# pos

id: cord-339227-2i9q9c8u
pos: CD
token:
  5-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylidene)-7-(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,11-tetraenyl)-2(3H)-benzofuranone

lemma:
  5-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylidene)-7-(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadeca-2,6,10,11-tetraenyl)-2(3h)-benzofuranone


# ent

id: cord-259044-mubjm22l
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  phenolic acid constituents like caffeic acid chlorogenic acid coumaric acid ferulic acid gallic acid


id: cord-259044-mubjm22l
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  CA caffeic acid CH chlorogenic acid CO coumaric acid FE ferulic acid GA gallic acid p value 0 01 p value 0 001


id: cord-259044-mubjm22l
type: DISEASE
entity:
  influenza A H1N1 H3N2 virus and its inhibition of neuraminidase Antiviral activity of the Virus Blocking Factor VBF


id: cord-017131-rx1z4orm
type: CHEBI
entity:
  chloride isoquercitrin kaempferol cyanidin 3 glucoside kuromanin luteolin myricetin pelargonidin chloride quercetin


id: cord-017131-rx1z4orm
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  aldehydes coumarins fl avonoids chalcones aurones benzophenones xanthones stilbenes benzoquinones naphthaquinones anthraquinones betacyanins lignans


id: cord-017131-rx1z4orm
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  apigenin catechin chlorogenic acid cyanidin chloride delphinidin chloride isoquercitrin kaempferol cyanidin 3 glucoside kuromanin luteolin myricetin pelargonidin chloride quercetin dehydrate


id: cord-017131-rx1z4orm
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Proteus vulgaris S aureus Salmonella typhimurium Vibrio cholerae Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aspergillus niger


id: cord-268414-7fcc5i7i
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  MCF 7 MDA MB231 breast adenocarcinoma HepG2 hepatocellular cancer HT 29 colorectal adenocarcinoma and MCF 10A breast epithelial cell lines


id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9
type: DNA
entity:
  Caisequestrin and Aspartactin Caisequestrin an Intesccilular Calciumbinding Protein of Skeletal Muscle Sarcoplssmic Reticulm Is HomoloKous to a Putstive latminin binding Protein


id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9
type: DNA
entity:
  S t Anemone Anemom s ssdcmta and Its Evolutionary INtuition Amomqg Other Eukaryotes Inferred b om S l m Comlmrttmas


id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Human Glycophorin A FlSP R P Drtmophila Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Structural and Functional Homology


id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Syrian Hamster Multifunctional Protein CAD Mammalian Dihydroorotase Nudeotide Sequence Peptide Sequences


id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9
type: GGP
entity:
  Mdr P glycoprotein related ATP bindin g Protein Superfamlly A New Clam of Lym o real Vacuolar Protein Sorelng Signais l B Chem Complete Amino Acid Sequence


id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Vacuolar Protein Sorelng Signais l B Chem Complete Amino Acid Sequence and Homologies of Human Erythrocyte


id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Sequence and Homology to Thinredoxin Reductase and Other Fiavoprotein Disuliide Oxidoreducmses FC Nonuniform Evolution of Duplicated Developmentally Controlled C azrion Genes in a Sillumoth


id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  of Bacteriophage Determine the Rate of Its Tt ansbttion Initiation Alternative MRNA Structures of the cm Genc of Bacta


id: cord-024790-pkj2bjur
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  4S 8S 15 16 epoxy 8 17 dihydroxy 13 16 14 entlabdadien 18 oic acid 1S 4aR 5S 6S 8aS 5 2 furan 3yl ethyl 1 4a dimethyl 6 hydroxy 6 hydroxymethyl 3 4 5 7 8 8a hexahydro 2H naphthalene 1 carboxylic acid 1c and 13 0


id: cord-024790-pkj2bjur
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  gram negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae DSM 30104 Acinetobacter baumannii DSM 30007 Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 1128


id: cord-024790-pkj2bjur
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  4S 8S 15 16 epoxy 8 17 dihydroxy 13 16 14 ent labdadien 18oic acid or rel 1S 4aR 5S 6S 8aS 5 2 furan 3


id: cord-024790-pkj2bjur
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  acid 1S 4aR 5S 6S 8aS 5 2 furan 3yl ethyl 1 4a dimethyl 6 hydroxy 6 hydroxymethyl 3 4 5 7 8 8a hexahydro 2H naphthalene 1 carboxylic acid 1c


id: cord-024790-pkj2bjur
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  5 2 furan 3 yl ethyl 1 4a dimethyl 6 hydroxy 6 hydroxymethyl 3 4 5 7 8 8ahexahydro 2H naphthalene 1 carboxylic acid


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Definitions for Sepsis and Organ Failure and Guidelines for the Use of Innovative Therapies in Sepsis Strategies for the Treatment of Sepsis Epidemiology of Severe Sepsis


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  the Serum of Children with Severe Infectious Purpura Procalcitonin and Cytokine Levels Relationship to Organ Failure and Mortality in Pediatric Septic Shock Predictive Value of Nuclear Factor κB Activity and Plasma Cytokine Levels in Patients with Sepsis Passive Immunization Against Cachectin Tumor Necrosis Factor


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: ORG
entity:
  Immune Suppression Following Injury Ibuprofen Restores Cellular Immunity and Decreases Susceptibility to Sepsis Following Hemorrhage


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Cytokine Production by Monocytes During Sepsis Net Inflammatory Capacity of Human Septic Shock Plasma Evaluated


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: ORG
entity:
  Modification of Inflammation with Lipids n 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammation From Molecular Biology


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: ORG
entity:
  the NF kappa B Dependent Pathway Linoleic Acid Stimulated Vascular Adhesion Molecule 1 Expression in Endothelial Cells Depends


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: ORG
entity:
  vivo Manipulation of Platelet Aggregation by Prostaglandins and Their Fatty Acid Precursors Pharmacological Basis


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Healthy Young Male Subjects Fish Oil Supplementation Inhibits the Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules and Adhesion Molecules on Human Monocytes Effect of Long Term Fish Oil Supplementation on Vitamin E Status and Lipid Peroxidation in Women Dietary Supplementation with Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: ORG
entity:
  Perioperative Administration of n 3 Fatty Acids Impact of Fish Oil Enriched Total Parenteral Nutrition


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: ORG
entity:
  Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients Clinical Outcome and Immunology of Postoperative Arginine Fatty Acids and Nucleotide Enriched Enteral Feeding A Randomized Prospective Comparison


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: ORG
entity:
  Standard Enteral and Low Calories Low Fat IV Solutions Immune and Nutritional Effects of Early Enteral Nutrition


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
type: ORG
entity:
  Lipid Mediator Generation Parenteral Nutrition with Fish Oil Modulates Cytokine Response in Patients with Sepsis


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
type: DNA
entity:
  immunoglobulin homology unit Cell 69 559 572 epidennal growth factor human mterleukin 2 receptor human breast carcinoma human mammary tumors factor


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  VDAC J Bioenerg Biometnbmne 24 7 19 outer membrane channel Neurarpora crassa mitochondria hexokinase binding protein


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  intermembrane and peripheral kinases J Bioenerg Biomembrane X33 39 rat liver mitochondria hexokinase binding protein


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Kl2 pertussis adcnylate cyclase CAMP receptorproteim cat d e activaterprcteinadn L m l sugar phosphotrausferase system site


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
type: DNA
entity:
  ma coli tnnsfer mas EscheriChia COG Uycoplosnw capricdtm Vsnrens G L M Dejong W W and Bloemendal H 1992 A superfamily


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  hepatocyte OWth factor 0t8l F 7 3 7 protdn t VWk kinare C 4bKks locus human dHine molecular xdng s6Ster f mnnga activa gene rearrangemens


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Tumor Bid 12 309 320 murine melanoma cells mconstituted basement membrane fibronectin recepor complex tumor cells surface galactosyltransferase adhesion molecules


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
type: DNA
entity:
  M lysolecithitt lysolecithin acyltmttsferue rabbit alveolar macmphages myocatdial lysophos mse tran aortic endothelial cells


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
type: DISEASE
entity:
  leukemia chronic myeloid leukemia acute megakaryoblastic leukemia chronic myelocytic leukemia acute myeloblastic leukemia


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N linked oligosaccharide protein glycosylaticm biological activity lysosomal enzymes insect cells animal cells sugar chains Harvey D J 1992


id: cord-289682-v3plz55c
type: ORG
entity:
  Risks Characterization Manipulation and Potential Hazards to Humanity and the Environment Polymeric Nanoparticles Application in


id: cord-018428-6lc1fcpe
type: GGP
entity:
  viral protein of Momordica charantia L inhibits different subtypes of influenza A Evid Based Complement Alter Nat Med Development of a potent


id: cord-018428-6lc1fcpe
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Cucurbita pepo pumpkin Momordica charantia bitter gourd Momordica dioica spine gourd Coccinia grandis ivy gourd


id: cord-018428-6lc1fcpe
type: DISEASE
entity:
  HSV HIV Coxsackie B virus corona virus cytomegalovirus poliomyelitis virus rhinovirus rotavirus poliovirus sindbis virus and rabies virus 94 Cytotoxicity activity and quantitative assay of virus yields


id: cord-252584-pcp1i0vb
type: GGP
entity:
  peroxisome proliferator activated receptors see 12 13 14 for references and they can act as substrates for synthesis of eicosanoid and docosanoid lipid mediators Eicosanoids formed


id: cord-252584-pcp1i0vb
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease 64 and might therefore have masked the effect of the supplementation with omega 3 LCPUFAs


id: cord-252584-pcp1i0vb
type: GGP
entity:
  Alzheimer s disease A systematic review Defining the optimal target population for trials of polyunsaturated fatty acid


id: cord-319636-keo7gv70
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  anti apoptotic protein B Cell Cll Lymphoma 2 BCL 2 72 73 Furthermore MP Hst HTA Curcumin and Sanguinarine


id: cord-319636-keo7gv70
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  The ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 2 ABCA2 Overexpression Modulates Sphingosine Levels and Transcription of the Amyloid Precursor Protein APP Gene Acid


id: cord-319636-keo7gv70
type: ORG
entity:
  Targeted Induction of Ceramide Degradation Leads to Improved Systemic Metabolism and Reduced Hepatic Steatosis Vitamin E


id: cord-319636-keo7gv70
type: ORG
entity:
  Orbital Fibroblasts Potential Role of Sphingosine 1 Phosphate in Inflammatory T Cell Migration in Graves Identification of ASAH1


id: cord-310847-63gh2tg4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Poly L Glutamic Acid and Copolymers of L Glutamic Acid and L Leucine Human matrix metalloproteinases


id: cord-310847-63gh2tg4
type: DISEASE
entity:
  cleft of plant lysozymes 106 Each enzyme in the α amylase family of multidomain hydrolases and transferases has one glutamic acid


id: cord-342712-4r9e6ijp
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute myelogenous leukemia chronic myeloid leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemia non Hodgkin s lymphoma thalassemia


id: cord-318562-jif88gof
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Changing How We Teach Acid Base Chemistry A Proposal Grounded in Studies of the History and Nature of Science Education


id: cord-318562-jif88gof
type: FAC
entity:
  the Mouth A Model based Inquiry Sequence to Promote Scientific Practices El enfoque de enseñanza por


id: cord-300429-b0zev8zb
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N terminal cysteine residue of hedgehog proteins sonic Indian and desert in mammals It determines secretion of these proteins


id: cord-300429-b0zev8zb
type: DISEASE
entity:
  acute respiratory syndrome virus the fusion F protein of paramyxoviruses e g measles virus Env of retroviruses e g HIV 1 feline immunodeficiency virus FIV


id: cord-300429-b0zev8zb
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Sindbis virus glycoproteins S acylation of the hemagglutinin of influenza viruses mass spectrometry reveals site specific attachment of stearic acid


id: cord-300429-b0zev8zb
type: DISEASE
entity:
  human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmembrane protein gp41 harbors lipid raft association determinants Bioorthogonal


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  monocarboxylate transporter family MCTs SLC16A1 14 30 are H coupled lactate transporters MCT1 4 MCT1


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  Cyclists A Double Blind Randomized Cross Over Trial Sodium bicarbonate supplementation does not improve elite women s team sport running or field hockey skill performance The Impact of Sodium Bicarbonate


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
type: ORG
entity:
  the Management of Metabolic Alkalosis Induced by Nasogastric Drainage Respiratory Acid Base Disorders National Kidney Foundation Primer


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
type: ORG
entity:
  StatPearls StatPearls Publishing Alkali Therapy for Respiratory Acidosis A Medical Controversy Acetazolamide Use


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
type: ORG
entity:
  Plays a Role in Fatigue Resistance Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate on High Intensity Endurance Performance in Cyclists


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
type: ORG
entity:
  Lemonade Therapy Increases Urinary Citrate and Urine Volumes in Patients with Recurrent Calcium Oxalate Stone Formation Long


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
type: ORG
entity:
  Mexico Salivary Flow Rate pH Buffering Capacity Total Protein Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Capacity in Children


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
type: ORG
entity:
  Oral Care of Acute Leukemia Patients Undergoing Induction Chemotherapy A Randomized Controlled Trial


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Development of a Small Molecule Tubulysin B Conjugate for Treatment of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Receptor Expressing Cancers Brain


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
type: ORG
entity:
  Acidic and Basic Drugs in Medicinal Chemistry A Perspective Drug Solubility Importance and Enhancement Techniques ISRN


id: cord-268088-y4vg7frb
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  human tumors breast skin ovary stomach prostate colon liver pancreas cervix thyroid carcinoma cells lymphoid and myeloid cancer cells


id: cord-268088-y4vg7frb
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  colorectal cancer cells 92 93 U S Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food


id: cord-268088-y4vg7frb
type: ORG
entity:
  Caspase 3 U S Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Status Bulk


id: cord-268088-y4vg7frb
type: ORG
entity:
  U S Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service Food and Drug Administration Status Drug


id: cord-355121-qb8nxl56
type: CHEBI
entity:
  sodium acetate citric acid potassium chloride hydrochloric acid iron III chloride hexahydrate 2 4 6 tripyridyl S triazine


id: cord-355121-qb8nxl56
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  flavonols hyperoside isoquercitrin quercetin quercitrin rutin one benzoic acid ellagic acid one catechin epicatechin


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DNA
entity:
  Ern hrung 16 1963 Nr 2 S 12 13 WADSWORTH G R Nutrition surveys Clinical signs and biochemical measurements Prec l utrition See 22 1963 Nr 1 S 72 78 WATSON W C GORDON R S KX EN A u


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  CARUZZO C TARTARA D PAGANO P G PELLEGRINI A Costanzo F u 1963 Nr 10 63 2084 126 S 38 1963 Nr 6 S ll0ff 5 S GAL BOS J


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DNA
entity:
  e V Miinchen 22 Juni 1961 Milchwissensehaft 18 1963 Nr 5 S 236 237 PFEI TER 3 J GASS G H u ScHw rz 3 S


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DNA
entity:
  lawiL J gen Microbiol 30 Die Wirkung subletaler Konzentrationen yon Sorbinsi ure auf Escherichia coli und Aspergillus niger


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Ernghrung veto 14 bis 15 Mgrz Klinische Ernghrungslehre und Wissenschaftlicher KongreB der Deutschen Gesellschaft


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Dies Abstr 23 Des Vitamin C im Jugendalter II Mitt Uber die Wirkung yon natiirlichem und synthctisehemVitamin C bei l


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Beitrag zur Sfil gerinnung yon Kakaotrunk Jodophore als Desinfektionsmittel in der Milchwirtschaft Milchwissenschaft 17 1962 Nr 9 S 513ff S Zitat


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DNA
entity:
  Zitat Dt Lebensmittel Rdsch 59 1963 Nr 4 S 123 Die Verwendung yon gefrosteter Saline zur Butterherstellung Teil IV


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  itzliches zur Stabilisierung und Solubilisierung yon Carotin und Carotinoidpr paraten Riickst nde yon Pflanzensehutzmitteln Insektiziden und dergleichen


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Zulassung yon Gegeusachverst ndigen zur Untersuchung yon Lebensmittel Gegenproben Die ebensmittelrechtliche Bedeutung yon


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: GGP
entity:
  Schwellenwertes Zur Trennung yon Sacchariden an Kohle Celit S ulen Ern hrungs fomchung 7 Untersuehungen zur Bestimmung der LSslichkeit yon Milchpulver Selection of a medium for the isolation and enumeration of enterocoeei


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nr 1 S 202ff 4 S GERLINGER P mUCH J V u CLukVERT J Note pr4liminaire sur raction du eyclophosphamide endoxan sur


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nr 8 S 413ff S Zitat Dt Lebensmittel Rdsch 59 1963 Nr 4 S 123 GASIC G u MORRISON A B Mucopolysaccharides of renal collecting


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Nr 5 S 826ff 6 S STUART A E u vity of the heart extract of rats Medlcina exporimentalis 7 1962 Nr 6 S 363ff 5 S SZEPSENWOL J Carcinogenic


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DISEASE
entity:
  nutritional imbalances Theorie und Praxis der Schwangerenern hrung Die pharmakologisehe Beeinflussung yon Hunger mad S ttigung Problems


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Sehautafeln 2 Mitt Behandlung der Tafeln IV bis VI Ernahrungsforschung 7 Die unterschiedliehe Problematik


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
type: DISEASE
entity:
  Anwendung der papierchromatographisehen Analyse auf dem Fettgebiet 4 Mitt Uber 5ls iurereiehe SamenOle


id: cord-023225-5quigar4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Glycyl tRNA Synthetase S R Stone 1 K Hoffmann 1 2 N Milech 1 2 P T Cunningham 1 M Kerfoot 1 S Winslow 1 Y F Tan 1 M Anastasas 1 C Hall 1 M Scobie 1 P Watt 2 and R Hopkins 1 2 1 Drug Discovery Technology Unit Telethon Institute for Child Health Research 100 Roberts Road Subicao 6008 Western Australia 2 Phylogica Pty Ltd 100 Roberts Road Subiaco 6008 Western Australia Biopanning


id: cord-023225-5quigar4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  linear covalent structure Ac Aib Asn Leu Aib Pro Ala Val Aib Pro Aib Leu Aib Pro Leuol Ac acetyl Aib


id: cord-023225-5quigar4
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Leishmania major C Servis H Zalila I Gonzalez L Lozano N Fasel Department of Biochemistry University of Lausanne


id: cord-023225-5quigar4
type: GGP
entity:
  S S Ac Ser ΨH CF3 Pro NHMe and R S Ac Ser Ψ CF3 HPro NHMe 4 Their thermodynamic and kinetic features


id: cord-023225-5quigar4
type: ORG
entity:
  A Girard E Biron Faculty of Pharmacy Université Laval and CHUQ Research Center Quebec Canada Combinatorial


id: cord-023225-5quigar4
type: ORG
entity:
  Haute Normandie PRIMACEN Institute for Medical Research and Innovation IRIB University of Rouen 76821


id: cord-023225-5quigar4
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  betaamyloid toxicity 1 2 Aggregated βA causes many pathological changes in cultures of mixed neurons and astrocytes such as sporadic cytoplasmic intracellular Ca 2 signal activation of reactive oxygen


id: cord-023225-5quigar4
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N terminal extremity 1 probably this insertion on another portion of the peptide provides a change in the conformation of the molecule and its hydrophobic cluster


id: cord-023225-5quigar4
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N N isopropylidene derivatives of Ser Thr containing dipeptides 3 We found the reaction of mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate


id: cord-284370-68o6f7ty
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  phenolic acids neochlorogenic acid chlorogenic acid cryptochlorogenic acid 3 5 dicaffeoylquinic acid


id: cord-284370-68o6f7ty
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  neochlorogenic acid chlorogenic acid cryptochlorogenic acid 3 5 dicaffeoylquinic acid 3 4 dicaffeoylquinic acid


id: cord-017813-qhsymg0r
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  interferon alpha 2a hirudin insulin phytase lipase hexose oxidase interleukin 6 serum albumin glucose oxidase glycolate oxidase


id: cord-017813-qhsymg0r
type: CHEBI
entity:
  glucose oxidase hexose oxidase pectinases glucanase invertase glucose isomerase protease lipase phosphorylase lactase


id: cord-026012-r0w0jbpg
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  infectious agents 2 foreign bodies 3 gastric tumors 4 obstruction of the pyloric canal or of the small intestine or 5 drugs such


id: cord-264316-do0px1gq
type: GGP
entity:
  leucine aminopeptidase aminopeptidase N puromycin sensitive aminopeptidase and leukotriene A4 hydrolase aminopeptidase


id: cord-264316-do0px1gq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N terminal Asp Arg bond whereas APN functions in subsequent inactivation of AngIII APA specific sulfonate


id: cord-264316-do0px1gq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ovalicin 1S 2R 3S 4R 5S 7 hydroxy 8 methoxy 7 2 methyl 3 3 methylbut 2 enyl oxiran 2 yl 4 oxaspiro 2 5 octan 2 one


id: cord-339227-2i9q9c8u
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  benzofuranone 5 hydroxy 3 propan 2 ylidene 7 3 7 11 15 tetramethylhexade ca 2 6 10 11 tetraenyl 2 3H benzofuranone 4 together


id: cord-339227-2i9q9c8u
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  tetraenyl 2 3H benzofuranone 4 and 5 hydroxy 7 3 7 11 15 tetramethylhexadeca 2 6 10 11 tetraenyl 2 3H benzofuranone


id: cord-306553-ita74mjr
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  zur Bestimmung der bakteriziden Wirkung Basistest chemischer Desinfektionsmittel und Antiseptika Prüfverfahren und Anforderungen Deutsches Institut für Normung e V DIN EN 1275 Chemische Desinfektionsmittel und Antiseptika Quantitativer Suspensionsversuch zur Bestimmung der fungiziden


id: cord-329844-w969lczb
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N acetylneuraminic acid 2 keto 3 deoxy D glycero D galactononulosonic acid 5 7 diamino 3 5 7 9 tetra deoxy D glycero D galacto nonulosonic acid


id: cord-262036-wig4wdno
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Influenza Virus Sialidase A Drug Discovery Target Influenza Virus Sialidase A Drug Discovery Target A


id: cord-332165-31tbc31x
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Physical Principles in the Construction of Regular Viruses Characterization of the Adeno Associated Virus 1


id: cord-332165-31tbc31x
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Structure Based Inhibitors of Influenza Virus Sialidase A Benzoic Acid Lead with Novel Interaction Synthesis


