Niklas Luhmann - Wikipedia Niklas Luhmann From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Niklas Luhmann Born (1927-12-08)December 8, 1927 Lüneburg, Germany Died November 6, 1998(1998-11-06) (aged 70) Oerlinghausen, Germany Alma mater University of Freiburg University of Münster Known for Theory of autopoietic social systems Functional differentiation Operational constructivist epistemology Double contingency[1] Scientific career Fields Social theory Systems theory Communication theory Sociocybernetics Institutions University of Bielefeld Academic advisors Talcott Parsons Notable students Dirk Baecker [de; zh] Peter Fuchs [de] Rudolf Stichweh [de] Elena Esposito Maren Lehmann [de] Influences Talcott Parsons Gregory Bateson Arnold Gehlen Helmut Schelsky Heinz von Foerster Gotthard Günther Humberto Maturana G. Spencer-Brown[2] Edmund Husserl Reinhart Koselleck[3] Influenced Jürgen Habermas Ole Thyssen Harrison White Niels Åkerstrøm Andersen Stephan Fuchs Steffen Roth Hans-Georg Moeller Jean Clam Armin Nassehi [de] Niklas Luhmann (/ˈluːmən/; German: [ˈluːman]; December 8, 1927 – November 6, 1998) was a German sociologist, philosopher of social science, and a prominent thinker in systems theory, who is considered one of the most important social theorists of the 20th century.[4] Contents 1 Biography 2 Works 2.1 Systems theory 2.2 Luhmann's reception 2.3 Note-taking system (Zettelkasten) 2.4 Miscellaneous 3 Publications 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Biography[edit] Luhmann was born in Lüneburg, Free State of Prussia, where his father's family had been running a brewery for several generations. He entered the Gymnasium Johanneum at Luneburg in 1937.[5] In 1943, he was conscripted as a Luftwaffenhelfer in World War II and served for two years until, at the age of 17, he was taken prisoner of war by American troops in 1945.[6] After the war Luhmann studied law at the University of Freiburg from 1946 to 1949, when he obtained a law degree, and then began a career in Lüneburg's public administration. During a sabbatical in 1961, he went to Harvard, where he met and studied under Talcott Parsons, then the world's most influential social systems theorist. In later years, Luhmann dismissed Parsons' theory, developing a rival approach of his own. Leaving the civil service in 1962, he lectured at the national Deutsche Hochschule für Verwaltungswissenschaften (University for Administrative Sciences) in Speyer, Germany.[7] In 1965, he was offered a position at the Sozialforschungsstelle (Social Research Centre) of the University of Münster, led by Helmut Schelsky. 1965/66 he studied one semester of sociology at the University of Münster. Two earlier books were retroactively accepted as a PhD thesis and habilitation at the University of Münster in 1966, qualifying him for a university professorship. In 1968/1969, he briefly served as a lecturer at Theodor Adorno's former chair at the University of Frankfurt and then was appointed full professor of sociology at the newly founded University of Bielefeld, Germany (until 1993). He continued to publish after his retirement, when he finally found the time to complete his magnum opus, Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft (literally, "The Society of Society"), which was published in 1997, and translated subsequently in English, under the title "Theory of Society" (volume I in 2012 and volume II in 2013). This work described segmented societies where territory is a dividing line.[8] Works[edit] Luhmann wrote prolifically, with more than 70 books and nearly 400 scholarly articles published on a variety of subjects, including law, economy, politics, art, religion, ecology, mass media, and love. While his theories have yet to make a major mark in American sociology, his theory is currently well known and popular in German sociology,[9] and has also been rather intensively received in Japan and Eastern Europe, including Russia. His relatively low profile elsewhere is partly due to the fact that translating his work is a difficult task, since his writing presents a challenge even to readers of German, including many sociologists. (p. xxvii Social Systems 1995) Much of Luhmann's work directly deals with the operations of the legal system and his autopoietic theory of law is regarded as one of the more influential contributions to the sociology of law and socio-legal studies.[10] Luhmann is probably best known to North Americans for his debate with the critical theorist Jürgen Habermas over the potential of social systems theory. Like his erstwhile mentor Talcott Parsons, Luhmann is an advocate of "grand theory", although neither in the sense of philosophical foundationalism nor in the sense of "meta-narrative" as often invoked in the critical works of post-modernist writers. Rather, Luhmann's work tracks closer to complexity theory broadly speaking, in that it aims to address any aspect of social life within a universal theoretical framework — as the diversity of subjects he wrote on indicates. Luhmann's theory is sometimes dismissed as highly abstract and complex, particularly within the Anglophone world, whereas his work has had a more lasting influence on scholars from German-speaking countries, Scandinavia and Italy.[9] Luhmann himself described his theory as "labyrinthine" or "non-linear" and claimed he was deliberately keeping his prose enigmatic to prevent it from being understood "too quickly", which would only produce simplistic misunderstandings.[11] Systems theory[edit] Luhmann's systems theory focuses on three topics, which are interconnected in his entire work.[12] Systems theory as societal theory Communication theory and Evolution theory The core element of Luhmann's theory pivots around the problem of the contingency of meaning and thereby it becomes a theory of communication. Social systems are systems of communication, and society is the most encompassing social system. Being the social system that comprises all (and only) communication, today's society is a world society.