Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 79 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8282 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 AIDS 58 HIV 10 CD4 9 patient 9 Health 8 SARS 7 infection 7 disease 7 China 6 United 5 States 5 CMV 4 HIV-1 4 Global 4 Africa 3 virus 3 human 3 chinese 3 child 3 art 3 World 3 HAART 3 COVID-19 2 vaccine 2 und 2 pulmonary 2 health 2 die 2 der 2 care 2 PCP 2 New 2 India 2 HCV 2 Fund 2 CDC 2 Aids 1 year 1 woman 1 werden 1 von 1 vector 1 urban 1 tube 1 system 1 study 1 spontaneous 1 social 1 sind 1 session Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 2714 disease 2612 infection 2565 health 2503 patient 1785 % 1349 virus 1270 cell 1244 treatment 1224 study 1149 case 926 care 907 country 878 population 843 risk 823 year 821 community 815 response 797 drug 794 therapy 751 epidemic 743 child 731 vaccine 717 people 711 group 697 use 691 system 674 result 672 effect 665 level 654 individual 635 time 578 woman 573 service 571 tuberculosis 568 factor 563 model 549 rate 545 program 539 transmission 518 government 516 control 502 number 493 prevention 488 blood 481 analysis 474 immunodeficiency 474 development 467 datum 466 diagnosis 461 change Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 5085 HIV 3550 AIDS 862 China 769 der 659 Health 551 al 509 CD4 490 et 453 United 448 . 443 SARS 438 HIV-1 407 von 347 T 337 Africa 332 TB 330 Global 328 States 325 mit 306 bei 286 World 262 und 256 NGOs 241 werden 236 eine 223 CMV 212 US 199 Fund 193 HAART 191 C 187 sind 181 New 175 durch 174 den 169 CDC 167 zu 165 PCP 162 Therapie 159 ist 152 fi 150 einer 147 B 143 des 141 auch 141 South 141 PTG 140 National 140 Disease 138 International 137 auf Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1934 it 1014 we 939 they 623 i 258 them 196 he 147 she 105 itself 97 us 84 themselves 79 one 70 you 46 me 26 her 15 him 13 herself 12 ourselves 9 oneself 8 myself 7 s 4 mg 4 himself 2 yourself 2 ours 2 hers 2 's 1 theirs 1 mrnas 1 innovative.by 1 esat-6 1 em 1 -she Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 19714 be 5023 have 1028 use 1020 die 992 include 862 infect 839 increase 823 do 768 develop 681 provide 649 associate 636 relate 626 cause 602 show 535 find 532 make 530 occur 524 report 514 base 457 reduce 453 give 440 follow 404 see 399 identify 397 lead 388 take 375 emerge 367 need 349 live 349 become 344 suggest 325 consider 323 require 310 affect 307 demonstrate 300 improve 296 prevent 286 know 266 receive 263 remain 262 treat 256 induce 254 result 253 involve 252 work 243 continue 243 compare 241 describe 237 indicate 230 acquire Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2026 not 1175 also 1159 other 1132 more 1004 such 1004 - 1002 human 907 high 821 most 742 new 713 well 687 public 631 however 622 social 620 infectious 605 many 603 first 596 only 565 clinical 545 immune 544 low 521 positive 521 as 502 pulmonary 486 early 456 effective 448 viral 414 common 412 global 403 international 383 important 377 large 359 medical 352 long 350 primary 348 even 343 specific 342 non 341 often 341 national 337 less 331 different 321 great 309 sexual 304 urban 298 major 290 acute 286 therefore 286 significant 285 poor Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 213 most 107 least 104 good 84 Most 79 high 40 great 37 large 15 bad 14 poor 12 strong 10 low 9 late 8 early 5 common 5 big 4 simple 4 new 4 long 4 close 3 small 3 near 3 fine 2 wide 2 wealthy 2 old 2 fast 2 false/ 2 easy 1 ~e 1 young 1 wise 1 short 1 serotypes 1 safe 1 rich 1 quick 1 needy 1 multit 1 likeli 1 harsh 1 hard 1 grave 1 full 1 few 1 dark 1 cord-325300-wawui0fd 1 cord-301506-q2a5aogo 1 busy 1 -5.72 Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 608 most 62 least 24 well 5 hard 4 worst 3 highest 2 lowest 1 long 1 ecommendatio.ns Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 doi.org 4 ghdx.healthdata.org 2 www.dovepress.com 2 www.cdc.gov 2 www 1 www.usaid.gov 1 www.uni-duesseldorf.de 1 www.theglobalfund.org 1 www.stoptb.org 1 www.psi-online.info 1 www.mitacs.ca 1 www.kff.org 1 www.imf.org 1 www.hivbook.com 1 www.hivandhepatitis.com 1 www.gatesfoundation.org 1 www.gatesfoundation 1 www.cia.gov 1 www.awmf 1 www.avert.org 1 www.aidsmap.com 1 web 1 slurl.com 1 siteresources.worldbank.org 1 secondlife.com 1 daignet.de 1 clinicaltrials.gov Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 4 http://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.16.20213959 4 http://doi.org/10.1101 1 http://www/who.int/ocp 1 http://www.usaid.gov/ghi/factsheet.html 1 http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/AWMF/ll/ 1 http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/links_resources/ 1 http://www.stoptb.org/ 1 http://www.psi-online.info 1 http://www.mitacs.ca 1 http://www.kff.org/about/index2.cfm 1 http://www.imf.org 1 http://www.hivbook.com 1 http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/ 1 http://www.gatesfoundation.org 1 http://www.gatesfoundation 1 http://www.dovepress.com/testimonials.php 1 http://www.dovepress.com/drug-design-development-and-therapy-journal 1 http://www.cia.gov/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidad/disease/lyme/lyme.htm 1 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr 1 http://www.awmf 1 http://www.avert.org/introtrt.htm 1 http://www.aidsmap.com/ 1 http://www 1 http://web 1 http://slurl.com/secondlife/Silver 1 http://siteresources.worldbank.org 1 http://secondlife.com 1 http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool?params=gbdapi-2017-permalink/02aea83bf5cff055c91deb613a168a4b 1 http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool?params=gbd-api-2017permalink/088010c34dc209c6b1667f763c2626f2 1 http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool 1 http://ghdx.healthdata.org 1 http://doi.org/10 1 http://daignet.de/site-content/hiv-therapie/ 1 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/ Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 1 socquahs@nus.edu.sg 1 mdcassoc@ix.netcom.com 1 lzhang@nchecr.unsw.edu.au Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 years was confi 27 aids related pulmonary 25 hiv infected patients 7 aids related tuberculosis 7 infections causing other 6 aids was first 6 patients do not 5 aids related diseases 5 hiv is not 5 patients is not 4 aids is not 4 aids related kaposi 4 aids related malignant 4 aids was initially 4 hiv related pulmonary 4 vaccine is available 4 virus is not 3 aids related lymphoid 3 aids related pcp 3 china is generally 3 disease is present 3 disease is usually 3 diseases are diseases 3 diseases are still 3 drug use patterns 3 hiv does not 3 hiv infected individuals 3 hiv infected persons 3 infection is more 3 infection is not 3 infection is often 3 patients are not 3 study did not 3 therapy is not 3 therapy is often 3 treatment is not 3 use is not 3 vaccine is now 2 % had bp 2 % had family 2 % reported also 2 % were hiv 2 % were male 2 % were married 2 % were not 2 % were unemployed 2 aids are resistant 2 aids do not 2 aids does n't 2 aids has long Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 health did not significantly 2 infection has no specific 2 patients is not clear 1 % had no special 1 % were not satisfied 1 aids do not always 1 aids is not just 1 aids was not so 1 care is not as 1 cases is not precise 1 cells are no longer 1 cells are not capable 1 cells is not lethal 1 children showed no benefi 1 china had no sources 1 china is not only 1 china was not able 1 china was not only 1 countries is not necessarily 1 countries was no treatment 1 countries were not comparable 1 countries were not only 1 disease showed no particular 1 diseases is not currently 1 diseases was no longer 1 drug is not effective 1 drugs has no impact 1 group are not suitable 1 group had no information 1 group were not significantly 1 health was no longer 1 hiv is not forever 1 hiv is not sexually 1 infection does not necessarily 1 infection has no characteristic 1 infection is not far 1 infection is not usually 1 infections is not available 1 patients are not available 1 patients are not infectious 1 patients are not yet 1 patients is not automatically 1 patients is not necessary 1 patients is not sufficient 1 people are not able 1 population has no knowledge 1 population were not widely 1 responses is not yet 1 study are not clear 1 study had no role A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-284128-3obc5k5u author = Ahmed, Ali title = Concerns of HIV-positive migrant workers in COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action date = 2020-09-08 keywords = AIDS; HIV summary = During this time, it is crucial to properly identify HIV/AIDS patients to ensure that they continue to receive timely and equitable access to health care and health support as they are increasingly vulnerable to COVID-19 consequences [2] . The lockdown and quarantine measures taken by most countries have been daunting for its HIV/AIDS-infected migrant population (legal or illegal) many of whom have been forced into unemployment and are unsure how to access appropriate health support, obtain essential medications or treatment [6] . The World Health Organization (WHO) should provide guidelines to all countries with HIV/AIDS infected migrants (whether legal or illegal) to adhere to so the migrant population continues to receive fair, assured and uninterrupted supply of ART treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain their immunity, health and decrease risk of CO-VID-19 contraction. doi = 10.7189/jogh.10.020342 id = cord-021121-qgqzr6n2 author = Albrecht, Harro title = Global Health. Die Gesundheit der Welt in der internationalen Politik date = 2008-10-27 keywords = Aids; Global; Health; der; die; und summary = Mehr Entwicklungshilfe im Kampf gegen Krankheiten und insbesondere Aids, so die Hoffnung der US-Regierung, würde nicht nur den Betroffenen helfen, sondern auch einen spürbaren wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung in den ärmsten Ländern nach sich ziehen und dadurch weltweit die Sicherheitslage verbessern. Nach der Definition des Institute of Medicine in Washington, D.C. beschäftigt sich Global Health mit Gesundheitsproblemen, welche die nationalen Grenzen überschreiten, die Lebensumstände und Erfahrungen anderer Staaten beeinflussen und die am besten durch Kooperation gelöst werden können. 3 Das ist insbesondere deshalb erstaunlich, weil die Public Health-Idee sich aus Überlegungen des deutschen Arztes und Politikers Rudolf Virchow aus dem 19. Weil Public Health dabei nicht nur die Pathologie spezifischer Erkrankungen, sondern auch die Lebensbedingungen des Menschen einbezieht, berührt das Fachgebiet unter anderem auch Fragen der Wirtschaft, Psychologie, Politik und Kultur -oder wie Rudolf Virchow es ausdrückte: "Die Medicin ist eine sociale Wissenschaft, und die Politik ist nichts weiter als Medicin im Großen." Global Health als Ausdehnung von Public Health im weltweiten Maßstab ist eines der umfassendsten Wissenschaftsgebiete. doi = 10.1007/s12399-008-0003-0 id = cord-016718-cxn1ewfw author = Anderson, Virginia title = Performing Interventions: The Politics and Theatre of China’s AIDS Crisis in the Early Twenty-First Century date = 2017-11-08 keywords = AIDS; China; HIV; Ping; Zhao summary = Theatrical productions attest to a radical shift in Chinese governmental policy and public awareness of the AIDS epidemic at the dawn of the twenty-first century; state-subsidised theatre worked directly with the government to contain the transmission of HIV. Produced by two of the country''s most elite cultural institutions, the Shanghai Dramatic Arts Center and the Beijing People''s Art Theatre respectively, The Dying Kiss (Shengsi Zhiwen) in 2003 and Student Zhao Ping (Zhao Ping Tongxue) in 2005 represented a sea change in the political response to the epidemic while documenting public perceptions towards people living with HIV and AIDS in China. Rooting my work in historical and dramaturgical analysis as well as interviews with artistic contributors, health workers and activists, I argue for the significance of The Dying Kiss and Student Zhao Ping as embodiments of government-fueled popular perceptions of HIV and AIDS in China at the start of the twenty-first century. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-70317-6_9 id = cord-104491-uu2rbtem author = Andiman, Warren A. title = Where Have All the “AIDS Babies” Gone? A Historical Memoir of the Pediatric AIDS Epidemic in New Haven and its Eventual Eradication date = 2020-09-30 keywords = AIDS; HIV; Haven; MTCT; New; YNHH; child summary = However, a search of the medical records at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH) would have revealed names of at least a dozen additional patients living with HIV. In time, the Hospital''s Board of Trustees gave the go-ahead for the "official" creation of the "AIDS Care Program." Soon the City of New Haven and local charitable organizations joined us in common cause. We made clear our need for funding and asked for official promises by the hospital and medical school to establish an AIDS Care Program, in perpetuity, dedicated to the ongoing outpatient and inpatient care of HIV-infected patients of all ages. Following years of reluctance on the part of "professional" foster parents to bring babies living with HIV into their homes, we joined with the Connecticut State Department of Social Services and rolled-out intensive educational programs that featured infection control guidelines. doi = nan id = cord-295290-hs5ntlok author = Atlan, H. title = Mechanisms of autoimmunity and AIDS: prospects for therapeutic intervention date = 1994-12-31 keywords = AIDS; CD4; Cohen; HIV summary = Based on this hypothesis, a T-cell vaccination procedure against effector T cells responsible for autoimmunopathic activity in HIV-seropositive patients is proposed, similar to the one known from experimental study of autoimmunity and presently being tested in human autoimmune diseases. These include cross-reactive recognition of self-MHC and a secondary antiidiotypic response to CD4, to be found in the first large set of references mentioned above, elimination of infected T4 cells by virus-specific, HLArestricted cytotoxic lymphocytes (Shearer, 1986; Zinkernagel, 1988) , elimination of uninfected T4 cells by immune responses directed against HIV (Klatzmann and Gluckman, 1986; Salk, 1987; Lyerly et al., 1987; Lanzavecchia et al., 1988; Lanzavecchia, 1989 ; Siliciano et al., 1988 ; Israel-Biet et al., 1990 ; Morrow et al., 1991) and/or T4 cell antigens (Stricker et al., 1987; Martinez-A. Autoimmunopathic destruction of T4 cells might thus result, in this case, from the destabilization of a self-tolerance-maintaining regulatory network by immune responses to HIV components with homologies to antigens normally present on T4 cells. doi = 10.1016/s0923-2494(94)80181-9 id = cord-005819-fp5khzd5 author = Bonatz, K. title = Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia with secondary aspergillosis in an AIDS patient date = 1991 keywords = AIDS; patient summary = title: Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia with secondary aspergillosis in an AIDS patient After the initial success of therapy and a symptom-free period, she developed pneumonia with septic shock and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The largest study of invasive aspergillosis so far, with 13 HIV-infected patients, documents the diagnostic difficulties, as positive diagnosis mostly required bronchoalveolar lavage or transthoracic aspiration of pulmonary lesions. The cases of AIDS patients with invasive aspergillosis described in the literature therefore had neutropenia related to zidovudine or to ganciclovir therapy, increased exposure to aspergillus by marijuana smoking, underlying pulmonary disease, or corticosteroid use as predisposing factors. It also indicates the possibility of increasing confrontation with disseminated fungal infections like invasive aspergillosis as secondary neutropenia due to drugs such as zidovudine and ganciclovir becomes more common. Bacterial pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection Aspergillus endocarditis and myocarditis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Bacterial infections in AIDS patients doi = 10.1007/bf01649459 id = cord-312194-1jiaghrb author = Brondani, M. title = The HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Parallel in Dentistry from the Perspectives of the Oral Health Care Team date = 2020-09-18 keywords = AIDS; British; COVID-19; HIV summary = KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: The COVID-19 pandemic has unraveled potential societal implications in a parallel to the HIV/AIDS era from the perspectives of oral health care providers and their staff. Interview questions included but were not limited to the following: 1) "What do you know about the COVID-19 outbreak?" 2) "What do you know about the transmission of the virus?" 3) "Why is this pandemic relevant to oral health care?" 4) "What do you understand by being prepared to provide oral health care during the pandemic?" While we did not plan to ask questions about HIV/AIDS in particular, the nature of qualitative inquiry allowed us to probe for that information after participants willingly compared the 2 pandemics from various perspectives. Our main objective with this qualitative inquiry was to unravel the potential professional and social implications of the COVID-19 pandemic according to members of oral health care teams from across British Columbia, Canada. doi = 10.1177/2380084420961089 id = cord-280823-i1n8mu8b author = Callaghan, Chris title = Pseudoscience in medicine: cautionary recommendations date = 2019-12-17 keywords = AIDS; Kuhn; medical; pseudoscience summary = OBJECTIVES: With reference to a specific type of medical denialism associated with moral failure, justified by dissident AIDS and anti-vaccine scientific publications, this paper seeks to make the argument that this type of denialism meets certain longstanding definitions for classification as pseudoscience. Such an approach offers a useful heuristic in order to highlight a certain type of harmful use of science, which, according to established literature 19 , has previously been categorised as ''pseudoscience.'' These examples are taken to represent pseudoscience in medicine, which is defined here as scientific denialism associated with moral failure, justifying itself in terms of dissident scientific publication in order to advance agendas with the potential to do medical harm to human populations. doi = 10.4314/ahs.v19i4.34 id = cord-309489-ubf55eux author = Carvalho, John J. title = OUR COMMON ENEMY: COMBATTING THE WORLD''S DEADLIEST VIRUSES TO ENSURE EQUITY HEALTH CARE IN DEVELOPING NATIONS date = 2009-02-19 keywords = AIDS; HIV; dengue; virus summary = Of the emerging viruses, five have particular importance for what scientists and world leaders can learn concerning their impact on geopolitical stability, human rights, and equity health care for the underprivileged in both developed and developing nations. For example, in Latin America, population growth and uncontrolled migration from the countryside to the cities have resulted in poor housing conditions, inappropriate disposal of waste, and lack of adequate food, clean water and health care-all of which are concurrent with an increase in infected mosquitoes carrying different versions of dengue virus (Torres and Castro 2007) . Continuing with these themes, it is clear that the geographical expansion of three viruses (HIV, dengue, and rotavirus), the increase in frequency of the infectious diseases they cause, and the relationship between these viruses and geopolitical stability, human rights, and equity health care for developing nations are problems of great concern promoted not only by biological and technological factors but also by social, religious, and cultural ones. doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.00985.x id = cord-316904-g7dli0a8 author = Chang, Hernan R. title = Role of cytokines in AIDS wasting date = 1998-12-31 keywords = AIDS; HIV; IL-1; IL-6; TNF summary = Indeed, although wasting is not universally observed in AIDS patients, the wasting syndrome in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive individual is generally utilized to establish the diagnosis of AIDS 1 and is defined by a decrease in body mass greater than 10% in the absence of concomitant opportunistic infections, malignancies, and other identifiable causes of weight loss. 33 It is against this background presentation of the interacting factors contributing to malnutrition and functional impairment in HIVinfected patients-namely anorexia, malabsorption, hypermetabolism, lethargy, and impaired fat and protein metabolism-that the role of cytokines in the AIDS wasting syndrome is discussed in the following sections. In addition to their pleiotropic actions on many body systems, they could potentially contribute to the wasting and cachexia of AIDS by their ability to induce anorexia, alter energy expenditure, increase muscle proteolysis and net protein breakdown, and initiate various abnormalities of lipid metabolism. doi = 10.1016/s0899-9007(98)00108-7 id = cord-007188-tcq8lnwg author = Cunningham, Anthony L. title = Gastrointestinal Viral Infections in Homosexual Men Who were Symptomatic and Seropositive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus date = 1988-08-17 keywords = AIDS; HIV summary = Gastrointestinal viruses, predominantly rotaviruses and adenoviruses, were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, electron microscopy, or cell culture in >50% of two groups of homosexual men with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, who did (54%) or did not (50%) have diarrhea. We report here the detection of viruses from the stools of a large proportion of patients with symptomatic HIV infection (AIDS, ARC, and POL) and acute or chronic diarrhea when no other microbial pathogen could be identified. In this study we showed that patients with AIDS or ARC may present with acute diarrhea or exacerbations of chronic diarrhea and that in patients with symptomatic HIV infection and diarrhea, >50% excreted gastrointestinal viruses. These high detection rates for rotavirus and adenovirus in patients with ARC or AIDS-OI are similar to those observed in marrow transplant recipients who also have a T cell immunodeficiency and often have gastrointestinal mucosal damage from graft-versus-host disease [4] . doi = 10.1093/infdis/158.2.386 id = cord-000333-4prvgmvt author = Darbyshire, Philip title = Nursing heroism in the 21(st )Century'' date = 2011-02-16 keywords = AIDS; SARS; care; nurse; nursing summary = Gary Carr, who was a Nurse Practitioner at the AIDS Clinic at San Francisco General Hospital, described the perverse ambivalence of a wider community that lauds and praises nurses for their ''heroic efforts'' in the face of such public health crises. When, two decades later, SARS emerged as a potentially lethal viral infection, nurses and health care staff again faced considerable dangers as they strove to treat patients and protect their communities. In addition, Hall and colleagues in the US reported that: "Nursing assistants working in long-term care facilities have the highest incidence of workplace violence of any American worker". Perhaps if we return to the definition of heroism as ''providing service in the face of extreme personal danger'', then our Emergency Department nurses should allow themselves to feel, at least somewhat heroic. So too, the health, wellbeing, safety and experiences of patients, clients and families are dependent upon the often invisible and overlooked caring practices of nurses. doi = 10.1186/1472-6955-10-4 id = cord-279175-2j1mmoht author = Des Jarlais, Don C. title = Social Factors Associated with AIDS and SARS date = 2005-11-17 keywords = AIDS summary = We conducted a survey of 928 New York City area residents to assess knowledge and worry about AIDS and SARS. We conducted a survey of 928 New York City area residents to assess knowledge and worry about AIDS and SARS. Table 2 presents the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and shows their relationship to worry about contracting AIDS or SARS. In this analysis, we examined characteristics of respondents who reported that they were "very worried" about contracting AIDS or SARS. The factors associated with being poorly informed and worried about contracting AIDS and SARS varied; respondents in the lower socioeconomic group were likely less informed and more worried about both of the diseases. Given the widespread disparities in health among racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups in the United States (8) , that these factors were associated with being less informed and more worried about contracting AIDS or SARS was not surprising. doi = 10.3201/eid1111.050424 id = cord-270726-w59fu9c9 author = Dikman, Andrew E. title = Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Diarrhea: Still an Issue in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy date = 2015-03-14 keywords = AIDS; CD4; HIV; art; diarrhea summary = The etiology of noninfectious diarrhea in patients with HIV is multifactorial and includes ART-associated diarrhea and gastrointestinal damage related to HIV infection (i.e., HIV enteropathy). A basic algorithm for the diagnosis of diarrhea in patients with HIV includes physical examination, a review of medical history, assessment of HIV viral load and CD4+ T cell count, stool microbiologic assessment, and endoscopic evaluation, if needed. In addition, these agents can be associated with treatment-limiting adverse events (AEs), such as drug–drug interactions with ART regimens, abuse liability, and additional gastrointestinal AEs. Currently, crofelemer, an antisecretory agent, is the only therapy approved in the USA for the symptomatic relief of noninfectious diarrhea in patients with HIV on ART. While infection has historically been the major cause of diarrhea in patients with HIV, with the widespread use of ART therapy, noninfectious diarrhea has become a burden in this population. doi = 10.1007/s10620-015-3615-y id = cord-332396-nattdect author = Ejima, K. title = HIV testing by public health centers and municipalities, and new HIV cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan date = 2020-10-18 keywords = AIDS; HIV summary = title: HIV testing by public health centers and municipalities, and new HIV cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan We 32 investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of HIV tests in public health centers and 33 municipalities, and on the number of HIV cases with and without AIDS diagnosis. We confirmed that the 34 number of the test declined in the second quarter (April to June) of 2020, and the proportion of HIV with 35 AIDS diagnosis among all HIV cases increased during the same period. 