# pos

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lemma:
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id: cord-306701-hs9cfdsu
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  Unclassified Report to Congress on the Acquisition of Technology Relating to Weapons of Mass Destruction SARS


id: cord-017224-naromr0a
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  The Public Health Response to SARS Institute of Medicine Forum on Microbial Threats Biosecurity Interventions Global Health and Security in Question Emerging Infections Microbial Threats to Health


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  Creating Incentives For Pharmaceutical Research on Neglected Diseases World Health Organization Global Atlas


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  dans 3 5 des cas chiffre comparable fi ceux retrouv6s dans la population gdn6rale 2 Le tractus gastro intestinal semble tre la porte d entr6e de la mycobact6rie et son atteinte est deux fois plus fr6quente que la forme pulmonaire Bien


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entity:
  perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection Chlehanaw J D Maternal vitamin A deficiency


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type: ORG
entity:
  The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Clinical Trials and Mycoses Study Group Collaborators


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type: ORG
entity:
  National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Clinical Trials Group


id: cord-295290-hs5ntlok
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  T cell B cell regulatory network In any case the search for anticlonotypic cell populations being activated and for increased concentrations of different antibodies and cytokines in response to the cell clone or line being used in the vaccination procedure will in itself provide useful information on the nature of the antigen and the regulatory network The different reinforcement mechanisms discussed in lb may also be operative in the model of section la since as mentioned above they can be triggered after the first immunopathic response


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type: ORG
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  World Health Organization Consensus Document on the Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SARS


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entity:
  influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States The Chilling True Story of the Largest Covert Biological Weapons


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  the National Institutes of Health the Food and Drug Administration the Environmental Protection Agency


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type: ORG
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  HIV AIDS malaria tuberculosis chronic noncommunicable diseases mental disorders violence traffic safety visual impairment


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  The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases Reconciling U S National Security and Public Health Policy 53


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  Malaria Textbook of Malaria Eradication Dynamics of Tropical Disease A Selection of Papers with Biographical Introduction


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type: ORG
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  Zaire Public Health Systems and Emerging Infections Assessing the Capabilities of the Public and Private Sectors


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  The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases Reconciling U S National Security and Public Health Policy WHO


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  The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases Reconciling U S National Security and Public Health Policy


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Preventing Emerging Infectious Diseases A Strategy


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  SARS Bell DMWorld Health Organization Working Group on International and Community Transmission of SARS Public


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
type: ORG
entity:
  Managed Care Systems and Emerging Infections Challenges and Opportunities for Strengthening Surveillance Research and Prevention


id: cord-005335-u04cxiej
type: GGP
entity:
  I u 1 I u 2 I u 3 A u I k 1 I k 2 I k 3 A k T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Substituting I u 1 I u 2 I u 3 A u I k 1 I k 2 I k 3 A k T 0


id: cord-005335-u04cxiej
type: GGP
entity:
  E m 2 k 5 σ 1 σ 2 σ 3 k 41 k 6 k 12 q k k 91 σ 2 k 41 k 81 k 3 k 6 k 3 k 4 k 7 k 8 k 12 1 k 11 k 3 k 4 k 8 k 11 k 7 a 2 σ 2 k 12 a 3 σ 2 m 1 k 2 k 3 k 41 σ 1 σ 2 σ 3 k 91 1 k 8 1 k 91 k 7 k 8 k 6 k 91 σ 1 k 6 σ 1 k 5 k 6 k 7 k 81 k 91 σ 1 σ 2 σ 3 k 41 k 3 k 41 k 2 σ 1


id: cord-005335-u04cxiej
type: ORG
entity:
  The World Health Report Changing History World Health Organization Confronting AIDS Public Priorities


id: cord-005335-u04cxiej
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N k 1 k 2 k 3 k 41 k 5 k 6 k 7 k 81 k 91 1 S N R c B 5 where E m 2 k 5 σ 1 σ 2 σ 3 k 41 k 6 k 12 q k k 91 σ 2 k 41 k 81 k 3 k 6 k 3 k 4 k 7 k 8 k 12 1 k 11 k 3 k 4 k 8 k 11 k 7 a 2 σ 2 k 12 a 3 σ 2 m 1 k 2 k 3 k 41 σ 1 σ 2 σ 3 k 91 1 k 8 1 k 91 k 7 k 8 k 6 k 91 σ 1 k 6 σ 1 k 5 k 6 k 7 k 81 k 91 σ 1 σ 2 σ 3 k 41 k 3 k 41 k 2 σ 1 By solving the


id: cord-256459-6h358si5
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  cultured human fetal small intestine Intestinal mucosal inflammation associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection Human immunodeficiency virus detected in bowel epithelium from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms Duodenal mucosal T cell subpopulation


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type: ORG
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  the Working Group for Infections and Infectimmunology of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics Oropharyngeal


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type: GGP
entity:
  Ii 0 11 p 0 01 and symptoms of pain Ii 0 14 p 0 01 fatigue ji 0 34 p 0 001 and cognitive difficulties p 0 30 P 0 001 For the three dimensions of the IIRS multiple regression results revealed 1


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
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entity:
  The Collaborative Process to Achieve Access to Primary Health Care for Black Women and Women of Colour Project


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: EVENT
entity:
  Black Women and Women of Colour Women s Health in Women s Hands Community Health Centre Sistering Parkdale Community Health Centre Rexdale Community Health Centre


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: LAW
entity:
  P5 77 C Health and Livelihood Implications of Marginalization of Slum Dwellers in Provision of Water and Sanitation Services


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HIV Criminal justice system involvement was measured by arrest incarceration drug felony and loss denial of social services


id: cord-325300-wawui0fd
type: ORG
entity:
  the advisory Committee on Immunization Practices the American Academy of Pediatrics the American Academy of Family Physicians


id: cord-325300-wawui0fd
type: ORG
entity:
  Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices the American Academy of Pediatrics


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
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  United States PLoS Medicine 4 12 NYC Health 2007 HIV Epidemiology and Field Services Research Unit Report Accessed 5 November Human Rights Watch 2006 Family Unvalued


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
type: ORG
entity:
  Practice Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health University of Illinois at Chicago Betteridge G


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
type: ORG
entity:
  Sub Saharan Africa Harvard School of Public Health Program on International Health and Human Rights Hamied YK


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
type: ORG
entity:
  the Center of the Global AIDS Struggle Open Society Institute The Way Forward Prevention Treatment and Human Rights Conspiring


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Way Forward Prevention Treatment and Human Rights Consolidated Version New Law Allows Needle Exchanges


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Statement on HIV AIDS Related Travel Restrictions International Guidelines on HIV AIDS and Human Rights


id: cord-264699-l8db5gll
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  CREB CRE binding protein HAT histone acetyltransferase HDAC5 histone deacetylases 5 NF kB nuclear factor kB NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NR nuclear hormone receptor


id: cord-264699-l8db5gll
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HIV 1 accessory protein Vpr induces transcription of the HIV 1 and glucocorticoid


id: cord-022521-r72jtoso
type: DISEASE
entity:
  abnormal bowel habits and mucosal histology The tissue content of cytokines including TNF α interferon


id: cord-021742-sdz6d1r5
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Gn RH analogue Catamenial pneumothorax Catamenial pneumothorax Spontaneous pneumothorax complicating pregnancy


id: cord-268712-rxdw553c
type: ORG
entity:
  Psycho Oncology Psychology and Health Journal of Traumatic Stress British Journal of Health Psychology and Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology


id: cord-355635-fan0sf48
type: DATE
entity:
  a Year 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000


id: cord-355635-fan0sf48
type: ORG
entity:
  the Centers for Disease Control and Epidemic Intelligence Service Epidemic Intelligence Service of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


id: cord-323261-1of5ertf
type: ORG
entity:
  Operations United Nation Security Council United Nations General Assembly United Nations General Assembly Political Declaration on HIV AIDS


id: cord-332610-t99l3zii
type: ORG
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  Balance New and Resurgent Infections Prediction Detection and Management of Tomorrow s Epidemics The Changing Face of Disease Implications for Society


id: cord-332610-t99l3zii
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Politics of Emerging and Resurgent Infectious Diseases Disease in Evolution Global Changes and Emergence of Infectious Diseases Endocrine Diseases Overview P C Hindmarsh


id: cord-316534-ep7ezoko
type: DNA
entity:
  alphaviruses human rhinoviruses HRVs Ads picornaviruses poxviruses measles viruses influenza and vaccinia viruses 30 129 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156


id: cord-316534-ep7ezoko
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor independent cell entry mechanism Targeted adenoviral vectors Viral vectors


id: cord-316534-ep7ezoko
type: DNA
entity:
  human immunodeficiency virus type 1 V3 loop sequences Drug Design Development and Therapy The Asian Epidemic Model


id: cord-316534-ep7ezoko
type: DISEASE
entity:
  SHIV Cytotoxic T lymphocyte and antibody responses generated in rhesus monkeys immunized with retroviral vector transduced fibroblasts expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 IIIB ENV REV proteins Evaluation of a self inactivating lentiviral vector expressing simian immunodeficiency virus gag


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  the Alma Ata Declaration and Primary Health Care in Developing Countries International Relations and Global Ethics


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  domestic cat FIPV porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus TGEV and canine coronavirus CcoV Fig 3a


id: cord-280823-i1n8mu8b
type: ORG
entity:
  World Health Organization Global Alert and Response Disease Outbreak News World Health Organization Lassa


id: cord-016690-3gsq724l
type: DISEASE
entity:
  chronic obstructive pulmonary disease tuberculosis silicosis pulmonary abscess bronchiectasis cystic


id: cord-270726-w59fu9c9
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Human Immunodeficiency Virus Associated Diarrhea Still an Issue in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy


id: cord-104490-t42eccng
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  A Case for Girl child Education to Prevent and Curb the Impact of Emerging Infectious Diseases Epidemics date 2020


id: cord-021121-qgqzr6n2
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  von möglichst allen 147 Staatsoberhäuptern akzeptiert werden würden Gesundheit und Entwicklung erschienen unverdächtiger als Sicherheitsfragen Die Idee


id: cord-350569-dtxtjtfo
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Insufficient and Traditional Moral Theories Remain Important for Practical Ethics Reviewed Work s Autonomous Agents From Self Control to Autonomy by Alfred R Mele The Politics of Person Individual Autonomy and Social Historical Selves Autonomy and Adaptive Preferences


id: cord-350569-dtxtjtfo
type: ORG
entity:
  Autonomy and Intervention in Medical Practice Southern Africa Litigation Centre Testing A Priority In AIDS Prevention


id: cord-350569-dtxtjtfo
type: ORG
entity:
  United Nations United Nations Division for Social Policy and Development Indigenous Peoples United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs


id: cord-301506-q2a5aogo
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  Rules for Implementation of the Law of the People s Republic of China on Control of the Entry and Exit of Aliens Beijing


id: cord-301506-q2a5aogo
type: ORG
entity:
  Beijing Ministry of Health of China Ministry of Health of China Notice on Banning Import of Blood Products


id: cord-301506-q2a5aogo
type: ORG
entity:
  Beijing Ministry of Health of China Ministry of Health of China Notice on Strengthening HIV AIDS Management Beijing Ministry of Health of China Identification


id: cord-301506-q2a5aogo
type: ORG
entity:
  China Ministry of Health of China Ministry of Public Security of China Notice on Providing Compulsory Testing and Treatment of Sexual Transmitted Diseases for Sex Workers


id: cord-301506-q2a5aogo
type: ORG
entity:
  People s Medical Publishing House State Development Planning Commission Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Finance


id: cord-301506-q2a5aogo
type: ORG
entity:
  Beijing State Council Office State Council of the People s Republic China Notice on Strengthening AIDS Prevention Treatment and Care Programs


id: cord-301506-q2a5aogo
type: ORG
entity:
  State Education Commission of China Ministry of Health of China Notice on Performing HIV Test for Foreign Students Beijing State Education Commission of China Ministry of Health of China Ministry of Health of China Ministry of Public Security of China Provisions Concerning the Provision of Health Certificate


id: cord-301506-q2a5aogo
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Announcement on Establishing High Risk Behavioral Intervention Team Among all Level of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in China


id: cord-000333-4prvgmvt
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The Response of the Nursing Profession for the San Francisco AIDS Oral History Series Regional Oral History Office


id: cord-000333-4prvgmvt
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  SARS Duty of Care or Medical Heroism Annals of the Academy of Medicine Heroes and Heroines of the War on SARS Media Portrayal of Nurses Perspectives and Concerns in the SARS Crisis


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ist Die Substanz kann nur i v und topisch angewendet werden PFA wird systemisch bei CMV Erkrankungen Immunsupprimierter eingesetzt wenn


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Behandlung von Pneumonien Immunsupprimierter mit Ribavirin berichtet worden Interessanterweise ist Ribavirin auch mit


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ist Die zunächst mit großen Erwartungen durchgeführten Studien zur Behandlung der juvenilen Larynxpapillomatose mit Interferonen haben nicht zufrieden gestellt Diagnostik Die Diagnose einer katheterassoziierten Infektion ist häufig schwierig


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Kategorie Patienten mit Lungeninfiltraten Nur bei 20 30 aller Patienten finden sich positive Blutkulturen


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ein hohes Verletzungsrisiko beinhalten Re capping von Kanülen Scharfe Gegenstände müssen immer aus dem unmittelbaren Arbeitsbereich entfernt


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Kap 13 5 Im Analbereich kommen gehäuft Feigwarzen Condylomata acuminata vor Die Infektionen mit Herpes simplex


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  einer Reaktivierung mit kavernösen Veränderungen und atypische Verläufe mit flächenhaften Infiltraten und mediastinalen Lymphknotenschwellungen Diagnostik Eine Tuberkulose muss bei


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  einem Makrolid oder mit einem Chinolon mit Pneumokokken Wirksamkeit Moxifloxacin Levofloxacin Bis zum Ausschluss einer PCP


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Erkrankung zur Erblindung Diagnostik Spiegelung des Augenhintergrundes mit charakteristischem Befund Therapie Intravenöse Infusionen von Ganciclovir Foscarnet oder Cidofovir werden


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Krankheitsbild mit langer Rekonvaleszenz kommen Bei Immunsupprimierten kommen neurologische pulmonale und hämatologische Komplikationen vor Diagnostik Im Labor ist eine Leukopenie


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  keine guten Daten zur klinischen Wirksamkeit Symptomatische Therapie Therapieversuche mit Foscarnet oder Nukleosidanaloga sind bei schweren Erkrankungen immunsupprimierter Patienten


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  durch Kombination von pegylierten alpha Interferonen mit Nukleosidanaloga Kap 15 7 4 Durch Untersuchung von Blut


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  niedrig dosierte Chemotherapie mit Cytosinarabinosid zum Rückgang der Symptome führen aber nur bei relativ


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Nach dem Auftreten erster Symptome Kopfschmerz Müdigkeit Schlaf und Appetitlosigkeit Depression folgt das Bild einer rasch voranschreitenden generellen Enzephalopathie mit Verlust der Bewegungskoordination sowie mit Demenz Die Krankheitsdauer


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Stoffwechselleistungen Die Erkrankung tritt zwischen dem 40 und 60 Lebensjahr auf und führt nach 7 18 Monaten zum Tode Nach zunächst


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Behandlung mit Natronlauge oder Natriumhypochlorid empfohlen Um Risiken inadäquater Dekontaminierung zu


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  ist ein epidemieartiges Auftreten der Diphtherie jederzeit möglich Manifest erkranken ca 20 der Infizierten Pathogenese Pathogenetisch entscheidend ist


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  nicht mehr mit dem klassischen Ganzzell Impfstoff sondern mit einer azellulären Pertussis Vakzine mit hoher Effektivität und geringen Nebenwirkungen Kap 13 10 Therapie Wie bei Ornithose Die mögliche ätiopathogenetische Bedeutung von C pneumoniae bei der Entstehung arteriosklerotischer Gefäßerkrankungen und Folgekrankheiten wie z B KHK


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: GGP
entity:
  Molekül insbesondere im Bereich der Aminosäurepositionen 124 226 Die tatsächlich vorhandenen Abweichungen


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: GGP
entity:
  sind S Typhimurium S enterica subsp enterica serovar Typhimurium und S Enteritidis S enterica subsp enterica serovar Enteritidis Die übrigen Enteritissalmonellen werden aufgrund


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: GGP
entity:
  Schmerzen im rechten Unterbauch Extrem selten septischer Verlauf dann v a bei stark abwehrgeschwächten Patienten Begleitende Krankheitserscheinungen sind reaktive Arthritis und Erythema nodosum Diagnostik Erregernachweis aus Schleimhautbiopsien Operationsmaterial seltener aus Stuhl Die serologische Diagnostik Titerverlauf im Mikroagglutinationstest spielt jedoch eine wichtige Rolle Therapie Meist keine antibakterielle Chemotherapie erforderlich Nur bei schwerem septischem Verlauf Antibiotikatherapie mit Ampicillin


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Differenzierungsmaßnahme Akute HIV Infektion Klinische Kategorien Hemmung der Protease Hemmung der Integration Mittlerweile


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  werden ansonsten sind Pathogene nicht mehr nachweisbar Der rationale Einsatz von serologischen Untersuchungen wie auch die


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Escherichia coli werden nach dem identifizierten Gen P ap Pili genannt Die Expression dieser Pili wird durch Umgebungsbedingungen pH Wert


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: DISEASE
entity:
  dieses Spektrums Entscheidend ist auch ob der Wirkeffekt bakterizid keimabtötend oder nur bakteriostatisch proliferationshemmend ist Eine ganze


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  eine antivirale Behandlung nach virologischer Diagnose einer aktiven Infektion ohne Vorliegen von Symptomen und ist abzugrenzen von der Therapie einer Infektionskrankheit Die Therapieentscheidung erfordert


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Erkenntniszuwachses ist auch die Nomenklatur schwierig und teilweise redundant IFN gehören nach heutiger Nomenklatur zu


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  immunsupprimierte Transplantatempfänger auch eine gewisse prophylaktische Wirkung gegen CMV Erkrankungen nach endogener Reaktivierung vorhanden ist Die Substanz kann nur i v und topisch angewendet werden PFA wird systemisch


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  neutropenischen Patienten werden verschiedene Maßnahmen zur Infektionsprophylaxe angewandt Diese Maßnahmen zielen auf eine


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Patienten und 2 3 der Kinder weisen Symptome einer HIV Enzephalopathie auf Sie wird vermutlich durch direkte Infektion


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Gefahr der Abstoßung auf Herpesvirusinfektionen sind mit Ausnahme von Epstein Barr Virus EBV und HHV 6 bis HHV


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: DISEASE
entity:
  CMV bedingte Hepatitis ist häufig bei konnataler Infektion aber auch möglich bei Virusreaktivierungen bei Immunsupprimierten


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Erreger leicht elektronenmikroskopisch als Quadervirus aus der Vesikelflüssigkeit dargestellt werden Vaccinia Affen


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  jedoch nicht bekannt sind ist dieser Weg risikoreich und vorerst nicht gangbar beim Menschen ist er sowieso ausgeschlossen Die konventionelle Züchtung nicht


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Schleimhäuten sowie im Darmtrakt vorhanden sein ohne Krankheitserscheinungen hervorzurufen Bei einem Pilznachweis


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  beginnt Drei Tage Diagnostik Im CT der Lunge und des Kopfes werden uncharakteristische Raumforderungen gesehen


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ADB Werte treten auch bei Plasmozytomen mit entsprechender Antikörperspezifität auf Differentialdiagnostisch kommen bei den pyogenen A