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  rat liver mitochondrial proteins M Fountoulakis 1 J F Juranville 1 and L Suter 2 1 Genomics Technologies and 2 Drug Safety F Hoffmann La Roche Ltd Pharmaceutical Research Basel Switzerland Subcellular fractionation


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  chaperone proteins heat shock protein 60 HSP 60 HSP 70 RY heat shock cognate HSC 71 alpha crystallin B chain glucose regulated protein GRP 75


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  RAIDD A Magyar 1 M Brózik 3 R Tóbi 1 T Szabó 1 J Szakonyi 2 B Rojkovich 3 P Gergely 2 and F Hudecz 1 1 Research Group of Peptide Chemistry Hungarian Academy of Science Budapest 2


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: DNA
entity:
  tetrahydrobiopterin binding site Z Lukacs 1 R Steinfeld 1 A Kohlschütter 1 J Zschocke 2 and K Ullrich 1 1 Department


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  NMDA receptor type e g 2 amino 5 phosphonovaleric acid AP5 and 2 amino 7 phosphonopheptanoic acid AP7


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  fibroblastlike synoviocytes growth E Kontny 1 M Kurowska 1 J Kowalczewski 1 I Janicka 1 J Marcinkiewicz 2 and W Maśliń ski 1 1 Institute of Rheumatology Warsaw and 2 Jagiellonian University Cracow Poland Objective In rheumatoid arthritis RA


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  multidrug resistant Chinese hamster ovary cells E Agostinelli 1 S Lord Fontaine 2 E Przybytkowski 2 and D A Averill Bates 2 1 Department of Biochemical Sciences A Rossi Fanelli University of Rome La Sapienza


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  SP Glp 6 D Trp 7 Glu Bu t 11 SP 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 Glp 6 D Trp 7 9 Glu Bu t 11 SP 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 Glp 6 D Trp 7 9 MePhe 8 Glu Bu t 11 SP 6 11 3 Glp 6 D Trp 7 MePhe 8


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: ORG
entity:
  SET Interdisciplinary Research Center Institute of Nutritional Science Department of Food Sciences University


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: ORG
entity:
  Natural Product Laboratory Department of Chemistry The University of Burdwan W Bengal India Detection


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: ORG
entity:
  Hungarian Academy of Science Budapest 2 Central Laboratory of Immunology Semmelweis University Budapest


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Organic Chemistry 2 Biochemistry Eötvös University Budapest 3 Agricultural Biotechnology Centre Gödölló


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: WORK_OF_ART
entity:
  Anatomy and Neurobiology SDU Odense University Odense Denmark 2 Department of Anatomy and Physiology University of Prince Edward Island Canada


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: ORG
entity:
  the GLP 1R Department of Biophysics Instituto de Fisiología Celular Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Pharmacology and 2 Department of Histology and Embriology Medical University of Silesia Zabrze


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: ORG
entity:
  Department of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry Division of Life Science Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tohoku University


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: ORG
entity:
  Kharkov National University Radiophysical Department Chair of Molecular and Applied Biophysics Kharkov Ukraine Present


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: DISEASE
entity:
  impaired immune function C Chiarla 1 I Giovannini 1 J H Siegel 2 G Boldrini 1 and M Castagneto 1 1 Centro di


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  5hydroxymethyl 2 furfural HMF and 4 H pyran 4 one 2 3dihydro 3 5 dihydroxy 6 methyl dihydro dihydroxy maltol


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Trp Ile Gln Iva Ile Trh Aib Leu Aib Leu Hyp Gln Aib Hip Aib Pro Phl where Aib ϭ 2amino isobutyric acid


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  benzyloxycarbonyl alanyl 3Ј 5Ј bis O N α benzyloxycarbonyl valyl 3Ј 5Ј bis O N α benzyloxy carbonyl glycyl glycyl glycyl 3Ј 5Јbis O N α benzyloxycarbonyl phenylalanyl 3Ј 5Ј bis O N αbenzyloxycarbonyl glycyl


id: cord-278747-3bhg9t6l
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  enzymes arachidonate 15 lipoxygenase cyclooxygenase 2 COX 2 phospholipase A2 receptor interacting serine threonine protein kinase 2


id: cord-278747-3bhg9t6l
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  Pglycoprotein P gp I and II enzymes Table 8 2W9Z 4AUA 1 Acacetin 6 659 12 Cyclin dependent kinase 9 enzyme BIt


id: cord-278747-3bhg9t6l
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  type I Apoptotic type II autophagic cell deaths 16 5AUV 5AUU 1 Quercetin 330 17 Focal adhesion kinase enzyme BIt


id: cord-278747-3bhg9t6l
type: GGP
entity:
  Kaempferol 7 glucoside Chalconaringnen 4 O betaglucopyranoside Kaempferol and Quercetin as well as ATP binding cassette


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  antioxidative enzymes glutathione peroxidase GPx glutathione reductase GR glutathione S transferase GST superoxide dismutase SOD


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  carbonic anhydrase punicalin 2 punicalagin 3 granatin B 5 gallagyldilactone 7 casuarinin 8 pedunculagin 9


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: CHEBI
entity:
  glucoside delphinidin 3 5 diglucoside cyanidin 3 glucoside cyanidin 3 5 diglucoside pelargonidin 3 glucoside


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: GGP
entity:
  granatin B corilagin strictinin 1 2 4 6 tetra O galloyl b D glucose and 1 2 3 4 6 penta O galloyl b D glucose


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  delphinidin 3 glucoside delphinidin 3 5 diglucoside cyanidin 3 glucoside cyanidin 3 5 diglucoside pelargonidin 3 glucoside


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  pomegranate seeds coniferyl methy lellagic acid 3 3 4 tri O methylellagic acid phenethyl rutinoside icariside


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  galloyl glucoses 1 2 6 tri O galloyl b D glucopyranoside 1 2 di O galloyl 4 6 O S hexahydroxydiphenoyl b D glucopyranoside


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ellagitannins 1 4 di O galloyl 3 6 R hexahydroxydiphenyl b glucopyranose and brevifolin carboxylic acid


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  2 3 di O galloyl 4 6 S hexahydroxydiphenoyl gluconic acid A fl avonoid diglycoside quercetin 3 4 dimethyl ether 7 O a L arabinofuranosyl 1 6 b Dglucopyranoside quercetin pelargonidine


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Punica granatum seed oil Effect of probiotication on antioxidant and antibacterial activities of pomegranate juices from sour and sweet cultivars Determination of lignans in edible


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Punica granatum L bark Nutritive value of pomegranate fruit and juice Preliminary studies on the anti angiogenic potential of pomegranate


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  crude peptides H Lys Thr Asn Met Lys His Met b Ala Gly b Ala Ala Ala b Ala Gly b Ala Val Val b Gly Gly b Leu Gly OH b 1 b Th120 EFFICIENT


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  blood cells G Bai 1 P Gomes 1 R Seixas 1 M Hicks 2 M Prieto 3 M Bastos 1 Eukaryotic antibiotic peptides


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cyclic β2 3 amino acids 1S 2S 1R 2R ACHC and 1S 2S 1R 2R ACPC Low temperature 233 K 1H NMR spectra in CD3OD


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  N Terminus His Phe Arg and Trp Positions 2 Department of Experimental and Health Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2 Graduate School of Agriculture 3 Graduate School of Medicine


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: GGP
entity:
  isopropylidenedicyclohexane 4 4 disubstituted bicyclohexane 1 4 disubstituted cyclohexane 1 5 disubstituted cyclooctane and 1 2 1 3


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: GGP
entity:
  PKA PKC Ca2 channel activators classical regulatory peptides bradykinin somatostatin Met enkephalin endothelin neurotensin


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: CHEBI
entity:
  amino acid protein stromal cell derived factor 1α SDF 1α 1 One strategy for the treatment of these diseases could be to block the interaction between CXCR4 and SDF 1α with small CXCR4


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: GGP
entity:
  Tyr 4 SO3H Thr Gln OH II H D Phe 4 SO3H Ile Tyr 4 SO3H Thr Gln OH III H Tyr Ile Tyr 4 SO3H Thr Gln OH IV H Tyr 4 SO3H Ile Tyr Thr Gln OH V


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: GGP
entity:
  human i e cholic acid CA chenodeoxycholic acid CDCA deoxycholic acid DCA ursodeoxycholic acid UDCA and lithocholic acid


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  His Met b Ala Gly b Ala Ala Ala b Ala Gly b Ala Val Val b Gly Gly b Leu Gly OH b 1 b Th120 EFFICIENT


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  4 4 disubstituted isopropylidenedicyclohexane 4 4 disubstituted bicyclohexane 1 4 disubstituted cyclohexane 1 5 disubstituted cyclooctane


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  dehydropeptides Gly ZPhe AbuPO OMe 2 Gly ZPhe AlaPO OEt 2 Gly ZPhe LeuPO OMe 2 Gly ZPhe ValPO OEt 2 Gly ZPhe


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  D β Peptide molecules possess interesting conformational characteristics and biological properties They


id: cord-317250-a5ni1s9e
type: DISEASE
entity:
  flushing sweating weakness vertigo blurred vision difficulty breathing nausea chest pain palpitation


id: cord-325743-5ujiscdt
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  rat or mouse submaxillary gland Lipid overlays and protein blots confirmed that this is not due to inaccessibility of molecules


id: cord-325743-5ujiscdt
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N acylneuraminyl linkages Monoclonal antibody specific for α2 8 linked oligo deaminated neuraminic acid KDN


id: cord-269943-g77qe5ml
type: GGP
entity:
  p38 mitogen activated protein kinase MAPK and NF κB pathways 109 The activation of natural killer NK cells


id: cord-269943-g77qe5ml
type: CHEBI
entity:
  eicosatetraenoic acid ETA 2 4 6 8 20 4 and dihomo γ linolenic acid DGLA 8 11 14 20 3 by the elongase 5


id: cord-269943-g77qe5ml
type: CHEBI
entity:
  eicosapentaenoic acid EPA 2 4 6 8 10 20 5 and arachidonic acid AA 5 8 11 14 20 4 by the addition of a double bond


id: cord-269943-g77qe5ml
type: FAC
entity:
  the Gut Microbiota Linseed Essential Oil Source of Lipids as Active Ingredients for Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals


id: cord-351322-mdes28jg
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  alanine aminopeptidase microsomal aminopeptidase microsomal leucine aminopeptidase aminopeptidase M amino oligopeptidase GP 150


id: cord-351322-mdes28jg
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  AHPA Val Pro Hyp 2S 3R 3 amino 2 hydroxy 4 phenylbutanoyl L valyl L prolyl trans 4hydroxy L proline MR387A 15


id: cord-351322-mdes28jg
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  farnesyl protein transferase 229 mycothiol S conjugate amidase 240 chitinase 231 histone deacetylase


id: cord-351322-mdes28jg
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  DPPIV 248 6 N Hydroxy 2 naphthalene 2 ylsulfanyl Acetamide N Hydroxy 2 naphthalene 2 ylsulfanyl acetamide 37


id: cord-351322-mdes28jg
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  RB 101 N R S 2 benzyl 3 S 2 amino 4 methylthio butyldithio 1 oxopropyl L phenylalanine benzyl ester 52 and RB 120 N S 2 benzyl 3 S 2 amino 4 methylthio butyldithio 1oxopropyl L alanine benzyl ester 53


id: cord-351322-mdes28jg
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  human myeloid cell lines 274 291 Bestatin mediated cell growth arrest is associated with an induction of cell maturation of clonogenic GM CFU granulocyte macrophage colony forming unit cells


id: cord-351322-mdes28jg
type: GGP
entity:
  Ancistrocladus ssp Arbutus ssp Diospyros ssp Paeonia ssp Picramnia ssp Syzygium ssp Tetracera ssp Tryphillum spp Zizyphus ssp One of the main current sources of betulinic acid


id: cord-351322-mdes28jg
type: GGP
entity:
  N S 2 benzyl 3 S 2 amino 4 methylthio butyldithio 1oxopropyl L alanine benzyl ester 53 two dual inhibitors


id: cord-351322-mdes28jg
type: GGP
entity:
  EC3 4 11 1 oxytocinase Leu AP aminopeptidase B EC 3 4 11 6 AP B and aminopeptidase W EC 3 4 11 16 AP W 136


id: cord-298909-xwd6i2vu
type: LAW
entity:
  A Rare Case of Localized Argyria on the Face Final Report On the Safety Assessment of Glycolic Acid Ammonium Calcium Potassium and Sodium Glycolates Methyl Ethyl Propyl


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  N 1 2 4 dihydroxyphenylacetyl L asparaginyl N 12 L lysyl 4 8 diaza 1 12 dodecanediamine Dhpa Asn Dada 12Lys


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  human neurotensin receptor 1 Neurotensin NT pGlu 1 Leu 2 Tyr 3 Glu 4 Asn 5 Lys 6 Pro 7 Arg 8 Arg 9 Pro 10 Tyr 11 Ile 12 Leu 13


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  S4 13 PV peptide However transfection mediated by the scrambled peptide was signifi cantly less effi cient than that obtained for the


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  B10234 B10238 peptide dimer B9870 Suim D Arg Arg Pro Hyp Gly Igl Ser D Igl Oic Arg 2 Suim suberimidyl


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  hexapeptides B o c A C P C P O A C P O A C A C P C A C P C A C P C O M e B o c A C P C P O A C A C P C P O A C A C P C A C P C O M e Boc


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  cycilc hexapeptides cyclo L Lys Gly 3 cyclo L Glu Gly 3 cyclo L Lys D Ala 3 cyclo D Glu L Ala 3 cyclo L Trp D Lys 3


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: GGP
entity:
  neurohypophyseal nonapeptide hormone cycle1 6 H Cys 1 Tyr 2 Phe 3 Gln 4 Asn 5 Cys 6 Pro 7 Arg 8 Gly 9 NH 2


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: GGP
entity:
  human neurotensin receptor 1 Neurotensin NT pGlu 1 Leu 2 Tyr 3 Glu 4 Asn 5 Lys 6 Pro 7 Arg 8 Arg 9 Pro 10 Tyr 11 Ile


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: CHEBI
entity:
  proteins nucleophosmin survivin prion and alpha 7 subunit of acetylcholine receptor AChR Nucleophosmin


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: GGP
entity:
  hexapeptides B o c A C P C P O A C P O A C A C P C A C P C A C P C O M e B o c A C P C P O A C A C P C P O A C A C P C A C P C O M e


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: ORG
entity:
  Närvänen Ale 1 Equal Contribution 1 University of Kuopio FINLAND 2 University of Helsinki FINLAND Phage


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: ORG
entity:
  Biochemistry Creighton University Trusova Valeriya Gorbenko Galyna V N Karazin Kharkov National University


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  diastereoisomeric cyclic disubstituted amino acids 1S 3S and 1R 3S 1 amino 3 methoxy cyclopentanecarboxylic acid Ac 5 c OM


id: cord-351609-lqul2ho8
type: DISEASE
entity:
  aureus Escherichia coli Streptococcus pyogenes Enterococcus faecalis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Yersinia enterocolitica


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: DNA
entity:
  electric DNA chip Britta Jürgen 1 Daniel Pioch 1 Le Thi Hoi 1 Jörg Albers 2 Rainer Hintsche 2 Stefan Evers 3 Karl Heinz Maurer 2 Michael Hecker 4 Thomas Schweder 1 1 Institut für Pharmazie Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität 17487 Greifswald Germany 2 eBiochipSystems 25524 Itzehoe Germany 3 VTB Enzymtechnologie Henkel KGaA 40191 Düsseldorf Germany 4 Institut für Mikrobiologie Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität 17487 Greifswald Germany E


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  anti peptide antibody Fida Hasan 1 Megumi Kitagawa 2 Yoichi Kumada 1 Naoya Hashimoto 1 Masami Shiiba 2 Shigeo Katoh 1 Masaaki Terashima 2 1 Graduate School of Science and Technology Kobe


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  bone morphogenetic proteins BMPs transforming growth factor beta TGF vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  recombinant Pichia pastoris N K Khatri F Hoffmann Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg Institute for


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  artvinense Yasemin Kaçar 1 Sema Tan 2 Aysun Ergene 2 Perihan Güler 2 Semra Mirici 3 Ergin Hamzaoglu 2 Ahmet Duran 4 Sinem Yildirim 2 1


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: DNA
entity:
  plasmid DNA vectors A R Azzoni 1 A Tavares 2 G A Monteiro 1 D M F Prazeres 1 1 Centro de Engenharia Biológica e


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: DNA
entity:
  proteinogenic amino acids hydroxytyrosine Ht hydroxyphenylglycine Hpg and dihydroxyphenylglycine Dpg


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  antibiotic producing bacteria Saccharopolyspora erythraea P Krabben P Oliveira F Baganz J Ward Department of Biochemical Engineering University College London London WC1E 7JE UK


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  intramembrane cleaving protease rhomboid Marius Lemberg 1 Javier Menendez 2 Christopher Koth 2 Matthew Freeman 1 1 MRC


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: DNA
entity:
  E C 1 10 3 2 p benzenediol oxygen oxidoreductase catechol oxidases E C 1 10 3 1 o diphenol oxidoreductase


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  C and P limited shikimic acid producing E coli Gaspard Lequeux 1 Louise Johansson 2 Jo Maertens 1 Peter Vanrolleghem 1 Gunnar Lidén 2 1 BIOMATH Ghent University Coupure Links 653 9000 Gent Belgium 2 Department of Chemical Engineering Lund University P O Box 124 22100 Lund Sweden E


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  NADPH dependent glutamate dehydrogenase K Rueksomtawin J Thykaer H Noorman J Nielsen Center for Microbial Biotechnology BioCentrum DTU


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  extracellular matrix proteins S M Madsen J Glenting A Vrang P Ravn H K Riemann H Israelsen M R Nørrelykke A M Hansen M Antonsson S Ahrné H C Beck Bioneer A S Hørsholm DK 2970 Denmark


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  einem mehrphasenbioreaktionsreaktor CIT 77 167 171 Glucansucrases from family 70 of glycoside hydrolases


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: TAXON
entity:
  sativa Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Thalassiosira pseudonana diatom Saccharomyces cerevisiae Caenorhabditis elegans archaea


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: GGP
entity:
  carbonyl reductase 18 6 fold p 0 001 and MAWDBP 31 4 fold p 0 01 were surprisingly upregulated upon diabetes induction and then those two protein


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: GGP
entity:
  ribavirin 1 d ribofuranosyl 1 2 4 triazole 3 carboxamide cladribine 2 chloroadenine 9 d 2 deoxyribofuranoside


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: GGP
entity:
  laccases E C 1 10 3 2 p benzenediol oxygen oxidoreductase catechol oxidases E C 1 10 3 1 o diphenol oxidoreductase


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  Helsinki Finland 2 Rational Drug Design Program Department of Bacteriology and Immunology Haartman Institute


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory Department of Process and Environmental Engineering University of Oulu Oulu


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  Grubecki M Wojcik Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering University of Technology and Agriculture 85


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  Kaunas Lithuania 2 Institute of Thermodynamic Helmut Schmidt University University of the Federal Armed Forces


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  Kırıkkale University Faculty of Science and Literature Department of Biology 71450 Yahsihan Kırıkkale


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  Islamic Azad University of Jahrom Iran 2 Department of Mol Genet National Inst for Genet Eng Biotechnol Tehran


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  ATP Takasumi Hattori Kuniki Kino Kohtaro Kirimura Department of Applied Chemistry School of Science and Engineering Waseda University Tokyo


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  BioTechnol Institute Department of Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Biophysics University of Minnesota


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  Serpil Takaç Deniz Mutlu Department of Chemical Engineering Institute of Biotechnology Ankara University


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  Csaba Vágvölgyi Gyöngyi Lukács Miklós Takó Árpád Csernetics Tamás Papp Department of Microbiology Faculty of Sciences University of Szeged P O Box


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  Kubešová Jitka Kočí Radka Vidláková Tereza Faculty of Chemistry Brno University of Technology Purkyňova


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  ceftazidine ciprofloxacin amoxycillin clavulanic acid imipenem chloromphenicol ceftazidime clavulanic acid


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: PRODUCT
entity:
  P O Box 124 S 22100 Lund Sweden 2 Instituto de Investigaciones Fármaco Bioquímicas Universidad Mayor


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: ORG
entity:
  Biomedical Quality Systems Clinical Affairs Management of Drug Development Management of Reimbursement Affairs Bioinformatics


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: LAW
entity:
  N Vassilev I Nikolaeva M Vassileva Department of Chemical Engineering Faculty of Sciences University of Granada c Fuentenueva s


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Engenharia Biológica e Química CEBQ Instituto Superior Técnico 1049 001 Lisboa Portugal 2 Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  1 butyl 3 methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate bmim BF 4 and 1 butyl 3 methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate bmim


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  Candida pulcherrima Kloeckera apiculata Saccharomyces cerevisiae W4 Middle S cerevisiae W54 and Final Fermentation S cerevisiae


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  ceftazidine ciprofloxacin amoxycillin clavulanic acid imipenem chloromphenicol ceftazidime clavulanic acid aztreonam cefepime cefotaxime cefoperazone amoxicillin


id: cord-346446-i7gpxcyo
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  beta poly L malate Natural and synthetic poly malic acid based derivates a family of versatile biopolymers for the design of drug nanocarriers Covalent nano delivery systems for selective imaging and treatment of brain tumors Specific inhibition of Physarum polycephalum DNA polymerase alpha primase


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  cultured human muscle satellite cells R M Kranse C R Bader and L Berrtheim Department of Physiology and Division of Clinical Neurophysiohigy University Medical Center 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: DNA
entity:
  IFN response element IRE nuclear factor KB NF B tumor necrosis factor response element TNF RE 7f activated sites GAS


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  mouse astrocyte glycogen synthase G Pellegri C Rossier S van Berchem P J Magistre i and J L Martin Institut de Physiologie Universit6


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  mouse cerebral cortical astrocyte cultures Brain Res 563 227 233 1991 The question that we then addressed was the nature of the metabolic substrate


