Gerhard Schröder - Wikipedia Gerhard Schröder From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search For other people named Gerhard Schröder, see Gerhard Schröder (disambiguation). Gerhard Schröder Chancellor of Germany In office 27 October 1998 – 22 November 2005 President Roman Herzog Johannes Rau Horst Köhler Vice Chancellor Joschka Fischer Preceded by Helmut Kohl Succeeded by Angela Merkel Leader of the Social Democratic Party In office 12 March 1999 – 21 July 2004 General Secretary Franz Müntefering Olaf Scholz Preceded by Oskar Lafontaine Succeeded by Franz Müntefering President of the Bundesrat In office 1 November 1997 – 27 October 1998 Preceded by Erwin Teufel Succeeded by Hans Eichel Minister President of Lower Saxony In office 21 June 1990 – 27 October 1998 Deputy Gerhard Glogowski Preceded by Ernst Albrecht Succeeded by Gerhard Glogowski Member of the Bundestag for Lower Saxony In office 26 October 1998 – 24 November 2005 In office 29 March 1983 – 1 July 1986 Member of the Bundestag for Hannover-Land I In office 4 November 1980 – 29 March 1983 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by Dietmar Kansy Personal details Born Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder (1944-04-07) 7 April 1944 (age 76) Blomberg, Gau Westphalia-North, Nazi Germany Political party Social Democratic Party (SPD) Spouse(s) Eva Schubach ​ ​ (m. 1968; div. 1972)​ Anne Taschenmacher ​ ​ (m. 1972; div. 1984)​ Hiltrud Hampel ​ ​ (m. 1984; div. 1997)​ Doris Köpf ​ ​ (m. 1997; div. 2018)​ Kim So-Yeon ​ (m. 2018)​ Children 2 Alma mater University of Göttingen Signature Gerhard Fritz Kurt Schröder (German: [ˈɡeːɐ̯haʁt fʁɪts kʊʁt ˈʃʁøːdɐ] (listen); born 7 April 1944) is a German politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005, during which his most important political initiative was Agenda 2010. As a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), he led a coalition government of the SPD and the Greens. Since 2017, Schröder serves as the chairman of Russian energy company Rosneft. Before becoming a full-time politician, he was a lawyer, and before becoming Chancellor he served as Prime Minister of Lower Saxony (1990–1998). Following the 2005 federal election, which his party lost, after three weeks of negotiations he stood down as Chancellor in favour of Angela Merkel of the rival Christian Democratic Union. He is currently the chairman of the board of Nord Stream AG and of Rosneft, after having been hired as a global manager by investment bank Rothschild, and also the chairman of the board of football club Hannover 96. Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 2.1 Member of the German Bundestag, 1980–1986 2.2 Minister-President of Lower Saxony, 1990–1998 3 Chancellor of Germany, 1998–2005 3.1 Domestic policies 3.2 European integration 3.3 Foreign policy 4 Life after politics 4.1 Representative role 4.2 Business activities 4.3 Other activities 5 Criticism and controversies 5.1 Relationship with Gazprom and Rosneft 5.2 Defamation lawsuit (2002) 5.3 Dispute over Estonian war memorial 5.4 Comments on Kosovo independence 5.5 Comments on Crimean crisis 5.6 Paradise Papers 6 Personal life 7 Awards and honours 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 References 11 External links Early life and education[edit] This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Find sources: "Gerhard Schröder" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Schröder was born in Blomberg, Lippe, Greater German Reich. His father, Fritz Schröder, a lance corporal in the Wehrmacht, was killed in action in World War II in Romania on 4 October 1944, almost six months after Gerhard's birth. His mother, Erika (née Vosseler), worked as an agricultural laborer to support herself and her two sons.[1] Schröder completed an apprenticeship in retail sales in a Lemgo hardware shop from 1958 to 1961 and subsequently worked in a Lage retail shop and after that as an unskilled construction worker and a sales clerk in Göttingen while studying at night school for a general qualification for university entrance (Abitur). He did not have to do military service because his father had died in the war.[2] In 1966, Schröder secured entrance to a university, passing the Abitur exam at Westfalen-Kolleg, Bielefeld. From 1966 to 1971 he studied law at the University of Göttingen. From 1972 onwards, Schröder served as teaching assistant at the university. In 1976, he passed his second law examination, and he subsequently worked as a lawyer until 1990.[citation needed] Among his more controversial cases, Schröder helped Horst Mahler, a founding member of the Baader-Meinhof terrorist group, to secure both an early release from prison and permission to practice law again in Germany.[3] Early political career[edit] Schröder joined the Social Democratic Party in 1963. In 1978 he became the federal chairman of the Young Socialists, the youth organisation of the SPD. He spoke for the dissident Rudolf Bahro, as did President Jimmy Carter, Herbert Marcuse, and Wolf Biermann. Member of the German Bundestag, 1980–1986[edit] In 1980, Schröder was elected to the German Bundestag (federal parliament), where he wore a sweater instead of the traditional suit. Under the leadership of successive chairmen Herbert Wehner (1980–83) and Hans-Jochen Vogel (1983–86), he served in the SPD parliamentary group. He also became chairman of the SPD Hanover district. Considered ambitious from early on in his political career, it was widely reported and never denied, that in 1982, a drunken Schröder stood outside the West German federal chancellery yelling: "I want to get in."[4] That same year, he wrote an article on the idea of a red/green coalition for a book at Olle & Wolter, Berlin; this appeared later in Die Zeit. Chancellor Willy Brandt, the SPD and SI chairman, who reviewed Olle & Wolter at that time, had just asked for more books on the subject. In 1985, Schröder met the GDR leader Erich Honecker during a visit to East Berlin. In 1986, Schröder was elected to the parliament of Lower Saxony and became leader of the SPD group. Minister-President of Lower Saxony, 1990–1998[edit] After the SPD won the state elections in June 1990, Schröder became Minister-President of Lower Saxony as head of an SPD-Greens coalition; in this position, he also won the 1994 and 1998 state elections.[citation needed] He was subsequently also appointed to the supervisory board of Volkswagen, the largest company in Lower Saxony and of which the state of Lower Saxony is a major stockholder. Following his election as Minister-President in 1990, Schröder also became a member of the board of the federal SPD. In 1997 and 1998, he served as President of the Bundesrat. Between 1994 and 1998, he was also chairman of Lower Saxonian SPD. During Schröder's time in office, first in coalition with the environmentalist Green Party, then with a clear majority, Lower Saxony became one of the most deficit-ridden of Germany's 16 federal states and unemployment rose higher than the national average of 12 percent.[5] Ahead of the 1994 elections, SPD chairman Rudolf Scharping included Schröder in his shadow cabinet for the party's campaign to unseat incumbent Helmut Kohl as Chancellor.[6] During the campaign, Schröder served as shadow minister of economic affairs, energy and transport. In 1996, Schröder caused controversy by taking a free ride on the Volkswagen corporate jet to attend the Vienna Opera Ball, along with Volkswagen CEO Ferdinand Piëch. The following year, he nationalized a big steel mill in Lower Saxony to preserve jobs.[7] In the 1998 state elections, Schöder's Social Democrats increased their share of the vote by about four percentage points over the 44.3 percent they recorded in the previous elections in 1994 – a postwar record for the party in Lower Saxony that reversed a string of Social Democrat reversals in state elections elsewhere.