Ernst Mally - Wikipedia Ernst Mally From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Not to be confused with Ern Malley. Ernst Mally Born 11 October 1879 Kranj, Duchy of Carniola, Austria-Hungary Died 8 March 1944 (1944-03-09) (aged 64) Schwanberg, Austria Education University of Graz (PhD, 1903; Dr. phil. hab., 1912) Era 20th-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Graz School of object theory / Austrian realist Meinong's School (early)[1] Analytic philosophy (late)[2][3] Institutions University of Graz (1925–1942) Theses Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie des Messens (Investigations in the Object Theory of Measurement) (1903) Gegenstandstheoretische Grundlagen der Logik und Logistik (Object-theoretic Foundations for Logics and Logistics (1912) Doctoral advisor Alexius Meinong Doctoral students J. N. Findlay Main interests Metaphysics, theory of objects Notable ideas "Instantiating" vs. "being determined by" (erfüllen vs. determiniert sein) a property as two modes of predication[4][2] Nuclear vs. extranuclear (formal vs. extra-formal) properties (formale vs. außerformale Bestimmungen) of objects[5][6][7] Abstract determinates (Determinaten) as the content of mental states[4][3] Axiomatization of ethics (deontic logic) Influences Alexius Meinong, Ernst Schröder,[8] Louis Couturat[8] Influenced Edward N. Zalta Ernst Mally (/ˈmɑːli/; German: [ˈmali]; 11 October 1879 – 8 March 1944) was an Austrian analytic philosopher,[2][3] initially affiliated with Alexius Meinong's Graz School of object theory. Mally was one of the founders of deontic logic and is mainly known for his contributions in that field of research. In metaphysics, he is known for introducing a distinction between two kinds of predication, better known as the dual predication approach.[7] Contents 1 Life 2 Philosophical work 2.1 Mally's deontic logic 2.2 Failure of Mally's deontic logic 2.3 Metaphysics 2.4 Legacy 3 Works 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading Life[edit] Mally was born in the town of Kranj (German: Krainburg) in the Duchy of Carniola, Austria-Hungary (now in Slovenia). His father was of Slovene origin, but identified himself with Austrian German culture (he also Germanized the orthography of his surname, originally spelled Mali, a common Slovene surname of Upper Carniola). After his death, the family moved to the Carniolan capital of Ljubljana (German: Laibach). There, Ernst attended the prestigious Ljubljana German-language Gymnasium. Already at a young age, Mally became a fervent supporter of the Pan-German nationalist movement of Georg von Schönerer. In the same time, he developed an interest in philosophy. In 1898, he enrolled in the University of Graz, where he studied philosophy under the supervision of Alexius Meinong, as well as physics and mathematics, specializing in formal logic. He graduated in 1903 with a doctoral thesis entitled Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie des Messens (Investigations in the Object Theory of Measurement). In 1906 he started teaching at a high school in Graz, at the same time collaborating with Adalbert Meingast and working as Meinong's assistant at the university. He also maintained close contacts with the Graz Psychological Institute, founded by Meinong. In 1912, he wrote his habilitation thesis entitled Gegenstandstheoretische Grundlagen der Logik und Logistik (Object-theoretic Foundations for Logics and Logistics) at Graz with Meinong as supervisor. From 1915 to 1918 he served as an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army. After the end of World War I, Mally joined the Greater German People's Party, which called the unification of German Austria with Germany. In the same period, he started teaching at the university and in 1925 he took over Meinong's chair. In 1938, he became a member of the National Socialist Teachers League and two months after the Anschluss he joined the NSDAP. He continued teaching during the Nazi administration of Austria until 1942 when he retired. He died in 1944 in Schwanberg. Philosophical work[edit] Mally's deontic logic[edit] Mally was the first logician ever to attempt an axiomatization of ethics (Mally 1926). He used five axioms, which are given below. They form a first-order theory that quantifies over propositions, and there are several predicates to understand first. !x means that x ought to be the case. Ux means that x is unconditionally obligatory, i.e. that !x is necessarily true. ∩x means that x is unconditionally forbidden, i.e. U(¬x). A f B is the binary relation A requires B, i.e. A materially implies !B. (All entailment in the axioms is material conditional.) It is defined by axiom III, whereas all other terms are defined as a preliminary. I. ( ( A f B ) & ( B → C ) ) → ( A f C ) II. ( ( A f B ) & ( A f C ) ) → ( A f ( B & C ) ) III. ( A f B ) ↔ ! ( A → B ) IV. ∃ U ! U V. ¬ ( U f ∩ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{rl}{\mbox{I.