cord-000128-t74b5j2j	2008	In this review, we will concentrate on peptide-mediated delivery of siRNAs and steric block oligonucleotides and discuss different methods for quantitative assessment of the amount of cargo taken up and how to correlate those numbers with biological effects by applying easy to handle reporter systems. The focus of this article is recent progress in the field of peptide-mediated cellular delivery of siRNA and steric block oligonucleotides in cell tissue culture as a starting point for further developments illustrated by own experimental data. In contrast to many noncovalent CPP-mediated siRNA delivery approaches, efficient splice correction was only achieved with conjugates of peptide and steric block oligonucleotide. As outlined above, our quantitative studies along with microscopic analyses of siRNAs and steric block oligonucleotides using either a peptide or a commercially availably cationic lipid as carrier clearly show that less than 0.1% -5% of molecules taken up are involved in a biological response, i.e. RNAimediated down regulation or splice correction-mediated up regulation of reporter gene activity.
cord-000972-awygbo1y	2013	e combined results described above unambiguously support an essential function of bacterial sialic acid decoration for evading immune responses but provided little indication that an ability to catabolize these sugars was important to either colonization or disease. However, as discussed below, studies in other bacteria strongly suggest that host sialic acid catabolism has at least a minor role in pathogenesis in different species, and possibly a major role in colonization. coli, potential axe orthologs abound in GIT bacterial species (Tables 1 and 2) , suggesting that an ability to metabolize O-acetylated sialic acids is a common phenotype of bacteria living on or at a mucosal surface [89] . is �nding is consistent with a potentially important role of NanS in supporting the commensal lifestyle involving utilization of host-derived sialic acids other than Neu5Ac. For example, it is unclear why pneumococcal strains have distinct nan genetic organizations whereas all strains examined, like GBS, include one copy of nanA in their genomes ( Figure 6 ).
cord-002473-2kpxhzbe	2017	Secondly, we build a graph theoretic model on using amino acid sequences which is also applied to the cytochrome c7 family members and some unique characteristics and their domains are highlighted. The primary protein sequence is read as consecutive order pairs serially from first amino acid to the end of sequence, and each order pair is nothing but a connected edge between the two nodes where nodes in the graph are involved with different chemical groups of amino acids. Our method of phylogenetic tree formation used the dissimilarity matrix which is obtained for every pair of sequence on the basis of chemical group specific score of amino acids. Based on the phylogenetic tree of five members, we find that the PpcA and PpcD, PpcB and PpcE are mostly closed with regards to the frequency of amino acids of respective eight chemical groups.
cord-003020-q69f57el	2018	Computational techniques play a key role to design and develop the amino acid-based therapeutics such as proteins, peptides and peptidomimetics. Here, the elaborated techniques that are developed to characterize the amino acid sequences consistent with a specific structure and allow protein design are discussed. 3 Recently, pharmaceutical scientists have shown interest in engineering amino acid-based therapeutics such as proteins, peptides and peptidomimetics. Computer-aided design of amino acid-based therapeutics Fixing the backbone decreases the computational complication, but it may inhibit the main chain modifications to adjust sequence alternation. Computer-aided design of amino acid-based therapeutics to model peptide binding to targets of interest. 28, 134 Sequence-based method Recently, a method has been developed to rank peptide compound matches that are limited to short linear motifs in proteins and compounds with amino acid substituents.
cord-004879-pgyzluwp	1994	Furthermore kinetic experiments after complementation of HIV=RT p66 with KIV-RT pSl indicated that HIV-RT pSl can restore rate and extent of strand displacement activity by HIV-RT p66 compared to the HIV-RT heterodimer D66/D51, suggesting a function of the 51 kDa polypeptide, The mouse mammary tumor virus proviral DNA contains an open reading frame in the 3'' long terminal repeat which can code for a 36 kDa polypeptide with a putative transmembrane sequence and five N-linked glycosylation sites. To this end we used constructs encoding the c-fos (and c-jun) genes fused to the hormone-binding domain of the human estrogen receptor, designated c-FosER (and c-JunER), We could show that short-term activation (30 mins.) of c-FosER by estradiole (E2) led to the disruption of epithelial cell polarity within 24 hours, as characterized by the expression of apical and basolateral marker proteins.
cord-004948-ad3i9wgj	2001	Specific CTL were derived by immunization of HHD mice with tumor peptide extracts loaded on antigen presenting cells and with HHD transfected human tumor cell lines CTL induced against peptides from various tumors recognized tumor peptides more effectively than peptides extracted from normal tissues and also reacted with a serie of peptides derived from overexpressed candidate proteins, identified by differential display methods (SAGE, Microarrays) Comparison of CTL derived from HHD mice to CTL induced from patient''s PBMC showed overlapping recognition of many candidate peptides. By comparison of pro-teomic cell maps from normal controls and individuals affected with lysosomal transport disorders we have selected and identified several candidate disease-causing proteins, which have to be further studied by mutation analysis and functional expression. The results of the in vitro studies available to date strongly suggest that its effects on neuronal amino acid transport processes is mediated via some novel extracellular mechanism controlling the H Ï© (and/or other ionic) concentrations of neurones.
cord-006452-mmdk2xom	2018	Nucleic acid-based therapeutics present huge potential in the treatment of pulmonary diseases ranging from lung cancer to asthma and chronic pulmonary diseases, which are often fatal and widely prevalent. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the nucleic acid application for pulmonary diseases, covering action mechanism of the nucleic acid drugs, the novel delivery systems, and the current formulation for the administration to lungs. To overcome these biological barriers, strategies like chemical modification, conjugation, vector encapsulation, and selection of administration route have been utilized to improve the delivery of nucleic acids to lungs. One direction for developing new drugs to treat asthma is to target central pathways to the pathogenesis of the disease, and nucleic acid-mediated therapies silencing the specific effector or the upstream regulator can be a potential approach. Nucleic acid drugs hold great promises as new classes of therapeutic agents for pulmonary diseases, and some candidates have entered into clinical trials (Table III) .
cord-006518-al94gxjw	2004	More recent studies showed that EPA did not induce TNF-α, IL-1β, or IL-1α (68) or IL-6 (69) in osteoblasts, and even countered the upregulating effect of arachidonic acid (68) ; that EPA and DHA could totally abolish cytokine-induced up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-1β in cultured bovine chondrocytes and in human osteoarthritic cartilage explants (93, 94) ; and that EPA or fish oil inhibited endotoxin-induced TNF-α production by monocytes (111) (112) (113) (114) . Animal feeding studies with fish oil support the observations made in cell culture with respect to the effects of long-chain n-3 FA on NFκB activation and inflammatory cytokine production. Several studies in humans involving supplementation of the diet with fish oil have demonstrated decreased production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 by endotoxin-stimulated monocytes or mononuclear cells (a mixture of lymphocytes and monocytes) (80) (81) (82) 119) .
cord-006636-xgikbdns	1964	L. : Effect of a low dietary level of three types of fat on reproductive performance and tissue lipid content of the vitamin B6-deficicnt female rat. H.: Effect of dietary protein and fat on growth, protein utilization, and carcass composition of pigs fed purified diets. Effect of food fats on concentration of ketone bodies and citric acid level in blood and tissues Effect of a low dietary level of three types of fat on reproductive performance and tissue lipid content of the vitamin B6-defieient female rat The effect on the serum cholesterol levels of the consumption of a special dietary fat with a high content of unsaturated fatty acids in elderly people Effect of protein intake and cold exposure on selected liver enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism Effect of protein intake and cold exposure on selected liver enzymes associated with amino acid metabolism
cord-006907-pdvddowh	2016	Synthesis of amino acid conjugates of glycyrrhizic acid with the use of N-hydroxyphthalimide, N,N''-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and tert-butyl esters of L-amino acids (valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and methionine) was performed followed by deprotection with trifluoroacetic acid. The target amino acid conjugates were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel in 40–45% yield. N-Hydroxyphthalimide (HOPt) has been also applied as a nucleophilic reagent at the formation of the amide bond in the carbodiimide mediated synthesis of peptides [14] ; but its use in the synthesis of amino acid conjugates of glycyrrhizic acid has not yet been reported. The goal of the present work was the synthesis of amino acid conjugates of glycyrrhizic acid with the use of HOPt and DCC and tert-butyl esters of L-amino acids for activation of carboxy groups of the glycoside molecule. Free amino acid con-DOI: 10 .1134/S1070363215120129 jugates 4, 6, 8, and 10 were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel in 40-45% yields.