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: DNA
entity:
  PYRIDOXAL 5 P DEPENDENT AMINO ACID DECARBOXYLASES Sandmeier E Hale T I and Christen P Biochemisches Institut der Universit t ZGrich 8057 Z


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: ORG
entity:
  John M Lucocq Institute of Anatomy University of Berne CH 3012 Berne Depanment of Anatomy and Physiology University of Dundee UK Dundee


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: ORG
entity:
  methanolie ammonia hydrofluoric acid dephosphorylation nitrous acid deamination acetolysis exoglycosidase


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N linked glycosylation sites Ntcp encodes a 50 kD protein in rat liver PM vesicles The basolateral localization of Ntcp in liver


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: CELL_LINE
entity:
  human hepatocelluar carcinoma cell line 7 703 Regeneration of the protein immobilized nanoparticles could easily be performed by utilizing the reversible binding between the boronic acid and the sugar ConA has also been used in conjunction with hollow fiber


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: CELL_TYPE
entity:
  Human Cytolytic T lymphocytes PNGase F TOF TOF DHB glycans per Me Loss of effector function shown to be accompanied by major changes in Nand O glycosylation Antonopoulos et al 2012 Marmota monax woodchuck with liver cancer Gal


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  G3CA coumaric 1 1 3 3 tetra methylguanidine GABA gamma aminobutyric acid GAGS glycosaminoglycans Gal


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: PROTEIN
entity:
  recombinant and pituitary glycoprotein hormones Ferrocene cyclodextrin conjugates Synthesis supramolecular


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: GGP
entity:
  GABA gamma aminobutyric acid GAGS glycosaminoglycans Gal galactose GalA galacturonic acid GalN galactosamine GalNAc N acetylgalactosamine G3CA coumaric 1 1 3 3


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: SO
entity:
  D GalpNAc 1 6 b D Galp 1 4 b D GlcpNAc 1 3 b D Galp 1 4 b D Glcp a Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysacharide structure


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  acidlabile monosaccharides 3 deoxy D manno oct 2 ulosonic acid Kdo 1 13 3 Deoxy D lyxo 2 heptulosonic acid Dha


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  4 4 vinyl enedipyridine 2 2 vinylenedipyridine 1 2 pyridyl 2 4pyridyl ethylene 4 4 ethylene dipyridine 4 4 dithiodipyridine


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  galactose GalA galacturonic acid GalN galactosamine GalNAc N acetylgalactosamine G3CA coumaric 1 1 3 3 tetra methylguanidine


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N linked glycan structure The synthesis and spectral properties of an encapsulated aminoazobenzene dye O GlcNAcylation


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
type: CHEMICAL
entity:
  N linked glycopeptides Synthesis of Neu5Ac Gal functionalized gold glyconanoparticles Total synthesis of apigenin 4 0 yl 2 O pcoumaroyl b D glucopyranoside


# bib

id: cord-000128-t74b5j2j
author: Laufer, S.D
date: 2008-12-17
txt: ./txt/cord-000128-t74b5j2j.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000128-t74b5j2j.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2778081/
doi: 10.2174/138161208786898806
summary:
  In this review, we will concentrate on peptide-mediated delivery of siRNAs and steric block oligonucleotides and discuss different methods for quantitative assessment of the amount of cargo taken up and how to correlate those numbers with biological effects by applying easy to handle reporter systems. The focus of this article is recent progress in the field of peptide-mediated cellular delivery of siRNA and steric block oligonucleotides in cell tissue culture as a starting point for further developments illustrated by own experimental data. In contrast to many noncovalent CPP-mediated siRNA delivery approaches, efficient splice correction was only achieved with conjugates of peptide and steric block oligonucleotide. As outlined above, our quantitative studies along with microscopic analyses of siRNAs and steric block oligonucleotides using either a peptide or a commercially availably cationic lipid as carrier clearly show that less than 0.1% -5% of molecules taken up are involved in a biological response, i.e. RNAimediated down regulation or splice correction-mediated up regulation of reporter gene activity.

title:
  Peptide-Mediated Cellular Delivery of Oligonucleotide-Based Therapeutics In Vitro: Quantitative Evaluation of Overall Efficacy Employing Easy to Handle Reporter Systems

abstract:
  Cellular uptake of therapeutic oligonucleotides and subsequent intracellular trafficking to their target sites represents the major technical hurdle for the biological effectiveness of these potential drugs. Accordingly, laboratories worldwide focus on the development of suitable delivery systems. Among the different available non-viral systems like cationic polymers, cationic liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) represent an attractive concept to bypass the problem of poor membrane permeability of these charged macromolecules. While uptake per se in most cases does not represent the main obstacle of nucleic acid delivery in vitro, it becomes increasingly apparent that intracellular trafficking is the bottleneck. As a consequence, in order to optimize a given delivery system, a side-by-side analysis of nucleic acid cargo internalized and the corresponding biological effect is required to determine the overall efficacy. In this review, we will concentrate on peptide-mediated delivery of siRNAs and steric block oligonucleotides and discuss different methods for quantitative assessment of the amount of cargo taken up and how to correlate those numbers with biological effects by applying easy to handle reporter systems. To illustrate current limitations of non-viral nucleic acid delivery systems, we present own data as an example and discuss options of how to enhance trafficking of molecules entrapped in cellular compartments.


id: cord-000972-awygbo1y
title: Unified Theory of Bacterial Sialometabolism: How and Why Bacteria Metabolize Host Sialic Acids
author: Vimr, Eric R.
date: 2013-01-15
txt: ./txt/cord-000972-awygbo1y.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-000972-awygbo1y.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3658417/
doi: 10.1155/2013/816713
summary:
  e combined results described above unambiguously support an essential function of bacterial sialic acid decoration for evading immune responses but provided little indication that an ability to catabolize these sugars was important to either colonization or disease. However, as discussed below, studies in other bacteria strongly suggest that host sialic acid catabolism has at least a minor role in pathogenesis in different species, and possibly a major role in colonization. coli, potential axe orthologs abound in GIT bacterial species (Tables 1 and 2) , suggesting that an ability to metabolize O-acetylated sialic acids is a common phenotype of bacteria living on or at a mucosal surface [89] . is �nding is consistent with a potentially important role of NanS in supporting the commensal lifestyle involving utilization of host-derived sialic acids other than Neu5Ac. For example, it is unclear why pneumococcal strains have distinct nan genetic organizations whereas all strains examined, like GBS, include one copy of nanA in their genomes ( Figure 6 ).

abstract:
  Sialic acids are structurally diverse nine-carbon ketosugars found mostly in humans and other animals as the terminal units on carbohydrate chains linked to proteins or lipids. The sialic acids function in cell-cell and cell-molecule interactions necessary for organismic development and homeostasis. They not only pose a barrier to microorganisms inhabiting or invading an animal mucosal surface, but also present a source of potential carbon, nitrogen, and cell wall metabolites necessary for bacterial colonization, persistence, growth, and, occasionally, disease. The explosion of microbial genomic sequencing projects reveals remarkable diversity in bacterial sialic acid metabolic potential. How bacteria exploit host sialic acids includes a surprisingly complex array of metabolic and regulatory capabilities that is just now entering a mature research stage. This paper attempts to describe the variety of bacterial sialometabolic systems by focusing on recent advances at the molecular and host-microbe-interaction levels. The hope is that this focus will provide a framework for further research that holds promise for better understanding of the metabolic interplay between bacterial growth and the host environment. An ability to modify or block this interplay has already yielded important new insights into potentially new therapeutic approaches for modifying or blocking bacterial colonization or infection.


id: cord-002473-2kpxhzbe
author: Das, Jayanta Kumar
date: 2017-03-31
txt: ./txt/cord-002473-2kpxhzbe.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-002473-2kpxhzbe.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5376323/
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175031
summary:
  Secondly, we build a graph theoretic model on using amino acid sequences which is also applied to the cytochrome c7 family members and some unique characteristics and their domains are highlighted. The primary protein sequence is read as consecutive order pairs serially from first amino acid to the end of sequence, and each order pair is nothing but a connected edge between the two nodes where nodes in the graph are involved with different chemical groups of amino acids. Our method of phylogenetic tree formation used the dissimilarity matrix which is obtained for every pair of sequence on the basis of chemical group specific score of amino acids. Based on the phylogenetic tree of five members, we find that the PpcA and PpcD, PpcB and PpcE are mostly closed with regards to the frequency of amino acids of respective eight chemical groups.

title:
  Chemical property based sequence characterization of PpcA and its homolog proteins PpcB-E: A mathematical approach

abstract:
  Periplasmic c7 type cytochrome A (PpcA) protein is determined in Geobacter sulfurreducens along with its other four homologs (PpcB-E). From the crystal structure viewpoint the observation emerges that PpcA protein can bind with Deoxycholate (DXCA), while its other homologs do not. But it is yet to be established with certainty the reason behind this from primary protein sequence information. This study is primarily based on primary protein sequence analysis through the chemical basis of embedded amino acids. Firstly, we look for the chemical group specific score of amino acids. Along with this, we have developed a new methodology for the phylogenetic analysis based on chemical group dissimilarities of amino acids. This new methodology is applied to the cytochrome c7 family members and pinpoint how a particular sequence is differing with others. Secondly, we build a graph theoretic model on using amino acid sequences which is also applied to the cytochrome c7 family members and some unique characteristics and their domains are highlighted. Thirdly, we search for unique patterns as subsequences which are common among the group or specific individual member. In all the cases, we are able to show some distinct features of PpcA that emerges PpcA as an outstanding protein compared to its other homologs, resulting towards its binding with deoxycholate. Similarly, some notable features for the structurally dissimilar protein PpcD compared to the other homologs are also brought out. Further, the five members of cytochrome family being homolog proteins, they must have some common significant features which are also enumerated in this study.


id: cord-003020-q69f57el
title: Computer-aided design of amino acid-based therapeutics: a review
author: Farhadi, Tayebeh
date: 2018-05-14
txt: ./txt/cord-003020-q69f57el.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-003020-q69f57el.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5958949/
doi: 10.2147/dddt.s159767
summary:
  Computational techniques play a key role to design and develop the amino acid-based therapeutics such as proteins, peptides and peptidomimetics. Here, the elaborated techniques that are developed to characterize the amino acid sequences consistent with a specific structure and allow protein design are discussed. 3 Recently, pharmaceutical scientists have shown interest in engineering amino acid-based therapeutics such as proteins, peptides and peptidomimetics. Computer-aided design of amino acid-based therapeutics Fixing the backbone decreases the computational complication, but it may inhibit the main chain modifications to adjust sequence alternation. Computer-aided design of amino acid-based therapeutics to model peptide binding to targets of interest. 28, 134 Sequence-based method Recently, a method has been developed to rank peptide compound matches that are limited to short linear motifs in proteins and compounds with amino acid substituents.

abstract:
  During the last two decades, the pharmaceutical industry has progressed from detecting small molecules to designing biologic-based therapeutics. Amino acid-based drugs are a group of biologic-based therapeutics that can effectively combat the diseases caused by drug resistance or molecular deficiency. Computational techniques play a key role to design and develop the amino acid-based therapeutics such as proteins, peptides and peptidomimetics. In this study, it was attempted to discuss the various elements for computational design of amino acid-based therapeutics. Protein design seeks to identify the properties of amino acid sequences that fold to predetermined structures with desirable structural and functional characteristics. Peptide drugs occupy a middle space between proteins and small molecules and it is hoped that they can target “undruggable” intracellular protein–protein interactions. Peptidomimetics, the compounds that mimic the biologic characteristics of peptides, present refined pharmacokinetic properties compared to the original peptides. Here, the elaborated techniques that are developed to characterize the amino acid sequences consistent with a specific structure and allow protein design are discussed. Moreover, the key principles and recent advances in currently introduced computational techniques for rational peptide design are spotlighted. The most advanced computational techniques developed to design novel peptidomimetics are also summarized.


id: cord-004879-pgyzluwp
title: Programmed cell death
author: nan
date: 1994
txt: ./txt/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004879-pgyzluwp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087532/
doi: 10.1007/bf02033112
abstract: nan
summary:
  Furthermore kinetic experiments after complementation of HIV=RT p66 with KIV-RT pSl indicated that HIV-RT pSl can restore rate and extent of strand displacement activity by HIV-RT p66 compared to the HIV-RT heterodimer D66/D51, suggesting a function of the 51 kDa polypeptide, The mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA contains an open reading frame in the 3'' long terminal repeat which can code for a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane sequence and five N-linked glycosylation sites. To this end we used constructs encoding the c-fos (and c-jun) genes fused to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor, designated c-FosER (and c-JunER), We could show that short-term activation (30 mins.) of c-FosER by estradiole (E2) led to the disruption of epithelial cell polarity within 24 hours, as characterized by the expression of apical and basolateral marker proteins.


id: cord-004948-ad3i9wgj
title: 7th International Congress on Amino Acids and Proteins : Vienna, Austria, August 6–10, 2001
author: nan
date: 2001
txt: ./txt/cord-004948-ad3i9wgj.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-004948-ad3i9wgj.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7087755/
doi: 10.1007/s007260170030
abstract: nan
summary:
  Specific CTL were derived by immunization of HHD mice with tumor peptide extracts loaded on antigen presenting cells and with HHD transfected human tumor cell lines CTL induced against peptides from various tumors recognized tumor peptides more effectively than peptides extracted from normal tissues and also reacted with a serie of peptides derived from overexpressed candidate proteins, identified by differential display methods (SAGE, Microarrays) Comparison of CTL derived from HHD mice to CTL induced from patient''s PBMC showed overlapping recognition of many candidate peptides. By comparison of pro-teomic cell maps from normal controls and individuals affected with lysosomal transport disorders we have selected and identified several candidate disease-causing proteins, which have to be further studied by mutation analysis and functional expression. The results of the in vitro studies available to date strongly suggest that its effects on neuronal amino acid transport processes is mediated via some novel extracellular mechanism controlling the H ϩ (and/or other ionic) concentrations of neurones.


id: cord-006452-mmdk2xom
title: Nucleic Acid-Based Therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases
author: Chen, Jing
date: 2018-10-18
txt: ./txt/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006452-mmdk2xom.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101845/
doi: 10.1208/s12249-018-1183-0
summary:
  Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. To overcome these biological barriers, strategies like chemical modification, conjugation, vector encapsulation, and selection of administration route have been utilized to improve the delivery of nucleic acids to lungs. One direction for developing new drugs to treat asthma is to target central pathways to the pathogenesis of the disease, and nucleic acid-mediated therapies silencing the specific effector or the upstream regulator can be a potential approach. Nucleic acid drugs hold great promises as new classes of therapeutic agents for pulmonary diseases, and some candidates have entered into clinical trials (Table III) .

abstract:
  Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. The susceptibility of nucleic acids to degradation and the complex structure of lungs retard the effective pulmonary delivery of nucleic acid drug. To overcome these barriers, different strategies have been exploited to increase the delivery efficiency using chemically synthesized nucleic acids, vector encapsulation, proper formulation, and administration route. However, several limitations regarding off-target effects and immune stimulation of nucleic acid drugs hamper their translation into the clinical practice. Therefore, their successful clinical application will ultimately rely on well-developed carriers and methods to ensure safety and efficacy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. The latest advances of nucleic acid drugs under clinical evaluation to treat pulmonary disorders will also be detailed.


id: cord-006518-al94gxjw
title: n−3 Fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity— Relevance to postsurgical and critically III patients
author: Calder, Philip C.
date: 2004
txt: ./txt/cord-006518-al94gxjw.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006518-al94gxjw.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7101959/
doi: 10.1007/s11745-004-1342-z
summary:
  More recent studies showed that EPA did not induce TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-1α (68) or IL-6 (69) in osteoblasts, and even countered the upregulating effect of arachidonic acid (68) ; that EPA and DHA could totally abolish cytokine-induced up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β in cultured bovine chondrocytes and in human osteoarthritic cartilage explants (93, 94) ; and that EPA or fish oil inhibited endotoxin-induced TNF-α production by monocytes (111) (112) (113) (114) . Animal feeding studies with fish oil support the observations made in cell culture with respect to the effects of long-chain n-3 FA on NFκB activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Several studies in humans involving supplementation of the diet with fish oil have demonstrated decreased production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by endotoxin-stimulated monocytes or mononuclear cells (a mixture of lymphocytes and monocytes) (80) (81) (82) 119) .

abstract:
  Excessive or inappropriate inflammation and immunosuppression are components of the response to surgery, trauma, injury, and infection in some individuals and these can lead, progressively, to sepsis and septic shock. The hyperinflammation is characterized by the production of inflammatory cytokines, arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids, and other inflammatory mediators, while the immunosuppression is characterized by impairment of antigen presentation and of T helper cell type-1 responses. Long-chain n−3 FA from fish oil decrease the production of inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids. They act both directly (by replacing arachidonic acid as an eicosanoid substrate and by inhibiting arachidonic acid metabolism) and indirectly (by altering the expression of inflammatory genes through effects on transcription factor activation). Thus, long-chain n−3 FA are potentially useful anti-inflammatory agents and may be of benefit in patients at risk of developing sepsis. As such, an emerging application of n−3 FA is in surgical or critically ill patients where they may be added to parenteral or enteral formulas. Parenteral or enteral nutrition including n−3 FA appears to preserve immune function better than standard formulas and appears to partly prevent some aspects of the inflammatory response. Studies to date are suggestive of clinical benefits from these approaches, especially in postsurgical patients.


id: cord-006636-xgikbdns
title: Übersicht Über neue ernährungswissenschaftliche Publikationen
author: Ühlein, E.
date: 1964-02-01
txt: ./txt/cord-006636-xgikbdns.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006636-xgikbdns.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102153/
doi: 10.1007/bf02021334
abstract: nan
summary:
  L. : Effect of a low dietary level of three types of fat on reproductive performance and tissue lipid content of the vitamin B6-deficicnt female rat. H.: Effect of dietary protein and fat on growth, protein utilization, and carcass composition of pigs fed purified diets. Effect of food fats on concentration of ketone bodies and citric acid level in blood and tissues Effect of a low dietary level of three types of fat on reproductive performance and tissue lipid content of the vitamin B6-defieient female rat The effect on the serum cholesterol levels of the consumption of a special dietary fat with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids in elderly people Effect of protein intake and cold exposure on selected liver enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism Effect of protein intake and cold exposure on selected liver enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism


id: cord-006907-pdvddowh
author: Baltina, L. A.
date: 2016-02-06
txt: ./txt/cord-006907-pdvddowh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-006907-pdvddowh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7104134/
doi: 10.1134/s1070363215120129
summary:
  Synthesis of amino acid conjugates of glycyrrhizic acid with the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide, N,N''-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and tert-butyl esters of L-amino acids (valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and methionine) was performed followed by deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. The target amino acid conjugates were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel in 40–45% yield. N-Hydroxyphthalimide (HOPt) has been also applied as a nucleophilic reagent at the formation of the amide bond in the carbodiimide mediated synthesis of peptides [14] ; but its use in the synthesis of amino acid conjugates of glycyrrhizic acid has not yet been reported. The goal of the present work was the synthesis of amino acid conjugates of glycyrrhizic acid with the use of HOPt and DCC and tert-butyl esters of L-amino acids for activation of carboxy groups of the glycoside molecule. Free amino acid con-DOI: 10 .1134/S1070363215120129 jugates 4, 6, 8, and 10 were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel in 40-45% yields.

title:
  Synthesis of amino acid conjugates of glycyrrhizic acid using N-hydroxyphthalimide and N,N''-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

abstract:
  Synthesis of amino acid conjugates of glycyrrhizic acid with the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and tert-butyl esters of L-amino acids (valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and methionine) was performed followed by deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. The target amino acid conjugates were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel in 40–45% yield. The structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed by IR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy.


id: cord-008777-i2reanan
title: ECB12: 12th European Congess on Biotechnology
author: nan
date: 2005-07-19
txt: ./txt/cord-008777-i2reanan.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-008777-i2reanan.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7134330/
doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.005
abstract: nan
summary:
  Mollerup Department of Chemical Engineering, Building 229, DTU, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark A variety of factors that govern the properties of proteins are utilized in the development of chromatographic processes for the recovery of biological products including the binding and release of protons, the non-covalent association with non-polar groups (often hydrophobic interactions), the association of small ions (ion exchange) and the highly specific antigen-antibody interaction (affinity interactions). Such fermenters will be needed in order to meet the increasing pressure on costs for low price commodity type products such as single cell protein or food and technical grade enzymes, and to meet the demands of the new wave of white biotech, in which bio-produced chemicals must be made at prices competitive with those of the traditional chemical industry. The presentation will focus on use of the sensitive sandwich hybridization technology for the quantitative analysis of process relevant marker genes in different kind of microbial cell cultures with a focus on the production of recombinant proteins.


