Enlightenment in Poland - Wikipedia Enlightenment in Poland From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Part of a series on the Culture of Poland History Middle Ages Renaissance Baroque Enlightenment Romanticism Positivism Young Poland Interbellum World War II People's Republic of Poland Modern-day People Languages Polish Yiddish German Lithuanian Ruthenian Romani languages (Vlax Romani Romani Carpathian Romani Sinte Baltic Romani) Silesian Kashubian Vilamovian Traditions Mythology and folklore Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Artists Painters Architecture Literature Authors Poets Music and performing arts Music Performing arts Theatre Composers Musicians Media Radio Television Cinema Sport Football Handball Horse Racing Motorsport Volleyball Winter sports Monuments World Heritage Sites Castles Symbols Flag Coat of arms Mazurek Dąbrowskiego  Poland portal v t e The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment in Poland were developed later than in Western Europe, as the Polish bourgeoisie was weaker, and szlachta (nobility) culture (Sarmatism) together with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth political system (Golden Liberty) were in deep crisis. The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s–40s, peaked in the reign of Poland's last king, Stanisław August Poniatowski (second half of the 18th century), went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland (1795) – a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing – and ended in 1822, replaced by Romanticism.[1] Contents 1 History 1.1 Constitution of 1791 2 Notable persons 3 Architecture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading History[edit] Polish Enlightenment, while sharing many common qualities with the classical Enlightenment movements of Western Europe, also differed from them in many important aspects. Much of the thought of the Western Enlightenment evolved under the oppressive absolute monarchies and was dedicated towards fighting for more freedom. Western thinkers desired Montesquieu's separation and balance of powers to restrict the nearly unlimited power of their monarchs. Polish Enlightenment, however, developed in a very different background. The Polish political system was almost the opposite of the absolute monarchy: Polish kings were elected and their position was very weak, with most of the powers in the hands of the parliament (Sejm). Polish reforms desired the elimination of laws that transformed their system into a near-anarchy, resulting from abuse of consensus voting in Sejm (liberum veto) that paralyzed the Commonwealth, especially during the times of the Wettin dynasty, reducing Poland from a major European player to the puppet of its neighbours. Thus, while men of the Enlightenment in France and Prussia wrote about the need for more checks and balances on their kings, Polish Enlightenment was geared towards fighting the abuses stemming from too many checks and balances. Portrait of the Prozor Family by Franciszek Smuglewicz, 1789 The differences did not end there. Townsfolk and bourgeoisie dominated Western Enlightenment movement, while in the Commonwealth most of the reformers came from szlachta (nobility). Commonwealth szlachta (forming the 10% of its population) considered the idea of equality to be one of the foundations of its culture, and reformers fought to expand it towards other social classes. Religious tolerance, was an ideal of the szlachta. Constitution of 1791[edit] Ideas of that period led eventually to the Constitution of May 3, 1791 and other reforms (like the creation of the Commission of National Education, first ministry of education in the world) which attempted to transform the Commonwealth into a modern constitutional monarchy. Although attempts of political reform were thwarted by the civil war (Targowica Confederation) and military intervention of the Commonwealth neighbour, ending in the partitions of Poland, the cultural impact of that period persevered Polish culture for many years.[1] Załuski Library, the first public library in Poland, under construction. 1801 watercolor by Zygmunt Vogel. National Museum, Warsaw The ideas of the Polish Enlightenment had also significant impact abroad. From the Bar Confederation (1768) through the period of the Great Sejm and until the aftermath of the Constitution of May 3, 1791, Poland experienced a large output of political, particularly constitutional, writing. Important institutions of the Enlightenment included the National Theatre founded in 1765 in Warsaw by King Stanisław August Poniatowski; and in the field of advanced learning: the Commission of National Education established by the Sejm in 1773; the Society for Elementary Books; as well as the Corps of Cadets (Knight's military school) among others. In expanding the field of knowledge, there was the Society of Friends of Science set up in 1800 soon after the