[8] Chancellor of Germany, 1998–2005[edit] This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Find sources: "Gerhard Schröder" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) First term, 1998–2002 Following the 1998 national elections, Schröder became Chancellor as head of an SPD-Green coalition. Throughout his campaign for Chancellor, he portrayed himself as a pragmatic new Social Democrat who would promote economic growth while strengthening Germany's generous social welfare system.[9] After the resignation of Oskar Lafontaine as SPD Chairman in March 1999, in protest at Schröder's adoption of a number of what Lafontaine considered "neo-liberal" policies, Schröder took over his rival's office as well. In a move meant to signal a deepening alliance between Schröder and Prime Minister Tony Blair of the United Kingdom,[10] the two leaders issued an eighteen-page manifesto for economic reform in June 1999. Titled "Europe: The Third Way",[11] or "Die Neue Mitte" in German, it called on Europe's centre-left governments to cut taxes, pursue labour and welfare reforms and encourage entrepreneurship. The joint paper said European governments needed to adopt a "supply-side agenda" to respond to globalisation, the demands of capital markets and technological change.[12] Schröder's efforts backfired within his own party though, where its left-wing rejected the Schröder-Blair call for cutbacks to the welfare state and pro-business policies. Instead, the paper took part of the blame for a succession of six German state election losses in 1999 for the Social Democratic Party. Only by 2000, Schröder managed to capitalise on the donations scandal of his Christian Democratic opposition to push through a landmark tax reform bill and re-establish his dominance of the German political scene.[13] In May 2001, Schröder moved to his new official residence, the Chancellery building in Berlin, almost two years after the city became the seat of the German Government. He had previously been working out of the building in eastern Berlin used by the former leaders of East Germany.[14] Second term, 2002–2005 Throughout the build-up to the 2002 German election, the Social Democrats and the Green Party trailed the centre-right candidate Edmund Stoiber until the catastrophe caused by rising floodwater in Germany led to an improvement in his polling numbers.[15] Furthermore, his popular opposition to a war in Iraq dominated campaigning in the run-up to the polls.[16] At 22 September vote, he secured another four-year term, with a narrow nine-seat majority (down from 21). In February 2004, Schröder resigned as chairman of the SPD amid growing criticism from across his own party of his reform agenda;[17][18] Franz Müntefering succeeded him as chairman. On 22 May 2005, after the SPD lost to the Christian Democrats (CDU) in North Rhine-Westphalia, Gerhard Schröder announced he would call federal elections "as soon as possible". A motion of confidence was subsequently defeated in the Bundestag on 1 July 2005 by 151 to 296 (with 148 abstaining), after Schröder urged members not to vote for his government in order to trigger new elections. In response, a grouping of left-wing SPD dissidents and the neo-communist Party of Democratic Socialism agreed to run on a joint ticket in the general election, with Schröder's rival Oskar Lafontaine leading the new group.[19] "SPD – Trust in Germany": Schröder in Esslingen. The 2005 German federal elections were held on 18 September. After the elections, neither Schröder's SPD-Green coalition nor the alliance between CDU/CSU and the FDP led by Angela Merkel achieved a majority in parliament, but the CDU/CSU had a stronger popular electoral lead by one percentage point. On election night, both Schröder and Merkel claimed victory and chancellorship, but after initially ruling out a grand coalition with Merkel, Schröder and Müntefering entered negotiations with her and the CSU's Edmund Stoiber. On 10 October, it was announced that the parties had agreed to form a grand coalition. Schröder agreed to cede the chancellorship to Merkel, but the SPD would hold the majority of government posts and retain considerable control of government policy.[20] Merkel was elected chancellor on 22 November. On 11 October 2005, Schröder announced that he would not take a post in the new Cabinet and, in November, he confirmed that he would leave politics as soon as Merkel took office. On 23 November 2005, he resigned his Bundestag seat. On 14 November 2005, at a SPD conference in Karlsruhe, Schröder urged members of the SPD to support the proposed coalition, saying it "carries unmistakably, perhaps primarily, the imprint of the Social Democrats". Many SPD members had previously indicated that they supported the coalition, which would have continued the policies of Schröder's government, but had objected to Angela Merkel replacing him as Chancellor. The conference voted overwhelmingly to approve the deal.[21] Domestic policies[edit] In his first term, Schröder's government decided to phase out nuclear power, fund renewable energies, institute civil unions for same-sex partners, and liberalise the naturalization law. During Schröder's time in office, economic growth slowed to only 0.2% in 2002 and Gross Domestic Product shrank in 2003, while German unemployment was over the 10% mark.[22] Most voters soon associated Schröder with the Agenda 2010 reform program, which included cuts in the social welfare system (national health insurance, unemployment payments, pensions), lower taxes, and reformed regulations on employment and payment. He also eliminated capital gains tax on the sale of corporate stocks and thereby made the country more attractive to foreign investors.[23] After the 2002 election, the SPD steadily lost support in opinion polls. Many increasingly perceived Schröder's Third Way program to be a dismantling of the German welfare state. Moreover, Germany's high unemployment rate remained a serious problem for the government. Schröder's tax policies were also unpopular; when the satirical radio show The Gerd Show released "Der Steuersong", featuring Schröder's voice (by impressionist Elmar Brandt) lampooning Germany's indirect taxation with the lyrics "Dog tax, tobacco tax, emissions and environmental tax, did you really think more weren't coming?", it became Germany's 2002 Christmas #1 hit and sold over a million copies. The fact that Schröder served on the Volkswagen board (a position that came with his position as minister-president of Lower Saxony) and tended to prefer pro-car policies led to him being nicknamed the "Auto-Kanzler" (car chancellor). European integration[edit] In 1997, Schröder joined the ministers-president of two other German states, Kurt Biedenkopf and Edmund Stoiber, in making the case for a five-year delay in Europe's currency union.[24] After taking office, he made his first official trip overseas to France for meetings with President Jacques Chirac and Prime Minister Lionel Jospin in October 1998.[25] A 2001 meeting held by both leaders in Blaesheim later gave the name to a regular series of informal meetings between the French President, the German Chancellor, and their foreign ministers. The meetings were held alternately in France and Germany. At the fortieth anniversary of the Elysée Treaty, both sides agreed that rather than summits being held twice a year, there would now be regular meetings of a council of French and German ministers overseen by their respective foreign affairs ministers.[26] In an unprecedented move, Chirac formally agreed to represent Schröder in his absence at a European Council meeting in October 2003.[27] In his first months in office, Schröder vigorously demanded that Germany's net annual contribution of about $12,000,000,000 to the budget of the European Union be cut, saying his country was paying most for European "waste."[28] He later moderated his views when his government held the rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union in 1999. In 2003, Schröder and Chirac agreed to share power in the institutions of the European Union between a President of the European Commission, elected by the European Parliament, and a full-time President of the European Council, chosen by heads of state and government; their agreement later formed the basis of discussions at the Convention on the Future of Europe and became law with the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon.[29] Ahead of the French referendum on a European Constitution, Schröder joined Chirac in urging French voters to back the new treaty, which would have enshrined new rules for the expanded EU of 25 member states and widened the areas of collective action.[30] Also in 2003, both Schröder and Chirac forced a suspension of sanctions both faced for breaching the European Union's fiscal rules that underpin the euro – the Stability and Growth Pact – for three years in a row. Schröder later called for a revision of the Lisbon Strategy and thereby a retreat from Europe's goal of overtaking the United States as the world's most competitive economy by 2010. Instead, he urged the EU to reform the Pact to encourage growth, and to seek the reorientation of the €100,000,000,000 annual EU budget towards research and innovation.[31] By 2005, he had successfully pushed for an agreement on sweeping plans to rewrite the Pact, which now allowed EU members with deficits above the original 3% of GDP limit to cite the costs of "the reunification of Europe" as a mitigating factor.[32] Schröder was regarded a strong ally of Prime Minister Leszek Miller of Poland[33] and supporter of the 2004 enlargement of the European Union.[34] On 1 August 2004, the sixtieth anniversary of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, he apologised to Poland for "the immeasurable suffering" of its people during the conflict; he was the first German Chancellor to be invited to an anniversary of the uprising. Both Schröder and Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer also supported the accession of Turkey to the European Union.[citation needed] Foreign policy[edit] This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Find sources: "Gerhard Schröder" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Schröder with President of Russia Vladimir Putin in Moscow on 9 May 2005 Gerhard Schröder attending Quadriga awards ceremony with Boris Tadić Marking a clear break with the caution of German foreign policy since World War II, Schröder laid out in 1999 his vision of the country's international role, describing Germany as "a great power in Europe" that would not hesitate to pursue its national interests.[35] Schröder also began seeking a resolution ways to compensate Nazi-era slave labourers almost as soon as he was elected Chancellor. Reversing the hard-line stance of his predecessor, Helmut Kohl, he agreed to the government contributing alongside industry to a fund that would compensate people forced to work in German factories by the Nazi regime and appointed Otto Graf Lambsdorff to represent German industry in the negotiations with survivors' organisations, American lawyers and the U.S. government.[36] Schröder sent forces to Kosovo and to Afghanistan as part of NATO operations.[37] Until Schröder's chancellorship, German troops had not taken part in combat actions since World War II. With Germany having a long experience with terrorism itself, Schröder declared solidarity with the United States after the September 11 attacks in 2001. When Schröder left office, Germany had 2,000 troops in Afghanistan, the largest contingent from any nation other than the United States, UK, France, Canada and after two years Afghanistan. Relations with the Middle East During their time in government, both Schröder and his foreign minister Joschka Fischer were widely considered sincerely, if not uncritically, pro-Israel.[38] Schröder represented the German government at the funeral service for King Hussein of Jordan in Amman on 9 February 1999.[39] When British planes joined United States forces bombing Iraq without consulting the United Nations Security Council in December 1998, Schröder endorsed the military action unequivocally.[40] Along with French President Jacques Chirac and many other world leaders, Schröder later spoke out strongly against the 2003 invasion of Iraq and refused any military assistance in that enterprise. Schröder's stance caused political friction between the US and Germany, in particular because he used this topic for his 2002 election campaign. Schröder's stance set the stage for alleged anti-American statements by members of the SPD. The parliamentary leader of the SPD, Ludwig Stiegler, compared US President George W. Bush to Julius Caesar while Schröder's Minister of Justice, Herta Däubler-Gmelin, likened Bush's foreign policy to that of Adolf Hitler. Schröder's critics accused him of enhancing, and campaigning on, anti-American sentiments in Germany. After his 2002 re-election, Schröder and Bush rarely met and their animosity was seen as a widening political gap between the US and Europe. Bush stated in his memoirs that Schröder initially promised to support the Iraq war but changed his mind with the upcoming German elections and public opinion strongly against the invasion, to which Schröder responded saying that Bush was "not telling the truth".[41] When asked in March 2003 if he were at all self-critical about his position on Iraq, Schröder replied, "I very much regret there were excessive statements" from himself and former members of his government (which capitalised on the war's unpopularity).[42] Relations with Russia On his first official trip to Russia in late-1998, Schröder suggested that Germany was not likely to come up with more aid for the country. He also sought to detach himself from the close personal relationship that his predecessor, Helmut Kohl, had with Russian President Boris Yeltsin, saying that German-Russian relations should "develop independently of concrete political figures."[43] Soon after, however, he cultivated close ties with Yeltsin's successor, President Vladimir Putin, in an attempt to strengthen the "strategic partnership" between Berlin and Moscow,[44] including the opening of a gas pipeline from Russian Dan Marino-Pipelines over the Baltic Sea exclusively between Russia and Germany (see "Gazprom controversy" below). During his time in office, he visited the country five times. Schröder was criticised in the media, and subsequently by Angela Merkel, for calling Putin a "flawless democrat" on 22 November 2004, only days before Putin prematurely congratulated Viktor Yanukovich during the Orange Revolution.[45] In 2005, Schröder suggested at the ceremonial introduction of the Airbus A380 in Toulouse that there was still "room in the boat" of EADS for Russia.[46] Only a few days after his chancellorship, Schröder joined the board of directors of the Nord Stream joint venture, thus bringing about new speculations about his prior objectivity. In his memoirs Decisions: My Life in Politics, Schröder still defends his friend and political ally, and states that "it would be wrong to place excessive demands on Russia when it comes to the rate of domestic political reform and democratic development, or to judge it solely on the basis of the Chechnya conflict."[47] Relations with China During his time in office, Schröder visited China six times.[48] He was the first Western politician to travel to Beijing and apologise after NATO jets had mistakenly bombed the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in 1999.[49][50] In 2004, he and Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao established a secure, direct telephone line.[51] He also pressed for the lifting of the EU arms embargo on China.[52] Life after politics[edit] Schröder rents an apartment in Berlin while retaining his primary residence in Hanover. As a former Chancellor, he is entitled to a permanent office, also situated in Berlin. In late 2005, he spent time in the UK improving his English language skills.[53] Representative role[edit] After leaving public office, Schröder represented Germany at the funeral services for Boris Yeltsin in Moscow (jointly with Horst Köhler and Helmut Kohl, 2007) and Fidel Castro in Santiago de Cuba (2016).