id: cord-011251-rjyipcfv
author: Chernyshov, Vladimir V.
date: 2019-02-28
txt: ./txt/cord-011251-rjyipcfv.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-011251-rjyipcfv.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7223885/
doi: 10.1007/s11030-019-09932-9
summary:
  title: Single-stage synthesis of heterocyclic alkaloid-like compounds from (+)-camphoric acid and their antiviral activity The present work is devoted to the synthesis of new polycyclic nitrogen-containing compounds from (+)-camphoric acid and aliphatic or aromatic diamines. Compounds 10a and 10b have been isolated after the column chromatography with a yield of 40% and 2%, Scheme 1 Interaction of camphoric acid with aliphatic diamines respectively. The quinazoline structure possibly imparts rigidity to the ligand and hence consistently high Scheme 2 Interaction of camphoric acid with aromatic diamines enantioselectivity [36] . We have previously shown that various derivatives of monoterpenoids, in particular compounds including a 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane scaffold and N-heterocyclic fragment, exhibit antiviral properties against the influenza virus [39, 40] . It has been shown that compound 14 has inhibitory activity against different strains of influenza virus A. Enantioselective alkylation of aromatic aldehydes with (+)-camphoric acid derived chiral 1,3-diamine ligands

title:
  Single-stage synthesis of heterocyclic alkaloid-like compounds from (+)-camphoric acid and their antiviral activity

abstract:
  ABSTRACT: An effective technique for one-stage synthesis of new polycyclic nitrogen-containing compounds has been developed. The procedure involves refluxing mixtures of camphoric acid with aliphatic or aromatic diamine without catalysts. In cases where the starting amine has a low boiling point (less than 200 °C), phenol is used as a solvent, as it is the most optimal one for obtaining products with good yields. It has been shown that the use of Lewis acids as catalysts reduces the yield of the reaction products. A set of compounds have been synthesized, which can be attributed to synthetic analogues of alkaloids. In vitro screening for activity influenza virus A was carried out for the obtained compounds. The synthesized quinazoline-like agent 14 has inhibitory activity against different strains of influenza viruses. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s11030-019-09932-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-012056-8b3xffsh
author: Maas, Ronald H. W.
date: 2008-04-01
txt: ./txt/cord-012056-8b3xffsh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-012056-8b3xffsh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2270352/
doi: 10.1007/s00253-008-1361-1
summary:
  title: Lactic acid production from lime-treated wheat straw by Bacillus coagulans: neutralization of acid by fed-batch addition of alkaline substrate In this study, lime-treated wheat straw was hydrolyzed and fermented simultaneously to lactic acid by an enzyme preparation and Bacillus coagulans DSM 2314. To examine this proposed concept, lime-treated wheat straw (LTWS) was added fed-batch-wise during a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process in a 20-l controlled stirred fermenter containing hydrolytic enzymes and Bacillus coagulans DSM 2314, a thermophilic bacterium capable to convert both hexoses and pentoses homofermentative to L(+)-lactic acid (Otto 2004; Patel et al. =hydrolysis factor of polysaccharides, incorporation of water results in 1.11 g hexose from 1.00 g glucan and 1.14 g pentose from xylan and arabinan (g/g), and FF=fermentation factor of 1.00 g lactic acid per gram of monomeric sugar. After the fed-batch phase (13 h), 2,706 g LTWS was added and resulted in a conversion of 42% of glucan, 57% of xylan, and 63% of arabinan to products including soluble saccharides and lactic acid.

title:
  Lactic acid production from lime-treated wheat straw by Bacillus coagulans: neutralization of acid by fed-batch addition of alkaline substrate

abstract:
  Conventional processes for lignocellulose-to-organic acid conversion requires pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and microbial fermentation. In this study, lime-treated wheat straw was hydrolyzed and fermented simultaneously to lactic acid by an enzyme preparation and Bacillus coagulans DSM 2314. Decrease in pH because of lactic acid formation was partially adjusted by automatic addition of the alkaline substrate. After 55 h of incubation, the polymeric glucan, xylan, and arabinan present in the lime-treated straw were hydrolyzed for 55%, 75%, and 80%, respectively. Lactic acid (40.7 g/l) indicated a fermentation efficiency of 81% and a chiral l(+)-lactic acid purity of 97.2%. In total, 711 g lactic acid was produced out of 2,706 g lime-treated straw, representing 43% of the overall theoretical maximum yield. Approximately half of the lactic acid produced was neutralized by fed-batch feeding of lime-treated straw, whereas the remaining half was neutralized during the batch phase with a Ca(OH)(2) suspension. Of the lime added during the pretreatment of straw, 61% was used for the neutralization of lactic acid. This is the first demonstration of a process having a combined alkaline pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass and pH control in fermentation resulting in a significant saving of lime consumption and avoiding the necessity to recycle lime.


id: cord-017131-rx1z4orm
title: An Overview of Antimicrobial Properties of Different Classes of Phytochemicals
author: Patra, Amlan Kumar
date: 2012-02-18
txt: ./txt/cord-017131-rx1z4orm.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017131-rx1z4orm.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7121617/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-3926-0_1
summary:
  Although numerous studies have been conducted in vitro and in vivo in the recent years on the efficacy of plant phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents, this chapter provides an overview of the antimicrobial properties of some major group of phytochemicals, namely, different phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, iridoids and secoiridoids, polyacetylenes, glucosinolates, terpenoids, sulfinate, limonoids (tetranortepenoids) and anthranoids against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses and commensal bacteria in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. This chapter also discusses their antimicrobial mechanisms of action, the efficiency of different groups of phytochemicals against multiple-drug resistant bacteria, the effect of active dietary phytometabolites on the beneficial and pathogenic microbes of the gastrointestinal tracts and the outcomes of combination of phytofactors and drugs interactions. Although, phenolic acids are effective against Gram-negative bacteria, their antimicrobial effect is strain dependent (e.g. different strains of Escherichia coli ; Cueva et al.

abstract:
  Plants produce a great diversity of phytochemicals, the beneficial properties of which have been used by humans for centuries since the advent of human civilization. With the discovery of effective and potent antimicrobial compounds, these synthetic antimicrobial compounds are widely used to prevent and cure microbial diseases. However, the development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, reduced efficacy and safety of antimicrobials and the search of new antimicrobials against emerging incurable diseases by conventional antimicrobial agents have revived to explore phytochemicals as an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial compounds. Although numerous studies have been conducted in vitro and in vivo in the recent years on the efficacy of plant phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents, this chapter provides an overview of the antimicrobial properties of some major group of phytochemicals, namely, different phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, iridoids and secoiridoids, polyacetylenes, glucosinolates, terpenoids, sulfinate, limonoids (tetranortepenoids) and anthranoids against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses and commensal bacteria in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. This chapter also discusses their antimicrobial mechanisms of action, the efficiency of different groups of phytochemicals against multiple-drug resistant bacteria, the effect of active dietary phytometabolites on the beneficial and pathogenic microbes of the gastrointestinal tracts and the outcomes of combination of phytofactors and drugs interactions.


id: cord-017504-rtg7fs82
title: Punica granatum
author: Lim, T. K.
date: 2012-11-03
txt: ./txt/cord-017504-rtg7fs82.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017504-rtg7fs82.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122081/
doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-5653-3_10
abstract: nan
summary:
  The results suggested that the aril juice the major and tasty part of pomegranate fruit, did not contain ellagic acid and punicalagin (i.e. the polyphenols highly represented in the rind which appeared to be responsible for the antioxidant capacity) in amounts suf fi cient to exert cytoprotection in oxidatively injured, living cells. After consumption of pomegranate juice, fruit peel, aril and fl ower extracts the atherosclerotic lesion area in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein e-de fi cient (E 0) mice was signi fi cantly decreased by 44, 38, 39, 6, or 70%, respectively, as compared to placebo-treated group, while pomegranate seed oil had no effect. Further in-vitro studies showed that Punica granatum fl ower extract and its components oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and gallic acid inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB activation in macrophages. In-vitro studies using normal human epidermal keratinocytes, showed that pre-treatment with pomegranate fruit extract rich in anthocyannins and hydrolyzable tannins protected against the adverse effects of UV-B radiation by inhibiting UV-B-induced modulations of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways (Afaq et al.


id: cord-017813-qhsymg0r
title: Bioactive Products from Fungi
author: Sanchez, Sergio
date: 2017-01-11
txt: ./txt/cord-017813-qhsymg0r.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-017813-qhsymg0r.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122484/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-51639-4_3
summary:
  They are excellent producers of hydrolytic enzymes, biofuels, organic acids, polysaccharides, and secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, anticancer drugs, hypocholesterolemic agents, immunosuppressants, and others. Antibiotics can be produced by fermentation, an old technique that was utilized for beer and wine production almost 8000 years ago, during the ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia era. Natural products (NPs) with high commercial value can be produced by microbial primary or secondary metabolism. Other products include anti-tumor drugs, hypocholesterolemic agents, enzyme inhibitors, gastrointestinal motor stimulators, ruminant growth stimulants, insecticides, herbicides, antiparasitics versus coccidia and helminths, and other pharmacological activities. In view of the low concentration of camptothecin in tree roots and poor yield from chemical synthesis, the fungal fermentation is very promising for industrial production of camptothecin. niger was an excellent producer of citric acid and, as a result, the Pfizer company in New York began large-scale fermentation production in 1923.

abstract:
  Fungi are amazing producers of natural products. They are crucial to the health and the well-being of people throughout the world. They are excellent producers of hydrolytic enzymes, biofuels, organic acids, polysaccharides, and secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, anticancer drugs, hypocholesterolemic agents, immunosuppressants, and others. This chapter centers on these fungal products, especially valuable secondary metabolites, the discovery of which goes back eighty-seven years when penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.


id: cord-018428-6lc1fcpe
title: Secondary Metabolite Production in Transgenic Hairy Root Cultures of Cucurbits
author: Rekha, Kaliyaperumal
date: 2017-01-18
txt: ./txt/cord-018428-6lc1fcpe.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-018428-6lc1fcpe.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123301/
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_6
summary:
  These genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Besides, hairy root cultures are usually capable of producing the same compound(s) of identical chemistry found in wild-type roots of the naturally occurring parent plant without loss of structural integrity and/or quantity or concentration of the product, which is frequently observed in callus or cell suspension cultures [22] . Fast growth, low doubling time, ease of maintenance of hairy roots, and their ability to synthesize a large range of chemical compounds offer an additional advantage as a continuous source for the production of valuable secondary metabolites [25] . This study tested the sc-RIP extracts from the seeds and hairy root tissue cultures of Luffa cylindrica (established by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 1855) for inhibitory effects on the growth of in vitro melanotic and amelanotic human melanoma cell lines [79] .

abstract:
  Cucurbits are important group of vegetables due to their nutritional significance and are also used for valuable traditional medicine. The infection of plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes results in a hairy root (HR) phenotype characterized by rapid growth in hormone-free medium, an unusual ageotropism and extensive lateral branching. These genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Hairy root cultures offer promise for high production and productivity of valuable secondary metabolites in many plants. High stability and productivity features allow the exploitation of HRs as valuable biotechnological tool for the production of plant secondary metabolites. While these chemical compounds are employed by plants for interactions with their environment, humans have long since explored and exploited plant secondary metabolites for medicinal and practical uses. The main constraint for commercial exploitation of hairy root cultivations is the development and scaling up of appropriate reactor vessels (bioreactors) that permit the growth of interconnected tissues normally unevenly distributed throughout the vessel. Emphasis has focused on designing appropriate bioreactors suitable to culture the delicate and sensitive plant hairy roots. To this end, hairy root culture presents an excellent platform for producing valuable secondary metabolites. For these reasons, this chapter describes the establishment of hairy roots and production of secondary metabolites from hairy roots of cucurbits and also phytochemicals uses for biological activity.


id: cord-022196-1tionxun
title: The Nature and Classification of Animal Viruses
author: FENNER, FRANK
date: 2013-11-17
txt: ./txt/cord-022196-1tionxun.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-022196-1tionxun.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7155428/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-253040-1.50006-3
abstract: nan
summary:
  With most isometric particles and in all complex virions, the capsid encloses another protein structure containing the viral genome, called the core. All animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids are enveloped, and in these the lipid layer from which glycoprotein peplomers project is probably applied to a protein shell (the membrane protein; see Fig. 1 -1), which may be relatively rigid, as in Rhabdovirus, or readily distorted (as in the myxoviruses) so that in negatively stained electron micrographs the virions appear to be pleomorphic. The RNA viruses that have the largest (single-stranded) genomes, those of the Leukovirus genus, also have a highly complex structure with an envelope enclosing an icosahedral capsid that, in turn, surrounds a tubular nucleocapsid. The conventional physicochemical criteria [(a) nucleic acid: type, strandedness, fragmentation, and molecular weight; (b) virion: shape, size, and symmetry] are suitable for classification at this level of family/genus, perhaps assisted by the serological cross-reactivity of "group" antigens where these have been recognized.


id: cord-023208-w99gc5nx
title: Poster Presentation Abstracts
author: nan
date: 2006-09-01
txt: ./txt/cord-023208-w99gc5nx.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023208-w99gc5nx.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167816/
doi: 10.1002/psc.797
abstract: nan
summary:
  In order to develop a synthetic protocol by an automated instrumentation, increasing yield, purity of the crude, and reaction time, a microwave-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis was validated comparing the use of the new generation of Triazine-Based Coupling Reagents (TBCRs) with a series of commonly used ones. Ubiquitinium is a well known mechanism in protein degredation of Eukaryotic cells ,in which many obsolte and corrupted three dimentional structure protein ,become marked by covalent attachment of ubuquitin through a multi-step enzymatic pathway.Ubiquitin is a small ,8.5 kDa peptide of 76 amino acid residues that targets such substrtes for proteolysis in proteasome .Recnt studies showed that an extra cellular ubiquitination process also taking place in the epididymes of humans and other animals marks protein on the surface of the defective sperm .it appears that structurally and functionally defective sperm become surface ubiquitinated by epididymal epithelial cells. This head-to-tailcyclized 14-amino-acid peptide contains one disulfide bridge and a lysine residue (Lys5) present in the P1 position, which is responsible for inhibitor specificity.As was reported by us and other groups, SFTI-1 analogues with one cycle only retain trypsin inhibitory activity.


id: cord-023209-un2ysc2v
title: Poster Presentations
author: nan
date: 2008-10-07
txt: ./txt/cord-023209-un2ysc2v.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023209-un2ysc2v.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167823/
doi: 10.1002/psc.1090
abstract: nan
summary:
  Site-specifi c PEGylation of human IgG1-Fab using a rationally designed trypsin variant In the present contribution we report on a novel, highly selective biocatalytic method enabling C-terminal modifi cations of proteins with artifi cial functionalities under native state conditions. Recently, our group report a novel approach to a totally synthetic vaccine which consists of FMDV (Foot and Mouth Disease Virus) VP1 peptides, prepared by covalent conjugation of peptide biomolecules with membrane active carbochain polyelectrolytes In the present study, peptide epitops of VP1 protein both 135-161(P1) amino acid residues (Ser-Lys-Tyr-Ser-Thr-Thr-Gly-Glu-Arg-Thr-Arg-Thr-Arg-Gly-Asp-Leu-Gly-Ala-Leu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Val-Ala-Thr-Gln-Leu-Pro-Ala) and triptophan (Trp) containing on the N terminus 135-161 amino acid residues (Trp-135-161) (P2) were synthesized by using the microwave assisted solid-phase methods. Using as a template a peptide, already identifi ed, with agonist activity against PTPRJ(H-[Cys-His-His-Asn-Leu-Thr-His-Ala-Cys]-OH), here we report a structure-activity study carried out through endocyclic modifi cations (Ala-scan, D-substitutions, single residue deletions, substitutions of the disulfi de bridge) and the preliminary biological results of this set of compounds.


id: cord-023225-5quigar4
title: Posters
author: nan
date: 2012-08-21
txt: ./txt/cord-023225-5quigar4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023225-5quigar4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7167970/
doi: 10.1002/psc.2449
abstract: No abstract is available for this article.
summary:
  To further explore the structure-function relationship, a viable synthesis strategy for pseudodesmin A analogues was developed, based on side-chain attachment of the first amino acid to the solid support, followed by stepwise Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of the linear peptide precursor and on-resin head-to-tail cyclization. The cases when the amino acid sequence of a fragment coincided with part of the primary structure of a natural oligopeptide were recorded in the Total protein chemical synthesis requires a case by case design and optimization which is governed by factors such as the solubility of the individual peptide segments, their primary sequence and in particular the presence of "difficult" amino acid residues at ligation junctions such as proline or the location of cysteines. In this study we present synthesis of two series of peptide libraries, which were designed by substitution of Leu in the P5, P6 position of our control peptide (Ac-LLLLRVKR-AMBA) with each of nineteen amino acid residues in order to verifying its influence on activity and selectivity of the resulting analogues.


id: cord-023647-dlqs8ay9
title: Sequences and topology
author: nan
date: 2003-03-21
txt: ./txt/cord-023647-dlqs8ay9.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-023647-dlqs8ay9.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173161/
doi: 10.1016/0959-440x(91)90051-t
abstract: nan
summary:
  Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of the L G~ne of Vesicular Stomafltia Virus (New Jersey Serotype) --Identification of Conserved Domai~L~ in L Proteins of Nonsegmented Negative-Strand RNA Viruses DERSE I~ Equine Infectious Anemia Virus tat--Insights into the Structure, Function, and Evolution of Lentivtrus tran.~Activator Proteins Ho~tu~ ~ s71 is a Ehylngcueticellly Distinct Human Endogenous Reteovtgal 1Rlement with Structural mad Sequence Homology to Simian Sarcoma Virus (SSV). Distinct Fercedoxins from Rhodobacter-Capsulstus -Complete Amino Acid Sequences and Molecular Evolution Complete Amino Acid Sequence and Homologies of Human Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band 4.2. Identification of Two Highly Conserved Amino Acid Sequences Amon~ the ~x-subunits and Molecular ~ The Predicted Amino Acid Sequence of ct-lnternexin is that of a novel Neuronal lntegmedla~ ~ent Protein Inttaspecific Evolution of a Gene Family Coding for Urinary Proteins Attalysi~ of CDNA for Human ~ AJudgyrin I~dicltes a Repeated Structure with Homology to Tissue-Differentiation a~td Cell-Cycle Control Protein


id: cord-024790-pkj2bjur
title: Biological Activities of Two Major Copaiba Diterpenoids and Their Semi-synthetic Derivatives
author: Çiçek, Serhat Sezai
date: 2020-02-21
txt: ./txt/cord-024790-pkj2bjur.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-024790-pkj2bjur.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7222050/
doi: 10.1007/s43450-020-00002-y
summary:
  In order to find new biological activities and to eventually enhance the before observed effects, (−)-polyalthic acid (1) and kaurenoic acid (2), together with eight prepared semi-synthetic derivatives (1a–1c and 2a–2e) were evaluated for their cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Investigation of the antifungal activity, in contrast, showed that the carboxyl group is unnecessary for the effect against the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Cryptococcus neoformans, indicated by low micromolar IC(50) values for both (−)-polyalthic acid diethylamide (1a) as well as (−)-polyalthic acid methyl ester (1b). In our previous study, we reported strong inhibitory effects against the two clinically relevant bacterial strains methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecium for three diterpene acids, of which one was kaurenoic acid (2) (Pfeifer Barbosa et al. In the same study, antidermatophytic activity against two Trichopyhton species was detected for (−)-polyalthic acid (1), the major diterpenoid in the Copaifera reticulata oleoresin, along with weak [(−)-polyalthic acid, 1] to moderate (kaurenoic acid, 2) cytotoxic effects against six cancer cell lines.

abstract:
  The oleoresin of Copaifera reticulata Ducke, Fabaceae, is a traditional Brazilian remedy used for a wide range of applications. Commonly named copaiba, the oleoresin has been found to exhibit strong antimicrobial effects in our previous study, which could be attributed to some of its diterpenoid constituents. In order to find new biological activities and to eventually enhance the before observed effects, (−)-polyalthic acid (1) and kaurenoic acid (2), together with eight prepared semi-synthetic derivatives (1a–1c and 2a–2e) were evaluated for their cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Regarding the gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecium and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, we found that both the exocylic methylene group and the carboxyl group were crucial for the activity against these two clinically relevant bacterial strains. Investigation of the antifungal activity, in contrast, showed that the carboxyl group is unnecessary for the effect against the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Cryptococcus neoformans, indicated by low micromolar IC(50) values for both (−)-polyalthic acid diethylamide (1a) as well as (−)-polyalthic acid methyl ester (1b). Apart from studying the biological activity, the structure of one semi-synthetic derivative, compound 1c, is being reported for the first time. During the course of the structure elucidation of the new compound, we discovered inconsistencies regarding the stereochemistry of polyalthic acid and its stereoisomers, which we clarified in the present work. [Figure: see text] ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s43450-020-00002-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.


id: cord-026012-r0w0jbpg
title: Gastrointestinal Function
author: TENNANT, BUD C.
date: 2014-06-27
txt: ./txt/cord-026012-r0w0jbpg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-026012-r0w0jbpg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7271190/
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396350-5.50013-9
summary:
  In the dog, gastric juice is produced in the resting state at a rate of approximately 5 ml/hour (Gray and Bûcher, 1941) , and the composition is similar to that of the basal component, containing practi cally no peptic activity or hydrochloric acid. When the flow of gastric juice is stimulated maximally, the dog may produce 80 ml or more per hour (Gray and Bûcher, 1941) , and this secretion contains large amounts of peptic activity and hydrochloric acid. The endopeptidases and exopep(Table II) , producing free amino acids, which are absorbed directly, or small peptides, which are further hydrolyzed by the aminopeptidases of the intestinal mucosa (see Section III,C). Despite the long interest in and controversy regarding the subject of this section, the relative amounts of the various types of protein digestion products, i.e., peptides and amino acids, which are actually absorbed by intestinal mucosal cells during normal digestion are still not known.

abstract:
  This chapter discusses the functions of gastrointestinal tract. The principal functions of the gastrointestinal tract are assimilation of nutrients and excretion of the waste products of digestion. Within the gastrointestinal tract, these substances are solubilized and degraded enzymatically to simple molecules, sufficiently small in size and in a form that permits absorption across the mucosal epithelium. The distribution of the different types of secretory cells in the salivary glands varies among species. The mandibular and sublingual glands are mixed salivary glands containing both mucous and serous types of cells, and produce a viscous secretion that contains large amounts of mucus. The cytoplasm of the secretory cells contains numerous zymogen granules that vary in size and number depending on the activity of the gland. These granules contain the precursors of the hydrolytic enzymes responsible for digestion of the major dietary components. The cells of the terminal ducts probably secrete the bicarbonate ion responsible for neutralizing hydrochloric acid that enters the duodenum from the stomach.


id: cord-034362-4xdtbbzb
title: Dietary Energy Partition: The Central Role of Glucose
author: Remesar, Xavier
date: 2020-10-19
txt: ./txt/cord-034362-4xdtbbzb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-034362-4xdtbbzb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7593952/
doi: 10.3390/ijms21207729
summary:
  Under conditions of excess glucose availability, its conversion to 3C eases the pressure over the regulation of glycaemia and allows for the direct use of its energy via 3C [48, 49] , in a way comparable to the "pre-preparation" of fatty acids (2Cn) fragments to plasma-soluble ketone bodies (2C2 fragments). Most of the inter-organ substrate cycles were described as mechanisms preventing the dangers of reducing power or 2-amino N accumulation in muscle or other peripheral tissues under conditions of active use of glucose or amino acids (i.e., during exercise) for energy; they always present a time-delay component for maximal effectiveness. This may be considered either as another contribution to regulate glycaemia or as an alternative to produce 3C fragments (essentially lactate and glycerol) in massive amounts to supply ready-to-use energy to most organs (including the brain) to circumvent the regulatory difficulties of glucose utilization under situations of excess substrate and/or insulin resistance [36, 43, 47, 96] .