32,565) 56 performed by public health centers significantly declined in the second quarter of 2020, while the proportion 57 of HIV cases with AIDS diagnosis among all HIV cases (36·2% vs. 32,565) 56 performed by public health centers significantly declined in the second quarter of 2020, while the proportion 57 of HIV cases with AIDS diagnosis among all HIV cases (36·2% vs. doi = 10.1101/2020.10.16.20213959 id = cord-274061-ynqxgyw6 author = Epstein, Jay S. title = Blood system changes since recognition of transfusion‐associated AIDS date = 2013-10-17 keywords = AIDS; FDA; States; United; blood summary = In a set of 14 recommendations directed primarily at federal agencies, the IOM called for a more responsive and integrated decision-making process including establishment of a Blood Safety Council reporting to a designated Blood Safety Director within HHS and a standing "expert panel" to assure communication of blood product risks and alternatives to their use both to care providers and to the public. Several possible strategies were presented, including deferral of blood donations by persons known to be at increased risk for AIDS and the use of surrogate tests to identify persons at increased risk of transmission, such as those with detectable antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) or low CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios. The Transfusion Transmitted Virus Study, supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, published a retrospective analysis of a prospective study that showed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) testing of donors might effect a 30% reduction in TAH incidence. doi = 10.1111/trf.12373 id = cord-017782-dtveihrj author = Fong, I. W. title = Litigations for HIV Related Complications date = 2010-11-30 keywords = AIDS; CD4; CMV; HIV; cell summary = Specific charges were: (1) the GP should have repeated the HIV serology to confirm that the plaintiff was HIV infected, (2) the defendant was negligent in starting treatment for HIV infection without proof of disease, (3) the physician lacked knowledge of HIV infection and should have referred the patient to a specialist or HIV clinic, (4) treatment of toxic medications were given for several years without any clear indication, and (5) the GP did not adequately inform the patient on the pros and cons of therapy, nor explain the potential toxicities and side-effects. Although the CD4 + T lymphocyte quantitative count is a very useful and standard test to monitor patients for progression of HIV disease or response to therapy, it can be low in many conditions. Long-term non-progression or elite controllers represent <5% of HIV-infected subjects who maintain relatively normal CD4 + cell count and very low or immeasurable viral load for 8 years to decades without therapy. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4419-8053-3_13 id = cord-009096-3c5t70an author = Frankish, Helen title = New WHO chief promises greater commitment to HIV/AIDS date = 2003-07-26 keywords = AIDS; HIV summary = W ith a pledge to give greater priority to HIV/AIDS and achieving results in poor countries, South Korea''s Jong-wook Lee took office as the new Director-General of WHO on July 21. "By Dec 1 this year, World AIDS Day, WHO''s HIV/AIDS department, working with partners, will produce a global plan for reaching the three-by-five target", Lee said. On his first day in office, the new Director-General also reinforced WHO''s commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, targets that world leaders agreed on at the Millennium Summit 3 years ago. "I will begin by deploying additional resources to priority country offices for building up capacity in HIV/AIDS control and health systems", he said. Le Gales-Camus, a former scientific adviser to the Director-General of Health in France, as head of non-communicable diseases. Catherine Le Gales-Camus (France), most recently scientific adviser to France''s Director-General of Health will take leadership of the Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health cluster doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14007-x id = cord-104490-t42eccng author = Frimpong, Shadrack title = A Case for Girl-child Education to Prevent and Curb the Impact of Emerging Infectious Diseases Epidemics date = 2020-09-30 keywords = AIDS; HIV; girl summary = Financially sustainable and community-driven educational interventions for young girls can help to address these challenges and improve health outcomes in LMICs and help curb epidemics. Similarly, many other African governments, with the help of international partners, joined these laudable efforts by providing hundreds of millions of dollars to establish schools for girls and to embark on public education programs in rural communities [9] . From our experience with community engagement, ysis and systematic reviews has suggested approaches such as Conditional Cash Transfers and bonuses as effective incentives for increasing girls'' school enrollment in developing countries [1, 28] . Successful implementation of such efforts would significantly improve educational access and health outcomes for young girls and, consequently, provide long-lasting approaches to fight the spread and impact of epidemics when they emerge. School-based sexual health education interventions to prevent STI/HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis doi = nan id = cord-009338-zc88lsls author = Fulginiti, Vincent A. title = What''s in store for 1984? date = 2007-01-26 keywords = AIDS; HTLV summary = Several observers have noted unusual morphologic changes such-as vesicular rosettes in lymph node lymphoid cells and a tubular reticular structure within cisterns of smooth endoplasmic reticulae of lymphocytes from patients with AIDS.3, 4 One hypothesis to explain their occurrence is viral infection of the lymphocytes. Studies in hemophiliacs who received factor VIII therapy butnot other forms of replacement suggest that a transmissible agent, possibly in the factor VIII concentrate, results in immunologic aberrations that are not unlike those seen in AIDS. 5 Investigators have suggested a possible link between AIDS and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV). For years practitioners have been plagued with the increasing recognition of the viral cause of a variety of diseases and improved methods of diagnosis including rapid identification of many viruses that is not possible with the inability to significantly influence the course; morbidity or mortality associated with these infections. doi = 10.1016/s0278-2316(84)80033-x id = cord-316534-ep7ezoko author = Gamble, Lena J title = Current progress in the development of a prophylactic vaccine for HIV-1 date = 2010-12-22 keywords = AIDS; HIV-1; Nabs; dna; vaccine; vector summary = 67 The vaccine, a recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) virus incorporating the gag, pol, and nef genes from HIV-1, had been previously tested in an SHIV model in macaques and the results of that experiment were not suggestive of the results of the human trial. In hopes of creating a vaccine which elicits sterilizing immunity to HIV-1, researchers have focused their efforts on (1) the use of plasmid DNA vaccines, (2) live recombinant vectors for vaccine development (expressing or presenting HIV antigens), and (3) mucosal immunity. For instance, research performed by Harari and colleagues in 2008 demonstrated that vaccination by means of an HIV-1 clade C DNA prime in combination with a pox vector (NYVAC) boost induces a reliable polyfunctional and longlasting anti-HIV T-cell response in human participants. Repeated immunization with recombinant gp160 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope protein in early HIV-1 infection: evaluation of the T cell proliferative response doi = 10.2147/dddt.s6959 id = cord-306701-hs9cfdsu author = Gona, Philimon N. title = Burden and changes in HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality in Southern Africa Development Community Countries, 1990–2017 date = 2020-06-05 keywords = AIDS; GBD; HIV; SADC summary = We conducted a descriptive epidemiological analysis of HIV/AIDS burden for the 16 SADC countries using secondary data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factor (GBD) Study. We assessed morbidity and mortality in the 16 SADC countries using a descriptive epidemiological analysis of HIV/AIDS burden based on secondary data from GBD study in 1990, 2005, 2010 , and 2017. The GBD study estimates country-specific incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to diseases such as HIV/AIDS. To facilitate comparison of HIV/AIDS outcomes of morbidity and mortality across countries, time, age-groups, and sex, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) improved previously established metrics like prevalence and incidence. The five leading countries with the proportion deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS in 2017 were Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, eSwatini, and Mozambique, also had the highest age-standardized mortality, YLL, YLD rates. doi = 10.1186/s12889-020-08988-9 id = cord-016572-6fu5s89c author = Hage, Chadi A. title = Endemic mycosis date = 2005 keywords = AIDS; PDH; histoplasmosis; infection; patient summary = All three illnesses occur in normal hosts, although histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis are also major opportunistic mycoses in patients with depressed cell-mediated immunity, and especially in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [4] , [5] . Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis are major T-cell opportunistic infections, as demonstrated by the very aggressive course seen in patients with AIDS, in whom T-cell deficiency is most severe. The most severe form of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) occurs in patients with AIDS with profound T-cell dysfunction [21] . By that time, most patients have either recovered or have required other more invasive methods of diagnosis because of rapidly worsening disease There are two ways to make a rapid diagnosis of PDH, sampling and examination of likely infected tissue with the use of special stains and the use of the ultrasensitive assay for fungal antigens. doi = 10.1007/0-387-23380-6_12 id = cord-275880-d53xe5oh author = Halepas, Steven title = A Pinch of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure: Proactive Dentistry in the Wake of COVID-19. date = 2020-04-09 keywords = AIDS; COVID-19 summary = In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in an attempt to protect health care workers, OSHA and the CDC proposed guidelines to reduce exposure to bloodborne pathogens such as HIV and hepatitis B. In an op-ed published in the New York Times on November 12, 1989, Dr. Avrum Goldstein, a periodontist from New Haven, CT, expressed his opposition this way: "...these regulations will bring about changes in the dentist-patient relationship and make it more difficult to practice dentistry. Patients'' needs a warm and trusting relationship with their dentist to help overcome fears and make necessary dentistry possible. The AIDS pandemic resulted in masks, gowns, and eye protection. It found that the SARS outbreak had a large impact on providers with some countries reporting that 25-33% of those infected were health care workers. Will dentistry accept the advances or continue our history of fighting change? doi = 10.1016/j.joms.2020.03.036 id = cord-076081-ue9azoyf author = Hardon, Anita title = Alternative medicines for AIDS in resource-poor settings: Insights from exploratory anthropological studies in Asia and Africa date = 2008-07-10 keywords = AIDS; Africa; HIV summary = The AIDSImpact session concluded that more interdisciplinary research is needed on the experience of people living with HIV/AIDS with these alternative medicines, and on the ways in which these products interact (or not) with anti-retroviral therapy at pharmacological as well as psychosocial levels. Social scientists first noted this trend in the late 1980s: Charles Leslie [3] for example has shown how, in India, in response to an increased authority of biomedicine and the globalisation of health markets, Unani and Ayurvedic medicine production changed; and Afdhal and Welsch [4] described the rise of ''modern'' jamu in Indonesia. A case study from Uganda showed how health workers operating an anti-retroviral treatment program adopted a locally available traditional ointment as an alternative medication for skins problems of people living with HIV and AIDS. doi = 10.1186/1746-4269-4-16 id = cord-018070-js9vvsud author = Hayes, Anna Marie title = Human Insecurity in the People’s Republic of China: The Vulnerability of Chinese Women to HIV/AIDS date = 2011-10-13 keywords = AIDS; China; HIV; Interviewee; chinese summary = comm., 27 August) , 3 who was the Director of a government organization that played a key role in HIV/ AIDS prevention and treatment, responded that she believed ''women are less vulnerable [than men] to HIV/AIDS'' and that women''s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS largely depended on whether a woman was a sex worker, an intravenous drug user (IDU), if she had donated her blood, had a blood transfusion or had used other blood products (Interviewee D 2003, pers. Furthermore, she concluded that in south-west China for instance, promotion of condom use in sexual relationships was absolutely necessary because the main route of HIV infection for men there has been IDU and for women, it was through heterosexual intercourse ''within the family, within marriage, it''s not through commercial sex workers'' (Interviewee B 2003, pers. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_2 id = cord-341503-3cvtoc2j author = Jaiswal, J. title = Disinformation, Misinformation and Inequality-Driven Mistrust in the Time of COVID-19: Lessons Unlearned from AIDS Denialism date = 2020-05-21 keywords = AIDS; COVID-19; HIV summary = Much of the evidence needed to fully inform clinical and public health responses is not yet available, making COVID-19 uniquely vulnerable to a proliferation of disinformation, misinformation, and medical mistrust, including what are often called "conspiracy beliefs" [6, 7] . The purpose of this commentary is to suggest that understanding the etiologies of disinformation, misinformation, and medical mistrust must be an important component of the public health response to COVID-19. It is vital to consider how people, as individuals and as members of groups, experience and interpret social and economic inequality, and how those experiences affect their trust in or mistrust of evidence-based public health messaging, as well as their readiness to accept any promulgated misinformation or disinformation [64] . Public health and medical professionals have a responsibility to communicate science in an effective, accurate and accessible manner, without bias-and with the understanding that structural racism and other forms of oppression are root causes of inequality-driven mistrust. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02925-y id = cord-009561-pg4jmvw4 author = Johnson, Richard T. title = The virology of demyelinating diseases date = 2004-10-08 keywords = AIDS; multiple; virus summary = The possible role of a virus or viruses is supported by data that (1) a childhood exposure is involved and "viral" infections may precipitate exacerbations of disease, (2) experimental infections in animals and natural infections in humans can cause diseases with long incubation periods, remitting and relapsing courses, and demyelination, and (3) patients with multiple sclerosis have abnormal immune responses to viruses. Thud, studies of patients with multiple sclerosis consistently have shown higher levels of antibody against measles virus in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than in controls and in some studies antibodies have been elevated to other viral agents as well (Table 2) . In studies of CSF we found no intrathecal synthesis of antibody in posuneasles encephalomyelitis to suggest antigenic stimulation Subsequently, a variety of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system and muscle have been described as complications of HIV infection [58, 591. doi = 10.1002/ana.410360715 id = cord-021742-sdz6d1r5 author = Karnik, Ankur A. title = Pneumothorax and Barotrauma date = 2009-05-15 keywords = AIDS; chest; patient; pneumothorax; pulmonary; spontaneous; tube summary = Pneumothorax Secondary to Underlying Lung Disease In adults, SP has been reported to occur as a result of a large variety of diseases including asthma, staphylococcal septicemia, pulmonary infarction, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, familial fi brocystic pulmonary dysplasia, tuberous sclerosis, cryptogenic fi brosing alveolitis, eosinophilic granuloma, coccidioidomycosis, echinococcal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Shaver''s disease (bauxite pneumoconiosis), lymphangioleiomyomatosis, von Recklinghausen''s disease, gastropleural and colopleural fi stulas through the diaphragm into the left pleural cavity, radiation therapy to the thorax, Wegener''s granulomatosis, cystic fi brosis, acute bacterial pneumonia, and as a complication of the chemotherapy used in the treatment of malignancy and pulmonary metastases from a variety of malignancies. In those patients whose pneumothorax is large (more than 20% to 25%), progressive, or tension type; who are symptomatic; have an underlying chronic lung disease; are on a ventilator; or who have a recurrent pneumothorax, the pleural space air needs to be removed by various therapeutic means rather than be allowed to be absorbed spontaneously. doi = 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50050-9 id = cord-350569-dtxtjtfo author = Kasoka, Kasoka title = Autonomy in HIV testing: a call for a rethink of personal autonomy in the HIV response in sub-Saharan Africa date = 2020-06-13 keywords = AIDS; HIV; Killmister; SSA; UNAIDS; autonomy; human; self summary = In most SSA countries the ethic or value of personal autonomy or self-determination is promoted as primary in HIV testing decision-making. Without rethinking the value of autonomy in HIV testing decision-making, the article cautions that attainment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and the UNAIDS fast-track strategy that explicitly call to end the epidemic by 2030 will not be feasible for SSA. 9 My article interrogates the personal autonomy arguments and reaches a conclusion that the philosophy surrounding the value is problematic, as well as, it is silent on the ethics of the actual implications of an autonomous decision in HIV testing (Selemogo 2010) . HIV testing ethics, in particular informed consent requirements that are now premised on personal autonomy, should reflect a human being who is unique and yet a creature of the inescapable inculcating environment that makes her the ''I That Is We''. doi = 10.1007/s11019-020-09959-y id = cord-015831-s78omm53 author = Kaufman, Joan title = Civil Society Involvement in National HIV/AIDS Programs date = 2019-05-20 keywords = AIDS; China; HIV; NGO summary = Globally the HIV/AIDS response relies on active participation of NGOs and civil society, and important progress has been made in the response due to their advocacy in critical areas like access to medicines, treatment compliance support, and outreach to marginalized at-risk groups. At the end of 2003, Wu Yi, who served as the Vice-Premier of the State Council from 2003 to 2008 and as the Minister of Health from 2003 to 2008, clearly announced her support for a greater role for NGOs in China''s AIDS response and endorsed efforts to build a framework for government and NGO cooperation to effectively control and prevent the spread of HIV (CCTV International, 2004) . Now, government officials and health sectors, even at local levels, recognize the important roles that NGO and community organizations play in the HIV/AIDS response in China and that without their active participation and critical contributions, it would be impossible to achieve national goals. doi = 10.1007/978-981-13-8518-6_22 id = cord-005882-iodfgzjf author = Kaufmann, Stefan H E title = Annulling a dangerous liaison: vaccination strategies against AIDS and tuberculosis date = 2005-04-05 keywords = AIDS; BCG; CD4; CD8; HIV summary = Elucidation of the genetic mechanisms underlying susceptibility and protective immune mechanisms in resistant individuals that prevent disease outbreak in face of ongoing infection, as well as identification of the pathogen genes that promote transformation of latent infection into active tuberculosis, will facilitate rational design of a postexposure vaccine 27, 28, 31 . Generally, subunit vaccines crucially depend on appropriate adjuvants 38 that stimulate T helper type 1 (T H 1) immune responses by the different T cell populations required for protection against tuberculosis. Despite previous reluctance, a recent expert group meeting has strongly advocated development of viable recombinant vaccines against tuberculosis because they are the most potent stimulators of protective immune responses that perform better than BCG in experimental animal models 60 . In humans, therapeutic vaccination would probably be used to stimulate T cell responses in HIV-infected people whose virus was well controlled by antiretroviral drugs, with the aim of terminating antiretroviral therapy (ART) once the T cell levels were boosted. doi = 10.1038/nm1221 id = cord-324056-cvvyf3cb author = Kelley, Patrick W. title = Global Health: Governance and Policy Development date = 2011-06-30 keywords = AIDS; Global; HIV; Health summary = Owing to the increasing recognition that health is fundamental to the broader UN goals of fostering the international rule of law, global security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and world peace, health issues have now taken a more prominent place than they had in the United Nation''s first 50 years. GAVI also supports innovative financing Box 3 The goals and targets of the US government global health initiative HIV/AIDS: The US President''s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief will: (1) support the prevention of more than 12 million new HIV infections; (2) provide direct support for more than 4 million people on treatment; and (3) support care for more than 12 million people, including 5 million orphans and vulnerable children. Reflecting the emergence of the new era in global health governance, in 1998 the Rockefeller Foundation established an initiative to create innovative new public-private partnerships, including the Medicines for Malaria Venture, the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, and the International Partnership on Microbicides. doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2011.02.014 id = cord-308467-fzq5t31x author = Kern, P. title = Detection of coronavirus-like particles in homosexual men with acquired immunodeficiency and related lymphadenopathy syndrome date = 1985 keywords = AIDS; CVLP; LAS summary = In addition, such particles identified in the serum of one patient with LAS and diarrhea suggest invasion and systemic spread of the agent and underline that this virus behaves differently from "common cold" human coronaviruses. The outbreak of Kaposi sarcoma, its prodrome -LAS [11, 17] , and opportunistic infections in homosexual men from the United States and Europe [4] and in patients from Central Africa [7] has Abbreviations: AIDS = acquired immune Deficiency syndrome; LAS=unexplained, generalized lymphadenopathy syndrome; sp.=species; EM=electronmicroscopy; rIFN ~A=recombinant leukocyte c~A Interferon; CVLP=coronavirus-like particles; CsC1 = cesium chloride initiated intensive search for causative and opportunistic infectious agents. In the search for viruses, we observed CVLP in the feces of homosexual men and report here on a prospective study for the presence of these particles in stool and serum specimens of patients belonging to a high risk group of AIDS. doi = 10.1007/bf01733070 id = cord-254187-dcdc6sqi author = Kimball, AM title = “What, me worry?” Businesses and AIDS at Davos date = 2005-04-05 keywords = AIDS; HIV summary = At the Davos Summit in February, 2005, the World Economic Forum released its current survey on businesses and HIV/AIDS. In Asia, the prospective new epicentre of the epidemic, the efforts of the Thailand Business Coalition on AIDS and the Tata Group in India highlight roles business can play: prevention and education for workers; workplace programmes to prevent discrimination; and public-private collaboration and funding for effective programmes. 5 The most recent survey of the World Economic Forum''s Global Health Initiative 6 shows that awareness by business that AIDS will affect operations and profits reflects the level of efforts to combat the disease. 