}}&((A\;\operatorname {f} \;B)\And (B\to C))\to (A\;\operatorname {f} \;C)\\{\mbox{II.}}&((A\;\operatorname {f} \;B)\And (A\;\operatorname {f} \;C))\to (A\;\operatorname {f} \;(B\And C))\\{\mbox{III.}}&(A\;\operatorname {f} \;B)\leftrightarrow \;!(A\to B)\\{\mbox{IV.}}&\exists U\;!U\\{\mbox{V.}}&\neg (U\;\operatorname {f} \;\cap )\end{array}}} Note the implied universal quantifiers in the above axioms. The fourth axiom has confused some logicians because its formulation is not as they would have expected, since Mally gave each axiom a description in words also, and he said that axiom IV meant "the unconditionally obligatory is obligatory", i.e. (as many logicians have insisted) UA → !A. Meanwhile, axiom 5 lacks an object to which the predicates apply, a typo. However, it turns out these are the least of Mally's worries (see below). Failure of Mally's deontic logic[edit] Theorem: This axiomatization of deontic logic implies that !x if and only if x is true, OR !x is unsatisfiable. (This makes it useless to deontic logicians.) Proof: Using axiom III, axiom I may be rewritten as (!(A → B) & (B → C)) → !(A → C). Since B → C holds whenever C holds, one immediate consequence is that (!(A → B) → (C → !(A → C))). In other words, if A requires B, it requires any true statement. In the special case where A is a tautology, the theorem has consequence (!B → (C → !C)). Thus, if at least one statement ought be true, every statement must materially entail it ought be true, and so every true statement ought be true. As for the converse (i.e. if some statement ought be true then all statements that ought be true are true), consider the following logic: ((U → !A) & (A → ∩)) → (U → !∩) is a special case of axiom I, but its consequent contradicts axiom V, and so ¬((U → !A) & (A → ∩)). The result !A → A can be shown to follow from this, since !A implies that U → !A and ¬A implies that A → ∩; and, since these are not both true, we know that !A → A. Mally thought that axiom I was self-evident, but he likely confused it with an alternative in which the implication B → C is logical, which would indeed make the axiom self-evident. The theorem above, however, would then not be demonstrable. The theorem was proven by Karl Menger, the next deontic logician. Neither Mally's original axioms nor a modification that avoids this result remains popular today. Menger did not suggest his own axioms. (See also deontic logic for more on the subsequent development of this subject.) Metaphysics[edit] In metaphysics, Mally is known for introducing a distinction between two kinds of predication, a strategy better known as the dual predication approach, for solving the problem of nonexistent objects (Mally 1912).[7] He also introduced a similar strategy, the dual property strategy, but did not endorse it.[2] The dual property strategy was eventually adopted by Meinong.[2] Mally developed a realistic approach to ontology (Mally 1935) and saw himself in opposition to the Vienna Circle and the logical positivists.[1] Legacy[edit] Mally's metaphysical work influences some contemporary metaphysicians and logicians working in abstract object theory, especially Edward Zalta.[9] The analytic philosopher David Kellogg Lewis argued forcefully that the name of the fictional Australian poet Ern Malley, created by James McAuley and Harold Stewart, was an allusion to Mally.[10] Works[edit] (1904 [1903]) Untersuchungen zur Gegenstandstheorie des Messens (Investigations in the Object Theory of Measurement), Leipzig: Barth (doctoral thesis). (1912) Gegenstandstheoretische Grundlagen der Logik und Logistik (Object-theoretic Foundations for Logics and Logistics), Leipzig: Barth (habilitation thesis). (1926) Grundgesetze des Sollens. Elemente der Logik des Willens (The Basic Laws of Ought: Elements of the Logic of Willing), Graz: Leuschner & Lubensky. Reprinted in Ernst Mally: Logische Schriften. Großes Logikfragment—Grundgesetze des Sollens, K. Wolf, P. Weingartner (eds.), Dordrecht: Reidel, 1971, 227–324. (1935) Erlebnis und Wirklichkeit. Einleitung zur Philosophie der Natürlichen Weltauffassung (Experience and Reality: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Natural World-conception), Leipzig: Julius Klinkhardt. Notes[edit] ^ a b Liliana Albertazzi, Dale Jacquette, The School of Alexius Meinong, Routledge, 2017, p. 191. ^ a b c d e Hieke & Zecha ^ a b c Edward N. Zalta, "Mally's Determinates and Husserl's Noemata", in Ernst Mally – Versuch einer Neubewertung, A. Hieke (ed.), St. Augustin: Academia-Verlag, 1998, pp. 9–28. ^ a b Mally 1912, §§33 and 39. ^ Mally, Ernst. 