cord-008777-i2reanan	2005	Mollerup Department of Chemical Engineering, Building 229, DTU, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark A variety of factors that govern the properties of proteins are utilized in the development of chromatographic processes for the recovery of biological products including the binding and release of protons, the non-covalent association with non-polar groups (often hydrophobic interactions), the association of small ions (ion exchange) and the highly specific antigen-antibody interaction (affinity interactions). Such fermenters will be needed in order to meet the increasing pressure on costs for low price commodity type products such as single cell protein or food and technical grade enzymes, and to meet the demands of the new wave of white biotech, in which bio-produced chemicals must be made at prices competitive with those of the traditional chemical industry. The presentation will focus on use of the sensitive sandwich hybridization technology for the quantitative analysis of process relevant marker genes in different kind of microbial cell cultures with a focus on the production of recombinant proteins.
cord-011251-rjyipcfv	2019	title: Single-stage synthesis of heterocyclic alkaloid-like compounds from (+)-camphoric acid and their antiviral activity The present work is devoted to the synthesis of new polycyclic nitrogen-containing compounds from (+)-camphoric acid and aliphatic or aromatic diamines. Compounds 10a and 10b have been isolated after the column chromatography with a yield of 40% and 2%, Scheme 1 Interaction of camphoric acid with aliphatic diamines respectively. The quinazoline structure possibly imparts rigidity to the ligand and hence consistently high Scheme 2 Interaction of camphoric acid with aromatic diamines enantioselectivity [36] . We have previously shown that various derivatives of monoterpenoids, in particular compounds including a 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane scaffold and N-heterocyclic fragment, exhibit antiviral properties against the influenza virus [39, 40] . It has been shown that compound 14 has inhibitory activity against different strains of influenza virus A. Enantioselective alkylation of aromatic aldehydes with (+)-camphoric acid derived chiral 1,3-diamine ligands
cord-012056-8b3xffsh	2008	title: Lactic acid production from lime-treated wheat straw by Bacillus coagulans: neutralization of acid by fed-batch addition of alkaline substrate In this study, lime-treated wheat straw was hydrolyzed and fermented simultaneously to lactic acid by an enzyme preparation and Bacillus coagulans DSM 2314. To examine this proposed concept, lime-treated wheat straw (LTWS) was added fed-batch-wise during a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process in a 20-l controlled stirred fermenter containing hydrolytic enzymes and Bacillus coagulans DSM 2314, a thermophilic bacterium capable to convert both hexoses and pentoses homofermentative to L(+)-lactic acid (Otto 2004; Patel et al. =hydrolysis factor of polysaccharides, incorporation of water results in 1.11 g hexose from 1.00 g glucan and 1.14 g pentose from xylan and arabinan (g/g), and FF=fermentation factor of 1.00 g lactic acid per gram of monomeric sugar. After the fed-batch phase (13 h), 2,706 g LTWS was added and resulted in a conversion of 42% of glucan, 57% of xylan, and 63% of arabinan to products including soluble saccharides and lactic acid.
cord-017131-rx1z4orm	2012	Although numerous studies have been conducted in vitro and in vivo in the recent years on the efficacy of plant phytochemicals as antimicrobial agents, this chapter provides an overview of the antimicrobial properties of some major group of phytochemicals, namely, different phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, iridoids and secoiridoids, polyacetylenes, glucosinolates, terpenoids, sulfinate, limonoids (tetranortepenoids) and anthranoids against pathogenic bacteria, fungi, viruses and commensal bacteria in the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. This chapter also discusses their antimicrobial mechanisms of action, the efficiency of different groups of phytochemicals against multiple-drug resistant bacteria, the effect of active dietary phytometabolites on the beneficial and pathogenic microbes of the gastrointestinal tracts and the outcomes of combination of phytofactors and drugs interactions. Although, phenolic acids are effective against Gram-negative bacteria, their antimicrobial effect is strain dependent (e.g. different strains of Escherichia coli ; Cueva et al.
cord-017504-rtg7fs82	2012	The results suggested that the aril juice the major and tasty part of pomegranate fruit, did not contain ellagic acid and punicalagin (i.e. the polyphenols highly represented in the rind which appeared to be responsible for the antioxidant capacity) in amounts suf fi cient to exert cytoprotection in oxidatively injured, living cells. After consumption of pomegranate juice, fruit peel, aril and fl ower extracts the atherosclerotic lesion area in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein e-de fi cient (E 0) mice was signi fi cantly decreased by 44, 38, 39, 6, or 70%, respectively, as compared to placebo-treated group, while pomegranate seed oil had no effect. Further in-vitro studies showed that Punica granatum fl ower extract and its components oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and gallic acid inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-kappaB activation in macrophages. In-vitro studies using normal human epidermal keratinocytes, showed that pre-treatment with pomegranate fruit extract rich in anthocyannins and hydrolyzable tannins protected against the adverse effects of UV-B radiation by inhibiting UV-B-induced modulations of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways (Afaq et al.
cord-017813-qhsymg0r	2017	They are excellent producers of hydrolytic enzymes, biofuels, organic acids, polysaccharides, and secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, anticancer drugs, hypocholesterolemic agents, immunosuppressants, and others. Antibiotics can be produced by fermentation, an old technique that was utilized for beer and wine production almost 8000 years ago, during the ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia era. Natural products (NPs) with high commercial value can be produced by microbial primary or secondary metabolism. Other products include anti-tumor drugs, hypocholesterolemic agents, enzyme inhibitors, gastrointestinal motor stimulators, ruminant growth stimulants, insecticides, herbicides, antiparasitics versus coccidia and helminths, and other pharmacological activities. In view of the low concentration of camptothecin in tree roots and poor yield from chemical synthesis, the fungal fermentation is very promising for industrial production of camptothecin. niger was an excellent producer of citric acid and, as a result, the Pfizer company in New York began large-scale fermentation production in 1923.
cord-018428-6lc1fcpe	2017	These genetically transformed root cultures (hairy roots) can produce levels of secondary metabolites comparable to that of intact plants. Besides, hairy root cultures are usually capable of producing the same compound(s) of identical chemistry found in wild-type roots of the naturally occurring parent plant without loss of structural integrity and/or quantity or concentration of the product, which is frequently observed in callus or cell suspension cultures [22] . Fast growth, low doubling time, ease of maintenance of hairy roots, and their ability to synthesize a large range of chemical compounds offer an additional advantage as a continuous source for the production of valuable secondary metabolites [25] . This study tested the sc-RIP extracts from the seeds and hairy root tissue cultures of Luffa cylindrica (established by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 1855) for inhibitory effects on the growth of in vitro melanotic and amelanotic human melanoma cell lines [79] .