Partitions. Popular newspapers included Monitor and Zabawy Przyjemne i Pożyteczne (Games Pleasant and Useful). Notable persons[edit] Wojciech Bogusławski - father of Polish theater Franciszek Bohomolec - poet, writer, publisher, teacher Tadeusz Czacki - education, economy, founder of Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk and Liceum Krzemienieckie Joachim Chreptowicz - Last Grand Chancellor of the Lithuania, journalist, poet, translator, and physiocrat Jakub Jasiński - poet, general, radical supporter of revolution Franciszek Salezy Jezierski - writer, political activist Franciszek Karpiński - poet Franciszek Kniaźnin (Franciszek Dionizy Kniażin) - poet, writer Hugo Kołłątaj - priest, social and political activist, political thinker, historian and philosopher Stanisław Konarski - precursor of education reform, author of O skutecznym rad sposobie Onufry Kopczyński - teacher, precursor of Polish grammar Tadeusz Kościuszko - military engineer, statesman, revolutionary. Michał Dymitr Krajewski - writer, educational activist Ignacy Krasicki - one of Poland's greatest poets, writer, bishop, co-organiser of Thursday dinners Stanisław Leszczyński - king of Poland, political activist, writer (Głos wolny wolność ubezpieczający) Samuel Bogumił Linde - chairman of Towarzystwo do Ksiąg Elementarnych, creator of Słownik Języka Polskiego Adam Naruszewicz - poet, translator, historian Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz - poet, playwright, independence activist Jan Piotr Norblin - painter Józef Maksymilian Ossoliński - writer, social, science and cultural activist, founder of Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Grzegorz Piramowicz - writer, philosopher, educational activist Stanisław August Poniatowski - king, co-organiser of Thursday's dinners, great supporter of arts and sciences in Poland, Stanisław Staszic - writer, economist Jan Śniadecki - astronomer, mathematician, philosopher Jędrzej Śniadecki - chemist Stanisław Trembecki - poet (Classicism style) Tomasz Kajetan Węgierski - poet, explorer Józef Wybicki - political activist, author of the words of Mazurek Dąbrowskiego, Polish national anthem Franciszek Zabłocki - poet, comedy writer, secretary of Towarzystwo do Ksiąg Elementarnych Andrzej and Józef Załuski - founders of first Polish public library, Biblioteka Załuskich Andrzej Zamoyski - kanclerz, politician, author of the Zamoyski Code Architecture[edit] Main article: Neoclassical architecture in Poland Roman theater on the Isle (1790-1793), a companion to the Palace on the Water. The center of the neoclassical architecture in Poland was Warsaw under the reign of Stanisław August Poniatowski.[2] Classicism came to Poland in the 18th century. The best known architects and artists, who worked in Poland were Dominik Merlini, Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer, Szymon Bogumił Zug, Stanisław Zawadzki, Efraim Szreger, Antonio Corazzi, Jakub Kubicki, Christian Piotr Aigner, Wawrzyniec Gucewicz and Bertel Thorvaldsen. The first stage, called the Stanislavian style, followed by an almost complete inhibition and a period known as the Congress Kingdom classicism.[3] The most famous buildings of the Stanislavian period include the Royal Castle in Warsaw, rebuilt by Dominik Merlini and Jan Christian Kamsetzer, Palace on the Water, Królikarnia and the palace in Jabłonna. From the period of the Congress Kingdom are Koniecpolski Palace and the St. Alexander's Church in Warsaw, the Temple of the Sibyl in Puławy, rebuilding the Łańcut Castle. The leading figure in the Congress Kingdom was Antoni Corrazzi.[4] Corazzi has created a complex of Bank Square in Warsaw, the edifices of the Treasury, Revenue and the Commission of Government, the building of the Staszic Palace, Mostowski Palace and designed the Grand Theatre. Neoclassical architecture in Poland Palaces Łazienki Palace in Warsaw, 1764-1795 Marynka Palace in Puławy, 1790-1794 Królikarnia Palace in Warsaw, 1782-1786 Gorzeński Palace in Dobrzyca, 1795-1799 Presidential Palace in Warsaw, 1818 Staszic Palace in Warsaw, 1820-1823 Mostowski Palace in Warsaw, 1823-1824 Czartoryski Palace in Puławy, 1840-1843 City structures Działyński House in Poznań, 1773-1776 Zbaraski House in Kraków, 1777-1783 Town Hall in Siedlce, 1766-1769 Guard Building, 1783-1787 Great Theatre in Warsaw, 1825-1833 Commission Palace in Warsaw, 1823-1825 Ministry of Treasury in Warsaw, 1825-1828 Polish Bank in Warsaw, 1825–28 See also[edit] History of philosophy in Poland Notes[edit] ^ a b Jerzy Snopek, "The Polish Literature of the Enlightenment." Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine (PDF 122 KB) Poland.pl. Retrieved October 7, 2011. ^ John Stanley (March–June 2004). "Literary Activities and Attitudes in the Stanislavian Age in Poland (1764–1795): A Social System?". findarticles.