Summary of your 'study carrel' ============================== This is a summary of your Distant Reader 'study carrel'. The Distant Reader harvested & cached your content into a collection/corpus. It then applied sets of natural language processing and text mining against the collection. The results of this process was reduced to a database file -- a 'study carrel'. The study carrel can then be queried, thus bringing light specific characteristics for your collection. These characteristics can help you summarize the collection as well as enumerate things you might want to investigate more closely. This report is a terse narrative report, and when processing is complete you will be linked to a more complete narrative report. Eric Lease Morgan Number of items in the collection; 'How big is my corpus?' ---------------------------------------------------------- 116 Average length of all items measured in words; "More or less, how big is each item?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 928 Average readability score of all items (0 = difficult; 100 = easy) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 42 Top 50 statistically significant keywords; "What is my collection about?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116 acute 37 patient 23 SARS 15 respiratory 15 ARDS 13 COVID-19 8 severe 8 disease 7 study 7 pulmonary 7 lung 7 liver 6 clinical 5 failure 5 covid-19 5 chronic 5 cell 5 antibiotic 5 Fig 5 COPD 5 ALI 4 infection 4 exacerbation 4 case 4 ICU 4 China 4 Care 4 ALF 3 treatment 3 syndrome 3 mortality 3 high 3 day 3 cough 3 bronchitis 3 blood 3 IPF 3 Coronavirus 3 AKI 2 una 2 transplantation 2 sample 2 rejection 2 poisoning 2 pharyngitis 2 peep 2 pancreatitis 2 otitis 2 myocarditis 2 myocardial Top 50 lemmatized nouns; "What is discussed?" --------------------------------------------- 10189 patient 5546 % 3487 study 3244 infection 3076 disease 2292 cell 2222 treatment 2222 case 2212 lung 2111 failure 2097 syndrome 1962 liver 1768 group 1642 day 1480 therapy 1429 blood 1427 virus 1369 result 1335 injury 1277 child 1262 mortality 1248 effect 1231 level 1181 care 1170 risk 1166 factor 1139 diagnosis 1037 outcome 997 ventilation 976 rate 973 time 970 use 959 symptom 955 pressure 939 year 933 pneumonia 931 method 925 analysis 874 adult 861 p 854 coronavirus 829 cause 828 trial 810 exacerbation 805 protein 787 heart 780 drug 766 type 765 system 763 response Top 50 proper nouns; "What are the names of persons or places?" -------------------------------------------------------------- 3469 de 2109 SARS 1873 la 1679 y 1539 el 1432 COVID-19 1218 ARDS 977 al 970 van 959 ICU 888 los 838 que 711 con 633 CoV-2 602 para 580 un 575 del 564 et 506 en 474 una 451 COPD 447 het 422 . 415 pacientes 403 las 379 B 359 CoV 357 II 334 mg 317 o 316 C 296 China 295 Coronavirus 292 CT 291 • 289 Se 282 Fig 278 der 278 como 273 ALI 272 AKI 265 HBV 263 por 258 Group 248 Care 236 A 235 e 232 La 230 ALF 224 bij Top 50 personal pronouns nouns; "To whom are things referred?" ------------------------------------------------------------- 1884 it 1369 we 573 they 454 i 208 them 198 he 138 she 43 you 42 us 41 itself 36 one 15 themselves 15 him 15 her 6 me 5 em 4 ours 4 mg 4 himself 2 ya 2 nsp10 1 ≥100 1 und 1 tv/ 1 tnfrt 1 thee 1 t 1 s 1 rrt 1 p~ 1 p.dligh]cine 1 olhf).the 1 ol!guria 1 mr/ 1 iw 1 irfs 1 hom'~ 1 herself 1 hav~ 1 etco~. 1 emergen~ 1 eleven/36 Top 50 lemmatized verbs; "What do things do?" --------------------------------------------- 30901 be 5908 have 1903 associate 1876 use 1651 include 1390 show 1344 increase 1033 cause 1029 see 971 do 929 report 928 follow 854 occur 834 find 769 treat 757 develop 738 compare 730 require 693 induce 665 suggest 654 perform 650 reduce 626 identify 616 lead 589 present 566 base 559 die 555 consider 551 relate 531 improve 522 decrease 498 demonstrate 495 receive 471 remain 466 result 464 describe 463 control 455 observe 433 evaluate 428 study 424 determine 413 make 409 give 407 involve 401 provide 396 define 388 meet 382 know 379 appear 370 need Top 50 lemmatized adjectives and adverbs; "How are things described?" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6272 acute 2878 respiratory 2611 not 2431 clinical 2133 severe 1910 high 1841 pulmonary 1733 also 1560 - 1478 other 1398 more 1249 chronic 1234 most 1141 such 1100 viral 1078 low 891 common 875 well 875 renal 874 however 870 early 835 only 769 first 753 cardiac 713 significant 665 non 664 human 637 as 604 bacterial 600 inflammatory 593 possible 591 positive 569 new 567 specific 561 important 551 usually 550 different 540 significantly 540 mechanical 530 often 515 present 513 hepatic 506 long 506 intensive 482 less 454 multiple 453 large 451 systemic 441 antibiotic 438 normal Top 50 lemmatized superlative adjectives; "How are things described to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 317 most 135 Most 129 least 119 good 67 high 27 large 27 great 26 low 17 late 15 early 11 bad 6 young 5 big 3 strong 3 slight 3 safe 3 old 3 long 3 common 2 small 2 simple 2 short 2 poor 2 easy 1 −Gulo 1 ® 1 zumind 1 themost 1 southernmost 1 sick 1 severe 1 screeningt 1 rich 1 postharv 1 palienl 1 nonsevere 1 new 1 narrow 1 mild 1 hard 1 fit 1 fast 1 close 1 andQT 1 ana 1 aff 1 \2-t 1 Least 1 -steady 1 -mild Top 50 lemmatized superlative adverbs; "How do things do to the extreme?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 917 most 106 least 40 well 2 astrocytomas 1 ~20 1 worst 1 long 1 highest Top 50 Internet domains; "What Webbed places are alluded to in this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 www.who.int 4 orcid.org 4 doi.org 3 www.jgc301.com 2 www.wpro.who.int 2 www.dovepress.com 1 www.who 1 www.nps.org.au 1 www.nhlbi.nih.gov 1 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 1 www.medscape.com 1 www.ghc.org 1 www.enivd.de 1 www.cdc.gov 1 www.cdc 1 www.bnihamburg.de 1 www.artus-biotech.de 1 prokoplab.com 1 creativecommons.org 1 atiadvisory Top 50 URLs; "What is hyperlinked from this corpus?" ---------------------------------------------------- 3 http://www.jgc301.com 2 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/whoconsensus.pdf 2 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/ 2 http://www.who.int/csr/ 1 http://www.wpro.who.int/wr/chn/chn 1 http://www.wpro.who.int/ 1 http://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/postoutbreak/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en_21/en/print.html 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/casedefinition/en/ 1 http://www.who.int/csr/sars/archive/2003 1 http://www.who.int/ 1 http://www.who 1 http://www.nps.org.au 1 http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/meetings/workshops/copd_clinical.htm 1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/ 1 http://www.medscape.com/ 1 http://www.ghc.org/web/health_info/disease/ 1 http://www.enivd.de 1 http://www.dovepress.com/infection-and-drug-resistance-journal 1 http://www.dovepress.com/ 1 http://www.cdc.gov 1 http://www.cdc 1 http://www.bnihamburg.de/ 1 http://www.artus-biotech.de 1 http://prokoplab.com/vistedd/ 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3109-5156 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3094- 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1710-5645 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-5673 1 http://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2020.01291 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.005 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.banm.2020.09 1 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.banm.2020 1 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ 1 http://atiadvisory Top 50 email addresses; "Who are you gonna call?" ------------------------------------------------- 3 jgc@mail.sciencep.com 1 ra16@med.fsu.edu 1 leungcw@ha.org.hk 1 kremy@wustl.edu 1 george.collins@ucl.ac.uk 1 fanny.ardisson@gmail.com 1 dezfulianc@upmc.edu 1 chiche@aphp.fr 1 annemarie.berger@em.uni-frankfurt.de 1 anne.vergison@ulb.ac.be 1 anne.vergison@huderf.be 1 -zakaria.riad@icloud.com 1 -titeca.dimitri@chu-amiens.fr 1 -sahar.habacha@gmail.com 1 -mickaelandais@gmail.com 1 -maud.loiselle@outlook.fr 1 -laurent.brisard@chu-nantes.fr 1 -jonathan.dugernier@uclouvain.be 1 -gioia.gastaldi@chu-rouen.fr 1 -faouzi.saliba@pbr.aphp.fr 1 -eric.levesque@aphp.fr 1 -ejhmaury@gmail.com 1 -duprecece@gmail.com 1 -dtamedical@hotmail.com 1 -dr.amelmokline@gmail.com 1 -audreydejong@hotmail.fr Top 50 positive assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-noun?" ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 patient did not 8 patients do not 8 studies have also 6 levels were significantly 6 mortality was higher 6 patients did not 5 disease is usually 5 mortality was significantly 5 patient does not 5 patients requiring mechanical 5 therapy does not 5 treatment does not 4 cells are present 4 children treated medically 4 disease is not 4 failure is not 4 groups were similar 4 infection has also 4 infection is usually 4 injury is therefore 4 patients are more 4 patients had normal 4 patients were not 4 studies are available 4 syndrome is usually 4 therapy was not 4 treatment is not 3 % is resistant 3 children are susceptible 3 disease do not 3 disease is often 3 groups were comparable 3 infection causes neuronal 3 infection has not 3 infection is present 3 infections are common 3 levels are common 3 levels were higher 3 mortality is high 3 mortality is not 3 mortality is still 3 patient have strep 3 patient was not 3 patients are often 3 patients had higher 3 patients is high 3 patients is not 3 patients required mechanical 3 patients were mechanically 3 patients were similar Top 50 negative assertions; "What sentences are in the shape of noun-verb-no|not-noun?" --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 patient had no significant 3 results have not yet 2 effect is not consistent 2 studies are not available 2 study showed no difference 1 ards was not different 1 blood do not always 1 blood is not available 1 cases was not available 1 cases were no longer 1 cells do not necessarily 1 cells is not obvious 1 children do not usually 1 children has not yet 1 covid-19 are not well 1 covid-19 is not yet 1 disease are not always 1 disease do not accurately 1 disease is not clearly 1 disease is not easy 1 disease is not responsive 1 disease is not well 1 effect was not good 1 effects are not generally 1 effects are not identifiable 1 effects were not significantly 1 failure are not likely 1 failure is not available 1 failure is not high 1 failure is not uncommon 1 failure were not different 1 group is not different 1 groups found no solid 1 groups was no more 1 groups was not possible 1 infection has not yet 1 infection is not high 1 infections was not different 1 levels were not different 1 levels were not significant 1 mortality is not absolute 1 mortality is not totally 1 patient does not necessarily 1 patient had no detectable 1 patient had no history 1 patient had no immediate 1 patient had no past 1 patient had no risk 1 patient having no other 1 patient is not immune A rudimentary bibliography -------------------------- id = cord-016557-f2mzwhrt author = Aggrawal, Anil title = Agrochemical Poisoning date = 2006 keywords = Fig; India; States; United; acute; case; chemical; death; herbicide; insecticide; paraquat; pesticide; poisoning; report summary = Out of the 18 deaths caused by pesticides reported by the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) , two were the result of paraquat poisoning. Teare (46) reported a case of paraquat poisoning (a 44-year-old man dying of suicidal ingestion of paraquat after 17 days of illness), with the left lung weighing 1980 g and the right lung weighing 1920 g. Metaldehyde is a popular molluscicide that can cause fatal poisoning; the 2002 AAPCC annual report (15) mentions as many as 199 cases of exposure to this agent. According to Harry (4) , accidental pesticide intoxications are mainly caused by ingestions of diluted fertilizers, low-concentration antivitamin K rodenticides, ant-killing products, or granules of molluscicides containing 5% metaldehyde, whereas voluntary intoxications are mostly by chloralose, strychnine, organophosphorus or organochlorine insecticides, concentrated antivitamin K products, and herbicides, such as paraquat, chlorophenoxy compounds, glyphosate, and chlorates. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59259-921-9_10 id = cord-295216-eff02z0i author = Ahluwalia, Ranbir title = The impact of imposed delay in elective pediatric neurosurgery: an informed hierarchy of need in the time of mass casualty crisis date = 2020-05-20 keywords = Chiari; acute; patient; pediatric; surgery summary = While some recommendations apply to neurosurgery, particularly endoscopic sinonasal and skull base recommendations [2] , no manuscripts exist to systematically stratify risk associated with delay in common pediatric neurosurgical procedures. Urgent cases that present an immediate threat to the patient''s life or neurologic well-being (e.g., shunt malfunction, acute hematoma evacuation, tumor with hydrocephalus, empyema, spinal cord compression) are straightforward and undergo prompt surgical intervention. [27] of the membership of the American Society of Pediatric Neurosurgery (ASPN) demonstrated a strong preference for using presence of a syrinx regardless of symptoms in the setting of Chiari I malformation as a threshold for surgery [27] . In a cohort of 35 patients with total obstetric brachial palsy injury, younger age at the time of surgery correlated with better functional recovery (r = − 0.356, p = 0.049), particularly with finger and thumb flexion [59] . Patients with Chiari malformation type I presenting with acute neurological deficits: case series doi = 10.1007/s00381-020-04671-x id = cord-336309-j3dydo55 author = Ahmed, Khalid title = Acute abdomen is not always surgical amid the COVID‐19 pandemic date = 2020-08-05 keywords = acute summary = doi = 10.1002/bjs.11883 id = cord-288229-d3s8oe53 author = Akgul, Ahmet title = ACUTE AORTIC DISSECTION SURGERY IN PATIENT WITH COVID-19 date = 2020-06-17 keywords = acute; aortic summary = title: ACUTE AORTIC DISSECTION SURGERY IN PATIENT WITH COVID-19 We present a case of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection in a patient with covid-19 under treatment of ACE inhibitors. We present a case of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection in a patient with covid-19 under treatment of ACE inhibitors. This is one of the first acute aortic surgery case among patients with COVID-19. This is one of the first acute aortic surgery case among patients with COVID-19. Although there are an increasing number of reports regarding the effects of Coronavirus on cardiovascular system, acute dissection of the aorta among patients with COVID-19 has not been presented. Computed tomography revealed Type A aortic dissection flap extending through right common iliac artery, and ground-glass opacities in both lungs with nodular infiltration in right apex (Figure 1 ). doi = 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.005 id = cord-006172-ndmf5ekp author = Akins, Paul Taylor title = H1N1 Encephalitis with Malignant Edema and Review of Neurologic Complications from Influenza date = 2010-09-02 keywords = CSF; H1N1; acute; case; influenza summary = We present a case report of 2009 H1N1-associated encephalopathy and review neurologic complications associated with seasonal influenza and 2009 H1N1 virus infection. We present a case of a patient with acute encephalitis associated with febrile upper respiratory tract illness due to 2009 H1N1 complicated by seizures and malignant cerebral edema. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) to influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract is hypothesized to play a prominent role in the more severe stages leading to cytokine dysregulation (''''cytokine storm'''') in Influenzaassociated encephalopathy or encephalitis (IAE) patients [6] . We present a case of acute encephalitis associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, complicated by malignant brain edema. We have also provided an overview of the spectrum of acute and post-infectious neurologic complications reported in association with seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infection of the upper respiratory tract. doi = 10.1007/s12028-010-9436-0 id = cord-294638-tuxwmv0v author = Alawadhi, Abdulla title = Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant date = 2018-03-12 keywords = RANBP2; SCD; acute; hemorrhagic summary = CASE REPORT: A 6-year-old girl known to have sickle cell disease (SCD) presented an acquired demyelinating syndrome (ADS) with diplopia due to sudden unilateral fourth nerve palsy. We report a new case of AHEM associated to a Ran Binding Protein (RANBP)-2 variant and responsive to combined craniectomy, intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP), and IVIG as inaugural manifestation of multisystemic autoimmunity in a girl with sickle cell disease (SCD). Moreover, although hemorrhagic stroke has been described in SCD patients receiving transfusion or corticosteroids, it was in the context of elevated blood pressure which was not present in our case (13) . Previously healthy patients with pathogenic mutations in RANBP2 can present acutely with encephalopathy and convulsions in the context of an infection, with brain imaging revealing involvement of the brainstem, thalami, putamina, cerebellum and external capsules, and claustrum (10) . Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis in a patient with sickle cell disease: a case report doi = 10.3389/fneur.2018.00130 id = cord-310205-j57x9ke6 author = Alcaide, Maria L. title = Pharyngitis and Epiglottitis date = 2007-06-08 keywords = acute; clinical; gas; infection; patient; pharyngitis summary = A major task of the primary care physician is to identify those patients with acute pharyngitis who require specific antimicrobial therapy and to avoid unnecessary and potentially deleterious treatment in the great majority who suffer from a benign, self-limited, usually viral infection. In the minority of patients who are severely ill or toxic at presentation and in whom clinical and epidemiologic evidence leads to a high index of suspicion, oral antimicrobial therapy may be initiated while awaiting the results of the throat culture. Treatment of GAS pharyngitis is recommended to prevent acute rheumatic fever, prevent suppurative complications [28] , shorten the clinical course (although only modestly) [28] , and reduce transmission of the infection in family and school units. Within days to weeks after initial infection with HIV type 1, 50% to 90% of patients develop a constellation of symptoms known as the ''''acute retroviral syndrome.'''' Fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash, myalgia, arthralgias, and mucocutaneous ulcerations are the landmarks of the syndrome [58] [59] [60] [61] . doi = 10.1016/j.idc.2007.03.001 id = cord-333696-3ci9re9a author = Alomari, Safwan O. title = COVID-19 and the Central Nervous System date = 2020-08-04 keywords = SARS; acute; covid-19; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106116 id = cord-355560-vsxe97xs author = Alves, Amanda Mandarino title = SARS-CoV-2 leading to Acute Pancreatitis: an unusual presentation date = 2020-09-15 keywords = SARS; acute summary = During SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2) pandemic, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, several studies described the involvement of other tissues besides the respiratory tract, such as the gastrointestinal tract. Diagnosing acute pancreatitis secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection is challenging due to the need to rule out other etiologies as well the notable heterogeneous presentations. The mechanisms of pancreatic injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection include direct cytopathic effects or indirect systemic inflammatory and immune-mediated cellular responses, resulting in organ damage or secondary enzyme abnormalities [1] . This case report describes a patient with COVID-19 that developed severe acute pancreatitis. ACE2 receptor is highly expressed in pancreatic islet cells [16] , therefore SARS-CoV-2 infection can theoretically cause islet damage resulting in acute diabetes [7] . ACE2 Expression in Pancreas May Cause Pancreatic Damage After SARS-CoV-2 Infection doi = 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.08.011 id = cord-280070-c1bkhgaz author = Azadeh, Natalya title = The Role of Infection in Interstitial Lung Diseases A Review date = 2017-10-31 keywords = ILD; IPF; acute; patient summary = Prognosis can vary according to the type of ILD, but many exhibit gradual progression with an unpredictable clinical course in individual patients, as seen in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and the phenomenon of "acute exacerbation"(AE). Diagnostic evaluations of patients with suspected ILD also need to consider infections, since they can cause various histopathologic patterns commonly associated with ILDs including NSIP, LIP, organizing pneumonia, and eosinophilic pneumonia, among others (Table 1) . Richter et al 19 19 It is currently difficult to determine whether patients with IPF are more susceptible to infection or colonization due to abnormal lung parenchyma, associated traction bronchiectasis, and immunosuppressive medications (which historically have been commonly used for treatment of ILDs), or whether bacteria are involved as triggers of AE or in the pathogenesis of IPF. Histopathologic features and outcome of patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis undergoing surgical lung biopsy Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: role of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection doi = 10.1016/j.chest.2017.03.033 id = cord-006508-rje9bnph author = Ballas, Samir K. title = Sickle Cell Anaemia: Progress in Pathogenesis and Treatment date = 2012-10-10 keywords = RBC; acute; anaemia; cell; disease; pain; patient; sickle summary = Lack of understanding of the nature and pathophysiology of the pain associated with sickle cell anaemia hampered rational approaches of therapy and had an adverse effect on the quality of life of an already compromised health status of affected patients. Beneficial effects of hydroxyurea in patients with sickle cell anaemia Decreases the frequency of acute painful episodes Decreases the incidence of acute chest syndrome Decreases the blood transfusion requirement Decreases morbidity and mortality error where a change of one letter of a keyword of a manuscript (''punctuation mutation'') corrupts the meaning of the intended message. [48] These include: (i) the risk associated with the inhibiting effect of MAb 73E on platelet function with an unpredictable net clinical effect (i.e. thrombosis versus bleeding); and (ii) to be effective, these antibodies have to be administered before the RBC adhere to the vessel wall (i.e., pre-treatment before the onset of a vaso-occlusive event) a scenario that is unpredictable in patients with sickle cell anaemia. doi = 10.2165/00003495-200262080-00003 id = cord-276927-rxudwp2v author = Barbas, Carmen Sílvia Valente title = Goal-Oriented Respiratory Management for Critically Ill Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome date = 2012-08-23 keywords = ARDS; acute; lung; patient; peep; respiratory summary = Rapid administration of antibiotics and resuscitative measures in case of sepsis and septic shock associated with protective ventilatory strategies and early short-term paralysis associated with differential ventilatory techniques (recruitment maneuvers with adequate positive end-expiratory pressure titration, prone position, and new extracorporeal membrane oxygenation techniques) in severe ARDS can help improve its prognosis. Incorporation of modified risk factors such as acute increase of respiratory rate, presence of tachypnea, detection of pulse oximeter desaturation, increased necessity of oxygen supplementation, presence of low pH, acidosis, or hypoxemia in an arterial blood gas sample in clinical practice can improve the clinicians'' ability to perform early diagnosis and prompt therapeutic intervention in ARDS [17] . doi = 10.1155/2012/952168 id = cord-022451-8qtjr0a9 author = Barrett, Bruce title = Productive Cough (Acute Bronchitis) date = 2009-05-15 keywords = Jane; acute; cough summary = This acute illness has caused her to reduce smoking to "a few cigarettes a day." She notes that "I really should quit that stuff." She has been using an over-the-counter combination cold formula, which she believes has helped manage the cough, although it does make her "a bit groggy." Although you have not seen Jane before with this specific constellation of symptoms, you presumptively diagnose acute bronchitis, most likely caused by recent and perhaps ongoing upper airway viral infection with mid-airway inflammatory sequelae. Although it may be reasonable to prescribe antibiotics for some patients with acute bronchitis (e.g., if early pneumonia is suspected or if there is underlying chronic lung disease), most experts recommend against this practice (Anonymous, 1997• A ; Gonzales et al., 2001a,b• C) because societal harms (antibiotic resistance) and individual adverse effects may outweigh potential benefits. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-2377-7.50034-3 id = cord-027870-cuvfy4pj author = Baselga, Eulalia title = Inflammatory and Purpuric Eruptions date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Fig; Kawasaki; NLE; Sweet; acute; congenital; disease; erythema; neonatal; syndrome summary = Other annular erythemas known to be a manifestation of well-defi ned diseases (e.g. neonatal lupus) or with distinctive clinical or histologic features (e.g. erythema multiforme, erythema chronicum migrans, erythema marginatum rheumaticum, and erythema gyratum repens) are not considered under this heading. Differential diagnosis includes other eruptions with ringlike lesions, such as neonatal lupus, erythema multiforme, urticaria, urticarial lesions of pemphigoid, fungal infections, erythema chronicum migrans, and congenital Lyme disease. [98] [99] [100] This type of reaction may be seen in infants with an unknown or presumably viral etiology ( Fig. 19-9) Hypersensitivity syndrome reaction is a serious drug reaction characterized by fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, and internal organ involvement, especially of the liver. Sweet syndrome, or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is a benign disease characterized by tender, raised erythematous plaques, fever, peripheral leukocytosis, histologic fi ndings of a dense dermal infi ltrate of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and a rapid response to systemic corticosteroids. 412 Congenital erythropoietic porphyria and transient elevated porphyrin levels in neonates with hemolytic disease may also cause photosensitivity. doi = 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3432-2.50022-4 id = cord-259945-nmjwzk4e author = Bent, Stephen title = Antibiotics in acute bronchitis: a meta-analysis date = 1999-07-07 keywords = acute; antibiotic summary = Only randomized trials that enrolled otherwise healthy patients with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis, used an antibiotic in the treatment group and a placebo in the control group, and provided sufficient data to calculate an effect size were included. Only randomized trials that enrolled otherwise healthy patients with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis, used an antibiotic in the treatment group and a placebo in the control group, and provided sufficient data to calculate an effect size were included. Inclusion criteria consisted of the following: randomized trials using an antibiotic in the treatment group and a placebo in the control group; subjects with acute bronchitis, no history of chronic lung disease, and pneumonia excluded by chest radiograph or clinical exam; therapy for at least 5 days; and the presentation of sufficient data to calculate the difference in efficacy between the treatment and the placebo as a continuous variable. doi = 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00167-9 id = cord-285557-my16g91c author = Berger, A. title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)—paradigm of an emerging viral infection date = 2004-01-31 keywords = Health; SARS; acute; respiratory; severe summary = This strengthened the case for the novel coronavirus being the cause of SARS, but only after it had been shown to cause a similar illness in artificially infected macaques could it be regarded as fulfilling all four of Koch''s postulates ; World Health Organisation Multicentre Collaborative Networks for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis, 2003) . Nevertheless, and despite considerable progress in this field, much remains to be done until laboratory tests become a useful tool for the management of SARS cases (World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis, 2003) . An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed that detects antibodies in the serum of SARS patients and reliably yields positive results at around day 21 after the onset of illness (World Health Organization Multicentre Collaborative Network for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diagnosis, 2003). doi = 10.1016/j.jcv.2003.09.011 id = cord-284332-p4c1fneh author = Bosma, Karen J. title = Pharmacotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Current and Experimental Approaches date = 2012-09-19 keywords = ALI; ARDS; acute; lung; mortality; patient; respiratory; study summary = [47] Although both of these studies were conducted prior to the 1994 AECC definition, ARDS was strictly defined in the aforementioned studies, including a PaO 2 /FiO 2 ratio <150 or intrapulmonary shunt >20% in patients requiring mechanical ventilation and who had diffuse infiltrates on chest radiograph without clinical evidence of heart failure as pulmonary arterial occlusion pressures were <18 mmHg. Building on the results of these two studies, Sinuff and colleagues [48] developed practice guidelines for prophylactic ketoconazole use, and tested the implementation and efficacy of these guidelines in two ICUs (one control and one active comparator). [119] A phase II study enrolling 98 patients with ALI compared an antioxidant enteral feeding formula containing eicosapentaenoic acid, g-linolenic acid and antioxidant vitamins with placebo, and observed improved oxygenation, reduced pulmonary inflammation, fewer days of mechanical ventilation and fewer non-pulmonary organ failures in the treatment arm, although there was no difference in mortality between this approach and the control group. doi = 10.2165/10898570-000000000-00000 id = cord-258967-8wb3m3ux author = Boujaoude, Ziad C. title = Clinical Approach to Acute Cough date = 2009-08-22 keywords = acute; common; cough summary = It most often is caused by a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract ("common cold") or lower respiratory tract (i.e., "acute bronchitis"). This is supported by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the common cold that demonstrated statistically significant associations among cough, throat clearing, and PND [10] . According to ACCP evidence based guidelines, the diagnosis of acute bronchitis should be made only when there is no clinical or radiographic evidence of pneumonia, and the common cold, acute asthma, or an exacerbation of COPD have been ruled out as the cause of cough [18] . For acute cough related to the common cold, the combination of a first-generation antihistamine (brompheniramine) plus a decongestant (pseudoephedrine) has been shown in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to hasten resolution of both cough and postnasal drip [10] . The best evidence for treatment of cough associated with the common cold is the use of a combination first-generation antihistamine and an effective decongestant (i.e., pseudoephedrine). doi = 10.1007/s00408-009-9170-6 id = cord-287648-nhsn4cru author = Cameli, Matteo title = Usefulness of echocardiography to detect cardiac involvement in COVID‐19 patients date = 2020-07-12 keywords = COVID-19; acute; myocardial; patient summary = Therefore, the use of echocardiography, according to the safety local protocols and ensuring the use of personal protective equipment, could be useful firstly to discriminate between primary cardiac disease or COVID‐19–related myocardial damage, and then for assessing and monitoring COVID‐19 cardiovascular complications: acute myocarditis and arrhythmias, acute heart failure, sepsis‐induced myocardial impairment, and right ventricular failure derived from treatment with high‐pressure mechanical ventilation. 7 In two studies by Shi et al 8 and Guo et al, 9 among 460 and 187 patients hospitalized for COVID-19, respectively, 20% and 28% had acute myocardial injury, which was associated with higher mortality and incidence of complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), malignant arrhythmias, acute renal injury, and coagulopathy. 21 Accordingly, current reports suggest that the majority of COVID-19 patients with myocardial injury without evidence of epicardial coronary artery thrombosis, show imaging data supporting the diagnosis of acute myocarditis 21, 22 ; also, cases of fulminant myocarditis and fatal arrhythmias have been described. doi = 10.1111/echo.14779 id = cord-015957-vimq6qs7 author = Casillas, Javier title = Acute Pancreatitis (AP) date = 2015-03-31 keywords = acute; pancreatitis summary = • Acute infl ammatory process of the pancreas with a wide range of manifestations and clinical variation, ranging from local infl ammation to systemic manifestations such as organ failure. • Abdominal ultrasound is an inexpensive, convenient imaging modality helpful to evaluate the presence of gallbladder and/or common duct stones in acute pancreatitis. -Homogeneous or heterogeneous pancreatic parenchymal enhancement (diffuse or focal due to interstitial parenchymal edema) -Normal or mild to severe peripancreatic and retroperitoneal infl ammatory changes (fatty stranding) depending on the severity of the acute pancreatitis -Varying amounts of peripancreatic fl uid -Thickening of the retroperitoneal fascia • Organ failure (acute pancreatitis) -Approximately 10 % of patients. • Rare complication of acute pancreatitis • Secondary to the compression of the stomach, small bowel, or colon by a pancreatic fl uid collection Clinical management of patients with acute pancreatitis doi = 10.1007/978-3-662-46745-9_14 id = cord-270776-oulnk1b3 author = Chau, Tai-nin title = Value of initial chest radiographs for predicting clinical outcomes in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome date = 2004-08-15 keywords = SARS; acute; patient summary = title: Value of initial chest radiographs for predicting clinical outcomes in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome Purpose To determine whether the initial chest radiograph is helpful in predicting the clinical outcome of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Results Bilateral disease and involvement of more than two zones on the initial chest radiograph were associated with a higher risk of liver impairment and poor clinical outcome. Together with the clinical characteristics of SARS, such as fever and chest symptoms, and a recent history of contact with a suspected or confirmed SARS patient, radiographic evidence of infiltrates consistent with pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome is important in establishing the diagnosis (5) . Studies involving patients with community-acquired pneumonia (10) , acute interstitial pneumonia (11) , or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (12) have shown that quantitative and qualitative changes on chest radiographs might predict clinical outcome. doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.020 id = cord-334528-xenq90xj author = Chen, Hsing I title = Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: experimental and clinical investigations date = 2011-03-17 keywords = ALI; ARDS; acute; lung; pulmonary summary = This literature review includes a brief historical retrospective of ALI/ARDS, the neurogenic pulmonary edema due to head injury, the long-term experimental studies and clinical investigations from our laboratory, the detrimental role of NO, the risk factors, and the possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as therapeutic regimen for ALI/ARDS. [33, 34] In addition to the aforementioned animal experimentations and clinical observations that NO production through the iNOS may be involved in the lung injury due to various causes, our research team demonstrated that endotoxemia produced in anesthetized rats by intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) provoked systemic hypotension, endothelial damage and ALI accompanied by increased plasma nitrate/nitrite and expression of iNOS mRNA, TNF α and IL-1 β . The detrimental role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the pulmonary edema caused by hypercalcemia in conscious rats and isolated lungs doi = 10.3724/sp.j.1263.2011.00044 id = cord-336159-w646qkjz author = Chen, Wei title = Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Taiwan, 1997 to 2011 date = 2015-10-30 keywords = ARDS; acute summary = title: Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Taiwan, 1997 