cord-022196-1tionxun	2013	With most isometric particles and in all complex virions, the capsid encloses another protein structure containing the viral genome, called the core. All animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids are enveloped, and in these the lipid layer from which glycoprotein peplomers project is probably applied to a protein shell (the membrane protein; see Fig. 1 -1), which may be relatively rigid, as in Rhabdovirus, or readily distorted (as in the myxoviruses) so that in negatively stained electron micrographs the virions appear to be pleomorphic. The RNA viruses that have the largest (single-stranded) genomes, those of the Leukovirus genus, also have a highly complex structure with an envelope enclosing an icosahedral capsid that, in turn, surrounds a tubular nucleocapsid. The conventional physicochemical criteria [(a) nucleic acid: type, strandedness, fragmentation, and molecular weight; (b) virion: shape, size, and symmetry] are suitable for classification at this level of family/genus, perhaps assisted by the serological cross-reactivity of "group" antigens where these have been recognized.
cord-023208-w99gc5nx	2006	In order to develop a synthetic protocol by an automated instrumentation, increasing yield, purity of the crude, and reaction time, a microwave-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis was validated comparing the use of the new generation of Triazine-Based Coupling Reagents (TBCRs) with a series of commonly used ones. Ubiquitinium is a well known mechanism in protein degredation of Eukaryotic cells ,in which many obsolte and corrupted three dimentional structure protein ,become marked by covalent attachment of ubuquitin through a multi-step enzymatic pathway.Ubiquitin is a small ,8.5 kDa peptide of 76 amino acid residues that targets such substrtes for proteolysis in proteasome .Recnt studies showed that an extra cellular ubiquitination process also taking place in the epididymes of humans and other animals marks protein on the surface of the defective sperm .it appears that structurally and functionally defective sperm become surface ubiquitinated by epididymal epithelial cells. This head-to-tailcyclized 14-amino-acid peptide contains one disulfide bridge and a lysine residue (Lys5) present in the P1 position, which is responsible for inhibitor specificity.As was reported by us and other groups, SFTI-1 analogues with one cycle only retain trypsin inhibitory activity.
cord-023209-un2ysc2v	2008	Site-specifi c PEGylation of human IgG1-Fab using a rationally designed trypsin variant In the present contribution we report on a novel, highly selective biocatalytic method enabling C-terminal modifi cations of proteins with artifi cial functionalities under native state conditions. Recently, our group report a novel approach to a totally synthetic vaccine which consists of FMDV (Foot and Mouth Disease Virus) VP1 peptides, prepared by covalent conjugation of peptide biomolecules with membrane active carbochain polyelectrolytes In the present study, peptide epitops of VP1 protein both 135-161(P1) amino acid residues (Ser-Lys-Tyr-Ser-Thr-Thr-Gly-Glu-Arg-Thr-Arg-Thr-Arg-Gly-Asp-Leu-Gly-Ala-Leu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Val-Ala-Thr-Gln-Leu-Pro-Ala) and triptophan (Trp) containing on the N terminus 135-161 amino acid residues (Trp-135-161) (P2) were synthesized by using the microwave assisted solid-phase methods. Using as a template a peptide, already identifi ed, with agonist activity against PTPRJ(H-[Cys-His-His-Asn-Leu-Thr-His-Ala-Cys]-OH), here we report a structure-activity study carried out through endocyclic modifi cations (Ala-scan, D-substitutions, single residue deletions, substitutions of the disulfi de bridge) and the preliminary biological results of this set of compounds.
cord-023225-5quigar4	2012	To further explore the structure-function relationship, a viable synthesis strategy for pseudodesmin A analogues was developed, based on side-chain attachment of the first amino acid to the solid support, followed by stepwise Fmoc solid-phase synthesis of the linear peptide precursor and on-resin head-to-tail cyclization. The cases when the amino acid sequence of a fragment coincided with part of the primary structure of a natural oligopeptide were recorded in the Total protein chemical synthesis requires a case by case design and optimization which is governed by factors such as the solubility of the individual peptide segments, their primary sequence and in particular the presence of "difficult" amino acid residues at ligation junctions such as proline or the location of cysteines. In this study we present synthesis of two series of peptide libraries, which were designed by substitution of Leu in the P5, P6 position of our control peptide (Ac-LLLLRVKR-AMBA) with each of nineteen amino acid residues in order to verifying its influence on activity and selectivity of the resulting analogues.
cord-023647-dlqs8ay9	2003	Nucleotide Sequence Analysis of the L G~ne of Vesicular Stomafltia Virus (New Jersey Serotype) --Identification of Conserved Domai~L~ in L Proteins of Nonsegmented Negative-Strand RNA Viruses DERSE I~ Equine Infectious Anemia Virus tat--Insights into the Structure, Function, and Evolution of Lentivtrus tran.~Activator Proteins Ho~tu~ ~ s71 is a Ehylngcueticellly Distinct Human Endogenous Reteovtgal 1Rlement with Structural mad Sequence Homology to Simian Sarcoma Virus (SSV). Distinct Fercedoxins from Rhodobacter-Capsulstus -Complete Amino Acid Sequences and Molecular Evolution Complete Amino Acid Sequence and Homologies of Human Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Band 4.2. Identification of Two Highly Conserved Amino Acid Sequences Amon~ the ~x-subunits and Molecular ~ The Predicted Amino Acid Sequence of ct-lnternexin is that of a novel Neuronal lntegmedla~ ~ent Protein Inttaspecific Evolution of a Gene Family Coding for Urinary Proteins Attalysi~ of CDNA for Human ~ AJudgyrin I~dicltes a Repeated Structure with Homology to Tissue-Differentiation a~td Cell-Cycle Control Protein
cord-024790-pkj2bjur	2020	In order to find new biological activities and to eventually enhance the before observed effects, (−)-polyalthic acid (1) and kaurenoic acid (2), together with eight prepared semi-synthetic derivatives (1a–1c and 2a–2e) were evaluated for their cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Investigation of the antifungal activity, in contrast, showed that the carboxyl group is unnecessary for the effect against the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Cryptococcus neoformans, indicated by low micromolar IC(50) values for both (−)-polyalthic acid diethylamide (1a) as well as (−)-polyalthic acid methyl ester (1b). In our previous study, we reported strong inhibitory effects against the two clinically relevant bacterial strains methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecium for three diterpene acids, of which one was kaurenoic acid (2) (Pfeifer Barbosa et al. In the same study, antidermatophytic activity against two Trichopyhton species was detected for (−)-polyalthic acid (1), the major diterpenoid in the Copaifera reticulata oleoresin, along with weak [(−)-polyalthic acid, 1] to moderate (kaurenoic acid, 2) cytotoxic effects against six cancer cell lines.
cord-026012-r0w0jbpg	2014	In the dog, gastric juice is produced in the resting state at a rate of approximately 5 ml/hour (Gray and Bûcher, 1941) , and the composition is similar to that of the basal component, containing practi cally no peptic activity or hydrochloric acid. When the flow of gastric juice is stimulated maximally, the dog may produce 80 ml or more per hour (Gray and Bûcher, 1941) , and this secretion contains large amounts of peptic activity and hydrochloric acid. The endopeptidases and exopep(Table II) , producing free amino acids, which are absorbed directly, or small peptides, which are further hydrolyzed by the aminopeptidases of the intestinal mucosa (see Section III,C). Despite the long interest in and controversy regarding the subject of this section, the relative amounts of the various types of protein digestion products, i.e., peptides and amino acids, which are actually absorbed by intestinal mucosal cells during normal digestion are still not known.