6 The Global Health Initiative worked with several South African firms to organise case studies, which vividly illustrate the imperatives and benefits for companies offering antiretrovirals to their employees. A role for business in HIV/AIDS in Asia doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74792-9 id = cord-264699-l8db5gll author = Kino, Tomoshige title = Virus-mediated modulation of the host endocrine signaling systems: clinical implications date = 2007-06-30 keywords = AIDS; HIV-1; Vpr; virus summary = For example, HIV-1-encoded gp120 molecules, which are located on the surface of the viral particle and have a major role in the entry of viruses into target cells, demonstrate amino acid sequence similarity to the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor of the host and suppress the activation of this receptor by GHRH. In addition to their extracellular actions, many viral molecules act inside infected cells to modulate intracellular host signaling systems, including transcriptional regulation of target genes by hormones. In agreement with these findings, one of the HIV-1 proteins, Vpr, which is a 96-amino acid virion-associated accessory protein that has multiple functions (including influencing transcriptional activity and arresting the cell cycle), increases the effects of GR stimulation by several fold, functioning as a nuclear receptor coactivator in cooperation with a host cell coactivator complex containing p300 or its homolog CREB-binding protein (CBP) [29] [30] [31] [32] . doi = 10.1016/j.tem.2007.03.003 id = cord-017506-t86v3zw3 author = Knox, Tamsin A. title = Alcohol, HIV/AIDS, and Liver Disease date = 2012-04-27 keywords = AIDS; HCV; HIV; alcohol; art summary = Cardiovascular disease is likely due to a combination of additional risk factors found in HIV infection [ 26 ] including (1) chronic in fl ammation from HIV viral replication and subsequent immunode fi ciency [ 134 ] , (2) the effect of chronic in fl ammation on serum lipid levels [ 133 ] , (3) the metabolic effects of certain classes of antiretroviral medications [ 131, 133 ] , (4) increased prevalence of insulin resistance [ 135 ] , and (5) increased translocation of bacteria across the small intestine into the bloodstream as a result of immunode fi ciency [ 136 ] . Freiberg et al., studying the VACS Cohort, found that the risk of cardiovascular disease was increased (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.07-2.23) in HIV-infected men with alcohol abuse or dependence, when controlled for cardiac risk factors, ART use, and CD4 count [ 8 ] . doi = 10.1007/978-1-62703-047-2_23 id = cord-017831-anadq4j9 author = Lai, Yi-Horng title = Network Analysis of Comorbidities: Case Study of HIV/AIDS in Taiwan date = 2015-07-30 keywords = AIDS; HIV; infection summary = The results show that there is a high correlation in the following pairs/triad of diseases: human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified conditions (042) and pneumocystosis pneumonia (1363), human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified malignant neoplasms (0422) and kaposi''s sarcoma of other specified sites (1768), human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and unspecified (0429) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (0463), and lastly, human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified infections (0420), meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis (1300), and human immunodeficiency virus infection specified infections causing other specified infections (0421). In PDNs for females (Figure 4 ), human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified conditions (042) and cryptococcal meningitis (3210), kaposi''s sarcoma of unspecified (1769), and pneumocystosis (1363) are highly correlated. Human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified infections (0420) and specified infections causing other specified infections (0421), meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis (1300), pneumocystosis (1363), kaschin-beck disease (7160), kaposi''s sarcoma of other specified sites (1768), with specified malignant neoplasms (0422), and falciparum malaria (0840) are highly correlation. doi = 10.1007/978-3-662-48319-0_14 id = cord-016690-3gsq724l author = Li, Hongjun title = HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases date = 2013-09-30 keywords = AIDS; CD4; CDC; HIV; PCP; infection; lung; pulmonary summary = Its difference from the clinical manifestations of non-HIV infected patients is as the following: (1) More common pulmonary infi ltration with multiple involvements and rare cavities; (2) Higher incidence of dissemination (87-96 %) commonly along with blood fl ow and higher incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (60-70 %); (3) More common lymph node tuberculosis, such as hilar, mediastinal and extrapleural lymphadenectasis; (4) Lower positive rate of tuberculin test (PPD); (5) More patients with no expectoration, with sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli staining is negative; (6) Higher incidence of resistant strains, high recurrence rate, and higher mortality (Table 17 .1 ). Based on the course of the disease, the diagnostic imaging demonstrations of Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection can be divided into early stage, showing round liked fl aky blurry shadows surrounding unilateral hilum that has blurry boundary; middle stage (parenchymal change), showing central sphere liked high density shadow surrounding unilateral hilum, in parenchymal changes and with clear boundary; advanced stage (necrosis) showing secondary cavity of the pulmonary mass, possibly with hydropneumothorax and pleurisy. doi = 10.1007/978-94-007-7823-8_17 id = cord-323261-1of5ertf author = Lo, Catherine Yuk-ping title = Securitizing HIV/AIDS: a game changer in state-societal relations in China? date = 2018-05-16 keywords = AIDS; China; Fund; Global; HIV; chinese summary = Considering the low priority of health policies since the economic reform, the limitation of the "third sector" activity permitted in authoritarian China, together with the political sensitivity of the HIV/AIDS problem in the country, this article aims to explain the proliferation of HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs in China with the usage of the securitization framework in the field of international relations (IR). Based on the discourse analysis of the official documents and newspaper articles, it is argued that Chinese national leaders followed suit the international move (i.e. UNSC Resolution 1308) to securitize HIV/AIDS in the country, framing HIV/ AIDS as a threat with social, political, economic, and security implications. Along with the weakening of international securitization efforts and the rise of Chinese government''s involvement in managing NGOs in the post-Global Fund era, the continuous proliferation of NGOs is further complicated by the fragmented nature of HIV/AIDS-focused civil society groups in China. doi = 10.1186/s12992-018-0364-7 id = cord-332610-t99l3zii author = Mayer, J.D. title = Emerging Diseases: Overview date = 2008-08-26 keywords = AIDS; Africa; HIV; SARS; States; United; disease summary = The potential for new diseases to emerge in the United States was there, and it took just a few years until this happened, catching the medical and public health communities by surprise. The issue at the time was whether legionnaires disease and toxic shock syndrome were anomalies, whether the assumption of the conquest of infectious diseases had clearly been erroneous, or whether these two outbreaks were harbingers of a new stage in ''epidemiologic history''a historical period during which emerging infections would become common and would catch the attention of the public, the public health community, the medical community, and government agencies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) proved to be of great import in both the public awareness of emerging infectious diseases and in the testing and real-time construction of both domestic and international systems of public health surveillance and response. doi = 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00453-6 id = cord-017885-cz19y60u author = Maziarz, Eileen K. title = Cryptococcosis date = 2014-11-24 keywords = AIDS; CSF; Cryptococcus; HAART; HIV; IRIS summary = While the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the outcome of cryptococcosis in many HIV-infected patients, cryptococcosis remains an entity of considerable morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world, and restoration of host immunity can present management challenges that require individualized management. In a high-risk patient with clinical symptoms suggestive of meningitis, identification of cryptococcal antigen in CSF or serum is rapid, specific, noninvasive, and virtually diagnostic of meningoencephalitis or disseminated cryptococcosis even when the India ink examination or culture is negative [42, 43] . Though combination induction therapy with AmBd and 5-FC remains the recommended standard of care for severe cryptococcosis including cryptococcal meningitis, limited availability of 5-FC in resource-limited settings presents significant challenges for managing patients in areas where the disease burden and mortality rates are highest. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-13090-3_15 id = cord-017224-naromr0a author = McLeish, Caitriona title = Evolving Biosecurity Frameworks date = 2016-12-06 keywords = AIDS; Health; SARS; Security; disease summary = The relationship between infectious disease and security concerns has undergone an evolution since the end of the Cold War. What was previously seen as two separate domains – public health and national security – have, through various events and disease outbreaks in the last 15 years, become intertwined and as a result biosecurity policies now need to address a spectrum of disease threats that encompass natural outbreaks, accidental releases and the deliberate use of disease as weapons. Calling it niche is not to say that bioterrorism had not been considered a security threat prior to 2001many commentators had noted the potential (see for example Stern, 1993; Tucker, 1996 Tucker, , 2000 Moodie and Roberts, 1997; Smithson and Levy, 2000) ; table top exercises had been conducted, domestic preparedness programmes initiated (Guillemin, 2011, p7) , and in countries such as the US, policy directives had been crafted that gave the highest priority to "developing effective capabilities to detect, prevent, defeat and manage the consequences of nuclear, biological or chemical materials or weapons use by terrorists" (United States, 1995) . doi = 10.1057/978-1-137-53675-4_4 id = cord-302403-kahi8cbc author = Miller, Robert F. title = Pulmonary Infections date = 2009-05-15 keywords = AIDS; CD4; HAART; HIV; PCP; SMX; bal; infection; patient summary = Before HAART, defined as a combination of medications that usually includes at least three potent anti-HIV agents, treatment largely consisted of specific opportunistic infection management and less effective antiretroviral therapy. In many parts of the world, the main causes of death in patients with HIV infection include bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, and PCP. Recent work has shown chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer occur more frequently among HIV-infected individuals compared with the general population. In addition to pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary disease occurs in a high proportion of HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 lymphocyte counts (<150 cells/mL). Hence, some centers advocate use of empirical therapy for HIV-infected patients who are seen with symptoms and chest radiographic and blood gas abnormalities typical of mild PCP, without the need for bronchoscopy. On the basis of current evidence, patients with CD4 counts >200 cells/mL have a low risk of HIV disease progression or death during 6 months of treatment for tuberculosis. doi = 10.1016/b978-032304825-5.10034-0 id = cord-022521-r72jtoso author = Miller, Tracie L. title = Gastrointestinal Complications of Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes date = 2010-12-27 keywords = AIDS; CD4; HAART; HIV; HIV-1; gastrointestinal; infection; patient summary = However, in the United States and other developed countries, severe malnutrition and new cases of perinatal HIV-1 disease are rare because of relatively high standards of living and effective highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) given to pregnant HIV-infected women that prevent transmission of HIV to the infants. Examination of both acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV infection have documented reduced CD4 cell levels in GALT prior to a detectable reduction in T cells of the peripheral blood, highlighting the gastrointestinal tract''s role and susceptibility. Previous studies have shown that activated mucosal T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of enteropathy in the human small intestine 37 and can affect the morphology of the villi and crypts in a manner similar to that seen in patients with HIV-1 infection. Immune restoration disease after the treatment of immunodeficient HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0774-8.10042-9 id = cord-322581-v96k4yxg author = Mockiene, Vida title = Nurses'' willingness to take care of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) — does a teaching intervention make a difference? date = 2011-08-31 keywords = AIDS; HIV; PLHIV summary = Summary The aim of this study is to describe the impact of an education intervention programme on nurses'' willingness to care for HIV-positive people in Lithuania. The MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, ERIC databases, and Lithuanian AIDS Centre were searched for relevant English-language citations between 2000 and 2010 using the following search terms: education intervention, HIV, Lithuania, nurse, and willingness to take care. The aim of the study is to explore the impact of an intervention programme on nurses'' willingness to take care of HIV-positive people in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to ascertain what kind of impact the intervention has on nurses'' willingness to take care of HIV-positive people or those with AIDS in Lithuania. doi = 10.1016/j.nedt.2010.10.021 id = cord-333405-ji58jbct author = Morens, David M. title = The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases date = 2004-07-08 keywords = AIDS; HIV; United; disease; human; infectious summary = Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections. doi = 10.1038/nature02759 id = cord-004986-en7taikk author = Nagy, Nathalie title = Infections gastro-intestinales chez le patient immunocompromis date = 2002 keywords = AIDS; CD4; CMV; HIV; les; patient summary = Dans 44 h 68 % des patients sida prEsentant une entEropathie due ~un ou plusieurs agents pathogEnes concomitant, des symptEmes gastro-intestinaux sont retrouvEs. Le diagnostic d''infections opportunistes est en gEnEral base sur une combinaison de culture de selles, examen direct des selles ~ la recherche d''ceufs ou de larves, et d''une biopsie endoscopique. L''infection herpEtique semble 6tre plus frEquente chez le patient HIV que chez les autres patients immunodEprimEs. Dans une importante Etude prospective r6alisEe sur 100 patients HIV pr6sentant une cesophagite her-pEtique, le virus HSV n''a 6tE identifi6 que darts 5 % des cas alors que la prevalence du virus CMV atteignait 50 % [4] . Les infections ~ Campylobacter ont 6t6 identifi6es dans approximativement 11% des coprocultures des patients sida, qu''ils souffrent ou non de diarrh6es ; ces patients, pr6sentant une incidence d''infection, sont 39 fois plus importants que dans la population g6n6rale. Cependant une colonisation m6me par des agents non pathog6nes peut 8tre responsable d''affections s6vhres chez les patients immunocompromis [6] . doi = 10.1007/bf03016656 id = cord-259846-oxbmtend author = Naik, Parvaiz Ahmad title = Global dynamics of a fractional order model for the transmission of HIV epidemic with optimal control date = 2020-06-18 keywords = AIDS; HIV; fractional summary = Furthermore, for the fractional optimal control problem associated with the control strategies such as condom use for exposed class, treatment for aware infectives, awareness about disease among unaware infectives and behavioral change for susceptibles, we formulated a fractional optimality condition for the proposed model. We incorporate into the model time dependent controls such as condom use for exposed individuals, treatment for infected female sex workers, awareness about the disease among unaware infectives and behavioral change for susceptibles in order to reduce the risk of the spread of HIV/AIDS disease. In order to justify our theoretical findings, we introduced in this section some numerical experiments obtained for different instances of fractional power κ for the HIV epidemic model without control (9) and with control (24) along with adjoint variable systems and the control strategies. We present the numerical results for the model (9) when all control measures are absent and also to examine the role of fractional order κ on the HIV disease spread. doi = 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109826 id = cord-251939-dvbua4pf author = Nepal, Binod title = AIDS denial in Asia: Dimensions and roots date = 2007-12-31 keywords = AIDS; Asia; HIV; India summary = These are (1) historical impressions that STDs are Western diseases, (2) desire of some Asian leaders to forge Eastern points of view, and (3) long-held negative image towards the peoples or groups who happened to be at the front-line of the population groups exposed to the epidemic. observed that although information about devastating impacts of HIV/AIDS in Africa was widely circulated in the region, most countries in Asia took no initiative to adopt the measures proven to be effective in controlling the epidemic [9] . The negative public image of HIV/AIDS and people carrying the virus is not only associated with the nature of the disease but also with the socially constructed meaning or understanding about the risk factors. Generally, India and China kept questioning the validity of the HIV/AIDS estimates and relevance of the prevention programs prescribed by the international institutions and Western health experts. doi = 10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.04.011 id = cord-300467-zht8olyh author = Nkengasong, John N. title = Laboratory Systems and Services Are Critical in Global Health: Time to End the Neglect? date = 2010-09-01 keywords = AIDS; laboratory; system summary = To sustainably strengthen national laboratory systems in resource-poor countries, the following approaches are needed: (1) developing integrative national laboratory strategic plans and policies and building systems to address multiple diseases; (2) establishing public-private partnerships; (3) ensuring effective leadership, commitment, and coordination by host governments of efforts of donors and partners; (4) establishing and/or strengthening centers of excellence and field epidemiology and laboratory training programs to meet shortand medium-term training and retention goals; and (5) establishing affordable, scalable, and effective laboratory accreditation schemes to ensure quality of laboratory tests and bridge the gap between clinicians and laboratory experts on the use of test results. doi = 10.1309/ajcpmpsinq9brmu6 id = cord-294441-nehorqhi author = O’Brien, Stephen J. title = Plagues and adaptation: Lessons from the Felidae models for SARS and AIDS date = 2006-08-31 keywords = AIDS; FIV; SARS summary = A highly virulent feline coronavirus epidemic in African cheetahs, a disease model for human SARS, illustrates the critical role of ancestral population genetic variation. As these examples illustrate, strong parallels exist between disease in human and endangered wildlife and argue for an integration of the research fields of comparative genomics, infectious disease, epidemiology, molecular genetics and population biology for an effective proactive conservation approach. Representing carnivores, the cat family Felidae offers numerous examples of reduced genetic var-iation in natural populations common to endangered species including Asian lion (Panthera leo persica) (Gilbert et al., 1991) , cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (Menotti-Raymond and O''Brien, 1993) , tiger (P. Our ongoing research into host-pathogen interactions in the cat family Felidae offers additional insights on how the application of molecular genomic technologies to non-human animal species not traditionally studied in research laboratories holds real promise in conservation. doi = 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.001 id = cord-005335-u04cxiej author = Podder, C. N. title = Mathematical Analysis of a Model for Assessing the Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy, Voluntary Testing and Condom Use in Curtailing the Spread of HIV date = 2011-05-05 keywords = AIDS; HIV summary = This paper presents a deterministic model for evaluating the impact of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs), voluntary testing (using standard antibody-based and a DNA-based testing methods) and condom use on the transmission dynamics of HIV in a community. Rigorous qualitative analysis of the model show that it has a globally-stable disease-free equilibrium whenever a certain epidemiological threshold, known as the effective reproduction number [Formula: see text], is less than unity. The threshold quantity, R eff , measures the average number of new secondary cases generated by a single infected individual in a population where the aforementioned anti-HIV control measures are implemented. Using the low effectiveness level of the combined testing and treatment strategy, it is shown that the combination of the two testing methods and treatment is more effective (saves more new cases) than the use of condoms as a singular anti-HIV strategy followed by the use of only the standard ELISA testing method with ARV treatment (Fig. 2a ). doi = 10.1007/s12591-011-0090-6 id = cord-329890-wg23sa1u author = Quah, Stella R. title = Public image and governance of epidemics: Comparing HIV/AIDS and SARS date = 2007-02-28 keywords = AIDS; HIV; SARS; Singapore; Table summary = Abstract A comparative analysis of the 2002–2003 infectious disease outbreak, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the HIV/AIDS epidemic that has affected the world over the past two decades reveals the significant role of socio-cultural beliefs and attitudes in the shaping of people''s lifestyles and approaches to the control and prevention of epidemics. The second assumption is that in contrast to SARS, the overall negative public ''image'' of HIV/AIDS as a disease associated with particular types of individuals tends to weaken people''s perception of susceptibility and, correspondingly, tends to discourage public support for robust preventive efforts at the community level. The second assumption to be explored here is that in contrast to SARS, the overall negative social ''image'' of HIV/AIDS as a disease associated with particular types of individuals tends to weaken people''s perception of susceptibility and, correspondingly, tends to discourage public support for robust preventive efforts at the community level. doi = 10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.03.002 id = cord-332856-96z48gpg author = Ruocco, Eleonora title = Kaposi’s sarcoma: Etiology and pathogenesis, inducing factors, causal associations, and treatments: Facts and controversies date = 2013-06-24 keywords = AIDS; HHV-8; Kaposi; MDM2; sarcoma summary = Based on these assessments, it is possible to hypothesize that the role of cofactors in KS pathogenesis can move toward an effect either favoring or inhibiting the onset of the disease, depending on the presence of other agents modulating the pathogenesis itself, such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, drug intake, or lymph flow disorders. 37 HHV-8 virus interferes with p53 pathway at several levels: (1) the latency-associated nuclear antigen, encoded by ORF 73 of the HHV-8 genome, suppresses p53 transcription and transactivation activity, and interacts directly with the p53 protein inhibiting the ability of p53 to induce cell death 35,38 ; (2) the viral interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 4 (vIRF4), encoded by ORFK10/K10.1 of HHV-8, specifically interacts with and stabilizes murine double minute 2 (MDM2) human homologue, a well-known negative regulator of p53 via proteasome-mediated degradation, leading to the consequent reduction of p53 levels and thereby concurring to the suppression of p53-mediated apoptosis. doi = 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.008 id = cord-018137-rmtyrbg0 author = Saad, Farouk Tijjani title = Global Stability Analysis of HIV+ Model date = 2018-12-29 keywords = AIDS; HIV summary = Two equilibriums points were found, disease free and endemic equilibrium, and basic reproduction ratio [Formula: see text] was also calculated by the use of next generation matrix. Efforts to improve the use of antiretroviral treatment in some part of the world were still not enough to reduce a significant number of deaths, the HIV/AIDS epidemic claimed 3.1 million lives in 2005, of which about 570000 were children (UNAIDS/WHO [8] ). We shall study the global stabilities of both disease free and endemic equilibria by the use of Lyapunov function. Here we use the real data obtained from MOH, in which there were a total of 13646 HIV-1 positive reported cases in the year 2016, in the year 2016 to study and predict the dynamics of HIV in Turkey using our model. Stability analysis of an HIV/Aids epidemic model with treatment Stability analysis of an HIV/AIDS epidemic model with screening Global analysis of an HIV/AIDS epidemic model doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-04164-9_109 id = cord-297257-lzybfwc2 author = Savarino, Andrea title = Chloroquine and beyond: exploring anti-rheumatic drugs to reduce immune hyperactivation in HIV/AIDS date = 2015-06-18 keywords = AIDS; CD4; HIV summary = The quest for clinical candidates to counteract immune activation has become a "hot topic" in AIDS research, because HIV infection is characterized by malignant immune hyperactivation which correlates with disease progression and poor response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . We here provide a state of the art of the studies investigating the use of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine as a therapeutic tool for HIV/AIDS and suggest the possible biological grounds for the clinical results obtained. This view is supported by another recent study which shows that chloroquine sensitizes to apoptosis the latently infected cells upon viral reactivation, likely by removing the anti-apoptotic effect of the virus structural gag gene products [50] . Published clinical studies evaluating the effects of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine administration, alone or in combination with other drugs, in HIV infected subjects. doi = 10.1186/s12977-015-0178-0 id = cord-268712-rxdw553c author = Sawyer, Alexandra title = Posttraumatic growth and adjustment among individuals with cancer or HIV/AIDS: A meta-analysis date = 2010-03-02 keywords = AIDS; HIV; PTG; health; positive summary = Consequently, this meta-analysis explored the relationship between posttraumatic growth and psychological and physical wellbeing in adults diagnosed with cancer or HIV/AIDS and examined potential moderators of these relationships. As such the aim of the current paper is to present a meta-analysis of the existing literature that will aim to objectively summarize PTG and its relation to adjustment in individuals living with a life threatening illness (cancer or HIV/ AIDS) and to examine potential moderators of this relationship. Primarily it is concerned with estimating the overall effect size of the relationship between PTG following a life threatening illness (cancer or HIV/AIDS) and various indicators of adjustment. This meta-analytic review summarized the findings from 38 studies examining the association between PTG following cancer or HIV/AIDS and positive psychological adjustment, negative psychological adjustment, and subjective physical health. doi = 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.004 id = cord-017061-vk55gm0j author = Selgelid, Michael J. title = TB Matters More date = 2008 keywords = AIDS; XDR; health summary = How should the social aim to promote public health be balanced against the aim to protect human rights and liberties in the context of diseases that are to varying degrees contagious, dangerous or deadly? A major topic of debate in the context of HIV/AIDS research has been the question of what should count as an ethically acceptable control arm in studies involving human subjects. In cases where a contagious patient fails to take adequate precautions to avoid infecting others-and fails to warn close contacts about his infectious status-then the question of whether or not the health worker should inform identifiable third parties at risk arises. Bioethics should consider the extent to which current surveillance measures are-or the extent to which more wide-reaching surveillance measures would be-justified in the context of TB, especially now that MDRTB and XDR-TB are growing threats to global public health. doi = 10.1007/978-1-4020-8617-5_14 id = cord-023729-dipjubn7 author = Serlin, Michael H. title = Gastrointestinal Disorders in HIV date = 2009-05-15 keywords = AIDS; CMV; HIV; patient summary = The evaluation of the HIV patient with gastrointestinal complaints requires a thorough history and physical exam, in addition to selected studies, in order to diagnose the correct disease and treat accordingly. However, with the introduction of protease inhibitors (PIs) in 1996 and ART, and the decreased incidence of AIDS, more esophageal complaints in HIV these days are related to common etiologies like gastroesophageal refl ux disease (GERD) than opportunistic infections. 5 In addition to the most common symptoms of dysphagia and odynophagia, other symptoms can also suggest esophageal disease in HIV patients, like chest pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and weight loss. This is generally because of opportunistic infections, and, similar to other pathologies in HIV patients, the incidence of enteritis has decreased in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis appears to be the most commonly described fungal etiology of diarrhea in HIV patients, and typically occurs in the Colitis setting of a systemic infection. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2882-6.50027-7 id = cord-256459-6h358si5 author = Sharpstone, D title = Gastrointestinal manifestations of HIV infection date = 1996-08-10 keywords = AIDS; HIV; diarrhoea; patient summary = Mucosal biopsy: Although diagnosis by stool analysis alone has been suggested by Johanson and Sonnenberg, 32 this study may have overestimated the value of symptomatic treatment and ignored the possibility that cytomegalovirus infection sometimes responds to therapy. Analysis of six stool samples and histological examination of small and large bowel biopsy speicmens detect more than 90% of infectious causes of diarrhoea in HIV-seropositive individuals. Since diagnosis of cytomegalovirus enteritis is improving, patients with milder symptoms are being detected and the quality of life with treatment-anti-CMV agents have to be given intravenously and have considerable toxicitymay not be enhanced compared with no therapy. The other origin of abdominal pain unique to HIV-seropositive patients is an AIDS-related sclerosing cholangitis caused by various opportunists including Microsporidia, CMV, and Cryptosporidia. Effects of zidovudine treatment on the small intestinal mucosa in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus Atrovaquone is effective treatment for the symptoms of gastrointestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-1 infected patients doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)01034-3 id = cord-000130-dqqcajjd author = Smith?, Robert J title = The OptAIDS project: towards global halting of HIV/AIDS date = 2009-11-18 keywords = AIDS; HIV; Life summary = The OptAIDS workshop was the first of its kind: a scientific meeting held simultaneously in both a real world location and also Second Life ® http://secondlife.com, a virtual landscape that allows real-time communication. Spending our way out of the epidemic Theme 1 comprises an introduction and overview of mathematical modeling [22] , as well as a history of AIDS in Africa and its effects on human development [23] . Theme 4 examines in-host modeling -a crucial element in tackling the disease, often overlooked by epidemiologists -by proposing new methods for evaluating the efficacy of antiretroviral treatment [31] and examining antioxidant supplementation as HIV therapy, with a focus on injecting drug users [32] . Finally, Theme 6 examines the question at the core of the OptAIDS project: spending our way out of the AIDS epidemic [6] . Predicting and preventing measles epidemics in New Zealand: application of a mathematical model Halting HIV/AIDS with avatars and havatars: a virtual world approach to modelling epidemics doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-9-s1-s1 id = cord-263438-9ra94uda author = Snowden, Frank M. title = Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective date = 2008-09-19 keywords = AIDS; HIV; Health; IOM; Infectious; SARS; States; United; disease summary = Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes. doi = 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x id = cord-301506-q2a5aogo author = Sun, Xinhua title = Evolution of information-driven HIV/AIDS policies in China date = 2010-12-24 keywords = AIDS; China; HIV summary = Results National-level policies that have had a major impact on China''s HIV/AIDS response include: ''Four Frees and One Care''; 5-year action plans; and HIV/AIDS regulation. The landmark policies include: the implementation and revocation of China''s travel ban on people living with HIV/AIDS; the Blood Donation Law of 1998; China''s 5-Year Action Plans for the Containment and Control of HIV/AIDS; the ''Four Frees and One Care'' policy to improve access to treatment and care services; the creation of high-risk behavioural intervention outreach teams; and the 2006 AIDS regulation. 10 To respond to the changing HIV/AIDS epidemic, several key ministries, including health, finance, public security, justice, and the development commission, met to discuss instituting supportive policies for condom promotion, needle exchange and methadone maintenance programmes. Though efforts have been made to achieve universal access to prevention, treatment, care and support services, a number of important gaps exist in the implementation of China''s HIV/AIDS policies. doi = 10.1093/ije/dyq217 id = cord-355635-fan0sf48 author = Thacker, Stephen B. title = Epidemic Assistance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Role of the Epidemic Intelligence Service, 1946–2005 date = 2011-12-01 keywords = Aids; CDC; Disease; EIS; Epi; investigation summary = Since 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has responded to urgent requests from US states, federal agencies, and international organizations through epidemic-assistance investigations (Epi-Aids). Although the CDC (now the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) works with health agencies throughout the world in multiple ways, the term Epi-Aid refers to investigations of serious and urgent public health problems in response to formal requests for rapid assistance from states, federal agencies (e.g., the Indian Health Service, the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the US Department of Defense), international organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization), and ministries of health from other countries. An investigation led by an EISO assigned to the state health department documented the transmission of cryptosporidium infection through the public water supply in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that led to an outbreak of disease affecting more than 400,000 residents and subsequent modifications of water quality standards (5) . doi = 10.1093/aje/kwr307 id = cord-001079-v01vwu00 author = Thoden, J. title = Therapy and prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients: a guideline by the German and Austrian AIDS societies (DAIG/ÖAG) (AWMF 055/066) date = 2013-09-14 keywords = AIDS; CD4; CMV; HIV; art summary = A structured Medline research was performed for 12 diseases, namely Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, cerebral toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus manifestations, candidiasis, herpes simplex virus infections, varizella zoster virus infections, progressive multifocal leucencephalopathy, cryptosporidiosis, cryptococcosis, nontuberculosis mycobacteria infections and tuberculosis. However, this drug is not approved for AIDS patients and showed no effects in a double-blind randomized study in HIV-infected children with cryptosporidiosis [180] . Discontinuation of prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy A randomized trial of the discontinuation of primary and secondary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a randomized trial by the CIOP Study Group Discontinuation of primary and secondary Toxoplasma gondii prophylaxis is safe in HIV-infected patients after immunological restoration with highly active antiretroviral therapy: results of an open, randomized, multicenter clinical trial doi = 10.1007/s15010-013-0504-1 id = cord-325300-wawui0fd author = Tulchinsky, Theodore H. title = 4 Communicable Diseases date = 2000-12-31 keywords = AIDS; Africa; America; HIV; Health; OPV; States; United; World; case; control; disease; person; vaccine summary = No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings. doi = 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1 id = cord-252039-732z92dd author = Valdiserri, Ronald O. title = Responding to Pandemics: What We’ve Learned from HIV/AIDS date = 2020-04-09 keywords = AIDS; HIV summary = Given the widespread implementation of social distancing (also known by the more accurate designation of "physical distancing") in response to COVID-19 disease, public health leaders are deeply interested in the outcomes of these same so-called "nonpharmaceutical interventions" when they were deployed in response to another deadly pandemic of a respiratory virus, the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 [2] . Without denying the importance of prophylaxis that can prevent the acquisition of HIV [15] or the impact of effective treatments that can reduce viral load such that the risk of sexual transmission is essentially nil [16] , we would not be able to realistically visualize the end of AIDS in the United States without the continued public investment in systems that are necessary to prevent infection, improve health outcomes for those living with HIV and monitor changes in disease spread and outcome. doi = 10.1007/s10461-020-02859-5 id = cord-293379-c4qdmkw5 author = Weiss, Robin A title = HIV and AIDS: looking ahead date = 2003 keywords = AIDS; Africa; HIV; HIV-1 summary = Fifteen years ago, AIDS in South Africa was seen in a handful of gay white men who had traveled to the United States, but now more than four million South African black men, women and children are infected with HIV. 19 argue in this issue, much has been accomplished in reducing the transmission of HIV and, given politi-cal will, persuasive ''risk'' education and sufficient resources, "the science exists to turn the pandemic around." Certainly, the continuing spread of disease could be slowed significantly, as has been seen in Senegal, Thailand and Uganda, but whether without an efficacious vaccine we can reduce R 0 to less than onethat is, reduce the mean rate of transmission from one infected person to less than one other personremains speculative. Infected sheep develop a wasting disease and neurodegeneration similar to that seen in humans with AIDS, but they do not show T-helper-cell immune deficiency. doi = 10.1038/nm0703-887 id = cord-300793-tuq8z6gm author = Weiss, Robin A title = Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases date = 2004 keywords = AIDS; HIV; SARS; disease; human; infection summary = About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires'' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. Emerging infectious diseases in humans comprise the following: first, established diseases undergoing increased incidence or geographic spread, for example, Tuberculosis and Dengue fever; second, newly discovered infections causing known diseases, for example, hepatitis C and Helicobacter pylori; and third, newly emerged diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS and SARS. Although some of the apparent increase in infectious disease may be attributable to better diagnostic methods and surveillance, there seems little doubt that more incidents are occurring, and have the potential to spread more widely than 50 years ago, as outbreaks and spread of infections like Nipah virus and SARS would not have passed unnoticed. doi = 10.1038/nm1150 id = cord-010175-p2py9wau author = Winter, Harland title = GASTROINTESTINAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AIDS date = 1996-04-01 keywords = AIDS; HIV; child; infection summary = The observations that transmission is increased in women who were symptomatic or who had more advanced AIDS27 and that zidovudine therapy given during pregnancy reduces perinatal transmission3 suggest that viral burden is an important factor in vertical transmission; however, the effects of maternal nutritional status, micronutrient deficiency, or acute infection on viral replication are difficult to evaluate. Gastrointestinal bleeding is unusual in HIV-infected children, but, when present, it may be caused by focal ulcerations in the colon, stomach, small intestine, or esophagus from cytomegalovirus-induced disease. Many of the medications used to treat complications of HIV disease cause hepatocellular injury or cholestasis; however, infectious agents, such as hepatitis B, that cause hepatocellular injury by immune mechanisms have milder clinical courses in immunodeficient hosts.Z4 Preservation of immune function in HIV-infected children could account for the apparent increase in chronic active hepatitis in the pediatric population compared with the incidence in Although abnormalities in liver function tests are not diagnostic, they are beneficial as screening procedures. doi = 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70421-1 id = cord-005033-voi9gu0l author = Xuan, Huiyu title = A CA-based epidemic model for HIV/AIDS transmission with heterogeneity date = 2008-06-07 keywords = AIDS; HIV; agent; model summary = In this paper, we develop an extended CA simulation model to study the dynamical behaviors of HIV/AIDS transmission. Additional, we divide the post-infection process of AIDS disease into several sub-stages in order to facilitate the study of the dynamics in different development stages of epidemics. Higher population density, higher mobility, higher number of infection source, and greater neighborhood are more likely to result in high levels of infections and in persistence. Ahmed and Agiza (1998) develop a CA model that takes into consideration the latency and incubation period of epidemics and allow each individual (agent) to have distinctive susceptibility. We also define four types of agents that are characterized by different infectivity (and susceptibility) and various forms of neighborhood to represent four types of people in real life. To capture this, we extend classical CA models by allowing each agent to have its own attributes such as mobility, infectivity, resistibility (susceptibility) 2 and different extent of neighborhood. doi = 10.1007/s10479-008-0369-3 id = cord-258792-4lakgpxp author = Yoon, Sung‐Won title = Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation: A Study of China''s Response in Combat of Epidemics date = 2008-04-08 keywords = AIDS; China; Health; SARS; chinese; disease summary = Unless and until the Chinese leadership examines the nationalistic element embedded in their approach towards growing disease Sung-Won Yoon: Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation epidemics and globalising health challenges, China''s ascendance to great power status will actually be harmed rather than helped. A major factor behind the government''s recent change in its attitude towards the AIDS epidemic seemed to be the outbreak of SARS in China in Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism: Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008 2003, which exposed the dangers of not reacting to emerging infectious diseases. It is argued that global health governance may influence the nation''s response to the threats posed by emerging infectious diseases such as SARS or AIDS as a mode of building political compromises but does not considerably alter the nation''s behaviour, at least for China. doi = 10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00009.x id = cord-009269-6fs0f4b7 author = Youde, Jeremy title = Is universal access to antiretroviral drugs an emerging international norm? date = 2008-12-12 keywords = AIDS; ARV; HIV; Health; World; norm summary = In this case, universal ARV access'' norm entrepreneurs framed their campaign as an issue of individual human rights (an already existent and resonant norm) instead of as a collective public good (as the earlier promoters of universal health care for all did). It soon became obvious that the norm entrepreneurs were failing to attract a critical mass of supportive states who could further propel and promote the idea of universal primary health care within the international community. Universal primary health care''s supporters targeted their appeals toward state governments, believing them to be the key to this norm being embraced by the international community. ''The ''''3 by 5'''' target needs to be seen as an interim step toward the ultimate goal of universal access to antiretroviral therapy for those in need of care, as a human right, and within the context of a comprehensive response to HIV/AIDS'' (World Health Organization /UNAIDS 2006: 49) . doi = 10.1057/jird.2008.10 id = cord-342076-3a6aky7i author = Zhang, Lei title = Describing the Chinese HIV Surveillance System and the Influences of Political Structures and Social Stigma date = 2012-09-07 keywords = AIDS; China; HIV summary = With the gradually changing mode of HIV transmission from sharing of intravenous injecting equipment to sexual exposure and the rapid spread of HIV infection among Chinese homosexual men in recent years, an efficient and comprehensive population-level surveillance system for describing epidemics trends and risk behaviours associated with HIV acquisition are essential for effective public health interventions for HIV. However, data from the national sentinel surveillance for HIV/AIDS indicated magnitudes and trends in HIV prevalence vary substantially across different at-risk populations: e.g. 0.6% HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSW) in 2009 [2] and increases from 1.4% in 2001 to 5.3% in 2009 among men who have sex with men (MSM) [4, 5] , and from 5.9% in 2002 to 9.3% in 2009 among injecting drug users (IDU) [2, 6] . doi = 10.2174/1874613601206010163 id = cord-002774-tpqsjjet author = nan title = Section II: Poster Sessions date = 2017-12-01 keywords = AIDS; Canada; Centre; City; Community; HCV; HIV; Health; India; MSM; National; New; Toronto; Vancouver; York; access; african; age; care; child; datum; drug; group; high; introduction; method; need; patient; population; poster; program; research; result; service; session; social; study; urban; woman; year summary = Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy. doi = 10.1093/jurban/jti137 id = cord-016829-37i1bn9m author = nan title = Bilateral and Multilateral Financing of HIV/AIDS Programs: The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Global Fund, Bilateral Donors and the Private Sector date = 2008 keywords = AIDS; Bank; Fund; Global; HIV; IMF; World summary = This review listed the following key barriers and challenges: (1) Many national HIV/AIDS plans are not strategic, and are poorly prioritized; (2) Prevention, care and treatment efforts are too small, and coverage is too low; (3) Management and implementation constraints hamper action; (4) Health systems are weak and overwhelmed, particularly with efforts to expand access to treatment; (5) The effort to expand antiretroviral (ARV) treatment raises difficult issues of equity, sustainability and adherence; (6) Prevention remains inadequate, regardless of the stage of the epidemic in a given country; (7) Stigma and discrimination, denial and silence persist, to the point that some people would rather die than let others know they are HIV positive; and (8) Donors sometimes create additional problems for countries, for example in Tanzania, where program managers spend more time meeting the needs of visiting donors than implementing the programs. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_7 id = cord-017675-in9r33ww author = nan title = The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights date = 2008 keywords = AIDS; Chap; HIV; Health; Human; Nations; Prevention; Rights; States; United summary = The United Nations International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights recommend that criminal law not be an impediment to measures taken by States to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among injecting drug users and to provide them with HIV-related care and treatment. Visitors entering the United States on the Visa Waiver Program (which waives the requirement to apply for a visa prior to traveling to the United 9 The Way Forward Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights government policy has been that people living with HIV/AIDS do not represent a and therefore denied a visa or entry at the border, if: (1) they are likely to be a 338 would add to existing waiting lists for those services and would increase the rate US Immigration and Nationality Act, applicants for a visa or for admission to the health significance", which includes HIV infection, although waivers are available ces by Canadian citizens or permanent residents. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9 id = cord-340489-yo3cp5vs author = nan title = KAPITEL 13 Infektionskrankheiten date = 2008-12-31 keywords = AIDS; CMV; Erkrankung; Erreger; Fieber; HIV; Infektion; Jahren; Nachweis; Patienten; RNA; Substanzen; Symptome; Therapie; Viren; Virus; Zellen; auch; bei; der; des; die; durch; eine; ist; mit; oder; sind; und; von; werden summary = Die Wirksamkeit von BVDU bei VZV-Infektionen (Varizellen und Zoster) immunkompromittierter Patienten ist durchaus sehr gut und vergleichbar der von i.v. verabreichtem Aciclovir, jedoch fällt die Nutzen-Risiko-Betrachtung insgesamt auch bei VZV-Therapie zu Gunsten von Aciclovir aus, da BVDU eher mutagen zu sein scheint und nicht zusammen mit 5-Fluorouracil (Zytostatikum) gegeben werden darf. In klinischen Studien konnte durch Anwendung von ACV bei EBV-Infektionen auch die Virusausscheidung deutlich vermindert werden, ein wesentlicher Einfluss auf den Krankheitsverlauf ließ sich nicht erreichen. Typisch für viele opportunistische Erreger ist, dass sie weit verbreitet sind und nach einer Primärinfektion, die bereits vor der HIV-Infektion stattfindet, zu latenten Infektionen führen. Die Prophylaxe von Infektionen bereits vor deren erstem Auftreten (Primärprophylaxe) oder nach der ersten Episode (Sekundärprophylaxe) ist weiterhin eine wichtige Aufgabe bei der Betreuung HIV-positiver Patienten, auch wenn opportunistische Infektionen durch die antiretrovirale Therapie insgesamt seltener geworden sind. doi = 10.1016/b978-3-437-42831-9.10013-0