to 2011 A total of 40,876 ARDS patients (68% male; mean age 66 years) were identified by International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition coding and further analyzed for clinical characteristics, medical costs, and mortality. An abrupt decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate in 2003 was coincident with an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome that year. 42, [44] [45] [46] Interestingly, in the current study, there was an abrupt decrease in mortality in 2003, which coincided with the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Asia 22 and an increase in incidence of ARDS (Fig. 1A) . Clinical epidemiology of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: incidence, diagnosis, and outcomes Acute respiratory distress syndrome: estimated incidence and mortality rate in a 5 millionperson population base doi = 10.1097/md.0000000000001849 id = cord-323566-jck799zq author = Cheung, Oi-Yee title = Acute Lung Injury date = 2017-11-05 keywords = ARDS; DAD; Fig; acute; lung; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-44284-8.00006-5 id = cord-007321-7gi6xrci author = Chow, Anthony W. title = Evaluation of New Anti-Infective Drugs for the Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections date = 1992-11-17 keywords = AOM; MEE; acute; clinical; patient; study; therapy summary = These guidelines for the evaluation of drugs for the treatment of respiratory tract infections include acute streptococcal pharyngitis and tonsillitis, acute otitis media, acute and chronic sinusitis, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, and acute infectious pneumonia (table 1). This is often the case in otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia, when the use of invasive procedures such as tympanocentesis, sinus puncture, or transtracheal aspiration to confirm microbial eradication in the patient who is improving clinically generally is considered unjustified. Patients eligible for study entrance are children or adults with symptomatic pharyngitis or tonsillitis of acute onset clinically consistent with infection with group A I3-hemolytic streptococci and from whom group A (3-hemolytic streptococci have been isolated in cultures of throat -swab specimen or for whom a rapid screening test has indicated the presence of streptococci. doi = 10.1093/clind/15.supplement_1.s62 id = cord-345222-otfnrarh author = Ciccarelli, Simona title = Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis date = 2013-10-29 keywords = Escherichia; Shigella; acute; cause; child; diarrhea; gastroenteritis; infection summary = 4 In spite of the intense promotion of oral rehydration solution (ORS) at the community level and the training of health care workers, diarrhea mortality remains unacceptably high: more than 2 million children aged less than 5 years die each year from gastroenteritis, almost all living in resource-constrained nations, where acute diarrhea represents a leading cause of child mortality, second only to pneumonia. Probiotics, also defined as food supplements, improve the intestinal microbial balance of the host, have beneficial effects on health, prevent outbreaks of community-acquired diarrhea, reduce colonization of infants with pathogenic microorganisms, and reduce the duration and severity of diarrheal infections, balancing the intestinal ecosystem. 143 The European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence have suggested the use of probiotic strains with proven efficacy and in appropriate doses for the management of children with acute gastroenteritis as an adjunct to rehydration therapy. doi = 10.2147/idr.s12718 id = cord-016526-obph3gup author = Degnan, Tina H. title = Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Treatment of Nonspecific Upper Respiratory Infections, Rhinosinusitis, and Acute Bronchitis in Adults date = 2007 keywords = URI; acute summary = title: Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Treatment of Nonspecific Upper Respiratory Infections, Rhinosinusitis, and Acute Bronchitis in Adults Acute sinusitis, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) account for the majority of antibiotics prescribed by primary care physicians in the United States. The guidelines summarized in this chapter were designed by a panel of physicians representing family medicine, internal medicine, emergency medicine, and infectious diseases to provide a practical approach to the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of previously healthy adults with nonspecific URI, acute sinusitis, or acute bronchitis in the ambulatory care setting. approach to the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of previously healthy adults with nonspecific URI, acute sinusitis, or acute bronchitis in the ambulatory care setting. In summary, a previously healthy adult patient with acute cough illness without signs of pneumonia or exposure to pertussis will not benefit from antibiotic treatment. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59745-313-4_10 id = cord-007585-vs5yondw author = Dere, Willard H. title = Acute bronchitis: Results of U.S. and European trials of antibiotic therapy date = 1992-06-22 keywords = Dere; acute summary = Four clinical trials were conducted to compare high and low doses of loracarbef, a new oral β-lactam antibiotic, with three agents commonly used to treat acute bronchitis: amoxicillin/clavulanate, cefaclor, and amoxicillin. Results of these studies indicated that loracarbef, 400 and 200 mg twice daily, had clinical and bacteriologic efficacy against the common respiratory pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis that was comparable with that of the comparative agents. This article reviews the etiology and treatment of acute bronchitis as well as the safety and efficacy results of four clinical trials designed to compare a new fllactam antibiotic, loracarbef, with agents currently used as therapy for patients with this condition. More than 2,000 patients were enrolled in the four studies: a total of 538 received high-dose loracarbef, 561 received low-dose loracarbef, 244 received amoxiciUin/clavulanate, 159 received cefaclor, and 716 received amoxicillin [15, 16; Dere WH, unpublished data, 1991] . doi = 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90608-e id = cord-308201-lavcsqov author = Desforges, Marc title = Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System? date = 2019-12-20 keywords = CNS; OC43; acute; human; infection; respiratory; virus summary = Viruses infecting human CNS cells could then cause different types of encephalopathy, including encephalitis, and long-term neurological diseases. Even though no clear cause and effect link has ever been made with the onset of human neurological diseases, their neuropathogenicity is being increasingly recognized in humans, as several recent reports associated cases of encephalitis [244] , acute flaccid paralysis [271] and other neurological symptoms, including possible complications of HCoV infection such as Guillain-Barré syndrome or ADEM [249, [272] [273] [274] [275] [276] [277] [278] [279] . Like for several other respiratory viruses, accumulating evidence now indicate that HCoV are neuroinvasive in humans and we hypothesize that these recognized respiratory pathogens are potentially neurovirulent as well, as they could participate in short-and long-term neurological disorders either as a result of inadequate host immune responses and/or viral propagation in the CNS, which directly induces damage to resident cells. doi = 10.3390/v12010014 id = cord-017374-clctlm5l author = Diamantaki, Eleni title = Acute Respiratory Failure Before ICU Admission: A Practical Approach date = 2017-06-28 keywords = acute; arf; patient summary = Other frequent causes include cardiogenic and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS]), antineoplastic therapy (chemotherapy, radiation therapy)-induced lung injury, cancer-related medical disorders (such as venous thromboembolism, transfusionrelated acute lung injury), and direct involvement of the respiratory system by malignancy and progression of underlying disease. HRCT yields an overall sensitivity and negative predictive value of 90%, in identifying the cause of ARF in cancer patients with lung infiltrates, but low specificity and positive predictive value [7] . Pulmonary toxicity of antineoplastic agents, known as drug-induced toxicity (DIT), is a common cause of respiratory failure in oncologic patients and should be included in the differential diagnosis of ARF in patients who are on or have been treated with antineoplastic agents. Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) should always be included in the differential diagnosis of acute respiratory failure in oncologic patients, in particular when chemotherapy with cardiotoxic drugs has been preceded. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-49256-8_10 id = cord-291517-ifei60ly author = Dixon, Luke title = COVID-19-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy with brain stem involvement in a patient with aplastic anemia date = 2020-05-26 keywords = ANE; SARS; acute summary = title: COVID-19-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy with brain stem involvement in a patient with aplastic anemia OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) in a patient with aplastic anemia where there was early brain stem-predominant involvement. Nasopharyngeal swab testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) was positive, and CT during admission demonstrated diffuse swelling of the brain stem. 2 Here, we report a further case of possible COVID-19-related necrotizing hemorrhagic encephalopathy associated with early brain stem involvement. Extensive abnormal signal and microhemorrhage were found in a symmetrical distribution within the dorsolateral putamina, ventrolateral thalamic nuclei, subinsular regions, splenium of the corpus callosum, cingulate gyri, and subcortical Glossary ANE = acute necrotizing encephalopathy; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; GCS = Glasgow Coma Score; GTCS = generalized tonic-clonic seizure; SARS-CoV-2 = severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. doi = 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000789 id = cord-258087-93yfs7ve author = Flores, Carlos title = A quality assessment of genetic association studies supporting susceptibility and outcome in acute lung injury date = 2008-10-25 keywords = ALI; ARDS; acute; study summary = CONCLUSIONS: Although the quality of association studies seems to have improved over the years, more and better designed studies, including the replication of previous findings, with larger sample sizes extended to population groups other than those of European descent, are needed for identifying firm genetic modifiers of ALI. This quality assessment of genetic association studies with positive findings in susceptibility or outcome of ALI and ARDS identified a total of 29 articles and 16 genes. ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ALI, acute lung injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CXCL2, chemokine CXC motif ligand 2; F5, coagulation factor V; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-10, interleukin-10; MBL2, mannose-binding lectin-2; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor; MV, mechanical ventilation; MYLK, myosin light-chain kinase; NFKB1, nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; NFKBIA, nuclear factor kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor alpha; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 factor; PBEF, pre-B cell-enhancing factor; PLAU, plasminogen activator urokinase; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; SFTPB, surfactant pulmonaryassociated protein B; SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome; SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TR, tandem repeat (polymorphism); VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Positive genetic association studies with acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome susceptibility and/or outcome (by year of publication) doi = 10.1186/cc7098 id = cord-311529-tv324cx1 author = Fromont, A. title = Encefalomielite acuta disseminata date = 2010-12-31 keywords = EMAD; acute; con; della; encephalomyelitis; una summary = Anticorpi diretti contro gli antigeni della mielina sono riscontrabili nei pazienti che hanno sviluppato un''EMAD dopo la vaccinazione con il vaccino Semple attenuato vivo, prodotto su colture di tessuti del sistema nervoso di conigli o capre [32] . Secondo i grandi studi pediatrici (Tabella 5) [2, 4, 7-9, 11, 52] , i segni clinici presentati dai bambini sono, il più delle volte, un quadro di encefalopatia, cefalee, manifestazioni cerebellari, un interessamento dei nervi cranici, una neurite ottica. Secondo Tenembaum [31] i disturbi della coscienza, l''atassia, i deficit motori, l''interessamento del tronco cerebrale si riscontrano sia nell''adulto sia nel bambino, mentre una febbre di lunga durata, gli attacchi epilettici e le cefalee si verificano più spesso nel bambino. Questi studi hanno diversi limiti, tra cui l''eterogeneità dei criteri di diagnosi delle sclerosi multiple pediatriche e durate del follow-up molto varie. doi = 10.1016/s1634-7072(10)70499-2 id = cord-001493-3yu2di1g author = Fujishima, Seitaro title = Pathophysiology and biomarkers of acute respiratory distress syndrome date = 2014-05-07 keywords = ARDS; acute; patient summary = Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is defined as an acute-onset, progressive, hypoxic condition with radiographic bilateral lung infiltration, which develops after several diseases or injuries, and is not derived from hydrostatic pulmonary edema. In parallel with progress in understanding the pathophysiology of ARDS, various humoral factors induced by inflammation and molecules derived from activated cells or injured tissues have been shown as potential biomarkers that may be applied in clinical practice. Numerous proinflammatory cytokines play major roles in acute inflammation and the development of inflammatory lung diseases, including ARDS. Increased levels of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) are associated with death in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome Neutrophil elastase and systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the initiation and development of acute lung injury among critically ill patients Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network: Plasma surfactant protein levels and clinical outcomes in patients with acute lung injury doi = 10.1186/2052-0492-2-32 id = cord-278319-44bvju3g author = Gonzales, Ralph title = Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis: Background date = 2001-06-30 keywords = acute; bronchitis; cough; patient summary = Four prospective studies (1984 to 1990) examined the accuracy of patient history and physical examination for diagnosing radiographic pneumonia in adults with acute respiratory illness in outpatient and emergency department settings, and a clinical decision tool to determine the need for radiography was developed. [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] By the mid-1990s, published reviews of randomized, placebo-controlled trials 51,52 had concluded that routine antibiotic treatment of acute bronchitis does not have a consistent impact on duration or severity of illness or on potential complications, such as development of pneumonia. In epidemiologic studies, respiratory viruses, particularly influenza, appear to cause the large majority of cases of uncomplicated acute bronchitis according to culture, antibody (48) productive cough of any times daily for 10 days group (n = 24) vs. Randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated a consistent benefit of therapy with albuterol versus placebo for uncomplicated acute bronchitis in reducing the duration and severity of cough (in one study, the "placebo" was erythromycin). doi = 10.1067/s0196-0644(01)70091-1 id = cord-267436-mivxm8oh author = Groneberg, David A title = Treatment and vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome date = 2005-03-10 keywords = SARS; acute; coronavirus; respiratory summary = The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which affected over 8000 individuals worldwide and was responsible for over 700 deaths in the 2002-2003 outbreak, is a coronavirus that was unknown before the outbreak. The causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which affected over 8000 individuals worldwide and was responsible for over 700 deaths in the 2002-2003 outbreak, is a coronavirus that was unknown before the outbreak. 31 The results of a randomised clinical study in Guangdong, involving multiple different treatment arms, suggest that ribavirin given at a low dose (400-600 mg/day) was less effective compared with an early and aggressive use of steroids with interferon alfa. Search terms were "severe acute respiratory syndrome", "SARS", "treatment", "coronavirus", "infection", "SARS coronavirus", "vaccination", and "antiviral". Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice Generation and characterization of DNA vaccines targeting the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(05)01307-1 id = cord-032382-5tp9i9vh author = Hackert, Volker H. title = Signs and symptoms do not predict, but may help rule out acute Q fever in favour of other respiratory tract infections, and reduce antibiotics overuse in primary care date = 2020-09-21 keywords = acute; fever; symptom summary = CONCLUSION: Whereas signs and symptoms of disease do not appear to predict acute Q fever, they may help rule it out in favour of other respiratory conditions, prompting a delayed or non-prescribing approach instead of early empiric doxycycline in primary care patients with non-severe presentations. Specifically, we assessed whether signs and symptoms could accurately identify acute Q fever in suspect cases prior to laboratory confirmation, or help rule out the diagnosis in favour of other respiratory infections where, depending on national guidelines, treatment with amoxicillin as a first-line antibiotic or a delayed or non-prescribing approach would be considered more appropriate. We performed a retrospective case-control study assessing the association of acute Q fever case status with signs and symptoms of disease in a sample of questionnaire respondents from the cohort of all individuals tested for acute Q fever by GP''s or hospital-based medical specialists in the period from March 2009 through April 2010 (n = 1218). doi = 10.1186/s12879-020-05400-0 id = cord-015384-bz7ui5a0 author = Hans-Peter, Kapfhammer title = Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock date = 2008-11-27 keywords = ALI; ARDS; PTSD; acute summary = From a perspective of C/L psychiatry persisting cognitive dysfunctions, anxiety and mood disorders, posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) in their negative impact on healthIn the etiopathogenesis of PTSD associated with ALI/ ARDS, many influences have to be discussed, e.g., increases in CO 2 triggering panic affects, a mismatch of norepinephric overstimulation and cortisol insufficiency, negative effects of high doses of benzodiazepines resulting in oversedation, prolonged phases of weaning and more frequent states of delirium. Social support during intensive care unit stay might improve mental impairment and consequently health-related quality of life in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: A prospective cohort study Post-traumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: Assessing the magnitude of the problem Health-related quality of life and posttrauamtic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome doi = 10.1007/s11800-008-0129-x id = cord-261856-i1e0uj0s author = Heffner, John E title = Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in geriatric critical care date = 2005-03-04 keywords = COPD; acute; exacerbation; patient summary = Elderly patients with moderate to severe COPD experience acute exacerbations of their airway disease, each of which presents a risk for acute respiratory failure. Criteria for grading the severity of an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis American College of Chest Physicians-American College of Physicians/American Society of Internal Medicine Guidelines [13] Mild exacerbation: presence of any one of the cardinal symptoms of increased dyspnea, increased sputum volume, or increased sputum purulence with the addition of an upper respiratory infection within the past 5 days, fever with no other cause, increased wheezing or cough, or a 20% rise over baseline in respiratory rate or heart rate. Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in the setting of severe, acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: more effective and less expensive doi = 10.1016/s0749-0704(03)00054-x id = cord-017012-yl0vanuh author = Herberg, Jethro title = Infectious Diseases and the Kidney date = 2009 keywords = BKV; CMV; HBV; HIV; HIVAN; acute; case; disease; infection; patient; renal summary = Renal involvement in infectious diseases may occur by a variety of mechanisms: direct microbial invasion of the renal tissues or collecting system may take place in conditions such as staphylococcal abscess of the kidney as a result of septicemic spread of the organism or as a consequence of ascending infection; damage to the kidney may be caused by the systemic release of endotoxin or other toxins and activation of the inflammatory cascade during septicemia or by a focus of infection distant from the kidney; ischemic damage may result from inadequate perfusion induced by septic shock; the kidney may be damaged by activation of the immunologic pathways or by immune complexes resulting from the infectious process. However, in addition to this post-infection immunologically mediated disorder, in recent years there have been increasing reports of GAS causing acute renal failure as part of an invasive infection with many features of the staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (28) . doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-76341-3_52 id = cord-005892-3yuznrdv author = Hübener, P. title = Das akut-auf-chronische Leberversagen als diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung der Intensivmedizin date = 2017-02-16 keywords = ACLF; acute; chronic; liver summary = Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is an emerging clinical syndrome in patients with underlying liver disease that is usually triggered by one or multiple insults and characterized by progressive hepatic and nonhepatic organ failure, a significant risk of infections, and high short-term mortality rates. Im Rahmen dieses ärztlichen Entscheidungsprozesses müssen neben der unmittelbaren Schwere der Erkrankung beispielsweise auch der mutmaßliche Patientenwunsch, jeweilige lokale und nationale Überlebensraten, eine potenzielle Reversibilität der Or-Das akut-auf-chronische Leberversagen als diagnostische und therapeutische Herausforderung der Intensivmedizin Zusammenfassung Das akut-auf-chronische Leberversagen ("acute-on-chronic liver failure", ACLF) ist ein emergentes Krankheitssyndrom, das durch einen oder mehrere akute Trigger bei vorgeschädigter Leber ausgelöst wird und vom progressiven hepatalen und nichthepatalen Organversagen, einem gravierenden Risiko infektiöser Komplikationen sowie hoher kurzfristiger Letalität gekennzeichnet ist. Leberversagen · Zirrhose · Infektion · Organversagen · Transplantation Acute-on-chronic liver failure: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for intensive care Abstract Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is an emerging clinical syndrome in patients with underlying liver disease that is usually triggered by one or multiple insults and characterized by progressive hepatic and nonhepatic organ failure, a significant risk of infections, and high short-term mortality rates. doi = 10.1007/s00063-017-0263-3 id = cord-014538-6a2pviol author = Kamilia, Chtara title = Proceedings of Réanimation 2017, the French Intensive Care Society International Congress date = 2017-01-10 keywords = ARDS; Antoine; Ben; Care; ECMO; EEG; Fig; France; François; ICU; Intensive; January; Jean; Mohamed; NIV; Nicolas; Pierre; VAP; acute; associate; day; group; high; mortality; patient; study summary = Other parameters that were significantly different between the patients who died and those who survived were an advanced age, an elevated IGS II score at hospital admission, an elevated SOFA score at study entry, a late healthcare-associated infection and several biological variables: a high C reactive protein, low albumin and prealbumin and a poor percent of monocytes expressing HLA-DR, all measured at day 7. Parameters collected were demographic features, comorbidities, regular treatment, dyspnea assessed by the MRC scale, initial clinical severity reflected by SAPS II and APACHE II scores, modalities and ICU admission deadlines, initial arterial blood gas analysis, management of patients in the ICU (ventilation modalities, prescription of antibiotics, use of vasoactive drugs) and their outcomes (incidence of nosocomial infections and their sites, length of stay and ICU mortality). doi = 10.1186/s13613-016-0224-7 id = cord-273035-sewfb3q8 author = Kang, Xixiong title = Proteomic Fingerprints for Potential Application to Early Diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome date = 2005-01-01 keywords = PBS; SARS; acute summary = Background: Definitive early-stage diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is important despite the number of laboratory tests that have been developed to complement clinical features and epidemiologic data in case definition. Results: The discriminatory classifier with a panel of four biomarkers determined in the training set could precisely detect 36 of 37 (sensitivity, 97.3%) acute SARS and 987 of 993 (specificity, 99.4%) non-SARS samples. We established a decision tree algorithm consisting of four unique biomarkers for acute SARS in the training set and subsequently validated the accuracy of this classifier by use of a completely blinded test set. To identify the serum biomarkers that could distinguish SARS from non-SARS samples, we used a training set of specimens (37 SARS acute and 74 controls; Tables 1 and 2) and constructed the decision tree classification algorithm using 10 989 peaks [99 peaks ϫ (37 ϩ 74) spectra] of statistical significance identified in the low energy readings (see Materials and Methods). doi = 10.1373/clinchem.2004.032458 id = cord-262523-hxoyfh6o author = Kaur, Gagandeep title = Resolution of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Following Termination of Pregnancy date = 2014-02-28 keywords = ADEM; acute; pregnancy summary = title: Resolution of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Following Termination of Pregnancy A cute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare autoimmune illness characterized by inflammation of central nervous system myelin with resultant white matter damage. 13 Ms. A''s neurological status began to improve after the pregnancy was terminated. 14 In contrast, other cases of fulminant demyelinating disease during pregnancy have resulted in coma. 15, 16 Another demyelinating illness, Marburg''s Disease, is similarly rapid and fulminant, but less likely during pregnancy; 1 case, resistant to steroids, IVIg, and plasmapheresis, resulted in death. Alternatively, a direct immune-mediated response to the fetus may have triggered the ADEM; this is supported by the beginning of recovery after pregnancy termination in our vignette. Given ethical concerns and the rarity of this condition, it is impossible to determine whether a causal relationship exists between termination of pregnancy and resolution of treatment-resistant ADEM. doi = 10.1016/j.psym.2013.05.010 id = cord-294807-1zuw3pp7 author = Khodamoradi, Zohre title = COVID-19 and Acute Pulmonary Embolism in Postpartum Patient date = 2020-08-17 keywords = acute; embolism summary = We report a 36-year-old woman in Iran who sought care for left shoulder pain and cough 5 days after a scheduled cesarean section. Acute pulmonary embolism has been associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections, but no cases have been reported with Middle East respiratory syndrome (2, 3) . We report a patient in Iran who sought care for cough and shoulder pain 5 days after an uncomplicated cesarean delivery in whom an acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19 infection were subsequently diagnosed. CTA or ultrasonography for deep vein thrombosis may be important for COVID-19-positive pregnant or postpartum patients who have signs or symptoms of possible venous embolism, given their potentially heightened risk. In this patient population, with an already elevated risk for venous embolism, physicians should be aware of the potential for concurrent mild COVID-19 and acute pulmonary embolism. doi = 10.3201/eid2608.201383 id = cord-010945-6iisb8jw author = Khurana, Aman title = Reporting of acute pancreatitis by radiologists-time for a systematic change with structured reporting template date = 2020-03-18 keywords = Atlanta; acute; pancreatitis summary = The management of acute pancreatitis is mostly supportive care, however, the challenge of treatment occurs when the patient presents with severe disease and complications [24] . Another example of the role of imaging in altering the management is the diagnosis of infected necrosis, which is made when the patient experiences fever, develops increasing inflammatory markers and demonstrates gas in the peripancreatic collection on imaging, at which point percutaneous fine needle aspiration of the collection is not required to confirm the diagnosis as the clinical and radiological findings are sufficient for a diagnosis [19] . Describing Computed Tomography Findings in Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis With the Atlanta Classification: An Table 2 Entire proposed pancreatitis template with all four broad categories of the reporting template-pancreas, peripancreatic fluid collections, upper abdominal vasculature & other Interobserver Agreement Study doi = 10.1007/s00261-020-02468-9 id = cord-305618-tq401g18 author = Kim, Beom Joon title = Management of Acute Stroke Patients Amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Scientific Statement of the Korean Stroke Society date = 2020-05-12 keywords = COVID-19; acute summary = title: Management of Acute Stroke Patients Amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Scientific Statement of the Korean Stroke Society If hospitals and emergency rooms establish pre-arrival screening measures for COVID-19, including assessment of travel history and respiratory symptoms, it would save time for acute stroke care. Measures to contain SARS-CoV-2 transmission during acute stroke care in the emergency room in case of outof-hospital occurrence or at the place of onset in case of in-hospital stroke (1) All medical staff should use personal protective equipment (PPE), including full-sleeved gown, N95 respirator, eye protection (goggles or face shields), and gloves. Otherwise, designate an angiography suite for treating a stroke patient with COVID-19 and prepare isolation measures beforehand. It is recommended that each stroke center develops and updates an institutional protocol for providing safe and efficient stroke care amid the COVID-19 pandemic, based on its medical resources, local epidemics, and emerging prevention and treatment options against COVID-19. doi = 10.5853/jos.2020.01291 id = cord-017322-82nfkms8 author = Kumar, Anupam title = Respiratory Failure in a Patient with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis date = 2019-07-24 keywords = IPF; acute summary = The 2007 criteria proposed by Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Network (IPFnet) defined acute exacerbation of IPF as acute clinical worsening (<30 days) in a patient with known or newly diagnosed IPF with acceleration of dyspnea and/or hypoxemia and new radiologic changes, typically ground glass opacities, on a background of fibrotic disease (example Fig. 30 .1) [1, 2] . The classical description of pathologic insult due to acute exacerbation of IPF is diffuse alveolar damage [4] , which is the same as ARDS, but here is superimposed on the pathological findings of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: usual interstitial pneumonia. As idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a rare condition, and acute exacerbations occur spontaneously and abruptly, large a b prospective randomized trials evaluating treatment are lacking. High flow nasal cannula has been shown to have salutatory affects in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients without an acute exacerbation, specifically decreased minute ventilation, respiratory rate, capillary carbon dioxide were seen [25] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26710-0_30 id = cord-296605-p67twx7a author = LAU, Arthur Chun-Wing title = Management of Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) date = 2004-03-10 keywords = SARS; acute; patient; respiratory; severe summary = title: Management of Critically Ill Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Most SARS patients would require high flow oxygen supplementation, 20–30% required intensive care unit (ICU) or high dependency care, and 13–26% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The management of critically ill SARS patients requires timely institution of pharmacotherapy where applicable and supportive treatment (oxygen therapy, noninvasive and invasive ventilation). More than onethird of all the SARS patients required high flow oxygen therapy [4] , 20-30% required intensive care unit (ICU) admission or high dependency care, and 13-26% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [5, 6] . Description and clinical treatment of an early outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangzhou, PR China Evaluation of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in treatment for patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome Clinical observation of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) doi = nan id = cord-017983-ehxpdavo author = Lee, Joyce S. title = Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis date = 2013-09-13 keywords = IPF; acute; pulmonary summary = Often, patients are found to have impaired gas exchange with a decrease in SP-D Marker of alveolar type II cell injury and/or proliferation Plasma levels higher in AEx compared to stable [ 42 ] Thrombomodulin Membrane protein expressed on the surface of endothelial cells which serves as a receptor for thrombin Plasma levels higher in AEx compared to stable and log change in thrombomodulin was predictive of survival [ 42 ] von Willebrand factor Marker of endothelial cell injury and is involved in hemostasis Higher plasma % in AEx compared to stable [ 42 ] AEx acute exacerbation, IPF idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis, KL-6 Previous or concurrent diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fi brosis Unexplained development or worsening of dyspnea within 30 days High-resolution computed tomography with new bilateral ground-glass abnormality and/or consolidation superimposed on a background reticular or honeycomb pattern consistent with usual interstitial pneumonia No evidence of pulmonary infection by endotracheal aspirate or bronchoalveolar lavage Exclusion of alternative causes, including left heart failure, pulmonary embolism, and other identifi able causes of acute lung injury a Patients who do not meet all fi ve criteria should be termed "suspected acute exacerbation" doi = 10.1007/978-1-62703-682-5_17 id = cord-027858-j8kioy8e author = Lefkowitch, Jay H. title = Acute Viral Hepatitis date = 2020-06-22 keywords = Fig; acute; hepatitis summary = 10, 11 Occasionally, mild serum liver test abnormalities and mild histological hepatitis (''bystander hepatitis'') with apoptotic bodies, focal necrosis and lymphocytic inflammation are seen in systemic, non-hepatic viral infections such as pulmonary influenza and result from migration to the liver of and collateral damage by CD8 T-lymphocytes. Another form of hepatocellular damage in acute hepatitis is focal (spotty) necrosis, in which liver-cell plates are disrupted or replaced by small groups of lymphocytes and macrophages. Focal as opposed to zonal areas of confluent necrosis haphazardly distributed in relation to lobular zones are more likely to be due to causes other than acute viral hepatitis; possibilities to be considered include opportunistic infections with herpes simplex or zoster viruses and lymphoma. Extensive microvesicular change of hepatocytes, previously described in hepatitis D infection, has been seen also in severe acute hepatitis A (Fig. 6.14) . doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3410-7.00012-5 id = cord-005884-uzxaey5k author = Lehner, G.F. title = Monitoring von Organfunktionen: Dysfunktion von Niere, Leber, Gastrointestinaltrakt und Gerinnung date = 2012-02-02 keywords = GFR; Patienten; acute; der; die; und; von summary = Einschränkungen für den breiten Einsatz von Cystatin C ergeben sich außerdem aus F der fehlenden Standardisierung, F dem hohem Preis und F der potenziellen Beeinflussbarkeit durch Entzündung und HormonIntensivmedizin · Score · Biomarker · Prognosebeurteilung · Blutgerinnung Der Einsatz der genannten Biomarker bei der klinischen Diagnose und der Klassifizierung der akuten Nierenschädigung könnte in Zukunft sowohl das frühere Erkennen einer Nierenfunktionsbeeinträchtigung ermöglichen und durch den dar-aus resultierenden früheren Behandlungsbeginn die Therapie optimieren als auch die Sensitivität und Spezifität der existierenden Systeme (RIFLE, AKIN) wesentlich verbessern sowie möglicherweise sogar verlässliche Aussagen über das Outcome der Patienten ermöglichen. Zusammenfassend beziehen leberspezifische Scores, vermutlich aufgrund ihrer Fokussierung auf Leberparameter, andere wichtige Mortalitätsdeterminanten nicht mit ein und sind daher für eine verlässliche Beurteilung der Überlebensprognose bei ICU-Patienten nur bedingt nützlich. doi = 10.1007/s00063-011-0032-7 id = cord-253502-v2hh3w3r author = Leung, C.W. title = Clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in children date = 2004-11-05 keywords = PCR; SARS; acute; child; respiratory; severe summary = doi = 10.1016/j.prrv.2004.07.010 id = cord-302862-znnlyz3y author = Lim, Peter A.C. title = Transverse Myelitis date = 2019-04-17 keywords = MRI; acute; patient; transverse summary = Following the acute management, which may include use of steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and plasma exchange, a comprehensive medical rehabilitation program is important to optimize recovery from the resultant impairments and disabilities and manage associated complications. Factors associated with poor outcomes include severe initial symptoms with spinal shock, delayed presentation to the hospital after maximum deficits have already occurred, development of syringomyelia, and extensive MRI lesions. Patients with TM may present in the ambulatory clinic, urgent care center, or hospital setting with complaints of weakness of the limbs, sensory impairments, pain, and difficulties with the bowel and bladder. The functional limitations in a patient with TM usually depend on the level of spinal cord involvement and corresponding muscles affected. Effective management of intractable neuropathic pain using an intrathecal morphine pump in a patient with acute transverse myelitis doi = 10.1016/b978-0-323-54947-9.00162-0 id = cord-337137-0ey40gzw author = Lo, Anthony WI title = How the SARS coronavirus causes disease: host or organism? date = 2005-12-17 keywords = SARS; acute; respiratory; severe summary = Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new viral disease caused by a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV ( Figure 1 ) [1, 2] . Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways Tissue and cellular tropism of the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome: an in-situ hybridization study of fatal cases Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus in pneumocytes of the lung Immunohistochemical, in situ hybridization, and ultrastructural localization of SARS-associated coronavirus in lung of a fatal case of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Taiwan Retroviruses pseudotyped with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein efficiently infect cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein up-regulates expression of fibrinogen in lung epithelial cells Autoantibodies against human epithelial cells and endothelial cells after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus infection doi = 10.1002/path.1897 id = cord-325405-cu4nx891 author = Luo, Lingfei title = Epidemiological and clinical differences between sexes and pathogens in a three-year surveillance of acute infectious gastroenteritis in Shanghai date = 2019-07-10 keywords = acute; bacterial; gastroenteritis summary = Logistic regression analyses with sex stratification showed that abdominal pain, fever and ingestion of unsafe food at restaurants were independent factors more frequently associated with bacterial gastroenteritis irrespective of sex; red cell-positive fecal matter was associated with bacterial gastroenteritis with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.28 only in males; and white blood cell count was associated with bacterial gastroenteritis with an OR of 1.02 only in females. No significant differences in the age, percentage of local residents, frequency of vomiting, frequency of watery stools, frequency of diarrhea, duration of diarrhea, rate dehydration, heart rate, blood pressure, or rate of ingesting possible unsafe food variables was observed between the viral and bacterial gastroenteritis groups ( Independent factors differentially associated with pathogen by sex. Among males, univariate analyses showed that nausea, vomiting frequency, watery stools, abdominal pain, fever, ingesting unsafe food at restaurants, fecal leukocyte-positive, fecal red cell-positive and white blood cell count were potential independent factors that were differentially associated with viral and bacterial gastroenteritis. doi = 10.1038/s41598-019-46480-6 id = cord-313253-um3qu8xr author = Magnani, Silvia title = Acute myocarditis: an overview on emerging evidence date = 2020-07-18 keywords = acute; myocarditis summary = Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the heart that may present with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from an asymptomatic state to infarct-like chest pain, severe heart failure, and lifethreatening ventricular arrhythmias. The authors have reported data from a large Italian multicenter registry including 220 patients with acute myocarditis confirmed by EBM. The authors found that a pool of variables including presentation with hemodynamic decompensation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50% and a QRS duration >120 msec characterize a subgroup of patients with "complicated" acute myocarditis whom may benefit from mechanical hemodynamic support. According to a German registry including children and young adults (median age 13-years) admitted to the hospital for acute myocarditis presenting with decompensated heart failure, the need for mechanical hemodynamic support was as high as 14% while in-hospital death/heart transplant rate was 8%, and the overall mortality rate was 5%. In a large European Study of Epidemiology and Treatment of Inflammatory Heart Disease, presence of viral genome was found in only 12% of 3055 symptomatic cases. doi = 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.07.003 id = cord-018557-iuu38yes author = Mainous, Arch G. title = Upper Respiratory Infections and Acute Bronchitis date = 2009-09-10 keywords = acute; antibiotic; otitis; treatment summary = Treatment recommendations from the AAP/AAFP guidelines for the management of acute otitis media suggest that observation rather the initial use of antibiotics is appropriate depending on the child''s overall health, age, severity of illness, and likelihood that they can follow-up if necessary. When antibiotics are selected for the management of acute suppurative otitis media, selection of an agent should provide coverage for the two most common organisms, the AAP/AAFP recommends initial treatment with amoxicillin at a dose of 80-90 mg/kg per day. • Evidence does not support the use of antibiotics for the common cold, acute bronchitis, initial cases of otitis media with effusion, and non-group A streptococcal pharyngitis. • Although the data are mixed regarding the utility of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis, otitis media, and group A streptococcal pharyngitis, antibiotics may have some benefit. doi = 10.1007/978-1-60327-239-1_8 id = cord-258307-nsdhvc8w author = Maki, Dennis G. title = SARS Revisited: The Challenge of Controlling Emerging Infectious Diseases at the Local, Regional, Federal, and Global Levels date = 2011-10-20 keywords = Hong; Kong; SARS; acute; severe summary = The most recent and perhaps most fearsome emerging infections are the appearance of West Nile virus encephalitis in New York City in 1999 and its rapid spread westward 6 ; inhalation anthrax, deriving from use of Bacillus anthracis spores as a biologic weapon against the US civilian population in 2001 7 ; the global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 8 ; and the looming threat of pandemic influenza, especially global disease caused by the highly virulent avian subtype A (H5N1). If it is not, the effort will not have been wasted because it is likely that all the planning and resource allocation will prove invaluable for controlling the spread of natural emerging pathogens, such as SARS-CoV or a new strain of influenza virus, which are probably far more likely to pose a serious threat to human and animal health in the United States and worldwide. doi = 10.4065/79.11.1359 id = cord-016815-pva22xy7 author = Mannem, Hannah C. title = Transfusion and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Clinical Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes date = 2016-06-11 keywords = TRALI; acute; blood; transfusion summary = Multiple patient and donor related risk factors for TRALI exist, including critically illness, alcohol use, and receiving transfusions with high plasma volumes. Possible TRALI occurs when the acute respiratory distress takes place in the setting of a blood transfusion, as well as other co-existing risk factors for development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) , including: trauma, sepsis, pancreatitis, aspiration, inhalation, drug overdose, or burns. A prospective cohort study showed 33 % of patients on mechanical ventilation at the time of transfusion developed acute lung injury [ 15 ] . Risk factors and outcome of transfusion-related acute lung injury in the critically ill: a nested case-control study The incidence, risk factors, and outcome of transfusion-related acute lung injury in a cohort of cardiac surgery patients: a prospective nested case-control study Fresh-frozen plasma and platelet transfusions are associated with development of acute lung injury in critically ill medical patients doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-41912-1_11 id = cord-015985-lrzzak3l author = Marres, H. A. M. title = Keel-, neus-, oorziekten date = 2014-12-15 keywords = Aet; Diagn; Sympt; aan; acute; als; bij; door; een; het; meestal; meet; ook; soms; vaak; van; voor; wordt; zijn summary = Aet. Bekende factoren zijn: alcohol, roken, gebruik van prikkelende spijzen en dranken, vroegere r€ ontgenbestraling in het halsgebied (wegens tuberculeuze halslymfomen); bij vrouwen soms plummervinsonsyndroom als voorstadium. Slikklachten, pijn (uitstralend naar het oor), vooral bij eten en drinken van zure en prikkelende spijzen, progressieve vermagering, halskliermetastasen (jugulair), heesheid door ingroei in larynx of stilstaande larynxhelft. Indien niet opgemerkt ontwikkelt zich geleidelijk het beeld van purulente eventueel fetide neussecretie (soms met wat bloed gemengd) aan e en zijde, en neusverstopping; soms bloeding vanuit granulaties. Vorm van hyperkinetische dysfonie Door overmatige spieractiviteit worden de plicae ventriculares tegen elkaar gebracht, waardoor het basisgeluid niet met de plicae vocales wordt geproduceerd. Aet. Chronische prikkeling en/of infectie, hyperplasie van het slijmvlies, ten slotte leidend tot poliepvorming, vooral bij *rhinopathia chronica infectiosa. Bij onderzoek sterk rode, indrukbare zwelling van het septum, meestal aan beide zijden, die de neus afsluit. Ontstaat meestal door trillen van het palatum molle, vooral bij inspiratie. doi = 10.1007/978-90-368-1629-8_31 id = cord-018430-u3k8pds6 author = Mason, Jay W. title = Myocarditis date = 2007 keywords = Chagas; DCM; acute; biopsy; cardiac; disease; heart; myocardial; myocarditis; patient; ventricular; viral summary = The classification states that "myocarditis is diagnosed by established histological, immunological and immunohistochemical criteria." The Dallas criteria 5 provide consensus-derived histologic criteria: "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease." However, many have speculated that less pronounced histologic abnormalities may be present and that additional molecular, immunologic, and immunohistochemical diagnostic criteria can be used productively. 330 These criteria define active myocarditis (see also Fig. 59 .7A) as "an inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with necrosis and/or degeneration of adjacent myocytes not typical of ischemic damage associated with coronary artery disease." Furthermore, other causes of inflammation (e.g., connective tissue disorders, infection, drugs) should be excluded. 392 An interesting hypothesis to explain the high frequency of dilated heart muscle disease is the presence of myocarditis in HIV-infected patients with left ventricular dysfunction. The ECG abnormalities suggesting myocardial involvement are present in a high proportion of patients, 414 but clinical evidence of cardiac dysfunction occurs in only 10% to 25% of cases. doi = 10.1007/978-1-84628-715-2_62 id = cord-315598-qwh72inx author = Mendoza, Jose Luis Accini title = ACTUALIZACION DE LA DECLARACIÓN DE CONSENSO EN MEDICINA CRITICA PARA LA ATENCIÓN MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DEL PACIENTE CON SOSPECHA O CONFIRMACIÓN DIAGNÓSTICA DE COVID-19 date = 2020-10-06 keywords = AMCI; COVID-19; Care; China; Coronavirus; Disease; EPP; FUNDAMENTO; HCQ; PCR; PEEP; SARS; SDRA; TCZ; UCI; Wuhan; acute; clinical; como; con; del; las; los; pacientes; para; patient; por; que; recomienda; respiratory; una; uso summary = De otorgarse un Consentimiento Informado amplio, éste debería ser única y exclusivamente para los procesos asociados con COVID-19".(71) AMCI ® Se recomienda considerar la transición del cuidado intensivo al cuidado paliativo en todo paciente con sospecha o diagnóstico de COVID-19 sin mejoría a pesar de las intervenciones óptimas, con empeoramiento progresivo de su pronóstico vital y ante un evidente deterioro; aplicando medidas generales en control de síntomas ( Manejo de secreciones -Tratamiento del dolor -Tratamiento de la disnea -Sedación paliativa), así como apoyo espiritual, siempre acompañando al paciente y nunca abandonarlo en el final de la vida. En cuanto hace referencia a la situación actual de pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 y compromiso pulmonar; Wu y cols, en Marzo de 2.020 realizaron un estudio retrospectivo de 201 pacientes con COVID-19 en China; para aquellos pacientes que desarrollaron SDRA, el tratamiento con metilprednisolona estuvo asociado con una disminución del riesgo de muerte (23/50 [46%] con esteroides vs 21/34 [62%] sin esteroides; HR, 0.38 [IC 95%, 0.20-0.72]), con las limitaciones de los estudios retrospectivo, de un solo centro, con un limitado número de pacientes (400). doi = 10.1016/j.acci.2020.09.004 id = cord-016539-jwm0s8gm author = Mishra, Ajay Kumar title = Acute Pancreatitis date = 2016-02-22 keywords = acute summary = • Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in the management of acute pancreatitis to prevent complications and to reduce morbidity and mortality. • Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in the management of acute pancreatitis to prevent complications and to reduce morbidity and mortality. • Other life-threatening conditions which mimic acute pancreatitis should also be considered and ruled out simultaneously while managing the patient. • Phases of severe pancreatitis [ 14 , 15 ] : -Early -usually last for the fi rst week in which patient may present with systemic infl ammatory response syndrome (SIRS). • Most patients with severe pancreatitis present to emergency department during the early phase without any signs of organ failure and local complications, thus leading to errors in clinical management of this disease [ 16 ] . It is important to rule out other lifethreatening differential diagnosis of acute pancreatitis before shifting the patients from the emergency department. doi = 10.1007/978-81-322-2710-6_27 id = cord-257460-e6anaxck author = Mostov, Perry D. title = Treating the Immunocompetent Patient Who Presents with an Upper Respiratory Infection: Pharyngitis, Sinusitis, and Bronchitis date = 2007-05-03 keywords = GABHS; URI; acute; antibiotic summary = doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2006.09.009 id = cord-336053-cjq7szcn author = Mottola, Filiberto Fausto title = Cardiovascular System in COVID-19: Simply a Viewer or a Leading Actor? date = 2020-08-27 keywords = COVID-19; SARS; acute; high; patient summary = Several studies have observed a relationship between coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and the cardiovascular system with the appearance of myocardial damage, myocarditis, pericarditis, heart failure and various arrhythmic manifestations, as well as an increase in thromboembolic risk. Compared to those without an increase in TnT, these patients were more likely to require invasive or non-invasive ventilation (22% versus 4%, and 46% versus 4%, respectively) and to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (59% versus 15%) or acute kidney injury (9% versus 0%; p < 0.001 for all); in addition, the mortality rate was higher (51.2% vs. A recent meta-analysis showed that cardiac troponin I (cTnI) values were significantly higher in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to those observed with mild forms [14] . However, myocardial damage alone is not enough and there are other factors involved in enhancing the arrhythmic risk in COVID-19: in fact, in these patients, only half showed acute cardiac injury despite the high frequency of arrhythmias [32] . doi = 10.3390/life10090165 id = cord-017799-2nvrakbs author = Patel, Zara M. title = Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis date = 2018-05-04 keywords = ABRS; acute; antibiotic; patient summary = Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis most commonly occurs as a complication of viral infection, complicating 0.5-2.0% of cases of the common cold [10] , However, other factors may also predispose to ABRS, such as allergy, immune dysfunction, impaired ciliary function, anatomic narrowing of the sinuses, or poor dentition [11] . Only for suspected complication involving orbit or central nervous system Similar recommendations for adults Initial therapy of ABRS Antibiotics for worsening course or severe onset ("2" or "3" above), but antibiotics or watchful waiting (for up to 3 days) for "persistent illness" ("1" above) doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-74835-1_11 id = cord-260238-2p209g2p author = Peiris, J S M title = Severe acute respiratory syndrome date = 2004-11-30 keywords = SARS; acute; respiratory; severe; syndrome summary = Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was caused by a previously unrecognized animal coronavirus that exploited opportunities provided