cord-034362-4xdtbbzb	2020	Under conditions of excess glucose availability, its conversion to 3C eases the pressure over the regulation of glycaemia and allows for the direct use of its energy via 3C [48, 49] , in a way comparable to the "pre-preparation" of fatty acids (2Cn) fragments to plasma-soluble ketone bodies (2C2 fragments). Most of the inter-organ substrate cycles were described as mechanisms preventing the dangers of reducing power or 2-amino N accumulation in muscle or other peripheral tissues under conditions of active use of glucose or amino acids (i.e., during exercise) for energy; they always present a time-delay component for maximal effectiveness. This may be considered either as another contribution to regulate glycaemia or as an alternative to produce 3C fragments (essentially lactate and glycerol) in massive amounts to supply ready-to-use energy to most organs (including the brain) to circumvent the regulatory difficulties of glucose utilization under situations of excess substrate and/or insulin resistance [36, 43, 47, 96] .
cord-252584-pcp1i0vb	2020	However, this was a very small study and it has also been suggested that olive oil, which was used as a placebo, may have a protective effect for Alzheimer''s disease [64] and might therefore have masked the effect of the supplementation with omega-3 LCPUFAs. Similarly, an intervention comparing 200 mg EPA plus 500 mg DHA daily for 24 months compared to olive oil did not find an effect on the California Verbal Learning Test in cognitively healthy older adults (mean age 75 years) [65] . Based on evidence from different systematic reviews [143, [154] [155] [156] [157] , the ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in cancer patients state "in patients with advanced cancer undergoing chemotherapy and at risk of weight loss or malnourished, we suggest to use supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids or fish oil to stabilize or improve appetite, food intake, lean body mass and body weight" but the recommendation is graded as weak and the level of evidence as low [158] .
cord-253695-tjdw2uta	2007	Avian Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that infects chickens via the respiratory epithelium as primary target cells. Here we analyze the importance of the sialic acid binding activity for the infection of tracheal organ cultures (TOCs) by different IBV strains. Desialylation induced by neuraminidase treatment of tracheal organ cultures prior to infection by IBV delayed the ciliostatic effect or resulted in partial loss of ciliary activity. After having shown recently that sialic acid serves as a receptor determinant for IBV on cultured cells, we were interested to find out whether this type of sugar is also important for an infection in vivo. From this result we conclude that a2,3-linked sialic acid serves as a receptor determinant for the infection of avian tracheal epithelial cells by the Beaudette strain of IBV. Sialic acid is a receptor determinant for infection of cells by avian Infectious bronchitis virus
cord-259044-mubjm22l	2019	The study indicated the inhibitory activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai extract and its phenolic acid constituents on HCoV-NL63 induced cytopathic effect, virus yield, and the early stage of HCoV-NL63 replication in concentration-dependent and cell-type independent manners. LLC-MK2 cells (3 × 10 4 cells/well) were cultured in the 96-well plates overnight, quintuplicate treated with Sambucus Formosana Nakai stem ethanol extract or its phenolic acid constituents (caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid) for 2 days, and then incubated with 0.5 mg/ml 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) for additional 4 h. For minimizing the antiviral effect of indicated agents in the cells, 100 μl (near 200 pfu HCoV-NL63) of the 10000-fold dilution from the mixtures of virus and the extract or phenolic acids was added to the MK2 cell monolayer in the 6-well plate to determining the residual viral infectivity using the plaque assay described above. To examine the antiviral mechanism of caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid against HCoV-NL63, the assays of plaque formation, virucidal activity and virus attachment were subsequently performed (Fig. 5 , Table 1 ).
cord-260345-ugd8kkor	1992	203, sodium dodecyl-sulfate.; ted blood-cells; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity; nucleotide-linked dehydrogenases; alkaline-phosphatase isoenzymes; pathogenesis-related proteins; cr-L-fucosidase; polyactylamide-gel; produce phosphate; general-method. low-density~l&protein; high-performance liquid; chrcmatogmphy mass spectmmetry; chicken vitellogam gene; thin-layer chmmatography; apolipoprotein-VLDL-II; fatty-acid composition; laying turkey hens; egg-yolk; plasma-lipoproteins. human-skin fibroblests; IGF binding-protein; messenger ribonucleic-acid; cooh-teminal truncation; monoclonal-antibody; endothelial-cells; factor receptoc amniotic-fluid; DNA-synthesis; rat-heart. factor-binding-protein; erythroid colony formation; cultured human-tibroblasts; factor messenger-RNA, N-terminal sequence; fetal bovine serum; IGF-I; somatomedin C, clinical-applicstians; stimulating factors. shon-hved protein; dependent pmteolytic system; ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; repair gene ra&, Escherichia coli; transfer RNA; Sacclurroqces cercvisiue; endoplasmic-reticulum; cell-cycle; amino-acid. polymense chain-reaction; fragment length polymorphisms; dependent diabetes-mellitus; sickle-cell anemia; factor-M gene; enzymatic AMPlificatiat; genomic DNA; mutations; sequence; diagnosis; predisposition; genetics. T-cell receptor; messenger-RNA degradation; gamma-delta; stress proteins; antigen-receptor, lymphocytes-T; ~ycobactcrium fuberc&arir. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome; heat-shock proteins; receptor-delta; ataxia telangiectasia; transgenic mice; lymphocytes T; bearing cells; recognition; expression; incmase. human granulocyte-macmphage; protein kinase-c; recombinant human interleukin-3; cell growth-factor, murine bone-marrow; express functional receptors; acute lymphocytic-leukemia; GTPase-activating pm&n; factor-independent growth.
cord-262036-wig4wdno	2018	As shown in Fig. 1B , the terminal sialic acid was effectively removed in dSA-OVM after enzymatic hydrolysis, and its binding activity was obviously lower than that in the natural OVM. To analyze the role played by free sialic acid in the binding of OVM to HA, further experiments were carried out with different sequences of additions. Based on the above results, it was found that free sialic acid enhances the binding of OVM to influenza virus HA. It is indicating that sialic acid is involved in the binding of OVM to influenza virus, and additional free sialic acid could enhance the OVM antiviral process. The hemagglutinin of the influenza virus recognizes and binds to the ovomucin carbohydrate chain terminal sialic acid, and the interaction is greatly diminished after the sialic acid is removed. The addition of free sialic acid can promote the binding of ovomucin to hemagglutinin and enhance ovomucin anti-influenza virus activity.
cord-262643-wydc0wyd	2018	The biological activity of the products was tested on five references bacterial strains: Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 (ESBL), Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus MRSA ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus aureus MSSA ATCC 25923. We optimized synthesis of several new amino acid and peptide MPA derivatives by conjugation with various condensation reagents. Amino acid MPA derivatives 11e17 were obtained by means of a condensation reagent 1-ethyl-3-(3 0 -dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCI) in the presence of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP) acting as a base in anhydrous N,Ndimethylformamide (DMF) (Scheme 1). In case of derivatives of MPA with isoleucine 14 or malonate 17 moiety the best results were received using the T3P/Et 3 N procedure, where triethylamine acts as a base and propanephosphonic acid anhydride (T3P) is a condensing reagent (Scheme 2). Synthesis of amino acid derivatives of MPA 11e17 using the EDCI/DMAP method.
cord-262868-wanbz1et	2002	This review discusses one of the few known apehuman genetic differences with a clear-cut biochemical consequence, the selective inactivation of the CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) hydroxylase gene in the human lineage Irie et al., 1998; Chou et al., 1998) . A microbial organism approaching a mammalian cell surface would likely first encounter members of a family of sugars called sialic acids, which tend to be the outermost units on the glycan chains attached to the proteins and lipids below (Fig. 1) . However, based on current knowledge of the functions of sialic acids (see above), one can propose some possible scenarios to explain the human loss of Neu5Gc. The most likely one is selection of a randomly occurring CMAH gene mutation by a lethal microbial pathogen that required cell-surface Neu5Gc for effective infection (see below for some examples of such current-day pathogens).