[13] A system is defined by a boundary between itself and its environment, dividing it from an infinitely complex, or (colloquially) chaotic, exterior. The interior of the system is thus a zone of reduced complexity: Communication within a system operates by selecting only a limited amount of all information available outside. This process is also called "reduction of complexity". The criterion according to which information is selected and processed is meaning (in German, Sinn). Both social systems and psychic systems (see below for an explanation of this distinction) operate by processing meaning. Furthermore, each system has a distinctive identity that is constantly reproduced in its communication and depends on what is considered meaningful and what is not. If a system fails to maintain that identity, it ceases to exist as a system and dissolves back into the environment it emerged from. Luhmann called this process of reproduction from elements previously filtered from an over-complex environment autopoiesis (pronounced "auto-poy-E-sis"; literally: self-creation), using a term coined in cognitive biology by Chilean thinkers Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela. Social systems are operationally closed in that while they use and rely on resources from their environment, those resources do not become part of the systems' operation. Both thought and digestion are important preconditions for communication, but neither appears in communication as such.[14] Maturana, however, argued very vocally that this appropriation of autopoietic theory was conceptually unsound, as it presupposes the autonomy of communications from actual persons. That is, by describing social systems as operationally closed networks of communications, Luhmann (according to Maturana) ignores the fact that communications presuppose human communicators. Autopoiesis only applies to networks of processes that reproduce themselves,[15] but communications are reproduced by humans. For this reason, the analogy from biology to sociology does not, in this case, hold.[16] On the other hand, Luhmann explicitly stressed that he does not refer to a "society without humans", but to the fact that communication is autopoietic. Communication is made possible by human bodies and consciousness,[17] but this does not make communication operationally open. To "participate" in communication, one must be able to render one's thoughts and perceptions into elements of communication. This can only ever occur as a communicative operation (thoughts and perceptions cannot be directly transmitted) and must therefore satisfy internal system conditions that are specific to communication: intelligibility, reaching an addressee and gaining acceptance.[18] Luhmann likens the operation of autopoiesis (the filtering and processing of information from the environment) to a program, making a series of logical distinctions (in German, Unterscheidungen). Here, Luhmann refers to the British mathematician G. Spencer-Brown's logic of distinctions that Maturana and Varela had earlier identified as a model for the functioning of any cognitive process. The supreme criterion guiding the "self-creation" of any given system is a defining binary code. This binary code is not to be confused with the computers operation: Luhmann (following Spencer-Brown and Gregory Bateson) assumes that auto-referential systems are continuously confronted with the dilemma of disintegration/continuation. This dilemma is framed with an ever-changing set of available choices; every one of those potential choices can be the system's selection or not (a binary state, selected/rejected). The influence of Spencer-Brown's book, Laws of Form, on Luhmann can hardly be overestimated. Although Luhmann first developed his understanding of social systems theory under Parsons' influence, he soon moved away from the Parsonian concept. The most important difference is that Parsons framed systems as forms of action, in accordance with the AGIL paradigm. Parsons' systems theory treats systems as operationally open, and interactive through an input and output schema. Influenced by second-order cybernetics, Luhmann instead treats systems as autopoietic and operationally closed.[19][20] Systems must continually construct themselves and their perspective of reality through processing the distinction between system and environment, and self-reproduce themselves as the product of their own elements. Social systems are defined by Luhmann not as action but as recursive communication. Modern society is defined as a world system consisting of the sum total of all communication happening at once,[21] and individual function systems (such as the economy, politics, science, love, art, the media, etc.) are described as social subsystems which have "outdifferentiated" from the social system and achieved their own operational closure and autopoiesis.[22] Another difference is that Parsons asks how certain subsystems contribute to the functioning of overall society. Luhmann starts with the differentiation of the systems themselves out of a nondescript environment. While he does observe how certain systems fulfill functions that contribute to "society" as a whole, he dispenses with the assumption of a priori cultural or normative consensus or "complimentary purpose" which was common to Durkheim and Parsons' conceptualization of a social function.[23] For Luhmann, functional differentiation is a consequence of selective pressure under temporalized complexity, and it occurs as function systems independently establish their own ecological niches by performing a function.