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  B chronische Lungenkrankheit vor der Infektion mit dem Respiratory Syncytial Virus RSV Stuhl kontaminierte


id: cord-309489-ubf55eux
type: GGP
entity:
  Zygon DOI 10 1111 j 1467 9744 2009 00985 x sha a6c702720d3de6345b4842be1d27af5d68057119 doc_id 309489 cord_uid ubf55eux


id: cord-309489-ubf55eux
type: DATE
entity:
  the Twenty First Century Nosocomial Rotavirus Infections A Systematic Review Recent Advances in Deciphering Viral and Host Determinants of Dengue Virus Replication and Pathogenesis HIV AIDS


id: cord-258792-4lakgpxp
type: ORG
entity:
  Mass Mobilization in World Health Organization Western Pacific Region SARS How a Global Epidemic Was Stopped China Rejects Internet Claims of Human Cases National Insecurities Humiliation Salvation


id: cord-259846-oxbmtend
type: ORG
entity:
  Fractional Calculus Theory and Applications Differentiation and Integration to Arbitrary Order Fractional Integrals Derivatives Theory


id: cord-332856-96z48gpg
type: GGP
entity:
  Kaposi s sarcoma AIDS related malignancies state of the art and therapeutic challenges Recrudescent Kaposi s sarcoma


# bib

id: cord-000130-dqqcajjd
title: The OptAIDS project: towards global halting of HIV/AIDS
author: Smith?, Robert J
date: 2009-11-18
txt: ./txt/cord-000130-dqqcajjd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000130-dqqcajjd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2779497/
doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-s1-s1
abstract: nan
summary:
  The OptAIDS workshop was the first of its kind: a scientific meeting held simultaneously in both a real world location and also Second Life ® http://secondlife.com, a virtual landscape that allows real-time communication. Spending our way out of the epidemic Theme 1 comprises an introduction and overview of mathematical modeling [22] , as well as a history of AIDS in Africa and its effects on human development [23] . Theme 4 examines in-host modeling -a crucial element in tackling the disease, often overlooked by epidemiologists -by proposing new methods for evaluating the efficacy of antiretroviral treatment [31] and examining antioxidant supplementation as HIV therapy, with a focus on injecting drug users [32] . Finally, Theme 6 examines the question at the core of the OptAIDS project: spending our way out of the AIDS epidemic [6] . Predicting and preventing measles epidemics in New Zealand: application of a mathematical model Halting HIV/AIDS with avatars and havatars: a virtual world approach to modelling epidemics


id: cord-000333-4prvgmvt
title: Nursing heroism in the 21(st )Century''
author: Darbyshire, Philip
date: 2011-02-16
txt: ./txt/cord-000333-4prvgmvt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000333-4prvgmvt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3048573/
doi: 10.1186/1472-6955-10-4
summary:
  Gary Carr, who was a Nurse Practitioner at the AIDS Clinic at San Francisco General Hospital, described the perverse ambivalence of a wider community that lauds and praises nurses for their ''heroic efforts'' in the face of such public health crises. When, two decades later, SARS emerged as a potentially lethal viral infection, nurses and health care staff again faced considerable dangers as they strove to treat patients and protect their communities. In addition, Hall and colleagues in the US reported that: "Nursing assistants working in long-term care facilities have the highest incidence of workplace violence of any American worker". Perhaps if we return to the definition of heroism as ''providing service in the face of extreme personal danger'', then our Emergency Department nurses should allow themselves to feel, at least somewhat heroic. So too, the health, wellbeing, safety and experiences of patients, clients and families are dependent upon the often invisible and overlooked caring practices of nurses.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The Vivian Bullwinkel Oration honours the life and work of an extraordinary nurse. Given her story and that of her World War II colleagues, the topic of nursing heroism in the 21(st )century could not be more germane. DISCUSSION: Is heroism a legitimate part of nursing, or are nurses simply 'just doing their job' even when facing extreme personal danger? In this paper I explore the place and relevance of heroism in contemporary nursing. I propose that nursing heroism deserves a broader appreciation and that within the term lie many hidden, 'unsung' or 'unrecorded' heroisms. I also challenge the critiques of heroism that would condemn it as part of a 'militarisation' of nursing. Finally, I argue that nursing needs to be more open in celebrating our heroes and the transformative power of nursing achievements. SUMMARY: The language of heroism may sound quaint by 21(st )Century standards but nursing heroism is alive and well in the best of our contemporary nursing ethos and practice.


id: cord-001079-v01vwu00
author: Thoden, J.
date: 2013-09-14
txt: ./txt/cord-001079-v01vwu00.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-001079-v01vwu00.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3776256/
doi: 10.1007/s15010-013-0504-1
summary:
  A structured Medline research was performed for 12 diseases, namely Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, cerebral toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus manifestations, candidiasis, herpes simplex virus infections, varizella zoster virus infections, progressive multifocal leucencephalopathy, cryptosporidiosis, cryptococcosis, nontuberculosis mycobacteria infections and tuberculosis. However, this drug is not approved for AIDS patients and showed no effects in a double-blind randomized study in HIV-infected children with cryptosporidiosis [180] . Discontinuation of prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy A randomized trial of the discontinuation of primary and secondary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia after highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. Discontinuation of secondary prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a randomized trial by the CIOP Study Group Discontinuation of primary and secondary Toxoplasma gondii prophylaxis is safe in HIV-infected patients after immunological restoration with highly active antiretroviral therapy: results of an open, randomized, multicenter clinical trial

title:
  Therapy and prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected patients: a guideline by the German and Austrian AIDS societies (DAIG/ÖAG) (AWMF 055/066)

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: There was a growing need for practical guidelines for the most common OIs in Germany and Austria under consideration of the local epidemiological conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The German and Austrian AIDS societies developed these guidelines between March 2010 and November 2011. A structured Medline research was performed for 12 diseases, namely Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, cerebral toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus manifestations, candidiasis, herpes simplex virus infections, varizella zoster virus infections, progressive multifocal leucencephalopathy, cryptosporidiosis, cryptococcosis, nontuberculosis mycobacteria infections and tuberculosis. Due to the lack of evidence by randomized controlled trials, part of the guidelines reflects expert opinions. The German version was accepted by the German and Austrian AIDS Societies and was previously published by the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF; German Association of the Scientific Medical Societies). CONCLUSION: The review presented here is a translation of a short version of the German–Austrian Guidelines of opportunistic infections in HIV patients. These guidelines are well-accepted in a clinical setting in both Germany and Austria. They lead to a similar treatment of a heterogeneous group of patients in these countries.


id: cord-002774-tpqsjjet
title: Section II: Poster Sessions
author: nan
date: 2017-12-01
txt: ./txt/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002774-tpqsjjet.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5711696/
doi: 10.1093/jurban/jti137
abstract: nan
summary:
  Results: The CHIP Framework The CHIP framework aims to improve the health and wellness of the urban communities served by St. Josephs Health Centre through four intersecting pillars: • Raising Community Voices provides an infrastructure and process that supports community stakeholder input into health care service planning, decision-making, and delivery by the hospital and across the continuum of care; • Sharing Reciprocal Capacity promotes healthy communities through the sharing of our intellectual and physical capacity with our community partners; • Cultivating Integration Initiatives facilitates vertical, horizontal, and intersectoral integration initiatives in support of community-identified needs and gaps; and • Facilitating Healthy Exchange develops best practices in community integration through community-based research, and facilitates community voice in informing public policy.


id: cord-004986-en7taikk
title: Infections gastro-intestinales chez le patient immunocompromis
author: Nagy, Nathalie
date: 2002
txt: ./txt/cord-004986-en7taikk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004986-en7taikk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087899/
doi: 10.1007/bf03016656
summary:
  Dans 44 h 68 % des patients sida prEsentant une entEropathie due ~un ou plusieurs agents pathogEnes concomitant, des symptEmes gastro-intestinaux sont retrouvEs. Le diagnostic d''infections opportunistes est en gEnEral base sur une combinaison de culture de selles, examen direct des selles ~ la recherche d''ceufs ou de larves, et d''une biopsie endoscopique. L''infection herpEtique semble 6tre plus frEquente chez le patient HIV que chez les autres patients immunodEprimEs. Dans une importante Etude prospective r6alisEe sur 100 patients HIV pr6sentant une cesophagite her-pEtique, le virus HSV n''a 6tE identifi6 que darts 5 % des cas alors que la prevalence du virus CMV atteignait 50 % [4] . Les infections ~ Campylobacter ont 6t6 identifi6es dans approximativement 11% des coprocultures des patients sida, qu''ils souffrent ou non de diarrh6es ; ces patients, pr6sentant une incidence d''infection, sont 39 fois plus importants que dans la population g6n6rale. Cependant une colonisation m6me par des agents non pathog6nes peut 8tre responsable d''affections s6vhres chez les patients immunocompromis [6] .

abstract:
  The gastrointestinal tract is frequently involved in immunocompromised hosts. The most common digestive manifestations are dysphagia, odynophagia and diarrhea. These diseases are more frequent in patients with acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS). These GI diseases are of several categories: HIV related inflammatory conditions (HIV related enteropathy, idiopathic esophageal ulceration), infections due to germs also commonly present in immunocompetent patients (Salmonellosis, shigellosis,…), opportunistic infections (CMV, Mucormycosis,Cryptosporidium, Mycobacterium, Isospora belli,…). The prevalence, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, gross pathological findings and microscopic features are discussed for each entity.


id: cord-005033-voi9gu0l
title: A CA-based epidemic model for HIV/AIDS transmission with heterogeneity
author: Xuan, Huiyu
date: 2008-06-07
txt: ./txt/cord-005033-voi9gu0l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005033-voi9gu0l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7088085/
doi: 10.1007/s10479-008-0369-3
summary:
  In this paper, we develop an extended CA simulation model to study the dynamical behaviors of HIV/AIDS transmission. Additional, we divide the post-infection process of AIDS disease into several sub-stages in order to facilitate the study of the dynamics in different development stages of epidemics. Higher population density, higher mobility, higher number of infection source, and greater neighborhood are more likely to result in high levels of infections and in persistence. Ahmed and Agiza (1998) develop a CA model that takes into consideration the latency and incubation period of epidemics and allow each individual (agent) to have distinctive susceptibility. We also define four types of agents that are characterized by different infectivity (and susceptibility) and various forms of neighborhood to represent four types of people in real life. To capture this, we extend classical CA models by allowing each agent to have its own attributes such as mobility, infectivity, resistibility (susceptibility) 2 and different extent of neighborhood.

abstract:
  The complex dynamics of HIV transmission and subsequent progression to AIDS make the mathematical analysis untraceable and problematic. In this paper, we develop an extended CA simulation model to study the dynamical behaviors of HIV/AIDS transmission. The model incorporates heterogeneity into agents’ behaviors. Agents have various attributes such as infectivity and susceptibility, varying degrees of influence on their neighbors and different mobilities. Additional, we divide the post-infection process of AIDS disease into several sub-stages in order to facilitate the study of the dynamics in different development stages of epidemics. These features make the dynamics more complicated. We find that the epidemic in our model can generally end up in one of the two states: extinction and persistence, which is consistent with other researchers’ work. Higher population density, higher mobility, higher number of infection source, and greater neighborhood are more likely to result in high levels of infections and in persistence. Finally, we show in four-class agent scenario, variation in susceptibility (or infectivity) and various fractions of four classes also complicates the dynamics, and some of the results are contradictory and needed for further research.


id: cord-005335-u04cxiej
author: Podder, C. N.
date: 2011-05-05
txt: ./txt/cord-005335-u04cxiej.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005335-u04cxiej.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7090688/
doi: 10.1007/s12591-011-0090-6
summary:
  This paper presents a deterministic model for evaluating the impact of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs), voluntary testing (using standard antibody-based and a DNA-based testing methods) and condom use on the transmission dynamics of HIV in a community. Rigorous qualitative analysis of the model show that it has a globally-stable disease-free equilibrium whenever a certain epidemiological threshold, known as the effective reproduction number [Formula: see text], is less than unity. The threshold quantity, R eff , measures the average number of new secondary cases generated by a single infected individual in a population where the aforementioned anti-HIV control measures are implemented. Using the low effectiveness level of the combined testing and treatment strategy, it is shown that the combination of the two testing methods and treatment is more effective (saves more new cases) than the use of condoms as a singular anti-HIV strategy followed by the use of only the standard ELISA testing method with ARV treatment (Fig. 2a ).

title:
  Mathematical Analysis of a Model for Assessing the Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy, Voluntary Testing and Condom Use in Curtailing the Spread of HIV

abstract:
  This paper presents a deterministic model for evaluating the impact of anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs), voluntary testing (using standard antibody-based and a DNA-based testing methods) and condom use on the transmission dynamics of HIV in a community. Rigorous qualitative analysis of the model show that it has a globally-stable disease-free equilibrium whenever a certain epidemiological threshold, known as the effective reproduction number [Formula: see text], is less than unity. The model has an endemic equilibrium whenever [Formula: see text]. The endemic equilibrium is shown to be locally-asymptotically stable for a special case. Numerical simulations of the model show that the use of the combined testing and treatment strategy is more effective than the use of the standard ELISA testing method with ARV treatment, even for the use of condoms as a singular strategy. Furthermore, the universal strategy (which involves the use of condoms, the two testing methods and ARV treatment) is always more effective than the combined use of the standard ELISA testing method and ARVs.


id: cord-005819-fp5khzd5
title: Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia with secondary aspergillosis in an AIDS patient
author: Bonatz, K.
date: 1991
txt: ./txt/cord-005819-fp5khzd5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005819-fp5khzd5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095790/
doi: 10.1007/bf01649459
summary:
  title: Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia with secondary aspergillosis in an AIDS patient After the initial success of therapy and a symptom-free period, she developed pneumonia with septic shock and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The largest study of invasive aspergillosis so far, with 13 HIV-infected patients, documents the diagnostic difficulties, as positive diagnosis mostly required bronchoalveolar lavage or transthoracic aspiration of pulmonary lesions. The cases of AIDS patients with invasive aspergillosis described in the literature therefore had neutropenia related to zidovudine or to ganciclovir therapy, increased exposure to aspergillus by marijuana smoking, underlying pulmonary disease, or corticosteroid use as predisposing factors. It also indicates the possibility of increasing confrontation with disseminated fungal infections like invasive aspergillosis as secondary neutropenia due to drugs such as zidovudine and ganciclovir becomes more common. Bacterial pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection Aspergillus endocarditis and myocarditis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Bacterial infections in AIDS patients

abstract:
  A 40-year-old, HIV-infected female patient received antibiotic treatment for a urinary tract infection. After the initial success of therapy and a symptom-free period, she developed pneumonia with septic shock and adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In spite of intensive care and respirator therapy with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), she died of infectious toxic shock. Autopsy findings showed relapsing, gramnegative, bacterial pneumonia (morphologically compatible with Klebsiella pneumonia) and secondary, invasive aspergillosis. The pathogenesis and epidemiology of these unusual complications of AIDS are discussed.


id: cord-005882-iodfgzjf
title: Annulling a dangerous liaison: vaccination strategies against AIDS and tuberculosis
author: Kaufmann, Stefan H E
date: 2005-04-05
txt: ./txt/cord-005882-iodfgzjf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-005882-iodfgzjf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095892/
doi: 10.1038/nm1221
summary:
  Elucidation of the genetic mechanisms underlying susceptibility and protective immune mechanisms in resistant individuals that prevent disease outbreak in face of ongoing infection, as well as identification of the pathogen genes that promote transformation of latent infection into active tuberculosis, will facilitate rational design of a postexposure vaccine 27, 28, 31 . Generally, subunit vaccines crucially depend on appropriate adjuvants 38 that stimulate T helper type 1 (T H 1) immune responses by the different T cell populations required for protection against tuberculosis. Despite previous reluctance, a recent expert group meeting has strongly advocated development of viable recombinant vaccines against tuberculosis because they are the most potent stimulators of protective immune responses that perform better than BCG in experimental animal models 60 . In humans, therapeutic vaccination would probably be used to stimulate T cell responses in HIV-infected people whose virus was well controlled by antiretroviral drugs, with the aim of terminating antiretroviral therapy (ART) once the T cell levels were boosted.

abstract:
  Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis annually cause 3 million and 2 million deaths, respectively. Last year, 600,000 individuals, doubly infected with HIV and M. tuberculosis, died. Since World War I, approximately 150 million people have succumbed to these two infections—more total deaths than in all wars in the last 2,000 years. Although the perceived threats of new infections such as SARS, new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and anthrax are real, these outbreaks have caused less than 1,000 deaths globally, a death toll AIDS and tuberculosis exact every 2 h. In 2003, 40 million people were infected with HIV, 2 billion with M. tuberculosis, and 15 million with both. Last year, 5 million and 50 million were newly infected with HIV or M. tuberculosis, respectively, with 2 million new double infections. Better control measures are urgently needed.


id: cord-007188-tcq8lnwg
author: Cunningham, Anthony L.
date: 1988-08-17
txt: ./txt/cord-007188-tcq8lnwg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-007188-tcq8lnwg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7109796/
doi: 10.1093/infdis/158.2.386
summary:
  Gastrointestinal viruses, predominantly rotaviruses and adenoviruses, were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, electron microscopy, or cell culture in >50% of two groups of homosexual men with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, who did (54%) or did not (50%) have diarrhea. We report here the detection of viruses from the stools of a large proportion of patients with symptomatic HIV infection (AIDS, ARC, and POL) and acute or chronic diarrhea when no other microbial pathogen could be identified. In this study we showed that patients with AIDS or ARC may present with acute diarrhea or exacerbations of chronic diarrhea and that in patients with symptomatic HIV infection and diarrhea, >50% excreted gastrointestinal viruses. These high detection rates for rotavirus and adenovirus in patients with ARC or AIDS-OI are similar to those observed in marrow transplant recipients who also have a T cell immunodeficiency and often have gastrointestinal mucosal damage from graft-versus-host disease [4] .

title:
  Gastrointestinal Viral Infections in Homosexual Men Who were Symptomatic and Seropositive for Human Immunodeficiency Virus

abstract:
  Gastrointestinal viruses, predominantly rotaviruses and adenoviruses, were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, electron microscopy, or cell culture in >50% of two groups of homosexual men with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, who did (54%) or did not (50%) have diarrhea. Lower detection rates were observed in HIV-seronegative (15%) and asymptomatic HIV-seropositive (16%) men. In the patients with diarrhea, 95% of the isolates of virus were found in the most immuno suppressed patients, those patients with AIDS-related complex or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS. High excretion rates of these viruses are probably associated with both anal-oral transmission and immunosuppression. These viruses apparently cause acute episodes or relapses of diarrhea in some patients but may be co-pathogens or noncontributory to chronic diarrhea in others.


id: cord-009096-3c5t70an
title: New WHO chief promises greater commitment to HIV/AIDS
author: Frankish, Helen
date: 2003-07-26
txt: ./txt/cord-009096-3c5t70an.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009096-3c5t70an.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135582/
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14007-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  W ith a pledge to give greater priority to HIV/AIDS and achieving results in poor countries, South Korea''s Jong-wook Lee took office as the new Director-General of WHO on July 21. "By Dec 1 this year, World AIDS Day, WHO''s HIV/AIDS department, working with partners, will produce a global plan for reaching the three-by-five target", Lee said. On his first day in office, the new Director-General also reinforced WHO''s commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, targets that world leaders agreed on at the Millennium Summit 3 years ago. "I will begin by deploying additional resources to priority country offices for building up capacity in HIV/AIDS control and health systems", he said. Le Gales-Camus, a former scientific adviser to the Director-General of Health in France, as head of non-communicable diseases. Catherine Le Gales-Camus (France), most recently scientific adviser to France''s Director-General of Health will take leadership of the Non-communicable Diseases and Mental Health cluster


id: cord-009269-6fs0f4b7
title: Is universal access to antiretroviral drugs an emerging international norm?
author: Youde, Jeremy
date: 2008-12-12
txt: ./txt/cord-009269-6fs0f4b7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009269-6fs0f4b7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7140236/
doi: 10.1057/jird.2008.10
summary:
  In this case, universal ARV access'' norm entrepreneurs framed their campaign as an issue of individual human rights (an already existent and resonant norm) instead of as a collective public good (as the earlier promoters of universal health care for all did). It soon became obvious that the norm entrepreneurs were failing to attract a critical mass of supportive states who could further propel and promote the idea of universal primary health care within the international community. Universal primary health care''s supporters targeted their appeals toward state governments, believing them to be the key to this norm being embraced by the international community. ''The ''''3 by 5'''' target needs to be seen as an interim step toward the ultimate goal of universal access to antiretroviral therapy for those in need of care, as a human right, and within the context of a comprehensive response to HIV/AIDS'' (World Health Organization /UNAIDS 2006: 49) .