abstract:
  Humans have developed effective survival mechanisms under conditions of nutrient (and energy) scarcity. Nevertheless, today, most humans face a quite different situation: excess of nutrients, especially those high in amino-nitrogen and energy (largely fat). The lack of mechanisms to prevent energy overload and the effective persistence of the mechanisms hoarding key nutrients such as amino acids has resulted in deep disorders of substrate handling. There is too often a massive untreatable accumulation of body fat in the presence of severe metabolic disorders of energy utilization and disposal, which become chronic and go much beyond the most obvious problems: diabetes, circulatory, renal and nervous disorders included loosely within the metabolic syndrome. We lack basic knowledge on diet nutrient dynamics at the tissue-cell metabolism level, and this adds to widely used medical procedures lacking sufficient scientific support, with limited or nil success. In the present longitudinal analysis of the fate of dietary nutrients, we have focused on glucose as an example of a largely unknown entity. Even most studies on hyper-energetic diets or their later consequences tend to ignore the critical role of carbohydrate (and nitrogen disposal) as (probably) the two main factors affecting the substrate partition and metabolism.


id: cord-252584-pcp1i0vb
author: Troesch, Barbara
date: 2020-08-24
txt: ./txt/cord-252584-pcp1i0vb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-252584-pcp1i0vb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092555
doi: 10.3390/nu12092555
summary:
  However, this was a very small study and it has also been suggested that olive oil, which was used as a placebo, may have a protective effect for Alzheimer''s disease [64] and might therefore have masked the effect of the supplementation with omega-3 LCPUFAs. Similarly, an intervention comparing 200 mg EPA plus 500 mg DHA daily for 24 months compared to olive oil did not find an effect on the California Verbal Learning Test in cognitively healthy older adults (mean age 75 years) [65] . Based on evidence from different systematic reviews [143, [154] [155] [156] [157] , the ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in cancer patients state "in patients with advanced cancer undergoing chemotherapy and at risk of weight loss or malnourished, we suggest to use supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids or fish oil to stabilize or improve appetite, food intake, lean body mass and body weight" but the recommendation is graded as weak and the level of evidence as low [158] .

title:
  Expert Opinion on Benefits of Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA and EPA) in Aging and Clinical Nutrition

abstract:
  Life expectancy is increasing and so is the prevalence of age-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Consequently, older people and patients present with multi-morbidities and more complex needs, putting significant pressure on healthcare systems. Effective nutrition interventions could be an important tool to address patient needs, improve clinical outcomes and reduce healthcare costs. Inflammation plays a central role in NCDs, so targeting it is relevant to disease prevention and treatment. The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are known to reduce inflammation and promote its resolution, suggesting a beneficial role in various therapeutic areas. An expert group reviewed the data on omega-3 LCPUFAs in specific patient populations and medical conditions. Evidence for benefits in cognitive health, age- and disease-related decline in muscle mass, cancer treatment, surgical patients and critical illness was identified. Use of DHA and EPA in some conditions is already included in some relevant guidelines. However, it is important to note that data on the effects of omega-3 LCPUFAs are still inconsistent in many areas (e.g., cognitive decline) due to a range of factors that vary amongst the trials performed to date; these factors include dose, timing and duration; baseline omega-3 LCPUFA status; and intake of other nutrients. Well-designed intervention studies are required to optimize the effects of DHA and EPA in specific patient populations and to develop more personalized strategies for their use.


id: cord-253695-tjdw2uta
title: Infection of the tracheal epithelium by infectious bronchitis virus is sialic acid dependent
author: Winter, Christine
date: 2007-12-28
txt: ./txt/cord-253695-tjdw2uta.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-253695-tjdw2uta.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18396435/
doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.12.009
summary:
  Avian Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that infects chickens via the respiratory epithelium as primary target cells. Here we analyze the importance of the sialic acid binding activity for the infection of tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) by different IBV strains. Desialylation induced by neuraminidase treatment of tracheal organ cultures prior to infection by IBV delayed the ciliostatic effect or resulted in partial loss of ciliary activity. After having shown recently that sialic acid serves as a receptor determinant for IBV on cultured cells, we were interested to find out whether this type of sugar is also important for an infection in vivo. From this result we conclude that a2,3-linked sialic acid serves as a receptor determinant for the infection of avian tracheal epithelial cells by the Beaudette strain of IBV. Sialic acid is a receptor determinant for infection of cells by avian Infectious bronchitis virus

abstract:
  Avian Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that infects chickens via the respiratory epithelium as primary target cells. The binding of coronaviruses to the cell surface is mediated by the viral surface protein S. Recently we demonstrated that α2,3-linked sialic acid serves as a receptor determinant for IBV on Vero cells and primary chicken embryo kidney cells. Here we analyze the importance of the sialic acid binding activity for the infection of tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) by different IBV strains. Our results show that α2,3-linked sialic acid also serves as a receptor determinant on chicken TOCs. Infection of TOCs by IBV results in ciliostasis. Desialylation induced by neuraminidase treatment of tracheal organ cultures prior to infection by IBV delayed the ciliostatic effect or resulted in partial loss of ciliary activity. This effect was observed with both respiratory and nephropathogenic strains. Inhibition of ciliostasis was also observed when TOCs were pretreated with an α2,3-specific neuraminidase. Analysis of the tracheal epithelium for reactivity with lectins revealed that the susceptible cells in the epithelium abundantly express α2,3-linked sialic acid. These results indicate that α2,3-linked sialic acid plays an important role for infection of the respiratory epithelium by IBV.


id: cord-259044-mubjm22l
author: Weng, Jing-Ru
date: 2019-09-24
txt: ./txt/cord-259044-mubjm22l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-259044-mubjm22l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168170219304198
doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197767
summary:
  The study indicated the inhibitory activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai extract and its phenolic acid constituents on HCoV-NL63 induced cytopathic effect, virus yield, and the early stage of HCoV-NL63 replication in concentration-dependent and cell-type independent manners. LLC-MK2 cells (3 × 10 4 cells/well) were cultured in the 96-well plates overnight, quintuplicate treated with Sambucus Formosana Nakai stem ethanol extract or its phenolic acid constituents (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid) for 2 days, and then incubated with 0.5 mg/ml 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) for additional 4 h. For minimizing the antiviral effect of indicated agents in the cells, 100 μl (near 200 pfu HCoV-NL63) of the 10000-fold dilution from the mixtures of virus and the extract or phenolic acids was added to the MK2 cell monolayer in the 6-well plate to determining the residual viral infectivity using the plaque assay described above. To examine the antiviral mechanism of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid against HCoV-NL63, the assays of plaque formation, virucidal activity and virus attachment were subsequently performed (Fig. 5 , Table 1 ).

title:
  Antiviral activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai ethanol extract and related phenolic acid constituents against human coronavirus NL63

abstract:
  Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), one of the main circulating HCoVs worldwide, causes respiratory tract illnesses like runny nose, cough, bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Recently, a severe respiratory illness outbreak of HCoV-NL63 has been reported in a long-term care facility. Sambucus FormosanaNakai, a species of elderberry, is a traditional medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory and antiviral potential. The study investigated the antiviral activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai stem ethanol extract and some phenolic acid constituents against HCoV-NL63. The extract was less cytotoxic and concentration-dependently increased anti-HCoV-NL63 activities, including cytopathicity, sub-G1 fraction, virus yield (IC50 = 1.17 μg/ml), plaque formation (IC50 = 4.67 μg/ml) and virus attachment (IC50 = 15.75 μg/ml). Among the phenolic acid constituents in Sambucus FormosanaNakai extract, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid sustained the anti-HCoV-NL63 activity that was ranked in the following order of virus yield reduction: caffeic acid (IC(50) = 3.54 μM) > chlorogenic acid (IC(50) = 43.45 μM) > coumaric acid (IC(50) = 71.48 μM). Caffeic acid significantly inhibited the replication of HCoV-NL63 in a cell-type independent manner, and specifically blocked virus attachment (IC(50) = 8.1 μM). Therefore, the results revealed that Sambucus Formosana Nakai stem ethanol extract displayed the strong anti-HCoV-NL63 potential; caffeic acid could be the vital component with anti-HCoV-NL63 activity. The finding could be helpful for developing antivirals against HCoV-NL63.


id: cord-260345-ugd8kkor
title: A compendium of reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology published in the first half of 1992
author: Giles, Ian G.
date: 1992-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-260345-ugd8kkor.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-260345-ugd8kkor.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0020711X92902837
doi: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90283-7
summary:
  203, sodium dodecyl-sulfate.; ted blood-cells; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity; nucleotide-linked dehydrogenases; alkaline-phosphatase isoenzymes; pathogenesis-related proteins; cr-L-fucosidase; polyactylamide-gel; produce phosphate; general-method. low-density~l&protein; high-performance liquid; chrcmatogmphy mass spectmmetry; chicken vitellogam gene; thin-layer chmmatography; apolipoprotein-VLDL-II; fatty-acid composition; laying turkey hens; egg-yolk; plasma-lipoproteins. human-skin fibroblests; IGF binding-protein; messenger ribonucleic-acid; cooh-teminal truncation; monoclonal-antibody; endothelial-cells; factor receptoc amniotic-fluid; DNA-synthesis; rat-heart. factor-binding-protein; erythroid colony formation; cultured human-tibroblasts; factor messenger-RNA, N-terminal sequence; fetal bovine serum; IGF-I; somatomedin C, clinical-applicstians; stimulating factors. shon-hved protein; dependent pmteolytic system; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; repair gene ra&, Escherichia coli; transfer RNA; Sacclurroqces cercvisiue; endoplasmic-reticulum; cell-cycle; amino-acid. polymense chain-reaction; fragment length polymorphisms; dependent diabetes-mellitus; sickle-cell anemia; factor-M gene; enzymatic AMPlificatiat; genomic DNA; mutations; sequence; diagnosis; predisposition; genetics. T-cell receptor; messenger-RNA degradation; gamma-delta; stress proteins; antigen-receptor, lymphocytes-T; ~ycobactcrium fuberc&arir. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome; heat-shock proteins; receptor-delta; ataxia telangiectasia; transgenic mice; lymphocytes T; bearing cells; recognition; expression; incmase. human granulocyte-macmphage; protein kinase-c; recombinant human interleukin-3; cell growth-factor, murine bone-marrow; express functional receptors; acute lymphocytic-leukemia; GTPase-activating pm&n; factor-independent growth.

abstract:
  Abstract 1. 1. A compendium of reviews and mini-reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology published in the first half of 1992 is presented. In all 499 titles are listed from 95 different publications. 2. 2. This compendium presents the references by Journal Name. Keywords have been included with each reference to increase the value of the collection. Keyword and author cross-reference indexes are not included but are available in the electronic database from which this version was constructed. Should anyone wish to have this information in electronic form it can be distributed on MS-DOS formatted flopppy disks in either Reference Manager or Medline format. The author should be contacted for details of the number of preformatted floppy disks required.


id: cord-262036-wig4wdno
author: Xu, Qi
date: 2018-07-30
txt: ./txt/cord-262036-wig4wdno.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262036-wig4wdno.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.186
doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.186
summary:
  As shown in Fig. 1B , the terminal sialic acid was effectively removed in dSA-OVM after enzymatic hydrolysis, and its binding activity was obviously lower than that in the natural OVM. To analyze the role played by free sialic acid in the binding of OVM to HA, further experiments were carried out with different sequences of additions. Based on the above results, it was found that free sialic acid enhances the binding of OVM to influenza virus HA. It is indicating that sialic acid is involved in the binding of OVM to influenza virus, and additional free sialic acid could enhance the OVM antiviral process. The hemagglutinin of the influenza virus recognizes and binds to the ovomucin carbohydrate chain terminal sialic acid, and the interaction is greatly diminished after the sialic acid is removed. The addition of free sialic acid can promote the binding of ovomucin to hemagglutinin and enhance ovomucin anti-influenza virus activity.

title:
  Sialic acid involves in the interaction between ovomucin and hemagglutinin and influences the antiviral activity of ovomucin

abstract:
  Ovomucin (OVM) plays an important role in inhibiting infection of various pathogens. However, this bioactivity mechanism is not much known. Here, the role of sialic acid in OVM anti-virus activity has been studied by ELISA with lectin or ligand. Structural changes of OVM after removing sialic acid were analyzed by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. OVM could be binding to the hemagglutinin (HA) of avian influenza viruses H(5)N(1) and H(1)N(1), this binding was specific and required the involvement of sialic acid. When sialic acid was removed, the binding was significantly reduced 71.5% and 64.35%, respectively. Therefore, sialic acid was proved as a recognition site which avian influenza virus bound to. Meanwhile, the endogenous fluorescence and surface hydrophobicity of OVM removing sialic acid were increased and the secondary structure tended to shift to random coil. This indicated that OVM molecules were in an unfolded state and spatial conformation disorder raising weakly. Remarkably, free sialic acid strongly promoted OVM binding to HA and thereby enhanced the interaction. It may contribute to the inhibition of host cell infection, agglutinate viruses. This study can be extended to the deepening of passive immunization field.


id: cord-262643-wydc0wyd
title: Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of amino acid and peptide derivatives of mycophenolic acid
author: Siebert, Agnieszka
date: 2018-01-01
txt: ./txt/cord-262643-wydc0wyd.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262643-wydc0wyd.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29216563/
doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.094
summary:
  The biological activity of the products was tested on five references bacterial strains: Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 (ESBL), Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus aureus MSSA ATCC 25923. We optimized synthesis of several new amino acid and peptide MPA derivatives by conjugation with various condensation reagents. Amino acid MPA derivatives 11e17 were obtained by means of a condensation reagent 1-ethyl-3-(3 0 -dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCI) in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) acting as a base in anhydrous N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF) (Scheme 1). In case of derivatives of MPA with isoleucine 14 or malonate 17 moiety the best results were received using the T3P/Et 3 N procedure, where triethylamine acts as a base and propanephosphonic acid anhydride (T3P) is a condensing reagent (Scheme 2). Synthesis of amino acid derivatives of MPA 11e17 using the EDCI/DMAP method.

abstract:
  The series of 16 novel amino acid and peptide mycophenolic acid (MPA) derivatives was obtained as potential antibacterial agents. Coupling of MPA with respective amines was optimized with condensing reagents such as EDCI/DMAP and T3P/TEA. Amino acid analogs were received both as methyl esters and also with the free carboxylic group. The biological activity of the products was tested on five references bacterial strains: Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 (ESBL), Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus aureus MSSA ATCC 25923. Peptide derivatives proved to be the most versatile ones, their MIC values relative to most strains was lower than MPA alone. It has been noted that the activity of amino acid derivatives depends on the configuration at the chiral center in the amino acid unit and methyl esters indicated better antimicrobial activity than analogs with free carboxylic group.


id: cord-262868-wanbz1et
author: Varki, Ajit
date: 2002-01-04
txt: ./txt/cord-262868-wanbz1et.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-262868-wanbz1et.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786991/
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.10018
summary:
  This review discusses one of the few known apehuman genetic differences with a clear-cut biochemical consequence, the selective inactivation of the CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase gene in the human lineage Irie et al., 1998; Chou et al., 1998) . A microbial organism approaching a mammalian cell surface would likely first encounter members of a family of sugars called sialic acids, which tend to be the outermost units on the glycan chains attached to the proteins and lipids below (Fig. 1) . However, based on current knowledge of the functions of sialic acids (see above), one can propose some possible scenarios to explain the human loss of Neu5Gc. The most likely one is selection of a randomly occurring CMAH gene mutation by a lethal microbial pathogen that required cell-surface Neu5Gc for effective infection (see below for some examples of such current-day pathogens).

title:
  Loss of N‐glycolylneuraminic acid in humans: Mechanisms, consequences, and implications for hominid evolution

abstract:
  The surface of all mammalian cells is covered with a dense and complex array of sugar chains, which are frequently terminated by members of a family of molecules called sialic acids. One particular sialic acid called N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) is widely expressed on most mammalian tissues, but is not easily detectable on human cells. In fact, it provokes an immune response in adult humans. The human deficiency of Neu5Gc is explained by an inactivating mutation in the gene encoding CMP‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase, the rate‐limiting enzyme in generating Neu5Gc in cells of other mammals. This deficiency also results in an excess of the precursor sialic acid N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) in humans. This mutation appears universal to modern humans, occurred sometime after our last common ancestor with the great apes, and happens to be one of the first known human‐great ape genetic differences with an obvious biochemical readout. While the original selection mechanisms and major biological consequences of this human‐specific mutation remain uncertain, several interesting clues are currently being pursued. First, there is evidence that the human condition can explain differences in susceptibility or resistance to certain microbial pathogens. Second, the functions of some endogenous receptors for sialic acids in the immune system may be altered by this difference. Third, despite the lack of any obvious alternate pathway for synthesis, Neu5Gc has been reported in human tumors and possibly in human fetal tissues, and traces have even been detected in normal human tissues. One possible explanation is that this represents accumulation of Neu5Gc from dietary sources of animal origin. Finally, a markedly reduced expression of hydroxylase in the brains of other mammals raises the possibility that the human‐specific mutation of this enzyme could have played a role in human brain evolution. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 44:54–69, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


id: cord-264316-do0px1gq
title: Metallo-aminopeptidase inhibitors
author: Mucha, Artur
date: 2010-05-10
txt: ./txt/cord-264316-do0px1gq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-264316-do0px1gq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300908410001768
doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.04.026
summary:
  This review focuses on the strict metallo-aminopeptidases because they constitute the largest and the most homogenous class of these enzymes and use one or two metal ions in their active sites to specifically release the N-terminal amino acid residues of polypeptides and proteins. Similar to other amino acid and peptide mimetics used as protease inhibitors, this is the effect of the incorporation of a covalent or non-covalent binding group (here involved in coordination of a catalytic metal ion(s) in the enzyme active site) into a substrate structure. Additionally, the P1 side chain of the aminophosphonic acid analogues (or more effectively, both P1 and P1 0 residues of the pseudopeptides phosphoryl moiety) gives further possibility of structural optimization of substituents interacting with the S1 and S1 0 binding pockets of the enzyme (Fig. 3) Fig. 4 ), appeared to be efficient inhibitors of LAP with a K i ¼ 0.15 [90] and 0.23 mM [87] for the R (L) enantiomers.

abstract:
  Aminopeptidases are enzymes that selectively hydrolyze an amino acid residue from the N-terminus of proteins and peptides. They are important for the proper functioning of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, but very often are central players in the devastating human diseases like cancer, malaria and diabetes. The largest aminopeptidase group include enzymes containing metal ion(s) in their active centers, which often determines the type of inhibitors that are the most suitable for them. Effective ligands mostly bind in a non-covalent mode by forming complexes with the metal ion(s). Here, we present several approaches for the design of inhibitors for metallo-aminopeptidases. The optimized structures should be considered as potential leads in the drug discovery process against endogenous and infectious diseases.


id: cord-267516-r99y91oo
author: Clark, David A.
date: 2014-01-06
txt: ./txt/cord-267516-r99y91oo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-267516-r99y91oo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24406172/
doi: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.11.006
summary:
  title: Feeding associated neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (Primary NEC) is an inflammatory bowel disease Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis which develops after feeding preterm infants is characterized by severe intestinal inflammation and profound systemic metabolic acidosis. The feeding association is important as carbohydrate metabolized by the bacteria is the source of organic acids in the intestinal lumen, and the gases of pneumatosis intestinalis and portal venous tree. Several studies have shown there is a change in the intestinal flora in children who develop necrotizing enterocolitis in that the proteobacteria constitute as much as 70% of the organisms in the stool, in cases within three days preceding the clinical diagnosis of NEC [28] . The common intestinal flora found in all babies and in all intensive care nurseries may be the culprits in a subtle way, not by their invasive characteristics nor their ability to produce toxins, but simply by their ability to ferment carbohydrate and produce organic acids more quickly than the capacity of the preterm infants'' defense mechanisms, the mucosa, and the portal system and liver can accommodate.

title:
  Feeding associated neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (Primary NEC) is an inflammatory bowel disease

abstract:
  Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis which develops after feeding preterm infants is characterized by severe intestinal inflammation and profound systemic metabolic acidosis. The fermentation of undigested dietary carbohydrate by colonic flora yields gases (CO(2) and H(2)) and short chain organic acids. These organic acids can disrupt the intestinal mucosa and initiate inflammation driven predominantly by resident mast cells and by granulocytes which are recruited from blood. A systemic acidosis ensues derived from intestinal acids, not classic lactic acidosis produced from anaerobic metabolism. The systemic acidosis further compromises inflamed bowel leading to bowel necrosis.


id: cord-268088-y4vg7frb
title: Current Perspectives of the Applications of Polyphenols and Flavonoids in Cancer Therapy
author: Montané, Xavier
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-268088-y4vg7frb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268088-y4vg7frb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153342
doi: 10.3390/molecules25153342
summary:
  Among the natural compounds that produce beneficial effects on human health, polyphenols have shown potential therapeutic applications in cancer due to their protective functions in plants, their use as food additives, and their excellent antioxidant properties. This review shows a wide range of trials in which polyphenolic compounds play a crucial role as anticancer medicines alone or in combination with other drugs at different stages of cancer: cancer initiation, promotion, and growth or progression. In point of fact, studies demonstrated that resveratrol has in vitro effects against a large range of human tumors: breast, skin, ovary, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, pancreas, cervix, thyroid carcinoma cells, lymphoid, and myeloid cancer cells [22] . In point of fact, studies demonstrated that resveratrol has in vitro effects against a large range of human tumors: breast, skin, ovary, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, pancreas, cervix, thyroid carcinoma cells, lymphoid, and myeloid cancer cells [22] .