[54] Schröder and Kurt Biedenkopf served as mediators in a conflict over privatization plans at German railway operator Deutsche Bahn; the plans eventually fell through.[55] In 2016, he was appointed by Vice-Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel to mediate (alongside economist Bert Rürup) in a dispute between two of Germany's leading retailers, Edeka and REWE Group, over the takeover of supermarket chain Kaiser's Tengelmann.[56] Following the release of German activist Peter Steudtner from a Turkish prison in October 2017, German media reported that Schröder had acted as mediator in the conflict and, on the request of Gabriel, met with President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan to secure the release.[57][58] After the 2018 elections in Turkey, he represented the German government at Erdoğan's swearing-in ceremony in Ankara.[59] Business activities[edit] Schröder's plans after leaving office as Chancellor and resigning his Bundestag seat included resuming his law practice in Berlin, writing a book, and implementing plans for twin pipelines for Gazprom, Russia's leading energy company. He was subsequently retained by the Swiss publisher Ringier AG as a consultant.[60] Other board memberships include the following: Herrenknecht, Deputy Chairman of the Supervisory Board (since 2017)[61] Nord Stream, Chairman of the Shareholders' Committee (since 2006)[62] CargoBeamer, Member of the Advisory Board N M Rothschild & Sons, Member of the European Advisory Council (since 2006)[63] Hannover 96, Chairman of the Supervisory Board (2016-2019)[64] TNK-BP, Member of the International Advisory Board (2009)[65] Other activities[edit] In addition, Schröder has held several other paid and unpaid positions since his retirement from German politics, including: Berggruen Institute, Member of the Council for the Future of Europe and the 21st Century Council.[66] Bundesliga Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Member of the Advisory Council[67] Dresden Frauenkirche, Member of the Board of Trustees[68] Friedrich Ebert Foundation (FES), Member[69] Mädchenchor Hannover Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees[70] Museum Berggruen, Member of the International Council[71] German Near and Middle East Association (NUMOV), Honorary Chairman of the Board[72] Wilhelm Busch Museum, Chairman of the Board of Trustees (since 2013) InterAction Council of Former Heads of State and Government, Member[73] International Willy Brandt Prize, Member of the Jury[74] Criticism and controversies[edit] Relationship with Gazprom and Rosneft[edit] As Chancellor, Gerhard Schröder was a strong advocate of the Nord Stream pipeline project, which aims to supply Russian gas directly to Germany, thereby bypassing transit countries. At the time of the German parliamentary election, according to Rick Noak of The Washington Post: In 2005, Russian President Vladimir Putin’s friend Schroeder hastily signed the deal just as he was departing the office from which he had been voted out days earlier. Within weeks, he started to oversee the project implementation himself, leading the Nord Stream AG’s shareholder committee.[75] On 24 October 2005, just a few weeks before Schröder stepped down as Chancellor, the German government guaranteed to cover 1 billion euros of the Nord Stream project cost, should Gazprom default on a loan. However, this guarantee had never been used.[76] Soon after stepping down as chancellor, Schröder accepted Gazprom's nomination for the post of the head of the shareholders' committee of Nord Stream AG, raising questions about a potential conflict of interest. German opposition parties expressed concern over the issue, as did the governments of countries over whose territory gas is currently pumped.[77] In an editorial entitled Gerhard Schroeder's Sellout, the American newspaper The Washington Post also expressed sharp criticism, reflecting widening international ramifications of Schröder's new post.[78] Democrat Tom Lantos, chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, likened Schröder to a "political prostitute" for his recent behaviour.[79] In January 2009, the Wall Street Journal reported that Schröder would join the board of the oil company TNK-BP, a joint venture between oil major BP and Russian partners.[80] In 2016, Schröder switched to become manager of Nord Stream 2, an expansion of the original pipeline in which Gazprom is sole shareholder.[81] In 2017, Russia nominated Schröder to also serve as an independent director of the board of its biggest oil producer Rosneft.[82] At the time, Rosneft was under Western sanctions over Russia's role in the Ukraine crisis.[83] Schröder told Blick that he would be paid about $350,000 annually for the part-time post.[84] His decision caused an outcry in Germany and abroad, especially in a climate of fear about any potential Russian interference in the 2017 German elections.[85] German Chancellor Angela Merkel criticized her predecessor, saying "I do not think what Mr Schröder is doing is okay".[86] Defamation lawsuit (2002)[edit] In April 2002, Schröder sued the DDP press agency for publishing an opinion of public relations consultant Sabine Schwind saying that he "would be more credible if he didn't dye his gray hair". The court decided to ban the media from suggesting that he colours his hair.[87] The Chancellor's spokesman said: "This is not a frivolous action taken over whether he does or doesn't dye his hair, but is a serious issue regarding his word." The agency's lawyer said that they could not accept a verdict which "does not coincide with freedom of the press". Dispute over Estonian war memorial[edit] During a heated dispute between Russia and Estonia in May 2007 over the removal of a Soviet-era war memorial from the centre of the Estonian capital Tallinn to a military cemetery, Schröder defended the Kremlin's reaction. He remarked that Estonia had contradicted "every form of civilised behaviour".[88] Consequently, the Estonian government cancelled a planned visit by Schröder in his function as chairman of Nord Stream AG, which promotes the petroleum pipeline from Russia to Germany. Comments on Kosovo independence[edit] Schröder has criticised some European countries' swift decision to recognise Kosovo as an independent state after it declared independence in February 2008. He believes the decision was taken under heavy pressure from the US government and has caused more problems, including the weakening of the so-called pro-EU forces in Serbia.[89] In August 2008, Schröder laid the blame for the 2008 South Ossetia war squarely on Mikhail Saakashvili and "the West", hinting at American foreknowledge and refusing to criticize any aspect of Russian policy which had thus far come to light.[90] Comments on Crimean crisis[edit] In March 2014, Schröder likened Russia's intervention in Crimea with NATO's intervention in Kosovo, citing both cases as violations of international law and the UN Charter.[91][92] He further stated that there had been "unhappy developments" on the outskirts of the former Soviet Union since the end of the Cold War, leading Putin to develop justifiable "fears about being encircled".[93] On 13 March 2014, an attempt by the German Green Party to ban Schröder from speaking in public about Ukraine was narrowly defeated in the European parliament.[94] His decision to celebrate his 70th birthday party with Putin in Saint Petersburg's Yusupov Palace in late April elicited further criticism from several members of Merkel's grand coalition, including human rights spokesperson Christoph Strässer [de].[95] Paradise Papers[edit] See also: Paradise Papers In November 2017, an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism cited his name in the list of politicians named in "Paradise Papers" allegations.