abstract:
  The international community appears to have embraced a new norm — that of universal access to antiretroviral drugs. The process by which this norm has found acceptance raises interesting questions about how norm entrepreneurs frame their arguments, the role of non-state actors in realizing a norm, and the importance of existent complementary norms. To understand the success of the norm of universal antiretroviral access, I examine the failure of an earlier health-related norm — that of universal primary health care. The campaign for universal antiretroviral access points to a need for a more nuanced understanding of norm evolution within the international community and a more holistic vision of which actors can facilitate the realization of a norm.


id: cord-009338-zc88lsls
title: What''s in store for 1984?
author: Fulginiti, Vincent A.
date: 2007-01-26
txt: ./txt/cord-009338-zc88lsls.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009338-zc88lsls.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146803/
doi: 10.1016/s0278-2316(84)80033-x
abstract: nan
summary:
  Several observers have noted unusual morphologic changes such-as vesicular rosettes in lymph node lymphoid cells and a tubular reticular structure within cisterns of smooth endoplasmic reticulae of lymphocytes from patients with AIDS.3, 4 One hypothesis to explain their occurrence is viral infection of the lymphocytes. Studies in hemophiliacs who received factor VIII therapy butnot other forms of replacement suggest that a transmissible agent, possibly in the factor VIII concentrate, results in immunologic aberrations that are not unlike those seen in AIDS. 5 Investigators have suggested a possible link between AIDS and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV). For years practitioners have been plagued with the increasing recognition of the viral cause of a variety of diseases and improved methods of diagnosis including rapid identification of many viruses that is not possible with the inability to significantly influence the course; morbidity or mortality associated with these infections.


id: cord-009561-pg4jmvw4
title: The virology of demyelinating diseases
author: Johnson, Richard T.
date: 2004-10-08
txt: ./txt/cord-009561-pg4jmvw4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-009561-pg4jmvw4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159614/
doi: 10.1002/ana.410360715
summary:
  The possible role of a virus or viruses is supported by data that (1) a childhood exposure is involved and "viral" infections may precipitate exacerbations of disease, (2) experimental infections in animals and natural infections in humans can cause diseases with long incubation periods, remitting and relapsing courses, and demyelination, and (3) patients with multiple sclerosis have abnormal immune responses to viruses. Thud, studies of patients with multiple sclerosis consistently have shown higher levels of antibody against measles virus in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than in controls and in some studies antibodies have been elevated to other viral agents as well (Table 2) . In studies of CSF we found no intrathecal synthesis of antibody in posuneasles encephalomyelitis to suggest antigenic stimulation Subsequently, a variety of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system and muscle have been described as complications of HIV infection [58, 591.

abstract:
  Infectious agents have been postulated as causes of multiple sclerosis for over a century. The possible role of a virus or viruses is supported by data that (1) a childhood exposure is involved and “viral” infections may precipitate exacerbations of disease, (2) experimental infections in animals and natural infections in humans can cause diseases with long incubation periods, remitting and relapsing courses, and demyelination, and (3) patients with multiple sclerosis have abnormal immune responses to viruses. The pathogenesis of three human demyelinating diseases of known viral etiology is discussed. In progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a papovavirus selectively infects oligodendrocytes and causes focal areas of demyelination. In postmeasles encephalomyelitis, the virus is lymphotrophic and disrupts immune regulation that can result in an autoimmune perivenular demyelinating illness without evidence of infection of the central nervous system. In human immunodeficiency virus‐encephalopathy and myelopathy virus is present in macrophages and microglia and the myelin abnormalities apparently are caused by soluble factors such as viral proteins, cytokines, or neurotoxins. These findings may have implications on how, when, and where to seek viruses in multiple sclerosis.


id: cord-010175-p2py9wau
title: GASTROINTESTINAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND AIDS
author: Winter, Harland
date: 1996-04-01
txt: ./txt/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-010175-p2py9wau.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7172360/
doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70421-1
abstract: nan
summary:
  The observations that transmission is increased in women who were symptomatic or who had more advanced AIDS27 and that zidovudine therapy given during pregnancy reduces perinatal transmission3 suggest that viral burden is an important factor in vertical transmission; however, the effects of maternal nutritional status, micronutrient deficiency, or acute infection on viral replication are difficult to evaluate. Gastrointestinal bleeding is unusual in HIV-infected children, but, when present, it may be caused by focal ulcerations in the colon, stomach, small intestine, or esophagus from cytomegalovirus-induced disease. Many of the medications used to treat complications of HIV disease cause hepatocellular injury or cholestasis; however, infectious agents, such as hepatitis B, that cause hepatocellular injury by immune mechanisms have milder clinical courses in immunodeficient hosts.Z4 Preservation of immune function in HIV-infected children could account for the apparent increase in chronic active hepatitis in the pediatric population compared with the incidence in Although abnormalities in liver function tests are not diagnostic, they are beneficial as screening procedures.


id: cord-015831-s78omm53
title: Civil Society Involvement in National HIV/AIDS Programs
author: Kaufman, Joan
date: 2019-05-20
txt: ./txt/cord-015831-s78omm53.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-015831-s78omm53.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119907/
doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-8518-6_22
summary:
  Globally the HIV/AIDS response relies on active participation of NGOs and civil society, and important progress has been made in the response due to their advocacy in critical areas like access to medicines, treatment compliance support, and outreach to marginalized at-risk groups. At the end of 2003, Wu Yi, who served as the Vice-Premier of the State Council from 2003 to 2008 and as the Minister of Health from 2003 to 2008, clearly announced her support for a greater role for NGOs in China''s AIDS response and endorsed efforts to build a framework for government and NGO cooperation to effectively control and prevent the spread of HIV (CCTV International, 2004) . Now, government officials and health sectors, even at local levels, recognize the important roles that NGO and community organizations play in the HIV/AIDS response in China and that without their active participation and critical contributions, it would be impossible to achieve national goals.

abstract:
  Globally, the AIDS response relies on active participation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society. In China, the government is the main provider of health and social services, and the role of NGOs is more limited than in other countries. Despite this, China has opened the door for NGO participation in its AIDS response, initially because of donor pressure but increasingly due to official acknowledgment of the important role these groups play in controlling the epidemic. Since the first AIDS NGOs were established in China in the 1990s, Chinese AIDS NGOs have made unique contributions to China’s AIDS response in critical areas like access to drugs, support for treatment compliance, outreach to marginalized at-risk groups, and efforts to reduce stigma among marginalized populations. However, there has been a substantial drop-off in donor funding in recent years, and although the Chinese government has filled the funding gap, demonstrating its commitment to the sector, recent policy moves toward greater control over the work and funding of NGOs threatens their survival. Thus far, China’s AIDS response has been noteworthy, but these new NGO funding and regulatory developments pose significant challenges to the next phase of outreach, prevention, treatment, and care.


id: cord-016572-6fu5s89c
title: Endemic mycosis
author: Hage, Chadi A.
date: 2005
txt: ./txt/cord-016572-6fu5s89c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016572-6fu5s89c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7120910/
doi: 10.1007/0-387-23380-6_12
abstract: nan
summary:
  All three illnesses occur in normal hosts, although histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis are also major opportunistic mycoses in patients with depressed cell-mediated immunity, and especially in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [4] , [5] . Histoplasmosis, blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis are major T-cell opportunistic infections, as demonstrated by the very aggressive course seen in patients with AIDS, in whom T-cell deficiency is most severe. The most severe form of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) occurs in patients with AIDS with profound T-cell dysfunction [21] . By that time, most patients have either recovered or have required other more invasive methods of diagnosis because of rapidly worsening disease There are two ways to make a rapid diagnosis of PDH, sampling and examination of likely infected tissue with the use of special stains and the use of the ultrasensitive assay for fungal antigens.


id: cord-016690-3gsq724l
title: HIV/AIDS Related Respiratory Diseases
author: Li, Hongjun
date: 2013-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016690-3gsq724l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121050/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-7823-8_17
summary:
  Its difference from the clinical manifestations of non-HIV infected patients is as the following: (1) More common pulmonary infi ltration with multiple involvements and rare cavities; (2) Higher incidence of dissemination (87-96 %) commonly along with blood fl ow and higher incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (60-70 %); (3) More common lymph node tuberculosis, such as hilar, mediastinal and extrapleural lymphadenectasis; (4) Lower positive rate of tuberculin test (PPD); (5) More patients with no expectoration, with sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli staining is negative; (6) Higher incidence of resistant strains, high recurrence rate, and higher mortality (Table 17 .1 ). Based on the course of the disease, the diagnostic imaging demonstrations of Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection can be divided into early stage, showing round liked fl aky blurry shadows surrounding unilateral hilum that has blurry boundary; middle stage (parenchymal change), showing central sphere liked high density shadow surrounding unilateral hilum, in parenchymal changes and with clear boundary; advanced stage (necrosis) showing secondary cavity of the pulmonary mass, possibly with hydropneumothorax and pleurisy.

abstract:
  Lungs are the most commonly involved organ by HIV/AIDS related diseases, and pulmonary infections are the main reasons for the increasing death rate from AIDS. Pathogens of HIV related pulmonary infections include parasites, fungi, mycobacteria, viruses, bacteria and toxoplasma gondii. According to international reports, pathogens have different geographical distribution, which is also closely related to the socioeconomic status of the region to produce varied AIDS related diseases spectra. For instance, in the United States, pneumocystis carnii pneumonia (PCP), tuberculosis and recurrent bacterial pneumonia (at least twice within 1 year) occur frequently in HIV infected patients. An international report published 10 years ago indicated that PCP is the most common and serious pulmonary opportunistic infections in HIV infected patients. Now its incidence has dropped with the application of antiretroviral treatment and preventive measures. PCP will continue to occur initially in patients who are aware of their HIV infection. In addition, HIV related viral and parasitic infections have been reported both domestically and internationally. In this section, the clinical manifestations and imaging findings of HIV related pulmonary infections are analyzed and discussed, which provide effective diagnosis basis, so as to reduce the incidence of HIV-related pulmonary infections.


id: cord-016718-cxn1ewfw
author: Anderson, Virginia
date: 2017-11-08
txt: ./txt/cord-016718-cxn1ewfw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016718-cxn1ewfw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121085/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-70317-6_9
summary:
  Theatrical productions attest to a radical shift in Chinese governmental policy and public awareness of the AIDS epidemic at the dawn of the twenty-first century; state-subsidised theatre worked directly with the government to contain the transmission of HIV. Produced by two of the country''s most elite cultural institutions, the Shanghai Dramatic Arts Center and the Beijing People''s Art Theatre respectively, The Dying Kiss (Shengsi Zhiwen) in 2003 and Student Zhao Ping (Zhao Ping Tongxue) in 2005 represented a sea change in the political response to the epidemic while documenting public perceptions towards people living with HIV and AIDS in China. Rooting my work in historical and dramaturgical analysis as well as interviews with artistic contributors, health workers and activists, I argue for the significance of The Dying Kiss and Student Zhao Ping as embodiments of government-fueled popular perceptions of HIV and AIDS in China at the start of the twenty-first century.

title:
  Performing Interventions: The Politics and Theatre of China’s AIDS Crisis in the Early Twenty-First Century

abstract:
  Theatrical productions attest to a radical shift in Chinese governmental policy and public awareness of the AIDS epidemic at the dawn of the twenty-first century; state-subsidised theatre worked directly with the government to contain the transmission of HIV. Produced by two of the country’s most elite cultural institutions, the Shanghai Dramatic Arts Center and the Beijing People’s Art Theatre respectively, The Dying Kiss (Shengsi Zhiwen) in 2003 and Student Zhao Ping (Zhao Ping Tongxue) in 2005 represented a sea change in the political response to the epidemic while documenting public perceptions towards people living with HIV and AIDS in China. Marking policy change, they reflect experiences that capture a society transitioning from denial to confrontation at the dawn of the twenty-first century.


id: cord-016829-37i1bn9m
author: nan
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-016829-37i1bn9m.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-016829-37i1bn9m.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121240/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_7
summary:
  This review listed the following key barriers and challenges: (1) Many national HIV/AIDS plans are not strategic, and are poorly prioritized; (2) Prevention, care and treatment efforts are too small, and coverage is too low; (3) Management and implementation constraints hamper action; (4) Health systems are weak and overwhelmed, particularly with efforts to expand access to treatment; (5) The effort to expand antiretroviral (ARV) treatment raises difficult issues of equity, sustainability and adherence; (6) Prevention remains inadequate, regardless of the stage of the epidemic in a given country; (7) Stigma and discrimination, denial and silence persist, to the point that some people would rather die than let others know they are HIV positive; and (8) Donors sometimes create additional problems for countries, for example in Tanzania, where program managers spend more time meeting the needs of visiting donors than implementing the programs.

title:
  Bilateral and Multilateral Financing of HIV/AIDS Programs: The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Global Fund, Bilateral Donors and the Private Sector

abstract:
  This chapter examines the operations of the World Bank (a multilateral development institution), the International Monetary Fund (a multilateral financial institution) and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (a multilateral fundraising and financing institution) to fight HIV/AIDS. We also examine the role of bilateral donors and the private sector in financing the fight against HIV/AIDS. We examine the relationships among bilateral donors and international organizations, what distinguishes their roles in the global HIV/AIDS pandemic and the extent to which their activities overlap. In addition, we consider how funding strategies and parameters may affect the effectiveness of AIDS funding in preventing transmission and providing treatment.


id: cord-017061-vk55gm0j
title: TB Matters More
author: Selgelid, Michael J.
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-017061-vk55gm0j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017061-vk55gm0j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121532/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8617-5_14
summary:
  How should the social aim to promote public health be balanced against the aim to protect human rights and liberties in the context of diseases that are to varying degrees contagious, dangerous or deadly? A major topic of debate in the context of HIV/AIDS research has been the question of what should count as an ethically acceptable control arm in studies involving human subjects. In cases where a contagious patient fails to take adequate precautions to avoid infecting others-and fails to warn close contacts about his infectious status-then the question of whether or not the health worker should inform identifiable third parties at risk arises. Bioethics should consider the extent to which current surveillance measures are-or the extent to which more wide-reaching surveillance measures would be-justified in the context of TB, especially now that MDRTB and XDR-TB are growing threats to global public health.

abstract:
  Tuberculosis (TB) is the second leading infectious cause of mortality worldwide and arguably the most important neglected topic in bioethics. This chapter: (1) explains the ethical importance of TB, (2) documents its neglect in bioethics discourse, (3) maps the terrain of ethical issues associated with TB, and (4) advocates a moderate pluralistic approach to ethical issues associated with TB.


id: cord-017224-naromr0a
title: Evolving Biosecurity Frameworks
author: McLeish, Caitriona
date: 2016-12-06
txt: ./txt/cord-017224-naromr0a.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017224-naromr0a.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121729/
doi: 10.1057/978-1-137-53675-4_4
summary:
  The relationship between infectious disease and security concerns has undergone an evolution since the end of the Cold War. What was previously seen as two separate domains – public health and national security – have, through various events and disease outbreaks in the last 15 years, become intertwined and as a result biosecurity policies now need to address a spectrum of disease threats that encompass natural outbreaks, accidental releases and the deliberate use of disease as weapons. Calling it niche is not to say that bioterrorism had not been considered a security threat prior to 2001many commentators had noted the potential (see for example Stern, 1993; Tucker, 1996 Tucker, , 2000 Moodie and Roberts, 1997; Smithson and Levy, 2000) ; table top exercises had been conducted, domestic preparedness programmes initiated (Guillemin, 2011, p7) , and in countries such as the US, policy directives had been crafted that gave the highest priority to "developing effective capabilities to detect, prevent, defeat and manage the consequences of nuclear, biological or chemical materials or weapons use by terrorists" (United States, 1995) .

abstract:
  The relationship between infectious disease and security concerns has undergone an evolution since the end of the Cold War. What was previously seen as two separate domains – public health and national security – have, through various events and disease outbreaks in the last 15 years, become intertwined and as a result biosecurity policies now need to address a spectrum of disease threats that encompass natural outbreaks, accidental releases and the deliberate use of disease as weapons.


id: cord-017506-t86v3zw3
title: Alcohol, HIV/AIDS, and Liver Disease
author: Knox, Tamsin A.
date: 2012-04-27
txt: ./txt/cord-017506-t86v3zw3.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017506-t86v3zw3.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122083/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-047-2_23
summary:
  Cardiovascular disease is likely due to a combination of additional risk factors found in HIV infection [ 26 ] including (1) chronic in fl ammation from HIV viral replication and subsequent immunode fi ciency [ 134 ] , (2) the effect of chronic in fl ammation on serum lipid levels [ 133 ] , (3) the metabolic effects of certain classes of antiretroviral medications [ 131, 133 ] , (4) increased prevalence of insulin resistance [ 135 ] , and (5) increased translocation of bacteria across the small intestine into the bloodstream as a result of immunode fi ciency [ 136 ] . Freiberg et al., studying the VACS Cohort, found that the risk of cardiovascular disease was increased (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.07-2.23) in HIV-infected men with alcohol abuse or dependence, when controlled for cardiac risk factors, ART use, and CD4 count [ 8 ] .

abstract:
  Globally, there are over 33 million persons living with HIV/AIDS resulting in 1.8 million deaths annually. While the rate of HIV transmission is slowing, it is estimated that 2.6 million new infections occur yearly [1]. In the United States, there are approximately 1.2 million living with HIV/AIDS, with 50,000 new HIV infections and 17,000 deaths from the disease annually [2]. For those who can obtain effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV/AIDS has become a chronic disease with life expectancies over 30 years [3]. Research in the last 10 years has revealed the importance of alcohol in the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Alcohol use, in moderate or hazardous amounts, has been associated with increased acquisition of HIV infection, progression of HIV infection, deleterious effects on HIV treatment, and acceleration in the comorbidities of HIV infection [4–9]. Yet alcohol remains the “forgotten drug” of the HIV/AIDS epidemic [10].


id: cord-017675-in9r33ww
title: The Way Forward: Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights
author: nan
date: 2008
txt: ./txt/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017675-in9r33ww.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122313/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78392-3_9
summary:
  The United Nations International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights recommend that criminal law not be an impediment to measures taken by States to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among injecting drug users and to provide them with HIV-related care and treatment. Visitors entering the United States on the Visa Waiver Program (which waives the requirement to apply for a visa prior to traveling to the United 9 The Way Forward Prevention, Treatment and Human Rights government policy has been that people living with HIV/AIDS do not represent a and therefore denied a visa or entry at the border, if: (1) they are likely to be a 338 would add to existing waiting lists for those services and would increase the rate US Immigration and Nationality Act, applicants for a visa or for admission to the health significance", which includes HIV infection, although waivers are available ces by Canadian citizens or permanent residents.

abstract:
  There now is a considerable body of evidence to support the view that an effective HIV/AIDS strategy integrates prevention, treatment and human rights. In this chapter, we emphasize the importance of each of these aspects and draw upon the conclusions reached in previous chapters to map out the future of HIV/AIDS. While medicine and science have a crucial role to play in addressing pandemics, whether slow-moving (like HIV/AIDS) or fast-moving (like influenza), the social, legal, political, financial and economic ramifications of pandemics can not be ignored. Well-considered social, legal, political and financial strategies are essential in order to address any pandemic effectively.