abstract:
  The development of anticancer therapies that involve natural drugs has undergone exponential growth in recent years. Among the natural compounds that produce beneficial effects on human health, polyphenols have shown potential therapeutic applications in cancer due to their protective functions in plants, their use as food additives, and their excellent antioxidant properties. The possibility of combining conventional drugs—which are usually more aggressive than natural compounds—with polyphenols offers very valuable advantages such as the building of more efficient anticancer therapies with less side effects on human health. This review shows a wide range of trials in which polyphenolic compounds play a crucial role as anticancer medicines alone or in combination with other drugs at different stages of cancer: cancer initiation, promotion, and growth or progression. Moreover, the future directions in applications of various polyphenols in cancer therapy are emphasized.


id: cord-268414-7fcc5i7i
author: Hassani, Abdelkader
date: 2020-10-20
txt: ./txt/cord-268414-7fcc5i7i.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-268414-7fcc5i7i.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082415/
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71175-8
summary:
  The formulated nanoparticles (GANPs) were characterized for physicochemical properties and size and were then evaluated for antioxidant and antihypertensive effects using various established in vitro assays, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide scavenging (NO), β-carotene bleaching and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory assays. This study is the first to confirm the synergistic effects of gum arabic in the encapsulation of gallic acid by increasing the selectivity towards cancer cells and enhancing the antioxidant properties. According to the results, significant cytotoxicity was elicited among the HepG2, MCF7, MDA-MB231, and HT29 cell lines after treatment with IC 50 concentrations of free and nano encapsulated gallic acid as shown in Fig. 12 . The MDA-MB231 and HT29 cells had a lower fluorescence intensity of PI attributed to the lower toxicity of GA/C6NPs. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The migration assay was carried out to assess the effect of GANPS and free GA with the IC 50 value of concentrations on MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and HT29.

title:
  Preparation, characterization and therapeutic properties of gum arabic-stabilized gallic acid nanoparticles

abstract:
  Gallic acid (GA) is a natural phenolic compound with therapeutic effects that are often challenged by its rapid metabolism and clearance. Therefore, GA was encapsulated using gum arabic into nanoparticles to increase its bioavailability. The formulated nanoparticles (GANPs) were characterized for physicochemical properties and size and were then evaluated for antioxidant and antihypertensive effects using various established in vitro assays, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide scavenging (NO), β-carotene bleaching and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory assays. The GANPs were further evaluated for the in vitro cytotoxicity, cell uptake and cell migration in four types of human cancer cell lines including (MCF-7, MDA-MB231) breast adenocarcinoma, HepG2 hepatocellular cancer, HT-29 colorectal adenocarcinoma, and MCF-10A breast epithelial cell lines. The GANPs demonstrated potent antioxidant effects and have shown promising anti-cancer properties in a dose-dependent manner with a predilection toward HepG2 and MCF7 cancer cells. The uptake of GANPs was successful in the majority of cancer cells with a propensity to accumulate in the nuclear region of the cells. The HepG2 and MCF7 cancer cells also had a significantly higher percentage of apoptosis and were more sensitive to gallic acid nanoparticle treatment in the cell migration assay. This study is the first to confirm the synergistic effects of gum arabic in the encapsulation of gallic acid by increasing the selectivity towards cancer cells and enhancing the antioxidant properties. The formulated nanoparticles also had remarkably low toxicity in normal cells. Based on these findings, GANPs may have promising therapeutic applications towards the development of more effective treatments with a probable targeting precision in cancer cells.


id: cord-269943-g77qe5ml
title: Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals and Immune System Modulation: An Evidence-Based Overview
author: Di Sotto, Antonella
date: 2020-08-22
txt: ./txt/cord-269943-g77qe5ml.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-269943-g77qe5ml.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030468
doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030468
summary:
  In the present review, up to date knowledge on the scientific basis for the immunomodulatory activity and clinical relevance of some emerging classes of plant-derived nutraceuticals, including polysaccharides, fatty acids and labdane diterpenes, has been reported. The following searching keywords and their combinations through the Boolean logical operators were used: "herbal immunomodulators", "phytochemicals", "immune system", "nutraceuticals", "medicinal plants", "immunomodulation", "immune system boosters", "immunosuppressors", "immunoadjuvants", "gut microbiome", "natural occurrence", "chemical features", "preclinical studies", "clinical trials", "polysaccharides", "echinacea", "astragalus", "β-glucan", "fatty acids", "PUFA", "oleic acid", "punicic acid", "γ-linolenic acid", "linoleic acid", "evening primrose oil", "borage oil", "flaxseed oils", "labdane diterpenes" and "andrographolide". Moreover, inulin, pectin, arabinoxylan and β-glucan have been found to elevate IL-10/IL-12 ratio and to reduce the release of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory proteins The immunomodulatory effects of plant polysaccharides on macrophages are mainly achieved through the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and NOS), and the stimulation of cytokines secretion, cell proliferation, and macrophage phagocytic activity [101] .

abstract:
  Immunomodulators are agents able to affect the immune system, by boosting the immune defences to improve the body reaction against infectious or exogenous injuries, or suppressing the abnormal immune response occurring in immune disorders. Moreover, immunoadjuvants can support immune system acting on nonimmune targets, thus improving the immune response. The modulation of inflammatory pathways and microbiome can also contribute to control the immune function. Some plant-based nutraceuticals have been studied as possible immunomodulating agents due to their multiple and pleiotropic effects. Being usually more tolerable than pharmacological treatments, their adjuvant contribution is approached as a desirable nutraceutical strategy. In the present review, the up to date knowledge about the immunomodulating properties of polysaccharides, fatty acids and labdane diterpenes have been analyzed, in order to give scientific basic and clinical evidence to support their practical use. Since promising evidence in preclinical studies, limited and sometimes confusing results have been highlighted in clinical trials, likely due to low methodological quality and lacking standardization. More investigations of high quality and specificity are required to describe in depth the usefulness of these plant-derived nutraceuticals in the immune system modulation, for health promoting and disease preventing purposes.


id: cord-278747-3bhg9t6l
author: Al-Nour, Mosab Yahya
date: 2019-05-14
txt: ./txt/cord-278747-3bhg9t6l.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-278747-3bhg9t6l.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-019-00181-w
doi: 10.1007/s40495-019-00181-w
summary:
  The administration of Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin as combined drug via the novel drug delivery systems will be a valuable therapeutic choice for the treatment of recent diseases attacking the public health including cancer, multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, diabetes mellitus, and chronic inflammatory systemic disease. They include the ligand-based virtual screening that is based on the searching for the compounds having the highest probability in pharmacological activity [10] and molecular docking that relies on the energy-based scoring function to identify ligand-target complex lowest energy [11] . Neostigmine (turquoise) as a control According to the results of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and drug-likeness predictions collectively, Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin were the best A. nilotica''s phytochemical constituents that contribute to the therapeutic activities; consequently, we recommend the use of Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin as a combined drug via the novel drug delivery systems for the treatment of recent diseases attacking the public health including cancer, multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, diabetes mellitus, and chronic inflammatory systemic diseases.

title:
  Ellagic Acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin from Acacia nilotica: Promising Combined Drug With Multiple Mechanisms of Action

abstract:
  The pharmacological activity of Acacia nilotica’s phytochemical constituents was confirmed with evidence-based studies, but the determination of exact targets that they bind and the mechanism of action were not done; consequently, we aim to identify the exact targets that are responsible for the pharmacological activity via the computational methods. Furthermore, we aim to predict the pharmacokinetics (ADME) properties and the safety profile in order to identify the best drug candidates. To achieve those goals, various computational methods were used including the ligand-based virtual screening and molecular docking. Moreover, pkCSM and SwissADME web servers were used for the prediction of pharmacokinetics and safety. The total number of the investigated compounds and targets was 25 and 61, respectively. According to the results, the pharmacological activity was attributed to the interaction with essential targets. Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin were the best A. nilotica’s phytochemical constituents that contribute to the therapeutic activities, were non-toxic as well as non-carcinogen. The administration of Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin as combined drug via the novel drug delivery systems will be a valuable therapeutic choice for the treatment of recent diseases attacking the public health including cancer, multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, diabetes mellitus, and chronic inflammatory systemic disease.


id: cord-284370-68o6f7ty
author: Zhou, Wei
date: 2013-12-31
txt: ./txt/cord-284370-68o6f7ty.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-284370-68o6f7ty.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.010
doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.010
summary:
  title: Simultaneous determination of phenolic acids by UPLC–MS/MS in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Flos Lonicerae preparations In this study, a rapid and selective ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid was developed in rat plasma. The method was fully validated and applied to the pharmacokinetic study of phenolic acids in rat plasma following oral administration of Flos Lonicerae preparations. This validated UPLC-MS/MS method reported for the first time by us was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,5dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid in rat plasma following oral administration of Flos Lonicerae preparations.

title:
  Simultaneous determination of phenolic acids by UPLC–MS/MS in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Flos Lonicerae preparations

abstract:
  Abstract The current study aims to investigate the pharmacokinetic study of five phenolic acids (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid) following oral administration of Flos Lonicerae preparations in rats. A rapid and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously determine the five phenolic acids in rat plasma. After mixing with the internal standard (IS) tinidazole, plasma samples were pretreated by liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate/n-hexane (9:1, v/v). The separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (100mm×2.1mm, 1.7μm) at a flow rate of 0.4mlmin−1, and acetonitrile/methanol (4:1, v/v)-0.4% formic acid was used as mobile phase. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) via electrospray ionization (ESI) source with positive ionization mode. All calibration curves had good linearity (r >0.991) over the concentration ranges of 0.74–378ngml−1 for neochlorogenic acid, 0.50–1030ngml−1 for chlorogenic acid, 1.9–250ngml−1 for cryptochlorogenic acid, 0.74–380ngml−1 for 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 5.1–328ngml−1 for 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid. The intra-and inter-day precision were within 15% and the accuracy ranged from 86.2% to 114.1%.


id: cord-289682-v3plz55c
title: Nanotechnology and sialic acid biology
author: Ghosh, Shyamasree
date: 2020-01-17
txt: ./txt/cord-289682-v3plz55c.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-289682-v3plz55c.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128161265000111
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816126-5.00011-1
summary:
  Glyconanomaterials ( Fig. 3) with properties of nanomaterials of better solubility, biocompatibility, lower cytotoxicity with the uniqueness of their size, chemical properties, surface engineering, surface charge and electronic, photonic, and magnetic like physical properties and properties of glycans of water solubility, biocompatibility, structural diversity, and specific targets [7] have major applications in biology encompassing the domains of (i) as sensitive biological probes in cells and tissues enabling building of different scaffolds, (ii) as imaging agents, (iii) as spectroscopic tools for their detection, (iv) monitoring of cellular systems, and (v) application in vaccination and drug delivery. Fluorescent biocompatible polymeric NPs designed with a hydrophobic monomeric core, fluorescent monomer, and a protein-binding monomer that conjugates lectin to target sialic acid is reported to detect and monitor progression of influenza viral infection by detecting the sialic acid expression level changes in human lung epithelial cells [89] .

abstract:
  Nanotechnology is the science of matter at size in a scale of 1/1,000,000,000 of a meter. In the last century, considerable progress has been made in the field of nanotechnology and its finds application in major spheres of human life encompassing personal products, medicines, biosensors, disease diagnosis, food, chemicals, energy, agriculture, and industry with application in human health and environment. Nanotechnology application to glycobiology is a considerable new development. In the recent times, nanotechnology finds promising applications in the study and targeting of sialic acid encompassing (i) detection of sialic acids in minute quantities and (ii) enabling their targeting in diseases. We discuss in this chapter the recent advances in the application of nanotechnology to sialic acid biology as (i) imaging agents, (ii) spectroscopic tools for their detection, (iii) monitoring of cellular systems, and (iv) application in drug delivery.


id: cord-295807-68sukdb1
title: The therapeutic importance of acid-base balance
author: Quade, Bianca N.
date: 2020-10-09
txt: ./txt/cord-295807-68sukdb1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-295807-68sukdb1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114278
doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114278
summary:
  Despite these specious claims, the therapeutic value of controlling acid-base balance is indisputable and is the basis of Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for constipation, epilepsy, metabolic acidosis, and peptic ulcers. Although studies of the role of acid-base balance in health and disease have resulted in the generation of several FDA-approved pharmaceuticals such as contraceptive gels and gastric-acid suppressors, systematic reviews of random trials of the clinical effectiveness of NaHCO3 itself tend to be circumspect in their conclusions. For example: MAc can result from diet, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis) or can follow acute myocardial infarction (lactic acidosis), mutations in renal acid-base transporters (renal tubular acidosis, see section 4.9), intoxication with compounds (e.g., aspirin), and diarrhea (loss of HCO3 --rich secretions) [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] .

abstract:
  Baking soda and vinegar have been used as home remedies for generations and today we are only a mouse-click away from claims that baking soda, lemon juice, and apple cider vinegar are miracles cures for everything from cancer to COVID-19. Despite these specious claims, the therapeutic value of controlling acid-base balance is indisputable and is the basis of Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for constipation, epilepsy, metabolic acidosis, and peptic ulcers. In this narrative review, we present evidence in support of the current and potential therapeutic value of countering local and systemic acid-base imbalances, several of which do in fact involve the administration of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate). Furthermore, we discuss the side effects of pharmaceuticals on acid-base balance as well as the influence of acid-base status on pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Our review considers all major organs systems as well as information relevant to several clinical specialties such as anesthesiology, infectious disease, oncology, dentistry, and surgery.


id: cord-296794-ml2luc1t
title: Analysis and prediction of protective continuous B-cell epitopes on pathogen proteins
author: Sollner, Johannes
date: 2008-01-07
txt: ./txt/cord-296794-ml2luc1t.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-296794-ml2luc1t.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18179690/
doi: 10.1186/1745-7580-4-1
summary:
  This work assesses in how far correlation between antigenicity, variability, post-translational modifications and protectivity/functional relevance can be put to use in a predictive model without the availability of 3D data. Classification into presumably protective or non-protective epitopes is conducted using three independently determined parameters: predicted B-cell antigenicity, sequence variability and conservation of post-translational modification motifs. These results are relativated later in this work when using only potentially relevant domains of a protein antigen, indicating systematic problems of the way B-cell epitope prediction validation is usually conducted. Briefly, proteins were completely scored for antigenicity/protectivity but amino-acid scores in regions outside domains assumed to be surface exposed were set to 0 thus leading to a generic classification as non-protective. On this compilation protectivity prediction using PCA19 in combination with variability and modification likelihood performed significantly better after domain-accessibility filtering as measured by AROC values, while without filtering performance was comparable (although again slightly better) to antigenicity validation results on the Blythe et.al validation-set.

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: The application of peptide based diagnostics and therapeutics mimicking part of protein antigen is experiencing renewed interest. So far selection and design rationale for such peptides is usually driven by T-cell epitope prediction, available experimental and modelled 3D structure, B-cell epitope predictions such as hydrophilicity plots or experience. If no structure is available the rational selection of peptides for the production of functionally altering or neutralizing antibodies is practically impossible. Specifically if many alternative antigens are available the reduction of required synthesized peptides until one successful candidate is found is of central technical interest. We have investigated the integration of B-cell epitope prediction with the variability of antigen and the conservation of patterns for post-translational modification (PTM) prediction to improve over state of the art in the field. In particular the application of machine-learning methods shows promising results. RESULTS: We find that protein regions leading to the production of functionally altering antibodies are often characterized by a distinct increase in the cumulative sum of three presented parameters. Furthermore the concept to maximize antigenicity, minimize variability and minimize the likelihood of post-translational modification for the identification of relevant sites leads to biologically interesting observations. Primarily, for about 50% of antigen the approach works well with individual area under the ROC curve (AROC) values of at least 0.65. On the other hand a significant portion reveals equivalently low AROC values of < = 0.35 indicating an overall non-Gaussian distribution. While about a third of 57 antigens are seemingly intangible by our approach our results suggest the existence of at least two distinct classes of bioinformatically detectable epitopes which should be predicted separately. As a side effect of our study we present a hand curated dataset for the validation of protectivity classification. Based on this dataset machine-learning methods further improve predictive power to a class separation in an equilibrated dataset of up to 83%. CONCLUSION: We present a computational method to automatically select and rank peptides for the stimulation of potentially protective or otherwise functionally altering antibodies. It can be shown that integration of variability, post-translational modification pattern conservation and B-cell antigenicity improve rational selection over random guessing. Probably more important, we find that for about 50% of antigen the approach works substantially better than for the overall dataset of 57 proteins. Essentially as a side effect our method optimizes for presumably best applicable peptides as they tend to be likely unmodified and as invariable as possible which is answering needs in diagnosis and treatment of pathogen infection. In addition we show the potential for further improvement by the application of machine-learning methods, in particular Random Forests.


id: cord-298909-xwd6i2vu
title: Dermatologic reactions to disinfectant use during the COVID-19 pandemic()()
author: Goh, Choon Fu
date: 2020-10-02
txt: ./txt/cord-298909-xwd6i2vu.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-298909-xwd6i2vu.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0738081X20301796
doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2020.09.005
summary:
  This dermal contact, on a regular basis, can induce hazardous skin reactions like irritation, inflammation, and burning in severe conditions. Disinfectants are germicide chemicals that can penetrate the skin and create skin reactions that are usually regarded as irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Table 1 shows the list of disinfectants commonly found in consumer products based on the various chemical classes and their examples and have included adverse reactions associated with the use of disinfectants and their skin penetration ability in Table 2 and 3. Assessment of in vitro percutaneous absorption of glycolic acid through human skin sections using a flow-through diffusion cell system In vitro percutaneous absorption of alpha hydroxy acids in human skin Negligible penetration of incidental amounts of alpha-hydroxy acid from rinse-off personal care products in human skin using an in vitro static diffusion cell model

abstract:
  Infection preventive practice of using disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 has become the new normal due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although disinfectants may not be applied directly to the human body, it remains at high risk of exposure including close skin contact on disinfected surfaces or during handling. This dermal contact, on a regular basis, can induce hazardous skin reactions like irritation, inflammation, and burning in severe conditions. Disinfectants are germicide chemicals that can penetrate the skin and create skin reactions that are usually regarded as irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. More importantly, disinfectants can react with skin components (proteins and lipids) to facilitate their skin penetration and disrupt the skin barrier function. Whereas the antimicrobial actions of disinfectants are well understood, much less is known regarding their dermatologic reactions, including but not limited to irritation and hypersensitivity. We reviewed the skin reactions created by those disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 approved by the European Chemical Agency and the United States Environmental Protection Agency.


id: cord-300429-b0zev8zb
title: Protein Palmitoylation and Its Role in Bacterial and Viral Infections
author: Sobocińska, Justyna
date: 2018-01-19
txt: ./txt/cord-300429-b0zev8zb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-300429-b0zev8zb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29403483/
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.02003
summary:
  We highlight recent data on protein S-palmitoylation in pathogens and their hosts obtained owing to the development of methods based on click chemistry and acyl-biotin exchange allowing proteomic analysis of protein lipidation. Given the large variety of chemical reporters preferentially mimicking distinct fatty acids, recent years have witnessed a plethora of chemistry-based proteomic studies not only on palmitoylated but also myristoylated proteins and proteins bearing the GPI anchor, including those of pathogens and immune cells (10, 14, 85, 86, 114) The aBe Method Reveals Protein The envelope is rich in transmembrane, often S-palmitoylated, glycoproteins called spikes, which can bind to cognate receptors on the host cell plasma membrane triggering endocytosis of the virion, mediate subsequent fusion of the viral and cellular membranes allowing entry of the viral genome to the cytoplasm, and are also involved in the budding of newly formed virus particles from the cell.

abstract:
  S-palmitoylation is a reversible, enzymatic posttranslational modification of proteins in which palmitoyl chain is attached to a cysteine residue via a thioester linkage. S-palmitoylation determines the functioning of proteins by affecting their association with membranes, compartmentalization in membrane domains, trafficking, and stability. In this review, we focus on S-palmitoylation of proteins, which are crucial for the interactions of pathogenic bacteria and viruses with the host. We discuss the role of palmitoylated proteins in the invasion of host cells by bacteria and viruses, and those involved in the host responses to the infection. We highlight recent data on protein S-palmitoylation in pathogens and their hosts obtained owing to the development of methods based on click chemistry and acyl-biotin exchange allowing proteomic analysis of protein lipidation. The role of the palmitoyl moiety present in bacterial lipopolysaccharide and lipoproteins, contributing to infectivity and affecting recognition of bacteria by innate immune receptors, is also discussed.


id: cord-306553-ita74mjr
author: Zinn, Marc-Kevin
date: 2020-08-26
txt: ./txt/cord-306553-ita74mjr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-306553-ita74mjr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01948-8
doi: 10.1186/s12866-020-01948-8
summary:
  Virucidal efficacy tests according to DIN EN 14476 and DIN EN 16777 showed a reduction of ≥4-log-steps against the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) for acetic acid concentrations of 5% or higher. The results of the virucidal tests show that a complete reduction (≥ 4 log) could be achieved for all tested acetic acid concentrations (5, 7.5 and 10%) after 1 min contact time. The current study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral effects of acetic acid for domestic cleaning and laundering based on different standard procedures and comprehensive tests. Although there are many studies that have investigated the antibacterial and antifungal effects of acetic acid [15, [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] there is no available data on how acetic acid does perform in standard procedures for the testing of disinfectants in suspension or on surfaces.

title:
  Did granny know best? Evaluating the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral efficacy of acetic acid for home care procedures

abstract:
  BACKGROUND: Acetic acid has been used to clean and disinfect surfaces in the household for many decades. The antimicrobial efficacy of cleaning procedures can be considered particularly important for young, old, pregnant, immunocompromised people, but may also concern other groups, particularly with regards to the COVID-19 pandemics. This study aimed to show that acetic acid exhibit an antibacterial and antifungal activity when used for cleaning purposes and is able to destroy certain viruses. Furthermore, a disinfecting effect of laundry in a simulated washing cycle has been investigated. RESULTS: At a concentration of 10% and in presence of 1.5% citric acid, acetic acid showed a reduction of > 5-log steps according to the specifications of DIN EN 1040 and DIN EN 1275 for the following microorganisms: P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, K. pneumoniae, E. hirae and A. brasiliensis. For MRSA a logarithmic reduction of 3.19 was obtained. Tests on surfaces according to DIN EN 13697 showed a complete reduction (> 5-log steps) for P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, E. hirae, A. brasiliensis and C. albicans at an acetic acid concentration of already 5%. Virucidal efficacy tests according to DIN EN 14476 and DIN EN 16777 showed a reduction of ≥4-log-steps against the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) for acetic acid concentrations of 5% or higher. The results suggest that acetic acid does not have a disinfecting effect on microorganisms in a dosage that is commonly used for cleaning. However, this can be achieved by increasing the concentration of acetic acid used, especially when combined with citric acid. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show a disinfecting effect of acetic acid in a concentration of 10% and in presence of 1.5% citric acid against a variety of microorganisms. A virucidal effect against enveloped viruses could also be proven. Furthermore, the results showed a considerable antimicrobial effect of acetic acid when used in domestic laundry procedures.


