.; Ferrario, Maria Angela title: Investigating Agile Adoption in Saudi Arabian Mobile Application Development date: 2020-08-18 journal: Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming - Workshops DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58858-8_27 sha: doc_id: 32513 cord_uid: uf4i46x9 file: cache/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.json key: cord-302863-9e5ajbgq authors: Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah; Albeshr, Abdulhameed Ghassan; Yenugadhati, Nagarajkumar; Jradi, Hoda title: Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date: 2018-11-30 journal: Environ Health Prev Med DOI: 10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z sha: doc_id: 302863 cord_uid: 9e5ajbgq file: cache/cord-291821-ovfqfurf.json key: cord-291821-ovfqfurf authors: Memish, Ziad A; Stephens, Gwen M; Steffen, Robert; Ahmed, Qanta A title: Emergence of medicine for mass gatherings: lessons from the Hajj date: 2011-12-19 journal: Lancet Infect Dis DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70337-1 sha: doc_id: 291821 cord_uid: ovfqfurf file: cache/cord-289921-2x6011gr.json key: cord-289921-2x6011gr authors: Aldarhami, Abdu; Bazaid, Abdulrahman S; Althomali, Omar W; Binsaleh, Naif K title: Public Perceptions and Commitment to Social Distancing “Staying-at-Home” During COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey in Saudi Arabia date: 2020-09-22 journal: Int J Gen Med DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s269716 sha: doc_id: 289921 cord_uid: 2x6011gr file: cache/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.json key: cord-252883-1ub01j2x authors: Bleibtreu, A.; Bertine, M.; Bertin, C.; Houhou-Fidouh, N.; Visseaux, B. title: Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2019-11-11 journal: Med Mal Infect DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.10.004 sha: doc_id: 252883 cord_uid: 1ub01j2x file: cache/cord-316566-5iqtj3db.json key: cord-316566-5iqtj3db authors: Elachola, Habida; Memish, Ziad A title: Oil prices, climate change—health challenges in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-01-27 journal: Lancet DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00203-8 sha: doc_id: 316566 cord_uid: 5iqtj3db file: cache/cord-318787-z6q11loy.json key: cord-318787-z6q11loy authors: Ahmad, Naim title: COVID-19 Modeling in Saudi Arabia Using the Modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) Model date: 2020-09-14 journal: Cureus DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10452 sha: doc_id: 318787 cord_uid: z6q11loy file: cache/cord-318410-fznw4bbq.json key: cord-318410-fznw4bbq authors: Alhazmi, Amani; Ali, Maha Hamed Mohamed; Mohieldin, Ali; Aziz, Farah; Osman, Osman Babiker; Ahmed, Waled AM title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study date: 2020-09-18 journal: J Public Health Res DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2020.1867 sha: doc_id: 318410 cord_uid: fznw4bbq file: cache/cord-319113-844o9nr2.json key: cord-319113-844o9nr2 authors: AL-Rasheedi, Mabrouk; Alhazmi, Yasir; Mateq Ali, ALreshidi; ALrajhi, Maha; Samah Alharbi, Nayef; Alsuhaibani, Somayah; Mohammed, Alrashidi; Alharbi, Ghaleb title: Public and healthcare providers awareness of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia date: 2020-09-10 journal: Saudi J Biol Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.035 sha: doc_id: 319113 cord_uid: 844o9nr2 file: cache/cord-337060-jkzbyqtm.json key: cord-337060-jkzbyqtm authors: Alqurshi, Abdulmalik title: Investigating the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on pharmaceutical education in Saudi Arabia – A call for a remote teaching contingency strategy date: 2020-08-03 journal: Saudi Pharm J DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.008 sha: doc_id: 337060 cord_uid: jkzbyqtm file: cache/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.json key: cord-261421-k1s5iy3u authors: Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I.; Lu, Xiaoyan; Al-Mubarak, Abdullah I.A.; Dalab, Abdul Hafeed S.; Al-Busadah, Khalid A.S.; Erdman, Dean D. title: MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 date: 2015-07-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.150070 sha: doc_id: 261421 cord_uid: k1s5iy3u file: cache/cord-329275-cd71wttk.json key: cord-329275-cd71wttk authors: Benkouiten, Samir; Charrel, Rémi; Belhouchat, Khadidja; Drali, Tassadit; Nougairede, Antoine; Salez, Nicolas; Memish, Ziad A.; al Masri, Malak; Fournier, Pierre-Edouard; Raoult, Didier; Brouqui, Philippe; Parola, Philippe; Gautret, Philippe title: Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria among Pilgrims during the 2013 Hajj date: 2014-11-17 journal: Emerg Infect Dis DOI: 10.3201/eid2011.140600 sha: doc_id: 329275 cord_uid: cd71wttk file: cache/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.json key: cord-298974-69xjc5yq authors: Adegboye, Oyelola A.; Elfaki, Faiz title: Network Analysis of MERS Coronavirus within Households, Communities, and Hospitals to Identify Most Centralized and Super-Spreading in the Arabian Peninsula, 2012 to 2016 date: 2018-05-07 journal: Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol DOI: 10.1155/2018/6725284 sha: doc_id: 298974 cord_uid: 69xjc5yq file: cache/cord-349661-ppw80s0l.json key: cord-349661-ppw80s0l authors: Al Ghobain, Mohammed; Aldrees, Turki; Alenezi, Abdullah; Alqaryan, Saleh; Aldabeeb, Dana; Alotaibi, Najed; Aldhabib, Abdulrahman; Alghalibi, Shaker; Alharethy, Sami title: Perception and Attitude of Emergency Room Resident Physicians toward Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak date: 2017-04-10 journal: Emerg Med Int DOI: 10.1155/2017/6978256 sha: doc_id: 349661 cord_uid: ppw80s0l file: cache/cord-331129-vwavivmo.json key: cord-331129-vwavivmo authors: Mohsen Alsufyani, Abdulaziz; Alforihidi, Mohammed A.; Eidah Almalki, Khalid; Musaad Aljuaid, Sayer title: Linking the Saudi Arabian 2030 Vision with Nursing Transformation in Saudi Arabia: Roadmap for Nursing Policies and Strategies date: 2020-10-14 journal: Int J Afr Nurs Sci DOI: 10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100256 sha: doc_id: 331129 cord_uid: vwavivmo file: cache/cord-255339-oudj079q.json key: cord-255339-oudj079q authors: Al-Tayib, Omar A. title: An Overview of the Most Significant Zoonotic Viral Pathogens Transmitted from Animal to Human in Saudi Arabia date: 2019-02-22 journal: Pathogens DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010025 sha: doc_id: 255339 cord_uid: oudj079q file: cache/cord-356048-nku844kt.json key: cord-356048-nku844kt authors: Hoang, Van-Thuan; Gautret, Philippe title: Infectious Diseases and Mass Gatherings date: 2018-08-28 journal: Curr Infect Dis Rep DOI: 10.1007/s11908-018-0650-9 sha: doc_id: 356048 cord_uid: nku844kt file: cache/cord-252274-n2m5evh0.json key: cord-252274-n2m5evh0 authors: Binalrimal, Sultan; AlDrees, Abdulmajed; AlWehaibi, Mohammed; AlAsmary, Mohammed; AlShammery, Abdulaziz; AlHaidri, Essam; AlQabbaa, Lama title: Awareness and compliance of dental students and interns toward infection control at Riyadh Elm University date: 2019-08-05 journal: GMS Hyg Infect Control DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000326 sha: doc_id: 252274 cord_uid: n2m5evh0 file: cache/cord-320928-flsaa1wx.json key: cord-320928-flsaa1wx authors: Aldohyan, Meshal; Al-Rawashdeh, Nedal; Sakr, Farouk M.; Rahman, Saeed; Alfarhan, Ali I.; Salam, Mahmoud title: The perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey date: 2019-03-21 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3898-2 sha: doc_id: 320928 cord_uid: flsaa1wx file: cache/cord-343168-gphud9yx.json key: cord-343168-gphud9yx authors: Alyami, H. S.; Naser, A. Y.; Dahmash, E. Z.; Alyami, M. H.; Al Meanazel, O. T.; Al-Meanazel, A. T. title: Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date: 2020-05-15 journal: nan DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096677 sha: doc_id: 343168 cord_uid: gphud9yx file: cache/cord-254234-8w1z3un6.json key: cord-254234-8w1z3un6 authors: Ahmed, Shahira A.; Karanis, Panagiotis title: Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries date: 2020-09-18 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186824 sha: doc_id: 254234 cord_uid: 8w1z3un6 file: cache/cord-267090-jc1k3fki.json key: cord-267090-jc1k3fki authors: Gardner, Emma G.; Kelton, David; Poljak, Zvonimir; Van Kerkhove, Maria; von Dobschuetz, Sophie; Greer, Amy L. title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome date: 2019-02-04 journal: BMC Infect Dis DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3729-5 sha: doc_id: 267090 cord_uid: jc1k3fki file: cache/cord-348278-is20odaq.json key: cord-348278-is20odaq authors: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A.; Memish, Ziad A. title: Drivers of MERS-CoV transmission: what do we know? date: 2016-02-29 journal: Expert Rev Respir Med DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1150784 sha: doc_id: 348278 cord_uid: is20odaq file: cache/cord-353354-34tqy9tb.json key: cord-353354-34tqy9tb authors: Sheshah, Eman; Sabico, Shaun; Albakr, Rashed M.; Sultan, Anmar A.; Alghamdi, Khalaf S.; Al Madani, Khaled; Alotair, Hadil A.; Al-Daghri, Nasser M. title: Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date: 2020-11-13 journal: Diabetes Res Clin Pract DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108538 sha: doc_id: 353354 cord_uid: 34tqy9tb file: cache/cord-321260-oi37dfsp.json key: cord-321260-oi37dfsp authors: Ahmed, Anwar E. title: Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study date: 2017-12-22 journal: Epidemiol Infect DOI: 10.1017/s095026881700293x sha: doc_id: 321260 cord_uid: oi37dfsp file: cache/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.json key: cord-351413-3nfukrfl authors: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid; Alahmadi, Sabah; Al-Zahrani, Ali title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 date: 2019-07-15 journal: Int J Environ Res Public Health DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142520 sha: doc_id: 351413 cord_uid: 3nfukrfl file: cache/cord-340104-6n0sn5lk.json key: cord-340104-6n0sn5lk authors: Fagbo, Shamsudeen F.; Garbati, Musa A.; Hasan, Rami; AlShahrani, Dayel; Al‐Shehri, Mohamed; AlFawaz, Tariq; Hakawi, Ahmed; Wani, Tariq Ahmad; Skakni, Leila title: Acute viral respiratory infections among children in MERS‐endemic Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012–2013 date: 2016-07-29 journal: J Med Virol DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24632 sha: doc_id: 340104 cord_uid: 6n0sn5lk file: cache/cord-331228-wbd0s4fo.json key: cord-331228-wbd0s4fo authors: Shehata, Mahmoud M.; Gomaa, Mokhtar R.; Ali, Mohamed A.; Kayali, Ghazi title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review date: 2016-01-20 journal: Front Med DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6 sha: doc_id: 331228 cord_uid: wbd0s4fo Reading metadata file and updating bibliogrpahics === updating bibliographic database Building study carrel named keyword-arabia-cord === file2bib.sh === id: cord-299440-y6o5e2k5 author: Elachola, Habida title: A crucial time for public health preparedness: Zika virus and the 2016 Olympics, Umrah, and Hajj date: 2016-02-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-299440-y6o5e2k5.txt cache: ./cache/cord-299440-y6o5e2k5.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-299440-y6o5e2k5.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-007118-fo2lq1sb author: Zakaria, Nasriah title: Development of Saudi e-health literacy scale for chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia: using integrated health literacy dimensions date: 2018-03-24 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-007118-fo2lq1sb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-007118-fo2lq1sb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-007118-fo2lq1sb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-000877-usz7pnvu author: Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed S. title: Detection of Bocavirus in Children Suffering from Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Saudi Arabia date: 2013-01-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-000877-usz7pnvu.txt cache: ./cache/cord-000877-usz7pnvu.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-000877-usz7pnvu.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-003629-xogzl1lv author: Alsuheel, Ali Mohammed title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia date: 2019-04-12 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt cache: ./cache/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-316566-5iqtj3db author: Elachola, Habida title: Oil prices, climate change—health challenges in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-01-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-316566-5iqtj3db.txt cache: ./cache/cord-316566-5iqtj3db.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-316566-5iqtj3db.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319358-1bqzf7zw author: Cheema, Ejaz title: Assessing the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about adverse drug reactions and reporting methods in Saudi Arabia: an open-label randomised controlled trial date: 2019-03-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319358-1bqzf7zw.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319358-1bqzf7zw.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-319358-1bqzf7zw.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-032513-uf4i46x9 author: Altuwaijri, Fahad S. title: Investigating Agile Adoption in Saudi Arabian Mobile Application Development date: 2020-08-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-032513-uf4i46x9.txt cache: ./cache/cord-032513-uf4i46x9.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-032513-uf4i46x9.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-349661-ppw80s0l author: Al Ghobain, Mohammed title: Perception and Attitude of Emergency Room Resident Physicians toward Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak date: 2017-04-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-349661-ppw80s0l.txt cache: ./cache/cord-349661-ppw80s0l.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-349661-ppw80s0l.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-264378-69mf7wi7 author: Alghamdi, Saleh title: Barriers to implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes in three Saudi hospitals: Evidence from a qualitative study date: 2019-02-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-264378-69mf7wi7.txt cache: ./cache/cord-264378-69mf7wi7.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-264378-69mf7wi7.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-256589-45g5cvwt author: Al-Khani, A. M. title: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic course in Saudi Arabia: A dynamic epidemiological model date: 2020-06-02 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-256589-45g5cvwt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-256589-45g5cvwt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-256589-45g5cvwt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302384-gljfslhs author: Al-Hanawi, Mohammed K. title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study date: 2020-05-27 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302384-gljfslhs.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302384-gljfslhs.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-302384-gljfslhs.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-326632-botshfa1 author: Abolfotouh, Mostafa A. title: Perception and attitude of healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia with regard to Covid-19 pandemic and potential associated predictors date: 2020-09-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-326632-botshfa1.txt cache: ./cache/cord-326632-botshfa1.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-326632-botshfa1.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-319113-844o9nr2 author: AL-Rasheedi, Mabrouk title: Public and healthcare providers awareness of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia date: 2020-09-10 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-319113-844o9nr2.txt cache: ./cache/cord-319113-844o9nr2.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-319113-844o9nr2.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318787-z6q11loy author: Ahmad, Naim title: COVID-19 Modeling in Saudi Arabia Using the Modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) Model date: 2020-09-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318787-z6q11loy.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318787-z6q11loy.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-318787-z6q11loy.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-017009-j069q0l3 author: Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title: Emerging Infectious Diseases in Camelids date: 2016-10-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-017009-j069q0l3.txt cache: ./cache/cord-017009-j069q0l3.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-017009-j069q0l3.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-271681-jmoyy8rb author: Assiri, Abdullah M. title: Epidemiology of a Novel Recombinant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-06-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-271681-jmoyy8rb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-271681-jmoyy8rb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-271681-jmoyy8rb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252274-n2m5evh0 author: Binalrimal, Sultan title: Awareness and compliance of dental students and interns toward infection control at Riyadh Elm University date: 2019-08-05 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252274-n2m5evh0.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252274-n2m5evh0.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-252274-n2m5evh0.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-016191-9gr6lh5w author: Khraif, Rshood M. title: Migration in Saudi Arabia: Present and Prospects date: 2019-10-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-016191-9gr6lh5w.txt cache: ./cache/cord-016191-9gr6lh5w.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-016191-9gr6lh5w.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-289921-2x6011gr author: Aldarhami, Abdu title: Public Perceptions and Commitment to Social Distancing “Staying-at-Home” During COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey in Saudi Arabia date: 2020-09-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-289921-2x6011gr.txt cache: ./cache/cord-289921-2x6011gr.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-289921-2x6011gr.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-343168-gphud9yx author: Alyami, H. S. title: Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date: 2020-05-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-343168-gphud9yx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-343168-gphud9yx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-343168-gphud9yx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-329275-cd71wttk author: Benkouiten, Samir title: Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria among Pilgrims during the 2013 Hajj date: 2014-11-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-329275-cd71wttk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-329275-cd71wttk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-329275-cd71wttk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-321260-oi37dfsp author: Ahmed, Anwar E. title: Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study date: 2017-12-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-321260-oi37dfsp.txt cache: ./cache/cord-321260-oi37dfsp.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-321260-oi37dfsp.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-340104-6n0sn5lk author: Fagbo, Shamsudeen F. title: Acute viral respiratory infections among children in MERS‐endemic Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012–2013 date: 2016-07-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-340104-6n0sn5lk.txt cache: ./cache/cord-340104-6n0sn5lk.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-340104-6n0sn5lk.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-261421-k1s5iy3u author: Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title: MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 date: 2015-07-17 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt cache: ./cache/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-267090-jc1k3fki author: Gardner, Emma G. title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome date: 2019-02-04 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-267090-jc1k3fki.txt cache: ./cache/cord-267090-jc1k3fki.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-267090-jc1k3fki.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-353354-34tqy9tb author: Sheshah, Eman title: Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date: 2020-11-13 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-353354-34tqy9tb.txt cache: ./cache/cord-353354-34tqy9tb.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-353354-34tqy9tb.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-298974-69xjc5yq author: Adegboye, Oyelola A. title: Network Analysis of MERS Coronavirus within Households, Communities, and Hospitals to Identify Most Centralized and Super-Spreading in the Arabian Peninsula, 2012 to 2016 date: 2018-05-07 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331129-vwavivmo author: Mohsen Alsufyani, Abdulaziz title: Linking the Saudi Arabian 2030 Vision with Nursing Transformation in Saudi Arabia: Roadmap for Nursing Policies and Strategies date: 2020-10-14 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331129-vwavivmo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331129-vwavivmo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-331129-vwavivmo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-318410-fznw4bbq author: Alhazmi, Amani title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-318410-fznw4bbq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-318410-fznw4bbq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-318410-fznw4bbq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-252883-1ub01j2x author: Bleibtreu, A. title: Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2019-11-11 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt cache: ./cache/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-348278-is20odaq author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Drivers of MERS-CoV transmission: what do we know? date: 2016-02-29 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-348278-is20odaq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-291821-ovfqfurf author: Memish, Ziad A title: Emergence of medicine for mass gatherings: lessons from the Hajj date: 2011-12-19 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-291821-ovfqfurf.txt cache: ./cache/cord-291821-ovfqfurf.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-291821-ovfqfurf.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-320928-flsaa1wx author: Aldohyan, Meshal title: The perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey date: 2019-03-21 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-320928-flsaa1wx.txt cache: ./cache/cord-320928-flsaa1wx.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-320928-flsaa1wx.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-302863-9e5ajbgq author: Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah title: Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date: 2018-11-30 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-337060-jkzbyqtm author: Alqurshi, Abdulmalik title: Investigating the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on pharmaceutical education in Saudi Arabia – A call for a remote teaching contingency strategy date: 2020-08-03 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-337060-jkzbyqtm.txt cache: ./cache/cord-337060-jkzbyqtm.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-337060-jkzbyqtm.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-356048-nku844kt author: Hoang, Van-Thuan title: Infectious Diseases and Mass Gatherings date: 2018-08-28 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-356048-nku844kt.txt cache: ./cache/cord-356048-nku844kt.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-356048-nku844kt.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-351413-3nfukrfl author: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 date: 2019-07-15 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt cache: ./cache/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-268779-qbn3i2nq author: Alrasheed, Hend title: COVID-19 Spread in Saudi Arabia: Modeling, Simulation and Analysis date: 2020-10-23 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-268779-qbn3i2nq.txt cache: ./cache/cord-268779-qbn3i2nq.txt Content-Encoding ISO-8859-1 Content-Type text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 3 resourceName b'cord-268779-qbn3i2nq.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-331228-wbd0s4fo author: Shehata, Mahmoud M. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review date: 2016-01-20 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-331228-wbd0s4fo.txt cache: ./cache/cord-331228-wbd0s4fo.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-331228-wbd0s4fo.