id: cord-017782-dtveihrj
title: Litigations for HIV Related Complications
author: Fong, I. W.
date: 2010-11-30
txt: ./txt/cord-017782-dtveihrj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017782-dtveihrj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122441/
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8053-3_13
summary:
  Specific charges were: (1) the GP should have repeated the HIV serology to confirm that the plaintiff was HIV infected, (2) the defendant was negligent in starting treatment for HIV infection without proof of disease, (3) the physician lacked knowledge of HIV infection and should have referred the patient to a specialist or HIV clinic, (4) treatment of toxic medications were given for several years without any clear indication, and (5) the GP did not adequately inform the patient on the pros and cons of therapy, nor explain the potential toxicities and side-effects. Although the CD4 + T lymphocyte quantitative count is a very useful and standard test to monitor patients for progression of HIV disease or response to therapy, it can be low in many conditions. Long-term non-progression or elite controllers represent <5% of HIV-infected subjects who maintain relatively normal CD4 + cell count and very low or immeasurable viral load for 8 years to decades without therapy.

abstract:
  In 1992, a 27-year-old male with same sex exposure requested human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) testing anonymously at a walk-in clinic. He was advised that the test (HIV serology) was positive and he requested a repeat test (anonymously) 1 month later, which was also reported as being positive. About 2 years later, he was assessed by a general practitioner for symptoms of depression and continued medical care. At that time, investigations revealed a CD4 T-cell count of about 700 cells/uL. Sometime in 1996 a repeat blood test revealed a CD4 cell count just <500 cells/uL. No consultation to an infectious diseases specialist or HIV clinic was made. The GP(general practitioner) then initiated a regimen consisting of didanosine, lamivudine, and saquinavir for HIV infection. At that time, testing for HIV viral load was not generally available to the medical community, but became procurable in 1997. Initially, the patient tolerated the regimen well and over the next 3 years his CD4 cell count was maintained above 600–700 cells/uL and the HIV viral load remained undetectable (<50 copies). However, the patient started to show morphologic changes of moderate facial and peripheral lipoatrophy, developed mild sensory peripheral neuropathy, and increased liver enzymes attributable to fatty liver, and elevations of the fasting serum glucose. In the summer of 2000, although the CD4 cell count remained stable, the HIV viral load was reported as being over 7,000 copies/uL. At this time, the patient was referred to a university hospital HIV clinic.


id: cord-017831-anadq4j9
title: Network Analysis of Comorbidities: Case Study of HIV/AIDS in Taiwan
author: Lai, Yi-Horng
date: 2015-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-017831-anadq4j9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017831-anadq4j9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122503/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-48319-0_14
summary:
  The results show that there is a high correlation in the following pairs/triad of diseases: human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified conditions (042) and pneumocystosis pneumonia (1363), human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified malignant neoplasms (0422) and kaposi''s sarcoma of other specified sites (1768), human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and unspecified (0429) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (0463), and lastly, human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified infections (0420), meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis (1300), and human immunodeficiency virus infection specified infections causing other specified infections (0421). In PDNs for females (Figure 4 ), human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified conditions (042) and cryptococcal meningitis (3210), kaposi''s sarcoma of unspecified (1769), and pneumocystosis (1363) are highly correlated. Human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified infections (0420) and specified infections causing other specified infections (0421), meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis (1300), pneumocystosis (1363), kaschin-beck disease (7160), kaposi''s sarcoma of other specified sites (1768), with specified malignant neoplasms (0422), and falciparum malaria (0840) are highly correlation.

abstract:
  Comorbidities are the presence of one or more additional disorders or diseases co-occurring with a primary disease or disorder. The purpose of this study is to identify diseases that co-occur with HIV/AIDS and analyze the gender differences. Data was collected from 536 HIV/AIDS admission medical records out of 1,377,469 admission medical records from 1997 to 2010 in Taiwan. In this study, the comorbidity relationships are presented in the phenotypic disease network (PDN), and φ-correlation is used to measure the distance between two diseases on the network. The results show that there is a high correlation in the following pairs/triad of diseases: human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified conditions (042) and pneumocystosis pneumonia (1363), human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified malignant neoplasms (0422) and kaposi’s sarcoma of other specified sites (1768), human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and unspecified (0429) and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (0463), and lastly, human immunodeficiency virus infection with specified infections (0420), meningoencephalitis due to toxoplasmosis (1300), and human immunodeficiency virus infection specified infections causing other specified infections (0421).


id: cord-017885-cz19y60u
title: Cryptococcosis
author: Maziarz, Eileen K.
date: 2014-11-24
txt: ./txt/cord-017885-cz19y60u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017885-cz19y60u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122569/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-13090-3_15
summary:
  While the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the outcome of cryptococcosis in many HIV-infected patients, cryptococcosis remains an entity of considerable morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world, and restoration of host immunity can present management challenges that require individualized management. In a high-risk patient with clinical symptoms suggestive of meningitis, identification of cryptococcal antigen in CSF or serum is rapid, specific, noninvasive, and virtually diagnostic of meningoencephalitis or disseminated cryptococcosis even when the India ink examination or culture is negative [42, 43] . Though combination induction therapy with AmBd and 5-FC remains the recommended standard of care for severe cryptococcosis including cryptococcal meningitis, limited availability of 5-FC in resource-limited settings presents significant challenges for managing patients in areas where the disease burden and mortality rates are highest.

abstract:
  Cryptococcosis is an infectious disease caused by the encapsulated fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Once a relatively uncommon cause of human disease, cryptococcal infection can develop in apparently immunocompetent hosts and has emerged as an important opportunistic infection in humans over the past several decades as immunocompromised populations expand in the setting of HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, malignancies, and treatment for other conditions. Clinical manifestations are myriad but pulmonary and central nervous system (CNS) infections are the most common. Improvements in diagnostic testing and standardized approaches to antifungal therapy, when available, have made considerable impact in the management of this infection. While the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the outcome of cryptococcosis in many HIV-infected patients, cryptococcosis remains an entity of considerable morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world, and restoration of host immunity can present management challenges that require individualized management. As immunocompromised populations continue to expand, it is likely that cryptococcosis will remain an important opportunistic fungal infection of humans requiring ongoing investigation.


id: cord-018070-js9vvsud
title: Human Insecurity in the People’s Republic of China: The Vulnerability of Chinese Women to HIV/AIDS
author: Hayes, Anna Marie
date: 2011-10-13
txt: ./txt/cord-018070-js9vvsud.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018070-js9vvsud.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122858/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-1799-2_2
summary:
  comm., 27 August) , 3 who was the Director of a government organization that played a key role in HIV/ AIDS prevention and treatment, responded that she believed ''women are less vulnerable [than men] to HIV/AIDS'' and that women''s vulnerability to HIV/AIDS largely depended on whether a woman was a sex worker, an intravenous drug user (IDU), if she had donated her blood, had a blood transfusion or had used other blood products (Interviewee D 2003, pers. Furthermore, she concluded that in south-west China for instance, promotion of condom use in sexual relationships was absolutely necessary because the main route of HIV infection for men there has been IDU and for women, it was through heterosexual intercourse ''within the family, within marriage, it''s not through commercial sex workers'' (Interviewee B 2003, pers.

abstract:
  HIV/AIDS has become one of the world’s leading causes of human insecurity for both men and women. In addition to physiological factors, women’s vulnerability to HIV transmission is primarily fuelled by gender inequality and gender-based discrimination and violence. Therefore, women’s vulnerability to HIV transmission is closely linked to issues of empowerment and gender-based power relations. Even with this realization however, women are still sometimes overlooked in many HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment campaigns, such as those in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), and responses to HIV/AIDS do not always actively seek to empower women. Therefore, a deficiency in women’s human security increases their HIV/AIDS vulnerability. This chapter examines the intersection of gender inequality and HIV vulnerability as it applies to women in the PRC. The unequal status of many women in China, and the privileged position accorded to Chinese men, strongly indicates that Chinese women face a heightened vulnerability to HIV transmission. While many of these vulnerabilities are similar to women elsewhere in the world and certainly are not unique to China, by overlooking the many social, cultural, economic and political factors that contribute to HIV/AIDS vulnerability and transmission of the virus, particularly those faced by women, China has a long way to go before Chinese women are protected from HIV transmission. Given that HIV/AIDS heightens human insecurity, the stage is set for Chinese women (and men) to face an insecure future if the Chinese government does not fully implement international best practice, meaning a gendered response, into its overall HIV/AIDS response.


id: cord-018137-rmtyrbg0
title: Global Stability Analysis of HIV+ Model
author: Saad, Farouk Tijjani
date: 2018-12-29
txt: ./txt/cord-018137-rmtyrbg0.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018137-rmtyrbg0.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122938/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-04164-9_109
summary:
  Two equilibriums points were found, disease free and endemic equilibrium, and basic reproduction ratio [Formula: see text] was also calculated by the use of next generation matrix. Efforts to improve the use of antiretroviral treatment in some part of the world were still not enough to reduce a significant number of deaths, the HIV/AIDS epidemic claimed 3.1 million lives in 2005, of which about 570000 were children (UNAIDS/WHO [8] ). We shall study the global stabilities of both disease free and endemic equilibria by the use of Lyapunov function. Here we use the real data obtained from MOH, in which there were a total of 13646 HIV-1 positive reported cases in the year 2016, in the year 2016 to study and predict the dynamics of HIV in Turkey using our model. Stability analysis of an HIV/Aids epidemic model with treatment Stability analysis of an HIV/AIDS epidemic model with screening Global analysis of an HIV/AIDS epidemic model

abstract:
  We developed and studied a mathematical model of HIV+. Two equilibriums points were found, disease free and endemic equilibrium, and basic reproduction ratio [Formula: see text] was also calculated by the use of next generation matrix. Global stability analysis of the equilibria was carried out by the use of Lyapunov function, and it was shown that the stability of the equilibria depends on the magnitude of the basic reproduction ratio. When [Formula: see text] , the disease free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and disease dies out. On the other hand if [Formula: see text] , the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable and epidemics occurs. Reported cases of 13646 HIV-1 positive were obtained in the year 2016 from Ministry of Health, Turkey (MOH). This data is used to present the numerical simulations, which supports the analytic result. [Formula: see text] was found to be 1.98998, which is bigger than 1, this shows the threat posed by HIV in Turkey.


id: cord-021121-qgqzr6n2
title: Global Health. Die Gesundheit der Welt in der internationalen Politik
author: Albrecht, Harro
date: 2008-10-27
txt: ./txt/cord-021121-qgqzr6n2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021121-qgqzr6n2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149046/
doi: 10.1007/s12399-008-0003-0
summary:
  Mehr Entwicklungshilfe im Kampf gegen Krankheiten und insbesondere Aids, so die Hoffnung der US-Regierung, würde nicht nur den Betroffenen helfen, sondern auch einen spürbaren wirtschaftlichen Aufschwung in den ärmsten Ländern nach sich ziehen und dadurch weltweit die Sicherheitslage verbessern. Nach der Definition des Institute of Medicine in Washington, D.C. beschäftigt sich Global Health mit Gesundheitsproblemen, welche die nationalen Grenzen überschreiten, die Lebensumstände und Erfahrungen anderer Staaten beeinflussen und die am besten durch Kooperation gelöst werden können. 3 Das ist insbesondere deshalb erstaunlich, weil die Public Health-Idee sich aus Überlegungen des deutschen Arztes und Politikers Rudolf Virchow aus dem 19. Weil Public Health dabei nicht nur die Pathologie spezifischer Erkrankungen, sondern auch die Lebensbedingungen des Menschen einbezieht, berührt das Fachgebiet unter anderem auch Fragen der Wirtschaft, Psychologie, Politik und Kultur -oder wie Rudolf Virchow es ausdrückte: "Die Medicin ist eine sociale Wissenschaft, und die Politik ist nichts weiter als Medicin im Großen." Global Health als Ausdehnung von Public Health im weltweiten Maßstab ist eines der umfassendsten Wissenschaftsgebiete.

abstract:
  With the adoption of the Millenium Development Goals in 2000, global health attracted notice to a worldwide public. This article analyzes the origins, the concept and the universal relevance of global health, discusses several international development programs (supported by the USA, the UN, as well as and by private organizations) and examines their effects and their sustainability.


id: cord-021742-sdz6d1r5
title: Pneumothorax and Barotrauma
author: Karnik, Ankur A.
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-021742-sdz6d1r5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-021742-sdz6d1r5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151955/
doi: 10.1016/b978-032304841-5.50050-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  Pneumothorax Secondary to Underlying Lung Disease In adults, SP has been reported to occur as a result of a large variety of diseases including asthma, staphylococcal septicemia, pulmonary infarction, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, familial fi brocystic pulmonary dysplasia, tuberous sclerosis, cryptogenic fi brosing alveolitis, eosinophilic granuloma, coccidioidomycosis, echinococcal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Shaver''s disease (bauxite pneumoconiosis), lymphangioleiomyomatosis, von Recklinghausen''s disease, gastropleural and colopleural fi stulas through the diaphragm into the left pleural cavity, radiation therapy to the thorax, Wegener''s granulomatosis, cystic fi brosis, acute bacterial pneumonia, and as a complication of the chemotherapy used in the treatment of malignancy and pulmonary metastases from a variety of malignancies. In those patients whose pneumothorax is large (more than 20% to 25%), progressive, or tension type; who are symptomatic; have an underlying chronic lung disease; are on a ventilator; or who have a recurrent pneumothorax, the pleural space air needs to be removed by various therapeutic means rather than be allowed to be absorbed spontaneously.


id: cord-022521-r72jtoso
title: Gastrointestinal Complications of Secondary Immunodeficiency Syndromes
author: Miller, Tracie L.
date: 2010-12-27
txt: ./txt/cord-022521-r72jtoso.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022521-r72jtoso.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158192/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-0774-8.10042-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  However, in the United States and other developed countries, severe malnutrition and new cases of perinatal HIV-1 disease are rare because of relatively high standards of living and effective highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) given to pregnant HIV-infected women that prevent transmission of HIV to the infants. Examination of both acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and HIV infection have documented reduced CD4 cell levels in GALT prior to a detectable reduction in T cells of the peripheral blood, highlighting the gastrointestinal tract''s role and susceptibility. Previous studies have shown that activated mucosal T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of enteropathy in the human small intestine 37 and can affect the morphology of the villi and crypts in a manner similar to that seen in patients with HIV-1 infection. Immune restoration disease after the treatment of immunodeficient HIV-infected patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy


id: cord-023729-dipjubn7
title: Gastrointestinal Disorders in HIV
author: Serlin, Michael H.
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-023729-dipjubn7.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023729-dipjubn7.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173545/
doi: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2882-6.50027-7
abstract: nan
summary:
  The evaluation of the HIV patient with gastrointestinal complaints requires a thorough history and physical exam, in addition to selected studies, in order to diagnose the correct disease and treat accordingly. However, with the introduction of protease inhibitors (PIs) in 1996 and ART, and the decreased incidence of AIDS, more esophageal complaints in HIV these days are related to common etiologies like gastroesophageal refl ux disease (GERD) than opportunistic infections. 5 In addition to the most common symptoms of dysphagia and odynophagia, other symptoms can also suggest esophageal disease in HIV patients, like chest pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and weight loss. This is generally because of opportunistic infections, and, similar to other pathologies in HIV patients, the incidence of enteritis has decreased in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis appears to be the most commonly described fungal etiology of diarrhea in HIV patients, and typically occurs in the Colitis setting of a systemic infection.


id: cord-076081-ue9azoyf
author: Hardon, Anita
date: 2008-07-10
txt: ./txt/cord-076081-ue9azoyf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-076081-ue9azoyf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2503967/
doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-4-16
summary:
  The AIDSImpact session concluded that more interdisciplinary research is needed on the experience of people living with HIV/AIDS with these alternative medicines, and on the ways in which these products interact (or not) with anti-retroviral therapy at pharmacological as well as psychosocial levels. Social scientists first noted this trend in the late 1980s: Charles Leslie [3] for example has shown how, in India, in response to an increased authority of biomedicine and the globalisation of health markets, Unani and Ayurvedic medicine production changed; and Afdhal and Welsch [4] described the rise of ''modern'' jamu in Indonesia. A case study from Uganda showed how health workers operating an anti-retroviral treatment program adopted a locally available traditional ointment as an alternative medication for skins problems of people living with HIV and AIDS.

title:
  Alternative medicines for AIDS in resource-poor settings: Insights from exploratory anthropological studies in Asia and Africa

abstract:
  The emergence of alternative medicines for AIDS in Asia and Africa was discussed at a satellite symposium and the parallel session on alternative and traditional treatments of the AIDSImpact meeting, held in Marseille, in July 2007. These medicines are heterogeneous, both in their presentation and in their geographic and cultural origin. The sessions focused on the role of these medications in selected resource poor settings in Africa and Asia now that access to anti-retroviral therapy is increasing. The aims of the sessions were to (1) identify the actors involved in the diffusion of these alternative medicines for HIV/AIDS, (2) explore uses and forms, and the way these medicines are given legitimacy, (3) reflect on underlying processes of globalisation and cultural differentiation, and (4) define priority questions for future research in this area. This article presents the insights generated at the meeting, illustrated with some findings from the case studies (Uganda, Senegal, Benin, Burkina Faso, China and Indonesia) that were presented. These case studies reveal the wide range of actors who are involved in the marketing and supply of alternative medicines. Regulatory mechanisms are weak. The efficacy claims of alternative medicines often reinforce a biomedical paradigm for HIV/AIDS, and fit with a healthy living ideology promoted by AIDS care programs and support groups. The AIDSImpact session concluded that more interdisciplinary research is needed on the experience of people living with HIV/AIDS with these alternative medicines, and on the ways in which these products interact (or not) with anti-retroviral therapy at pharmacological as well as psychosocial levels.


id: cord-104490-t42eccng
author: Frimpong, Shadrack
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-104490-t42eccng.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-104490-t42eccng.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513442/
doi: nan
summary:
  Financially sustainable and community-driven educational interventions for young girls can help to address these challenges and improve health outcomes in LMICs and help curb epidemics. Similarly, many other African governments, with the help of international partners, joined these laudable efforts by providing hundreds of millions of dollars to establish schools for girls and to embark on public education programs in rural communities [9] . From our experience with community engagement, ysis and systematic reviews has suggested approaches such as Conditional Cash Transfers and bonuses as effective incentives for increasing girls'' school enrollment in developing countries [1, 28] . Successful implementation of such efforts would significantly improve educational access and health outcomes for young girls and, consequently, provide long-lasting approaches to fight the spread and impact of epidemics when they emerge. School-based sexual health education interventions to prevent STI/HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

title:
  A Case for Girl-child Education to Prevent and Curb the Impact of Emerging Infectious Diseases Epidemics

abstract:
  Not only do epidemics such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), and the current Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) cause the loss of millions of lives, but they also cost the global economy billions of dollars. Consequently, there is an urgent need to formulate interventions that will help control their spread and impact when they emerge. The education of young girls and women is one such historical approach. They are usually the vulnerable targets of disease outbreaks – they are most likely to be vehicles for the spread of epidemics due to their assigned traditional roles in resource-limited countries. Based on our work and the work of others on educational interventions, we propose six critical components of a cost-effective and sustainable response to promote girl-child education in resource-limited settings.


id: cord-104491-uu2rbtem
author: Andiman, Warren A.
date: 2020-09-30
txt: ./txt/cord-104491-uu2rbtem.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-104491-uu2rbtem.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7513449/
doi: nan
summary:
  However, a search of the medical records at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH) would have revealed names of at least a dozen additional patients living with HIV. In time, the Hospital''s Board of Trustees gave the go-ahead for the "official" creation of the "AIDS Care Program." Soon the City of New Haven and local charitable organizations joined us in common cause. We made clear our need for funding and asked for official promises by the hospital and medical school to establish an AIDS Care Program, in perpetuity, dedicated to the ongoing outpatient and inpatient care of HIV-infected patients of all ages. Following years of reluctance on the part of "professional" foster parents to bring babies living with HIV into their homes, we joined with the Connecticut State Department of Social Services and rolled-out intensive educational programs that featured infection control guidelines.