id: cord-309384-vlk8cebh
title: Ganglioside Biochemistry
author: Kolter, Thomas
date: 2012-12-19
txt: ./txt/cord-309384-vlk8cebh.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-309384-vlk8cebh.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25969757/
doi: 10.5402/2012/506160
summary:
  A principal difference between ganglioside biosynthesis in the Golgi apparatus and degradation in the endolysosomal compartment is that during GSL formation, membranebound glycosyltransferases interact with their membranebound glycolipid substrates by diffusion within the twodimensional plane of the lipid bilayer. As glycosidase substrates, GSLs with four carbohydrate residues or less require the additional presence of small lipid binding glycoproteins, either the GM2 activator protein or one of the four saposins A-D. In vitro, in addition to enzymes and activator proteins, also an appropriate membrane-lipid composition of the ganglioside-containing membrane is required for degradation [222] . Due to the deficiency of two enzyme activities, β-hexosaminidases A and B, storage of negatively charged glycolipids characteristic for Tay-Sachs disease and, in addition, of uncharged substrates such as GA2 in the brain and globoside in visceral organs (Figure 16 ) is observed.

abstract:
  Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids. They occur especially on the cellular surfaces of neuronal cells, where they form a complex pattern, but are also found in many other cell types. The paper provides a general overview on their structures, occurrence, and metabolism. Key functional, biochemical, and pathobiochemical aspects are summarized.


id: cord-310847-63gh2tg4
author: Uversky, Vladimir N
date: 2013-04-01
txt: ./txt/cord-310847-63gh2tg4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-310847-63gh2tg4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.4161/idp.24684
doi: 10.4161/idp.24684
summary:
  5, 10, 46 In fact, in comparison with ordered proteins, IDPs/IDPRs are characterized by noticeable biases in their amino acid compositions, 5, 8, 10, [46] [47] [48] containing less of so-called "order-promoting" residues (cysteine, tryptophan, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, histidine, valine, asparagines and methionine, which are mostly hydrophobic residues which are commonly found within the hydrophobic cores of foldable proteins) and more of "disorder-promoting" residues (lysine, glutamine, serine, glutamic acid and proline, which are mostly polar and charged residues, which are typically located at the surface of foldable proteins) (Fig. 1A) . Glutamic acid is an important functional residue of ordered proteins, where it can be involved in the formation of specific electrostatic valves inside the pores of ion channels, or can play unique catalytic roles in the active sites

title:
  The alphabet of intrinsic disorder: II. Various roles of glutamic acid in ordered and intrinsically disordered proteins

abstract:
  The ability of a protein to fold into unique functional state or to stay intrinsically disordered is encoded in its amino acid sequence. Both ordered and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) are natural polypeptides that use the same arsenal of 20 proteinogenic amino acid residues as their major building blocks. The exceptional structural plasticity of IDPs, their capability to exist as heterogeneous structural ensembles and their wide array of important disorder-based biological functions that complements functional repertoire of ordered proteins are all rooted within the peculiar differential usage of these building blocks by ordered proteins and IDPs. In fact, some residues (so-called disorder-promoting residues) are noticeably more common in IDPs than in sequences of ordered proteins, which, in their turn, are enriched in several order-promoting residues. Furthermore, residues can be arranged according to their “disorder promoting potencies,” which are evaluated based on the relative abundances of various amino acids in ordered and disordered proteins. This review continues a series of publications on the roles of different amino acids in defining the phenomenon of protein intrinsic disorder and concerns glutamic acid, which is the second most disorder-promoting residue.


id: cord-317250-a5ni1s9e
title: Wine, food, and health
author: Jackson, Ronald S.
date: 2020-04-10
txt: ./txt/cord-317250-a5ni1s9e.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-317250-a5ni1s9e.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/B978012816118000012X
doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816118-0.00012-x
summary:
  Abusive ethanol consumption can cause cirrhosis of the liver, increase the likelihood of hypertension and stroke, favor the development of breast and digestive tract cancers, induce fetal alcohol syndrome, among others. Despite the general beneficial effects of moderate amounts of alcohol on digestion, the phenolic content of red wine may counter some of these influences. The effect on the latter two groups appears reflected in the reduced incidence of the common cold in moderate alcohol consumers (Cohen et al., 1993) , particularly those drinking red wines (Takkouche et al., 2002) . The source of these benefits may be a combination of enhanced calcium uptake, associated with alcohol consumption (Ilich et al., 2002) , the phytoestrogen effects of phenolics, such as resveratrol and kaempferol, or other unsuspected influences. Review of moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease: is the effect due to beer, wine, or spirits?

abstract:
  Wine has historically been associated with religious rights, used as a salubrious beverage, employed as a medication as well as a medicinal solvent, and consumed as a food accompaniment. It is the last use that is most intimately associated in the minds of most modern consumers. Despite this, there is little flavor commonality on which pairing could be based. The first section of the chapter examines this feature and wine's primary role as a palate cleanser and food condiment. The synergistic role of food and wine in suppressing each other's least pleasant attributes is also explained. The final section deals with the latest evidence relating to the many beneficial health effects of moderate wine consumption, shortfalls in the data, headache induction, dental erosion, and conditions under which wine intake is contraindicated.


id: cord-318562-jif88gof
author: Jiménez-Liso, Maria Rut
date: 2020-08-15
txt: ./txt/cord-318562-jif88gof.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-318562-jif88gof.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32836880/
doi: 10.1007/s11191-020-00142-6
summary:
  Controversial moments in science from 1923, when three researchers (Bronsted, Lowry, and Lewis) independently enunciated two theories from two different paradigms (dissociation and valence electron), underpin our first sequence with an explicit NoS approach for both lower secondary school and upper secondary or university levels. In this theoretical article examining teaching practice, we want to focus on the historical development of acid-base theories (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis) to analyse the steps to follow to design sequences of activities for different NoS approaches. We examine conventional teaching approaches to the topic and its consequences in terms of students'' alternative conceptions and their difficulties to transfer and apply knowledge and to recognize acid-base models'' limits of applicability. The science education literature is replete with examples of the consequences for students'' learning of this typical way of teaching acid-base content focused on the definition of its concepts and with two or three theories introduced simultaneously.

title:
  Changing How We Teach Acid-Base Chemistry: A Proposal Grounded in Studies of the History and Nature of Science Education

abstract:
  We propose explicit and implicit approaches for the teaching of acid-base chemistry based on research into the history and nature of science (NoS). To support these instructional proposals, we identify four rationales for students to understand acid-base processes: daily life, socio-scientific, curriculum, and history of science. The extensive bibliography on misconceptions at all educational levels justifies the need for a change from the usual pedagogical approaches to teaching the acid-base domain (traditionally involving conceptual-focused teaching) to a deeper and more meaningful approach that provides (implicitly or explicitly) a chance to reflect on how scientific knowledge is constructed. Controversial moments in science from 1923, when three researchers (Bronsted, Lowry, and Lewis) independently enunciated two theories from two different paradigms (dissociation and valence electron), underpin our first sequence with an explicit NoS approach for both lower secondary school and upper secondary or university levels. Our inquiry teaching cycle promotes the transformation of a hands-on activity (using cabbage as an indicator) into an inquiry, and subsequently, we use an historical model to propose a sequence of activities based on the modeling cycle of Couso and Garrido-Espeja for lower secondary school. Finally, we identify some implications for a model-focused teaching approach for upper secondary and university levels using more sophisticated models.


id: cord-319636-keo7gv70
author: Duarte, Carolina
date: 2020-06-02
txt: ./txt/cord-319636-keo7gv70.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-319636-keo7gv70.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9061379
doi: 10.3390/cells9061379
summary:
  It was demonstrated that the activity of ACDase was significantly inhibited by Carmofur [55, 58] , LCL521 [19, 65, 69, 70] , Ceranib2 [24, [71] [72] [73] , N-oleocylethanolamine (NOE) [22, 57] , ARN14988 [74] , LCL204 [10, 64] , Monascus Purperus (MP) [18] , Hesperetin (Hst) [17] , Hesperetine-7-O-acetate (HTA) [17] , Silibinin [20] , Curcumin [23] , and Sanguinarine [21, 75] , leading to an increased accumulation of intracellular ceramide and apoptosis in various types of cancer cells, including glioblastoma; squamous cell carcinoma; acute myeloid leukemia; colorectal adenocarcinoma; and breast, prostate, lung, gastric, and kidney cancer. Ceramidases (acid, neutral, alkaline) are key enzymes that maintain the intracellular homeostasis of ceramide/SPH and are critical regulators of signals that tilt the balance between cell survival and death. Ceramidases (acid, neutral, alkaline) are key enzymes that maintain the intracellular homeostasis of ceramide/SPH and are critical regulators of signals that tilt the balance between cell survival and death.

title:
  Elusive Roles of the Different Ceramidases in Human Health, Pathophysiology, and Tissue Regeneration

abstract:
  Ceramide and sphingosine are important interconvertible sphingolipid metabolites which govern various signaling pathways related to different aspects of cell survival and senescence. The conversion of ceramide into sphingosine is mediated by ceramidases. Altogether, five human ceramidases—named acid ceramidase, neutral ceramidase, alkaline ceramidase 1, alkaline ceramidase 2, and alkaline ceramidase 3—have been identified as having maximal activities in acidic, neutral, and alkaline environments, respectively. All five ceramidases have received increased attention for their implications in various diseases, including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and Farber disease. Furthermore, the potential anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of ceramidases in host cells exposed to pathogenic bacteria and viruses have also been demonstrated. While ceramidases have been a subject of study in recent decades, our knowledge of their pathophysiology remains limited. Thus, this review provides a critical evaluation and interpretive analysis of existing literature on the role of acid, neutral, and alkaline ceramidases in relation to human health and various diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infectious diseases. In addition, the essential impact of ceramidases on tissue regeneration, as well as their usefulness in enzyme replacement therapy, is also discussed.


id: cord-324326-q014b5ym
title: Lipoquality control by phospholipase A(2) enzymes
author: MURAKAMI, Makoto
date: 2017-11-10
txt: ./txt/cord-324326-q014b5ym.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-324326-q014b5ym.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29129849/
doi: 10.2183/pjab.93.043
summary:
  The phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) family comprises a group of lipolytic enzymes that typically hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to give rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids. In terms of signal transduction, the phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) reaction, which hydrolyzes the sn-2 position of phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, has been considered to be of particular importance, since arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4), one of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) released from membrane phospholipids by PLA 2 , is metabolized by cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) to lipid mediators including prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs), which are often referred to as eicosanoids (Fig. 1) . 36) cPLA 2 C (group IVE PLA 2 ) exhibits a unique transacylase activity that transfers sn-1 fatty acid of PC to an amino residue of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to form N-acyl-PE, a precursor of the endocannabinoid lipid mediator N-acylethanolamine.

abstract:
  The phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) family comprises a group of lipolytic enzymes that typically hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to give rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids. The mammalian genome encodes more than 50 PLA(2)s or related enzymes, which are classified into several subfamilies on the basis of their structures and functions. From a general viewpoint, the PLA(2) family has mainly been implicated in signal transduction, producing bioactive lipid mediators derived from fatty acids and lysophospholipids. Recent evidence indicates that PLA(2)s also contribute to phospholipid remodeling for membrane homeostasis or energy production for fatty acid β-oxidation. Accordingly, PLA(2) enzymes can be regarded as one of the key regulators of the quality of lipids, which I herein refer to as lipoquality. Disturbance of PLA(2)-regulated lipoquality hampers tissue and cellular homeostasis and can be linked to various diseases. Here I overview the current state of understanding of the classification, enzymatic properties, and physiological functions of the PLA(2) family.


id: cord-325743-5ujiscdt
title: Advanced Technologies in Sialic Acid and Sialoglycoconjugate Analysis
author: Kitajima, Ken
date: 2015-05-28
txt: ./txt/cord-325743-5ujiscdt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-325743-5ujiscdt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26017094/
doi: 10.1007/128_2013_458
summary:
  Here we describe analytical methods for detection of Sia that have recently been developed or improved, with a special focus on 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), deaminoneuraminic acid (Kdn), O-sulfated Sia (SiaS), and di-, oligo-, and polysialic acid (diSia/oligoSia/polySia) in glycoproteins and glycolipids. In this chapter we summarize current chemical and immunochemical methods to detect modified Sia species, with a special focus on O-acetylated Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, Kdn, O-sulfated Sia, as well as diSia, oligoSia, and polySia. Because other chapters in this volume specifically focus on O-acetylated Neu5Ac [7] , Neu5Gc [8] , and polySia [9] , we restrict ourselves in this chapter to a brief introduction of the different Sia species. To observe and quantify the internal sialic acids of α2!8-linked di-, oligo-, and polySia-containing glycoconjugates, sensitive chemical methods were developed with highly sensitive fluorescent labeling reagents (DMB) as described above [69] .

abstract:
  Although the structural diversity of sialic acid (Sia) is rapidly expanding, understanding of its biological significance has lagged behind. Advanced technologies to detect and probe diverse structures of Sia are absolutely necessary not only to understand further biological significance but also to pursue medicinal and industrial applications. Here we describe analytical methods for detection of Sia that have recently been developed or improved, with a special focus on 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), deaminoneuraminic acid (Kdn), O-sulfated Sia (SiaS), and di-, oligo-, and polysialic acid (diSia/oligoSia/polySia) in glycoproteins and glycolipids. Much more attention has been paid to these Sia and sialoglycoconjugates during the last decade, in terms of regulation of the immune system, neural development and function, tumorigenesis, and aging.


id: cord-329228-yjvw2ee1
author: Shikata, N.
date: 2006-10-13
txt: ./txt/cord-329228-yjvw2ee1.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329228-yjvw2ee1.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17031477/
doi: 10.1007/s00726-006-0412-0
summary:
  The concentrations of free amino acids in plasma change coordinately and their profiles show distinctive features in various physiological conditions; however, their behavior can not always be explained by the conventional flow-based metabolic pathway network. In this study, we have revealed the interrelatedness of the plasma amino acids and inferred their network structure with threshold-test analysis and multilevel-digraph analysis methods using the plasma samples of rats which are fed diet deficient in single essential amino acid. Our strategy for the inference of interrelated amino acid networks can be summarized as follow: (1) Given data of fold-change in concentration of deficiency or over-consumption in one essential amino acid under the stationary state, the threshold-test analysis method is applied to infer binary relationships between target amino acids.

title:
  Multi-layered network structure of amino acid (AA) metabolism characterized by each essential AA-deficient condition

abstract:
  The concentrations of free amino acids in plasma change coordinately and their profiles show distinctive features in various physiological conditions; however, their behavior can not always be explained by the conventional flow-based metabolic pathway network. In this study, we have revealed the interrelatedness of the plasma amino acids and inferred their network structure with threshold-test analysis and multilevel-digraph analysis methods using the plasma samples of rats which are fed diet deficient in single essential amino acid. In the inferred network, we could draw some interesting interrelations between plasma amino acids as follows: 1) Lysine is located at the top control level and has effects on almost all of the other plasma amino acids. 2) Threonine plays a role in a hub in the network, which has direct links to the most number of other amino acids. 3) Threonine and methionine are interrelated to each other and form a loop structure.


id: cord-329844-w969lczb
author: Robson, B.
date: 2020-06-08
txt: ./txt/cord-329844-w969lczb.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-329844-w969lczb.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32658736/
doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103849
summary:
  The location of any sialic acid glycan binding region of SARS-CoV-2 is, a priori unclear, although intuitively (a) it would likely be associated with the cap or knob at the outer end of the spike protein, or (b) at least not involve exactly the same domain as is required for other important functions. An algorithm for predicting the domains and proteins involved in sialic acid glycan binding is developed in the course of the project described in Results Section 4, but this is primarily of a highly empirical nature. This, plus a sequence rather than three dimensional structure perspective, and a specific focus on binding sialic acid glycans rather than sugars in general, resulted in a substantial difference in scores from another major method of predicting sugar binding regions of proteins also discussed later below.

title:
  Bioinformatics studies on a function of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein as the binding of host sialic acid glycans

abstract:
  SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 do not appear to have functions of a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. This is a mystery, because sugar binding activities appear essential to many other viruses including influenza and even most other coronaviruses in order to bind to and escape from the glycans (sugars, oligosaccharides or polysaccharides) characteristic of cell surfaces and saliva and mucin. The S1 N terminal Domains (S1-NTD) of the spike protein, largely responsible for the bulk of the characteristic knobs at the end of the spikes of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, are here predicted to be “hiding” sites for recognizing and binding glycans containing sialic acid. This may be important for infection and the ability of the virus to locate ACE2 as its known main host cell surface receptor, and if so it becomes a pharmaceutical target. It might even open up the possibility of an alternative receptor to ACE2. The prediction method developed, which uses amino acid residue sequence alone to predict domains or proteins that bind to sialic acids, is naïve, and will be advanced in future work. Nonetheless, it was surprising that such a very simple approach was so useful, and it can easily be reproduced in a very few lines of computer program to help make quick comparisons between SARS-CoV-2 sequences and to consider the effects of viral mutations.


id: cord-332165-31tbc31x
title: The Symmetry of Viral Sialic Acid Binding Sites—Implications for Antiviral Strategies
author: Rustmeier, Nils H.
date: 2019-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-332165-31tbc31x.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-332165-31tbc31x.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31615155/
doi: 10.3390/v11100947
summary:
  In this review, we will evaluate the structures of non-enveloped virus capsid proteins bound to sialylated glycan receptors and discuss the potential of these structures for the development of potent antiviral attachment inhibitors. This concept of targeting multiple, symmetric receptor binding sites by multivalent inhibitors is also applicable for many viruses, since viral capsids are often icosahedral and, therefore, highly symmetric structures. Many members of the polyomavirus family bind sialic acid-based glycans using their VP1 proteins, so the binding sites on individual pentamers are always linked by local five-fold symmetry (Figure 4a , TSPyV). The glycooligopeptide-VP1 complex structures displayed a similar ligand binding mode that was reported for sialic acid in an earlier study [50] and showed, for the compounds, that the linker between the ligand and the scaffold occupies the space that is usually targeted by the natural glycan receptor moieties (Figure 5a,b, right) .

abstract:
  Virus infections are initiated by the attachment of the viral particle to protein or carbohydrate receptors on the host cell. Sialic acid-bearing glycan structures are prominently displayed at the cell surface, and, consequently, these structures can function as receptors for a large number of diverse viruses. Structural biology research has helped to establish the molecular bases for many virus–sialic acid interactions. Due to the icosahedral 532 point group symmetry that underlies many viral capsids, the receptor binding sites are frequently arranged in a highly symmetric fashion and linked by five-fold, three-fold, or two-fold rotation axes. For the inhibition of viral attachment, one emerging strategy is based on developing multivalent sialic acid-based inhibitors that can simultaneously engage several of these binding sites, thus binding viral capsids with high avidity. In this review, we will evaluate the structures of non-enveloped virus capsid proteins bound to sialylated glycan receptors and discuss the potential of these structures for the development of potent antiviral attachment inhibitors.


id: cord-339227-2i9q9c8u
title: Rhus chinensis and Galla Chinensis – folklore to modern evidence: review
author: Djakpo, Odilon
date: 2010-11-22
txt: ./txt/cord-339227-2i9q9c8u.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-339227-2i9q9c8u.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.3215
doi: 10.1002/ptr.3215
summary:
  Pentagalloylglucose [1], 3-galloyl-gallic acid and 4-galloyl-gallic acid isomers isolated from Galla chinensis are reported to be the primary bioactive gallotannins, possessing numerous medicinal activities and health benefi ts Sakai et al., 1990; Bhimani et al., 1993; Feldman et al., 2001; . Two terpene compounds, moronic acid [8] and betulonic acid [9], were separated from Rhus chinensis and their subsequent anti-HSV activities were assessed in vitro and in vivo . (2004) screened 112 Chinese medicinal plants for antioxidant activity; the results showed that the aqueous extract of Galla chinensis contained the highest antioxidant concentration of 17674 μmol TEAC/100 g. (2003) tested the inhibitory effect of an aqueous extract from the gall of Rhus chinensis on α-glucosidase activity in in vitro and in vivo models. Anti-HIV-1 activities of extracts from the medicinal plant Rhus chinensis Anti-HIV-1 activities of compounds isolated from the medicinal plant Rhus chinensis

abstract:
  The species Rhus chinensis Mill. (Anacardiaceae) is an important representative of the genus Rhus, which contains over 250 individual species found in temperate and tropical regions worldwide. Rhus chinensis has long been used by folk medicine practitioners in Asia. Leaves, roots, stem, bark, fruit and particularly the galls on Rhus chinensis leaves, Galla chinensis, are recognized to have preventative and therapeutic effects on different ailments (such as diarrhea, dysentery, rectal and intestinal cancer, diabetes mellitus, sepsis, oral diseases and inflammation). However, it is critical to separate evidence from anecdote. Fortunately, recent scientific research has revealed that Rhus chinensis compounds possess strong antiviral, antibacterial, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antidiarrheal and antioxidant activities. Moreover, compounds isolated from the stem of Rhus chinensis significantly suppressed HIV‐1 activity in vitro. Compounds from this plant were also found to inhibit enamel demineralization in vitro and enhance remineralization of dental enamel with fluoride. This review highlights claims from traditional and tribal medicinal lore and makes a contemporary summary of phytochemical, biological and pharmacological findings on this plant material. It aims to show that the pharmaceutical potential of this plant deserves closer attention. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


id: cord-342712-4r9e6ijp
title: Functions and Biosynthesis of O-Acetylated Sialic Acids
author: Mandal, Chitra
date: 2012-02-28
txt: ./txt/cord-342712-4r9e6ijp.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-342712-4r9e6ijp.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22371169/
doi: 10.1007/128_2011_310
summary:
  O-Acetylated sialic acids represent cancer markers, as shown for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and they are known to play significant roles in the regulation of ganglioside-mediated apoptosis. Subsequently, a suitable template has been established by using the differential expression of Neu5,9Ac 2 -GPs ALL along with other known CD antigens to monitor on lymphoblasts, SOAT in microsomes [146] , and anti-Neu5,9Ac 2 GPs antibodies [147] [148] [149] [150] in serum as signature molecules useful for diagnosis and monitoring childhood ALL Functions and Biosynthesis of O-Acetylated Sialic Acids MRD [151] . Therefore the activities of sialyltransferases and SOAT at one end of the spectrum, and the SIAE and a group of another key catabolic enzyme (sialidases), responsible for cleaving sialic acid residues from glycoproteins and glycolipids, at the other end of the spectrum, regulate the expression of O-acetylated sialoglycoconjugates.