[96] Personal life[edit] Kim So-yeon, Gerhard Schröder, 2018 Schröder has been married five times: Eva Schubach (married 1968, divorced 1972); Anne Taschenmacher (married 1972, divorced 1984); Hiltrud Hampel ("Hillu"; married 1984, divorced 1997); Doris Köpf (married 1997, divorced 2018);[97] Kim So-yeon (married 2018) Doris Köpf had a daughter from a previous relationship with a television journalist. She lived with the couple. In July 2004, Schröder and Köpf adopted a child from Saint Petersburg. In 2006, they adopted another child from Saint Petersburg.[98] When not in Berlin, Schröder lives in Hanover. In 2013, Schröder and Kopf purchased another home in Gümüşlük, Turkey, in a real estate project developed by Nicolas Berggruen.[99][100] Schröder's fourth marriage have earned him the nickname "Audi Man", a reference to the four-ring symbol of Audi motorcars.[101] Another nickname is "The Lord of the Rings".[102][103] Schröder married for the fifth time in 2018. His wife is the Korean economist and interpreter Kim So-yeon.[104][105] Schröder identifies himself as a member of the Evangelical Church in Germany, but does not appear to be religious. He did not add the optional phrase So wahr mir Gott helfe ("so help me God") when sworn in as chancellor for his first term in 1998.[106] Schröder is known to be an avid art collector. He chose his friend Jörg Immendorff to paint his official portrait for the German Chancellery. The portrait, which was completed by Immendorff's assistants, was revealed to the public in January 2007; the massive work has ironic character, showing the former Chancellor in stern heroic pose, in the colors of the German flag, painted in the style of an icon, surrounded by little monkeys.[107] These "painter monkeys" were a recurring theme in Immendorff's work, serving as an ironic commentary on the artist's practice. On 14 June 2007, Schröder gave a eulogy at a memorial service for Immendorf at the Alte Nationalgalerie in Berlin.[108] Awards and honours[edit] Order of the White Eagle (Poland, 2002) Schröder has been awarded honorary doctorates by Tongji University in Shanghai (30 December 2002), St. Petersburg University (June 2003), Marmara University in Istanbul (4 April 2005) and University of Göttingen (14 June 2005). University of Damascus in Damascus, Syria. Honorary citizen of Hanover (24 February 2006) Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of Queen Jelena 24 April 2007, "for exceptional merit in the recognition of Croatia and the support of Croatia on the road to the EU". Quadriga Prize (2007) Elected a corresponding member of the Department of Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (28 May 2008) Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania Order of the White Lion (Czech Republic, 2017)[109] Order of the Golden Fleece (Georgia) See also[edit] Politics of Germany Bibliography[edit] Béla Anda, Rolf Kleine: Gerhard Schröder. Eine Biographie. Ullstein, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-550-07092-6 (updated 2nd edition Ullstein, 2002, ISBN 3-548-36387-3). de:Jürgen Hogrefe: Gerhard Schröder: Ein Porträt. Siedler Verlag, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-88680-757-6. de:Reinhard Urschel: Gerhard Schröder. DVA, 2002, ISBN 3-421-05508-4. Gerhard Schröder and Ulrich Wickert: Deutschland wird selbstbewusster. Hohenheim-Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-89850-010-1. de:Gregor Schöllgen: Gerhard Schröder. Die Biographie. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2015, ISBN 978-3421046536. References[edit] ^ "Altkanzler: Gerhard Schröder und seine Mutter Erika Vosseler - Bilder & Fotos - DIE WELT". Die Welt. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015. ^ "Zivildienst: Hat sich Joschka Fischer gedrückt?". Der Spiegel. 17 April 2001. Archived from the original on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 17 March 2013. ^ Thaler, Thorsten (8 May 1998). "Gerhard-Schröder-Biographie: Horst Mahler stellt das Buch eines Konservativen vor Hoffnung keimt im Verborgenen". Junge Freiheit (in German). Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. 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Official Homepage of Gerhard Schröder Gerhard Schröder's presence on facebook Gerhard Schröder at the Encyclopædia Britannica (in German) Pictures "Spuren der Macht" From Ironmonger's Apprentice to Chancellor, Deutsche Welle, July 2005 Profile: Gerhard Schroeder, BBC News, July 2005 The Modern Chancellor: Taking Stock of Gerhard Schröder, Der Spiegel Online, 14 October 2005 Gerhard Schröder: The Man Who Rescued the German Economy by Raymond Zhong, Wall Street Journal, 7 July 2012 Appearances on C-SPAN Political offices Preceded by Ernst Albrecht Prime Minister of Lower Saxony 1990–1998 Succeeded by Gerhard Glogowski Preceded by Erwin Teufel President of the Bundesrat 1997–1998 Succeeded by Hans Eichel Preceded by Helmut Kohl Chancellor of Germany 1998–2005 Succeeded by Angela Merkel Party political offices Preceded by Oskar Lafontaine Leader of the Social Democratic Party 1999–2004 Succeeded by Franz Müntefering Diplomatic posts Preceded by Tony Blair Chairperson of the Group of 8 1999 Succeeded by Yoshirō Mori Links to related articles v t e Chancellors of Germany North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871) Otto von Bismarck German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918) Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden Friedrich Ebert Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933) Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident and Chancellor) Hermann Müller Konstantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945) Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels Count Schwerin von Krosigk (as Leading Minister) Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present) Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Willy Brandt Helmut Schmidt Helmut Kohl Gerhard Schröder Angela Merkel List of chancellors v t e First Schröder Cabinet (1998–2002) Gerhard Schröder (SPD) Joschka Fischer (Greens) Otto Schily (SPD) Herta Däubler-Gmelin (SPD) Oskar Lafontaine (until 11 March 1999, SPD) Hans Eichel (since 12 April 1999, SPD) Werner Müller (none) Karl-Heinz Funke (until 12 January 2001, SPD) Renate Künast (since 12 January 2001, Greens) Walter Riester (SPD) Rudolf Scharping (until 19 July 2002, SPD) Peter Struck (since 19 July 2002, SPD) Christine Bergmann (SPD) Andrea Fischer (until 12 January 2001, Greens) Ulla Schmidt (since 12 January 2001, SPD) Franz Müntefering (until 29 September 1999, SPD) Reinhard Klimmt (September 29, 1999 – November 20, 2000, SPD) Kurt Bodewig (since 20 November 2000, SPD) Jürgen Trittin (Greens) Edelgard Bulmahn (SPD) Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (SPD) Bodo Hombach (SPD) v t e Second Schröder Cabinet (2002–2005) Gerhard Schröder (SPD) Joschka Fischer (Greens) Otto Schily (SPD) Brigitte Zypries (SPD) Hans Eichel (SPD) Wolfgang Clement (SPD) Renate Künast (Greens) Peter Struck (SPD) Renate Schmidt (SPD) Ulla Schmidt (SPD) Manfred Stolpe (SPD) Jürgen Trittin (Greens) Edelgard Bulmahn (SPD) Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (SPD) v t e Presidents of the Bundesrat (Federal Council) Karl Arnold Hans Ehard Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf Reinhold Maier Georg August Zinn Peter Altmeier Kai-Uwe von Hassel Kurt Sieveking Willy Brandt Wilhelm Kaisen Franz-Josef Röder Franz Meyers Kurt Georg Kiesinger Georg Diederichs Helmut Lemke Klaus Schütz Herbert Weichmann Franz-Josef Röder Hans Koschnick Heinz Kühn Alfons Goppel Hans Filbinger Alfred Kubel Albert Osswald Bernhard Vogel Gerhard Stoltenberg Dietrich Stobbe Hans-Ulrich Klose Werner Zeyer Johannes Rau Franz Josef Strauss Lothar Späth Ernst Albrecht Holger Börner Walter Wallmann Björn Engholm Walter Momper Henning Voscherau Alfred Gomolka Berndt Seite Oskar Lafontaine Klaus Wedemeier Edmund Stoiber Erwin Teufel Gerhard Schröder Hans Eichel Roland Koch Kurt Biedenkopf Kurt Beck Klaus Wowereit Wolfgang Böhmer Dieter Althaus Matthias Platzeck Peter Harry Carstensen Harald Ringstorff Ole von Beust Peter Müller Jens Böhrnsen Hannelore Kraft Horst