title:
  Where Have All the “AIDS Babies” Gone? A Historical Memoir of the Pediatric AIDS Epidemic in New Haven and its Eventual Eradication

abstract:
  S.L. was one of our first HIV-positive babies. He was born at Yale-New Haven Hospital (YNHH) in 1982. His mother was a sex worker who also injected drugs. He died at 3½ years following multiple episodes of opportunistic infection and metastatic lymphoma. In the years between 1986 and 1990, 163 HIV-positive mothers gave birth at YNHH. The mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) rate was 20 percent. Women represented 8 percent of all HIV cases in the US compared with 29 percent in New Haven. We had a six times greater proportion of children living with HIV. The mean number of HIV-exposed babies rose annually from 26 (1985-87) to 37 (1988-90). Our first team of caregivers comprised a nurse practitioner, a social worker, and me. We were, in time, joined by a growing number of colleagues. Enlightened and generous hospital administrators provided us with outpatient space and the promise of continued funding to support additional staff and in 1987, an independent Pediatric AIDS Care Program. We implemented the proven MTCT prevention guidelines articulated in the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) protocol 076 and by 1995, the MTCT rate at YNHH fell to 9 percent. Since 1996, the MTCT rate at YNHH has been zero percent. Combination antiretroviral therapy, cART, made its debut in the mid-1990s; five classes of drugs with multiple agents in each were licensed between 2003 and 2013. We designed individual treatment plans for each child and gradually entered an era when our clinic was populated with healthier long-term survivors. Our Program flourished, based on a multidisciplinary approach which honored interprofessional collaboration.


id: cord-251939-dvbua4pf
title: AIDS denial in Asia: Dimensions and roots
author: Nepal, Binod
date: 2007-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-251939-dvbua4pf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-251939-dvbua4pf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0168851007001157
doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2007.04.011
summary:
  These are (1) historical impressions that STDs are Western diseases, (2) desire of some Asian leaders to forge Eastern points of view, and (3) long-held negative image towards the peoples or groups who happened to be at the front-line of the population groups exposed to the epidemic. observed that although information about devastating impacts of HIV/AIDS in Africa was widely circulated in the region, most countries in Asia took no initiative to adopt the measures proven to be effective in controlling the epidemic [9] . The negative public image of HIV/AIDS and people carrying the virus is not only associated with the nature of the disease but also with the socially constructed meaning or understanding about the risk factors. Generally, India and China kept questioning the validity of the HIV/AIDS estimates and relevance of the prevention programs prescribed by the international institutions and Western health experts.

abstract:
  Abstract AIDS denial has long been viewed as the obstacle to forging effective response in many Asian countries. This article examines the dimensions and roots of this phenomenon. It identifies seven types of views, attitudes, or tendencies that can be described as denial, dissent, disagreements, or doubts. Three major factors underlying the AIDS denial are discussed. These are (1) historical impressions that STDs are Western diseases, (2) desire of some Asian leaders to forge Eastern points of view, and (3) long-held negative image towards the peoples or groups who happened to be at the front-line of the population groups exposed to the epidemic. The third factor is the most important source of denial. AIDS denial is not a new and isolated phenomenon but the one shaped by the global and historical institutions. Asian AIDS denial reflects the authoritarian and moralist grievances arising from the perceived deterioration of traditional moral order.


id: cord-252039-732z92dd
title: Responding to Pandemics: What We’ve Learned from HIV/AIDS
author: Valdiserri, Ronald O.
date: 2020-04-09
txt: ./txt/cord-252039-732z92dd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252039-732z92dd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32274671/
doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02859-5
abstract: nan
summary:
  Given the widespread implementation of social distancing (also known by the more accurate designation of "physical distancing") in response to COVID-19 disease, public health leaders are deeply interested in the outcomes of these same so-called "nonpharmaceutical interventions" when they were deployed in response to another deadly pandemic of a respiratory virus, the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 [2] . Without denying the importance of prophylaxis that can prevent the acquisition of HIV [15] or the impact of effective treatments that can reduce viral load such that the risk of sexual transmission is essentially nil [16] , we would not be able to realistically visualize the end of AIDS in the United States without the continued public investment in systems that are necessary to prevent infection, improve health outcomes for those living with HIV and monitor changes in disease spread and outcome.


id: cord-254187-dcdc6sqi
title: “What, me worry?” Businesses and AIDS at Davos
author: Kimball, AM
date: 2005-04-05
txt: ./txt/cord-254187-dcdc6sqi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-254187-dcdc6sqi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673605747929
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74792-9
abstract: nan
summary:
  At the Davos Summit in February, 2005, the World Economic Forum released its current survey on businesses and HIV/AIDS. In Asia, the prospective new epicentre of the epidemic, the efforts of the Thailand Business Coalition on AIDS and the Tata Group in India highlight roles business can play: prevention and education for workers; workplace programmes to prevent discrimination; and public-private collaboration and funding for effective programmes. 5 The most recent survey of the World Economic Forum''s Global Health Initiative 6 shows that awareness by business that AIDS will affect operations and profits reflects the level of efforts to combat the disease. 6 The Global Health Initiative worked with several South African firms to organise case studies, which vividly illustrate the imperatives and benefits for companies offering antiretrovirals to their employees. A role for business in HIV/AIDS in Asia


id: cord-256459-6h358si5
title: Gastrointestinal manifestations of HIV infection
author: Sharpstone, D
date: 1996-08-10
txt: ./txt/cord-256459-6h358si5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-256459-6h358si5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673696010343
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)01034-3
summary:
  Mucosal biopsy: Although diagnosis by stool analysis alone has been suggested by Johanson and Sonnenberg, 32 this study may have overestimated the value of symptomatic treatment and ignored the possibility that cytomegalovirus infection sometimes responds to therapy. Analysis of six stool samples and histological examination of small and large bowel biopsy speicmens detect more than 90% of infectious causes of diarrhoea in HIV-seropositive individuals. Since diagnosis of cytomegalovirus enteritis is improving, patients with milder symptoms are being detected and the quality of life with treatment-anti-CMV agents have to be given intravenously and have considerable toxicitymay not be enhanced compared with no therapy. The other origin of abdominal pain unique to HIV-seropositive patients is an AIDS-related sclerosing cholangitis caused by various opportunists including Microsporidia, CMV, and Cryptosporidia. Effects of zidovudine treatment on the small intestinal mucosa in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus Atrovaquone is effective treatment for the symptoms of gastrointestinal microsporidiosis in HIV-1 infected patients

abstract:
  The harrowing picture of emaciated terminally ill AIDS patients is a reminder of our lack of understanding of immunological mechanisms that normally control opportunistic infections. Many gastrointestinal pathogens in patients with AIDS are resistant to treatment and lead inexorably to weight loss and death. Although knowledge of the pathogenesis and clinical significance of weight loss has improved considerably, this has not yet led to a sustained effort to improve nutritional status during early stages of disease.


id: cord-258792-4lakgpxp
author: Yoon, Sung‐Won
date: 2008-04-08
txt: ./txt/cord-258792-4lakgpxp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-258792-4lakgpxp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00009.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9469.2008.00009.x
summary:
  Unless and until the Chinese leadership examines the nationalistic element embedded in their approach towards growing disease Sung-Won Yoon: Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation epidemics and globalising health challenges, China''s ascendance to great power status will actually be harmed rather than helped. A major factor behind the government''s recent change in its attitude towards the AIDS epidemic seemed to be the outbreak of SARS in China in Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism: Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008 2003, which exposed the dangers of not reacting to emerging infectious diseases. It is argued that global health governance may influence the nation''s response to the threats posed by emerging infectious diseases such as SARS or AIDS as a mode of building political compromises but does not considerably alter the nation''s behaviour, at least for China.

title:
  Sovereign Dignity, Nationalism and the Health of a Nation: A Study of China''s Response in Combat of Epidemics

abstract:
  This paper seeks to understand the role of nationalism in China's policy towards the combat of emerging infectious diseases. By locating nationalism as a factor which facilitates or impedes global governance and international collaboration, this paper explores how nationalism influences China's political decision‐making. Given her historical experience, China has in its national psyche an impulse never to become ‘the sick man of the East’ again. Today, China's willingness to co‐operate with international bodies emanates out of reputational concerns rather than technical‐medical considerations. This was clearly manifested in her handling of two epidemics in recent years: the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and HIV/AIDS episodes. This paper concludes that China's nationalism plays an inhibiting role in China's attempts to further incorporate herself into the architecture of global health governance in the long run.


id: cord-259846-oxbmtend
author: Naik, Parvaiz Ahmad
date: 2020-06-18
txt: ./txt/cord-259846-oxbmtend.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259846-oxbmtend.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0960077920302265
doi: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.109826
summary:
  Furthermore, for the fractional optimal control problem associated with the control strategies such as condom use for exposed class, treatment for aware infectives, awareness about disease among unaware infectives and behavioral change for susceptibles, we formulated a fractional optimality condition for the proposed model. We incorporate into the model time dependent controls such as condom use for exposed individuals, treatment for infected female sex workers, awareness about the disease among unaware infectives and behavioral change for susceptibles in order to reduce the risk of the spread of HIV/AIDS disease. In order to justify our theoretical findings, we introduced in this section some numerical experiments obtained for different instances of fractional power κ for the HIV epidemic model without control (9) and with control (24) along with adjoint variable systems and the control strategies. We present the numerical results for the model (9) when all control measures are absent and also to examine the role of fractional order κ on the HIV disease spread.

title:
  Global dynamics of a fractional order model for the transmission of HIV epidemic with optimal control

abstract:
  In this paper, a nonlinear fractional order epidemic model for HIV transmission is proposed and analyzed by including extra compartment namely exposed class to the basic SIR epidemic model. Also, the infected class of female sex workers is divided into unaware infectives and the aware infectives. The focus is on the spread of HIV by female sex workers through prostitution, because in the present world sexual transmission is the major cause of the HIV transmission. The exposed class contains those susceptible males in the population who have sexual contact with the female sex workers and are exposed to the infection directly or indirectly. The Caputo type fractional derivative is involved and generalized Adams-Bashforth-Moulton method is employed to numerically solve the proposed model. Model equilibria are determined and their stability analysis is considered by using fractional Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion and fractional La-Salle invariant principle. Analysis of the model demonstrates that the population is free from the disease if [Formula: see text] and disease spreads in the population if [Formula: see text]. Meanwhile, by using Lyapunov functional approach, the global dynamics of the endemic equilibrium point is discussed. Furthermore, for the fractional optimal control problem associated with the control strategies such as condom use for exposed class, treatment for aware infectives, awareness about disease among unaware infectives and behavioral change for susceptibles, we formulated a fractional optimality condition for the proposed model. The existence of fractional optimal control is analyzed and the Euler-Lagrange necessary conditions for the optimality of fractional optimal control are obtained. The effectiveness of control strategies is shown through numerical simulations and it can be seen through simulation, that the control measures effectively increase the quality of life and age limit of the HIV patients. It significantly reduces the number of HIV/AIDS patients during the whole epidemic.


id: cord-263438-9ra94uda
title: Emerging and reemerging diseases: a historical perspective
author: Snowden, Frank M.
date: 2008-09-19
txt: ./txt/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-263438-9ra94uda.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18837773/
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00677.x
summary:
  Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. In 1996, in addition, President Bill Clinton (28) issued a fact sheet entitled ''Addressing the Threat of Emerging Infectious Diseases'' in which he declared them ''one of the most significant health and security challenges facing the global community.'' There were also highly visible hearings on emerging infections in the US Congress (29) . The Rand Corporation intelligence report The Global Threat of New and Reemerging Infectious Diseases: Reconciling U.S. National Security and Public Health Policy (53) had two leading themes.

abstract:
  Summary: Between mid‐century and 1992, there was a consensus that the battle against infectious diseases had been won, and the Surgeon General announced that it was time to close the book. Experience with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, the return of cholera to the Americas in 1991, the plague outbreak in India in 1994, and the emergence of Ebola in Zaire in 1995 created awareness of a new vulnerability to epidemics due to population growth, unplanned urbanization, antimicrobial resistance, poverty, societal change, and rapid mass movement of people. The increasing virulence of dengue fever with dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome disproved the theory of the evolution toward commensalism, and the discovery of the microbial origins of peptic ulcer demonstrated the reach of infectious diseases. The Institute of Medicine coined the term ‘emerging and reemerging diseases’ to explain that the world had entered an era in which the vulnerability to epidemics in the United States and globally was greater than ever. The United States and the World Health Organization took devised rapid response systems to monitor and contain disease outbreaks and to develop new weapons against microbes. These mechanisms were tested by severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2003, and a series of practical and conceptual blind spots in preparedness were revealed.


id: cord-264699-l8db5gll
title: Virus-mediated modulation of the host endocrine signaling systems: clinical implications
author: Kino, Tomoshige
date: 2007-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-264699-l8db5gll.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264699-l8db5gll.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S104327600700046X
doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.03.003
summary:
  For example, HIV-1-encoded gp120 molecules, which are located on the surface of the viral particle and have a major role in the entry of viruses into target cells, demonstrate amino acid sequence similarity to the growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) receptor of the host and suppress the activation of this receptor by GHRH. In addition to their extracellular actions, many viral molecules act inside infected cells to modulate intracellular host signaling systems, including transcriptional regulation of target genes by hormones. In agreement with these findings, one of the HIV-1 proteins, Vpr, which is a 96-amino acid virion-associated accessory protein that has multiple functions (including influencing transcriptional activity and arresting the cell cycle), increases the effects of GR stimulation by several fold, functioning as a nuclear receptor coactivator in cooperation with a host cell coactivator complex containing p300 or its homolog CREB-binding protein (CBP) [29] [30] [31] [32] .

abstract:
  Viruses, which are among the simplest infective pathogens, can produce characteristic endocrine manifestations in infected patients. In addition to the classic modification of the host endocrine system by either direct or indirect destruction of the endocrine organs and/or effects exerted by systemic production of inflammatory and/or stress mediators, recent progress in molecular virology and endocrinology has revealed that virus-encoded molecules might alter the host endocrine-signaling systems by affecting extracellular and/or intracellular signal transduction and hormone sensitivity of host target tissues. Here, we provide a brief overview of such viral-mediated modulation of host endocrine signaling systems. We propose that virus-encoded molecules and the signaling systems they influence are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of disorders that are associated with some viral infections.


id: cord-268712-rxdw553c
title: Posttraumatic growth and adjustment among individuals with cancer or HIV/AIDS: A meta-analysis
author: Sawyer, Alexandra
date: 2010-03-02
txt: ./txt/cord-268712-rxdw553c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268712-rxdw553c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20350775/
doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.004
summary:
  Consequently, this meta-analysis explored the relationship between posttraumatic growth and psychological and physical wellbeing in adults diagnosed with cancer or HIV/AIDS and examined potential moderators of these relationships. As such the aim of the current paper is to present a meta-analysis of the existing literature that will aim to objectively summarize PTG and its relation to adjustment in individuals living with a life threatening illness (cancer or HIV/ AIDS) and to examine potential moderators of this relationship. Primarily it is concerned with estimating the overall effect size of the relationship between PTG following a life threatening illness (cancer or HIV/AIDS) and various indicators of adjustment. This meta-analytic review summarized the findings from 38 studies examining the association between PTG following cancer or HIV/AIDS and positive psychological adjustment, negative psychological adjustment, and subjective physical health.

abstract:
  There is increasing research on posttraumatic growth after life-threatening illnesses such as cancer and HIV/AIDS, although it is unclear whether growth confers any psychological or physical benefits in such samples. Consequently, this meta-analysis explored the relationship between posttraumatic growth and psychological and physical wellbeing in adults diagnosed with cancer or HIV/AIDS and examined potential moderators of these relationships. Analysis of 38 studies (N = 7927) of posttraumatic growth after cancer or HIV/AIDS revealed that growth was related to increased positive mental health, reduced negative mental health and better subjective physical health. Moderators of these relationships included time since the event, age, ethnicity, and type of negative mental health outcome. It is hoped that this synthesis will encourage further examination of the potentially complex relationship between posttraumatic growth and adjustment in individuals living with life-threatening medical conditions.


id: cord-270726-w59fu9c9
author: Dikman, Andrew E.
date: 2015-03-14
txt: ./txt/cord-270726-w59fu9c9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-270726-w59fu9c9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-015-3615-y
doi: 10.1007/s10620-015-3615-y
summary:
  The etiology of noninfectious diarrhea in patients with HIV is multifactorial and includes ART-associated diarrhea and gastrointestinal damage related to HIV infection (i.e., HIV enteropathy). A basic algorithm for the diagnosis of diarrhea in patients with HIV includes physical examination, a review of medical history, assessment of HIV viral load and CD4+ T cell count, stool microbiologic assessment, and endoscopic evaluation, if needed. In addition, these agents can be associated with treatment-limiting adverse events (AEs), such as drug–drug interactions with ART regimens, abuse liability, and additional gastrointestinal AEs. Currently, crofelemer, an antisecretory agent, is the only therapy approved in the USA for the symptomatic relief of noninfectious diarrhea in patients with HIV on ART. While infection has historically been the major cause of diarrhea in patients with HIV, with the widespread use of ART therapy, noninfectious diarrhea has become a burden in this population.

title:
  Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Diarrhea: Still an Issue in the Era of Antiretroviral Therapy

abstract:
  Over half of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience diarrhea that contributes negatively to quality of life and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Opportunistic infectious agents that cause diarrhea in patients with HIV span the array of protozoa, fungi, viruses, and bacteria. With global use of ART, the incidence of diarrhea because of opportunistic infections has decreased; however, the incidence of noninfectious diarrhea has increased. The etiology of noninfectious diarrhea in patients with HIV is multifactorial and includes ART-associated diarrhea and gastrointestinal damage related to HIV infection (i.e., HIV enteropathy). A basic algorithm for the diagnosis of diarrhea in patients with HIV includes physical examination, a review of medical history, assessment of HIV viral load and CD4+ T cell count, stool microbiologic assessment, and endoscopic evaluation, if needed. For patients with negative diagnostic results, the diagnosis of noninfectious diarrhea may be considered. Pharmacologic options for the treatment of noninfectious diarrhea are primarily supportive; however, the use of many unapproved agents is based on unstudied and anecdotal information. In addition, these agents can be associated with treatment-limiting adverse events (AEs), such as drug–drug interactions with ART regimens, abuse liability, and additional gastrointestinal AEs. Currently, crofelemer, an antisecretory agent, is the only therapy approved in the USA for the symptomatic relief of noninfectious diarrhea in patients with HIV on ART.


id: cord-274061-ynqxgyw6
title: Blood system changes since recognition of transfusion‐associated AIDS
author: Epstein, Jay S.
date: 2013-10-17
txt: ./txt/cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-274061-ynqxgyw6.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24032622/
doi: 10.1111/trf.12373
abstract: nan
summary:
  In a set of 14 recommendations directed primarily at federal agencies, the IOM called for a more responsive and integrated decision-making process including establishment of a Blood Safety Council reporting to a designated Blood Safety Director within HHS and a standing "expert panel" to assure communication of blood product risks and alternatives to their use both to care providers and to the public. Several possible strategies were presented, including deferral of blood donations by persons known to be at increased risk for AIDS and the use of surrogate tests to identify persons at increased risk of transmission, such as those with detectable antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) or low CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios. The Transfusion Transmitted Virus Study, supported by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, published a retrospective analysis of a prospective study that showed that alanine aminotransferase (ALT) testing of donors might effect a 30% reduction in TAH incidence.