by ''wet markets'' in southern China to adapt to become a virus readily transmissible between humans. Organ distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus (SARS CoV) in SARS patients: implications for pathogenesis and virus transmission pathways Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry Severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS CoV) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeat-derived peptides Neutralizing antibodies in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAB to S1 protein that blocks receptor association doi = 10.1038/nm1143 id = cord-030369-4dn02a35 author = Peng, Liang title = Clinical Manifestations and Laboratory Tests of AECHB and Severe Hepatitis (Liver Failure) date = 2019-05-21 keywords = ACLF; AECHB; ALF; CHB; HBV; HRS; acute; cell; dna; failure; hepatitis; liver; patient; severe summary = Once pulmonary infection is present, the disease condition will likely deteriorate, directly causing death; (3) a majority of infections are nosocomial infection, and pathogens are usually resistant to common antibiotics, making therapy challenging; (4) the pathogens causing infection are diverse but mainly Gram-negative bacteria, although the incidence of Gram-positive and fungal infections is increasing; (5) infection is closely related to the prognosis for liver failure patients. Although their clinical manifestation differ significantly, the "coexistence of acute and chronic failures" is shared by failures of all those organs; (2) CLF classification has been generally recognized at home and abroad, and the necessity of classification are further proved by the difference between CLF and the other three types; (3) CLF cases are relatively large in proportion (nearly 30%), which is still increasing (since the proportion of ALF/SALF are lowering); (4) Complications of CLF are common and are found in various forms, with bad prognosis; (5) In CLF patients with correlation to HBV, virus replication are commonly found, which is closely related to decompensation. doi = 10.1007/978-94-024-1603-9_1 id = cord-015548-zjrkfe9b author = Popat, Bhavesh title = Invasive and non-invasive mechanical ventilation date = 2012-05-18 keywords = NIV; acute; ventilation summary = Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial Clinical practice guideline for the use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in COPD patients with acute respiratory failure Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Randomised controlled comparison of continuous positive airways pressure, bilevel non-invasive ventilation, and standard treatment in emergency department patients with acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema Non-invasive pressure support ventilation versus conventional oxygen therapy in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: a randomised trial The evidence for noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in the care of patients in acute respiratory failure: a systematic review of the literature Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma doi = 10.1016/j.mpmed.2012.03.010 id = cord-283367-azzy2t1a author = Rahman, Asma title = Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: A narrative review date = 2020-09-10 keywords = COVID-19; CSF; SARS; acute summary = doi = 10.1177/2050312120957925 id = cord-285291-pep4opiq author = Remy, Kenneth E. title = Caring for Critically Ill Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a PICU: Recommendations by Dual Trained Intensivists* date = 2020-04-29 keywords = Care; Critical; ICU; acute; adult; covid-19; patient summary = T he worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has already resulted in critical care demands overwhelming resources in nations such as Italy (1) . Prone positioning for at least 12 hours daily in adults with severe ARDS may increase ventilator-free days, reduce in-hospital mortality, and reduce the need for rescue therapies like inhaled nitric oxide and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (16, (65) (66) (67) (68) . Nonpharmacologic approaches to these modifiable risk factors include frequent environmental reorientation, cognitive stimulation, minimizing sleep interruptions, engaging familiar visitors, limiting use of sedative medications, and scheduled sedation "holidays." These strategies have consistently shown improved clinical outcomes in critically ill patients and are now considered standard of care (117) . EPVent-2 Study Group: Effect of titrating positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) with an esophageal pressure-guided strategy vs an empirical high PEEP-FIO 2 strategy on death and days free from mechanical ventilation among patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized clinical trial doi = 10.1097/pcc.0000000000002429 id = cord-021554-uxxrpfl0 author = Resta-Lenert, Silvia title = Diarrhea, Infectious date = 2004-06-17 keywords = acute; diarrhea; infectious summary = Diarrheal diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world, especially in developing countries where children suffer the greatest brunt of infectious diarrhea, malnutrition, and death. In developing countries, inadequate water supply, inef®cient or nonexistent sewage removal systems, chronic malnutrition, and lack of access to oral rehydration are responsible for the high incidence of infectious diarrheal diseases. In the industrialized world, acute diarrhea is still one of the most frequent diagnoses in general practice and children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients are the most vulnerable individuals and account for the majority of these cases. Approximately 100 million episodes of acute diarrhea occur in the United States yearly, with an incidence of 1.2 to 1.5 diarrheal episodes per person-year. These patients are more likely to develop persistent or chronic diarrhea after an acute episode because of their impaired immunity, with a signi®cant increase in morbidity and mortality. doi = 10.1016/b0-12-386860-2/00180-5 id = cord-016235-2lhrkmrv author = Roden, Anja C. title = Lung date = 2010-05-17 keywords = BOS; HLA; acute; lung; patient; rejection; transplantation summary = Unlike the situation with heart transplant recipients, chronic vascular rejection in lung transplants has not resulted in graft loss; however, some patients develop pulmonary hypertension particularly those with BOS [92, 111] . However, based on the link between acute rejection and development of BOS, surveillance transbronchial biopsies in asymptomatic lung transplant recipients has become common practice in many large lung transplantation centers because evidence suggests that patients who have multiple episodes of low grade (A1) lesions within the first 12 months posttransplantation develop early onset BOS. A study [49] in which surveillance transbronchial biopsies were performed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks posttransplantation, at the time of symptoms, and for follow-up of acute rejection or CMV pneumonia showed that patients who develop acute small airways rejection within the first year after transplantation are at risk of development of BOS at 1.76, 3.3, and 5.5 years after detection of B3/ B4 lesion (by 1996 ISHLT criteria, see Table 7 .2), B2 lesion or B0/B1 lesion, respectively. doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-79343-4_7 id = cord-017856-4fccnygg author = Roden, Anja C. title = Pathology of Lung Rejection: Cellular and Humoral Mediated date = 2018-04-24 keywords = AMR; HLA; acute; lung; rejection summary = Acute rejection is an important risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome, the clinical manifestation of chronic airway rejection in lung allograft recipients. Obliterative bronchiolitis is only infrequently identified in lung allografts by transbronchial biopsy, and the sensitivity of this morphologic finding for the presence of chronic rejection is only between 15 and 28% [48] [49] [50] . Because of the lack of specific histologic findings of AMR, a multidisciplinary approach to the diagnosis was recommended that includes the following: (1) the presence of circulating antibodies (HLA antibodies, anti-endothelial and anti-epithelial antibodies), (2) focal or diffuse C4d deposition (Fig. 13 .11a-c), (3) histologic features of acute lung injury or hemorrhage (diffuse alveolar damage, capillary injury associated with neutrophils and nuclear debris, i.e., capillaritis), and (4) clinical signs of graft dysfunction [78] . The transbronchial allograft biopsy is currently the gold standard to evaluate the graft for cellular rejection and to exclude its clinical mimickers in lung transplant patients. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-91184-7_13 id = cord-018620-3kqx8arn author = Rueda, Mario title = Hepatic Failure date = 2016-10-09 keywords = ALF; CLD; acute; disease; failure; liver; patient; treatment summary = In this chapter we will discuss the definition, clinical manifestations, workup, and management of acute and chronic liver failure and the general principles of treatment of these patients. Other mechanisms that may explain this symptom include the endogenous opioids theory which proposes that the liver failure patient has elevated opioid levels secondary to decrease clearance and metabolism. Past medical history plays a key role in determining if the patient has chronic liver disease or if they are experiencing an acute failure. A decrease in glutathione levels, enhanced cytochrome P450 activity secondary to medication use, acetaminophen overdose, or decreased liver function from chronic disease make patients more susceptible to developing toxicity. Patients with hepatitis secondary to shock present with several symptoms related to their hemodynamic instability including altered mental status, respiratory distress, severe hypotension, and renal failure. doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-33341-0_18 id = cord-025168-be7zube4 author = Saleh, Mahshid title = Perspective of placenta derived mesenchymal stem cells in acute liver failure date = 2020-05-24 keywords = ALF; acute; cell; liver; mesenchymal; stem summary = doi = 10.1186/s13578-020-00433-z id = cord-318277-j073u7ga author = Sapey, Elizabeth title = Building toolkits for COPD exacerbations: lessons from the past and present date = 2019-07-03 keywords = COPD; acute; chronic; disease; exacerbation summary = An exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as ''an acute worsening of respiratory symptoms that results in additional therapy''. Of note, a recent Cochrane review concluded that there was no evidence of benefit from self-management interventions (including rescue packs) to reduce all-cause hospital admission, all-cause hospitalisation days, emergency department visits, general practitioner visits, dyspnoea scores, the number of COPD exacerbations or all-cause mortality 54 although more research was needed. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 2 year follow up study Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sputum colour reported by patients is not a reliable marker of the presence of bacteria in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Association of corticosteroid dose and route of administration with risk of treatment failure in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease doi = 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-213035 id = cord-263285-89zqgqx1 author = Sethi, Sanjum S. title = Right Ventricular Clot in Transit in COVID-19: Implications for the Pulmonary Embolism Response Team date = 2020-05-29 keywords = COVID-19; acute; patient summary = After presenting a case of right ventricular thrombus in a COVID-19 patient, we discuss the unique challenges in the workup and treatment of COVID-19 patients highlighting our COVID-19 modified pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) algorithm. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19related critical illness and multiorgan dysfunction in a subset of those infected. Given these findings, the pulmonary embolism response team (PERT) was consulted and the patient was given 100 mg (over 2 hours) of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and systemic anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin once the tPA infusion was complete. The usual risk stratification schema for acute pulmonary embolism rely on a combination of hemodynamic clinical parameters, such as hypoxemia, tachycardia, and hypotension along with serum biomarkers, such as troponin or brain natriuretic peptide followed by confirmatory imaging tests. doi = 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.05.034 id = cord-305856-xt3zxajf author = Shanmugam, Chandrakumar title = COVID-2019 – A comprehensive pathology insight date = 2020-09-18 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; SARS; acute summary = Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2), a highly contagious single stranded RNA virus genetically related to SARS CoV. Pathologically, the lungs show either mild congestion and alveolar exudation or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with hyaline membrane or histopathology of acute fibrinous organizing pneumonia (AFOP) that parallels disease severity. The current pandemic of corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS CoV-2) led to complete lockdown in many countries contributing to major socio-economic crisis and irreparable recession, globally. [22, 31, 32, 33] Similar to SARS CoV, a recent study reported non-O blood group specifically group A had higher infection and death rates due to COVID-19 owing to absence of protective anti-A IgM antibodies. Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China doi = 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153222 id = cord-017603-wq4cgqs2 author = Shanmugam, Naresh title = Acute Liver Failure in Children date = 2018-10-16 keywords = ALF; INR; acute; failure; liver summary = Trying to address this issue, Bhaduri and Vergani defined ALF in children as "a rare multisystem disorder in which severe impairment of liver function, with or without encephalopathy, occurs in association with hepatocellular necrosis in a patient with no recognized underlying chronic liver disease" [2] . They used the following criteria to define acute liver failure (ALF) in children: (1) hepatic-based coagulopathy defined as a prothrombin time (PT) ≥ 15 s or international normalized ratio (INR) ≥ 1.5 not corrected by vitamin K in the presence of clinical hepatic encephalopathy (HE) or a PT ≥ 20 s or INR ≥ 2.0 regardless of the presence or absence of clinical hepatic encephalopathy (HE), (2) biochemical evidence of acute liver injury and (3) no known evidence of chronic liver disease [3] . A similar study in children failed to show any benefit, and Paediatric Acute Liver Failure study group does not recommend routine use of in non-acetaminophen-induced ALF in children [33] . doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-96400-3_8 id = cord-324810-92fosk3c author = Sharma, Sat title = Role of Antimicrobial Agents in the Management of Exacerbations of COPD date = 2012-08-23 keywords = AECOPD; acute; chronic; exacerbation; patient summary = doi = 10.2165/00151829-200504030-00001 id = cord-007444-c9vu8ako author = Sherk, Peter A. title = The Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbation date = 2000-12-01 keywords = AECOPD; COPD; NPPV; acute; exacerbation; patient summary = The three major bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with COPD during periods of both clinical stability and exacerbation are nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella cafar~halis.~~ When FEV, is severely reduced, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are also commonly detected.42 These organisms possess a wide array of virulence factors that allow them to evade clearance from the lower airways. Two randomized controlled trials evaluating the vaccine''s efficacy among patients with COPD were unable to show statistically significant protective benefit.36, 69 A recent meta-analysis concluded that the vaccine provides partial protection against bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia but not against other important outcomes, including bronchitis or mortality caused by pneumococcal infection. The dose of methylprednisolone was high (125 mg every 6 hours for 3 days) and resulted in significantly more hyperglycemia and, possibly, increased secondary infection rates.''06 In summary, the evidence from randomized, controlled trials supports the conclusion that among patients with acute exacerbations, oral or intravenous corticosteroids significantly increase the FEV, for up to 72 hours and likely reduce the risk for treatment failure. doi = 10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70179-9 id = cord-331939-6okbdw7a author = Sin, David title = Acute pulmonary embolism multimodality imaging prior to endovascular therapy date = 2020-08-30 keywords = CTPA; acute; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1007/s10554-020-01980-9 id = cord-353717-jjd90fyh author = Singhavi, Ravi title = A Case of Hemolytic Anemia With Acute Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock: A Rare Presentation of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-25 keywords = COVID-19; acute summary = title: A Case of Hemolytic Anemia With Acute Myocarditis and Cardiogenic Shock: A Rare Presentation of COVID-19 In this report, we present a case of acute hemolytic anemia with acute myocarditis and cardiogenic shock in a male patient with COVID-19 infection. In this report, we presented a case of a COVID-19 patient who developed acute myocarditis and severe acute hemolytic anemia, as evident from peripheral blood smear showing schistocytes (fragmented RBCs) in peripheral smear with acute severe anemia along with elevated LDH, which is also a surrogate marker for hemolysis. To date, no case of severe hemolytic anemias with stress cardiomyopathy/acute myocarditis in a patient of COVID-19 have been formally reported in the literature. To date, no case of severe hemolytic anemias with stress cardiomyopathy/acute myocarditis in a patient of COVID-19 have been formally reported in the literature. doi = 10.7759/cureus.10657 id = cord-260225-bc1hr0fr author = Sirpilla, Olivia title = SARS-CoV-2-Encoded Proteome and Human Genetics: From Interaction-Based to Ribosomal Biology Impact on Disease and Risk Processes date = 2020-07-20 keywords = Coronavirus; NMD; Protein; RNA; Respiratory; SARS; Syndrome; acute summary = Integrating evolutionary, structural, and interaction data with human proteins, we present how the SARS-CoV-2 proteome interacts with human disorders and risk factors ranging from cytokine