Seehofer Winfried Kretschmann Stephan Weil Volker Bouffier Stanislaw Tillich Malu Dreyer Michael Müller Daniel Günther Dietmar Woidke Reiner Haseloff v t e Chairmen of the Social Democratic Party of Germany SPD (1890–1933) Paul Singer / Alwin Gerisch August Bebel / Paul Singer August Bebel / Hugo Haase Hugo Haase / Friedrich Ebert Friedrich Ebert Friedrich Ebert / Philipp Scheidemann Otto Wels / Herman Müller Arthur Crispien / Otto Wels / Herman Müller Arthur Crispien / Otto Wels Arthur Crispien / Otto Wels / Hans Vogel SPD-in-exile (1933–1945) Otto Wels / Hans Vogel Hans Vogel SPD (since 1946) Kurt Schumacher Erich Ollenhauer Willy Brandt Hans-Jochen Vogel Björn Engholm Rudolf Scharping Oskar Lafontaine Gerhard Schröder Franz Müntefering Matthias Platzeck Kurt Beck Franz Müntefering Sigmar Gabriel Martin Schulz Olaf Scholz (Acting) Andrea Nahles Saskia Esken / Norbert Walter-Borjans v t e Ministers-President of Lower Saxony Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf Heinrich Hellwege Georg Diederichs Alfred Kubel Ernst Albrecht Gerhard Schröder Gerhard Glogowski Sigmar Gabriel Christian Wulff David McAllister Stephan Weil v t e Jusos chairs Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski (1959–1962) Holger Börner (1962–1963) Günter Müller (1963–1967) Peter Corterier (1967–1969) Karsten Voigt (1969–1972) Wolfgang Roth (1972–1974) Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul (1974–1977) Klaus Uwe Benneter (1977) Gerhard Schröder (1978–1980) Willi Piecyk (1980–1982) Rudolf Hartung (1982–1984) Ulf Skirke (1984–1986) Michael Guggemos (1986–1988) Susi Möbbeck (1988–1991) Ralf Ludwig (1991–1993) Thomas Westphal (1993–1995) Andrea Nahles (1995–1999) Benjamin Mikfeld (1999–2001) Niels Annen (2001–2004) Björn Böhning (2004–2007) Franziska Drohsel (2007–2010) Sascha Vogt (2010–2013) Johanna Uekermann (2013–2017) Kevin Kühnert (since 2017) v t e Presidents of the European Council President-in-Office (1975–2009) Cosgrave Moro Thorn Den Uyl Callaghan Tindemans Jørgensen Schmidt Giscard d'Estaing Lynch Cossiga Haughey Werner Van Agt Thatcher Martens Jørgensen Schlüter Kohl Papandreou Mitterrand FitzGerald Craxi Santer Lubbers Martens González Mitterrand Andreotti Lubbers Cavaco Major Nyrup Rasmussen Dehaene Chirac González Dini Prodi Bruton Kok Juncker Blair Klima Schröder Lipponen Guterres Chirac Persson Verhofstadt Aznar Fogh Rasmussen Simitis Berlusconi Ahern Balkenende Juncker Blair Schüssel Vanhanen Merkel Sócrates Janša Sarkozy Topolánek Fischer Reinfeldt Permanent President (since 2009) Van Rompuy Tusk Michel v t e Members of the 10th Bundestag (1983-1987) President: Rainer Barzel until 25 October 1984; Philipp Jenninger from 5 November 1984 (CDU) CDU/CSU v t e CDU/CSU Speaker: Alfred Dregger CDU: Abelein Augustin (from 13 January 1984) Austermann Barzel Bayha Becker Berger Berger Berners (from 17 January 1986) Blank Blens Blüm Bohl Bohlsen Böhm Borchert Boroffka Braun Breuer Broll Bugl Bühler Buschbom Carstens Carstensen Clemens Conrad (until 12 September 1985) Czaja Dallmeyer (until 11 April 1983) Daniels Daweke Dempwolf (from 22 March 1984) Deres Dolata Dörflinger Doss Dregger Echternach Ehrbar Eigen Erhard Eylmann Feilcke Fischer Fischer Francke Franke (until 9 April 1984) Friedmann Funk (from 14 October 1985) Ganz Geißler Geldern George (until 5 October 1985) Gerstein Gerster Göhner Günther Haase (until 5 December 1983) Hackel (until 1 December 1985) Häfele Hammerstein (from 9 April 1984) Hanz Haungs Hauser Hauser Hedrich Heereman Hellwig Helmrich Hennig Herkenrath Hinrichs Hoffacker Hoffmann Hornhues Hornung Horstmeier (from 3 December 1986) Hupka Hürland-Büning Hüsch Jäger Jagoda Jahn Jenninger Jung Kalisch Kansy Karwatzki Kittelmann Klein (until 20 December 1983) Kohl Köhler Köhler Kolb Krey Kroll-Schlüter Kronenberg Lamers Lammert Landré Langner Lattmann Laufs Lenz (until 13 January 1984) Lenzer Link Link Lippold Löher Lohmann Lorenz Louven Maaß Magin Marschewski Marx (until 12 July 1985) Mertes (until 16 June 1985) Metz Meyer Michels Mikat Miltner Milz (until 26 November 1986) Möller Müller Müller Müller Nelle Neumeister Oldenstädt Olderog Pack (from 1 October 1985) Pesch Petersen Pfeffermann Pfeifer Pfennig (from 2 December 1985) Pinger Pohlmann Pohlmeier Rawe Reddemann Repnik Riesenhuber Rode Roitzsch Rönsch Roth Ruf Rühe Sauer Sauer Saurin (from 19 April 1983) Sauter Scharrenbroich (from 19 June 1985) Schartz Schäuble Schemken Schlottmann Schmidbauer Schmitz Schmude Schneider Schorlemer Schreiber Schröder (until 22 March 1984) Schroeder Schulhoff Schulte Schultz (from 22 July 1985) Schulze Schwarz Schwarz-Schilling Schwörer Seesing Seiters Spies Sprung Stark Stavenhagen Stercken Stockhausen (from 6 December 1983) Stoltenberg Stommel (from 21 March 1985) Straßmeir Strube Stutzer Susset Tillmann Todenhöfer Uldall Unland Verhülsdonk Vogel Vogt Voigt (from 21 December 1983) Waffenschmidt Waldburg-Zeil Warrikoff Wartenberg Weirich Weiskirch (until 20 March 1985) Weiß Werner Wex (until 9 January 1986) Will-Feld Wilms Wilz Wimmer Windelen Wisniewski Wissmann Wörner Wulff Würzbach Zink CSU: Althammer (until 14 April 1985) Biehle Bötsch Brunner Dollinger Engelsberger Faltlhauser Fellner Geiger Gerlach Glos Götz Götzer (from 4 June 1984) Hartmann (until 4 June 1984) Hinsken Höffkes Höpfinger Huyn Jobst Keller Kiechle Klein Kraus Kreile Krone-Appuhn Kunz Lemmrich Linsmeier Lintner Lowack Männle Müller Niegel Pöppl (from 15 April 1985) Probst Regenspurger Riedl Rose Rossmanith Sauter Schenk (until 20 November 1984) Scheu Schneider Seehofer Spilker Spranger Stücklen Voss Waigel Warnke Wittmann (from 20 November 1984) Wittmann Zierer Zimmermann SPD v t e SPD Speaker: Hans-Jochen Vogel Members: Ahrens Amling Antretter Apel Bachmaier Bahr Bamberg Becker Bernrath Berschkeit Bindig Blunck Brandt Brosi (until 3 April 1984) Brück Büchler Büchner Buckpesch Bülow Buschfort Catenhusen Collet Conradi Corterier (from 13 June 1984) Curdt Czempiel (until 5 July 1984) Daubertshäuser Däubler-Gmelin Delorme Diederich Dreßler Duve Egert Ehmke Ehrenberg Emmerlich Enders Esters Ewen Fiebig Fischer Fischer Franke Fuchs Fuchs Gansel Gerstl Gilges Glombig Glotz Gobrecht (until 29 June 1984) Grobecker (until 14 November 1983) Grunenberg Haack Haar Haase Haehser Hansen (from 29 June 1984) Hartenstein Hauchler Hauck Hauff Heimann Heistermann Herterich Hettling (from 15 November 1983) Heyenn Hiller Hoffmann (until 11 April 1985) Holtz Horn Huber Huonker Ibrügger Immer Jahn Jansen Jaunich Jens Jung Junghans Jungmann Kastning Kiehm Kirschner Kisslinger Klein Klejdzinski Klose Kolbow Kretkowski Kübler Kühbacher Kuhlwein Lahnstein (until 31 August 1983) Lambinus Lennartz Leonhart Lepsius (from 12 April 1984) Liedtke Linde (until 10 November 1983) Löffler Lohmann Lutz Luuk Martiny-Glotz Matthäus-Maier Matthöfer Meininghaus Menzel Mertens Mitzscherling Möhring (from 8 July 1986) Müller Müller Müller-Emmert Müntefering Nagel Nehm Neumann (from 11 November 1983) Nöbel Odendahl Offergeld (until 1 June 1984) Oostergetelo Paterna Pauli Penner Peter Pfuhl Polkehn (until 16 August 1985) Porzner Poß Purps Ranker (from 11 April 1985) Rapp Rappe Reimann Renger Reschke Reuschenbach Reuter Rohde Roth Sander Schäfer Schanz Scheer Schlaga Schlatter Schluckebier Schmedt (from 1 September 1983) Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt Schmude Schöfberger Schreiner Schröder (until 1 July 1986) Schröer Schulte Schwenk Sielaff Sieler Simonis Skarpelis-Sperk Soell Sperling Spöri Stahl Steger (until 9 July 1984) Steiner Steinhauer Stiegler Stobbe Stockleben Struck Terborg Tietjen Timm Toetemeyer Traupe Urbaniak Vahlberg Verheugen Vogel Vogelsang Voigt Vosen Waltemathe Walther Wartenberg Weinhofer Weisskirchen Wernitz Westphal Weyel Wieczorek (from 11 July 1984) Wieczorek Wiefel Wiesche Wimmer Wischnewski Witek (from 16 July 1984) With Wolfram Würtz Zander Zeitler Zutt FDP v t e FDP Speaker: Wolfgang Mischnick Members: Adam-Schwaetzer Baum Beckmann Bredehorn Cronenberg Eimer Engelhard Ertl Feldmann Gallus Gattermann Genscher Grünbeck Grüner Hamm-Brücher Haussmann Hirsch Hoffie Hoppe Kleinert Kohn Laermann Lambsdorff Mischnick Möllemann Neuhausen Paintner Ronneburger Rumpf Schäfer Segall (from 13 December 1984) Seiler-Albring Solms Weng Wolfgramm Wurbs (until 13 December 1984) GRÜNE v t e GRUENE Speaker: Marieluise Beck-Oberdorf, Petra Kelly, Otto Schily until 3 April 1984; Annemarie Borgmann, Waltraud Schoppe, Antje Vollmer until 30./31. January 1985; Sabine Bard, Hannegret Hönes, Christian Schmidt until 1 February 1986; Annemarie Borgmann, Hannegret Hönes, Ludger Volmer until 18 July 1986); Willi Hoss (8 September 1986) Die Grünen: Auhagen (from 17 April 1985) Bard (until 31 March 1985) Bastian Beck-Oberdorf (until 14 April 1985) Borgmann (from 1 April 1985) Bueb (from 1 April 1985) Burgmann (until 15 March 1985) Dann (from 2 March 1985) Drabiniok (until 31 March 1985) Ehmke (until 28 March 1985) Eid (from 17 April 1985) Fischer (until 31 March 1985) Fischer (from 20 January 1986) Fritsch (from 14 March 1986) Gottwald (until 31 March 1985) Hecker (until 31 August 1983) Hickel (until 9 March 1985) Hönes (from 13 April 1985) Horácek (from 2 September 1983 until 3 October 1985) Hoss (until 12 April 1985) Jannsen (until 1 March 1985) Kelly Kleinert (until 19 January 1986) Krizsan (until 13 March 1985) Lange (from 17 April 1985) Mann (from 1 April 1985) Müller (from 13 March 1985) Nickels (until 30 March 1985) Potthast (until 3 April 1985) Reents (until 19 March 1985) Reetz (until 16 April 1985) Rusche (from 4 October 1985) Sauermilch (until 16 April 1985) Schierholz (from 14 March 1985) Schily (until 13 March 1986) Schmidt (from 22 March 1985) Schneider (until 30 March 1985) Schoppe (until 31 March 1985) Schulte (from 13 April 1985) Schwenninger (until 16 April 1985) Senfft (from 3 April 1985) Stratmann (until 31 March 1985) Ströbele (from 31 March 1985) Suhr (from 1 April 1985) Tatge (from 18 June 1985) Verheyen (until 30 March 1985) Vogel (from 16 March 1985) Vogt (until 18 June 1985) Vollmer (until 2 April 1985) Volmer (from 10 April 1985) Wagner (from 3 April 1985) Werner (from 2 April 1985) Werner (from 16 April 1985) Zeitler (from 3 April 1985) OTHER v t e Independent Members: Eickmeyer (from 23 August 1985) Handlos Tischer (from 3 April 1985) Voigt List of members of the 10th Bundestag v t e Members of the 14th Bundestag (1998-2002) President: Wolfgang Thierse (SPD) SPD v t e SPD Speaker: Peter Struck, since 25 July 2002 Ludwig Stiegler Members: Adler Andres Arndt-Brauer Arnold Bachmaier Bahr Barnett Bartels Barthel Barthel Becker-Inglau Behrendt Berg Bertl Beucher Bierwirth Bindig Binding Bodewig Brandner Brandt-Elsweier Brase Brecht Brinkmann Brinkmann Bruckmann Bulmahn Burchardt Bürsch Bury Büttner Caspers-Merk Catenhusen Danckert Däubler-Gmelin Deichmann Diller Dreßen Dreßler Dzembritzki Dzewas Eckardt Edathy Eich Elser Enders Erler Ernstberger Faße Fischer Fograscher Follak Formanski Fornahl Forster Freitag Friedrich Friedrich Friese Fuchs Fuhrmann Ganseforth Gilges Gleicke Gloser Göllner Gradistanac Graf Graf Grasedieck Griefahn Griese Großmann Grotthaus Haack Hacker Hagemann Hampel Hanewinckel Hartenbach Hartnagel Hasenfratz Hauer Heil Hemker Hempel Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Heubaum Hiksch Hilbrecht Hiller Hilsberg Höfer Hoffmann Hoffmann Hoffmann Hofmann Holzhüter Hovermann Humme Ibrügger Imhof Irber Iwersen Jäger Janssen Janz Jens Jung Kahrs Kasparick Kaspereit Kastner Kelber Kemper Kirschner Klappert Klemmer Klose Kolbow Körper Kortmann Kramme Kressl Kröning Krüger-Leißner Kubatschka Küchler Kühn-Mengel Kumpf Kunick Küster Labsch Lafontaine Lambrecht Lange Lange Larcher Lehder Lehn Leidinger Lennartz Leonhard Lewering Lohmann Lösekrug-Möller Lotz Lucyga Maaß Mante Manzewski Marhold Mark Mascher Matschie Matthäus-Maier Mattischeck Meckel Mehl Merten Mertens Meyer Mogg Moosbauer Mosdorf Müller Müller Müller Müntefering Nahles Neumann Neumann Niehuis Niese Nietan Oesinghaus Ohl Onur Opel Ortel Ostertag Palis Papenroth Penner Pfaff Pfannenstein Pflug Pick Poß Rehbock-Zureich Reimann Renesse Rennebach Reuter Richter Robbe Roos Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Rübenkönig Rupprecht Sauer Schäfer Schaich-Walch Scharping Scheelen Scheer Scheffler Schild Schily Schloten Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt-Zadel Schmitt Schneider Schnell Schöler Scholz Schönfeld Schösser Schreiner Schröder Schubert Schuhmann Schulte Schultz Schultz Schumann Schurer Werner Schuster (politician)Schuster Schütz Schwall-Düren Schwanhold Schwanitz Seidenthal Simm Skarpelis-Sperk Sonntag-Wolgast Sorge Spanier Spielmann Spiller Staffelt Steen Stiegler Stöckel Streb-Hesse Strobl Struck Stünker Tappe Tauss Teuchner Thalheim Thierse Thönnes Titze-Stecher Tröscher Urbaniak Veit Verheugen Violka Vogt Wagner Wegener Wegner Weiermann Weis Weisheit Weißgerber Weisskirchen Weizsäcker Welt Wend Wester Westrich Wettig-Danielmeier Wetzel Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wiese Wiesehügel Wimmer Wistuba Wittig Wodarg Wohlleben Wolf Wolff Wright Zapf Zöpel Zumkley CDU/CSU v t e CDU/CSU Speaker: Wolfgang Schäuble; since 29 February 2000 Friedrich Merz CDU: Adam Altmaier Austermann Barthle Bauer Baumann Baumeister Belle Bergmann-Pohl Bernhardt Bierling Blank Blens Bleser Blüm Blumenthal Bohl Böhmer Bonitz Borchert Börnsen Bosbach Brähmig Brauksiepe Breuer Brudlewsky Brunnhuber Bühler Büttner Buwitt Caesar Carstens Carstensen Dautzenberg Dehnel Deittert Diemers Dietzel Dörflinger Doss Dött Eppelmann Eymer Falk Faust Feibel Fink Fischbach Fischer Fischer Francke Fritz Fromme Fuchtel Gehb Geißler Göhner Götz Grill Gröhe Grund Günther Hammerstein Haschke Hauser Hedrich Heiderich Heinen-Esser Heise Helias Helling Henke Hintze Hohmann Hornhues Hornung Hörster Hüppe Jacoby Jaffke Janovsky Jork Jüttner Kahl Kampeter Kansy Kanther Karwatzki Kauder Klaeden Klinkert Kohl Kolbe Königshofen Kors Kossendey Krogmann Krüger Kues Kuhn Lamers Lamers Lammert Lamp Laufs Laumann Lengsfeld Lensing Letzgus Lietz Link Lippold Lischewski Lohmann Louven Luther Maaß Marschewski Meckelburg Meister Merkel Merz Michels Müller Müller Neumann Nolte Nooke Ost Otto Paziorek Pfeifer Pflüger Philipp Pofalla Polenz Pretzlaff Pützhofen Rachel Rauber Rauen Reichard Reiche Reinhardt Repnik Riegert Riesenhuber Romer Rönsch Ronsöhr Roth Röttgen Rühe Rüttgers Schäfer Schäuble Schauerte Schemken Scherhag Schindler Schlee Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmitz Schmude Schnieber-Jastram Schockenhoff Scholz Schorlemer Schuchardt Schulhoff Schulz Schütze Schwalbe Schwarz-Schilling Sebastian Seiffert Seiters Siebert Siemann Sothmann Späte Steiger Steinbach Stetten Storm Störr-Ritter Strobl Stübgen Süssmuth Tiemann Töpfer Uldall Vaatz Volquartz Voßhoff Weiß Weiß Widmann-Mauz Wiese Wilhelm Willner Willsch Wilz Wimmer Wissmann Wittlich Wülfing Würzbach CSU: Aigner Blank Bötsch Deß Eichhorn Frankenhauser Friedrich Friedrich Geiger Geis Girisch Glos Götzer Hasselfeldt Hauser Hinsken Hofbauer Holetschek Hollerith Kalb Koschyk Kraus Lintner Mayer Michelbach Müller Obermeier Oswald Protzner Raidel Ramsauer Rose Rossmanith Ruck Scheu Schmidt Seehofer Seib Singhammer Spranger Straubinger Strebl Uhl Waigel Wöhrl Wolf Zeitlmann Zierer Zöller GRÜNE v t e GRUENE Speaker: Rezzo Schlauch and Kerstin Müller Members: Altmann Beck Beck Beer Berninger Bettin Buntenbach Deligöz Dietert-Scheuer Dückert Eichstädt-Bohlig Eid Fell Fischer Fischer Göring-Eckardt Grießhaber Häfner Hermann Hermenau Heyne Höfken Hustedt Knoche Köster-Loßack Lemke Lippelt Loske Metzger Müller Müller Nachtwei Nickels Özdemir Probst Roth Scheel Schewe-Gerigk Schlauch Schmidt Schulz Simmert Sterzing Ströbele Trittin Vollmer Volmer Voß Wilhelm Wolf FDP v t e FDP Speaker: Wolfgang Gerhardt Members: Albowitz Braun Brüderle Burgbacher Essen Flach Frick Friedhoff Friedrich Funke Gerhardt Goldmann Günther Guttmacher Haupt Haussmann Heinrich Hirche Homburger Hoyer Irmer Kinkel Kolb Kopp Koppelin Lenke Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Möllemann Niebel Nolting Otto Parr Pieper Rexrodt Schmidt-Jortzig