1909. "Gegenstandstheorie und Mathematik", Bericht Über den III. Internationalen Kongress für Philosophie zu Heidelberg (Report of the Third International Congress of Philosophy, Heidelberg), 1–5 September 1908; ed. Professor Dr. Theodor Elsenhans, 881–886. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung. Verlag-Nummer 850. Translation: Ernst Mally, "Object Theory and Mathematics", in: Jacquette, D., Alexius Meinong, The Shepherd of Non-Being (Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2015), pp. 396–404, esp. 397. ^ Dale Jacquette, Meinongian Logic: The Semantics of Existence and Nonexistence, Walter de Gruyter, 1996, p. 16. ^ a b c Ernst Mally – The Metaphysics Research Lab ^ a b Mally 1912, ch. I. "Allgemeines". ^ Zalta, Edward. "The Theory of Abstract Objects". Metaphysics Research Lab. Retrieved 5 September 2020. ^ Lewis, David. "Ern Malley's Namesake" (PDF). Quadrant (March 1995): 14–15. Retrieved 5 September 2020. References[edit] Hieke, Alexander; Zecha, Gerhard. "Ernst Mally". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Further reading[edit] Lokhorst, Gert-Jan. "Mally's Deontic Logic". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. v t e Metaphysics Metaphysicians Parmenides Plato Aristotle Plotinus Duns Scotus Thomas Aquinas Francisco Suárez Nicolas Malebranche René Descartes John Locke David Hume Thomas Reid Immanuel Kant Isaac Newton Arthur Schopenhauer Baruch Spinoza Georg W. F. Hegel George Berkeley Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Christian Wolff Bernard Bolzano Hermann Lotze Henri Bergson Friedrich Nietzsche Charles Sanders Peirce Joseph Maréchal Ludwig Wittgenstein Martin Heidegger Alfred N. Whitehead Bertrand Russell G. E. Moore Jean-Paul Sartre Gilbert Ryle Hilary Putnam P. F. Strawson R. G. Collingwood Rudolf Carnap Saul Kripke W. V. O. Quine G. E. M. Anscombe Donald Davidson Michael Dummett D. M. Armstrong David Lewis Alvin Plantinga Héctor-Neri Castañeda Peter van Inwagen Derek Parfit Alexius Meinong Ernst Mally Edward N. Zalta more ... Theories Abstract object theory Action theory Anti-realism Determinism Dualism Enactivism Essentialism Existentialism Free will Idealism Libertarianism Liberty Materialism Meaning of life Monism Naturalism Nihilism Phenomenalism Realism Physicalism Platonic idealism Relativism Scientific realism Solipsism Subjectivism Substance theory Truthmaker theory Type theory Concepts Abstract object Anima mundi Being Category of being Causality Causal closure Choice Cogito, ergo sum Concept Embodied cognition Essence Existence Experience Hypostatic abstraction Idea Identity Information Insight Intelligence Intention Linguistic modality Matter Meaning Memetics Mental representation Mind Motion Nature Necessity Notion Object Pattern Perception Physical object Principle Property Qualia Quality Reality Relation Soul Subject Substantial form Thought Time Truth Type–token distinction Universal Unobservable Value more ... Related topics Axiology Cosmology Epistemology Feminist metaphysics Interpretations of quantum mechanics Mereology Meta- Ontology Philosophy of mind Philosophy of psychology Philosophy of self Philosophy of space and time Teleology Theoretical physics Category  Philosophy portal Authority control BNF: cb135649244 (data) GND: 118576828 ISNI: 0000 0001 1021 9821 LCCN: no99090869 NLI: 000538571 NTA: 067750699 SUDOC: 052570606 VcBA: 495/298382 VIAF: 18014325 WorldCat Identities: lccn-no99090869 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Mally&oldid=997402711" Categories: 1879 births 1944 deaths 20th-century Austrian mathematicians 20th-century Austrian philosophers Abstract object theory Austrian logicians Austrian Nazis Austrian people of Slovenian descent Austrian philosophers Austro-Hungarian military personnel of World War I Analytic philosophers Epistemologists German nationalists Greater German People's Party politicians Metaphysicians Ontologists Writers from Kranj Phenomenologists Philosophers of education Philosophers of logic Philosophers of mathematics Philosophers of psychology Philosophers of science Philosophical logic University of Graz alumni University of Graz faculty Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hCards Articles containing German-language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Deutsch Español Português Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2020, at 09:40 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement