Neo-Marxism - Wikipedia Neo-Marxism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Part of a series on Marxism Theoretical works Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 Theses on Feuerbach The German Ideology Wage Labour and Capital The Communist Manifesto The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon Grundrisse der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Das Kapital Critique of the Gotha Program Dialectics of Nature Philosophy Economic determinism Historical materialism Marx's dialectic Marx's method Philosophy of nature Economics Capital (accumulation) Crisis theory Commodity Exploitation Factors of production Means of labor Means of production Mode of production Asiatic Capitalist Socialist Law of value Productive forces Scientific socialism Surplus product Surplus value Value-form Wage labor Sociology Alienation Base and superstructure Bourgeoisie Class Class consciousness Class struggle Classless society Commodity fetishism Communist society Cultural hegemony Dictatorship of the proletariat Exploitation Free association General intellect Human nature Ideology Immiseration Lumpenproletariat Metabolic rift Proletariat Private property Relations of production Reification State theory Social metabolism Working class History Anarchism and Marxism Philosophy in the Soviet Union Primitive accumulation Proletarian revolution Proletarian internationalism World revolution Young Marx Aspects Aesthetics Archaeology Criminology Cultural analysis Feminism Film theory Geography Historiography Literary criticism Marxism and religion Variants Analytical Austro Budapest School Classical Democratic socialism Eurocommunism Frankfurt School Freudian Hegelian Humanist Impossibilism Instrumental Libertarian Autonomism Council communism De Leonism Left communism Bordigism Leninism Marxism–Leninism Maoism Trotskyism Neo-Gramscianism Neo- Neue Marx-Lektüre Open Orthodox Political Post- Revisionist Praxis School Social democracy Structural Western People Karl Marx Engels Bebel Bernstein De Leon Kautsky Eleanor Marx Debs Hardie Plekhanov Zetkin Gorky Connolly Lenin Luxemburg Liebknecht Kollontai Pannekoek Bukharin Stalin Trotsky Borochov Lukács Korsch Ho Gramsci Benjamin Mao Horkheimer Ibárruri Reich Aragon Brecht Marcuse Fromm Lefebvre Adorno Sartre Rubel Beauvoir Allende Dunayevskaya Mills Hobsbawm Althusser Pasolini Zinn Miliband Parenti Bauman Guevara Castro Debord Fanon Harvey Wolff Sankara Žižek Losurdo Varoufakis Related topics Critical theory Criticism of Marxism Communism History of communism Left-wing politics New Left Old Left Social anarchism Anarcho-communism Socialism Libertarian Revolutionary Utopian Related categories ► Karl Marx Outline  Communism portal  Philosophy portal  Socialism portal v t e Neo-Marxism is a Marxist school of thought encompassing 20th-century approaches that amend or extend Marxism and Marxist theory, typically by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions such as critical theory, psychoanalysis, or existentialism (in the case of Jean-Paul Sartre). As with many uses of the prefix neo-, some theorists and groups who are designated as neo-Marxists have attempted to supplement the perceived deficiencies of orthodox Marxism or dialectical materialism. Many prominent neo-Marxists, such as Herbert Marcuse and other members of the Frankfurt School, have historically been sociologists and psychologists. Neo-Marxism comes under the broader framework of the New Left. In a sociological sense, neo-Marxism adds Max Weber's broader understanding of social inequality, such as status and power, to Marxist philosophy. Examples of neo-Marxism include analytical Marxism, French structural Marxism, critical theory, cultural studies, as well as some forms of feminism. Erik Olin Wright's theory of contradictory class locations is an example of the syncretism found in neo-Marxist thought, as it incorporates Weberian sociology, critical criminology, and anarchism.[1] Contents 1 History 2 Neo-Marxian economics 2.1 Concepts 2.1.1 Labor theory of value 3 Neo-Marxist feminism 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Sources 6 Further reading 7 External links History[edit] Neo-Marxism developed as a result of social and political problems that traditional Marxist theory was unable to sufficiently address. This iteration of thinking tended toward peaceful ideological dissemination, rather than the revolutionary, and often violent, methods of the past. Economically, neo-Marxist leaders moved beyond the era of public outcry over class warfare and attempted to design viable models to solve it. There are many different branches of neo-Marxism often not in agreement with each other and their theories. Following World War I, some neo-Marxists dissented and later formed the Frankfurt School. The Frankfurt School never identified themselves as neo-Marxists. Toward the end of the 20th century, neo-Marxism and other Marxist theories became anathema in democratic and capitalistic Western cultures, where the term attained negative connotations during the Red Scare. For this reason, social theorists of the same ideology since that time have tended to disassociate themselves from the term neo-Marxism. Examples of such thinkers include David Harvey and Jacque Fresco,[2] with some ambiguity surrounding Noam Chomsky, who has been labelled a neo-Marxist by some, but who personally disagrees with such assessments.[3][4] Some consider libertarian socialism an example of rebranded neo-Marxism.[5] Neo-Marxian economics[edit] Part of a series on Marxian economics Concepts Capital (accumulation) Capitalist mode of production Class process Commodity Concrete and abstract labor Constant capital Exchange value Exploitation Labour power Labour theory of value Law of accumulation Law of value Means of production Mode of production Monopoly capitalism Organic composition of capital Productive forces Profit Prices of production Primitive accumulation Rate of exploitation Rate of profit Real prices and ideal prices Relations of production Reproduction Reserve army of labour Socially necessary labour time Socialist mode of production Socialization Simple commodity production Surplus value Surplus labour Surplus product Use value Wage labour Wage slavery Value-form Value product Variable capital Topics Capital controversy Crisis theory Economic determinism Immiseration thesis Historical materialism Okishio's theorem Overaccumulation Overdetermination Overproduction Kondratiev wave Technological determinism Technological unemployment Temporal single-system interpretation Falling profit-rate tendency Transformation problem Underconsumption Value Variants Analytical Marxism Classical Marxism Orthodox Marxism Neo-Marxian economics Works A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy Das Kapital Grundrisse Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 The Accumulation of Capital Monopoly Capital The Theory of Capitalist Development Finance Capital People Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Vladimir Lenin Rosa Luxemburg Rudolf Hilferding Leon Trotsky Karl Kautsky Ernest Mandel Antonie Pannekoek János Kornai Andrew Kliman Richard D. Wolff Nikolai Kondratiev Paul Sweezy Nobuo Okishio Ian Steedman John Roemer David Laibman Paul A. Baran Stephen Resnick Michał Kalecki Journals Cambridge Journal of Economics International Journal of Political Economy Monthly Review New School Economic Review Real-World Economics Review Rethinking Marxism Science and Society Related topics Evolutionary economics Classical economics Marxism Marxist sociology Neoclassical economics Perspectives on capitalism Political economy Schools of economic thought Socialist economics Critiques of capitalism Economics portal Marxism portal v t e New Symbolization Project, a critical theory club at Boise State University, held the first sustained, multi-disciplinary academic response to the Jordan Peterson phenomenon in late October 2018; notable Marxist economist Richard D. Wolff and radical theologian Peter Rollins gave the keynotes. The terms neo-Marxian, post-Marxian, and radical political economics were first used to refer to a distinct tradition of economic theory in the 1970s and 1980s that stems from Marxian economic thought. Many of the leading figures were associated with the leftist Monthly Review School. The neo-Marxist approach to development economics is connected with dependency and world systems theories. In these cases, the 'exploitation' that classifies it as Marxist is an external one, rather than the normal 'internal' exploitation of classical Marxism.[6][7] In industrial economics, the neo-Marxian approach stresses the monopolistic and oligarchical rather than the competitive nature of capitalism.[8] This approach is associated with Michał Kalecki,[9] Paul A. Baran, and Paul Sweezy.[10][8] Such theorists as Samuel Bowles,[11][12] David Gordon, John Roemer, Herbert Gintis, Jon Elster, and Adam Przeworski have adopted the techniques of neoclassical economics, including game theory and mathematical modeling, to demonstrate Marxian concepts such as exploitation and class conflict.[13] The neo-Marxian approach integrated non-Marxist or "bourgeois" economics from the post-Keynesians like Joan Robinson and the neo-Ricardian school of Piero Sraffa. Polish economists Michał Kalecki, Rosa Luxemburg, Henryk Grossman, Adam Przeworski, and Oskar Lange were influential in this school, particularly in developing theories of underconsumption. While most official communist parties denounced neo-Marxian theories as "bourgeois economics," some neo-Marxians served as advisers to socialist or Third World developing governments. Despite being an orthodox Marxist economist, Maurice Dobb was also associated with this current. Concepts[edit] Big business can maintain selling prices at high levels while still competing to cut costs, advertise and market their products. However, competition is generally limited with a few large capital formations sharing various markets, with the exception of a few actual monopolies (such as the Bell System at the time). The economic surpluses that result cannot be absorbed through consumers spending more. The concentration of the surplus in the hands of the business elite must therefore be geared towards imperialistic and militaristic government tendencies, which is the easiest and surest way to utilise surplus productive capacity. Exploitation focuses on low wage workers and groups at home, especially minorities. Average earners see the pressures in drive for production destroy their human relationships, leading to wider alienation and hostility. The whole system is largely irrational since though individuals may make rational decisions, the ultimate systemic goals are not. The system continues to function so long as Keynesian full employment policies are pursued, but there is the continued threat to stability from less-developed countries, throwing off the restraints of neo-colonial domination. Labor theory of value[edit] Paul A. Baran introduced the concept of potential economic surplus to deal with novel complexities raised by the dominance of monopoly capital, in particular the theoretical prediction that monopoly capitalism would be associated with low capacity utilization, and hence potential surplus would typically be much larger than the realized surplus. With Paul Sweezy, Baran elaborated the importance of this innovation, its consistency with Marx's labor concept of value and supplementary relation to Marx's category of surplus value.[14] According to Baran's categories: Actual economic surplus: "the difference between what society's actual current output and its actual current consumption." Hence, it is equal to current savings or accumulation. Potential economic surplus: "the difference between that output that could be produced in a given natural and technical environment with the help of employable productive resources, and what might be regarded as essential consumption." Baran also introduced the concept of planned surplus—a category that could only be operationalized in a rationally planned socialist society. This was defined as "the difference between society's 'optimum' output available in a historically given natural and technological environment under conditions of planned 'optimal' utilization of all available productive resources, and some chosen 'optimal' volume of consumption."[15] Baran used the surplus concept to analyze underdeveloped economies (or what are now more optimistically called "developing economies") in his Political Economy of Growth.[15] Neo-Marxist feminism[edit] Some portions of Marxist feminism have used the neo-Marxist label.