id: cord-275880-d53xe5oh
title: A Pinch of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure: Proactive Dentistry in the Wake of COVID-19.
author: Halepas, Steven
date: 2020-04-09
txt: ./txt/cord-275880-d53xe5oh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-275880-d53xe5oh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302529/
doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.03.036
abstract: nan
summary:
  In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in an attempt to protect health care workers, OSHA and the CDC proposed guidelines to reduce exposure to bloodborne pathogens such as HIV and hepatitis B. In an op-ed published in the New York Times on November 12, 1989, Dr. Avrum Goldstein, a periodontist from New Haven, CT, expressed his opposition this way: "...these regulations will bring about changes in the dentist-patient relationship and make it more difficult to practice dentistry. Patients'' needs a warm and trusting relationship with their dentist to help overcome fears and make necessary dentistry possible. The AIDS pandemic resulted in masks, gowns, and eye protection. It found that the SARS outbreak had a large impact on providers with some countries reporting that 25-33% of those infected were health care workers. Will dentistry accept the advances or continue our history of fighting change?


id: cord-279175-2j1mmoht
title: Social Factors Associated with AIDS and SARS
author: Des Jarlais, Don C.
date: 2005-11-17
txt: ./txt/cord-279175-2j1mmoht.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-279175-2j1mmoht.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16318735/
doi: 10.3201/eid1111.050424
summary:
  We conducted a survey of 928 New York City area residents to assess knowledge and worry about AIDS and SARS. We conducted a survey of 928 New York City area residents to assess knowledge and worry about AIDS and SARS. Table 2 presents the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents and shows their relationship to worry about contracting AIDS or SARS. In this analysis, we examined characteristics of respondents who reported that they were "very worried" about contracting AIDS or SARS. The factors associated with being poorly informed and worried about contracting AIDS and SARS varied; respondents in the lower socioeconomic group were likely less informed and more worried about both of the diseases. Given the widespread disparities in health among racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups in the United States (8) , that these factors were associated with being less informed and more worried about contracting AIDS or SARS was not surprising.

abstract:
  We conducted a survey of 928 New York City area residents to assess knowledge and worry about AIDS and SARS. Specific sociodemographic groups of persons were more likely to be less informed and more worried about contracting the diseases.


id: cord-280823-i1n8mu8b
title: Pseudoscience in medicine: cautionary recommendations
author: Callaghan, Chris
date: 2019-12-17
txt: ./txt/cord-280823-i1n8mu8b.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-280823-i1n8mu8b.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32127888/
doi: 10.4314/ahs.v19i4.34
summary:
  OBJECTIVES: With reference to a specific type of medical denialism associated with moral failure, justified by dissident AIDS and anti-vaccine scientific publications, this paper seeks to make the argument that this type of denialism meets certain longstanding definitions for classification as pseudoscience. Such an approach offers a useful heuristic in order to highlight a certain type of harmful use of science, which, according to established literature 19 , has previously been categorised as ''pseudoscience.'' These examples are taken to represent pseudoscience in medicine, which is defined here as scientific denialism associated with moral failure, justifying itself in terms of dissident scientific publication in order to advance agendas with the potential to do medical harm to human populations.

abstract:
  INTRODUCTION: Certain real life applications of scientific and social science ideas that knowingly reject accumulated empirical biomedical evidence have been termed ‘pseudoscience,’ or empirical rejectionism. An uncritical acceptance of empiricism, or even of evidence-based medicine, however, can also be problematic. OBJECTIVES: With reference to a specific type of medical denialism associated with moral failure, justified by dissident AIDS and anti-vaccine scientific publications, this paper seeks to make the argument that this type of denialism meets certain longstanding definitions for classification as pseudoscience. METHODS: This paper uses a conceptual framework to make certain arguments and to juxtapose arguments for evidence-based approaches to medicine against literature that highlights certain limitations of an unquestioning approach to empiricism. RESULTS: Discussions of certain real life examples are used to derive the important insight that, under certain conditions, moral failure can result in the violation both Type I and Type II scientific error types, with catastrophic consequences. CONCLUSION: It is argued that the validity of all theory should not be assumed before sufficient empirical evidence has accumulated to support its validity across contexts. However, caution is required, to avoid the consequences of an unquestioning approach to empiricism.


id: cord-284128-3obc5k5u
title: Concerns of HIV-positive migrant workers in COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action
author: Ahmed, Ali
date: 2020-09-08
txt: ./txt/cord-284128-3obc5k5u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284128-3obc5k5u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33110542/
doi: 10.7189/jogh.10.020342
abstract: nan
summary:
  During this time, it is crucial to properly identify HIV/AIDS patients to ensure that they continue to receive timely and equitable access to health care and health support as they are increasingly vulnerable to COVID-19 consequences [2] . The lockdown and quarantine measures taken by most countries have been daunting for its HIV/AIDS-infected migrant population (legal or illegal) many of whom have been forced into unemployment and are unsure how to access appropriate health support, obtain essential medications or treatment [6] . The World Health Organization (WHO) should provide guidelines to all countries with HIV/AIDS infected migrants (whether legal or illegal) to adhere to so the migrant population continues to receive fair, assured and uninterrupted supply of ART treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain their immunity, health and decrease risk of CO-VID-19 contraction.


id: cord-293379-c4qdmkw5
title: HIV and AIDS: looking ahead
author: Weiss, Robin A
date: 2003
txt: ./txt/cord-293379-c4qdmkw5.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-293379-c4qdmkw5.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12835710/
doi: 10.1038/nm0703-887
summary:
  Fifteen years ago, AIDS in South Africa was seen in a handful of gay white men who had traveled to the United States, but now more than four million South African black men, women and children are infected with HIV. 19 argue in this issue, much has been accomplished in reducing the transmission of HIV and, given politi-cal will, persuasive ''risk'' education and sufficient resources, "the science exists to turn the pandemic around." Certainly, the continuing spread of disease could be slowed significantly, as has been seen in Senegal, Thailand and Uganda, but whether without an efficacious vaccine we can reduce R 0 to less than onethat is, reduce the mean rate of transmission from one infected person to less than one other personremains speculative. Infected sheep develop a wasting disease and neurodegeneration similar to that seen in humans with AIDS, but they do not show T-helper-cell immune deficiency.

abstract:
  Although the future of HIV science is uncertain, we need to reappraise HIV diversity, pathogenesis and immunity. The AIDS pandemic threatens the success of existing vaccine programs and may accelerate the emergence of new infectious diseases.


id: cord-294441-nehorqhi
title: Plagues and adaptation: Lessons from the Felidae models for SARS and AIDS
author: O’Brien, Stephen J.
date: 2006-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-294441-nehorqhi.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-294441-nehorqhi.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32226081/
doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.001
summary:
  A highly virulent feline coronavirus epidemic in African cheetahs, a disease model for human SARS, illustrates the critical role of ancestral population genetic variation. As these examples illustrate, strong parallels exist between disease in human and endangered wildlife and argue for an integration of the research fields of comparative genomics, infectious disease, epidemiology, molecular genetics and population biology for an effective proactive conservation approach. Representing carnivores, the cat family Felidae offers numerous examples of reduced genetic var-iation in natural populations common to endangered species including Asian lion (Panthera leo persica) (Gilbert et al., 1991) , cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (Menotti-Raymond and O''Brien, 1993) , tiger (P. Our ongoing research into host-pathogen interactions in the cat family Felidae offers additional insights on how the application of molecular genomic technologies to non-human animal species not traditionally studied in research laboratories holds real promise in conservation.

abstract:
  Abstract Research studies of infectious disease outbreaks in wild species of the cat family Felidae have revealed unusual details regarding forces that shape population survival and genetic resistance in these species. A highly virulent feline coronavirus epidemic in African cheetahs, a disease model for human SARS, illustrates the critical role of ancestral population genetic variation. Widespread prevalence of species specific feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), a relative of HIV–AIDS, occurs with little pathogenesis in felid species, except in domestic cats, suggesting immunological adaptation in species where FIV is endemic. Resolving the interaction of host and pathogen genomes can shed new light on the process of disease outbreak in wildlife and in humankind. The role of disease in endangered populations and species is difficult to access as opportunities to monitor outbreaks in natural populations are limited. Conservation management may benefit greatly from advances in molecular genetic tools developed for human biomedical research to assay the biodiversity of both host species and emerging pathogen. As these examples illustrate, strong parallels exist between disease in human and endangered wildlife and argue for an integration of the research fields of comparative genomics, infectious disease, epidemiology, molecular genetics and population biology for an effective proactive conservation approach.


id: cord-295290-hs5ntlok
title: Mechanisms of autoimmunity and AIDS: prospects for therapeutic intervention
author: Atlan, H.
date: 1994-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-295290-hs5ntlok.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295290-hs5ntlok.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7991942/
doi: 10.1016/s0923-2494(94)80181-9
summary:
  Based on this hypothesis, a T-cell vaccination procedure against effector T cells responsible for autoimmunopathic activity in HIV-seropositive patients is proposed, similar to the one known from experimental study of autoimmunity and presently being tested in human autoimmune diseases. These include cross-reactive recognition of self-MHC and a secondary antiidiotypic response to CD4, to be found in the first large set of references mentioned above, elimination of infected T4 cells by virus-specific, HLArestricted cytotoxic lymphocytes (Shearer, 1986; Zinkernagel, 1988) , elimination of uninfected T4 cells by immune responses directed against HIV (Klatzmann and Gluckman, 1986; Salk, 1987; Lyerly et al., 1987; Lanzavecchia et al., 1988; Lanzavecchia, 1989 ; Siliciano et al., 1988 ; Israel-Biet et al., 1990 ; Morrow et al., 1991) and/or T4 cell antigens (Stricker et al., 1987; Martinez-A. Autoimmunopathic destruction of T4 cells might thus result, in this case, from the destabilization of a self-tolerance-maintaining regulatory network by immune responses to HIV components with homologies to antigens normally present on T4 cells.

abstract:
  Summary The network theory of autoimmunity is presented with recent experimental data relevant to the understanding of the pathogenesis of AIDS. Schematically, effector T cells specific for self-antigens exist normally, but their activity is modulated and prevented by networks of regulatory T cells. As a result of mimicry between molecular components of microorganisms and self-antigens, autoimmune disease can be triggered by specific foreign pathogens which alter the state of activity of the network from suppression to activation. Conversely, by a procedure known as T-cell vaccination, autologous effector T cells re-injected after in vitro stimulation and attenuation may alter the state of the network from an activation to a suppression. Numerous observations are reviewed that support the concept of autoimmune activity in the destruction of non-infected T4 cells. Such activity is presumed to be triggered by an antigen of viral origin, the most likely, but not the only one, being the envelope protein gp120. Based on this hypothesis, a T-cell vaccination procedure against effector T cells responsible for autoimmunopathic activity in HIV-seropositive patients is proposed, similar to the one known from experimental study of autoimmunity and presently being tested in human autoimmune diseases. Its purpose would be to prevent T-cell loss and the onset of immunodeficiency disease in HIV-seropositive patients. Apart from its potential therapeutic value, this procedure will have use as a therapeutic test from which insight will be gained about the immunopathogenesis of AIDS.


id: cord-297257-lzybfwc2
title: Chloroquine and beyond: exploring anti-rheumatic drugs to reduce immune hyperactivation in HIV/AIDS
author: Savarino, Andrea
date: 2015-06-18
txt: ./txt/cord-297257-lzybfwc2.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-297257-lzybfwc2.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12977-015-0178-0
doi: 10.1186/s12977-015-0178-0
summary:
  The quest for clinical candidates to counteract immune activation has become a "hot topic" in AIDS research, because HIV infection is characterized by malignant immune hyperactivation which correlates with disease progression and poor response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] . We here provide a state of the art of the studies investigating the use of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine as a therapeutic tool for HIV/AIDS and suggest the possible biological grounds for the clinical results obtained. This view is supported by another recent study which shows that chloroquine sensitizes to apoptosis the latently infected cells upon viral reactivation, likely by removing the anti-apoptotic effect of the virus structural gag gene products [50] . Published clinical studies evaluating the effects of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine administration, alone or in combination with other drugs, in HIV infected subjects.

abstract:
  The restoration of the immune system prompted by antiretroviral therapy (ART) has allowed drastically reducing the mortality and morbidity of HIV infection. However, one main source of clinical concern is the persistence of immune hyperactivation in individuals under ART. Chronically enhanced levels of T-cell activation are associated with several deleterious effects which lead to faster disease progression and slower CD4(+) T-cell recovery during ART. In this article, we discuss the rationale, and review the results, of the use of antimalarial quinolines, such as chloroquine and its derivative hydroxychloroquine, to counteract immune activation in HIV infection. Despite the promising results of several pilot trials, the most recent clinical data indicate that antimalarial quinolines are unlikely to exert a marked beneficial effect on immune activation. Alternative approaches will likely be required to reproducibly decrease immune activation in the setting of HIV infection. If the quinoline-based strategies should nevertheless be pursued in future studies, particular care must be devoted to the dosage selection, in order to maximize the chances to obtain effective in vivo drug concentrations.


id: cord-300467-zht8olyh
title: Laboratory Systems and Services Are Critical in Global Health: Time to End the Neglect?
author: Nkengasong, John N.
date: 2010-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-300467-zht8olyh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300467-zht8olyh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1309/ajcpmpsinq9brmu6
doi: 10.1309/ajcpmpsinq9brmu6
summary:
  To sustainably strengthen national laboratory systems in resource-poor countries, the following approaches are needed: (1) developing integrative national laboratory strategic plans and policies and building systems to address multiple diseases; (2) establishing public-private partnerships; (3) ensuring effective leadership, commitment, and coordination by host governments of efforts of donors and partners; (4) establishing and/or strengthening centers of excellence and field epidemiology and laboratory training programs to meet shortand medium-term training and retention goals; and (5) establishing affordable, scalable, and effective laboratory accreditation schemes to ensure quality of laboratory tests and bridge the gap between clinicians and laboratory experts on the use of test results.

abstract:
  The $63 billion comprehensive global health initiative (GHI) emphasizes health systems strengthening (HSS) to tackle challenges, including child and maternal health, HIV/AIDS, family planning, and neglected tropical diseases. GHI and other initiatives are critical to fighting emerging and reemerging diseases in resource-poor countries. HSS is also an increasing focus of the $49 billion program of the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Laboratory systems and services are often neglected in resource-poor settings, but the funding offers an opportunity to end the neglect. To sustainably strengthen national laboratory systems in resource-poor countries, the following approaches are needed: (1) developing integrative national laboratory strategic plans and policies and building systems to address multiple diseases; (2) establishing public-private partnerships; (3) ensuring effective leadership, commitment, and coordination by host governments of efforts of donors and partners; (4) establishing and/or strengthening centers of excellence and field epidemiology and laboratory training programs to meet short- and medium-term training and retention goals; and (5) establishing affordable, scalable, and effective laboratory accreditation schemes to ensure quality of laboratory tests and bridge the gap between clinicians and laboratory experts on the use of test results.


id: cord-300793-tuq8z6gm
title: Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases
author: Weiss, Robin A
date: 2004
txt: ./txt/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300793-tuq8z6gm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15577934/
doi: 10.1038/nm1150
summary:
  About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires'' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. Emerging infectious diseases in humans comprise the following: first, established diseases undergoing increased incidence or geographic spread, for example, Tuberculosis and Dengue fever; second, newly discovered infections causing known diseases, for example, hepatitis C and Helicobacter pylori; and third, newly emerged diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS and SARS. Although some of the apparent increase in infectious disease may be attributable to better diagnostic methods and surveillance, there seems little doubt that more incidents are occurring, and have the potential to spread more widely than 50 years ago, as outbreaks and spread of infections like Nipah virus and SARS would not have passed unnoticed.

abstract:
  Fifty years ago, the age-old scourge of infectious disease was receding in the developed world in response to improved public health measures, while the advent of antibiotics, better vaccines, insecticides and improved surveillance held the promise of eradicating residual problems. By the late twentieth century, however, an increase in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases was evident in many parts of the world. This upturn looms as the fourth major transition in human–microbe relationships since the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. The emergence of these diseases, and resurgence of old ones like tuberculosis and cholera, reflects various changes in human ecology: rural-to-urban migration resulting in high-density peri-urban slums; increasing long-distance mobility and trade; the social disruption of war and conflict; changes in personal behavior; and, increasingly, human-induced global changes, including widespread forest clearance and climate change. Political ignorance, denial and obduracy (as with HIV/AIDS) further compound the risks. The use and misuse of medical technology also pose risks, such as drug-resistant microbes and contaminated equipment or biological medicines. A better understanding of the evolving social dynamics of emerging infectious diseases ought to help us to anticipate and hopefully ameliorate current and future risks.


id: cord-301506-q2a5aogo
title: Evolution of information-driven HIV/AIDS policies in China
author: Sun, Xinhua
date: 2010-12-24
txt: ./txt/cord-301506-q2a5aogo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-301506-q2a5aogo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21113036/
doi: 10.1093/ije/dyq217
summary:
  Results National-level policies that have had a major impact on China''s HIV/AIDS response include: ''Four Frees and One Care''; 5-year action plans; and HIV/AIDS regulation. The landmark policies include: the implementation and revocation of China''s travel ban on people living with HIV/AIDS; the Blood Donation Law of 1998; China''s 5-Year Action Plans for the Containment and Control of HIV/AIDS; the ''Four Frees and One Care'' policy to improve access to treatment and care services; the creation of high-risk behavioural intervention outreach teams; and the 2006 AIDS regulation. 10 To respond to the changing HIV/AIDS epidemic, several key ministries, including health, finance, public security, justice, and the development commission, met to discuss instituting supportive policies for condom promotion, needle exchange and methadone maintenance programmes. Though efforts have been made to achieve universal access to prevention, treatment, care and support services, a number of important gaps exist in the implementation of China''s HIV/AIDS policies.

abstract:
  Background As China continues to commit to universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care services, its HIV/AIDS policies have become increasingly information driven. We review China’s key national-level HIV/AIDS policies and discuss policy gaps and challenges ahead. Methods We conducted a desk review of key national-level policies that have had a major impact on China’s HIV/AIDS epidemic, and examined recent epidemiological data relevant to China’s HIV response. Results National-level policies that have had a major impact on China’s HIV/AIDS response include: ‘Four Frees and One Care’; 5-year action plans; and HIV/AIDS regulation. These landmark policies have facilitated massive scaling up of services over the past decade. For example, the number of drug users provided with methadone maintenance treatment significantly increased from 8116 in 2005 to 241 975 in 2009; almost a 30-fold increase. The ‘Four Frees and One Care’ policy has increased the number of people living with AIDS on anti-retroviral treatment from some 100 patients in 2003 to over 80 000 in 2009. However, stigma and discrimination remains major obstacles for people living with HIV/AIDS trying to access services. Conclusions China’s current national policies are increasingly information driven and responsive to changes in the epidemic. However, gaps remain in policy implementation, and new policies are needed to meet emerging challenges.


id: cord-302403-kahi8cbc
title: Pulmonary Infections
author: Miller, Robert F.
date: 2009-05-15
txt: ./txt/cord-302403-kahi8cbc.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-302403-kahi8cbc.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780323048255100340
doi: 10.1016/b978-032304825-5.10034-0
abstract: nan
summary:
  Before HAART, defined as a combination of medications that usually includes at least three potent anti-HIV agents, treatment largely consisted of specific opportunistic infection management and less effective antiretroviral therapy. In many parts of the world, the main causes of death in patients with HIV infection include bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, and PCP. Recent work has shown chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer occur more frequently among HIV-infected individuals compared with the general population. In addition to pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary disease occurs in a high proportion of HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 lymphocyte counts (<150 cells/mL). Hence, some centers advocate use of empirical therapy for HIV-infected patients who are seen with symptoms and chest radiographic and blood gas abnormalities typical of mild PCP, without the need for bronchoscopy. On the basis of current evidence, patients with CD4 counts >200 cells/mL have a low risk of HIV disease progression or death during 6 months of treatment for tuberculosis.