abstract:
  Sialic acids have a pivotal functional impact in many biological interactions such as virus attachment, cellular adhesion, regulation of proliferation, and apoptosis. A common modification of sialic acids is O-acetylation. O-Acetylated sialic acids occur in bacteria and parasites and are also receptor determinants for a number of viruses. Moreover, they have important functions in embryogenesis, development, and immunological processes. O-Acetylated sialic acids represent cancer markers, as shown for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and they are known to play significant roles in the regulation of ganglioside-mediated apoptosis. Expression of O-acetylated sialoglycans is regulated by sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferases and O-acetylesterases. Recent developments in the identification of the enigmatic sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferase are discussed.


id: cord-343418-519vkzci
title: Study on the Performance Degradation of Sandstone under Acidification
author: Li, Hao
date: 2020-10-21
txt: ./txt/cord-343418-519vkzci.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-343418-519vkzci.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04312
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04312
summary:
  X-ray diffraction qualitative analysis of the composition and concentration of ions shows that the formation of white precipitates is citric acid and Mg promotes the conversion of amorphous calcium carbonate to high-crystallinity calcite, forming a white precipitate. Due to the influence of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the research period was extended to 93 days, and it was unexpectedly concluded that the citric acid action promoted the precipitation of regular carbonate in the sandstone, resulting in calcium crystals, and an experimental analysis of the reasons for precipitation. Group 5 shows a relatively high ion content, indicating that hydrochloric acid and acetic acid both react with minerals in the sandstone, although the cores used in groups 4 and 7 are the most damaged due to the formation of precipitated substances by weak acids.

abstract:
  [Image: see text] In most oilfields, acid fracturing is widely used for oil production. Understanding the relationship between the individual factors (i.e., carbonate rock types, acid rock reaction kinetics, and deterioration of rock mechanical properties) can provide practical guidelines that can be used for the design and optimization of acid fracturing operation. This paper takes hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and citric acid as the main research objects and carries out acidification experiments on sandstone in Changqing Oilfield, China. In addition, the effects of tribasic, dibasic, and monobasic acids on the mechanical properties of sandstone were studied. Results show that in this study area, the most obvious effect was seen with the use of dibasic acids (hydrochloric acid + acetic acid), which effectively reduced the sample quality, uniaxial compressive strength, and elastic modulus. Citric acid and Mg promote the conversion of amorphous calcium carbonate to high-crystallinity calcite, forming a white precipitate. Furthermore, it is found by scanning electron microscopy analysis that experimental group 5 (hydrochloric acid + acetic acid) has the most ideal rock erosion effect. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry analysis shows that the acid rock is present in the solution. X-ray diffraction qualitative analysis of the composition and concentration of ions shows that the formation of white precipitates is citric acid and Mg promotes the conversion of amorphous calcium carbonate to high-crystallinity calcite, forming a white precipitate. The findings of this study can help to better understand the erosion, failure state, and failure mechanism of different acid types on sandstone, which may provide certain references and guidelines for sandstone acid fracturing oil production.


id: cord-345359-okmkgsbr
author: Ohno, Marumi
date: 2020-07-02
txt: ./txt/cord-345359-okmkgsbr.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-345359-okmkgsbr.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67879-6
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67879-6
summary:
  After infecting mice with intranasal applications of 500 plaque-forming units of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1; PR8) virus, the serum levels of most intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and related metabolic pathways were significantly reduced. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ investigated metabolic changes by determining the serum levels of metabolites, insulin sensitivity in the liver, glucose availability, and hepatic gene expressions in the early stages of symptom onset as well as the lethal phase of influenza in a mouse model. The results of this study indicate that influenza virus infection dysregulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism and decreases tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, leading to enhanced degradation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Metabolites that were present at reduced levels in the sera of PR8 virus-infected mice were mainly related to the TCA cycle, urea cycle, and amino acid metabolism, as indicated by the serum levels of metabolite in these pathways at 1, 3, and 6 dpi (Fig. 2) .

title:
  Influenza virus infection affects insulin signaling, fatty acid-metabolizing enzyme expressions, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in mice

abstract:
  Although the severity of influenza virus infections has been associated with host energy metabolism, the related mechanisms have not yet been clarified. Here we examined the effects of influenza virus infection on host energy metabolism in mice. After infecting mice with intranasal applications of 500 plaque-forming units of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1; PR8) virus, the serum levels of most intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and related metabolic pathways were significantly reduced. These data suggest that substrate supply to the TCA cycle is reduced under these conditions, rather than specific metabolic reactions being inhibited. Then, we focused on glucose and fatty acid metabolism that supply substrates to the TCA cycle. Akt phosphorylation following insulin injections was attenuated in the livers of PR8 virus-infected mice. Furthermore, glucose tolerance tests revealed that the PR8 virus-infected mice showed higher blood glucose levels than the vehicle-inoculated control mice. These results suggest that influenza virus infection impairs insulin signaling, which regulates glucose uptake. However, increases in the hepatic expressions of fatty acid-metabolizing enzymes suggest that fatty acids accumulate in liver cells of infected mice. Collectively, our data indicate that influenza virus infection dysregulates host energy metabolism. This line of investigation provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of influenza.


id: cord-346245-o9hvuwvq
author: Harvey, David J.
date: 2014-05-26
txt: ./txt/cord-346245-o9hvuwvq.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346245-o9hvuwvq.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24863367/
doi: 10.1002/mas.21411
summary:
  Advantages and drawbacks of this approach are critically (Song et al., 2009d) Bacillus anthracis tetrasaccharide with thiol linker MALDI For attachment to a maleimide functionalized Microarray to study of carbohydrate-antibody interactions (Oberli et al., 2010) Glycodendrimers with N 3 group terminating in α-Man, β-GlcNAc or β-Gal TOF Immobilized on an acetylenyl-terminated gold substrate via click chemistry High-mannose glycans -Oxime linked TOF Used to probe binding to malectin MUC1 Glycopeptides TOF Synthesis on an amine-reactive hydrogelcoated microarray glass surface. The non-commercial CGE-on-a-chip assay allowed electrophoretic separation of proteins in the MW range from 14 kDa to 1 MDa. MW assignment was limited to 500 kDa in the case of SDS-PAGE but with the proper matrix (THAP for most glycoproteins, sinapinic acid for a2-macroglobulin) and sample preparation, analysis with a standard MALDI-TOF-MS provided accurate MWs for all high MW proteins up to 1 MDa. Three methods for N-glycan characterization, namely MALDI-MS of glycopeptides from tryptic digestion, negativeion ESI-MS/MS of released N-glycans, and normal-phase HPLC of fluorescently labeled glycans, in combination with exoglycosidase sequencing, have been evaluated for glycan identification using monoclonal antibodies expressed in tobacco plants as model compounds (Triguero et al., 2010) .

title:
  Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2009–2010

abstract:
  This review is the sixth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2010. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, arrays and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural typed constitutes the remainder. The main groups of compound that are discussed in this section are oligo and polysaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Many of these applications are presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 34: 268–422, 2015.


id: cord-346446-i7gpxcyo
title: Biosynthetic Polymalic Acid as a Delivery Nanoplatform for Translational Cancer Medicine
author: Zhang, Jianguo
date: 2020-10-22
txt: ./txt/cord-346446-i7gpxcyo.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-346446-i7gpxcyo.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968000420302449
doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.008
summary:
  pullulan, the addition of exogenous carbonates augments CO 2 fixation and pyruvate carboxylation into oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase in the cytoplasm, abolishing the intramitochondrial pathways for L-malate production and ensuing PMLA synthesis ( Figure 2 ) [23, 30] . At pH 7.4, the terminal α-carboxylic acid in the side chain is deprotonated and ionized; this would be repelled from the cell membrane, but, because of strong hydrophobic interactions, indole in the side chain can attract and intercalate into phospholipids, generating PMLA tritryptophan-lipid complexes and releasing binding energy to stabilize the structure. To increase the interaction between the biopolymer and the plasma membrane, methylation of carboxylic acid groups with different levels of diazomethane was used to generate a PMLA-Me x H 100−x copolymer (where x is the percentage of methyl units) [77, 78] . Analysis of the L-malate biosynthesis pathway involved in poly(beta-L-malic acid) production in Aureobasidium melanogenum GXZ-6 by addition of metabolic intermediates and inhibitors

abstract:
  Poly(β-L-malic acid) (PMLA) is a natural polyester produced by numerous microorganisms. Regarding its biosynthetic machinery, a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) is proposed to direct polymerization of L-malic acid in vivo. Chemically versatile and biologically compatible, PMLA can be used as an ideal carrier for several molecules, including nucleotides, proteins, chemotherapeutic drugs, and imaging agents, and can deliver multimodal theranostics through biological barriers such as the blood–brain barrier. We focus on PMLA biosynthesis in microorganisms, summarize the physicochemical and physiochemical characteristics of PMLA as a naturally derived polymeric delivery platform at nanoscale, and highlight the attachment of functional groups to enhance cancer detection and treatment.


id: cord-348529-e12bs3e4
title: The human Cas1 protein: A sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferase?
author: Arming, Sigrid
date: 2010-10-14
txt: ./txt/cord-348529-e12bs3e4.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-348529-e12bs3e4.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20947662/
doi: 10.1093/glycob/cwq153
summary:
  Our results indicate a direct involvement of the human Cas1 protein (Cas1p) in the O-acetylation of sialic acids. The human Cas1p shares some sequence similarity with viral sialic acid-specific O-acetylesterases, particularly around the active site residues (Figure 1 ). Interestingly, the cell line KG1a which was found to have a higher state of surface sialylation when comDownregulation of O-acetylation by CasD1-specific small interfering RNA In order to determine whether the CasD1 gene product is directly involved in the O-acetylation of sialic acids, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to downregulate the intrinsic CasD1 mRNA. The results indicate that the expression of Cas1p in COS cells directs acetyl groups to carbon 7 of sialic acid. We therefore suggest that the human Cas1p may represent a sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferase, which transfers acetyl groups to carbon 7.

abstract:
  Sialic acids are important sugars at the reducing end of glycoproteins and glycolipids. They are among many other functions involved in cell–cell interactions, host–pathogen recognition and the regulation of serum half-life of glycoproteins. An important modification of sialic acids is O-acetylation, which can alter or mask the biological properties of the parent sialic acid molecule. The nature of mammalian sialate-O-acetyltransferases (EC 2.3.1.45) involved in their biosynthesis is still unknown. We have identified the human CasD1 (capsule structure1 domain containing 1) gene as a candidate to encode the elusive enzyme. The human CasD1 gene encodes a protein with a serine–glycine–asparagine–histidine hydrolase domain and a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. Expression of the Cas1 protein tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein in mammalian and insect cells directed the protein to the medial and trans-cisternae of the Golgi. Overexpression of the Cas1 protein in combination with α-N-acetyl-neuraminide α-2,8-sialyltransferase 1 (GD3 synthase) resulted in an up to 40% increased biosynthesis of 7-O-acetylated ganglioside GD3. By quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we found up to 5-fold increase in CasD1 mRNA in tumor cells overexpressing O-Ac-GD3. CasD1-specific small interfering RNA reduced O-acetylation in tumor cells. These results suggest that the human Cas1 protein is directly involved in O-acetylation of α2-8-linked sialic acids.


id: cord-350715-x92g6bnk
title: Analysis of the application value of serum antibody detection for staging of COVID‐19 infection
author: Zheng, Yutong
date: 2020-07-23
txt: ./txt/cord-350715-x92g6bnk.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-350715-x92g6bnk.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26330
doi: 10.1002/jmv.26330
summary:
  We conducted a retrospective analysis to explore the clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients at different infection stages and to characterize the characteristics of specific serum antibodies at each stage. In this study we explored the clinical value of specific serum antibody detection in COVID-19 patients. According to the biological characteristics of nucleic acids and specific serum IgM and IgG antibodies, the 723 COVID-19 cases were classified into infection stages ( Table 1) . (2) the convalescent stage in which the nucleic acid turned negative, the IgM antibody disappeared and the IgG antibody began to appear but was still below the detection limit. IgM+IgG-May be in the acute stage of infection, consider the possibility of false negative nucleic acid. Consider the possible active stage of infection with false negative nucleic acid.

abstract:
  Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has now spread all over the world. The National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China reported 78,439 cured and discharged cases, 4634 deaths, 83,462 confirmed cases and 760,818 close contacts as of June 25, 2020. Joint detection of nucleic acids and antibodies has become an important laboratory diagnostic for COVID‐19 patients. Disease progression and infection stage can be established based on the biological characteristics of these tests. However, there have been few studies of the different infection stages of COVID‐19. We conducted a retrospective analysis to explore the clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients at different infection stages and to characterize the characteristics of specific serum antibodies at each stage. These data will provide a theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


id: cord-351322-mdes28jg
author: Bauvois, Brigitte
date: 2005-10-07
txt: ./txt/cord-351322-mdes28jg.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351322-mdes28jg.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16216010/
doi: 10.1002/med.20044
summary:
  235, 236 In addition to its very recently reported ability to inhibit APN in a non-competitive manner thus inducing a suppression of in vitro angiogenesis, 237 30 has been shown to induce a variety of biological effects: (i) a significant in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 226 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 235, 236, 238 which is assumed to be due to its ability to inhibit DNA gyrase, 238 (ii) a cytotoxicity against various human tumor cell lines, 229, [231] [232] [233] (iii) an increase in Ca 2þ release from the heavy fraction of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, 228 (iv) an inhibition of topoisomerase II, 239 Leucine aminopeptidase and farnesyl protein transferase, 229 , mycothiol-S-conjugate amidase, 240 chitinase, 231 histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase, 232 and DNA replication by targeting polymerase a-primase.

title:
  Aminopeptidase‐N/CD13 (EC 3.4.11.2) inhibitors: Chemistry, biological evaluations, and therapeutic prospects

abstract:
  Aminopeptidase N (APN)/CD13 (EC 3.4.11.2) is a transmembrane protease present in a wide variety of human tissues and cell types (endothelial, epithelial, fibroblast, leukocyte). APN/CD13 expression is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases and in cancers (solid and hematologic tumors). APN/CD13 serves as a receptor for coronaviruses. Natural and synthetic inhibitors of APN activity have been characterized. These inhibitors have revealed that APN is able to modulate bioactive peptide responses (pain management, vasopressin release) and to influence immune functions and major biological events (cell proliferation, secretion, invasion, angiogenesis). Therefore, inhibition of APN/CD13 may lead to the development of anti‐cancer and anti‐inflammatory drugs. This review provides an update on the biological and pharmacological profiles of known natural and synthetic APN inhibitors. Current status on their potential use as therapeutic agents is discussed with regard to toxicity and specificity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev


id: cord-351609-lqul2ho8
author: Kaczmarek, Beata
date: 2020-07-20
txt: ./txt/cord-351609-lqul2ho8.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-351609-lqul2ho8.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32698426/
doi: 10.3390/ma13143224
summary:
  Tannic acid has been reported to present the activity against Influeneza A virus, Papilloma viruses, noroviruses, Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria innocua. In this review, however, I would like to emphasize the antiviral and antibacterial properties of tannic acid, which seem to be of great significance, especially in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has adversely affected human lives, and its consequences show how important it is to carry out studies aimed at health protection. In this review, however, I would like to emphasize the antiviral and antibacterial properties of tannic acid, which seem to be of great significance, especially in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has adversely affected human lives, and its consequences show how important it is to carry out studies aimed at health protection.

title:
  Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials—A Minireview

abstract:
  As a phenolic acid, tannic acid can be classified into a polyphenolic group. It has been widely studied in the biomedical field of science because it presents unique antiviral as well as antibacterial properties. Tannic acid has been reported to present the activity against Influeneza A virus, Papilloma viruses, noroviruses, Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria innocua. Nowadays, compounds of natural origin constitute fundaments of material science, and the trend is called “from nature to nature”. Although biopolymers have found a broad range of applications in biomedical sciences, they do not present anti-microbial activity, and their physicochemical properties are rather poor. Biopolymers, however, may be modified with organic and inorganic additives which enhance their properties. Tannic acid, like phenolic acid, is classified into a polyphenolic group and can be isolated from natural sources, e.g., a pure compound or a component of a plant extract. Numerous studies have been carried out over the application of tannic acid as an additive to biopolymer materials due to its unique properties. On the one hand, it shows antimicrobial and antiviral activity, while on the other hand, it reveals promising biological properties, i.e., enhances the cell proliferation, tissue regeneration and wound healing processes. Tannic acid is added to different biopolymers, collagen and polysaccharides as chitosan, agarose and starch. Its activity has been proven by the determination of physicochemical properties, as well as the performance of in vitro and in vivo studies. This systematics review is a summary of current studies on tannic acid properties. It presents tannic acid as an excellent natural compound which can be used to eliminate pathogenic factors as well as a revision of current studies on tannic acid composed with biopolymers and active properties of the resulting complexes.


id: cord-353815-w35spqqt
author: Huan, Yuchen
date: 2020-10-16
txt: ./txt/cord-353815-w35spqqt.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-353815-w35spqqt.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33178164/
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.582779
summary:
  This review introduces the progress of research on AMPs comprehensively and systematically, including their classification, mechanism of action, design methods, environmental factors affecting their activity, application status, prospects in various fields and problems to be solved. Tryptophan (Trp), as a non-polar amino acid, has a remarkable effect on the interface region of the lipid bilayer, whereas Arg, as a basic amino acid, confers peptide charge and hydrogen bond interactions, which are essential properties to combine with the bacterial membrane''s abundant anionic component. And it seems that Trp residues play the role of natural aromatic activators of Arg-rich AMPs by ion-pair-π interactions (Walrant et al., 2020) , thereby promoting enhanced peptide-membrane interactions (Chan et al., 2006) . Furthermore, L4H4, which is designed based on the linear cationic amphiphilic peptide magainin, also shows good antibacterial activity and cell penetration properties by inserting four histidine sequences in leucine and alanine (Lointier et al., 2020) .

title:
  Antimicrobial Peptides: Classification, Design, Application and Research Progress in Multiple Fields

abstract:
  Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of small peptides that widely exist in nature and they are an important part of the innate immune system of different organisms. AMPs have a wide range of inhibitory effects against bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and the increasing of concerns about the use of antibiotics resulted in the development of AMPs, which have a good application prospect in medicine, food, animal husbandry, agriculture and aquaculture. This review introduces the progress of research on AMPs comprehensively and systematically, including their classification, mechanism of action, design methods, environmental factors affecting their activity, application status, prospects in various fields and problems to be solved. The research progress on antivirus peptides, especially anti-coronavirus (COVID-19) peptides, has been introduced given the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide in 2020.


id: cord-355121-qb8nxl56
author: Donno, D.
date: 2016-08-01
txt: ./txt/cord-355121-qb8nxl56.txt
cache: ./cache/cord-355121-qb8nxl56.txt
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464616302018
doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.014
summary:
  authors: Donno, D.; Cerutti, A.K.; Mellano, M.G.; Prgomet, Z.; Beccaro, G.L. title: Serviceberry, a berry fruit with growing interest of industry: Physicochemical and quali-quantitative health-related compound characterisation This work evaluated the potential of a cultivated serviceberry species as a functional food by characterising its physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics and other phytochemicals selected as health-promoting biomarkers, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that serviceberry fruits could be a good source of phenolic constituents and deserved special attention focused on studying their phytochemical profile: the main phenolic groups were catechins (343.46 ± 29.46 mg/100 gFW) > anthocyanins (220.66 ± 17.43 mg/100 gFW) > tannins (209.29 ± 7.81 mg/ 100 gFW) > cinnamic acids (113.52 ± 6.26 mg/100 gFW) > flavonols (62.56 ± 2.86 mg/100 gFW) > benzoic acids (12.70 ± 1.80 mg/ 100 gFW).The phenolic compounds detected in the present work were similar to those reported in other studies on different serviceberry genotypes (Bakowska-Barczak & Kolodziejczyk, 2008; Ozga et al., 2007) . Some of these simple phenolics, together with complex polyphenols, monoterpenes and other phytochemicals (organic acids and vitamin C) make serviceberry an alternative fruit that could contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases resulting from oxidative stress.

title:
  Serviceberry, a berry fruit with growing interest of industry: Physicochemical and quali-quantitative health-related compound characterisation

abstract:
  Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik., commonly called serviceberry, is a potential functional food that is also used for its medicinal purposes. This work evaluated the potential of a cultivated serviceberry species as a functional food by characterising its physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics and other phytochemicals selected as health-promoting biomarkers, using high-performance liquid chromatography. The most important compound class identified was polyphenols (62.10%), followed by organic acids (22.63%), monoterpenes (7.95%), and vitamins (7.32%). Results showed that serviceberry fruits could be good sources of phenolic constituents, as catechins (343.46 ± 29.46 mg/100 g(FW)), anthocyanins (220.66 ± 17.43 mg/100 g(FW)), and tannins (209.29 ± 7.81 mg/100 g(FW)) (FW = fresh weight). These results highlight the potential role of A. canadensis fruits as a functional food. Further studies are needed to identify several genotypes for breeding to get suitable cultivars for fresh consumption and processing.