cord-264316-do0px1gq	2010	This review focuses on the strict metallo-aminopeptidases because they constitute the largest and the most homogenous class of these enzymes and use one or two metal ions in their active sites to specifically release the N-terminal amino acid residues of polypeptides and proteins. Similar to other amino acid and peptide mimetics used as protease inhibitors, this is the effect of the incorporation of a covalent or non-covalent binding group (here involved in coordination of a catalytic metal ion(s) in the enzyme active site) into a substrate structure. Additionally, the P1 side chain of the aminophosphonic acid analogues (or more effectively, both P1 and P1 0 residues of the pseudopeptides phosphoryl moiety) gives further possibility of structural optimization of substituents interacting with the S1 and S1 0 binding pockets of the enzyme (Fig. 3) Fig. 4 ), appeared to be efficient inhibitors of LAP with a K i ¼ 0.15 [90] and 0.23 mM [87] for the R (L) enantiomers.
cord-267516-r99y91oo	2014	title: Feeding associated neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (Primary NEC) is an inflammatory bowel disease Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis which develops after feeding preterm infants is characterized by severe intestinal inflammation and profound systemic metabolic acidosis. The feeding association is important as carbohydrate metabolized by the bacteria is the source of organic acids in the intestinal lumen, and the gases of pneumatosis intestinalis and portal venous tree. Several studies have shown there is a change in the intestinal flora in children who develop necrotizing enterocolitis in that the proteobacteria constitute as much as 70% of the organisms in the stool, in cases within three days preceding the clinical diagnosis of NEC [28] . The common intestinal flora found in all babies and in all intensive care nurseries may be the culprits in a subtle way, not by their invasive characteristics nor their ability to produce toxins, but simply by their ability to ferment carbohydrate and produce organic acids more quickly than the capacity of the preterm infants'' defense mechanisms, the mucosa, and the portal system and liver can accommodate.
cord-268088-y4vg7frb	2020	Among the natural compounds that produce beneficial effects on human health, polyphenols have shown potential therapeutic applications in cancer due to their protective functions in plants, their use as food additives, and their excellent antioxidant properties. This review shows a wide range of trials in which polyphenolic compounds play a crucial role as anticancer medicines alone or in combination with other drugs at different stages of cancer: cancer initiation, promotion, and growth or progression. In point of fact, studies demonstrated that resveratrol has in vitro effects against a large range of human tumors: breast, skin, ovary, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, pancreas, cervix, thyroid carcinoma cells, lymphoid, and myeloid cancer cells [22] . In point of fact, studies demonstrated that resveratrol has in vitro effects against a large range of human tumors: breast, skin, ovary, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, pancreas, cervix, thyroid carcinoma cells, lymphoid, and myeloid cancer cells [22] .
cord-268414-7fcc5i7i	2020	The formulated nanoparticles (GANPs) were characterized for physicochemical properties and size and were then evaluated for antioxidant and antihypertensive effects using various established in vitro assays, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide scavenging (NO), β-carotene bleaching and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory assays. This study is the first to confirm the synergistic effects of gum arabic in the encapsulation of gallic acid by increasing the selectivity towards cancer cells and enhancing the antioxidant properties. According to the results, significant cytotoxicity was elicited among the HepG2, MCF7, MDA-MB231, and HT29 cell lines after treatment with IC 50 concentrations of free and nano encapsulated gallic acid as shown in Fig. 12 . The MDA-MB231 and HT29 cells had a lower fluorescence intensity of PI attributed to the lower toxicity of GA/C6NPs. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ The migration assay was carried out to assess the effect of GANPS and free GA with the IC 50 value of concentrations on MCF7, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, and HT29.
cord-269943-g77qe5ml	2020	In the present review, up to date knowledge on the scientific basis for the immunomodulatory activity and clinical relevance of some emerging classes of plant-derived nutraceuticals, including polysaccharides, fatty acids and labdane diterpenes, has been reported. The following searching keywords and their combinations through the Boolean logical operators were used: "herbal immunomodulators", "phytochemicals", "immune system", "nutraceuticals", "medicinal plants", "immunomodulation", "immune system boosters", "immunosuppressors", "immunoadjuvants", "gut microbiome", "natural occurrence", "chemical features", "preclinical studies", "clinical trials", "polysaccharides", "echinacea", "astragalus", "β-glucan", "fatty acids", "PUFA", "oleic acid", "punicic acid", "γ-linolenic acid", "linoleic acid", "evening primrose oil", "borage oil", "flaxseed oils", "labdane diterpenes" and "andrographolide". Moreover, inulin, pectin, arabinoxylan and β-glucan have been found to elevate IL-10/IL-12 ratio and to reduce the release of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, macrophage inflammatory proteins The immunomodulatory effects of plant polysaccharides on macrophages are mainly achieved through the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and NOS), and the stimulation of cytokines secretion, cell proliferation, and macrophage phagocytic activity [101] .
cord-278747-3bhg9t6l	2019	The administration of Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin as combined drug via the novel drug delivery systems will be a valuable therapeutic choice for the treatment of recent diseases attacking the public health including cancer, multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, diabetes mellitus, and chronic inflammatory systemic disease. They include the ligand-based virtual screening that is based on the searching for the compounds having the highest probability in pharmacological activity [10] and molecular docking that relies on the energy-based scoring function to identify ligand-target complex lowest energy [11] . Neostigmine (turquoise) as a control According to the results of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, safety, and drug-likeness predictions collectively, Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin were the best A. nilotica''s phytochemical constituents that contribute to the therapeutic activities; consequently, we recommend the use of Ellagic acid, Kaempferol, and Quercetin as a combined drug via the novel drug delivery systems for the treatment of recent diseases attacking the public health including cancer, multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, diabetes mellitus, and chronic inflammatory systemic diseases.
cord-284370-68o6f7ty	2013	title: Simultaneous determination of phenolic acids by UPLC–MS/MS in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Flos Lonicerae preparations In this study, a rapid and selective ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid was developed in rat plasma. The method was fully validated and applied to the pharmacokinetic study of phenolic acids in rat plasma following oral administration of Flos Lonicerae preparations. This validated UPLC-MS/MS method reported for the first time by us was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, 3,5dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid in rat plasma following oral administration of Flos Lonicerae preparations.
cord-289682-v3plz55c	2020	Glyconanomaterials ( Fig. 3) with properties of nanomaterials of better solubility, biocompatibility, lower cytotoxicity with the uniqueness of their size, chemical properties, surface engineering, surface charge and electronic, photonic, and magnetic like physical properties and properties of glycans of water solubility, biocompatibility, structural diversity, and specific targets [7] have major applications in biology encompassing the domains of (i) as sensitive biological probes in cells and tissues enabling building of different scaffolds, (ii) as imaging agents, (iii) as spectroscopic tools for their detection, (iv) monitoring of cellular systems, and (v) application in vaccination and drug delivery. Fluorescent biocompatible polymeric NPs designed with a hydrophobic monomeric core, fluorescent monomer, and a protein-binding monomer that conjugates lectin to target sialic acid is reported to detect and monitor progression of influenza viral infection by detecting the sialic acid expression level changes in human lung epithelial cells [89] .
cord-295807-68sukdb1	2020	Despite these specious claims, the therapeutic value of controlling acid-base balance is indisputable and is the basis of Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for constipation, epilepsy, metabolic acidosis, and peptic ulcers. Although studies of the role of acid-base balance in health and disease have resulted in the generation of several FDA-approved pharmaceuticals such as contraceptive gels and gastric-acid suppressors, systematic reviews of random trials of the clinical effectiveness of NaHCO3 itself tend to be circumspect in their conclusions. For example: MAc can result from diet, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis) or can follow acute myocardial infarction (lactic acidosis), mutations in renal acid-base transporters (renal tubular acidosis, see section 4.9), intoxication with compounds (e.g., aspirin), and diarrhea (loss of HCO3 --rich secretions) [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] .