id: cord-306701-hs9cfdsu
author: Gona, Philimon N.
date: 2020-06-05
txt: ./txt/cord-306701-hs9cfdsu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306701-hs9cfdsu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08988-9
doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-08988-9
summary:
  We conducted a descriptive epidemiological analysis of HIV/AIDS burden for the 16 SADC countries using secondary data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factor (GBD) Study. We assessed morbidity and mortality in the 16 SADC countries using a descriptive epidemiological analysis of HIV/AIDS burden based on secondary data from GBD study in 1990, 2005, 2010 , and 2017. The GBD study estimates country-specific incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to diseases such as HIV/AIDS. To facilitate comparison of HIV/AIDS outcomes of morbidity and mortality across countries, time, age-groups, and sex, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) improved previously established metrics like prevalence and incidence. The five leading countries with the proportion deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS in 2017 were Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, eSwatini, and Mozambique, also had the highest age-standardized mortality, YLL, YLD rates.

title:
  Burden and changes in HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality in Southern Africa Development Community Countries, 1990–2017

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The 16 Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) countries remain the epicentre of the HIV/AIDS epidemic with the largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS. Anti-retroviral treatment (ART) has improved survival and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, but the disease remains a serious cause of mortality. We conducted a descriptive epidemiological analysis of HIV/AIDS burden for the 16 SADC countries using secondary data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factor (GBD) Study. METHODS: The GBD study is a systematic, scientific effort by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) to quantify the comparative magnitude of health loss due to diseases, injuries, and risk factors by age, sex, and geographies for specific points in time. We analyzed the following outcomes: mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HIV/AIDS for SADC. Input data for GBD was extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service utilisation, disease notifications, and other sources. Country- and cause-specific HIV/AIDS-related death rates were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR). Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age-group to calculate YLLs. Cause-specific mortality was estimated using a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases to calculate YLDs. Crude and age-adjusted rates per 100,000 population and changes between 1990 and 2017 were determined for each country. RESULTS: In 2017, HIV/AIDS caused 336,175 deaths overall in SADC countries, and more than 20 million DALYs. This corresponds to a 3-fold increase from 113,631 deaths (6,915,170 DALYs) in 1990. The five leading countries with the proportion of deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS in 2017 were Botswana at the top with 28.7% (95% UI; 23.7–35.2), followed by South Africa 28.5% (25.8–31.6), Lesotho, 25.1% (21.2–30.4), eSwatini 24.8% (21.3–28.6), and Mozambique 24.2% (20.6–29.3). The five countries had relative attributable deaths that were at least 14 times greater than the global burden of 1.7% (1.6–1.8). Similar patterns were observed with YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs. Comoros, Seychelles and Mauritius were on the lower end, with attributable proportions less than 1%, below the global proportion. CONCLUSIONS: Great progress in reducing HIV/AIDS burden has been achieved since the peak but more needs to be done. The post-2005 decline is attributed to PMTCT of HIV, resources provided through the US President’s Emergency Plan For AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), and behavioural change. The five countries with the highest burden of HIV/AIDS as measured by proportion of death attributed to HIV/AIDS and age-standardized mortaility rate were Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho, eSwatini, and Mozambique. SADC countries should cooperate, work with donors, and embrace the UN Fast-Track approach, which calls for frontloading investment from domestic or other sources to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS. Robust tracking, testing, and early treatment are required, as well as refinement of individual treatment strategies for transient individuals in the region.


id: cord-308467-fzq5t31x
author: Kern, P.
date: 1985
txt: ./txt/cord-308467-fzq5t31x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-308467-fzq5t31x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2984454/
doi: 10.1007/bf01733070
summary:
  In addition, such particles identified in the serum of one patient with LAS and diarrhea suggest invasion and systemic spread of the agent and underline that this virus behaves differently from "common cold" human coronaviruses. The outbreak of Kaposi sarcoma, its prodrome -LAS [11, 17] , and opportunistic infections in homosexual men from the United States and Europe [4] and in patients from Central Africa [7] has Abbreviations: AIDS = acquired immune Deficiency syndrome; LAS=unexplained, generalized lymphadenopathy syndrome; sp.=species; EM=electronmicroscopy; rIFN ~A=recombinant leukocyte c~A Interferon; CVLP=coronavirus-like particles; CsC1 = cesium chloride initiated intensive search for causative and opportunistic infectious agents. In the search for viruses, we observed CVLP in the feces of homosexual men and report here on a prospective study for the presence of these particles in stool and serum specimens of patients belonging to a high risk group of AIDS.

title:
  Detection of coronavirus-like particles in homosexual men with acquired immunodeficiency and related lymphadenopathy syndrome

abstract:
  Coronavirus-like particles were identified by electronmicroscopy in the feces of homosexual men. The particles banded at a density of 1.21 g/ml after cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation. To determine whether the presence of this virus might be related to clinical symptoms, several patient groups were studied prospectively. In 8 of 16 (50%) homosexual males with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or unexplained lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS), coronavirus particles were found. In contrast, such particles were found in none of 18 heterosexual controls and in only 3 of 20 homosexual males without AIDS or LAS. Thus, coronavirus excretion correlated significantly (2α<0.01) with the clinical diagnosis of AIDS or with syndromes belonging to the AIDS-related complex. In addition, such particles identified in the serum of one patient with LAS and diarrhea suggest invasion and systemic spread of the agent and underline that this virus behaves differently from “common cold” human coronaviruses.


id: cord-309489-ubf55eux
author: Carvalho, John J.
date: 2009-02-19
txt: ./txt/cord-309489-ubf55eux.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309489-ubf55eux.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32336872/
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9744.2009.00985.x
summary:
  Of the emerging viruses, five have particular importance for what scientists and world leaders can learn concerning their impact on geopolitical stability, human rights, and equity health care for the underprivileged in both developed and developing nations. For example, in Latin America, population growth and uncontrolled migration from the countryside to the cities have resulted in poor housing conditions, inappropriate disposal of waste, and lack of adequate food, clean water and health care-all of which are concurrent with an increase in infected mosquitoes carrying different versions of dengue virus (Torres and Castro 2007) . Continuing with these themes, it is clear that the geographical expansion of three viruses (HIV, dengue, and rotavirus), the increase in frequency of the infectious diseases they cause, and the relationship between these viruses and geopolitical stability, human rights, and equity health care for developing nations are problems of great concern promoted not only by biological and technological factors but also by social, religious, and cultural ones.

title:
  OUR COMMON ENEMY: COMBATTING THE WORLD''S DEADLIEST VIRUSES TO ENSURE EQUITY HEALTH CARE IN DEVELOPING NATIONS

abstract:
  In a previous issue of Zygon (Carvalho 2007), I explored the role of scientists—especially those engaging the science‐religion dialogue—within the arena of global equity health, world poverty, and human rights. I contended that experimental biologists, who might have reduced agency because of their professional workload or lack of individual resources, can still unite into collective forces with other scientists as well as human rights organizations, medical doctors, and political and civic leaders to foster progressive change in our world. In this article, I present some recent findings from research on three emerging viruses—HIV, dengue, and rotavirus—to explore the factors that lead to the geographical expansion of these viruses and the increase in frequency of the infectious diseases they cause. I show how these viruses are generating problems for geopolitical stability, human rights, and equity health care for developing nations that are already experiencing a growing poverty crisis. I suggest some avenues of future research for the scientific community for the movement toward resolution of these problems and indicate where the science‐religion field can be of additional aid.


id: cord-312194-1jiaghrb
title: The HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Parallel in Dentistry from the Perspectives of the Oral Health Care Team
author: Brondani, M.
date: 2020-09-18
txt: ./txt/cord-312194-1jiaghrb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-312194-1jiaghrb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32942933/
doi: 10.1177/2380084420961089
summary:
  KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: The COVID-19 pandemic has unraveled potential societal implications in a parallel to the HIV/AIDS era from the perspectives of oral health care providers and their staff. Interview questions included but were not limited to the following: 1) "What do you know about the COVID-19 outbreak?" 2) "What do you know about the transmission of the virus?" 3) "Why is this pandemic relevant to oral health care?" 4) "What do you understand by being prepared to provide oral health care during the pandemic?" While we did not plan to ask questions about HIV/AIDS in particular, the nature of qualitative inquiry allowed us to probe for that information after participants willingly compared the 2 pandemics from various perspectives. Our main objective with this qualitative inquiry was to unravel the potential professional and social implications of the COVID-19 pandemic according to members of oral health care teams from across British Columbia, Canada.

abstract:
  OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to unravel the professional and social consequences of COVID-19 as compared with the AIDS pandemic according to oral health care providers, staff, and administrators. METHODS: An exploratory qualitative inquiry via at-a-distance, semistructured interviews engaged a purposefully recruited sample of oral health care team workers in British Columbia. Interviews took place between April 20 and May 15, 2020; they were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and deidentified for interactive thematic analysis. An inductive process of coding was used to identify themes, subthemes, and categories of information. RESULTS: Forty-five interviews were conducted with 18 dentists, 12 dental hygienists, 6 certified dental assistants, and 9 administrators; 22 were females. Interviews each lasted an average of 48 min. After the transcripts were coded, 3 subthemes emerged: 1) personal protective equipment and universal precautions as commonsense approaches to care during both pandemics; 2) an (un)collapsed world in terms of global lockdowns; and 3) social unrest in terms of the potential for stigma and discrimination caused by both pandemics. These subthemes made up the COVID-19–AIDS parallel theme. CONCLUSION: This study explored the extent to which the current COVID-19 pandemic is leading to professional and social consequences when a parallel is drawn with the AIDS pandemic. This is the first qualitative study that identifies the potential social unrest of the pandemic from the perspective of oral health care providers and administrators. Future studies should include other providers across Canada, as well the patients receiving oral health care during this pandemic. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: The COVID-19 pandemic has unraveled potential societal implications in a parallel to the HIV/AIDS era from the perspectives of oral health care providers and their staff. Such implications are changing the way that oral health care is delivered; it may also be leading to social unrest in the form of stigma and discrimination. This study discusses some of these implications from the perspective of oral health care providers and administrators.


id: cord-316534-ep7ezoko
title: Current progress in the development of a prophylactic vaccine for HIV-1
author: Gamble, Lena J
date: 2010-12-22
txt: ./txt/cord-316534-ep7ezoko.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316534-ep7ezoko.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21267356/
doi: 10.2147/dddt.s6959
summary:
  67 The vaccine, a recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) virus incorporating the gag, pol, and nef genes from HIV-1, had been previously tested in an SHIV model in macaques and the results of that experiment were not suggestive of the results of the human trial. In hopes of creating a vaccine which elicits sterilizing immunity to HIV-1, researchers have focused their efforts on (1) the use of plasmid DNA vaccines, (2) live recombinant vectors for vaccine development (expressing or presenting HIV antigens), and (3) mucosal immunity. For instance, research performed by Harari and colleagues in 2008 demonstrated that vaccination by means of an HIV-1 clade C DNA prime in combination with a pox vector (NYVAC) boost induces a reliable polyfunctional and longlasting anti-HIV T-cell response in human participants. Repeated immunization with recombinant gp160 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope protein in early HIV-1 infection: evaluation of the T cell proliferative response

abstract:
  Since its discovery and characterization in the early 1980s as a virus that attacks the immune system, there has been some success for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. However, due to the overwhelming public health impact of this virus, a vaccine is needed urgently. Despite the tireless efforts of scientist and clinicians, there is still no safe and effective vaccine that provides sterilizing immunity. A vaccine that provides sterilizing immunity against HIV infection remains elusive in part due to the following reasons: 1) degree of diversity of the virus, 2) ability of the virus to evade the hosts’ immunity, and 3) lack of appropriate animal models in which to test vaccine candidates. There have been several attempts to stimulate the immune system to provide protection against HIV-infection. Here, we will discuss attempts that have been made to induce sterilizing immunity, including traditional vaccination attempts, induction of broadly neutralizing antibody production, DNA vaccines, and use of viral vectors. Some of these attempts show promise pending continued research efforts.


id: cord-316904-g7dli0a8
title: Role of cytokines in AIDS wasting
author: Chang, Hernan R.
date: 1998-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-316904-g7dli0a8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-316904-g7dli0a8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0899900798001087
doi: 10.1016/s0899-9007(98)00108-7
summary:
  Indeed, although wasting is not universally observed in AIDS patients, the wasting syndrome in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive individual is generally utilized to establish the diagnosis of AIDS 1 and is defined by a decrease in body mass greater than 10% in the absence of concomitant opportunistic infections, malignancies, and other identifiable causes of weight loss. 33 It is against this background presentation of the interacting factors contributing to malnutrition and functional impairment in HIVinfected patients-namely anorexia, malabsorption, hypermetabolism, lethargy, and impaired fat and protein metabolism-that the role of cytokines in the AIDS wasting syndrome is discussed in the following sections. In addition to their pleiotropic actions on many body systems, they could potentially contribute to the wasting and cachexia of AIDS by their ability to induce anorexia, alter energy expenditure, increase muscle proteolysis and net protein breakdown, and initiate various abnormalities of lipid metabolism.

abstract:
  Abstract There is now a large literature implicating cytokines in the development of wasting and cachexia commonly observed in a variety of pathophysiologic conditions. In the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cytokines elicited by primary and secondary infections seem to exert subtle and sustained effects on behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic axes, and their combined effects on appetite and metabolism have been postulated to drive wasting. However, correlations of increased blood levels of a particular cytokine with wasting in AIDS have not been consistent observations, perhaps because cytokines act principally as paracrine and autocrine hormones, as well as indirectly by activating other systems. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the catabolic effects of cytokines is clearly needed if more efficacious strategies are to be developed for the prevention and treatment of wasting in AIDS. In this review we first examine the interacting factors contributing to the AIDS wasting syndrome. We then analyze the complex and overlapping role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of this condition, and put forward a number of hypotheses to explain some of the most important features of this syndrome.


id: cord-322581-v96k4yxg
author: Mockiene, Vida
date: 2011-08-31
txt: ./txt/cord-322581-v96k4yxg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-322581-v96k4yxg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0260691710002066
doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2010.10.021
summary:
  Summary The aim of this study is to describe the impact of an education intervention programme on nurses'' willingness to care for HIV-positive people in Lithuania. The MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, ERIC databases, and Lithuanian AIDS Centre were searched for relevant English-language citations between 2000 and 2010 using the following search terms: education intervention, HIV, Lithuania, nurse, and willingness to take care. The aim of the study is to explore the impact of an intervention programme on nurses'' willingness to take care of HIV-positive people in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to ascertain what kind of impact the intervention has on nurses'' willingness to take care of HIV-positive people or those with AIDS in Lithuania.

title:
  Nurses'' willingness to take care of people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) — does a teaching intervention make a difference?

abstract:
  Summary The aim of this study is to describe the impact of an education intervention programme on nurses' willingness to care for HIV-positive people in Lithuania. Methods The study utilizes a randomized controlled trial design (RCT). The total sample comprises 185 nurses working in medical, surgical and gynaecological units, and primary health care centres from the same hospital areas in three Lithuanian hospitals. The data were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 and descriptive statistics. Findings Our educational intervention did not have an impact on the nurses' willingness to take care of people living with HIV (PLHIV), as their level of willingness was high already before the education intervention. Conclusions Further research on this issue is needed to try to understand the forces acting on our nursing staff in order to ensure appropriate care for PLHIV.


id: cord-323261-1of5ertf
title: Securitizing HIV/AIDS: a game changer in state-societal relations in China?
author: Lo, Catherine Yuk-ping
date: 2018-05-16
txt: ./txt/cord-323261-1of5ertf.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-323261-1of5ertf.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29769102/
doi: 10.1186/s12992-018-0364-7
summary:
  Considering the low priority of health policies since the economic reform, the limitation of the "third sector" activity permitted in authoritarian China, together with the political sensitivity of the HIV/AIDS problem in the country, this article aims to explain the proliferation of HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs in China with the usage of the securitization framework in the field of international relations (IR). Based on the discourse analysis of the official documents and newspaper articles, it is argued that Chinese national leaders followed suit the international move (i.e. UNSC Resolution 1308) to securitize HIV/AIDS in the country, framing HIV/ AIDS as a threat with social, political, economic, and security implications. Along with the weakening of international securitization efforts and the rise of Chinese government''s involvement in managing NGOs in the post-Global Fund era, the continuous proliferation of NGOs is further complicated by the fragmented nature of HIV/AIDS-focused civil society groups in China.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: China has experienced unprecedented economic growth since the 1980s. Despite this impressive economic development, this growth exists side by side with the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crises and the persisting deficiencies in public health provision in China. Acknowledging the prevailing health problems, the Chinese government has encouraged the development of health non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to respond to the health challenges and address the gaps in public health provision of the government. HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs have been perceived as the most outstanding civil society group developed in China. Considering the low priority of health policies since the economic reform, the limitation of the “third sector” activity permitted in authoritarian China, together with the political sensitivity of the HIV/AIDS problem in the country, this article aims to explain the proliferation of HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs in China with the usage of the securitization framework in the field of international relations (IR). METHODS: The research that underpins this article is based on a desk-based literature review as well as in-depth field interviews with individuals working in HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs in China. Face-to-face interviews for this research were conducted between January and May in 2011, and between December 2016 and January 2017, in China. Discourse analysis was in particular employed in the study of the security-threat framing process (securitization) of HIV/AIDS in China. RESULTS: This article argues that the proliferation of HIV/AIDS-related NGOs in China is largely attributed to the normative and technical effects of HIV/AIDS securitization ushered in by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) and supported by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (hereinafter Global Fund) observed in China. Despite depicting a positive scenario, the development of HIV/AIDS-focused NGOs in China generated by the international securitization efforts is largely limited. An internal and external factor was identified to verify the argument, namely (1) the reduction of international financial commitments, as well as (2) the fragmentation of HIV/AIDS-focused NGO community in China. CONCLUSIONS: This article shows that international securitization weakened with the rise of Chinese commitment on HIV/AIDS interventions. In other words, HIV/AIDS-related responses delivered by the national government are no longer checked by the global mechanism of HIV/AIDS; thus it is unclear whether these NGOs would remain of interest as partners for the government. The fragmentation of the HIV/AIDS community would further hinder the development, preventing from NGOs with the same interest forming alliances to call for changes in current political environment. Such restriction on the concerted efforts of HIV/AIDS-related NGOs in China would make achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to foster stronger partnerships between the government and civil society difficult, which in turn hindering the realization of ending HIV/AIDS in the world by 2030.


id: cord-324056-cvvyf3cb
title: Global Health: Governance and Policy Development
author: Kelley, Patrick W.
date: 2011-06-30
txt: ./txt/cord-324056-cvvyf3cb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324056-cvvyf3cb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2011.02.014
doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2011.02.014
summary:
  Owing to the increasing recognition that health is fundamental to the broader UN goals of fostering the international rule of law, global security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and world peace, health issues have now taken a more prominent place than they had in the United Nation''s first 50 years. GAVI also supports innovative financing Box 3 The goals and targets of the US government global health initiative HIV/AIDS: The US President''s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief will: (1) support the prevention of more than 12 million new HIV infections; (2) provide direct support for more than 4 million people on treatment; and (3) support care for more than 12 million people, including 5 million orphans and vulnerable children. Reflecting the emergence of the new era in global health governance, in 1998 the Rockefeller Foundation established an initiative to create innovative new public-private partnerships, including the Medicines for Malaria Venture, the Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, and the International Partnership on Microbicides.

abstract:
  Global health policy is now being influenced by an ever-increasing number of nonstate and non-intergovernmental actors to include influential foundations, multinational corporations, multi-sectoral partnerships, and civil society organizations. This article reviews how globalization is a key driver for the ongoing evolution of global health governance. It describes the massive increases in bilateral and multilateral investments in global health and it highlights the current global and US architecture for performing global health programs. The article closes describing some of the challenges and prospects that characterize global health governance today.