storm, hyperferritinemic septic, coagulopathic, cardiac, immune, and rare disease-based genetics. The most noteworthy human genetic potential of SARS-CoV-2 is that of the nucleocapsid protein, where it is known to contribute to the inhibition of the biological process known as nonsense-mediated decay. As we understand more of the dynamic and complex biological pathways that the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 utilizes for entry into cells, for replication, and for release from human cells, we can understand more risk factors for severe/lethal outcomes in patients and novel pharmaceutical interventions that may mitigate future pandemics. Additional SARS-CoV-2 proteins with mentions include nsp12 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase, 20/71), nucleocapsid (N, 17/71), membrane (M, 5/48), envelope (E, 4/31), nsp5 (3CLPro/Mpro, 7/26), nsp8 (3/19), nsp16 (2′-O-methyltransferase, 3/14), ORF8 (1/10), nsp10 (3/9), nsp14 (guanine-N7 methyltransferase, 1/8), nsp3 (papain-like protease, 16/6), and nsp15 (uridylate-specific endoribonuclease, 16/4). doi = 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00421 id = cord-017302-xez0zso3 author = Stephens, R. Scott title = ICU Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant, Including Graft vs Host Disease date = 2019-07-24 keywords = GVHD; HSCT; ICU; acute; patient summary = Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) has become an essential therapeutic modality in the treatment of malignant and non-malignant hematologic disease. Allogeneic transplants are associated with more morbidity and mortality than autologous transplants, and are further categorized based on conditioning regimen (myeloablative [MA] vs non-myeloablative [NMA]), donor-recipient relation (related vs unrelated), HLA matching (full match vs haploidentical vs mismatched), and stem cell source (bone marrow, peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood). Refinement of transplant techniques over the last 2 decades has dramatically decreased transplant-related mortality, but approximately 15% of HSCT patients require critical care [10] and earlier ICU admission has been associated with improved survival rates [11, 12] . Outcomes of stem cell transplant patients with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation in the United States Management of respiratory viral infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation-an increasingly recognized manifestation of chronic graft-versus-host disease doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-26710-0_80 id = cord-005949-8po9xe5g author = Streetz, K.L. title = Akutes Leberversagen: Übersicht zur aktuellen Diagnostik und Therapie date = 2013-11-06 keywords = ALV; acute; liver summary = Die amerikanische "acute liver failure study group" unterscheidet in Bezug auf die Zeit zwischen dem Auftreten von Koagulopathie und beginnender hepatischer Enzephalopathie weiterhin zwischen dem hyperakuten (<7 Tage), dem akuten (7-28 Tage) und dem subakuten (28 Tage -6 Monate) Leberversagen [9] . Die etablierte Therapie des häufigen paracetamolinduzierten ALV besteht in der intravenösen Gabe von N-Acetylcystein (NAC) in Form eines 72-stündigen Reduktionsschemas (NAC: 150 mg/kg/h für 1 h, dann 12,5 mg/kg/h für 4 h und 6,25 mg/kg/h für 67 h). Interessanterweise wurde in einer prospektiven multizentrischen Studie gezeigt, dass es beim nicht durch Paracetamol bedingtem ALV unter Gabe von NAC zumindest bei Patienten mit niedriggradiger hepatischer Enzephalopathie (°I-II) ebenfalls zu einer Verbesserung des transplantatfreien Überlebens kommt [10] . Hier wurde gezeigt, dass 84% der Patienten mit ALV nach Erhalt einer frühen Transplantation überlebten, während die Überlebensrate ohne Lebertransplantation bei nur 34% lag. doi = 10.1007/s00063-013-0285-4 id = cord-339686-oybnk1j8 author = Suassuna, José Hermógenes Rocco title = Technical note and clinical instructions for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19: Brazilian Society of Nephrology and Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine date = 2020-08-26 keywords = AKI; RRT; SARS; acute; covid-19; patient summary = title: Technical note and clinical instructions for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19: Brazilian Society of Nephrology and Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine We produced this document to bring pertinent information to the practice of nephrology, as regards to the renal involvement with COVID-19, the management of acute kidney injury cases, and practical guidance on the provision of dialysis support.As information on COVID-19 evolves at a pace never before seen in medical science, these recommendations, although based on recent scientific evidence, refer to the present moment. Every professional involved in nephrological care must provide the best possible assistance to the patients under their responsibility, adopt practices that minimize their personal risk of contamination, that of their patients and the whole range of other professionals who participate in hospital kidney support, including nurses and technicians, dialysis staff, healthcare professionals from all areas (for example, doctors and nurses in intensive care medicine), laboratory and radiology technicians, cleaning and transport staff, etc. doi = 10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2020-s107 id = cord-017107-sg8n12hs author = Suri, H. S. title = Epidemiology of Acute Respiratory Failure and Mechanical Ventilation date = 2008 keywords = ALI; acute; respiratory summary = A recently completed, retrospective, community cohort study in Olmsted County, Minnesota included patients treated with NIV and found an even higher incidence of ALI, 156 per 100,000 person-years (personal communication, Rodrigo Cartin -Ceba), Mortality from ALI varies greatly depending upon the age of the patient, underlying chronic illnesses, ALI risk factors, and non-pulmonary organ dysfunctions [15] . In an international cohort study [4] , acute exacerbation of COPD was a principal indication for initiating mechanical ventilation in 13 % of patients with acute respiratory failure. The majority of patients with interstitial lung disease and acute respiratory failure admitted to the ICU require invasive mechanical ventilation . In a retrospective review [39] of 75 patients with interstitial lung disease who were mechanically ventilated at Mayo Clinic from 2003 to 2005, acute respiratory failure was the most common cause of ICU admiss ion (77 %), followed by sepsis (11 %) and cardiopulmonary arrest (4 %). doi = 10.1007/978-0-387-77383-4_18 id = cord-262843-i0cy7467 author = Suzumoto, Masaki title = A scoring system for management of acute pharyngo-tonsillitis in adults date = 2008-09-05 keywords = acute; clinical summary = Patients with acute pharyngo-tonsillitis were evaluated for causative pathogens and were assessed clinical symptoms and pharyngo-tonsillar finding by a clinical scoring system. CONCLUSION: The current study strongly suggested that the clinical scoring system reflected disease severity well and would be very useful for evaluating clinical course and decision making for the antimicrobial treatment of acute pharyngo-tonisllitis. An appropriate scoring system was also developed and applied for evaluating severities and clinical course of acute pharyngo-tonsillitis. In the current study, we defined causative pathogens and the severity of acute pharyngotonsillitis by a clinical scoring system in adult patients. In this study, the frequencies of viruses in adult acute pharyngo-tonsillitis were lower rather than those reported in children, when we applied PCR/RT-PCR to identify four important viruses such as RS virus, adenovirus, influenza virus, and hMPV from pharyngeal swab. doi = 10.1016/j.anl.2008.07.001 id = cord-294062-3esrg1jw author = Tam, Clarence C. title = Association between semi-quantitative microbial load and respiratory symptoms among Thai military recruits: a prospective cohort study date = 2018-09-14 keywords = acute; non; respiratory; sample summary = In this study, we assessed whether semi-quantitative microbial load availab from real-time PCR assays can differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic states for common respiratory agents in a cohort of basic military trainees at two Royal Thai Army barracks. Our analysis also indicated a significantly lower average rhinovirus load in non-acute samples collected either at the start or at the end of the training period compared to acute samples (p-values < 0.05) ( Table 4 ). Ct-value distribution for selected a bacteria and b viruses detected in non-acute samples collected at the start or end of the training period (orange bars) or acute samples from individuals experiencing an upper respiratory tract infection during follow-up (blue bars). Description of data: Semi-quantitative microbial load in non-acute and acute throat and nasal swab samples from Thai Army recruits, determined using a commercial multiplex real-time PCR assay comprising 33 bacterial, viral and fungal targets; includes names, labels, and coding for individual variables. doi = 10.1186/s12879-018-3358-4 id = cord-339303-feiy6xed author = Tan, Xiaodong title = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome epidemic and change of people''s health behavior in China date = 2004-10-17 keywords = SARS; acute summary = title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome epidemic and change of people''s health behavior in China Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) has become a new worldwide epidemic whose origin was until recently unknown. This study presents an inquiry into people''s knowledge and self-reported changes in behavior in response to the epidemic. Most respondents took action to avoid being infected by SARS, including, most commonly, efforts to improve indoor ventilation, to disinfect the indoor environment and to increase hand-washing frequency. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a new flu-like disease that made its appearance in late 2002 and spread to over 30 countries by mid-2003. The adoption of these measures, due to the initially unclear nature of SARS transmission, actually increased panic among the Chinese people who began wearing masks, reducing the chances of outdoor activities, disinfecting the environment and washing their hands. Seven questions about health behavior change in the previous 2 weeks addressed recent preventive measures generally and hand-washing specifically. doi = 10.1093/her/cyg074 id = cord-022281-xn0cf33a author = Tanz, Robert R. title = Sore Throat date = 2009-05-15 keywords = acute; group; pharyngitis; streptococcal; table summary = doi = 10.1016/b978-0-7216-9131-2.50005-1 id = cord-289816-rlwoy8ms author = Tedeschi, Delio title = Acute myocardial infarction and large coronary thrombosis in a patient with COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-07 keywords = acute; patient summary = This is a case report of a 60‐year‐old male, without any cardiovascular risk factor and no cardiac history admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of interstitial pneumonia caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Due to high levels of proinflammatory mediators, diffuse coronary thrombosis could occur even in patients without cardiac history or comorbidities. This clinical case suggests that coronary thrombosis in COVID‐19 patients may be unresponsive to optimal pharmacological (GP IIb–IIIa infusion) and mechanical treatment (PCI). The chest X-ray revealed evidence of pneumonia with bilateral multiple interstitial ill-defined patchy opacities ( When admitted, the patient was treated with dexamethasone (12 mg iv), hydroxychloroquine (200 mg twice daily), antiviral drugs (lopinavir/ritonavir-2 tablets 200/50 mg twice daily), oxygen support (Venturi mask FiO2 40%), antibiotic prophylaxis with ceftriaxone (2 g iv), and venous thromboembolic (VTE) prophylaxis with enoxaparin (4,000 U.I. sc). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China doi = 10.1002/ccd.29179 id = cord-002016-vzn338ub author = Thompson, B. Taylor title = Steroids are part of rescue therapy in ARDS patients with refractory hypoxemia: no date = 2016-02-16 keywords = ARDS; acute summary = Rescue therapies for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) usually target patients with severe hypoxia and/ or hypercarbia refractory to conventional therapies and are considered when rapid deterioration in the patient''s condition over a period of hours suggests an increased risk of death. These encouraging data suggest corticosteroids at lower doses early in the course of pneumonia or ARDS improve lung function but that the onset of action is too slow and inconsistent and the magnitude of the effect too small to be recommended as a reliable life-saving rescue therapy. Table 1 Steroid-responsive conditions which may present with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome Some diseases, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis leading to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, require additional immunosupressive treatment with cyclophosphamide or rituximab [7] . Corticosteroids in the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults: meta-analysis doi = 10.1007/s00134-016-4255-1 id = cord-331910-s474ecvk author = Thota, Sai Manohar title = Natural products as home‐based prophylactic and symptom management agents in the setting of COVID‐19 date = 2020-08-17 keywords = SARS; TGF; acute; covid-19; fibrosis; pulmonary summary = doi = 10.1002/ptr.6794 id = cord-343637-3g4tosjx author = Tumlinson, Anne title = Post‐Acute Care Preparedness in a COVID‐19 World date = 2020-05-21 keywords = acute; covid-19 summary = For example, SNFs take a high portion of post-acute discharges for rehabilitative care, and they also serve as the nursing home residence for a very frail population that lives in these facilities for long periods of time. Despite these flexibilities, the potential for COVID-19 infection of buildings and post-acute care workers (whose access to PPE is much lower than in hospital settings) continues to pose significant and growing public health threats that hamper the ability of post-acute providers to help address hospital capacity constraints. Given the ongoing risk of inundation at hospitals, with the concomitant demand to identify alternative settings of care for noninfectious patients displaced by COVID-19 patients, public health professionals should be considering how to ensure optimal use of post-acute care resources. Local public health leaders must also identify post-acute care options for COVID-19-positive patients. doi = 10.1111/jgs.16519 id = cord-028363-7pmro8bu author = Tung-Chen, Yale title = Acute pericarditis due to COVID-19 infection: An underdiagnosed disease? date = 2020-07-10 keywords = SARS; acute summary = 4 Gradually a therapeutic scheme is being established that would include hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin 5 (or in other cases lopinavir/ritonavir) in the early stages of moderate disease that does not require treatment in ICU (Intensive Care Unit) but given the analytical indication (elevation of ddimer) and imaging (thrombosis in CTPA) in many cases, should be evaluated the early inclusion of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) at doses of at least high-risk prophylaxis in all these patients without thrombopenia <20,000 platelets or acute bleeding and manifesting high d-dimer. 5 In another study, 83 patients with severe and critical COVID-19 infection underwent a CT scan, 6 chest pain was reported in 6% of the patients and pericardial effusion was found in 4.8%, which suggests that acute pericarditis could be an under diagnosed pathology, and therefore, not correctly managed and treated. This is the first case report to describe an acute pericarditis episode due to SARS-CoV-2, which might be an under diagnosed condition in this pandemic, and therefore not correctly managed. doi = 10.1016/j.medcle.2020.06.001 id = cord-275440-fl4dsu7d author = Turnidge, John title = Responsible Prescribing for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections date = 2012-10-10 keywords = acute; antibacterial; otitis; patient summary = Generic strategies, including eliciting patient expectations, avoiding the term ''just a virus'', providing a value-for-money consultation, providing verbal and written information, empowering patients, conditional prescribing, directed education campaigns, and emphasis on symptomatic treatments, should be used as well as discussion of alternative medicines when relevant. Detailed strategies for acute sinusitis have not been worked out but restricting antibacterial prescribing to certain clinical complexes is currently recommended by several authorities because of the high natural resolution rate. Given that resistance to antibacterials in the common bacterial respiratory pathogens, especially Streptococcus pneumoniae, is increasing worldwide, [5] it is time to critically review prescribing practices in patients with URTI and find methods for not prescribing antibacterials to patients who are unlikely to benefit. [27] There is a difference between the bacteriology of previously untreated acute otitis media and that of patients with persistent infection, [28] resistant bacteria being more common in the latter. doi = 10.2165/00003495-200161140-00004 id = cord-011192-h0omskec author = Uber, Amanda M. title = Acute kidney injury in hospitalized children: consequences and outcomes date = 2018-11-01 keywords = AKI; CKD; acute summary = As an example, one study examined mortality rates among children with stage 3 AKI who were and were not receiving critical care; patients who developed AKI while in the intensive care unit (ICU) had an increased risk of death (likelihood ratio 14.3, 95th CI 9.2-22.4) whereas those on acute care wards did not (likelihood ratio 1.22, 95th CI 0.7-2.1) [1] . Across both acute and critical care populations, AKI is associated with longer lengths of stay, non-recovery of baseline renal function, and chronic renal disease including proteinuria, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Perhaps, the best illustration of the mortality impact of AKI among neonates is the Assessment of Worldwide Acute Kidney injury Epidemiology in Neonates (AWAKEN) study which evaluated the incidence of and outcomes following AKI across 2162 newborns from 24 pediatric institutions (Table 1 ) [19] . Acute kidney injury is an independent risk factor for pediatric intensive care unit mortality, longer length of stay and prolonged mechanical ventilation in critically ill children: a two-center retrospective cohort study doi = 10.1007/s00467-018-4128-7 id = cord-274802-7ioiwsd8 author = Varghese, Praveen Mathews title = Host-pathogen interaction in COVID-19: Pathogenesis, potential therapeutics and vaccination strategies date = 2020-08-19 keywords = COVID-19; China; CoV-2; Coronavirus; SARS; Syndrome; acute; cell; clinical; patient; severe; study summary = Proteomic and transcriptomic studies on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from COVID-19 patients have also revealed considerable insights into the expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors, co-receptors, immune responses, as well as risk factors for severe disease e.g. age and co-morbidities. Furthermore, treatment with a recombinant C5a antibody on 2 male COVID-19 patients aged 54 and 67 years showed significant benefit in suppressing complement hyperactivation, which contributes to the excessive immune response causing aggravated inflammatory lung injury, a hallmark of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and lethality (242) . Consistent with endothelial injury, the significantly elevated levels of von Willebrand factor found in the patient with severe COVID-19 has led to the idea that the infection of the ACE2 expressing endothelium by SARS-CoV-2 induces injury and activates the complement , which sets up a feedback loop that maintains a state of inflammation (243, (268) (269) (270) . Initial clinical studies in China involving 100 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients, who were treated with Chloroquine, showed amelioration of pneumonia, shortened disease progression, increased resolution of lung lesions on CT, and a better virus-negative conversion (313, 314) . doi = 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152008 id = cord-349197-3trr8d0u author = Ventura, Francesco title = Two Fatal Cases of Hidden Pneumonia in Young People date = 2010-04-28 keywords = ARDS; acute; case summary = In both cases the cause of death was cardio‐respiratory failure following an acute bilateral pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage and ARDS associated with sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Our cases suggest on one side the importance of an early diagnosis to avoid unexpected death while on the other that the diagnosis of ARDS has to be confirmed on the basis of a careful postmortem examination and a complete microscopy and microbiological study. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe lung disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma leading to impaired gas exchange with concomitant systemic release of inflammatory mediators by local epithelial and endothelial cells, causing inflammation, hypoxemia resulting often in multiple organ failure (MOF), and disseminate intravascular coagulation (DIC) (1) . The clinical presentation, the radiological and laboratory findings in one case, and the postmortem examination with histological, immunohistochemical, and microbiological exams in both cases, led us to conclude for an acute cardio-respiratory failure secondary to bilateral pneumonia with DAD and consequently ARDS associated with sepsis and DIC. doi = 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01413.x id = cord-289090-7x2752j4 author = Vergison, Anne title = Microbiology of otitis media: A moving target date = 2008-12-23 keywords = AOM; acute summary = Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and group A Streptococcus are the leading causes of bacterial AOM worldwide. This review provides some insight into the microbiology of AOM in an era of antibiotic resistance and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use. Acute otitis media-diagnosis and treatment in the era of antibiotic resistant organisms: updated clinical practice guidelines Can acute otitis media caused by Haemophilus influenzae be distinguished from that caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae? Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides conjugated to protein D for prevention of acute otitis media caused by both Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typable Haemophilus influenzae: a randomised double-blind efficacy study Association of clinical signs and symptoms with pneumococcal acute otitis media by serotype -implications for vaccine effect Acute otitis media due to penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae before and after the introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine doi = 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.006 id = cord-275700-tx4hirm4 author = Whiteside, James L title = Acute bronchitis: a review of diagnosis and evidence-based management date = 2002-06-30 keywords = acute; antibiotic; bronchitis summary = Because of the increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the cost of prescription drugs, and the potential adverse reactions to them, the present management of acute bronchitis has important shortcomings. This definition highlights the first two steps for treatment: 1) identify patients who have chronic pulmonary disease or other coexisting medical illnesses such as congestive heart failure or immunosuppression and 2) appropriately rule out other causes of acute cough, such as pneumonia and sinusitis. For the patient who presents with acute onset of cough and no history of chronic pulmonary disease or evidence of other more serious illnesses, studies have consistently shown either no benefit or, at best, modest benefit from the use of antibiotics. Antibiotic prescribing for adults with colds, upper respiratory tract infections and bronchitis by ambulatory care physicians National trends in the use of antibiotics by primary care physicians for adult patients with cough doi = 10.1016/s1068-607x(02)00098-7 id = cord-330919-dep3v1pt author = Whyte, Claire S title = Fibrinolytic abnormalities in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID‐19 date = 2020-04-23 keywords = ARDS; COVID-19; acute; respiratory summary = The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which requires ventilation in critically ill patients. Tissue factor (TF) is exposed on damaged alveolar endothelial cells and on the surface of leukocytes promoting fibrin deposition, while significantly elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1) from lung epithelium and endothelial cells create a hypofibrinolytic state. In severe cases, patients with COVID-19 develop a type of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis and multiorgan failure. However, the principal fibrinolytic inhibitor described in the pathogenesis of ARDS is plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), which is known to be elevated in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ALI [11, 61] . Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) as a Novel Treatment for Refractory COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)? Activator (tPA) Treatment for COVID-19 Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): A Case Series doi = 10.1111/jth.14872 id = cord-295206-vetdsk48 author = Woodfork, Karen title = Bronchitis date = 2008-01-10 keywords = COPD; Sarinas; acute; bronchitis; chronic summary = This inflammation can be acute in nature, usually resulting from a viral infection, or it may be a long-standing manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic bronchitis is the most common form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a group of conditions involving airway obstruction, decreased maximal expiratory airflow, and breathing-related symptoms. Chronic bronchitis is a manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involving cough and sputum production, with or without wheezing, that lasts for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years Chitkara and Sarinas (2002) . The medications available for the treatment of chronic bronchitis/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) do not decrease the progressive decline in respiratory function that is characteristic of this condition. It has been shown to decrease the work of breathing in severe, stable, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and may potentially be useful in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis Chitkara and Sarinas (2002) , Rodrigo et al (2002) . doi = 10.1016/b978-008055232-3.63026-0 id = cord-266303-6igk5jmn author = Yang, Xiaopeng title = Acute kidney injury and renal replacement therapy in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis date = 2020-11-03 keywords = AKI; COVID-19; acute summary = Purpose Reported rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) have varied significantly among studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) published to date. One retrospective analysis of 536 SARS patients found that while acute kidney injury (AKI) was uncommon among these patients (36 cases), its incidence was associated with a 91.7% mortality rate [6] . The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, medRxiv, and bioRxiv databases were systematically searched for relevant studies published as of 25 July 2020, without any language restrictions, using the following search terms: "COVID-19", "2019-nCoV", "SARA-CoV-2", "novel coronavirus" "Acute Kidney Injury", and "Acute Renal Failure". This meta-analysis also reported the rates of AKI (38.9%) and RRT use (15.6%) among kidney transplant patients. Acute kidney injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A single-center retrospective observational study. Risk Factors and Mortality Outcome in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: A Single-Center Observational Study doi = 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107159 id = cord-001262-8s7g2wvd author = Zheng, Guoping title = Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study date = 2014-04-04 keywords = ARDS; acute; cell; day; msc summary = title: Treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome with allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study The objectives of this study were first to examine the possible adverse events after systemic administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs in ARDS patients and second to determine potential efficacy of MSCs on ARDS. METHODS: Twelve adult patients meeting the Berlin definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome with a PaO(2)/FiO(2) ratio of < 200 were randomized to receive allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs or placebo in a 1:1 fashion. Many studies, including publications from our group [11, 12] , have demonstrated compelling evidence of the benefits of MSCs from both bone marrow [13] [14] [15] and adipose tissues [16] [17] [18] in animal models for lung injury and ARDS. In this randomized, placebo-controlled phase I clinical trial, the primary goal was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of systemic administration of allogeneic adipose-derived MSCs in ARDS patients. doi = 10.1186/1465-9921-15-39 id = cord-005814-ak5pq312 author = nan title = 8th European Congress of Intensive Care Medicine Athens - Greece, October 18–22, 1995 Abstracts date = 1995 keywords = AMI; APACHE; ARDS; ARF; COPD; CPB; CPR; CVP; Care; ECG; ECMO; Group; H20; Hospital; ICP; ICU; III; IL-6; Intensive; January; LPS; MOF; PSV; SAPS; TNF; Unit; University; acute; blood; cardiac; change; conclusion; control; day; effect; failure; follow; high; hour; increase; level; mean; measure; method; mortality; objective; patient; peep; pressure; pulmonary; respiratory; result; study; treatment; value summary = Results: In 5 patients with treated SS, 16 tests were performed (VL n=8; Dobu n=4; NA n=4 Method: Septic shock was defined as severe sepsis with either persistent hypotension (mean arterial pressure; MAP<70 mmHg) or the requirement for a noradrenaline (NA) infusion ~> 0.1 ~g/kg/min with a MAP _< 90mmHg. Cardiovascular support was limited to NA + dobutamine (DB), 546C88 was administered for up to 8 h at a fixed dose-rate of either i, 2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg/h iv. Methods: Fourteen cases were s~udied,their gestational age ranged from(27-32)ws.Continnous positive air way pressure was applied to six cases at Peep level from (3-6)cm H2o through nasal pronge,(group I),the other 8 cases were managed as routine,(group II).Blood gases, TcPO2,TcCo2,resp.rate,depth and pattern were monitored for assessment of tissue Oxygenation and ventilation, Results: Our rasults showed that early application of CPAP improve ventilation among (83.3%)of cases,while (16.7%)of cases need IMV.The cases of group II need IMV among (75%)of the studied cases during the second or the third day of life. doi = 10.1007/bf02426401 id = cord-016757-3d320c0a author = nan title = Acute and chronic liver insufficiency date = 2008 keywords = acute; failure; fulminant; hepatic; insufficiency; liver; patient; transplantation summary = doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-76839-5_20 id = cord-017126-7ebo3cy3 author = nan title = Lungenversagen date = 2007 keywords = ARDS; Jet; acute; der; die; respiratory summary = Nach der „American-European Consensus Conference" (Bernard et al., 1994) wird zwischen einem ARDS — acute respiratory distress syndrom und einem ALI — acute lung injury unterschieden. Bei Patienten mit ALI/ARDS kann das Auftreten apoptotischer Vorgänge an pulmonalen epithelialen Zellen (Song Y et al., 1999 , Li et al., 2004 , Martin et al., 2005 (Abraham, 2003) derselben, sodass es zur Aufrechterhaltung eines von Leukozyten geführten inflammatorischen Prozesses kommt, der typisch für eine akute Lungenschädigung ist (Wang et al., 1999 , Yum et al., 2001 Die verminderte Apoptose der Neutrophilen ist bedingt durch: 1. Beneficial effects of the "Open lung Approach" with low distending pressures in acute respiratory distress syndrom; A prospective randomized study on mechanical ventilation Combining high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and recruitment maneuvers in adults with early acute respiratory distress syndrome: the treatment with oscillation and an Open Lung Strategy (TOOLS) trial pilot study Effect of alveolar recruitment maneuver in early acute respiratory distress syndrome according to antiderecruitment strategy, etiological category of diffuse lung injury, and body position of the patient doi = 10.1007/978-3-211-29682-0_10 id = cord-017248-a37t31u1 author = nan title = Alphabetic Listing of Diseases and Conditions date = 2010-05-17 keywords = Associated; Related; Synonyms; acute; aortic; artery; autopsy; blood; chapter; chronic; condition; death; disease; external; heart; lung; note; poisoning; possible; procedure; pulmonary; record; sample; study; syndrome; term; tissue; type summary = Possible Associated Conditions: Disseminated intravascular coagulation;* eclampsia;* glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency (G6PD); hemolytic uremic syndrome;* malignant hypertension; lymphoma* and other malignancies; paroxysmal nocturnal hemo-globinuria; sickle cell disease;*thalassemia;* thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.* (See also below under "NOTE.") NOTE: Hemolysis also may be caused by conditions such as poisoning with chemicals or drugs, heat injury, snake bite,* or infections or may develop as a transfusion reaction* or be secondary to adenocarcinoma, heart valve prostheses (see below), liver disease (see below), renal disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria. Unusual under-lying or associated conditions include chronic aortic stenosis or regurgitation; coronary artery anomalies; coronary artery dissection; coronary embolism; coronary ostial stenosis (due to calcification of aortic sinotubular junction or, rarely, to syphilitic aortitis); coronary vasculitis (for instance, in polyarteritis nodosa* or acute hypersensitivity arteritis); hyperthyroidism,* gastrointestinal hemorrhage; * hypothyroidism, * idiopathic arterial calcification of infancy; intramural coronary amyloidosis; pheochromocytoma, polycythemia vera; * pseudoxanthoma elasticum,* radiationinduced coronary stenosis; severe pulmonary hypertension (with right ventricular ischemia); sickle cell disease;* and others. doi = 10.1007/978-1-59745-127-7_17 id = cord-029332-yn603pvb author = nan title = Full Issue PDF date = 2020-07-15 keywords = Brugada; COVID-19; China; SARS; acute; clinical; disease; figure; patient summary = doi = 10.1016/s2666-0849(20)30838-x id = cord-286033-klkoyw1r author = nan title = COVID-19 medical sequelae date = 2020-09-15 keywords = acute summary = The medical sequelae, including psychic ones, of COVID-19 Q3 are non-or poorly-reversible post-acute phase organic damages, or poorly qualified disorders occurring after healing. Fibrosis causes a decline in the respiratory function, an extension of CT scan lesions and an increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. A right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary arterial hypertension as a consequence of fibrosis or an acute pulmonary embolism, and rhythm disorders (extrasystoles, ventricular tachyarrhythmia, atrial fibrillation) are sometimes observed. Tubular damage causes necrosis, which may lead to end-stage chronic renal failure, in a silent course that requires a prolonged surveillance. Brain damage may be related to the virus or may result from anoxia in ventilated patients, strokes or acute disseminated autoimmune encephalomyelitis which, if it affects the peripheral nerves and the diaphragm, may worsen respiratory disorders. After an often short acute phase, poorly qualified disorders may be observed. doi = 10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.004 id = cord-286408-bhrrb5s7 author = nan title = Medical sequelae of COVID-19 date = 2020-09-15 keywords = COVID-19; acute summary = authors: nan The lung is the most frequently affected organ in the acute phase of the disease, and epidemics due to other coronaviruses such as Sars-CoV and Mer-CoV have shown that pulmonary fibrosis can persist after the initial infection. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis is a frequent consequence of respiratory distress observed in the acute phase of the disease. Heart failure, myocardial necrosis, and arrythmia persist after the acute phase and require a prolonged monitoring and an appropriate treatment. Brain damage may be directly related to the virus or more often the consequence of prolonged anoxia in patients on artificial ventilation, strokes, or an autoimmune syndrome such as an acute disseminated encephalomyelitis which, if accompanied by peripheral disorders and affecting the diaphragm, can aggravate respiratory disorders. Patients apparently recovering from the acute episode have been found to require prolonged convalescence or to complain of new symptoms after a period of remission. doi = 10.1016/j.banm.2020.09.005