cord-296794-ml2luc1t	2008	This work assesses in how far correlation between antigenicity, variability, post-translational modifications and protectivity/functional relevance can be put to use in a predictive model without the availability of 3D data. Classification into presumably protective or non-protective epitopes is conducted using three independently determined parameters: predicted B-cell antigenicity, sequence variability and conservation of post-translational modification motifs. These results are relativated later in this work when using only potentially relevant domains of a protein antigen, indicating systematic problems of the way B-cell epitope prediction validation is usually conducted. Briefly, proteins were completely scored for antigenicity/protectivity but amino-acid scores in regions outside domains assumed to be surface exposed were set to 0 thus leading to a generic classification as non-protective. On this compilation protectivity prediction using PCA19 in combination with variability and modification likelihood performed significantly better after domain-accessibility filtering as measured by AROC values, while without filtering performance was comparable (although again slightly better) to antigenicity validation results on the Blythe et.al validation-set.
cord-298909-xwd6i2vu	2020	This dermal contact, on a regular basis, can induce hazardous skin reactions like irritation, inflammation, and burning in severe conditions. Disinfectants are germicide chemicals that can penetrate the skin and create skin reactions that are usually regarded as irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. Table 1 shows the list of disinfectants commonly found in consumer products based on the various chemical classes and their examples and have included adverse reactions associated with the use of disinfectants and their skin penetration ability in Table 2 and 3. Assessment of in vitro percutaneous absorption of glycolic acid through human skin sections using a flow-through diffusion cell system In vitro percutaneous absorption of alpha hydroxy acids in human skin Negligible penetration of incidental amounts of alpha-hydroxy acid from rinse-off personal care products in human skin using an in vitro static diffusion cell model
cord-300429-b0zev8zb	2018	We highlight recent data on protein S-palmitoylation in pathogens and their hosts obtained owing to the development of methods based on click chemistry and acyl-biotin exchange allowing proteomic analysis of protein lipidation. Given the large variety of chemical reporters preferentially mimicking distinct fatty acids, recent years have witnessed a plethora of chemistry-based proteomic studies not only on palmitoylated but also myristoylated proteins and proteins bearing the GPI anchor, including those of pathogens and immune cells (10, 14, 85, 86, 114) The aBe Method Reveals Protein The envelope is rich in transmembrane, often S-palmitoylated, glycoproteins called spikes, which can bind to cognate receptors on the host cell plasma membrane triggering endocytosis of the virion, mediate subsequent fusion of the viral and cellular membranes allowing entry of the viral genome to the cytoplasm, and are also involved in the budding of newly formed virus particles from the cell.
cord-306553-ita74mjr	2020	Virucidal efficacy tests according to DIN EN 14476 and DIN EN 16777 showed a reduction of ≥4-log-steps against the Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) for acetic acid concentrations of 5% or higher. The results of the virucidal tests show that a complete reduction (≥ 4 log) could be achieved for all tested acetic acid concentrations (5, 7.5 and 10%) after 1 min contact time. The current study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial, antifungal and antiviral effects of acetic acid for domestic cleaning and laundering based on different standard procedures and comprehensive tests. Although there are many studies that have investigated the antibacterial and antifungal effects of acetic acid [15, [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] there is no available data on how acetic acid does perform in standard procedures for the testing of disinfectants in suspension or on surfaces.
cord-309384-vlk8cebh	2012	A principal difference between ganglioside biosynthesis in the Golgi apparatus and degradation in the endolysosomal compartment is that during GSL formation, membranebound glycosyltransferases interact with their membranebound glycolipid substrates by diffusion within the twodimensional plane of the lipid bilayer. As glycosidase substrates, GSLs with four carbohydrate residues or less require the additional presence of small lipid binding glycoproteins, either the GM2 activator protein or one of the four saposins A-D. In vitro, in addition to enzymes and activator proteins, also an appropriate membrane-lipid composition of the ganglioside-containing membrane is required for degradation [222] . Due to the deficiency of two enzyme activities, β-hexosaminidases A and B, storage of negatively charged glycolipids characteristic for Tay-Sachs disease and, in addition, of uncharged substrates such as GA2 in the brain and globoside in visceral organs (Figure 16 ) is observed.
cord-310847-63gh2tg4	2013	5, 10, 46 In fact, in comparison with ordered proteins, IDPs/IDPRs are characterized by noticeable biases in their amino acid compositions, 5, 8, 10, [46] [47] [48] containing less of so-called "order-promoting" residues (cysteine, tryptophan, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, leucine, histidine, valine, asparagines and methionine, which are mostly hydrophobic residues which are commonly found within the hydrophobic cores of foldable proteins) and more of "disorder-promoting" residues (lysine, glutamine, serine, glutamic acid and proline, which are mostly polar and charged residues, which are typically located at the surface of foldable proteins) (Fig. 1A) . Glutamic acid is an important functional residue of ordered proteins, where it can be involved in the formation of specific electrostatic valves inside the pores of ion channels, or can play unique catalytic roles in the active sites
cord-317250-a5ni1s9e	2020	Abusive ethanol consumption can cause cirrhosis of the liver, increase the likelihood of hypertension and stroke, favor the development of breast and digestive tract cancers, induce fetal alcohol syndrome, among others. Despite the general beneficial effects of moderate amounts of alcohol on digestion, the phenolic content of red wine may counter some of these influences. The effect on the latter two groups appears reflected in the reduced incidence of the common cold in moderate alcohol consumers (Cohen et al., 1993) , particularly those drinking red wines (Takkouche et al., 2002) . The source of these benefits may be a combination of enhanced calcium uptake, associated with alcohol consumption (Ilich et al., 2002) , the phytoestrogen effects of phenolics, such as resveratrol and kaempferol, or other unsuspected influences. Review of moderate alcohol consumption and reduced risk of coronary heart disease: is the effect due to beer, wine, or spirits?
cord-318562-jif88gof	2020	Controversial moments in science from 1923, when three researchers (Bronsted, Lowry, and Lewis) independently enunciated two theories from two different paradigms (dissociation and valence electron), underpin our first sequence with an explicit NoS approach for both lower secondary school and upper secondary or university levels. In this theoretical article examining teaching practice, we want to focus on the historical development of acid-base theories (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis) to analyse the steps to follow to design sequences of activities for different NoS approaches. We examine conventional teaching approaches to the topic and its consequences in terms of students'' alternative conceptions and their difficulties to transfer and apply knowledge and to recognize acid-base models'' limits of applicability. The science education literature is replete with examples of the consequences for students'' learning of this typical way of teaching acid-base content focused on the definition of its concepts and with two or three theories introduced simultaneously.
cord-319636-keo7gv70	2020	It was demonstrated that the activity of ACDase was significantly inhibited by Carmofur [55, 58] , LCL521 [19, 65, 69, 70] , Ceranib2 [24, [71] [72] [73] , N-oleocylethanolamine (NOE) [22, 57] , ARN14988 [74] , LCL204 [10, 64] , Monascus Purperus (MP) [18] , Hesperetin (Hst) [17] , Hesperetine-7-O-acetate (HTA) [17] , Silibinin [20] , Curcumin [23] , and Sanguinarine [21, 75] , leading to an increased accumulation of intracellular ceramide and apoptosis in various types of cancer cells, including glioblastoma; squamous cell carcinoma; acute myeloid leukemia; colorectal adenocarcinoma; and breast, prostate, lung, gastric, and kidney cancer. Ceramidases (acid, neutral, alkaline) are key enzymes that maintain the intracellular homeostasis of ceramide/SPH and are critical regulators of signals that tilt the balance between cell survival and death. Ceramidases (acid, neutral, alkaline) are key enzymes that maintain the intracellular homeostasis of ceramide/SPH and are critical regulators of signals that tilt the balance between cell survival and death.