Schüßler Schwaetzer Sehn Serowiecki Solms Stadler Thiele Thomae Türk Westerwelle PDS v t e PDS Speaker: Gregor Gysi; since 2. October 2000 Roland Claus Members: Balt Bartsch Bierstedt Bläss Böttcher Bulling-Schröter Claus Ehlert Fink Fuchs Gebhardt Gehrcke Grehn Grygier Gysi Höll Hübner Jelpke Jünger Jüttemann Kenzler Knake-Werner Kutzmutz Lippmann Lötzer Luft Lüth Maier Marquardt Müller Neuhäuser Ostrowski Pau Rössel Schenk Schur Seifert Steinke Wolf OTHER v t e Independent Members: Lörcher List of members of the 14th Bundestag v t e Members of the 15th Bundestag (2002-2005) President: Wolfgang Thierse (SPD) SPD v t e SPD Speaker: Franz Müntefering Members: Akgün Andres Arndt-Brauer Arnold Bachmaier Bahr Barnett Bartels Barthel Barthel Bartol Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Beckmeyer Benneter Berg Berg Bertl Bierwirth Bindig Binding Bodewig Bollmann Brandner Brase Brinkmann Bruckmann Bulmahn Bülow Burchardt Bürsch Bury Büttner Caspers-Merk Danckert Däubler-Gmelin Diller Dörmann Dreßen Drobinski-Weiß Dzembritzki Edathy Ehrmann Eichel Eickhoff Elser Erler Ernstberger Evers-Meyer Faße Ferner Fograscher Fornahl Forster Frechen Freitag Friedrich Gleicke Gloser Göllner Gradistanac Graf Grasedieck Griefahn Griese Groneberg Großmann Grotthaus Haack Hacker Hagedorn Hagemann Hartenbach Hartmann Hartnagel Hauer Heil Hemker Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Heß Heubaum Hilbrecht Hiller-Ohm Hilsberg Höfer Hoffmann Hoffmann Hoffmann Hofmann Hovermann Hübner Humme Ibrügger Imhof Irber Jäger Janssen Jonas Kahrs Kasparick Kastner Kelber Kemper Kirschner Klingbeil Klose Klug Kofler Köhler Kolbow Körper Kortmann Kramer Kramme Kranz Kressl Kröning Krüger Krüger-Leißner Kubatschka Küchler Kühn-Mengel Kumpf Küster Lambrecht Lange Lehder Lehn Leonhard Lewering Lohmann Lösekrug-Möller Lotz Lucyga Manzewski Marhold Mark Marks Matschie Mattheis Meckel Mehl Merkel Merten Mertens Mogg Müller Müller) Multhaupt Müntefering Mützenich Neumann Nietan Ober Ortel Paula Pflug Poß Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Rehbock-Zureich Reichenbach Reimann Riemann-Hanewinckel Riester Robbe Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Rübenkönig Runde Rupprecht Sauer Schaaf Schäfer Schaich-Walch Scharping Scheelen Scheer Scheffler Schild Schily Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt Schneider Schöler Scholz Schönfeld Schösser Schreck Schreiner Schröder Schulte Schultz Schulz Schwall-Düren Schwanholz Schwanitz Simm Skarpelis-Sperk Sonntag-Wolgast Spanier Spielmann Spiller Staffelt Stiegler Stöckel Strässer Streb-Hesse Struck Stünker Tauss Teuchner Thalheim Thierse Thönnes Uhl Veit Violka Vogelsänger Vogt Volkmer Wagner Wegener Weigel Weis Weis Weisheit Weißgerber Weisskirchen Weizsäcker Welt Wend Wester Westrich Wettig-Danielmeier Wetzel Wicklein Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wimmer Wistuba Wittig Wodarg Wohlleben Wolff Wright Zapf Zöllmer Zöpel CDU/CSU v t e CDU/CSU Speaker: Angela Merkel CDU: Adam Altmaier Austermann Barthle Bauer Baumann Beck Bellmann Bergner Bernhardt Bietmann Binninger Bismarck Bleser Blumenthal Böhmer Borchert Börnsen Bosbach Brähmig Brandt Brauksiepe Braun Breuer Brüning Brunnhuber Butalikakis Büttner Caesar Carstens Carstensen Connemann Dautzenberg Deittert Dieckmann Dominke Dörflinger Dött Eppelmann Eymer Falk Faust Feibel Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Fritz Fromme Fuchs Fuchtel Gehb Gewalt Gienger Göbel Göhner Gönner Götz Granold Grill Grindel Gröhe Grosse-Brömer Grübel Grund Gutting Haibach Hedrich Heiderich Heinen-Esser Helias Heller Hennrich Herrmann Heynemann Hintze Hochbaum Hohmann Hörster Hüppe Jaffke Jahr Jüttner Kampeter Karwatzki Kaster Kauder Kauder Klaeden Klimke Klöckner Kolbe Königshofen Kossendey Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Krogmann Kues Kuhn Lamers Lammert Lamp Laumann Lengsfeld Lensing Letzgus Lietz Link Lippold Lips Luther Marschewski Mayer Meckelburg Meister Merkel Merz Meyer Michalk Minkel Müller Müller Neumann Nitzsche Noll Nolte Nooke Pawelski Paziorek Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Pflüger Philipp Pofalla Polenz Rachel Rauber Rauen Reichard Reiche Repnik Riegert Riesenhuber Romer Ronsöhr Röttgen Rühe Rzepka Schäfer Schäuble Schauerte Schindler Schirmbeck Schmid Schmidbauer Schmidt Schockenhoff Schröder Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schummer Sebastian Segner Seiffert Siebert Spahn Steinbach Stetten Storjohann Storm Störr-Ritter Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Tillmann Töpfer Vaatz Vogel Volquartz Voßhoff Wächter Wanderwitz Weiß Weiß Wellenreuther Widmann-Mauz Willsch Wimmer Wissmann Wittlich Wülfing Zylajew CSU: Aigner Auernhammer Blank Bötsch Deß Dobrindt Eichhorn Fahrenschon Frankenhauser Friedrich Gauweiler Geis Girisch Glos Göppel Götzer Guttenberg Hasselfeldt Hinsken Hofbauer Kalb Kaupa Koschyk Kraus Lanzinger Lintner Ludwig Mantel Mayer Mayer Meyer Michelbach Mortler Müller Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oßwald Oswald Raidel Ramsauer Roedel Rose Rossmanith Ruck Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Seehofer Sehling Seib Silberhorn Singhammer Straubinger Strebl Uhl Wöhrl Zeitlmann Zöller GRÜNE v t e GRUENE Speaker: Katrin Göring-Eckardt and Krista Sager Members: Andreae Beck Beck Behm Bender Berninger Bettin Bonde Deligöz Dückert Dümpe-Krüger Eichstädt-Bohlig Eid Fell Fischer Göring-Eckardt Hajduk Hermann Hermenau Hettlich Höfken Hoppe Hustedt Krüger-Jacob Kuhn Künast Kurth Kurth Lazar Loske Lührmann Montag Müller Nachtwei Neuforn Nickels Ostendorff Probst Roth Sager Scheel Schewe-Gerigk Schlauch Schmidt Schulz Selg Sowa Steenblock Ströbele Trittin Tritz Ulrich Vogel-Sperl Vollmer Volmer Winkler Wolf FDP v t e FDP Speaker: Wolfgang Gerhardt Members: Addicks Bahr Brüderle Brunkhorst Burgbacher Daub Eberl Essen Flach Fricke Friedrich Funke Gerhardt Goldmann Günther Guttmacher Happach-Kasan Hartmann Haupt Heinrich Homburger Hoyer Kauch Kolb Königshaus Kopp Koppelin Kubicki Laurischk Leibrecht Lenke Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Löning Möllemann Niebel Nolting Otto Otto Parr Pieper Piltz Pinkwart Rexrodt Sehn Solms Stadler Stinner Terwiesche Thiele Thomae Türk Westerwelle Winterstein Wissing Wolf OTHER v t e Independent Members: Lötzsch Pau List of members of the 15th Bundestag Authority control BNE: XX1184348 BNF: cb15114061d (data) CANTIC: a12219332 GND: 118570528 ISNI: 0000 0001 1684 1136 LCCN: n86112439 LNB: 000105416 MBA: 815a119c-678c-4133-a76d-1cad8919019a NDL: 001170244 NKC: jn20010525243 NLA: 40007376 NLI: 002203534 NLK: KAC201745443 NLP: A11773534 NTA: 175045054 PLWABN: 9810633094405606 RERO: 02-A012752601 SUDOC: 059061162 Trove: 925925 VIAF: 90641496 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n86112439 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Schröder&oldid=995397549" Categories: Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians Gerhard Schröder 1944 births Living people 20th-century Chancellors of Germany 21st-century Chancellors of Germany People from Blomberg, North Rhine-Westphalia People from the Free State of Lippe German Lutherans Presidents of the German Bundesrat Chancellors of Germany Members of the Bundestag for Lower Saxony Members of the Bundestag 2002–2005 Members of the Bundestag 1998–2002 Ministers-President of Lower Saxony N M Rothschild & Sons people Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences University of Göttingen alumni Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class Recipients of the Order of the White Lion Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania Grand Order of Queen Jelena recipients Members of the Bundestag for the Social Democratic Party of Germany Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Articles with German-language sources (de) Use dmy dates from December 2020 Articles with hAudio microformats BLP articles lacking sources from December 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with 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