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-255339-oudj079q author: Al-Tayib, Omar A. title: An Overview of the Most Significant Zoonotic Viral Pathogens Transmitted from Animal to Human in Saudi Arabia date: 2019-02-22 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-255339-oudj079q.txt cache: ./cache/cord-255339-oudj079q.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 2 resourceName b'cord-255339-oudj079q.txt' === file2bib.sh === id: cord-254234-8w1z3un6 author: Ahmed, Shahira A. title: Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries date: 2020-09-18 pages: extension: .txt txt: ./txt/cord-254234-8w1z3un6.txt cache: ./cache/cord-254234-8w1z3un6.txt Content-Encoding UTF-8 Content-Type text/plain; charset=UTF-8 X-Parsed-By ['org.apache.tika.parser.DefaultParser', 'org.apache.tika.parser.csv.TextAndCSVParser'] X-TIKA:content_handler ToTextContentHandler X-TIKA:embedded_depth 0 X-TIKA:parse_time_millis 4 resourceName b'cord-254234-8w1z3un6.txt' Que is empty; done keyword-arabia-cord === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-264378-69mf7wi7 author = Alghamdi, Saleh title = Barriers to implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes in three Saudi hospitals: Evidence from a qualitative study date = 2019-02-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4473 sentences = 224 flesch = 33 summary = OBJECTIVES: This study explored antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) team members' perspectives regarding factors influencing the adoption and implementation of these programmes in Saudi hospitals. METHODS: This was a qualitative study based on face-to-face semistructured interviews with healthcare professionals involved in ASPs and activities across three Ministry of Health (MoH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia (n = 18). ASP team members highlight that lack of enforcement of policies and guidelines from the MoH and hospital administration is a significant barrier to ASP adoption and implementation. Second, healthcare organisation-related barriers such as lack of management support, disintegration, poor communication, lack of recruitment/shortage of ASP team members, lack of education and training, and lack of health information technology (IT). This is critical as the lack of top management support and commitment have been identified as significant barriers to ASP adoption and implementation in Saudi MoH hospitals (T3 Q4-5). cache = ./cache/cord-264378-69mf7wi7.txt txt = ./txt/cord-264378-69mf7wi7.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-017009-j069q0l3 author = Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title = Emerging Infectious Diseases in Camelids date = 2016-10-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4700 sentences = 285 flesch = 55 summary = The most notable emerging viral infections in OWC include camelpox, Rift Valley fever (RVF), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Outbreaks have been reported in Asia (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Yemen, Syria, Afghanistan, southern parts of Russia and India, and Pakistan) and in Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Somalia, and Sudan). The first conclusive evidence of zoonotic CMLV infection in humans, associated with outbreaks in dromedary camels, has been recently reported in India where three human cases of camelpox have been reported (Bera et al. In September of 2010, an RVF outbreak occurred in northern Mauritania involving mass abortions in small ruminants and camels (Camelus dromedarius) and at least 63 human clinical cases, including 13 deaths. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-017009-j069q0l3.txt txt = ./txt/cord-017009-j069q0l3.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-007118-fo2lq1sb author = Zakaria, Nasriah title = Development of Saudi e-health literacy scale for chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia: using integrated health literacy dimensions date = 2018-03-24 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3217 sentences = 172 flesch = 49 summary = Despite evidence of high IT use, there is no published evidence about whether the Saudi population is using IT to obtain health information or make decisions, especially regarding NCDs such as diabetes, cardiovascular issues and hypertension. In this study, we describe the development of a Saudi e-health literacy scale (SeHL) for measuring e-health literacy among Saudis suffering from NCDs, especially diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We were able to aggregate a scale that measures e-health literacy based on four dimensions: decision making, information seeking, confidence, and use of media and technology. We did this by reviewing previous studies in health literacy and e-health literacy and by conducting workshops to propose a new scale suitable for measuring e-health literacy levels among the Saudi population. In terms of the public health field, this e-health literacy research can help organization build a better patient education system that would promote prevention of NCDs. This study also analyzed literacy dimensions identified in other wellknown scales in AlSayah et al. cache = ./cache/cord-007118-fo2lq1sb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-007118-fo2lq1sb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-268779-qbn3i2nq author = Alrasheed, Hend title = COVID-19 Spread in Saudi Arabia: Modeling, Simulation and Analysis date = 2020-10-23 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 10876 sentences = 628 flesch = 53 summary = In this work, we propose a simulation model for the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia using a network-based epidemic model. The proposed model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to investigate multiple vaccination strategies. We aimed to match the model simulations with empirical data and then used the model to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to predict the percentage of individuals that must be vaccinated to stop the outbreak (when a vaccine becomes available). Volz [35] modeled SIR dynamics on a static random network, which represents the population structure of susceptible and infected individuals and their contact patterns with an arbitrary degree distribution. cache = ./cache/cord-268779-qbn3i2nq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-268779-qbn3i2nq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-016191-9gr6lh5w author = Khraif, Rshood M. title = Migration in Saudi Arabia: Present and Prospects date = 2019-10-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4450 sentences = 216 flesch = 50 summary = The expert and technical labour force brought in to fulfil the increasing requirements of technological development and innovation affects the locally available native manpower in the fast changing Saudi Arabia, resulting in an imbalance on regional and urban scales, impacting upon economy, urban planning, transport, housing and employment and, in return, creating an over-urbanization (United Nations 2009 Khraif 2007 Khraif , 2001 Makki 1986 ). The International Database of US Census Bureau provides migration data-net migrants by year, which has been collected for Saudi Arabia and the other GCC states from 1993 to 2012-to compare the changes and its contribution to the population growth. Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the GCC in terms of both land area and population, thus having the highest level of international migration within the Arab world and beyond. cache = ./cache/cord-016191-9gr6lh5w.txt txt = ./txt/cord-016191-9gr6lh5w.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-003629-xogzl1lv author = Alsuheel, Ali Mohammed title = Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia date = 2019-04-12 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2817 sentences = 174 flesch = 44 summary = title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the presence of hMPV antigens in the nasopharyngeal secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized with respiratory tract infections in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, serological hospital-based study included all pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated that hMPV is a potential etiologic factor for the commonly occurring acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. This prospective, serological study included pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. cache = ./cache/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt txt = ./txt/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302384-gljfslhs author = Al-Hanawi, Mohammed K. title = Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study date = 2020-05-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4544 sentences = 263 flesch = 53 summary = title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Saudi public, toward COVID-19, during the pandemic. To assess the differences in mean scores, and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19, the data were run through univariate and multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Thus, this study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of KSA residents, toward COVID-19 during the pandemic spike. To the researchers' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate COVID-19 KAP, and associated sociodemographic characteristics among the general population of the KSA. Respondents adopted good and safe practices, as a result of Saudi Arabia's health authorities providing education and outreach materials, to increase public understating of the disease, and influence behavioral change. Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among Population in Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-302384-gljfslhs.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302384-gljfslhs.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-326632-botshfa1 author = Abolfotouh, Mostafa A. title = Perception and attitude of healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia with regard to Covid-19 pandemic and potential associated predictors date = 2020-09-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4135 sentences = 210 flesch = 54 summary = METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, HCWs at three tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia were surveyed via email with an anonymous link, by a concern scale about Covid-19 pandemic during 15–30 April, 2020. Predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), younger age (p = 0.003), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), living with others (p = 0.003) working in the western region (p = 0.003) and direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). In multiple regression analysis ( Table 4) , predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of younger age (p = 0.003), Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), and those working in the western region (p = 0.003), living with others (p = 0.003) and in direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). cache = ./cache/cord-326632-botshfa1.txt txt = ./txt/cord-326632-botshfa1.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-299440-y6o5e2k5 author = Elachola, Habida title = A crucial time for public health preparedness: Zika virus and the 2016 Olympics, Umrah, and Hajj date = 2016-02-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1970 sentences = 101 flesch = 49 summary = Although winter temperatures mean that mosquito density is expected to be low in Brazil at the time of the Olympics, given the summer time mosquito density in the northern hemisphere, including in Saudi Arabia, the introduction of a few infections to the mosquito population might be suffi cient to cause outbreaks of Zika virus in other countries. 11 Although both countries may have robust vector control eff orts, no single approach is adequate to prevent mosquito bites and non-vector modes of Zika virus transmission; a combination of measures is needed at personal, community, and policy levels. Given that pilgrim fl ow to Saudi Arabia is continuous, these eff orts will help minimise current transmission of Zika virus as well. 4, 13 Lessons from Saudi Arabia's success with hosting Hajj during declared pandemics can be helpful to Brazil and the Olympics organisers. Liraglutide safety and effi cacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study cache = ./cache/cord-299440-y6o5e2k5.txt txt = ./txt/cord-299440-y6o5e2k5.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-000877-usz7pnvu author = Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed S. title = Detection of Bocavirus in Children Suffering from Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Saudi Arabia date = 2013-01-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1826 sentences = 101 flesch = 51 summary = title: Detection of Bocavirus in Children Suffering from Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Saudi Arabia Swabs samples from 80 children with respiratory tract infections were examined for the presence of HBoV. Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first found in children with acute respiratory tract infections in 2005 [1] . The current study aims to screen the epidemiological status and molecular phylogeny of HBoV isolates prevailing in pediatric patients with respiratory infection in Saudi Arabia. The current study investigated the prevalence of HBoV in patients suffering from respiratory tract infections in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis results of three selected sequences showed that the Saudi HBoV1 strains obtained from respiratory samples belonged to group I human bocaviruses (Fig. 1) . Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infections Frequent detection of viral coinfection in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection using a real-time polymerase chain reaction cache = ./cache/cord-000877-usz7pnvu.txt txt = ./txt/cord-000877-usz7pnvu.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-271681-jmoyy8rb author = Assiri, Abdullah M. title = Epidemiology of a Novel Recombinant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans in Saudi Arabia date = 2016-06-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4372 sentences = 225 flesch = 44 summary = To assess the epidemiologic and clinical features of the disease, we investigated all cases reported by the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health (MoH) during January-June 2015, and we attempted genetic sequencing on all available specimens. At the time of this investigation, reporting in Saudi Arabia was required for all patients with clinical or radiologic evidence of MERS-CoV infection and a positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test result [21] . Genome analysis of human MERS-CoV strains from Saudi Arabia in 2015 and the recent outbreak in South Korea/China [31] [32] [33] and camels as noted above [35, 36] revealed a probable signature recombination event between 2 different parental clade B viruses involving a region of the ORF1ab and spike genes. Most cases identified in Saudi Arabia in February had documented exposure to healthcare facilities, a well-demonstrated risk factor for MERS-CoV infection [10] [11] [12] . cache = ./cache/cord-271681-jmoyy8rb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-271681-jmoyy8rb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319358-1bqzf7zw author = Cheema, Ejaz title = Assessing the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about adverse drug reactions and reporting methods in Saudi Arabia: an open-label randomised controlled trial date = 2019-03-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2626 sentences = 130 flesch = 48 summary = title: Assessing the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about adverse drug reactions and reporting methods in Saudi Arabia: an open-label randomised controlled trial OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of educational intervention on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about ADRs. METHODS: This was a 3-month randomized controlled trial conducted in Saudi Arabia between January 2018 and March 2018. Given the poor knowledge of healthcare professionals about ADRs and its impact on ADR reporting, this study aims to assess the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about ADRs and their reporting methods in Saudi Arabia. At the 12-week follow-up, there was a significant improvement in the percentage of participants who were familiar with the types of ADRs that should be reported in adults (section 2 of the questionnaire in supplementary material) in the intervention group (from 0 at baseline to 28%; 95% CI 6.6-51.0; p = 0.008). cache = ./cache/cord-319358-1bqzf7zw.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319358-1bqzf7zw.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-256589-45g5cvwt author = Al-Khani, A. M. title = The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic course in Saudi Arabia: A dynamic epidemiological model date = 2020-06-02 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3074 sentences = 201 flesch = 59 summary = Objective: Saudi Arabia ranks second in the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. A susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) prediction model was constructed to predict the trend in COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia in the next 6 months. We name our prediction model KSA-CoV-19, and with it, aim to find the following: 1) the anticipated epidemic curve of SARS-CoV-2 in Saudi Arabia, 2) the peak, the end, and the number of COVID-19 cases associated with the curve, and 3) the timing of upcoming Hajj 2020 (July 28 th -August 2 nd ) in relation to the anticipated epidemic curve. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 doi: medRxiv preprint Finally, we generated a model that simulated the natural course or "free fall" of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in Saudi Arabia. In this paper, we generated four different models that provided an estimation for the COVID-19 course in Saudi Arabia. cache = ./cache/cord-256589-45g5cvwt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-256589-45g5cvwt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-302863-9e5ajbgq author = Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah title = Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date = 2018-11-30 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6249 sentences = 285 flesch = 47 summary = Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and identifying key associated factors in 6-8-year-old school children in Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia would contribute towards the knowledge of dental caries by enriching the baseline data and determining population-specific risk factors of such a highly prevalent and preventable condition. Our analysis is the first in Saudi Arabia to comprehensively evaluate and prioritize factors encompassing all four major risk domains for dental caries, including parental socioeconomic status, children oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits. cache = ./cache/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-032513-uf4i46x9 author = Altuwaijri, Fahad S. title = Investigating Agile Adoption in Saudi Arabian Mobile Application Development date = 2020-08-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2128 sentences = 115 flesch = 48 summary = Therefore, the purpose of this PhD is to investigate the factors that have a significant impact on agile adoption in mobile app development by small and medium-size software organisations in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this PhD research is to investigate the factors influencing agile adoption in mobile application development sector in Saudi Arabia. This research aims to investigate the key factors that can either support or hinder agile adoption in mobile app development by software organisations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this research will investigate the factors identified in previous studies to determine whether they can be considered as the main aspects affecting the adoption of agile in Saudi mobile app development. This cycle aims to conduct in-depth investigation to obtain a deep insight into the key factors that may influence agile adoption in Saudi mobile app development and the tools and techniques used. cache = ./cache/cord-032513-uf4i46x9.txt txt = ./txt/cord-032513-uf4i46x9.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-291821-ovfqfurf author = Memish, Ziad A title = Emergence of medicine for mass gatherings: lessons from the Hajj date = 2011-12-19 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6621 sentences = 385 flesch = 58 summary = Among all MGs, the public health issues, associated with the Hajj (an annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia) is clearly the best reported—probably because of its international or even intercontinental implications in terms of the spread of infectious disease. Imperial organisations linked cholera morbus, a non-epidemic diarrhoea, to Hajj, allowing a public health industry to develop that used health concerns to control immigration, pilgrim passports, proof of suffi cient funds to allow return travel, maritime regulation, and vessel quarantine procedures. Effi cient reorganization of the pilgrimage in every direction is needed and should be facilitated by the governments of the large number of the countries involved." 34 By the early 20th century, non-Muslim European powers were heavily engaged in the management of the Hajj and would remain so until modern Saudi Arabia came into existence and acquired fi nancial independence through petrochemical wealth. cache = ./cache/cord-291821-ovfqfurf.txt txt = ./txt/cord-291821-ovfqfurf.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-289921-2x6011gr author = Aldarhami, Abdu title = Public Perceptions and Commitment to Social Distancing “Staying-at-Home” During COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey in Saudi Arabia date = 2020-09-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4090 sentences = 197 flesch = 51 summary = OBJECTIVE: Social distancing measures, such as stay-at-home, are currently implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. Hence, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the awareness and practices of the Saudi population in relation to social distancing (stay-at-home). A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted to evaluate the overall awareness and adherence of the Saudi population to social distancing to control the spread of COVID-19. 7 Therefore, this study was conducted to analyse the knowledge and practices of the population in KSA in relation to staying at home as a preventive measure for containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The responses indicated a high level of awareness among the Saudi population, with the majority of the participants (94%) expressing the view that everyone should practice social distancing. cache = ./cache/cord-289921-2x6011gr.txt txt = ./txt/cord-289921-2x6011gr.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-316566-5iqtj3db author = Elachola, Habida title = Oil prices, climate change—health challenges in Saudi Arabia date = 2016-01-27 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 1733 sentences = 100 flesch = 53 summary = 12, 13 In high-income countries, some health indices showed counter-cyclical eff ects with economic contractions (eg, increases in suicides, depression, and anxiety disorders and worsening reproductive health outcomes). If Saudi Arabia maintains increased relief spending on child health, improvements in access to nutrition and health, and strong infectious diseases control then these approaches can also help reduce mortality. Since Saudi Arabia's sociodemographic and geopolitical foundation is diff erent from that of the case studies available thus far, it is diffi cult to predict potential health eff ects of the present economic recession and newly proposed health-sector reforms. 3 The expatriate workforce of Saudi Arabia, which accounts for 56% of the total population and about 86% of the private sector workforce, are not covered by the government health-care system. 14 Despite free health care, Saudi Arabia's shortcomings are in the control of non-communicable diseases and mitigation of risk factors for disease. The eff ect of economic recession on population health cache = ./cache/cord-316566-5iqtj3db.txt txt = ./txt/cord-316566-5iqtj3db.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252883-1ub01j2x author = Bleibtreu, A. title = Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date = 2019-11-11 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6231 sentences = 304 flesch = 49 summary = Since the first case of human infection by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in June 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed MERS-CoV infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of October 2018. The first case of infection attributed to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was detected in Saudi Arabia in June 2012 [1] . Despite these viruses being identified in several reports as causing lower respiratory tract infections, it was generally accepted that coronaviruses were of low pathogenicity until the emergence of SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) in 2002, a virus with a fatality rate estimated at 10%. Very shortly afterwards, in September 2012, a second patient was admitted to hospital in the United Kingdom for severe respiratory infection related to a novel coronavirus following travel to the Middle East. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission cache = ./cache/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-319113-844o9nr2 author = AL-Rasheedi, Mabrouk title = Public and healthcare providers awareness of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia date = 2020-09-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3573 sentences = 176 flesch = 54 summary = Objective The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate the awareness of both the general public and healthcare providers in Qassim region in Saudi Arabia. Results showed significant positive correlation between the recognition of high-risk groups, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease prevention and available treatments. Results showed that there were significant differences of awareness levels among different groups of age and sex in response to the identification of COVID-19 treatment. Results showed significant positive correlation between high risk groups recognition, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease spread prevention and COVID-19 available treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the awareness of healthcare professionals and the general public regarding COVID-19 in Qassim region, kingdom Saudi Arabia with focusing on both general awareness and detailed information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has sought to evaluate COVID-19 awareness in Saudi healthcare professionals and the general public in Qassim region. cache = ./cache/cord-319113-844o9nr2.txt txt = ./txt/cord-319113-844o9nr2.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-337060-jkzbyqtm author = Alqurshi, Abdulmalik title = Investigating the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on pharmaceutical education in Saudi Arabia – A call for a remote teaching contingency strategy date = 2020-08-03 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 6566 sentences = 329 flesch = 44 summary = METHODS: Two cross-sectional Likert-scale based questionnaires targeted at students and teachers separately, designed to explore stakeholders' satisfaction in three areas of emergency distance teaching/learning: The use of virtual classrooms, completion of course learning outcomes (CLOs) and assessment via alternative methods during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Diverging stacked bar chart to show results from a 5-point Likert-scale student-targeted questionnaire to measure student level of agreement with several statements in 3 categories concerned with the educational process during COVID-19 lockdown, these included: Virtual classrooms, Completion of CLOs and Alternative assessment methods (n = 363). Diverging stacked bar chart to show results from a 5-point Likert-scale teacher-targeted questionnaire to measure teachers' level of agreement with several statements in 3 main categories concerned with the educational process during COVID-19 lockdown, these included: Virtual classrooms, Course learning outcomes (CLOs) and Alternative assessment methods (n = 74). cache = ./cache/cord-337060-jkzbyqtm.txt txt = ./txt/cord-337060-jkzbyqtm.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-298974-69xjc5yq author = Adegboye, Oyelola A. title = Network Analysis of MERS Coronavirus within Households, Communities, and Hospitals to Identify Most Centralized and Super-Spreading in the Arabian Peninsula, 2012 to 2016 date = 2018-05-07 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4305 sentences = 190 flesch = 47 summary = The transmission connectivity networks of people infected with highly contagious Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia were assessed to identify super-spreading events among the infected patients between 2012 and 2016. e variables considered in this study were age, gender, patient type (whether the patient is a healthcare worker (HCW) or nonhealthcare worker), health outcome (dead or alive) as at the last day of follow-up, patient comorbidity status, types of exposure to known risk factors (animal contact and camel contact indirectly or directly or through consumption of camel products), and place of infection (classified as hospital, community, and household/ family). Patient 1664 was favoured (based on degree, closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector network centrality metrics) as the most important in the transmission network by having the highest number of secondary cases. In this study, several network centrality metrics (degree, betweenness, closeness, eigenvector, and 2-reach) were used to quantify the connectivity among MERS cases and to identify which patient requires prioritization for intervention. cache = ./cache/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-349661-ppw80s0l author = Al Ghobain, Mohammed title = Perception and Attitude of Emergency Room Resident Physicians toward Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak date = 2017-04-10 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2003 sentences = 102 flesch = 54 summary = We aimed to study the psychological impact of a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak on emergency room resident physicians (ERRPs). We included all ERRPs working in these four hospitals between November 2015 and December 2015 after a major outbreak of coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. Our study highlights the perceptions, attitude, and psychological impact of MERS outbreaks among ERRPs in Saudi Arabia. A small pilot study conducted in a single center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in which the majority of respondents were nurses from the Philippines, did address the emotions and coping strategies of the healthcare workers who faced a MERS-CoV outbreak. However, the study was conducted in four major hospitals in Saudi Arabia that all treated and handled patients with MERS infection, which justifies the generalization of our findings. cache = ./cache/cord-349661-ppw80s0l.txt txt = ./txt/cord-349661-ppw80s0l.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-261421-k1s5iy3u author = Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title = MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 date = 2015-07-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3261 sentences = 145 flesch = 50 summary = To assess the temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1–2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during April 2013–May 2014 in Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia, and tested for MERS-CoV RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Furthermore, MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels was definitively proven by the detection of virus and virus sequences in respiratory specimens, feces, and milk collected from camels in Qatar (9, 13) , Oman (14) , Saudi Arabia (5, 15, 16) , and Egypt (17) . To address these limitations and to clarify the dynamics of MERS-CoV infection in these animals, we conducted a year-round study in which we collected a large number of specimens from the upper respiratory tracts of live dromedary camels and from the lungs of dromedary camel carcasses. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt txt = ./txt/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-252274-n2m5evh0 author = Binalrimal, Sultan title = Awareness and compliance of dental students and interns toward infection control at Riyadh Elm University date = 2019-08-05 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 2458 sentences = 118 flesch = 39 summary = Aim: Dental students have increasing patient contact during their education and clinical years, putting them at high risk of cross-infection; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the level of infection control practices among dental students and interns at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the level of compliance with infection control practices among dental students and interns at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In previous studies investigating dental students' and interns' knowledge of, attitude toward and compliance with HBV vaccination among private and governmental dental schools in Saudi Arabia, their attitude was positive regarding infection control protocols, but they unfortunately lacked compliance with HBV vaccination; greater emphasis on the importance of immunization and vaccine coverage was needed. The results of this study indicated increased awareness among concerned dental students and interns at Riyadh Elm University towards the implementation of effective infection control measures. cache = ./cache/cord-252274-n2m5evh0.txt txt = ./txt/cord-252274-n2m5evh0.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318410-fznw4bbq author = Alhazmi, Amani title = Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4281 sentences = 221 flesch = 49 summary = title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices of public residents towards corona virus disease-2019 preventive measures in Saudi Arabia. Conclusions: This study showed satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and practice towards corona virus disease-2019 in Saudi Arabia. This survey aimed to study the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the participants towards COVID-19 preventive and precautionary measures in relation to containment of the pandemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by determining the participants' socio-demographic characteristics, measuring participants' knowledge about major facts concerning the virus, determining participants' practices to prevent the spread of the infection, and measuring the response rate and participants' level of adherence to MOH preventive and precaution measures. Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study cache = ./cache/cord-318410-fznw4bbq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318410-fznw4bbq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-343168-gphud9yx author = Alyami, H. S. title = Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date = 2020-05-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3856 sentences = 234 flesch = 53 summary = title: Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between March 27 th and April 27 th , 2020, to explore depression and anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previously validated assessment scales, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety among the study participants. The prevalence rate of moderate-to-severe depression symptoms in this study seems to be considerably higher than that of those reported by the Chinese study that included 1210 respondents during the COVID-19 outbreak (16.5%) whereas comparable rates for anxiety were noted (28.8%) [3] . Further, the study of Wang et al (2020) revealed that the female gender was significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and had higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05) (3) . cache = ./cache/cord-343168-gphud9yx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-343168-gphud9yx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-318787-z6q11loy author = Ahmad, Naim title = COVID-19 Modeling in Saudi Arabia Using the Modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) Model date = 2020-09-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3129 sentences = 179 flesch = 51 summary = This paper attempts to utilize the modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model incorporating the SD, testing, and infectiousness of exposed and infectious compartments to study the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. To study the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic, several modified SEIR models have been used to incorporate various measures, especially social distancing, testing, public responses, and mobility restrictions [2, [6] [7] [8] [9] . The objective of this paper is to model the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia using SEIR, including SD, testing, and the infectiousness of exposed and infectious populations. Similarly, the cumulative active cases that include exposed and infectious populations fit closely and the Levene test (statistic=0.5088, p-value=0.4758) proves the same. The model results in the current scenario of restrictions and testings depict that there are multiple peaks for active cases (Figure 3) . cache = ./cache/cord-318787-z6q11loy.txt txt = ./txt/cord-318787-z6q11loy.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-329275-cd71wttk author = Benkouiten, Samir title = Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria among Pilgrims during the 2013 Hajj date = 2014-11-17 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3568 sentences = 173 flesch = 48 summary = Nasal swab samples were independently tested as described (5) for influenza virus A/H3N2 (16), influenza B virus (16), influenza C virus (17) , and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (18) ; human adenovirus (19) ; human bocavirus (20) , human cytomegalovirus (21) ; human coronaviruses (HCoVs); human enterovirus (22) ; human metapneumovirus (23); human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs); human parechovirus (24); human respiratory syncytial virus (25) ; and human rhinovirus (HRV) (26) by using real-time reverse transcription PCRs. HCoVs and human HPIVs were detected by using an HCoV/HPIV R-Gene Kit (Argene/bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) (27) . Of 19 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were positive for HRV, 17 (89.5%) had acquired the infection during their stay in Saudi Arabia (Figure 1 ). Of 50 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were positive for ≥1 respiratory virus, 43 (86.0%) reported ≥1 respiratory symptom during their stay in Saudi Arabia, of whom 37 (86.0%) still had respiratory symptoms at the time of sampling. Also, of 79 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were negative for respiratory viruses, 74 (93.7%) reported ≥1 respiratory symptom during their stay Saudi Arabia, of whom 53 (71.6%) still had respiratory symptoms at the time of sampling. cache = ./cache/cord-329275-cd71wttk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-329275-cd71wttk.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-255339-oudj079q author = Al-Tayib, Omar A. title = An Overview of the Most Significant Zoonotic Viral Pathogens Transmitted from Animal to Human in Saudi Arabia date = 2019-02-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 15843 sentences = 712 flesch = 46 summary = The most important zoonotic viral diseases of which eight were diagnosed (in dead or diseased animals or through antibody detection) on the Arabian Peninsula over the last years include rabies, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), influenza virus (IFV), Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Rift Valley fever (RVF), West Nile fever (WNV), and dengue fever virus. The same WHO epidemiological data suggest that in these 22 countries including Saudi Arabia, in recent years, there has been report of steadily increasing number of sporadic human cases, incidence, and outbreaks of the virus [122] . Surprisingly, the current review showed that during an outbreak, each of these eight most zoonotic viruses (rabies, MERS-CoV, influenza, AHFV, CCHFV, RVFV, DHFV, and WNV) which occurred and/or cases confirmed in Saudi Arabia particularly from (Jeddah and/or Makkah) areas with at least one or all of these eight zoonotic viral pathogenic diseases [33, 44, 46, 78, [96] [97] [98] [99] 121, 130, 156, 171] . cache = ./cache/cord-255339-oudj079q.txt txt = ./txt/cord-255339-oudj079q.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-356048-nku844kt author = Hoang, Van-Thuan title = Infectious Diseases and Mass Gatherings date = 2018-08-28 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5041 sentences = 253 flesch = 45 summary = RECENT FINDINGS: In the context of Hajj, one of the largest religious MGs at Mecca, Saudi Arabia, respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of infectious diseases in pilgrims with a prevalence of 50–93%. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the field of infectious diseases associated with international MGs. The Hajj (Table 1) The Hajj, an annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is one of the largest religious MGs in the world with about two million pilgrims from 185 countries [4] . The predominance of bacterial pathogens in Hajj-related gastrointestinal infections poses a major risk to public health through the potential emergence and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria [53] . (Table 1) Although numerous gastrointestinal and respiratory outbreaks have been documented at large-scale open-air festivals, particularly music festivals, with thousands of participants, these events are probably neglected, in terms of public health attention, as well as surveillance and prevention of infectious disease strategies, compared to other categories of MGs [78] . cache = ./cache/cord-356048-nku844kt.txt txt = ./txt/cord-356048-nku844kt.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-254234-8w1z3un6 author = Ahmed, Shahira A. title = Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries date = 2020-09-18 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 14423 sentences = 679 flesch = 42 summary = Water contamination, imported food, animal contact, and air transmission are also discussed in detail, to address their significant role as a source of infection and, thus, their impact on disease epidemiology in the Gulf countries' populations. In this context, immigrant geographic origin, globalization of food supply to meet the demand of the increased labour force, food and water contamination, climate change, as well as poor hygiene after direct animal contact have all contributed to the annual flux in Cryptosporidium transmission and infection rates within the GCC countries [54, 57] . The literature search strategy was limited to title/abstract/keyword using the following MeSH terms/key words: (Cryptosporidium OR Cryptosporidiosis OR Parasite) AND (Infection OR Prevalence OR Incidence OR Occurrence OR Burden) AND (Human OR Animal OR Water OR Food) AND (Bahrain OR Kuwait OR Qatar OR Saudi Arabia OR Oman OR United Arab Emirates). cache = ./cache/cord-254234-8w1z3un6.txt txt = ./txt/cord-254234-8w1z3un6.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-321260-oi37dfsp author = Ahmed, Anwar E. title = Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study date = 2017-12-22 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3034 sentences = 167 flesch = 55 summary = title: Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study The author hypothesised that people of older age, with underlying medical conditions and from Saudi Arabia or other Middle East countries are at high risk of death related to MERS-CoV. The author obtained information on age, gender, date of notification, date of onset of MERS symptoms, date of outcome or death, whether a patient or healthcare worker, symptomatic, underlying medical conditions, source of infection and the reported country. For the MERS patients studied, the Republic of Korea or other countries (95.83% and 91.67%) had much higher 14-and 45-day survival rates than the Middle East (84.09% and 75.00%) and Saudi Arabia (82.51% and 62.92%), respectively. cache = ./cache/cord-321260-oi37dfsp.txt txt = ./txt/cord-321260-oi37dfsp.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-348278-is20odaq author = Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title = Drivers of MERS-CoV transmission: what do we know? date = 2016-02-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4626 sentences = 245 flesch = 48 summary = Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 has since resulted in sporadic cases, intra-familial transmission and major outbreaks in healthcare settings. Middle eastern respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV): case reports from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia Middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a case-control study of hospitalized patients Dromedary camels and the transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Health-care associate transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus, MERS-CoV, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt txt = ./txt/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-351413-3nfukrfl author = Al-Ahmadi, Khalid title = Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 date = 2019-07-15 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4542 sentences = 209 flesch = 49 summary = title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 We analyzed the spatiotemporal clustering of the MERS-CoV incidence in Saudi Arabia between 2012 and 2019 at the city level by using Kulldorff's spatial scan statistics via SaTScan 9.6 [39] . The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Wadi The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Community case clusters of middle east respiratory syndrome Coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A descriptive genomic study cache = ./cache/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt txt = ./txt/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-320928-flsaa1wx author = Aldohyan, Meshal title = The perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey date = 2019-03-21 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 5009 sentences = 256 flesch = 48 summary = This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary care HCWs at a hospital in Saudi Arabia that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in this country. CONCLUSIONS: A negative perception of the effectiveness of MERS-CoV knowledge transfer was associated with poorer knowledge and was more prevalent among male HCWs, physicians/pharmacists and less experienced HCWs. Hospitals should always refer to efficient knowledge sharing and educational strategies that render beneficial outcomes to patients, HCWs, and the public community. Therefore, there was an emerging need to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer from the HCW's perspective, in a setting that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in Saudi Arabia. This explains why HCWs with less work experience (< 5 years) had significantly more negative perceptions of knowledge transfer and the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs. cache = ./cache/cord-320928-flsaa1wx.txt txt = ./txt/cord-320928-flsaa1wx.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-267090-jc1k3fki author = Gardner, Emma G. title = A case-crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome date = 2019-02-04 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 4352 sentences = 220 flesch = 48 summary = METHODS: A case-crossover design was used to identify associations between primary MERS cases and preceding weather conditions within the 2-week incubation period in Saudi Arabia using univariable conditional logistic regression. Data from meteorological stations closest to the largest city in each province were used to calculate the daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature ((ο)C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (m/s), and visibility (m). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS--CoV) is an emerging zoonotic agent that was first isolated in 2012 from a patient hospitalized in Saudi Arabia [1] , and has since infected over 2200 people with a 36% case fatality ratio [2] . By comparing weather conditions immediately before MERS cases to weather conditions at other times, this study aimed to identify environmental factors that are associated with primary human MERS in Saudi Arabia. The risk of primary human cases of MERS was associated with a decrease in temperature and humidity, and an increase in ground visibility. cache = ./cache/cord-267090-jc1k3fki.txt txt = ./txt/cord-267090-jc1k3fki.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-353354-34tqy9tb author = Sheshah, Eman title = Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date = 2020-11-13 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3362 sentences = 166 flesch = 47 summary = title: Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia This retrospective study aimed to characterize comorbidities and associated with mortality among hospitalized adults with Covid-19 managed as per the Saudi Ministry of Health protocol in a specialized tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The present retrospective study aims to determine the common comorbidities and risk factors that are associated with mortality among hospitalized patients admitted for Covid-19 and managed as per the Saudi MoH protocol for patients suspected of/confirmed with COVID-19 in a single specialized tertiary hospital in the capital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of T2DM and hypertension among hospitalized Covid-19 patients have already been observed not only in majority of industrialized countries with high cases of SARS-CoV2 infection, but have also been associated with higher risk for severe outcomes, including death [11] [12] [13] . cache = ./cache/cord-353354-34tqy9tb.txt txt = ./txt/cord-353354-34tqy9tb.