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2009-04-23. ^ Manfred Kridl (1967). A survey of Polish literature and culture. Columbia University Press. pp. 192, 343. ^ Wojciech Słowakiewicz (2000). Wielka encyklopedia polski (in Polish). Fogra. Further reading[edit] Butterwick, Richard. "What Is Enlightenment (Oswiecenie)? Some Polish Answers, 1765-1820," Central Europe, May 2005, Vol. 3 Issue 1, pp 19–37. online[dead link] Fiszman, Samuel; Jan Kochanowski (1988). The Polish renaissance in its European context. Indiana U.P. Janowski, Maciej (2004). Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918. Central European University Press. Suchodolski, Bogdan (1986). A history of Polish culture. Interpress Publishers. Stanley, John "Towards A New Nation: The Enlightenment and National Revival in Poland," Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, 1983, Vol. 10 Issue 2, pp 83–110 v t e Age of Enlightenment Topics Atheism Capitalism Civil liberties Counter-Enlightenment Critical thinking Deism Democracy Empiricism Encyclopédistes Enlightened absolutism Free markets Haskalah Humanism Human rights Liberalism Liberté, égalité, fraternité Methodological skepticism Nationalism Natural philosophy Objectivity Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Socialism Universality Weimar Classicism Thinkers France Jean le Rond d'Alembert René Louis d'Argenson Pierre Bayle Pierre Beaumarchais Nicolas Chamfort Émilie du Châtelet Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Marquis de Condorcet René Descartes Denis Diderot Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle Claude Adrien Helvétius Baron d'Holbach Louis de Jaucourt Julien Offray de La Mettrie Georges-Louis Leclerc Gabriel Bonnot de Mably Sylvain Maréchal Jean Meslier Montesquieu Étienne-Gabriel Morelly Blaise Pascal François Quesnay Guillaume Thomas François Raynal Marquis de Sade Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Geneva Firmin Abauzit Charles Bonnet Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui Jean-Louis de Lolme Pierre Prévost Jean-Jacques Rousseau Antoine-Jacques Roustan Horace Bénédict de Saussure Jacob Vernes Jacob Vernet Germany Justus Henning Böhmer Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Gottfried von Herder Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel Wilhelm von Humboldt Immanuel Kant Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Georg Christoph Lichtenberg Moses Mendelssohn Samuel von Pufendorf Friedrich Schiller Christian Thomasius Gabriel Wagner Christian Felix Weiße Christoph Martin Wieland Thomas Wizenmann Christian Wolff Greece Neophytos Doukas Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Ireland George Berkeley Robert Boyle Edmund Burke John Toland Italy Cesare Beccaria Gaetano Filangieri Ferdinando Galiani Luigi Galvani Antonio Genovesi Francesco Mario Pagano Giovanni Salvemini Pietro Verri Giambattista Vico Netherlands Balthasar Bekker Pieter de la Court Petrus Cunaeus Hugo Grotius François Hemsterhuis Christiaan Huygens Adriaan Koerbagh Frederik van Leenhof Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Bernard Nieuwentyt Baruch Spinoza Jan Swammerdam Hendrik Wyermars Poland Tadeusz Czacki Hugo Kołłątaj Stanisław Konarski Ignacy Krasicki Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Stanisław August Poniatowski Jędrzej Śniadecki Stanisław Staszic Józef Wybicki Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Józef Andrzej Załuski Portugal Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo Romania Ion Budai-Deleanu Dinicu Golescu Petru Maior Samuil Micu-Klein Gheorghe Șincai Russia Catherine II Denis Fonvizin Mikhail Kheraskov Mikhail Lomonosov Nikolay Novikov Alexander Radishchev Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova Serbia Dositej Obradović Avram Mrazović Spain José Cadalso Charles III Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro Leandro Fernández de Moratín Valentin de Foronda Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos Martín Sarmiento Diego de Torres Villarroel United Kingdom (Scotland) Joseph Addison Francis Bacon James Beattie Jeremy Bentham Joseph Black Hugh Blair James Boswell James Burnett, Lord Monboddo Anthony Collins Adam Ferguson Edward Gibbon Robert Hooke David Hume Francis Hutcheson Samuel Johnson John Locke John Millar Isaac Newton William Ogilvie Richard Price Joseph Priestley Thomas Reid Shaftesbury Adam Smith Dugald Stewart Mary Wollstonecraft United States Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison George Mason Thomas Paine Category Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enlightenment_in_Poland&oldid=992546153" Categories: Cultural history of Poland 18th century in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Age of Enlightenment Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Hebrew-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Deutsch Italiano Polski Română Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 21:02 (UTC). 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