id: cord-325300-wawui0fd
title: 4 Communicable Diseases
author: Tulchinsky, Theodore H.
date: 2000-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325300-wawui0fd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780127033501500061
doi: 10.1016/b978-012703350-1/50006-1
summary:
  No less important are organized programs to promote self protection, case finding, and effective treatment of infections to stop their spread to other susceptible persons (e.g., HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, malaria). Very great progress has been made in infectious disease control by clinical, public health, and societal means since 1900 in the industrialized countries and since the 1970s in the developing world. The WHO in 1998 has declared hepatitis prevention as a major public health crisis, with an estimated 170 million persons infected worldwide (1996) , stressing that this "silent epidemic" is being neglected and that screening of blood products is vital to reduce transmission of this disease as for HIu HCV is a major cause of chronic cirrhosis and liver cancer. Varicella vaccine is now recommended for routine immunization at age 12-18 months in the United States, with catch-up for children up to age 13 years and for occupationally exposed persons in health or child care settings.

abstract:
  Publisher Summary In a world of rapid international transport and contact between populations, systems are needed to monitor the potential explosive spread of pathogens that may be transferred from their normal habitat. The potential for the international spread of new or reinvigorated infectious diseases constitute threat to mankind akin to ecological and other man-made disasters. Public health has addressed the issues of communicable disease as one of its key issues in protecting individual and population health. Methods of intervention include classic public health through sanitation, immunization, and well beyond that into nutrition, education, case finding, and treatment, and changing human behavior. The knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices of policy makers, health care providers, and parents is as important in the success of communicable disease control as are the technology available and methods of financing health systems. Together, these encompass the broad programmatic approach of the New Public Health to control of communicable diseases.


id: cord-329890-wg23sa1u
title: Public image and governance of epidemics: Comparing HIV/AIDS and SARS
author: Quah, Stella R.
date: 2007-02-28
txt: ./txt/cord-329890-wg23sa1u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329890-wg23sa1u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16632071/
doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2006.03.002
summary:
  Abstract A comparative analysis of the 2002–2003 infectious disease outbreak, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the HIV/AIDS epidemic that has affected the world over the past two decades reveals the significant role of socio-cultural beliefs and attitudes in the shaping of people''s lifestyles and approaches to the control and prevention of epidemics. The second assumption is that in contrast to SARS, the overall negative public ''image'' of HIV/AIDS as a disease associated with particular types of individuals tends to weaken people''s perception of susceptibility and, correspondingly, tends to discourage public support for robust preventive efforts at the community level. The second assumption to be explored here is that in contrast to SARS, the overall negative social ''image'' of HIV/AIDS as a disease associated with particular types of individuals tends to weaken people''s perception of susceptibility and, correspondingly, tends to discourage public support for robust preventive efforts at the community level.

abstract:
  Abstract A comparative analysis of the 2002–2003 infectious disease outbreak, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the HIV/AIDS epidemic that has affected the world over the past two decades reveals the significant role of socio-cultural beliefs and attitudes in the shaping of people's lifestyles and approaches to the control and prevention of epidemics. The main research question is: what can we learn from the SARS experience about effective prevention of HIV/AIDS? The sources of data include population figures on the development of these epidemics and findings from two sociological studies of representative samples of Singapore's multi-ethnic population. The comparative study illustrates the impact of cultural beliefs and attitudes in shaping the public image of these two different infectious diseases; the relevance of public image of the disease for effective prevention and control of epidemics.


id: cord-332396-nattdect
author: Ejima, K.
date: 2020-10-18
txt: ./txt/cord-332396-nattdect.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332396-nattdect.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: http://medrxiv.org/cgi/content/short/2020.10.16.20213959v1?rss=1
doi: 10.1101/2020.10.16.20213959
summary:
  title: HIV testing by public health centers and municipalities, and new HIV cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan We 32 investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of HIV tests in public health centers and 33 municipalities, and on the number of HIV cases with and without AIDS diagnosis. We confirmed that the 34 number of the test declined in the second quarter (April to June) of 2020, and the proportion of HIV with 35 AIDS diagnosis among all HIV cases increased during the same period. 32,565) 56 performed by public health centers significantly declined in the second quarter of 2020, while the proportion 57 of HIV cases with AIDS diagnosis among all HIV cases (36·2% vs. 32,565) 56 performed by public health centers significantly declined in the second quarter of 2020, while the proportion 57 of HIV cases with AIDS diagnosis among all HIV cases (36·2% vs.

title:
  HIV testing by public health centers and municipalities, and new HIV cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan

abstract:
  Background: During the COVID-19 outbreak, medical resources were primarily allocated to COVID-19, which might have reduced facility capacity for HIV testing. Further, people may have opted against HIV testing during this period to avoid COVID-19 exposure. We investigate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV testing and its consequences in Japan. Methods: We analysed quarterly HIV/AIDS-related data from 2015 to the second quarter of 2020 using an anomaly detection approach. The data included the number of consultations that public health centers received, the number of HIV tests performed by public health centers or municipalities, and the number of newly reported HIV cases with and without AIDS diagnosis. As sensitivity analyses, we performed the same analysis for two subgroups: men who have sex with men (MSM) and non-Japanese. Findings: The number of HIV tests (9,584 vs. 35,908 in the year-before period) and consultations (11,689 vs. 32,565) performed by public health centers significantly declined in the second quarter of 2020, while the proportion of HIV cases with AIDS diagnosis among all HIV cases (36.2% vs. 26.4%) significantly increased after removing the trend and seasonality effects. The number of HIV cases without AIDS diagnosis numerically decreased (166 vs. 217), although the reduction was not significant. We confirmed similar trend for the MSM and non-Japanese groups. Interpretation: The current HIV testing system including public health centers misses more HIV cases at the early phase of the infection during the pandemic. Given that the clear epidemiological picture of HIV incidence during the pandemic is still uncertain, continuously monitoring the situation as well as securing sufficient test resources using self-test is essential.


id: cord-332610-t99l3zii
title: Emerging Diseases: Overview
author: Mayer, J.D.
date: 2008-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332610-t99l3zii.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9780123739605004536
doi: 10.1016/b978-012373960-5.00453-6
summary:
  The potential for new diseases to emerge in the United States was there, and it took just a few years until this happened, catching the medical and public health communities by surprise. The issue at the time was whether legionnaires disease and toxic shock syndrome were anomalies, whether the assumption of the conquest of infectious diseases had clearly been erroneous, or whether these two outbreaks were harbingers of a new stage in ''epidemiologic history''a historical period during which emerging infections would become common and would catch the attention of the public, the public health community, the medical community, and government agencies. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) proved to be of great import in both the public awareness of emerging infectious diseases and in the testing and real-time construction of both domestic and international systems of public health surveillance and response.

abstract:
  Emerging infectious diseases are diseases that are either new, are newly recognized, or are increasing in prevalence in new areas. Resurgent diseases are also usually grouped in this category, as is antimicrobial resistance. These diseases have been given formal recognition in the past two decades, although a historical outlook demonstrates that the phenomenon has probably been persistent, although largely undetected, through recorded history. Emergence has accelerated recently, driven by factors such as demographic change, land use change, increased rapidity and frequency of intercontinental transportation, and other mostly social trends. Continued infectious disease emergence poses, and will continue to pose, significant challenges for public health and for basic science.


id: cord-332856-96z48gpg
author: Ruocco, Eleonora
date: 2013-06-24
txt: ./txt/cord-332856-96z48gpg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332856-96z48gpg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0738081X13000096
doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.008
summary:
  Based on these assessments, it is possible to hypothesize that the role of cofactors in KS pathogenesis can move toward an effect either favoring or inhibiting the onset of the disease, depending on the presence of other agents modulating the pathogenesis itself, such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, drug intake, or lymph flow disorders. 37 HHV-8 virus interferes with p53 pathway at several levels: (1) the latency-associated nuclear antigen, encoded by ORF 73 of the HHV-8 genome, suppresses p53 transcription and transactivation activity, and interacts directly with the p53 protein inhibiting the ability of p53 to induce cell death 35,38 ; (2) the viral interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 4 (vIRF4), encoded by ORFK10/K10.1 of HHV-8, specifically interacts with and stabilizes murine double minute 2 (MDM2) human homologue, a well-known negative regulator of p53 via proteasome-mediated degradation, leading to the consequent reduction of p53 levels and thereby concurring to the suppression of p53-mediated apoptosis.

title:
  Kaposi’s sarcoma: Etiology and pathogenesis, inducing factors, causal associations, and treatments: Facts and controversies

abstract:
  Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an angioproliferative disorder, has a viral etiology and a multifactorial pathogenesis hinged on an immune dysfunction. The disease is multifocal, with a course ranging from indolent, with only skin manifestations to fulminant, with extensive visceral involvement. In the current view, all forms of KS have a common etiology in human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 infection, and the differences among them are due to the involvement of various cofactors. In fact, HHV-8 infection can be considered a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of KS, because further factors (genetic, immunologic, and environmental) are required. The role of cofactors can be attributed to their ability to interact with HHV-8, to affect the immune system, or to act as vasoactive agents. In this contribution, a survey of the current state of knowledge on many and various factors involved in KS pathogenesis is carried out, in particular by highlighting the facts and controversies about the role of some drugs (quinine analogues and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) in the onset of the disease. Based on these assessments, it is possible to hypothesize that the role of cofactors in KS pathogenesis can move toward an effect either favoring or inhibiting the onset of the disease, depending on the presence of other agents modulating the pathogenesis itself, such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, drug intake, or lymph flow disorders. It is possible that the same agents may act as either stimulating or inhibiting cofactors according to the patient’s genetic background and variable interactions. Treatment guidelines for each form of KS are outlined, because a unique standard therapy for all of them cannot be considered due to KS heterogeneity. In most cases, therapeutic options, both local and systemic, should be tailored to the patient’s peculiar clinical conditions.


id: cord-333405-ji58jbct
title: The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases
author: Morens, David M.
date: 2004-07-08
txt: ./txt/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-333405-ji58jbct.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15241422/
doi: 10.1038/nature02759
summary:
  Of the ''newly emerging'' and ''re-emerging/resurging'' diseases that have followed the appearance of AIDS (Fig. 1) , some have been minor curiosities, such as the 2003 cases of monkeypox imported into the United States 4 , whereas others, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which emerged in the same year 5 , have had a worldwide impact. The impact of both new and re-emerging infectious diseases on human populations is affected by the rate and degree to which they spread across geographical areas, depending on the movement of human hosts or of the vectors or reservoirs of infections. Immune deficiency associated with AIDS, and with chemotherapy for cancer, immune-mediated diseases and transplantation, has contributed to an enormous global increase in the numbers of immunosuppressed people over the past few decades (probably more than 1% of the world''s population), setting the stage for the re-emergence of many opportunistic infections.

abstract:
  Infectious diseases have for centuries ranked with wars and famine as major challenges to human progress and survival. They remain among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Against a constant background of established infections, epidemics of new and old infectious diseases periodically emerge, greatly magnifying the global burden of infections. Studies of these emerging infections reveal the evolutionary properties of pathogenic microorganisms and the dynamic relationships between microorganisms, their hosts and the environment.


id: cord-340489-yo3cp5vs
title: KAPITEL 13 Infektionskrankheiten
author: nan
date: 2008-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-340489-yo3cp5vs.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-340489-yo3cp5vs.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B9783437428319100130
doi: 10.1016/b978-3-437-42831-9.10013-0
summary:
  Die Wirksamkeit von BVDU bei VZV-Infektionen (Varizellen und Zoster) immunkompromittierter Patienten ist durchaus sehr gut und vergleichbar der von i.v. verabreichtem Aciclovir, jedoch fällt die Nutzen-Risiko-Betrachtung insgesamt auch bei VZV-Therapie zu Gunsten von Aciclovir aus, da BVDU eher mutagen zu sein scheint und nicht zusammen mit 5-Fluorouracil (Zytostatikum) gegeben werden darf. In klinischen Studien konnte durch Anwendung von ACV bei EBV-Infektionen auch die Virusausscheidung deutlich vermindert werden, ein wesentlicher Einfluss auf den Krankheitsverlauf ließ sich nicht erreichen. Typisch für viele opportunistische Erreger ist, dass sie weit verbreitet sind und nach einer Primärinfektion, die bereits vor der HIV-Infektion stattfindet, zu latenten Infektionen führen. Die Prophylaxe von Infektionen bereits vor deren erstem Auftreten (Primärprophylaxe) oder nach der ersten Episode (Sekundärprophylaxe) ist weiterhin eine wichtige Aufgabe bei der Betreuung HIV-positiver Patienten, auch wenn opportunistische Infektionen durch die antiretrovirale Therapie insgesamt seltener geworden sind.

abstract:
  Zur Orientierung Infektionskrankheiten werden durch Pathogene verursacht, die sich im Wirt vermehren: Ektoparasiten, Helminthen, Protozoen, Pilze, Bakterien, Viren, Prionen. Infektionskrankheiten können alle Organe bzw. Organsysteme befallen. Entstehung und Verlauf werden durch Faktoren beeinflusst, die sich grob einteilen lassen in Erreger- und Wirtsfaktoren. Die Kenntnis und richtige Einschätzung dieser Faktoren sind entscheidend für Diagnostik und Therapie dieser Erkrankungen.


id: cord-341503-3cvtoc2j
author: Jaiswal, J.
date: 2020-05-21
txt: ./txt/cord-341503-3cvtoc2j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-341503-3cvtoc2j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02925-y
doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02925-y
abstract: nan
summary:
  Much of the evidence needed to fully inform clinical and public health responses is not yet available, making COVID-19 uniquely vulnerable to a proliferation of disinformation, misinformation, and medical mistrust, including what are often called "conspiracy beliefs" [6, 7] . The purpose of this commentary is to suggest that understanding the etiologies of disinformation, misinformation, and medical mistrust must be an important component of the public health response to COVID-19. It is vital to consider how people, as individuals and as members of groups, experience and interpret social and economic inequality, and how those experiences affect their trust in or mistrust of evidence-based public health messaging, as well as their readiness to accept any promulgated misinformation or disinformation [64] . Public health and medical professionals have a responsibility to communicate science in an effective, accurate and accessible manner, without bias-and with the understanding that structural racism and other forms of oppression are root causes of inequality-driven mistrust.

title:
  Disinformation, Misinformation and Inequality-Driven Mistrust in the Time of COVID-19: Lessons Unlearned from AIDS Denialism


id: cord-342076-3a6aky7i
author: Zhang, Lei
date: 2012-09-07
txt: ./txt/cord-342076-3a6aky7i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342076-3a6aky7i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601206010163
doi: 10.2174/1874613601206010163
summary:
  With the gradually changing mode of HIV transmission from sharing of intravenous injecting equipment to sexual exposure and the rapid spread of HIV infection among Chinese homosexual men in recent years, an efficient and comprehensive population-level surveillance system for describing epidemics trends and risk behaviours associated with HIV acquisition are essential for effective public health interventions for HIV. However, data from the national sentinel surveillance for HIV/AIDS indicated magnitudes and trends in HIV prevalence vary substantially across different at-risk populations: e.g. 0.6% HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSW) in 2009 [2] and increases from 1.4% in 2001 to 5.3% in 2009 among men who have sex with men (MSM) [4, 5] , and from 5.9% in 2002 to 9.3% in 2009 among injecting drug users (IDU) [2, 6] .

title:
  Describing the Chinese HIV Surveillance System and the Influences of Political Structures and Social Stigma

abstract:
  China’s public health surveillance system for HIV was established in late 1980s and has evolved significantly during the past three decades. With the gradually changing mode of HIV transmission from sharing of intravenous injecting equipment to sexual exposure and the rapid spread of HIV infection among Chinese homosexual men in recent years, an efficient and comprehensive population-level surveillance system for describing epidemics trends and risk behaviours associated with HIV acquisition are essential for effective public health interventions for HIV. The current review describes the overall strength of the Chinese HIV surveillance system and its structural weaknesses from a political and social perspective. The HIV surveillance system in China has undergone substantial revamping leading to a comprehensive, timely and efficient reporting system. However, large data gaps and lack of quality control and sharing of information obstruct the full performance of the system. This is largely due to fragmented authoritarianism brought about by the underlying political structure. Social stigma and discrimination in health institutes are also key barriers for further improvements of HIV diagnosis and surveillance in China.


id: cord-350569-dtxtjtfo
author: Kasoka, Kasoka
date: 2020-06-13
txt: ./txt/cord-350569-dtxtjtfo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350569-dtxtjtfo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-020-09959-y
doi: 10.1007/s11019-020-09959-y
summary:
  In most SSA countries the ethic or value of personal autonomy or self-determination is promoted as primary in HIV testing decision-making. Without rethinking the value of autonomy in HIV testing decision-making, the article cautions that attainment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and the UNAIDS fast-track strategy that explicitly call to end the epidemic by 2030 will not be feasible for SSA. 9 My article interrogates the personal autonomy arguments and reaches a conclusion that the philosophy surrounding the value is problematic, as well as, it is silent on the ethics of the actual implications of an autonomous decision in HIV testing (Selemogo 2010) . HIV testing ethics, in particular informed consent requirements that are now premised on personal autonomy, should reflect a human being who is unique and yet a creature of the inescapable inculcating environment that makes her the ''I That Is We''.

title:
  Autonomy in HIV testing: a call for a rethink of personal autonomy in the HIV response in sub-Saharan Africa

abstract:
  The author reviews various conceptions of autonomy to show that humans are actually not autonomous, strictly speaking. He argues for a need to rethink the personal autonomy approaches to HIV testing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. HIV/AIDS has remained a leading cause of disease burden in SSA. It is important to bring this disease burden under control, especially given the availability of current effective antiretroviral regimens in low- and middle-income countries. In most SSA countries the ethic or value of personal autonomy or self-determination is promoted as primary in HIV testing decision-making. SSA policymakers have an ontological and moral duty to adopt HIV testing policies that reflect human and medical realities, relationships, local contexts, and respect human rights for both individuals and others who are affected by HIV in society. Without rethinking the value of autonomy in HIV testing decision-making, the article cautions that attainment of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 and the UNAIDS fast-track strategy that explicitly call to end the epidemic by 2030 will not be feasible for SSA.


id: cord-355635-fan0sf48
author: Thacker, Stephen B.
date: 2011-12-01
txt: ./txt/cord-355635-fan0sf48.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355635-fan0sf48.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22135393/
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr307
summary:
  Since 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has responded to urgent requests from US states, federal agencies, and international organizations through epidemic-assistance investigations (Epi-Aids). Although the CDC (now the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) works with health agencies throughout the world in multiple ways, the term Epi-Aid refers to investigations of serious and urgent public health problems in response to formal requests for rapid assistance from states, federal agencies (e.g., the Indian Health Service, the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the US Department of Defense), international organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization), and ministries of health from other countries. An investigation led by an EISO assigned to the state health department documented the transmission of cryptosporidium infection through the public water supply in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that led to an outbreak of disease affecting more than 400,000 residents and subsequent modifications of water quality standards (5) .

title:
  Epidemic Assistance by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Role of the Epidemic Intelligence Service, 1946–2005

abstract:
  Since 1946, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has responded to urgent requests from US states, federal agencies, and international organizations through epidemic-assistance investigations (Epi-Aids). The authors describe the first 60 years of Epi-Aids, breadth of problems addressed, evolution of methodologies, scope of activities, and impact of investigations on population health. They reviewed Epi-Aid reports and EIS Bulletins, contacted current and former Epidemic Intelligence Service staff, and systematically searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases. They abstracted information on dates, location, staff involved, health problems, methods, and impacts of investigations according to a preplanned protocol. They assessed the methods presented as well as the quality of reports. During 1946–2005, a total of 4,484 investigations of health events were initiated by 2,815 Epidemic Intelligence Service officers. In the early years, the majority were in response to infectious agents, although environmental problems emerged. Investigations in subsequent years focused on occupational conditions, birth defects, reproductive health, tobacco use, cancer, violence, legal debate, and terrorism. These Epi-Aids heralded expansion of the agency's mission and presented new methods in statistics and epidemiology. Recommendations from Epi-Aids led to policy implementation, evaluation, or modification. Epi-Aids provide the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with the agility to respond rapidly to public health crises.