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331228-wbd0s4fo author = Shehata, Mahmoud M. title = Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review date = 2016-01-20 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 7512 sentences = 372 flesch = 46 summary = authors: Shehata, Mahmoud M.; Gomaa, Mokhtar R.; Ali, Mohamed A.; Kayali, Ghazi Role of the spike glycoprotein of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in virus entry and syncytia formation Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study First cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-331228-wbd0s4fo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331228-wbd0s4fo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-331129-vwavivmo author = Mohsen Alsufyani, Abdulaziz title = Linking the Saudi Arabian 2030 Vision with Nursing Transformation in Saudi Arabia: Roadmap for Nursing Policies and Strategies date = 2020-10-14 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3464 sentences = 172 flesch = 45 summary = This study presented a comprehensive plan for developing a policy based on current challenges, recognition of policy goals, assessment of potential options and alternatives, identification of stakeholders, proposition of recommended solutions, and implementation of the framework to transform nursing standards and link these changes with the Saudi Vision 2030. Globally, nurses have made important contributions to a range of health priorities including universal health coverage, mental and community health, emergency preparedness and response, patient safety, and the provision of comprehensive patient-centered care 1 However, Saudi Arabia has entered a new era of progress and prosperity after developing Vision 2030-a program that contributes a series of developments in the fields of health delivery systems, nursing, trade, education, communications, science, and technology. However, in juxtaposition with developed countries, Saudi Arabia faces extreme staffing shortages, socio-cultural challenges, paucity of international and national benchmark evidence, absence of clear and defined scope of nursing practice, and, most importantly, policies and regulations along with the ensuing repercussions on the quality of care being offered 6, 7 . cache = ./cache/cord-331129-vwavivmo.txt txt = ./txt/cord-331129-vwavivmo.txt === reduce.pl bib === id = cord-340104-6n0sn5lk author = Fagbo, Shamsudeen F. title = Acute viral respiratory infections among children in MERS‐endemic Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012–2013 date = 2016-07-29 pages = extension = .txt mime = text/plain words = 3325 sentences = 194 flesch = 50 summary = This large study population determined the burden of respiratory viruses associated with ARI in children over a 2-year period a multiplex molecular testing platform. With over 60% of 2235 children testing positive for respiratory viruses, more infections were detected than previous studies [Akhter et al., 2009; Al Hajjar et al., 2011; Alanazi et al., 2013; Bukhari and Elhazmi, 2013] . This high rate was significantly different from that obtained in the present 2-year study (23% detection for RSV in children positive for respiratory viruses), as well as others [Alanazi et al., 2013; Amer et al., 2015] . Viruses associated with respiratory tract infections in children attending to the emergency room, king abdulaziz medical city, riyadh, Saudi Arabia Viral agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children at a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia cache = ./cache/cord-340104-6n0sn5lk.txt txt = ./txt/cord-340104-6n0sn5lk.txt ===== Reducing email addresses cord-299440-y6o5e2k5 cord-316566-5iqtj3db Creating transaction Updating adr table ===== Reducing keywords cord-017009-j069q0l3 cord-007118-fo2lq1sb cord-264378-69mf7wi7 cord-016191-9gr6lh5w cord-268779-qbn3i2nq cord-299440-y6o5e2k5 cord-003629-xogzl1lv cord-326632-botshfa1 cord-000877-usz7pnvu cord-271681-jmoyy8rb cord-302384-gljfslhs cord-319358-1bqzf7zw cord-256589-45g5cvwt cord-032513-uf4i46x9 cord-302863-9e5ajbgq cord-291821-ovfqfurf cord-289921-2x6011gr cord-316566-5iqtj3db cord-252883-1ub01j2x cord-319113-844o9nr2 cord-318410-fznw4bbq cord-318787-z6q11loy cord-337060-jkzbyqtm cord-298974-69xjc5yq cord-261421-k1s5iy3u cord-329275-cd71wttk cord-349661-ppw80s0l cord-255339-oudj079q cord-331129-vwavivmo cord-356048-nku844kt cord-353354-34tqy9tb cord-252274-n2m5evh0 cord-321260-oi37dfsp cord-267090-jc1k3fki cord-320928-flsaa1wx cord-331228-wbd0s4fo cord-343168-gphud9yx cord-351413-3nfukrfl cord-340104-6n0sn5lk cord-254234-8w1z3un6 cord-348278-is20odaq Creating transaction Updating wrd table ===== Reducing urls cord-268779-qbn3i2nq cord-326632-botshfa1 cord-271681-jmoyy8rb cord-256589-45g5cvwt cord-289921-2x6011gr cord-252883-1ub01j2x cord-261421-k1s5iy3u cord-267090-jc1k3fki cord-343168-gphud9yx cord-321260-oi37dfsp cord-340104-6n0sn5lk Creating transaction Updating url table ===== Reducing named entities cord-017009-j069q0l3 cord-007118-fo2lq1sb cord-264378-69mf7wi7 cord-268779-qbn3i2nq cord-003629-xogzl1lv cord-016191-9gr6lh5w cord-256589-45g5cvwt cord-302384-gljfslhs cord-299440-y6o5e2k5 cord-326632-botshfa1 cord-000877-usz7pnvu cord-271681-jmoyy8rb cord-319358-1bqzf7zw cord-032513-uf4i46x9 cord-302863-9e5ajbgq cord-291821-ovfqfurf cord-289921-2x6011gr cord-319113-844o9nr2 cord-316566-5iqtj3db cord-252883-1ub01j2x cord-318410-fznw4bbq cord-329275-cd71wttk cord-267090-jc1k3fki cord-351413-3nfukrfl cord-331228-wbd0s4fo cord-349661-ppw80s0l cord-298974-69xjc5yq cord-261421-k1s5iy3u cord-318787-z6q11loy cord-343168-gphud9yx cord-356048-nku844kt cord-353354-34tqy9tb cord-321260-oi37dfsp cord-340104-6n0sn5lk cord-255339-oudj079q cord-348278-is20odaq cord-252274-n2m5evh0 cord-320928-flsaa1wx cord-337060-jkzbyqtm cord-331129-vwavivmo cord-254234-8w1z3un6 Creating transaction Updating ent table ===== Reducing parts of speech cord-007118-fo2lq1sb cord-264378-69mf7wi7 cord-299440-y6o5e2k5 cord-000877-usz7pnvu cord-017009-j069q0l3 cord-326632-botshfa1 cord-016191-9gr6lh5w cord-271681-jmoyy8rb cord-319358-1bqzf7zw cord-032513-uf4i46x9 cord-348278-is20odaq cord-003629-xogzl1lv cord-337060-jkzbyqtm cord-302863-9e5ajbgq cord-320928-flsaa1wx cord-252274-n2m5evh0 cord-340104-6n0sn5lk cord-261421-k1s5iy3u cord-331228-wbd0s4fo cord-349661-ppw80s0l cord-351413-3nfukrfl cord-252883-1ub01j2x cord-289921-2x6011gr cord-316566-5iqtj3db cord-356048-nku844kt cord-291821-ovfqfurf cord-318787-z6q11loy cord-302384-gljfslhs cord-343168-gphud9yx cord-268779-qbn3i2nq cord-319113-844o9nr2 cord-329275-cd71wttk cord-298974-69xjc5yq cord-353354-34tqy9tb cord-318410-fznw4bbq cord-267090-jc1k3fki cord-255339-oudj079q cord-331129-vwavivmo cord-254234-8w1z3un6 cord-321260-oi37dfsp cord-256589-45g5cvwt Creating transaction Updating pos table Building ./etc/reader.txt cord-255339-oudj079q cord-254234-8w1z3un6 cord-331129-vwavivmo cord-255339-oudj079q cord-331228-wbd0s4fo cord-348278-is20odaq number of items: 41 sum of words: 191,665 average size in words: 4,674 average readability score: 48 nouns: study; infection; cases; health; virus; patients; coronavirus; disease; syndrome; countries; infections; knowledge; transmission; risk; participants; data; children; outbreak; camels; population; control; studies; case; factors; healthcare; measures; contact; number; cryptosporidium; pilgrims; years; results; model; diseases; cov; care; time; analysis; age; hospital; rate; individuals; level; prevalence; water; information; influenza; people; viruses; region verbs: using; reported; including; shows; associated; identified; based; infected; increases; done; confirmed; follows; caused; conducted; compared; provide; occur; found; develop; detect; suggested; related; considered; indicates; knowing; needed; assess; represented; reducing; test; observed; make; emerged; according; taking; collecting; resulting; remains; requires; improve; given; determining; obtain; investigated; presented; performed; implementing; estimated; hospitalized; regarding adjectives: respiratory; human; saudi; high; public; different; clinical; viral; significant; social; dental; positive; first; infectious; higher; zoonotic; severe; acute; available; many; important; primary; low; several; infected; non; new; current; total; lower; recent; medical; covid-19; major; large; international; educational; previous; global; similar; epidemiological; key; secondary; direct; various; main; novel; cross; present; highest adverbs: also; however; well; respectively; therefore; furthermore; significantly; recently; particularly; less; especially; highly; first; even; still; mainly; almost; worldwide; moreover; often; currently; previously; later; similarly; frequently; usually; yet; finally; approximately; least; globally; prior; nevertheless; closely; probably; newly; strongly; mostly; statistically; relatively; generally; additionally; specifically; publicly; now; interestingly; hence; commonly; annually; rapidly pronouns: it; their; we; they; our; its; them; i; his; he; themselves; she; us; you; my; itself; her; one; u; him; herself; your; oneself; himself proper nouns: Saudi; Arabia; MERS; CoV; Middle; East; Hajj; COVID-19; Health; Al; Riyadh; GCC; Kingdom; east; Coronavirus; Jeddah; World; Table; SARS; PCR; May; Korea; June; Gulf; China; Organization; Ministry; March; middle; University; Makkah; United; Africa; Respiratory; April; Syndrome; South; RNA; Mecca; Fig; CI; HCWs; Arabian; Egypt; King; Disease; MOH; Kuwait; Human; Peninsula keywords: arabia; saudi; mers; covid-19; hajj; respiratory; east; pilgrim; middle; knowledge; health; zika; virus; valley; student; rift; patient; nursing; model; mecca; literacy; kuwait; kingdom; jeddah; human; gulf; gcc; dental; cryptosporidium; country; child; camel; asp one topic; one dimension: saudi file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121465/ titles(s): Emerging Infectious Diseases in Camelids three topics; one dimension: saudi; mers; study file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32962045/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33113936/, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.008 titles(s): Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries | COVID-19 Spread in Saudi Arabia: Modeling, Simulation and Analysis | Investigating the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on pharmaceutical education in Saudi Arabia – A call for a remote teaching contingency strategy five topics; three dimensions: mers cov respiratory; saudi arabia infection; health literacy saudi; saudi covid arabia; medications optimum counseling file(s): https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33113936/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32962045/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309911703371, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120403/, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673616002038 titles(s): COVID-19 Spread in Saudi Arabia: Modeling, Simulation and Analysis | Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries | Emergence of medicine for mass gatherings: lessons from the Hajj | Migration in Saudi Arabia: Present and Prospects | Oil prices, climate change—health challenges in Saudi Arabia Type: cord title: keyword-arabia-cord date: 2021-05-24 time: 21:00 username: emorgan patron: Eric Morgan email: emorgan@nd.edu input: keywords:arabia ==== make-pages.sh htm files ==== make-pages.sh complex files ==== make-pages.sh named enities ==== making bibliographics id: cord-319113-844o9nr2 author: AL-Rasheedi, Mabrouk title: Public and healthcare providers awareness of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia date: 2020-09-10 words: 3573 sentences: 176 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-319113-844o9nr2.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319113-844o9nr2.txt summary: Objective The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate the awareness of both the general public and healthcare providers in Qassim region in Saudi Arabia. Results showed significant positive correlation between the recognition of high-risk groups, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease prevention and available treatments. Results showed that there were significant differences of awareness levels among different groups of age and sex in response to the identification of COVID-19 treatment. Results showed significant positive correlation between high risk groups recognition, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease spread prevention and COVID-19 available treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the awareness of healthcare professionals and the general public regarding COVID-19 in Qassim region, kingdom Saudi Arabia with focusing on both general awareness and detailed information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has sought to evaluate COVID-19 awareness in Saudi healthcare professionals and the general public in Qassim region. abstract: Background The rapid and extensive spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has become a major cause of concern for both general public and healthcare profession. Objective The aim of this study is to analyze and evaluate the awareness of both the general public and healthcare providers in Qassim region in Saudi Arabia. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted randomly in different shopping malls in Qassim region from 10th of February to 10th of March, 2020. All participants have answered the designed questionnaire. The structured questionnaire recorded demographics and awareness of both public participants as well as health care providers. Result A total of 130 participants have answered the designed questionnaire, out of which 67participants were males (58.5%) and 54 were females (41.5%). Overall, 129 (99%) out of the 130 participants are aware of COVID-19, and 116 (90%) have recognize it as a respiratory disease and 100 % of the participants have recognized it as a contagious disease. Around 94 % of the participants were able to recognize the correct incubation period of the virus. Participants of the age group 20-40 showed higher awareness level than other age groups (P value = 0.005). In addition, government employees showed higher awareness level than other profession groups (P= 0.039). Results showed significant positive correlation between the recognition of high-risk groups, reliable source of information, infection symptoms, disease prevention and available treatments. Conclusion General public and health care professionals from Qassim Region showed adequate awareness of COVID-19. However, there is a strong need to implement periodic educational interventions and training programs on infection control practices for COVID-19 across all healthcare professions. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X2030382X?v=s5 doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.035 id: cord-000877-usz7pnvu author: Abdel-Moneim, Ahmed S. title: Detection of Bocavirus in Children Suffering from Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Saudi Arabia date: 2013-01-30 words: 1826 sentences: 101 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-000877-usz7pnvu.txt txt: ./txt/cord-000877-usz7pnvu.txt summary: title: Detection of Bocavirus in Children Suffering from Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Saudi Arabia Swabs samples from 80 children with respiratory tract infections were examined for the presence of HBoV. Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first found in children with acute respiratory tract infections in 2005 [1] . The current study aims to screen the epidemiological status and molecular phylogeny of HBoV isolates prevailing in pediatric patients with respiratory infection in Saudi Arabia. The current study investigated the prevalence of HBoV in patients suffering from respiratory tract infections in Saudi Arabia. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis results of three selected sequences showed that the Saudi HBoV1 strains obtained from respiratory samples belonged to group I human bocaviruses (Fig. 1) . Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infections Frequent detection of viral coinfection in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection using a real-time polymerase chain reaction abstract: Human bocavirus (HBoV) was recently discovered in children with respiratory distress and/or diarrhea. To our knowledge, no previous study has reported the existence of bocavirus in Saudi Arabia. Swabs samples from 80 children with respiratory tract infections were examined for the presence of HBoV. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used as a sensitive method to detect the HBoV. Direct gene sequencing was used to determine the genotype of the detected virus isolates. HBoV was detected in 22.5% of the examined patients. The NP1 partial gene sequence from all patients showed that the circulated strains were related to HBoV-1 genotype. Most of HBoV infected patients showed evidence of mixed coinfection with other viral pathogens. The current study clearly demonstrated that genetically conserved HBoV1 circulates in Saudi Arabia. Interestingly, most of the HBoV1 infected cases were associated with high rates of co-infections with other viruses. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3559585/ doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055500 id: cord-326632-botshfa1 author: Abolfotouh, Mostafa A. title: Perception and attitude of healthcare workers in Saudi Arabia with regard to Covid-19 pandemic and potential associated predictors date: 2020-09-29 words: 4135 sentences: 210 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-326632-botshfa1.txt txt: ./txt/cord-326632-botshfa1.txt summary: METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, HCWs at three tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia were surveyed via email with an anonymous link, by a concern scale about Covid-19 pandemic during 15–30 April, 2020. Predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), younger age (p = 0.003), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), living with others (p = 0.003) working in the western region (p = 0.003) and direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). In multiple regression analysis ( Table 4) , predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of younger age (p = 0.003), Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), and those working in the western region (p = 0.003), living with others (p = 0.003) and in direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). abstract: BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) face considerable mental and physical stress caring for patients with Covid-19. They are at higher risk of acquiring and transmitting this virus. This study aims to assess perception and attitude of HCWs in Saudi Arabia with regard to Covid-19, and to identify potential associated predictors. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, HCWs at three tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia were surveyed via email with an anonymous link, by a concern scale about Covid-19 pandemic during 15–30 April, 2020. Concerns of disease severity, governmental efforts to contain it and disease outcomes were assessed using 32 concern statements in five distinct domains. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify predictors of high concern scores. RESULTS: A total of 844 HCW responded to the survey. Their average age was 40.4 ± 9.5 years, 40.3% were nurses, 58.2% had direct patient contact, and 77.3% were living with others. The majority of participants (72.1%) had overall concern scores of 55 or less out of a maximum score of 96 points, with an overall mean score of 48.5 ± 12.8 reflecting moderate level of concern. Three-fourth of respondents felt at risk of contracting Covid-19 infection at work, 69.1% felt threatened if a colleague contracted Covid-19, 69.9% felt obliged to care for patients infected with Covid-19 while 27.7% did not feel safe at work using the standard precautions available. Nearly all HCWs believed that the government should isolate patients with Covid-19 in specialized hospitals (92.9%), agreed with travel restriction to and/or from areas affected by Covid-19 (94.7%) and felt safe the government implemented curfew and movement restriction periods (93.6%). Predictors of high concern scores were; HCWs of Saudi nationality (p < 0.001), younger age (p = 0.003), undergraduate education (p = 0.044), living with others (p = 0.003) working in the western region (p = 0.003) and direct contact with patients (p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the high concern among HCWs about Covid-19 and identifies the predictors of those with highest concern levels. To minimize the potential negative impact of those concerns on the performance of HCWs during pandemics, measures are necessary to enhance their protection and to minimize the psychological effect of the perceived risk of infection. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05443-3 doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05443-3 id: cord-298974-69xjc5yq author: Adegboye, Oyelola A. title: Network Analysis of MERS Coronavirus within Households, Communities, and Hospitals to Identify Most Centralized and Super-Spreading in the Arabian Peninsula, 2012 to 2016 date: 2018-05-07 words: 4305 sentences: 190 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-298974-69xjc5yq.txt summary: The transmission connectivity networks of people infected with highly contagious Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia were assessed to identify super-spreading events among the infected patients between 2012 and 2016. e variables considered in this study were age, gender, patient type (whether the patient is a healthcare worker (HCW) or nonhealthcare worker), health outcome (dead or alive) as at the last day of follow-up, patient comorbidity status, types of exposure to known risk factors (animal contact and camel contact indirectly or directly or through consumption of camel products), and place of infection (classified as hospital, community, and household/ family). Patient 1664 was favoured (based on degree, closeness, betweenness, and eigenvector network centrality metrics) as the most important in the transmission network by having the highest number of secondary cases. In this study, several network centrality metrics (degree, betweenness, closeness, eigenvector, and 2-reach) were used to quantify the connectivity among MERS cases and to identify which patient requires prioritization for intervention. abstract: Contact history is crucial during an infectious disease outbreak and vital when seeking to understand and predict the spread of infectious diseases in human populations. The transmission connectivity networks of people infected with highly contagious Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia were assessed to identify super-spreading events among the infected patients between 2012 and 2016. Of the 1379 MERS cases recorded during the study period, 321 (23.3%) cases were linked to hospital infection, out of which 203 (14.7%) cases occurred among healthcare workers. There were 1113 isolated cases while the number of recorded contacts per MERS patient is between 1 (n=210) and 17 (n=1), with a mean of 0.27 (SD = 0.76). Five super-important nodes were identified based on their high number of connected contacts worthy of prioritization (at least degree of 5). The number of secondary cases in each SSE varies (range, 5–17). The eigenvector centrality was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with place of exposure, with hospitals having on average significantly higher eigenvector centrality than other places of exposure. Results suggested that being a healthcare worker has a higher eigenvector centrality score on average than being nonhealthcare workers. Pathogenic droplets are easily transmitted within a confined area of hospitals; therefore, control measures should be put in place to curtail the number of hospital visitors and movements of nonessential staff within the healthcare facility with MERS cases. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29854034/ doi: 10.1155/2018/6725284 id: cord-318787-z6q11loy author: Ahmad, Naim title: COVID-19 Modeling in Saudi Arabia Using the Modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) Model date: 2020-09-14 words: 3129 sentences: 179 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-318787-z6q11loy.