cord-324326-q014b5ym	2017	The phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) family comprises a group of lipolytic enzymes that typically hydrolyze the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to give rise to fatty acids and lysophospholipids. In terms of signal transduction, the phospholipase A 2 (PLA 2 ) reaction, which hydrolyzes the sn-2 position of phospholipids to yield fatty acids and lysophospholipids, has been considered to be of particular importance, since arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4), one of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) released from membrane phospholipids by PLA 2 , is metabolized by cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) to lipid mediators including prostaglandins (PGs) and leukotrienes (LTs), which are often referred to as eicosanoids (Fig. 1) . 36) cPLA 2 C (group IVE PLA 2 ) exhibits a unique transacylase activity that transfers sn-1 fatty acid of PC to an amino residue of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to form N-acyl-PE, a precursor of the endocannabinoid lipid mediator N-acylethanolamine.
cord-325743-5ujiscdt	2015	Here we describe analytical methods for detection of Sia that have recently been developed or improved, with a special focus on 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac), N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), deaminoneuraminic acid (Kdn), O-sulfated Sia (SiaS), and di-, oligo-, and polysialic acid (diSia/oligoSia/polySia) in glycoproteins and glycolipids. In this chapter we summarize current chemical and immunochemical methods to detect modified Sia species, with a special focus on O-acetylated Neu5Ac, Neu5Gc, Kdn, O-sulfated Sia, as well as diSia, oligoSia, and polySia. Because other chapters in this volume specifically focus on O-acetylated Neu5Ac [7] , Neu5Gc [8] , and polySia [9] , we restrict ourselves in this chapter to a brief introduction of the different Sia species. To observe and quantify the internal sialic acids of α2!8-linked di-, oligo-, and polySia-containing glycoconjugates, sensitive chemical methods were developed with highly sensitive fluorescent labeling reagents (DMB) as described above [69] .
cord-329228-yjvw2ee1	2006	The concentrations of free amino acids in plasma change coordinately and their profiles show distinctive features in various physiological conditions; however, their behavior can not always be explained by the conventional flow-based metabolic pathway network. In this study, we have revealed the interrelatedness of the plasma amino acids and inferred their network structure with threshold-test analysis and multilevel-digraph analysis methods using the plasma samples of rats which are fed diet deficient in single essential amino acid. Our strategy for the inference of interrelated amino acid networks can be summarized as follow: (1) Given data of fold-change in concentration of deficiency or over-consumption in one essential amino acid under the stationary state, the threshold-test analysis method is applied to infer binary relationships between target amino acids.
cord-329844-w969lczb	2020	The location of any sialic acid glycan binding region of SARS-CoV-2 is, a priori unclear, although intuitively (a) it would likely be associated with the cap or knob at the outer end of the spike protein, or (b) at least not involve exactly the same domain as is required for other important functions. An algorithm for predicting the domains and proteins involved in sialic acid glycan binding is developed in the course of the project described in Results Section 4, but this is primarily of a highly empirical nature. This, plus a sequence rather than three dimensional structure perspective, and a specific focus on binding sialic acid glycans rather than sugars in general, resulted in a substantial difference in scores from another major method of predicting sugar binding regions of proteins also discussed later below.
cord-332165-31tbc31x	2019	In this review, we will evaluate the structures of non-enveloped virus capsid proteins bound to sialylated glycan receptors and discuss the potential of these structures for the development of potent antiviral attachment inhibitors. This concept of targeting multiple, symmetric receptor binding sites by multivalent inhibitors is also applicable for many viruses, since viral capsids are often icosahedral and, therefore, highly symmetric structures. Many members of the polyomavirus family bind sialic acid-based glycans using their VP1 proteins, so the binding sites on individual pentamers are always linked by local five-fold symmetry (Figure 4a , TSPyV). The glycooligopeptide-VP1 complex structures displayed a similar ligand binding mode that was reported for sialic acid in an earlier study [50] and showed, for the compounds, that the linker between the ligand and the scaffold occupies the space that is usually targeted by the natural glycan receptor moieties (Figure 5a,b, right) .
cord-339227-2i9q9c8u	2010	Pentagalloylglucose [1], 3-galloyl-gallic acid and 4-galloyl-gallic acid isomers isolated from Galla chinensis are reported to be the primary bioactive gallotannins, possessing numerous medicinal activities and health benefi ts Sakai et al., 1990; Bhimani et al., 1993; Feldman et al., 2001; . Two terpene compounds, moronic acid [8] and betulonic acid [9], were separated from Rhus chinensis and their subsequent anti-HSV activities were assessed in vitro and in vivo . (2004) screened 112 Chinese medicinal plants for antioxidant activity; the results showed that the aqueous extract of Galla chinensis contained the highest antioxidant concentration of 17674 μmol TEAC/100 g. (2003) tested the inhibitory effect of an aqueous extract from the gall of Rhus chinensis on α-glucosidase activity in in vitro and in vivo models. Anti-HIV-1 activities of extracts from the medicinal plant Rhus chinensis Anti-HIV-1 activities of compounds isolated from the medicinal plant Rhus chinensis
cord-342712-4r9e6ijp	2012	O-Acetylated sialic acids represent cancer markers, as shown for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and they are known to play significant roles in the regulation of ganglioside-mediated apoptosis. Subsequently, a suitable template has been established by using the differential expression of Neu5,9Ac 2 -GPs ALL along with other known CD antigens to monitor on lymphoblasts, SOAT in microsomes [146] , and anti-Neu5,9Ac 2 GPs antibodies [147] [148] [149] [150] in serum as signature molecules useful for diagnosis and monitoring childhood ALL Functions and Biosynthesis of O-Acetylated Sialic Acids MRD [151] . Therefore the activities of sialyltransferases and SOAT at one end of the spectrum, and the SIAE and a group of another key catabolic enzyme (sialidases), responsible for cleaving sialic acid residues from glycoproteins and glycolipids, at the other end of the spectrum, regulate the expression of O-acetylated sialoglycoconjugates.
cord-343418-519vkzci	2020	X-ray diffraction qualitative analysis of the composition and concentration of ions shows that the formation of white precipitates is citric acid and Mg promotes the conversion of amorphous calcium carbonate to high-crystallinity calcite, forming a white precipitate. Due to the influence of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the research period was extended to 93 days, and it was unexpectedly concluded that the citric acid action promoted the precipitation of regular carbonate in the sandstone, resulting in calcium crystals, and an experimental analysis of the reasons for precipitation. Group 5 shows a relatively high ion content, indicating that hydrochloric acid and acetic acid both react with minerals in the sandstone, although the cores used in groups 4 and 7 are the most damaged due to the formation of precipitated substances by weak acids.
cord-345359-okmkgsbr	2020	After infecting mice with intranasal applications of 500 plaque-forming units of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1; PR8) virus, the serum levels of most intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and related metabolic pathways were significantly reduced. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ investigated metabolic changes by determining the serum levels of metabolites, insulin sensitivity in the liver, glucose availability, and hepatic gene expressions in the early stages of symptom onset as well as the lethal phase of influenza in a mouse model. The results of this study indicate that influenza virus infection dysregulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism and decreases tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, leading to enhanced degradation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine triphosphate (GTP). Metabolites that were present at reduced levels in the sera of PR8 virus-infected mice were mainly related to the TCA cycle, urea cycle, and amino acid metabolism, as indicated by the serum levels of metabolite in these pathways at 1, 3, and 6 dpi (Fig. 2) .