[16][17] This school of thought believes that the means of knowledge, culture, and pedagogy are part of a privileged epistemology. Neo-Marxist feminism relies heavily on critical theory and seeks to apply those theories in psychotherapy as the means of political and cultural change. Teresa McDowell and Rhea Almeida use these theories in a therapy method called "liberation based healing," which, like many other forms of Marxism, uses sample bias in the many interrelated liberties in order to magnify the "critical consciousness" of the participants towards unrest of the status quo.[17][18][19][20] See also[edit] Analytical Marxism Budapest School (Lukács) Freudo-Marxism Libertarian Marxism Marxian economics Marxist feminism Marxist humanism Neue Marx-Lektüre Open Marxism Post-Marxism Socialism of the 21st century State derivation Western Marxism Young Marx References[edit] ^ Scott, John, and Gordon Marshall, eds. 1998. "neo-Marxism." In A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press. ^ Yates, Shaun (2014). Crime, Criminality & Social Revolution. UK: Clok. p. 44. ^ Cook, T. 1998. Governing with the News: News Media as a Political Institution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p.196. ^ Khoo, Heiko. 8 July 2005. "Noam Chomsky and Marxism: On the roots of modern 'authoritarianism'." In Defense of Marxism. Retrieved 5 February 2018. ^ Rai, Milan. 1995. Chomsky's Politics. Verso. p. 97. ^ Foster-Carter, A. 1973. "Neo-Marxist Approaches to Development and Underdevelopment." Journal of Contemporary Asia 3(1). ^ Taylor, John. 1974. "Neo-Marxism and Underdevelopment — A Sociological Phantasy." Journal of Contemporary Asia 4(1):5–23. ^ a b Nitzan, Jonathan, and Shimshon Bichler. 2009. Capital as power: a study of order and creorder. Taylor & Francis. p. 50. ^ Kalecki, Michał. 1971. "Class Struggle and the Distribution of National Income [Lucha de clases y distribución del ingreso]." Kyklos 24(1). ^ Baran, Paul A., and Paul Sweezy. 1966. Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order. New York: Monthly Review Press. ^ Bowles, Samuel. 1985. "Post-marxian economics: Labour, learning and history." Social Science Information 24(3). p. 507. ^ Wolff, Richard D., and Stephen Cullenberg. 1986. "Marxism and Post-Marxism." Social Text 15(Fall):126–35. ^ Barry Stewart Clark, Political economy: a comparative approach, ABC-CLIO, 1998, p. 67. ^ Baran, Paul A., and Paul Sweezy. 2012. "Some Theoretical Implications," edited by J. B. Foster. Monthly Review 64(3). ^ a b Baran, Paul A. (1957). The Political Economy of Growth. New York: Monthly Review Press. pp. 22–23, 41–42. ^ Mcdowell, Theresa. "Class and classism in family therapy praxis: A Feminist, neo-marxist approach" ^ a b Almeida, Rhea. Cultural Context Model: A Liberation Based Healing Paradigm. ^ Mcdowell, Theresa. "Unsettling white stream pedagogy." 9th Annual Liberation Based Healing Conference. The Great White Project. ^ McDowell, Theresa. "Valuing Ideas of Social Justice in MFT Curricula." ^ Mcdowell, Theresa. "Class and classism in family therapy praxis: a Feminist, neo-marxist approach." Sources[edit] Blackledge, Paul, and Perry Anderson. 2004. Marxism, and the New Left. Merlin Press. ISBN 978-0-85036-532-0. Holz, Hans Heinz. 1972. Strömungen und Tendenzen im Neomarxismus. München: Carl Hanser Verlag. ISBN 3-446-11650-8. Müller, Horst. 1986. Praxis und Hoffnung. Studien zur Philosophie und Wissenschaft gesellschaftlicher Praxis von Marx bis Bloch und Lefebvre. Bochum: Germinal Verlag. ISBN 3-88663-509-0. von Weiss, Andreas. 1970. Neomarxismus. Die Problemdiskussion im Nachfolgemarximus der Jahre 1945 bis 1970. Freiburg/München: Karl-Alber-Verlag. ISBN 3-495-47212-6. Further reading[edit] Willis, Kate. Theories and Practices of Development (2nd ed.). Routledge. Woods, Alan. "An outline of Marxist economics." Ch. 6 in Reformism or Revolution. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neo-Marxism. Neo-Marxism: An Attempt at Reformation Liberation Based Healing Marxist Economics Courses, Links and Information Marxian Economics (archive from Schwartz center of economic policy analysis) Marxian Political Economy The Neo-Marxian Schools (archive from Schwartz center of economic policy analysis) A Marxian Introduction to Modern Economics International working group on value theory The End of the Market A website containing a critical evaluation the idea of the market-clearing price which affirms Marx's theory that in capitalism profitability would decline. 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