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318787-z6q11loy.txt summary: This paper attempts to utilize the modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model incorporating the SD, testing, and infectiousness of exposed and infectious compartments to study the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. To study the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic, several modified SEIR models have been used to incorporate various measures, especially social distancing, testing, public responses, and mobility restrictions [2, [6] [7] [8] [9] . The objective of this paper is to model the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia using SEIR, including SD, testing, and the infectiousness of exposed and infectious populations. Similarly, the cumulative active cases that include exposed and infectious populations fit closely and the Levene test (statistic=0.5088, p-value=0.4758) proves the same. The model results in the current scenario of restrictions and testings depict that there are multiple peaks for active cases (Figure 3) . abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created unprecedented healthcare emergencies across the globe. The World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed social distancing (SD) as a prudent measure to contain the pandemic and, hence, governments have been enacting lockdowns of varied nature. These lockdowns, causing economic and social strain, warrant the development of quantitative models to optimally manage the pandemic. Similarly, extensive testing aids in early detection and isolation, hence containing the spread of the pandemic. Compartment epidemiology models have been used extensively in modeling such infectious diseases. This paper attempts to utilize the modified Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model incorporating the SD, testing, and infectiousness of exposed and infectious compartments to study the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has put restrictions on the movement of people in different phases to ascertain SD. Time-dependent parameters based on the timeline of restrictions and testing in Saudi Arabia have been introduced to capture SD and testing. The arrived model has been validated through statistical tests. The [Formula: see text] (R naught), basic reproduction number, value has ranged between 0.6014 and 2.7860 with an average of 1.4904 and currently holds at 0.8952. In the absence of SD and testing measures, the model predicts the threshold herd immunity to be 69.31% and [Formula: see text] value as 3.26. Further, scenario analysis has been conducted for alleviating the SD measure. The results show that early lifting of all restrictions may undo all efforts in the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. The outcome of results will help policymakers and medical practitioners prepare better to manage the pandemic and lockdown. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33072460/ doi: 10.7759/cureus.10452 id: cord-321260-oi37dfsp author: Ahmed, Anwar E. title: Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study date: 2017-12-22 words: 3034 sentences: 167 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-321260-oi37dfsp.txt txt: ./txt/cord-321260-oi37dfsp.txt summary: title: Estimating survival rates in MERS-CoV patients 14 and 45 days after experiencing symptoms and determining the differences in survival rates by demographic data, disease characteristics and regions: a worldwide study The author hypothesised that people of older age, with underlying medical conditions and from Saudi Arabia or other Middle East countries are at high risk of death related to MERS-CoV. The author obtained information on age, gender, date of notification, date of onset of MERS symptoms, date of outcome or death, whether a patient or healthcare worker, symptomatic, underlying medical conditions, source of infection and the reported country. For the MERS patients studied, the Republic of Korea or other countries (95.83% and 91.67%) had much higher 14-and 45-day survival rates than the Middle East (84.09% and 75.00%) and Saudi Arabia (82.51% and 62.92%), respectively. abstract: Although Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has a recorded 5 years of circulation in 27 countries worldwide, there is no international study to assess whether there is variation in mortality by region. Neither has there been a comprehensive study detailing how the disease characteristics of MERS-CoV influence mortality in patients presenting symptoms. This study aimed to assess how region, patient and disease characteristics influence 14- and 45-day mortality in MERS patients. The author utilised publically available data on MERS-CoV. The study included 883 MERS patients reported between 5 January 2015 and 10 March 2017. Data on patient and disease characteristics were collected. The mean age at MERS-CoV diagnosis was 54.3 years: 69.1% were male, and 86.7% of the cases were reported from Saudi Arabia. About 40% of MERS patients studied were over the age of 60. The study estimated 14- and 45-day survival rates after initial onset of symptoms: 83.67% and 65.9%, respectively. Saudi Arabian MERS patients exhibited 4.1 and 5.0 times higher 14-day (adjusted hazard risk (aHR) = 4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.012–16.921) and 45-day (aHR = 5.0; 95% CI 1.856–13.581) mortality risk compared with MERS patients in the Republic of Korea or other countries. Similarly, Middle Eastern MERS patients showed 5.3 and 4.1 times higher 14-day (aHR = 5.3; 95% CI 1.070–25.902) and 45-day (aHR = 4.1; 95% CI 1.288–113.076) mortality risk compared with MERS patients in the Republic of Korea or other countries. The results demonstrated a link between mortality and geography, disease and patient factors such as regions, symptoms, source of infections, underlying medical conditions, modes of transmission, non-healthcare workers and those of older age. Educational programmes, access to healthcare and early diagnosis could be implemented as modifiable factors to reduce the higher mortality rates in MERS patients. url: https://doi.org/10.1017/s095026881700293x doi: 10.1017/s095026881700293x id: cord-254234-8w1z3un6 author: Ahmed, Shahira A. title: Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis: The Perspective from the Gulf Countries date: 2020-09-18 words: 14423 sentences: 679 pages: flesch: 42 cache: ./cache/cord-254234-8w1z3un6.txt txt: ./txt/cord-254234-8w1z3un6.txt summary: Water contamination, imported food, animal contact, and air transmission are also discussed in detail, to address their significant role as a source of infection and, thus, their impact on disease epidemiology in the Gulf countries'' populations. In this context, immigrant geographic origin, globalization of food supply to meet the demand of the increased labour force, food and water contamination, climate change, as well as poor hygiene after direct animal contact have all contributed to the annual flux in Cryptosporidium transmission and infection rates within the GCC countries [54, 57] . The literature search strategy was limited to title/abstract/keyword using the following MeSH terms/key words: (Cryptosporidium OR Cryptosporidiosis OR Parasite) AND (Infection OR Prevalence OR Incidence OR Occurrence OR Burden) AND (Human OR Animal OR Water OR Food) AND (Bahrain OR Kuwait OR Qatar OR Saudi Arabia OR Oman OR United Arab Emirates). abstract: The present review discusses the burden of cryptosporidiosis in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), which is underreported and underestimated. It emphasizes that the Cryptosporidium parasite is infecting inhabitants and expatriates in the Gulf countries. Children under 5 years are a vulnerable group that is particularly affected by this parasitic disease and can act as carriers, who contribute to the epidemiology of the disease most probably via recreational swimming pools. Various risk factors for cryptosporidiosis in the GCC countries are present, including expatriates, predisposing populations to the infection. Water contamination, imported food, animal contact, and air transmission are also discussed in detail, to address their significant role as a source of infection and, thus, their impact on disease epidemiology in the Gulf countries’ populations. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32962045/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186824 id: cord-349661-ppw80s0l author: Al Ghobain, Mohammed title: Perception and Attitude of Emergency Room Resident Physicians toward Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Outbreak date: 2017-04-10 words: 2003 sentences: 102 pages: flesch: 54 cache: ./cache/cord-349661-ppw80s0l.txt txt: ./txt/cord-349661-ppw80s0l.txt summary: We aimed to study the psychological impact of a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak on emergency room resident physicians (ERRPs). We included all ERRPs working in these four hospitals between November 2015 and December 2015 after a major outbreak of coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia. Our study highlights the perceptions, attitude, and psychological impact of MERS outbreaks among ERRPs in Saudi Arabia. A small pilot study conducted in a single center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in which the majority of respondents were nurses from the Philippines, did address the emotions and coping strategies of the healthcare workers who faced a MERS-CoV outbreak. However, the study was conducted in four major hospitals in Saudi Arabia that all treated and handled patients with MERS infection, which justifies the generalization of our findings. abstract: Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreaks have had a considerable negative impact on health systems in Saudi Arabia. We aimed to study the psychological impact of a Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) outbreak on emergency room resident physicians (ERRPs). Methods. We assessed the MERS-related psychological impact and concerns of ERRPs using a self-report questionnaire. Results. The majority (91%) of the ERRPs agreed that their work put them at risk of infection, but most (65%) did not agree that they should not be looking after patients infected with MERS. Despite that, 54% of ERRPs reported being afraid of contracting the infection from infected patients and only 4.2% of them were willing to change their current job. The majority of the ERRPs (85%) felt that their job would expose their families to risk of infection. Conclusions. Our study demonstrated the considerable psychological impact of MERS outbreaks on ERRPs. The ERRPs' concerns and the psychological impact of MERS outbreaks should be considered in greater detail by hospital policymakers. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28487774/ doi: 10.1155/2017/6978256 id: cord-351413-3nfukrfl author: Al-Ahmadi, Khalid title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 date: 2019-07-15 words: 4542 sentences: 209 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt txt: ./txt/cord-351413-3nfukrfl.txt summary: title: Spatiotemporal Clustering of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Incidence in Saudi Arabia, 2012–2019 We analyzed the spatiotemporal clustering of the MERS-CoV incidence in Saudi Arabia between 2012 and 2019 at the city level by using Kulldorff''s spatial scan statistics via SaTScan 9.6 [39] . The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Wadi The results of the spatiotemporal cluster analysis of MERS-CoV infection, using years and months as the time aggregates from 2012 to 2019, showed significant most likely and secondary clusters in Saudi Arabia (Table 3; Table 4 and Figure 5 ; Figure 6 ). Community case clusters of middle east respiratory syndrome Coronavirus in Hafr Al-Batin, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A descriptive genomic study abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a great public health concern globally. Although 83% of the globally confirmed cases have emerged in Saudi Arabia, the spatiotemporal clustering of MERS-CoV incidence has not been investigated. This study analysed the spatiotemporal patterns and clusters of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases reported in Saudi Arabia between June 2012 and March 2019. Temporal, seasonal, spatial and spatiotemporal cluster analyses were performed using Kulldorff’s spatial scan statistics to determine the time period and geographical areas with the highest MERS-CoV infection risk. A strongly significant temporal cluster for MERS-CoV infection risk was identified between April 5 and May 24, 2014. Most MERS-CoV infections occurred during the spring season (41.88%), with April and May showing significant seasonal clusters. Wadi Addawasir showed a high-risk spatial cluster for MERS-CoV infection. The most likely high-risk MERS-CoV annual spatiotemporal clusters were identified for a group of cities (n = 10) in Riyadh province between 2014 and 2016. A monthly spatiotemporal cluster included Jeddah, Makkah and Taif cities, with the most likely high-risk MERS-CoV infection cluster occurring between April and May 2014. Significant spatiotemporal clusters of MERS-CoV incidence were identified in Saudi Arabia. The findings are relevant to control the spread of the disease. This study provides preliminary risk assessments for the further investigation of the environmental risk factors associated with MERS-CoV clusters. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31311073/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph16142520 id: cord-302384-gljfslhs author: Al-Hanawi, Mohammed K. title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study date: 2020-05-27 words: 4544 sentences: 263 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-302384-gljfslhs.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302384-gljfslhs.txt summary: title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Toward COVID-19 Among the Public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Saudi public, toward COVID-19, during the pandemic. To assess the differences in mean scores, and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19, the data were run through univariate and multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Thus, this study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of KSA residents, toward COVID-19 during the pandemic spike. To the researchers'' knowledge, this is the first study to investigate COVID-19 KAP, and associated sociodemographic characteristics among the general population of the KSA. Respondents adopted good and safe practices, as a result of Saudi Arabia''s health authorities providing education and outreach materials, to increase public understating of the disease, and influence behavioral change. Attitude and Practice (KAP) Study about Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among Population in Saudi Arabia abstract: Background: Saudi Arabia has taken unprecedented and stringent preventive and precautionary measures against COVID-19 to control its spread, safeguard citizens and ensure their well-being. Public adherence to preventive measures is influenced by their knowledge and attitude toward COVID-19. This study investigated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the Saudi public, toward COVID-19, during the pandemic. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study, using data collected via an online self-reported questionnaire, from 3,388 participants. To assess the differences in mean scores, and identify factors associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19, the data were run through univariate and multivariable regression analyses, respectively. Results: The majority of the study participants were knowledgeable about COVID-19. The mean COVID-19 knowledge score was 17.96 (SD = 2.24, range: 3–22), indicating a high level of knowledge. The mean score for attitude was 28.23 (SD = 2.76, range: 6–30), indicating optimistic attitudes. The mean score for practices was 4.34 (SD = 0.87, range: 0–5), indicating good practices. However, the results showed that men have less knowledge, less optimistic attitudes, and less good practice toward COVID-19, than women. We also found that older adults are likely to have better knowledge and practices, than younger people. Conclusions: Our finding suggests that targeted health education interventions should be directed to this particular vulnerable population, who may be at increased risk of contracting COVID-19. For example, COVID-19 knowledge may increase significantly if health education programs are specifically targeted at men. url: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00217 id: cord-256589-45g5cvwt author: Al-Khani, A. M. title: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic course in Saudi Arabia: A dynamic epidemiological model date: 2020-06-02 words: 3074 sentences: 201 pages: flesch: 59 cache: ./cache/cord-256589-45g5cvwt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-256589-45g5cvwt.txt summary: Objective: Saudi Arabia ranks second in the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. A susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) prediction model was constructed to predict the trend in COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia in the next 6 months. We name our prediction model KSA-CoV-19, and with it, aim to find the following: 1) the anticipated epidemic curve of SARS-CoV-2 in Saudi Arabia, 2) the peak, the end, and the number of COVID-19 cases associated with the curve, and 3) the timing of upcoming Hajj 2020 (July 28 th -August 2 nd ) in relation to the anticipated epidemic curve. . https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 doi: medRxiv preprint Finally, we generated a model that simulated the natural course or "free fall" of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in Saudi Arabia. In this paper, we generated four different models that provided an estimation for the COVID-19 course in Saudi Arabia. abstract: Objective: Saudi Arabia ranks second in the number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It houses the two most sacred religious places for Muslims: Mecca and Medina. It is important to know what the trend in case numbers will be in the next 4-6 months, especially during the Hajj pilgrimage season. Methods: Epidemiological data on COVID-19 were obtained from the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health, the World Health Organization, and the Humanitarian Data Exchange. A susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) prediction model was constructed to predict the trend in COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia in the next 6 months. Findings: The model predicts that the number of active cases will peak by 20 May 2020. The cumulative infected cases are predicted to reach 59,663 at that time. The total number of infected individuals is estimated reach to 102,647 by the end of the pandemic. Conclusion: Our estimates show that by the time the Hajj season commences in Saudi Arabia, the pandemic will be in the midst of its deceleration phase (phase 3). This information will likely be useful to policymakers in their management of the outbreak. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 doi: 10.1101/2020.06.01.20119800 id: cord-348278-is20odaq author: Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A. title: Drivers of MERS-CoV transmission: what do we know? date: 2016-02-29 words: 4626 sentences: 245 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-348278-is20odaq.txt summary: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 has since resulted in sporadic cases, intra-familial transmission and major outbreaks in healthcare settings. Middle eastern respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV): case reports from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study Clinical aspects and outcomes of 70 patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: a single-center experience in Saudi Arabia Middle east respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (MERS-CoV): a case-control study of hospitalized patients Dromedary camels and the transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus quasispecies that include homologues of human isolates revealed through whole-genome analysis and virus cultured from dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia Health-care associate transmission of middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus, MERS-CoV, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia abstract: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged in 2012 has since resulted in sporadic cases, intra-familial transmission and major outbreaks in healthcare settings. The clinical picture of MERS-CoV includes asymptomatic infections, mild or moderately symptomatic cases and fatal disease. Transmissions of MERS-CoV within healthcare settings are facilitated by overcrowding, poor compliance with basic infection control measures, unrecognized infections, the superspreaders phenomenon and poor triage systems. The actual contributing factors to the spread of MERS-CoV are yet to be systematically studied, but data to date suggest viral, host and environmental factors play a major role. Here, we summarize the known factors for the diverse transmission of MERS-CoV. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26848513/ doi: 10.1586/17476348.2016.1150784 id: cord-255339-oudj079q author: Al-Tayib, Omar A. title: An Overview of the Most Significant Zoonotic Viral Pathogens Transmitted from Animal to Human in Saudi Arabia date: 2019-02-22 words: 15843 sentences: 712 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-255339-oudj079q.txt txt: ./txt/cord-255339-oudj079q.txt summary: The most important zoonotic viral diseases of which eight were diagnosed (in dead or diseased animals or through antibody detection) on the Arabian Peninsula over the last years include rabies, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), influenza virus (IFV), Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Rift Valley fever (RVF), West Nile fever (WNV), and dengue fever virus. The same WHO epidemiological data suggest that in these 22 countries including Saudi Arabia, in recent years, there has been report of steadily increasing number of sporadic human cases, incidence, and outbreaks of the virus [122] . Surprisingly, the current review showed that during an outbreak, each of these eight most zoonotic viruses (rabies, MERS-CoV, influenza, AHFV, CCHFV, RVFV, DHFV, and WNV) which occurred and/or cases confirmed in Saudi Arabia particularly from (Jeddah and/or Makkah) areas with at least one or all of these eight zoonotic viral pathogenic diseases [33, 44, 46, 78, [96] [97] [98] [99] 121, 130, 156, 171] . abstract: Currently, there has been an increasing socioeconomic impact of zoonotic pathogens transmitted from animals to humans worldwide. Recently, in the Arabian Peninsula, including in Saudi Arabia, epidemiological data indicated an actual increase in the number of emerging and/or reemerging cases of several viral zoonotic diseases. Data presented in this review are very relevant because Saudi Arabia is considered the largest country in the Peninsula. We believe that zoonotic pathogens in Saudi Arabia remain an important public health problem; however, more than 10 million Muslim pilgrims from around 184 Islamic countries arrive yearly at Makkah for the Hajj season and/or for the Umrah. Therefore, for health reasons, several countries recommend vaccinations for various zoonotic diseases among preventive protocols that should be complied with before traveling to Saudi Arabia. However, there is a shortage of epidemiological data focusing on the emerging and reemerging of zoonotic pathogens transmitted from animal to humans in different densely populated cities and/or localities in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, further efforts might be needed to control the increasing impacts of zoonotic viral disease. Also, there is a need for a high collaboration to enhance the detection and determination of the prevalence, diagnosis, control, and prevention as well as intervention and reduction in outbreaks of these diseases in Saudi Arabia, particularly those from other countries. Persons in the health field including physicians and veterinarians, pet owners, pet store owners, exporters, border guards, and people involved in businesses related to animal products have adopted various preventive strategies. Some of these measures might pave the way to highly successful prevention and control results on the different transmission routes of these viral zoonotic diseases from or to Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the prevention of these viral pathogens depends on socioeconomic impacts, available data, improved diagnosis, and highly effective therapeutics or prophylaxis. url: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010025 doi: 10.3390/pathogens8010025 id: cord-289921-2x6011gr author: Aldarhami, Abdu title: Public Perceptions and Commitment to Social Distancing “Staying-at-Home” During COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey in Saudi Arabia date: 2020-09-22 words: 4090 sentences: 197 pages: flesch: 51 cache: ./cache/cord-289921-2x6011gr.txt txt: ./txt/cord-289921-2x6011gr.txt summary: OBJECTIVE: Social distancing measures, such as stay-at-home, are currently implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. Hence, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the awareness and practices of the Saudi population in relation to social distancing (stay-at-home). A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted to evaluate the overall awareness and adherence of the Saudi population to social distancing to control the spread of COVID-19. 7 Therefore, this study was conducted to analyse the knowledge and practices of the population in KSA in relation to staying at home as a preventive measure for containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The responses indicated a high level of awareness among the Saudi population, with the majority of the participants (94%) expressing the view that everyone should practice social distancing. abstract: OBJECTIVE: Social distancing measures, such as stay-at-home, are currently implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the awareness and adherence of the Saudi population to these measures. METHODS: A web-based questionnaire was designed with 16 questions (eight questions related to demographics, three related to the awareness of social distancing (stay-at-home) and five related to the overall practice of social distancing). RESULTS: A total of 5105 participants completed the survey [58.4% females, 66.3% young individuals (aged 18–37 years), 55.8% bachelor degree holders and 51.0% from the western region]. The Saudi Ministry of Health (MOH) was the main source of information about COVID-19 for most of the participants (78.2%). High awareness (81.3%) regarding stay-at-home was observed, associated mainly with female participants, those from the middle region and those with a high education and income. The overall implementation of social distancing was satisfactory (score 3.13/5), with 37.8% never leaving home during the stay-at-home period. Better adherence to social distancing was observed among female participants, higher degree holders and those aged over 38 years. CONCLUSION: Organised plans by the Saudi MOH have been effective in raising awareness and improving the practice of social distancing among public. However, the observed lower practice of social distancing by individuals with a lower education and income indicates the need for targeted interventions to achieve better outcomes. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33061535/ doi: 10.2147/ijgm.s269716 id: cord-320928-flsaa1wx author: Aldohyan, Meshal title: The perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary healthcare workers: a cross-sectional survey date: 2019-03-21 words: 5009 sentences: 256 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-320928-flsaa1wx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-320928-flsaa1wx.txt summary: This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary care HCWs at a hospital in Saudi Arabia that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in this country. CONCLUSIONS: A negative perception of the effectiveness of MERS-CoV knowledge transfer was associated with poorer knowledge and was more prevalent among male HCWs, physicians/pharmacists and less experienced HCWs. Hospitals should always refer to efficient knowledge sharing and educational strategies that render beneficial outcomes to patients, HCWs, and the public community. Therefore, there was an emerging need to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer from the HCW''s perspective, in a setting that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in Saudi Arabia. This explains why HCWs with less work experience (< 5 years) had significantly more negative perceptions of knowledge transfer and the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs. abstract: BACKGROUND: Knowledge transfer of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) involves the dissemination of created/acquired information on MERS-CoV in hospitals, making this information accessible to all healthcare workers (HCWs). This study evaluated the perceived effectiveness of MERS-CoV educational programs and knowledge transfer among primary care HCWs at a hospital in Saudi Arabia that witnessed the largest outbreak of confirmed MERS-CoV cases in this country. METHODS: A survey was distributed among primary care HCWs at five clinics in Saudi Arabia in 2016. Those with non-direct patient care responsibilities were excluded. Their knowledge was evaluated against facts published by Mayo Clinic Foundation, and its percentage mean score (PMS) ± standard deviation was calculated. HCWs’ perceived effectiveness of educational programs and knowledge transfer was classified as negative or positive. RESULTS: Sample comprised of 404 HCWs, of which 64% were females and 36% were males. Almost 26% were ≤ 30 years old, and 42% had > 10 years of work experience. Almost 46.5% were nurses, 23.0% physicians, 18.1% were pharmacists, and 12.4% were technical staff. PMS for knowledge was 71.1 ± 19.4. The prevalence of negative perceptions towards educational programs was 22.5% and of knowledge transfer was 20.8%. Older(> 40 years of age) and more experienced(> 10 years) HCWs had the highest PMS for knowledge(73.4 ± 18.9,P = 0.005 and 76.9 ± 15.7,P < 0.001 respectively). Negative perceptions of educational programs (49.4 ± 20.7; P < 0.001) and knowledge transfer (46.0 ± 19.7; P = 0.001) were associated with a lower knowledge PMS. Males were 2.4[95% confidence interval 1.4–4.2] times and 2.0[1.1–3.5] times more likely to have negative perceptions of educational programs and knowledge transfer (adjusted (adj.)P = 0.001 and adj. P = 0.023, respectively). Physicians/pharmacists were 1.8[1.03–3.11] and 2.8[1.6–5.0] times more likely to have negative perceptions of both outcomes (adj. P = 0.038 and adj. P = 0.001, respectively). Less experienced HCWs were 2.1[1.3–3.5] times and 4.9[2.6–9.2] times more likely to exhibit negative perceptions of the two outcomes (adj. P < 0.001 each). CONCLUSIONS: A negative perception of the effectiveness of MERS-CoV knowledge transfer was associated with poorer knowledge and was more prevalent among male HCWs, physicians/pharmacists and less experienced HCWs. Hospitals should always refer to efficient knowledge sharing and educational strategies that render beneficial outcomes to patients, HCWs, and the public community. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3898-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3898-2 doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3898-2 id: cord-264378-69mf7wi7 author: Alghamdi, Saleh title: Barriers to implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes in three Saudi hospitals: Evidence from a qualitative study date: 2019-02-20 words: 4473 sentences: 224 pages: flesch: 33 cache: ./cache/cord-264378-69mf7wi7.txt txt: ./txt/cord-264378-69mf7wi7.txt summary: OBJECTIVES: This study explored antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) team members'' perspectives regarding factors influencing the adoption and implementation of these programmes in Saudi hospitals. METHODS: This was a qualitative study based on face-to-face semistructured interviews with healthcare professionals involved in ASPs and activities across three Ministry of Health (MoH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia (n = 18). ASP team members highlight that lack of enforcement of policies and guidelines from the MoH and hospital administration is a significant barrier to ASP adoption and implementation. Second, healthcare organisation-related barriers such as lack of management support, disintegration, poor communication, lack of recruitment/shortage of ASP team members, lack of education and training, and lack of health information technology (IT). This is critical as the lack of top management support and commitment have been identified as significant barriers to ASP adoption and implementation in Saudi MoH hospitals (T3 Q4-5). abstract: OBJECTIVES: This study explored antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) team members’ perspectives regarding factors influencing the adoption and implementation of these programmes in Saudi hospitals. METHODS: This was a qualitative study based on face-to-face semistructured interviews with healthcare professionals involved in ASPs and activities across three Ministry of Health (MoH) hospitals in Saudi Arabia (n = 18). Interviews were also conducted with two representatives of a General Directorate of Health Affairs in a Saudi region and two representatives of the Saudi MoH (n = 4) between January–February 2017. RESULTS: Despite the existence of a national strategy to implement ASPs in Saudi MoH hospitals, their adoption and implementation remains low. Hospitals have their own antimicrobial stewardship policies, but adherence to these is poor. ASP team members highlight that lack of enforcement of policies and guidelines from the MoH and hospital administration is a significant barrier to ASP adoption and implementation. Other barriers include disintegration of teams, poor communication, lack of recruitment/shortage of ASP team members, lack of education and training, and lack of health information technology (IT). Physicians’ fears and concerns in relation to liability are also a barrier to their adoption of ASPs. CONCLUSION: This is the first qualitative study exploring barriers to ASP adoption and implementation in Saudi hospitals from the perspective of ASP team members. Formal endorsement of ASPs from the MoH as well as hospital enforcement of policies and provision of human and health IT resources would improve the adoption and implementation of ASPs in Saudi hospitals. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213716519300384 doi: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.01.031 id: cord-302863-9e5ajbgq author: Alhabdan, Yazeed Abdullah title: Prevalence of dental caries and associated factors among primary school children: a population-based cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date: 2018-11-30 words: 6249 sentences: 285 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-302863-9e5ajbgq.txt summary: Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth and identifying key associated factors in 6-8-year-old school children in Riyadh city of Saudi Arabia would contribute towards the knowledge of dental caries by enriching the baseline data and determining population-specific risk factors of such a highly prevalent and preventable condition. Our analysis is the first in Saudi Arabia to comprehensively evaluate and prioritize factors encompassing all four major risk domains for dental caries, including parental socioeconomic status, children oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits. abstract: BACKGROUND: Dental caries is a preventable childhood disease, but public health efforts are hampered due to limited information on associated factors in vulnerable populations. Our study was aimed at estimating the prevalence of dental caries and identifying key associated factors in four major risk domains, including socioeconomic factors, child oral health behavior and practices, child feeding practices, and dietary habits among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was used to recruit 578 male Saudi primary school children, aged 6–8 years, from 12 primary schools in five different regions of Riyadh. Children were clinically screened to detect carious lesions in primary teeth according to World Health Organization’s criteria. Structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on social and individual factors from the parents. The odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of associated factors for dental caries were computed using logistic regression models; key factors were identified by systematic selection process that accounted for multicollinearity and bias correction. RESULTS: Dental caries was prevalent among children (83%, 95% confidence interval 79.7–86.0%). Individual factors, including irregular brushing, late adoption of brushing habit, consulting dentist for symptomatic treatment, lack of breast feeding, sleeping with a bottle in mouth, habit of snacking between meals, low consumption of fruits, and frequent consumption of soft drinks and flavored milk, were predominantly associated with dental caries in children, instead of socioeconomic factors (p < 0.05, adjusted R-square 80%). CONCLUSION: Dental caries were prevalent in school children, and individual factors were predominantly associated with the disease. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z doi: 10.1186/s12199-018-0750-z id: cord-318410-fznw4bbq author: Alhazmi, Amani title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study date: 2020-09-18 words: 4281 sentences: 221 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-318410-fznw4bbq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-318410-fznw4bbq.txt summary: title: Knowledge, attitudes and practices among people in Saudi Arabia regarding COVID-19: A cross-sectional study This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices of public residents towards corona virus disease-2019 preventive measures in Saudi Arabia. Conclusions: This study showed satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and practice towards corona virus disease-2019 in Saudi Arabia. This survey aimed to study the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the participants towards COVID-19 preventive and precautionary measures in relation to containment of the pandemic in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by determining the participants'' socio-demographic characteristics, measuring participants'' knowledge about major facts concerning the virus, determining participants'' practices to prevent the spread of the infection, and measuring the response rate and participants'' level of adherence to MOH preventive and precaution measures. Knowledge, attitude and practice toward COVID-19 among the public in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study abstract: Background: The general population’s compliance with preventive measures and legislation is mainly influenced by their knowledge level, attitude, and practices. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices of public residents towards corona virus disease-2019 preventive measures in Saudi Arabia. Design and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study; it used a validated cross-sectional online survey that received responses from 13 Saudi administrative regions. Results: There were 1513 participants who completed the study (55% females; 77.7%, university education). Knowledge level, attitude, and practices towards corona virus disease-2019 were 81.3%, 86.6%, and 81.9%, respectively. The knowledge subscales showed that 1496 (98.9%) participants knew the system targeted by the virus, 96.2% and 97.3% knew the causative agent and symptoms, 783 (52.2%) participants knew the transmission modes, and 696 (46.0%) participants knew about the complications. The attitude subscales included 1465 (96.5%) participants who had dealt with an infected person, 1451 (95.9%) participants who isolated in a health facility, 1195 (97.0%) participants who knew about hand washing, and 1387 (91.7%) participants who thought the virus spread through home delivery. The practice subscales included 1505 (99.5%) participants who properly disposed of gloves and tissues and 1347 (89.0%) participants who reported safe practices when coughing or sneezing. Conclusions: This study showed satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and practice towards corona virus disease-2019 in Saudi Arabia. The educational level is a dominant influencing factor for knowledge, attitude, and practice. url: https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1867 doi: 10.4081/jphr.2020.1867 id: cord-337060-jkzbyqtm author: Alqurshi, Abdulmalik title: Investigating the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on pharmaceutical education in Saudi Arabia – A call for a remote teaching contingency strategy date: 2020-08-03 words: 6566 sentences: 329 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-337060-jkzbyqtm.txt txt: ./txt/cord-337060-jkzbyqtm.txt summary: METHODS: Two cross-sectional Likert-scale based questionnaires targeted at students and teachers separately, designed to explore stakeholders'' satisfaction in three areas of emergency distance teaching/learning: The use of virtual classrooms, completion of course learning outcomes (CLOs) and assessment via alternative methods during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Diverging stacked bar chart to show results from a 5-point Likert-scale student-targeted questionnaire to measure student level of agreement with several statements in 3 categories concerned with the educational process during COVID-19 lockdown, these included: Virtual classrooms, Completion of CLOs and Alternative assessment methods (n = 363). Diverging stacked bar chart to show results from a 5-point Likert-scale teacher-targeted questionnaire to measure teachers'' level of agreement with several statements in 3 main categories concerned with the educational process during COVID-19 lockdown, these included: Virtual classrooms, Course learning outcomes (CLOs) and Alternative assessment methods (n = 74). abstract: BACKGROUND: COVID-19 lockdown has forced pharmacy education to be conducted remotely for approximately half of the second semester in the year 2019/2020. This sudden shift to distance learning has put the pharmacy education system through an extraordinary experience that may impact its future. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect emergency remote teaching has had on pharmacy education in Saudi Arabia, and to provide recommendations that may help set in place a contingency strategy. METHODS: Two cross-sectional Likert-scale based questionnaires targeted at students and teachers separately, designed to explore stakeholders' satisfaction in three areas of emergency distance teaching/learning: The use of virtual classrooms, completion of course learning outcomes (CLOs) and assessment via alternative methods during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Furthermore, phone interviews were conducted with teachers and students to discuss results from both questionnaires for further clarity on teacher and student views. RESULTS: Over 700 pharmacy students, from 19 different local colleges, and 74 faculty members from 10 different local colleges have participated in this study. While it was challenging for the majority of teachers (>60%) to delivery complex scientific concepts over virtual classrooms, >35% of students and 60% of teachers have expressed concerns on the lack of student–student and student–teacher interactions. A factor that has shown a significantly negative correlation with student overall satisfaction (p < 0.01). Emergency remote teaching has forced teachers to alternative assessment methods, which the majority (70%) believe had a positive effect on students' overall skills. Almost half of students (45%) were concerned by the lack of guidance accompanied by unfamiliar methods of assessments. CONCLUSIONS: Based on statistically analysed results from cross sectional Likert-scale questionnaires aimed at stakeholders of pharmaceutical education, this study concludes with a number of recommendations that may help pharmacy colleges seize this unique opportunity to further enhance the quality of pharmacy education in Saudi Arabia. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.008 doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.07.008 id: cord-268779-qbn3i2nq author: Alrasheed, Hend title: COVID-19 Spread in Saudi Arabia: Modeling, Simulation and Analysis date: 2020-10-23 words: 10876 sentences: 628 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-268779-qbn3i2nq.txt txt: ./txt/cord-268779-qbn3i2nq.txt summary: In this work, we propose a simulation model for the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia using a network-based epidemic model. The proposed model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to investigate multiple vaccination strategies. We aimed to match the model simulations with empirical data and then used the model to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to predict the percentage of individuals that must be vaccinated to stop the outbreak (when a vaccine becomes available). Volz [35] modeled SIR dynamics on a static random network, which represents the population structure of susceptible and infected individuals and their contact patterns with an arbitrary degree distribution. abstract: The novel coronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) has resulted in an ongoing pandemic and has affected over 200 countries around the world. Mathematical epidemic models can be used to predict the course of an epidemic and develop methods for controlling it. As social contact is a key factor in disease spreading, modeling epidemics on contact networks has been increasingly used. In this work, we propose a simulation model for the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia using a network-based epidemic model. We generated a contact network that captures realistic social behaviors and dynamics of individuals in Saudi Arabia. The proposed model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures employed by the Saudi government, to predict the future dynamics of the disease in Saudi Arabia according to different scenarios, and to investigate multiple vaccination strategies. Our results suggest that Saudi Arabia would have faced a nationwide peak of the outbreak on 21 April 2020 with a total of approximately 26 million infections had it not imposed strict control measures. The results also indicate that social distancing plays a crucial role in determining the future local dynamics of the epidemic. Our results also show that the closure of schools and mosques had the maximum impact on delaying the epidemic peak and slowing down the infection rate. If a vaccine does not become available and no social distancing is practiced from 10 June 2020, our predictions suggest that the epidemic will end in Saudi Arabia at the beginning of November with over 13 million infected individuals, and it may take only 15 days to end the epidemic after 70% of the population receive a vaccine. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33113936/ doi: 10.3390/ijerph17217744 id: cord-003629-xogzl1lv author: Alsuheel, Ali Mohammed title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia date: 2019-04-12 words: 2817 sentences: 174 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt txt: ./txt/cord-003629-xogzl1lv.txt summary: title: Human metapneumovirus in Pediatric Patients with Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in the Aseer Region of Saudi Arabia OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the presence of hMPV antigens in the nasopharyngeal secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized with respiratory tract infections in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, serological hospital-based study included all pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated that hMPV is a potential etiologic factor for the commonly occurring acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. This prospective, serological study included pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. abstract: BACKGROUND: Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a Paramyxovirus known to cause acute respiratory tract infections in children and young adults. To date, there is no study from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia determining the proportion and severity of hMPV infection among pediatric hospitalized patients with respiratory infections. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to determine the presence of hMPV antigens in the nasopharyngeal secretions of pediatric patients hospitalized with respiratory tract infections in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective, serological hospital-based study included all pediatric patients who were admitted to Aseer Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia, from July 2016 to November 2017 with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections. Basic demographics of patients and their clinical data on and after admission were recorded. Direct fluorescent antibody assay was used to detect the presence of hMPV antigens in the obtained nasopharyngeal secretion specimens. RESULTS: During the study, 91 pediatric patients were hospitalized due to upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections, of which 9.9% were positive for hMPV. These patients were aged 9 months to 16 years, were from Abha city or its surrounding localities and were mostly (77.8%) hospitalized during autumn or winter. The most common diagnosis on admission was bronchopneumonia (55.5%) and aspiration pneumonia (22.2%), and some patients also had underlying chronic conditions such as chronic heart disease (22.2%) and bronchial asthma (11.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained indicated that hMPV is a potential etiologic factor for the commonly occurring acute respiratory infections in hospitalized children from the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. hMPV infection was also found to be associated with complicated respiratory conditions such as bronchopneumonia, chronic heart disease and bronchial asthma. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6503696/ doi: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_72_18 id: cord-032513-uf4i46x9 author: Altuwaijri, Fahad S. title: Investigating Agile Adoption in Saudi Arabian Mobile Application Development date: 2020-08-18 words: 2128 sentences: 115 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-032513-uf4i46x9.txt txt: ./txt/cord-032513-uf4i46x9.txt summary: Therefore, the purpose of this PhD is to investigate the factors that have a significant impact on agile adoption in mobile app development by small and medium-size software organisations in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this PhD research is to investigate the factors influencing agile adoption in mobile application development sector in Saudi Arabia. This research aims to investigate the key factors that can either support or hinder agile adoption in mobile app development by software organisations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this research will investigate the factors identified in previous studies to determine whether they can be considered as the main aspects affecting the adoption of agile in Saudi mobile app development. This cycle aims to conduct in-depth investigation to obtain a deep insight into the key factors that may influence agile adoption in Saudi mobile app development and the tools and techniques used. abstract: Mobile app development has been considered as one of the fastest growing segments of the software industry both worldwide and in Saudi Arabia. Due to their pervasiveness, mobile applications call for consideration of complex and rapidly changing requirements given the diversity of their environments. Therefore, agile is considered the most suitable methodology for developing mobile apps. However, little research has investigated agile adoption in mobile app development in the real context. Therefore, the purpose of this PhD is to investigate the factors that have a significant impact on agile adoption in mobile app development by small and medium-size software organisations in Saudi Arabia. The expected key contribution of this research will be a deep insight into agile adoption in mobile app development, and the design and development of tools and techniques that may support agile adoption within Saudi context. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7510782/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-58858-8_27 id: cord-343168-gphud9yx author: Alyami, H. S. title: Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study date: 2020-05-15 words: 3856 sentences: 234 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-343168-gphud9yx.txt txt: ./txt/cord-343168-gphud9yx.txt summary: title: Depression and anxiety during 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between March 27 th and April 27 th , 2020, to explore depression and anxiety among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previously validated assessment scales, the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety among the study participants. The prevalence rate of moderate-to-severe depression symptoms in this study seems to be considerably higher than that of those reported by the Chinese study that included 1210 respondents during the COVID-19 outbreak (16.5%) whereas comparable rates for anxiety were noted (28.8%) [3] . Further, the study of Wang et al (2020) revealed that the female gender was significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak and had higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05) (3) . abstract: Background: COVID 19 outbreak in 2020 was associated with a high rate of depression and anxiety among individuals in the affected countries. The aim of this study is to explore the influence of the COVID 19 epidemic on the psychological distress of residents of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between 27th of March and 27th of April 2020. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ 9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD 7) were used to assess depression and anxiety. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of depression and anxiety. Results: The prevalence of depression and anxiety among the entire study participants was 9.4% and 7.3%, respectively. Non-Saudi residents, aged 50 years and above, divorced, retired, university students, and those with income (2000 to 10,000 RS) were at higher risk of developing depression. Saudi individuals, married, unemployed, and those with high income (> 10,000 RS) were at higher risk of developing anxiety. Conclusions: There is a wide range of the Saudi residents who are at higher risk of mental illness during COVID 19 pandemic. Policymakers and mental healthcare providers are advised to provide continuous monitoring of the psychological consequences during this pandemic, and provide mental support. url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.09.20096677 doi: 10.1101/2020.05.09.20096677 id: cord-271681-jmoyy8rb author: Assiri, Abdullah M. title: Epidemiology of a Novel Recombinant Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in Humans in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-06-14 words: 4372 sentences: 225 pages: flesch: 44 cache: ./cache/cord-271681-jmoyy8rb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-271681-jmoyy8rb.txt summary: To assess the epidemiologic and clinical features of the disease, we investigated all cases reported by the Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health (MoH) during January-June 2015, and we attempted genetic sequencing on all available specimens. At the time of this investigation, reporting in Saudi Arabia was required for all patients with clinical or radiologic evidence of MERS-CoV infection and a positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test result [21] . Genome analysis of human MERS-CoV strains from Saudi Arabia in 2015 and the recent outbreak in South Korea/China [31] [32] [33] and camels as noted above [35, 36] revealed a probable signature recombination event between 2 different parental clade B viruses involving a region of the ORF1ab and spike genes. Most cases identified in Saudi Arabia in February had documented exposure to healthcare facilities, a well-demonstrated risk factor for MERS-CoV infection [10] [11] [12] . abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes severe respiratory illness in humans. Fundamental questions about circulating viruses and transmission routes remain. METHODS: We assessed routinely collected epidemiologic data for MERS-CoV cases reported in Saudi Arabia during 1 January– 30 June 2015 and conducted a more detailed investigation of cases reported during February 2015. Available respiratory specimens were obtained for sequencing. RESULTS: During the study period, 216 MERS-CoV cases were reported. Full genome (n = 17) or spike gene sequences (n = 82) were obtained from 99 individuals. Most sequences (72 of 99 [73%]) formed a discrete, novel recombinant subclade (NRC-2015), which was detected in 6 regions and became predominant by June 2015. No clinical differences were noted between clades. Among 87 cases reported during February 2015, 13 had no recognized risks for secondary acquisition; 12 of these 13 also denied camel contact. Most viruses (8 of 9) from these 13 individuals belonged to NRC-2015. DISCUSSIONS: Our findings document the spread and eventual predominance of NRC-2015 in humans in Saudi Arabia during the first half of 2015. Our identification of cases without recognized risk factors but with similar virus sequences indicates the need for better understanding of risk factors for MERS-CoV transmission. url: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw236 doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw236 id: cord-329275-cd71wttk author: Benkouiten, Samir title: Respiratory Viruses and Bacteria among Pilgrims during the 2013 Hajj date: 2014-11-17 words: 3568 sentences: 173 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-329275-cd71wttk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-329275-cd71wttk.txt summary: Nasal swab samples were independently tested as described (5) for influenza virus A/H3N2 (16), influenza B virus (16), influenza C virus (17) , and A(H1N1)pdm09 virus (18) ; human adenovirus (19) ; human bocavirus (20) , human cytomegalovirus (21) ; human coronaviruses (HCoVs); human enterovirus (22) ; human metapneumovirus (23); human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs); human parechovirus (24); human respiratory syncytial virus (25) ; and human rhinovirus (HRV) (26) by using real-time reverse transcription PCRs. HCoVs and human HPIVs were detected by using an HCoV/HPIV R-Gene Kit (Argene/bioMérieux, Marcy l''Etoile, France) (27) . Of 19 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were positive for HRV, 17 (89.5%) had acquired the infection during their stay in Saudi Arabia (Figure 1 ). Of 50 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were positive for ≥1 respiratory virus, 43 (86.0%) reported ≥1 respiratory symptom during their stay in Saudi Arabia, of whom 37 (86.0%) still had respiratory symptoms at the time of sampling. Also, of 79 participants whose post-Hajj specimens were negative for respiratory viruses, 74 (93.7%) reported ≥1 respiratory symptom during their stay Saudi Arabia, of whom 53 (71.6%) still had respiratory symptoms at the time of sampling. abstract: Pilgrims returning from the Hajj might contribute to international spreading of respiratory pathogens. Nasal and throat swab specimens were obtained from 129 pilgrims in 2013 before they departed from France and before they left Saudi Arabia, and tested by PCR for respiratory viruses and bacteria. Overall, 21.5% and 38.8% of pre-Hajj and post-Hajj specimens, respectively, were positive for ≥1 virus (p = 0.003). One third (29.8%) of the participants acquired ≥1 virus, particularly rhinovirus (14.0%), coronavirus E229 (12.4%), and influenza A(H3N2) virus (6.2%) while in Saudi Arabia. None of the participants were positive for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. In addition, 50.0% and 62.0% of pre-Hajj and post-Hajj specimens, respectively, were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae (p = 0.053). One third (36.3%) of the participants had acquired S. pneumoniae during their stay. Our results confirm high acquisition rates of rhinovirus and S. pneumoniae in pilgrims and highlight the acquisition of coronavirus E229. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2011.140600 doi: 10.3201/eid2011.140600 id: cord-252274-n2m5evh0 author: Binalrimal, Sultan title: Awareness and compliance of dental students and interns toward infection control at Riyadh Elm University date: 2019-08-05 words: 2458 sentences: 118 pages: flesch: 39 cache: ./cache/cord-252274-n2m5evh0.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252274-n2m5evh0.txt summary: Aim: Dental students have increasing patient contact during their education and clinical years, putting them at high risk of cross-infection; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the level of infection control practices among dental students and interns at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the level of compliance with infection control practices among dental students and interns at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In previous studies investigating dental students'' and interns'' knowledge of, attitude toward and compliance with HBV vaccination among private and governmental dental schools in Saudi Arabia, their attitude was positive regarding infection control protocols, but they unfortunately lacked compliance with HBV vaccination; greater emphasis on the importance of immunization and vaccine coverage was needed. The results of this study indicated increased awareness among concerned dental students and interns at Riyadh Elm University towards the implementation of effective infection control measures. abstract: Aim: Dental students have increasing patient contact during their education and clinical years, putting them at high risk of cross-infection; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the level of infection control practices among dental students and interns at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: Total of 400 questionnaires were distributed among interns and clinical students at Riyadh Elm University. The questionnaire comprised 32 items assessing infection control practices, and the data were tabulated and analyzed by SPSS to produce descriptive statistics. Results: Three hundred nine questionnaires were answered (response rate 77%).The implementation of different infection control measures was good to excellent, except for hepatitis B vaccination and wearing eye protection: only 76% of males and 83% of females were vaccinated against HBV, and only 30% of males and 26% of females always wore protective glasses. Conclusion: Compared to previous studies, an increased awareness regarding infection control practices among dental students and interns was noticeable. However, greater emphasis on the importance of infection control, especially compliance with HBV vaccination and wearing protective eyewear, is necessary. url: https://doi.org/10.3205/dgkh000326 doi: 10.3205/dgkh000326 id: cord-252883-1ub01j2x author: Bleibtreu, A. title: Focus on Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) date: 2019-11-11 words: 6231 sentences: 304 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt txt: ./txt/cord-252883-1ub01j2x.txt summary: Since the first case of human infection by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in June 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed MERS-CoV infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of October 2018. The first case of infection attributed to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was detected in Saudi Arabia in June 2012 [1] . Despite these viruses being identified in several reports as causing lower respiratory tract infections, it was generally accepted that coronaviruses were of low pathogenicity until the emergence of SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) in 2002, a virus with a fatality rate estimated at 10%. Very shortly afterwards, in September 2012, a second patient was admitted to hospital in the United Kingdom for severe respiratory infection related to a novel coronavirus following travel to the Middle East. Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission abstract: Since the first case of human infection by the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia in June 2012, more than 2260 cases of confirmed MERS-CoV infection and 803 related deaths have been reported since the 16th of October 2018. The vast majority of these cases (71%) were reported in Saudi Arabia but the epidemic has now spread to 27 countries and has not ceased 6 years later, unlike SARS-CoV that disappeared a little less than 2 years after emerging. Due to the high fatality rate observed in MERS-CoV infected patients (36%), much effort has been put into understanding the origin and pathophysiology of this novel coronavirus to prevent it from becoming endemic in humans. This review focuses in particular on the origin, epidemiology and clinical manifestations of MERS-CoV, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of infected patients. The experience gained over recent years on how to manage the different risks related to this kind of epidemic will be key to being prepared for future outbreaks of communicable disease. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0399077X19310546 doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.10.004 id: cord-319358-1bqzf7zw author: Cheema, Ejaz title: Assessing the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about adverse drug reactions and reporting methods in Saudi Arabia: an open-label randomised controlled trial date: 2019-03-27 words: 2626 sentences: 130 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-319358-1bqzf7zw.txt txt: ./txt/cord-319358-1bqzf7zw.txt summary: title: Assessing the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about adverse drug reactions and reporting methods in Saudi Arabia: an open-label randomised controlled trial OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of educational intervention on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about ADRs. METHODS: This was a 3-month randomized controlled trial conducted in Saudi Arabia between January 2018 and March 2018. Given the poor knowledge of healthcare professionals about ADRs and its impact on ADR reporting, this study aims to assess the impact of structured education on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about ADRs and their reporting methods in Saudi Arabia. At the 12-week follow-up, there was a significant improvement in the percentage of participants who were familiar with the types of ADRs that should be reported in adults (section 2 of the questionnaire in supplementary material) in the intervention group (from 0 at baseline to 28%; 95% CI 6.6-51.0; p = 0.008). abstract: BACKGROUND: Pharmacists have limited knowledge about adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of educational intervention on the knowledge of hospital pharmacists about ADRs. METHODS: This was a 3-month randomized controlled trial conducted in Saudi Arabia between January 2018 and March 2018. Participants in both groups were required to complete an online questionnaire at baseline and at 12-week follow-up. Participants in the intervention group received a structured information sheet about ADRs 2 weeks after the first assessment. The main outcome measure was difference in mean knowledge score about ADRs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Difference in mean knowledge score about ADRs. RESULTS: A total of 46 participants were included in the study. At the 12-week follow-up, there was a significant improvement in the mean knowledge score (± standard deviation) of intervention participants from 7.67 (± 2.1) at baseline to 11.22 (± 0.4) (95% CI −4.5 to −2.5; p < 0.0001). The mean knowledge score of control participants remained unchanged at 6.71 (± 2.3) during both baseline and follow-up assessments. CONCLUSION: ADR-specific education was associated with a significant improvement in the knowledge and understanding of pharmacists about ADRs and their methods of reporting. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s40267-019-00621-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-019-00621-z doi: 10.1007/s40267-019-00621-z id: cord-299440-y6o5e2k5 author: Elachola, Habida title: A crucial time for public health preparedness: Zika virus and the 2016 Olympics, Umrah, and Hajj date: 2016-02-07 words: 1970 sentences: 101 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-299440-y6o5e2k5.txt txt: ./txt/cord-299440-y6o5e2k5.txt summary: Although winter temperatures mean that mosquito density is expected to be low in Brazil at the time of the Olympics, given the summer time mosquito density in the northern hemisphere, including in Saudi Arabia, the introduction of a few infections to the mosquito population might be suffi cient to cause outbreaks of Zika virus in other countries. 11 Although both countries may have robust vector control eff orts, no single approach is adequate to prevent mosquito bites and non-vector modes of Zika virus transmission; a combination of measures is needed at personal, community, and policy levels. Given that pilgrim fl ow to Saudi Arabia is continuous, these eff orts will help minimise current transmission of Zika virus as well. 4, 13 Lessons from Saudi Arabia''s success with hosting Hajj during declared pandemics can be helpful to Brazil and the Olympics organisers. Liraglutide safety and effi cacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study abstract: nan url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0140673616002749 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00274-9 id: cord-316566-5iqtj3db author: Elachola, Habida title: Oil prices, climate change—health challenges in Saudi Arabia date: 2016-01-27 words: 1733 sentences: 100 pages: flesch: 53 cache: ./cache/cord-316566-5iqtj3db.txt txt: ./txt/cord-316566-5iqtj3db.txt summary: 12, 13 In high-income countries, some health indices showed counter-cyclical eff ects with economic contractions (eg, increases in suicides, depression, and anxiety disorders and worsening reproductive health outcomes). If Saudi Arabia maintains increased relief spending on child health, improvements in access to nutrition and health, and strong infectious diseases control then these approaches can also help reduce mortality. Since Saudi Arabia''s sociodemographic and geopolitical foundation is diff erent from that of the case studies available thus far, it is diffi cult to predict potential health eff ects of the present economic recession and newly proposed health-sector reforms. 3 The expatriate workforce of Saudi Arabia, which accounts for 56% of the total population and about 86% of the private sector workforce, are not covered by the government health-care system. 14 Despite free health care, Saudi Arabia''s shortcomings are in the control of non-communicable diseases and mitigation of risk factors for disease. The eff ect of economic recession on population health abstract: nan url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673616002038 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00203-8 id: cord-340104-6n0sn5lk author: Fagbo, Shamsudeen F. title: Acute viral respiratory infections among children in MERS‐endemic Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2012–2013 date: 2016-07-29 words: 3325 sentences: 194 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-340104-6n0sn5lk.txt txt: ./txt/cord-340104-6n0sn5lk.txt summary: This large study population determined the burden of respiratory viruses associated with ARI in children over a 2-year period a multiplex molecular testing platform. With over 60% of 2235 children testing positive for respiratory viruses, more infections were detected than previous studies [Akhter et al., 2009; Al Hajjar et al., 2011; Alanazi et al., 2013; Bukhari and Elhazmi, 2013] . This high rate was significantly different from that obtained in the present 2-year study (23% detection for RSV in children positive for respiratory viruses), as well as others [Alanazi et al., 2013; Amer et al., 2015] . Viruses associated with respiratory tract infections in children attending to the emergency room, king abdulaziz medical city, riyadh, Saudi Arabia Viral agents causing acute lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children at a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia abstract: The emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Saudi Arabia has intensified focus on Acute Respiratory Infections [ARIs]. This study sought to identify respiratory viruses (RVs) associated with ARIs in children presenting at a tertiary hospital. Children (aged ≤13) presenting with ARI between January 2012 and December 2013 tested for 15 RVs using the Seeplex(R) RV15 kit were retrospectively included. Epidemiological data was retrieved from patient records. Of the 2235 children tested, 61.5% were ≤1 year with a male: female ratio of 3:2. Viruses were detected in 1364 (61.02%) children, 233 (10.4%) having dual infections: these viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (24%), human rhinovirus (hRV) (19.7%), adenovirus (5.7%), influenza virus (5.3%), and parainfluenzavirus‐3 (4.6%). Children, aged 9–11 months, were most infected (60.9%). Lower respiratory tract infections (55.4%) were significantly more than upper respiratory tract infection (45.3%) (P < 0.001). Seasonal variation of RV was directly and inversely proportional to relative humidity and temperature, respectively, for non MERS coronaviruses (NL63, 229E, and OC43). The study confirms community‐acquired RV associated with ARI in children and suggests modulating roles for abiotic factors in RV epidemiology. However, community‐based studies are needed to elucidate how these factors locally influence RV epidemiology. J. Med. Virol. 89:195–201, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.24632 doi: 10.1002/jmv.24632 id: cord-267090-jc1k3fki author: Gardner, Emma G. title: A case-crossover analysis of the impact of weather on primary cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome date: 2019-02-04 words: 4352 sentences: 220 pages: flesch: 48 cache: ./cache/cord-267090-jc1k3fki.txt txt: ./txt/cord-267090-jc1k3fki.txt summary: METHODS: A case-crossover design was used to identify associations between primary MERS cases and preceding weather conditions within the 2-week incubation period in Saudi Arabia using univariable conditional logistic regression. Data from meteorological stations closest to the largest city in each province were used to calculate the daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature ((ο)C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (m/s), and visibility (m). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS--CoV) is an emerging zoonotic agent that was first isolated in 2012 from a patient hospitalized in Saudi Arabia [1] , and has since infected over 2200 people with a 36% case fatality ratio [2] . By comparing weather conditions immediately before MERS cases to weather conditions at other times, this study aimed to identify environmental factors that are associated with primary human MERS in Saudi Arabia. The risk of primary human cases of MERS was associated with a decrease in temperature and humidity, and an increase in ground visibility. abstract: BACKGROUND: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is endemic in dromedary camels in the Arabian Peninsula, and zoonotic transmission to people is a sporadic event. In the absence of epidemiological data on the reservoir species, patterns of zoonotic transmission have largely been approximated from primary human cases. This study aimed to identify meteorological factors that may increase the risk of primary MERS infections in humans. METHODS: A case-crossover design was used to identify associations between primary MERS cases and preceding weather conditions within the 2-week incubation period in Saudi Arabia using univariable conditional logistic regression. Cases with symptom onset between January 2015 – December 2017 were obtained from a publicly available line list of human MERS cases maintained by the World Health Organization. The complete case dataset (N = 1191) was reduced to approximate the cases most likely to represent spillover transmission from camels (N = 446). Data from meteorological stations closest to the largest city in each province were used to calculate the daily mean, minimum, and maximum temperature ((ο)C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (m/s), and visibility (m). Weather variables were categorized according to strata; temperature and humidity into tertiles, and visibility and wind speed into halves. RESULTS: Lowest temperature (Odds Ratio = 1.27; 95% Confidence Interval = 1.04–1.56) and humidity (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.10–1.65) were associated with increased cases 8–10 days later. High visibility was associated with an increased number of cases 7 days later (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.01–1.57), while wind speed also showed statistically significant associations with cases 5–6 days later. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that primary MERS human cases in Saudi Arabia are more likely to occur when conditions are relatively cold and dry. This is similar to seasonal patterns that have been described for other respiratory diseases in temperate climates. It was hypothesized that low visibility would be positively associated with primary cases of MERS, however the opposite relationship was seen. This may reflect behavioural changes in different weather conditions. This analysis provides key initial evidence of an environmental component contributing to the development of primary MERS-CoV infections. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30717685/ doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-3729-5 id: cord-356048-nku844kt author: Hoang, Van-Thuan title: Infectious Diseases and Mass Gatherings date: 2018-08-28 words: 5041 sentences: 253 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-356048-nku844kt.txt txt: ./txt/cord-356048-nku844kt.txt summary: RECENT FINDINGS: In the context of Hajj, one of the largest religious MGs at Mecca, Saudi Arabia, respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of infectious diseases in pilgrims with a prevalence of 50–93%. In this review, we summarize recent findings in the field of infectious diseases associated with international MGs. The Hajj (Table 1) The Hajj, an annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, is one of the largest religious MGs in the world with about two million pilgrims from 185 countries [4] . The predominance of bacterial pathogens in Hajj-related gastrointestinal infections poses a major risk to public health through the potential emergence and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria [53] . (Table 1) Although numerous gastrointestinal and respiratory outbreaks have been documented at large-scale open-air festivals, particularly music festivals, with thousands of participants, these events are probably neglected, in terms of public health attention, as well as surveillance and prevention of infectious disease strategies, compared to other categories of MGs [78] . abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Mass gatherings (MGs) are characterized by a high concentration of people at a specific time and location. Infectious diseases are of particular concern at MGs. The aim of this review was to summarize findings in the field of infectious diseases with a variety of pathogens associated with international MGs in the last 5 years. RECENT FINDINGS: In the context of Hajj, one of the largest religious MGs at Mecca, Saudi Arabia, respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of infectious diseases in pilgrims with a prevalence of 50–93%. The most commonly acquired respiratory viruses were human rhinovirus, followed by human coronaviruses and influenza A virus, in decreasing order. Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae were the predominant bacteria. The prevalence of Hajj-related diarrhea ranged from 1.1 to 23.3% and etiologies included Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli, with evidence of acquisition of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. In other MGs such as Muslim, Christian, and Hindu religious events, sports events, and large-scale open-air festivals, outbreaks have been reported less frequently. The most common outbreaks at these events involved diseases preventable by vaccination, notably measles and influenza. Gastrointestinal infections caused by a variety of pathogens were also recorded. SUMMARY: Because social distancing and contact avoidance are difficult measures to implement in the context of many MGs, individual preventive measures including vaccination, use of face mask, disposable handkerchief and hand hygiene may be recommended. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these measures has been poorly investigated in the context of MGs. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30155747/ doi: 10.1007/s11908-018-0650-9 id: cord-017009-j069q0l3 author: Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title: Emerging Infectious Diseases in Camelids date: 2016-10-13 words: 4700 sentences: 285 pages: flesch: 55 cache: ./cache/cord-017009-j069q0l3.txt txt: ./txt/cord-017009-j069q0l3.txt summary: The most notable emerging viral infections in OWC include camelpox, Rift Valley fever (RVF), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Outbreaks have been reported in Asia (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Yemen, Syria, Afghanistan, southern parts of Russia and India, and Pakistan) and in Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Somalia, and Sudan). The first conclusive evidence of zoonotic CMLV infection in humans, associated with outbreaks in dromedary camels, has been recently reported in India where three human cases of camelpox have been reported (Bera et al. In September of 2010, an RVF outbreak occurred in northern Mauritania involving mass abortions in small ruminants and camels (Camelus dromedarius) and at least 63 human clinical cases, including 13 deaths. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia abstract: Growing interest in camelids presents a unique challenge to scientists and veterinarians engaged in diagnosing infectious diseases of this species. It is estimated that 65 % of fatalities in Old World camels (OWC, i.e., Camelus dromedarius and C. bactrianus) and 50 % in New World camelids/South American camelids (NWC/SAC, i.e., the domestic alpaca (Vicugna pacos) and llama (Lama glama)) are caused by infectious diseases. Factors that contribute to disease emergence in camelids involve climate change and increased demand for camel products resulting in the intensification of production and expanding camel contacts with other animal species and humans. In this chapter, the most important emerging diseases of camelids are described and discussed. The most notable emerging viral infections in OWC include camelpox, Rift Valley fever (RVF), peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Brucellosis, Johne’s disease (JD), and dermatophilosis are the emerging bacterial diseases in OWC. Emerging diseases of NWC include infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bluetongue (BT), and coronavirus. Parasitic emerging infections in NWCs include the small liver fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum) and meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis). url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121465/ doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_20 id: cord-261421-k1s5iy3u author: Khalafalla, Abdelmalik I. title: MERS-CoV in Upper Respiratory Tract and Lungs of Dromedary Camels, Saudi Arabia, 2013–2014 date: 2015-07-17 words: 3261 sentences: 145 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt txt: ./txt/cord-261421-k1s5iy3u.txt summary: To assess the temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1–2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during April 2013–May 2014 in Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia, and tested for MERS-CoV RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Furthermore, MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels was definitively proven by the detection of virus and virus sequences in respiratory specimens, feces, and milk collected from camels in Qatar (9, 13) , Oman (14) , Saudi Arabia (5, 15, 16) , and Egypt (17) . To address these limitations and to clarify the dynamics of MERS-CoV infection in these animals, we conducted a year-round study in which we collected a large number of specimens from the upper respiratory tracts of live dromedary camels and from the lungs of dromedary camel carcasses. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia abstract: To assess the temporal dynamics of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in dromedary camels, specimens were collected at 1–2 month intervals from 2 independent groups of animals during April 2013–May 2014 in Al-Ahsa Province, Saudi Arabia, and tested for MERS-CoV RNA by reverse transcription PCR. Of 96 live camels, 28 (29.2%) nasal swab samples were positive; of 91 camel carcasses, 56 (61.5%) lung tissue samples were positive. Positive samples were more commonly found among young animals (<4 years of age) than adults (>4 years of age). The proportions of positive samples varied by month for both groups; detection peaked during November 2013 and January 2014 and declined in March and May 2014. These findings further our understanding of MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels and may help inform intervention strategies to reduce zoonotic infections. url: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2107.150070 doi: 10.3201/eid2107.150070 id: cord-016191-9gr6lh5w author: Khraif, Rshood M. title: Migration in Saudi Arabia: Present and Prospects date: 2019-10-11 words: 4450 sentences: 216 pages: flesch: 50 cache: ./cache/cord-016191-9gr6lh5w.txt txt: ./txt/cord-016191-9gr6lh5w.txt summary: The expert and technical labour force brought in to fulfil the increasing requirements of technological development and innovation affects the locally available native manpower in the fast changing Saudi Arabia, resulting in an imbalance on regional and urban scales, impacting upon economy, urban planning, transport, housing and employment and, in return, creating an over-urbanization (United Nations 2009 Khraif 2007 Khraif , 2001 Makki 1986 ). The International Database of US Census Bureau provides migration data-net migrants by year, which has been collected for Saudi Arabia and the other GCC states from 1993 to 2012-to compare the changes and its contribution to the population growth. Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the GCC in terms of both land area and population, thus having the highest level of international migration within the Arab world and beyond. abstract: As compared with other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Saudi Arabia has distinct demographic features. This leads the Saudi government to take measures to revisit its existing policies and schemes concerned with population. With this brief outline, migration data used in this article are pitched to understand five dimensions: (1) to look at the Saudi citizens’ migration trends within the Kingdom, (2) to analyse the impact of migration on the Kingdom’s population growth and also on the neighbouring GCC countries, (3) to look at the changes taking place annually in the Kingdom’s migration trends and in the other GCC countries, (4) to examine the migrants, looking at their origin place and (5) to analyse the variation between immigrants and Saudi Arabia citizens in terms of demographic parameters like population growth, sex ratio, broad age groups and age-sex distribution. Various databases available at both national and international levels were taken to address the five dimensions. The findings showed that push and pull factors and infrastructure differentials are taken into consideration while Saudi population internally migrate. All the GCC countries, including Saudi Arabia, experience international migration streams subject to the labour requirements and governmental regulations for both Arabs and non-Arabs. Immigrant demographics are characterized by Saudi Arabia’s labour demand controlled by adult males from other countries. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120403/ doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-9224-5_5 id: cord-291821-ovfqfurf author: Memish, Ziad A title: Emergence of medicine for mass gatherings: lessons from the Hajj date: 2011-12-19 words: 6621 sentences: 385 pages: flesch: 58 cache: ./cache/cord-291821-ovfqfurf.txt txt: ./txt/cord-291821-ovfqfurf.txt summary: Among all MGs, the public health issues, associated with the Hajj (an annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia) is clearly the best reported—probably because of its international or even intercontinental implications in terms of the spread of infectious disease. Imperial organisations linked cholera morbus, a non-epidemic diarrhoea, to Hajj, allowing a public health industry to develop that used health concerns to control immigration, pilgrim passports, proof of suffi cient funds to allow return travel, maritime regulation, and vessel quarantine procedures. Effi cient reorganization of the pilgrimage in every direction is needed and should be facilitated by the governments of the large number of the countries involved." 34 By the early 20th century, non-Muslim European powers were heavily engaged in the management of the Hajj and would remain so until modern Saudi Arabia came into existence and acquired fi nancial independence through petrochemical wealth. abstract: Although definitions of mass gatherings (MG) vary greatly, they consist of large numbers of people attending an event at a specific site for a finite time. Examples of MGs include World Youth Day, the summer and winter Olympics, rock concerts, and political rallies. Some of the largest MGs are spiritual in nature. Among all MGs, the public health issues, associated with the Hajj (an annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia) is clearly the best reported—probably because of its international or even intercontinental implications in terms of the spread of infectious disease. Hajj routinely attracts 2·5 million Muslims for worship. WHO's global health initiatives have converged with Saudi Arabia's efforts to ensure the wellbeing of pilgrims, contain infectious diseases, and reinforce global health security through the management of the Hajj. Both initiatives emphasise the importance of MG health policies guided by sound evidence and based on experience and the timeliness of calls for a new academic science-based specialty of MG medicine. url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309911703371 doi: 10.1016/s1473-3099(11)70337-1 id: cord-331129-vwavivmo author: Mohsen Alsufyani, Abdulaziz title: Linking the Saudi Arabian 2030 Vision with Nursing Transformation in Saudi Arabia: Roadmap for Nursing Policies and Strategies date: 2020-10-14 words: 3464 sentences: 172 pages: flesch: 45 cache: ./cache/cord-331129-vwavivmo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331129-vwavivmo.txt summary: This study presented a comprehensive plan for developing a policy based on current challenges, recognition of policy goals, assessment of potential options and alternatives, identification of stakeholders, proposition of recommended solutions, and implementation of the framework to transform nursing standards and link these changes with the Saudi Vision 2030. Globally, nurses have made important contributions to a range of health priorities including universal health coverage, mental and community health, emergency preparedness and response, patient safety, and the provision of comprehensive patient-centered care 1 However, Saudi Arabia has entered a new era of progress and prosperity after developing Vision 2030-a program that contributes a series of developments in the fields of health delivery systems, nursing, trade, education, communications, science, and technology. However, in juxtaposition with developed countries, Saudi Arabia faces extreme staffing shortages, socio-cultural challenges, paucity of international and national benchmark evidence, absence of clear and defined scope of nursing practice, and, most importantly, policies and regulations along with the ensuing repercussions on the quality of care being offered 6, 7 . abstract: The Saudi government is currently facing multiple challenges in achieving “The Gold Standard” in nursing practice. This is not limited to educational challenges, staffing shortage, paucity of international and national benchmark evidence, absence of clear and defined scope of nursing practice, and lack of appropriate policies and regulations. This study presented a comprehensive plan for developing a policy based on current challenges, recognition of policy goals, assessment of potential options and alternatives, identification of stakeholders, proposition of recommended solutions, and implementation of the framework to transform nursing standards and link these changes with the Saudi Vision 2030. However, amendments are required in the present strategic plan for the better management of the nursing profession. It is doubtful that the current nursing profession status quo is capable of meeting the golden standards for health care. Thus, the transformation of the nursing profession in Saudi Arabia is necessary. url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100256 doi: 10.1016/j.ijans.2020.100256 id: cord-331228-wbd0s4fo author: Shehata, Mahmoud M. title: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review date: 2016-01-20 words: 7512 sentences: 372 pages: flesch: 46 cache: ./cache/cord-331228-wbd0s4fo.txt txt: ./txt/cord-331228-wbd0s4fo.txt summary: authors: Shehata, Mahmoud M.; Gomaa, Mokhtar R.; Ali, Mohamed A.; Kayali, Ghazi Role of the spike glycoprotein of human Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in virus entry and syncytia formation Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)-Saudi Arabia Epidemiological, demographic, and clinical characteristics of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease from Saudi Arabia: a descriptive study First cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission Clinical features and viral diagnosis of two cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a report of nosocomial transmission Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia abstract: The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first identified in 2012 and has since then remained uncontrolled. Cases have been mostly reported in the Middle East, however travel-associated cases and outbreaks have also occurred. Nosocomial and zoonotic transmission of the virus appear to be the most important routes. The infection is severe and highly fatal thus necessitating rapid and efficacious interventions. Here, we performed a comprehensive review of published literature and summarized the epidemiology of the virus. In addition, we summarized the virological aspects of the infection and reviewed the animal models used as well as vaccination and antiviral tested against it. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26791756/ doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6 id: cord-353354-34tqy9tb author: Sheshah, Eman title: Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia date: 2020-11-13 words: 3362 sentences: 166 pages: flesch: 47 cache: ./cache/cord-353354-34tqy9tb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-353354-34tqy9tb.txt summary: title: Prevalence of Diabetes, Management and Outcomes among Covid-19 Adult Patients Admitted in a Specialized Tertiary Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia This retrospective study aimed to characterize comorbidities and associated with mortality among hospitalized adults with Covid-19 managed as per the Saudi Ministry of Health protocol in a specialized tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The present retrospective study aims to determine the common comorbidities and risk factors that are associated with mortality among hospitalized patients admitted for Covid-19 and managed as per the Saudi MoH protocol for patients suspected of/confirmed with COVID-19 in a single specialized tertiary hospital in the capital Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Nonetheless, the high prevalence of T2DM and hypertension among hospitalized Covid-19 patients have already been observed not only in majority of industrialized countries with high cases of SARS-CoV2 infection, but have also been associated with higher risk for severe outcomes, including death [11] [12] [13] . abstract: This retrospective study aimed to characterize comorbidities and associated with mortality among hospitalized adults with Covid-19 managed as per the Saudi Ministry of Health protocol in a specialized tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Medical records of 300 adult patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV2 infection and admitted in King Salman Hospital (KSH) from May 1 to July 31 2020 were included. Medical history, management and outcomes were noted. Males significantly outnumber females (259 versus 41). South Asians comprise 41% of all admitted patients. Mortality rate was 10% and highest among Saudi males (28.9%). Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was the most common comorbidity (45.7%). Almost all patients (99%) had pneumonia. Patients >50 years were three times more likely to die (confidence interval, CI 1.3-6.9; p=0.01) from Covid-19. Congestive heart failure (odds ratio OR 19.4, CI-1.5-260.0; p=0.02) and acute kidney injury (OR 11.7, CI-4.7-28.6; p<0.001) were significantly associated with higher mortality. Dexamethasone use significantly improved the final outcome based on net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) (p<0.05). In this single-center study, T2DM was very common among hospitalized Covid-19 patients. Patients >50 years, those with congestive heart failure and acute kidney injury are at higher risk for worse Covid-19 outcome. url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0168822720307956 doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108538 id: cord-007118-fo2lq1sb author: Zakaria, Nasriah title: Development of Saudi e-health literacy scale for chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia: using integrated health literacy dimensions date: 2018-03-24 words: 3217 sentences: 172 pages: flesch: 49 cache: ./cache/cord-007118-fo2lq1sb.txt txt: ./txt/cord-007118-fo2lq1sb.txt summary: Despite evidence of high IT use, there is no published evidence about whether the Saudi population is using IT to obtain health information or make decisions, especially regarding NCDs such as diabetes, cardiovascular issues and hypertension. In this study, we describe the development of a Saudi e-health literacy scale (SeHL) for measuring e-health literacy among Saudis suffering from NCDs, especially diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. We were able to aggregate a scale that measures e-health literacy based on four dimensions: decision making, information seeking, confidence, and use of media and technology. We did this by reviewing previous studies in health literacy and e-health literacy and by conducting workshops to propose a new scale suitable for measuring e-health literacy levels among the Saudi population. In terms of the public health field, this e-health literacy research can help organization build a better patient education system that would promote prevention of NCDs. This study also analyzed literacy dimensions identified in other wellknown scales in AlSayah et al. abstract: OBJECTIVE: Health literacy has become a global issue, and it is important that patients and individuals are able to use information technology to access health information and educational services. The research objective is to develop a Saudi e-health literacy scale (SeHL) for measuring e-health literacy among Saudis suffering from non-communicable diseases (NCD). METHODS: Overall, 14 relevant papers in related interdisciplinary fields were reviewed to select the most useful literacy dimensions. From these articles, we extracted the most common dimensions used to measure e-health literacy across the disciplines. Multiple workshops with multidisciplinary team members reviewed and evaluated items for SeHL. RESULTS: Four key aspects of e-health literacy—use of technology/media, information-seeking, usefulness and confidence—were identified and integrated as e-health literacy dimensions. These will be used to measure e-health literacy among Saudi patients with NCDs. A translation from Arabic to English was performed in order to ensure that translation process was accurate. A SeHL scale was developed to measure e-health literacy among Saudi patients. By understanding e-health literacy levels, we will be able to create a patient-education system to be used by patients in Saudi Arabia. CONCLUSIONS: As information technology is increasingly used by people of all ages all over the world, e-health literacy has been identified as a key factor in determining health outcomes. To date, no comprehensive scale exists to assess e-health literacy levels among speakers of Arabic, particularly among people with NCD such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108630/ doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzy033 ==== make-pages.sh questions [ERIC WAS HERE] ==== make-pages.sh search /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/make-pages.sh: line 77: /data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm: No such file or directory Traceback (most recent call last): File "/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/bin/tsv2htm-search.py", line 51, in with open( TEMPLATE, 'r' ) as handle : htm = handle.read() FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/data-disk/reader-compute/reader-cord/tmp/search.htm' ==== make-pages.sh topic modeling corpus Zipping study carrel