cord-346245-o9hvuwvq	2014	Advantages and drawbacks of this approach are critically (Song et al., 2009d) Bacillus anthracis tetrasaccharide with thiol linker MALDI For attachment to a maleimide functionalized Microarray to study of carbohydrate-antibody interactions (Oberli et al., 2010) Glycodendrimers with N 3 group terminating in α-Man, β-GlcNAc or β-Gal TOF Immobilized on an acetylenyl-terminated gold substrate via click chemistry High-mannose glycans -Oxime linked TOF Used to probe binding to malectin MUC1 Glycopeptides TOF Synthesis on an amine-reactive hydrogelcoated microarray glass surface. The non-commercial CGE-on-a-chip assay allowed electrophoretic separation of proteins in the MW range from 14 kDa to 1 MDa. MW assignment was limited to 500 kDa in the case of SDS-PAGE but with the proper matrix (THAP for most glycoproteins, sinapinic acid for a2-macroglobulin) and sample preparation, analysis with a standard MALDI-TOF-MS provided accurate MWs for all high MW proteins up to 1 MDa. Three methods for N-glycan characterization, namely MALDI-MS of glycopeptides from tryptic digestion, negativeion ESI-MS/MS of released N-glycans, and normal-phase HPLC of fluorescently labeled glycans, in combination with exoglycosidase sequencing, have been evaluated for glycan identification using monoclonal antibodies expressed in tobacco plants as model compounds (Triguero et al., 2010) .
cord-346446-i7gpxcyo	2020	pullulan, the addition of exogenous carbonates augments CO 2 fixation and pyruvate carboxylation into oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase in the cytoplasm, abolishing the intramitochondrial pathways for L-malate production and ensuing PMLA synthesis ( Figure 2 ) [23, 30] . At pH 7.4, the terminal α-carboxylic acid in the side chain is deprotonated and ionized; this would be repelled from the cell membrane, but, because of strong hydrophobic interactions, indole in the side chain can attract and intercalate into phospholipids, generating PMLA tritryptophan-lipid complexes and releasing binding energy to stabilize the structure. To increase the interaction between the biopolymer and the plasma membrane, methylation of carboxylic acid groups with different levels of diazomethane was used to generate a PMLA-Me x H 100−x copolymer (where x is the percentage of methyl units) [77, 78] . Analysis of the L-malate biosynthesis pathway involved in poly(beta-L-malic acid) production in Aureobasidium melanogenum GXZ-6 by addition of metabolic intermediates and inhibitors
cord-348529-e12bs3e4	2010	Our results indicate a direct involvement of the human Cas1 protein (Cas1p) in the O-acetylation of sialic acids. The human Cas1p shares some sequence similarity with viral sialic acid-specific O-acetylesterases, particularly around the active site residues (Figure 1 ). Interestingly, the cell line KG1a which was found to have a higher state of surface sialylation when comDownregulation of O-acetylation by CasD1-specific small interfering RNA In order to determine whether the CasD1 gene product is directly involved in the O-acetylation of sialic acids, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to downregulate the intrinsic CasD1 mRNA. The results indicate that the expression of Cas1p in COS cells directs acetyl groups to carbon 7 of sialic acid. We therefore suggest that the human Cas1p may represent a sialic acid-specific O-acetyltransferase, which transfers acetyl groups to carbon 7.
cord-350715-x92g6bnk	2020	We conducted a retrospective analysis to explore the clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 patients at different infection stages and to characterize the characteristics of specific serum antibodies at each stage. In this study we explored the clinical value of specific serum antibody detection in COVID-19 patients. According to the biological characteristics of nucleic acids and specific serum IgM and IgG antibodies, the 723 COVID-19 cases were classified into infection stages ( Table 1) . (2) the convalescent stage in which the nucleic acid turned negative, the IgM antibody disappeared and the IgG antibody began to appear but was still below the detection limit. IgM+IgG-May be in the acute stage of infection, consider the possibility of false negative nucleic acid. Consider the possible active stage of infection with false negative nucleic acid.
cord-351322-mdes28jg	2005	235, 236 In addition to its very recently reported ability to inhibit APN in a non-competitive manner thus inducing a suppression of in vitro angiogenesis, 237 30 has been shown to induce a variety of biological effects: (i) a significant in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 226 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 235, 236, 238 which is assumed to be due to its ability to inhibit DNA gyrase, 238 (ii) a cytotoxicity against various human tumor cell lines, 229, [231] [232] [233] (iii) an increase in Ca 2þ release from the heavy fraction of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, 228 (iv) an inhibition of topoisomerase II, 239 Leucine aminopeptidase and farnesyl protein transferase, 229 , mycothiol-S-conjugate amidase, 240 chitinase, 231 histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferase, 232 and DNA replication by targeting polymerase a-primase.
cord-351609-lqul2ho8	2020	Tannic acid has been reported to present the activity against Influeneza A virus, Papilloma viruses, noroviruses, Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as well as activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria innocua. In this review, however, I would like to emphasize the antiviral and antibacterial properties of tannic acid, which seem to be of great significance, especially in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has adversely affected human lives, and its consequences show how important it is to carry out studies aimed at health protection. In this review, however, I would like to emphasize the antiviral and antibacterial properties of tannic acid, which seem to be of great significance, especially in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has adversely affected human lives, and its consequences show how important it is to carry out studies aimed at health protection.
cord-353815-w35spqqt	2020	This review introduces the progress of research on AMPs comprehensively and systematically, including their classification, mechanism of action, design methods, environmental factors affecting their activity, application status, prospects in various fields and problems to be solved. Tryptophan (Trp), as a non-polar amino acid, has a remarkable effect on the interface region of the lipid bilayer, whereas Arg, as a basic amino acid, confers peptide charge and hydrogen bond interactions, which are essential properties to combine with the bacterial membrane''s abundant anionic component. And it seems that Trp residues play the role of natural aromatic activators of Arg-rich AMPs by ion-pair-π interactions (Walrant et al., 2020) , thereby promoting enhanced peptide-membrane interactions (Chan et al., 2006) . Furthermore, L4H4, which is designed based on the linear cationic amphiphilic peptide magainin, also shows good antibacterial activity and cell penetration properties by inserting four histidine sequences in leucine and alanine (Lointier et al., 2020) .
cord-355121-qb8nxl56	2016	authors: Donno, D.; Cerutti, A.K.; Mellano, M.G.; Prgomet, Z.; Beccaro, G.L. title: Serviceberry, a berry fruit with growing interest of industry: Physicochemical and quali-quantitative health-related compound characterisation This work evaluated the potential of a cultivated serviceberry species as a functional food by characterising its physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, phenolics and other phytochemicals selected as health-promoting biomarkers, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that serviceberry fruits could be a good source of phenolic constituents and deserved special attention focused on studying their phytochemical profile: the main phenolic groups were catechins (343.46 ± 29.46 mg/100 gFW) > anthocyanins (220.66 ± 17.43 mg/100 gFW) > tannins (209.29 ± 7.81 mg/ 100 gFW) > cinnamic acids (113.52 ± 6.26 mg/100 gFW) > flavonols (62.56 ± 2.86 mg/100 gFW) > benzoic acids (12.70 ± 1.80 mg/ 100 gFW).The phenolic compounds detected in the present work were similar to those reported in other studies on different serviceberry genotypes (Bakowska-Barczak & Kolodziejczyk, 2008; Ozga et al., 2007) . Some of these simple phenolics, together with complex polyphenols, monoterpenes and other phytochemicals (organic acids and vitamin C) make serviceberry an alternative fruit that could contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases resulting from oxidative stress.