[24] Functions are therefore not the coordinated components of the organic social whole, but rather contingent and selective responses to reference problems which obey no higher principle of order and could have been responded to in other ways. Finally, the systems' autopoietic closure is another fundamental difference from Parsons' concept. Each system works strictly according to its very own code and can observe other systems only by applying its code to their operations. For example, the code of the economy involves the application of the distinction between payment and non-payment. Other system operations appear within the economic field of references only insofar as this economic code can be applied to them. Hence, a political decision becomes an economic operation when it is observed as a government spending money or not. Likewise, a legal judgement may also be an economic operation when settlement of a contractual dispute obliges one party to pay for the goods or services they had acquired. The codes of the economy, politics and law operate autonomously, but their "interpenetration"[25] is evident when observing "events"[26] which simultaneously involve the participation of more than one system. One seemingly peculiar, but within the overall framework strictly logical, axiom of Luhmann's theory is the human being's position outside any social system, initially developed by Parsons. Consisting of "pure communicative actions" (a reference to Jürgen Habermas) any social system requires human consciousnesses (personal or psychical systems) as an obviously necessary, but nevertheless environmental resource. In Luhmann's terms, human beings are neither part of society nor of any specific systems, just as they are not part of a conversation. Luhmann himself once said concisely that he was "not interested in people". That is not to say that people were not a matter for Luhmann, but rather, the communicative actions of people are constituted (but not defined) by society, and society is constituted (but not defined) by the communicative actions of people: society is people's environment, and people are society's environment. Thus, sociology can explain how persons can change society; the influence of the environment (the people) on the system (the society), the so-called "structural coupling". In fact Luhmann himself replied to the relevant criticism by stating that "In fact the theory of autopoietic systems could bear the title Taking Individuals Seriously, certainly more seriously than our humanistic tradition" (Niklas Luhmann, Operational Closure and Structural Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System, Cardozo Law Review, vol. 13: 1422). This approach has attracted criticism from those who argue that Luhmann has at no point demonstrated the operational closure of social systems, or in fact that autopoietic social systems actually exist. He has instead taken this as a premise or presupposition, resulting in the logical need to exclude humans from social systems, which prevents the social systems view from accounting for the individual behavior, action, motives, or indeed existence of any individual person.[27] Luhmann was devoted to the ideal of non-normative science introduced to sociology in the early 20th century by Max Weber and later re-defined and defended against its critics by Karl Popper. However, in an academic environment that never strictly separated descriptive and normative theories of society, Luhmann's sociology has widely attracted criticism from various intellectuals, including Jürgen Habermas.[citation needed] Luhmann's reception[edit] Luhmann's systems theory is not without its critics; his definitions of "autopoietic" and "social system" differ from others. At the same time his theory is being applied or used worldwide by sociologists and other scholars. It is often used in analyses dealing with corporate social responsibility, organisational legitimacy, governance structures as well as with sociology of law and of course general sociology. His systems theory has also been used to study media discourse of various energy technologies throughout the US, including smart grids, carbon capture and storage, and wind energy.[citation needed] Note-taking system (Zettelkasten)[edit] Luhmann was famous for his extensive use of the "slip box" or Zettelkasten note-taking method. He built up a zettelkasten of some 90,000 index cards for his research, and credited it with making his extraordinarily prolific writing possible. It was digitized and made available online in 2019.[28] Luhmann described the zettelkasten as part of his research into systems theory in the essay Kommunikation mit Zettelkästen.[29] Miscellaneous[edit] Luhmann also appears as a character in Paul Wühr's work of literature Das falsche Buch, along with Ulrich Sonnemann, Johann Georg Hamann, Richard Buckminster Fuller and others. Luhmann owned a pub called "Pons" in his parents' house in his native town of Lüneburg. The house, which also contained his father's brewery, had been in his family since 1857. Publications[edit] 1963: (with Franz Becker): Verwaltungsfehler und Vertrauensschutz: Möglichkeiten gesetzlicher Regelung der Rücknehmbarkeit von Verwaltungsakten, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 1964: Funktionen und Folgen formaler Organisation, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 1965: Öffentlich-rechtliche Entschädigung rechtspolitisch betrachtet, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 1965: Grundrechte als Institution: Ein Beitrag zur politischen Soziologie, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 1966: Recht und Automation in der öffentlichen Verwaltung: Eine verwaltungswissenschaftliche Untersuchung, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot 1966: Theorie der Verwaltungswissenschaft: Bestandsaufnahme und Entwurf, Köln-Berlin 1968: Vertrauen: Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität, Stuttgart: Enke (English translation: Trust and Power, Chichester: Wiley, 1979.) 1968: Zweckbegriff und Systemrationalität: Über die Funktion von Zwecken in sozialen Systemen, Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, Paul Siebeck 1969: Legitimation durch Verfahren, Neuwied/Berlin: Luchterhand 1970: Soziologische Aufklärung: Aufsätze zur Theorie sozialer Systeme, Köln/Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag (English translation of some of the articles: The Differentiation of Society, New York: Columbia University Press, 1982) 1971 (with Jürgen Habermas): Theorie der Gesellschaft oder Sozialtechnologie - Was leistet die Systemforschung? Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1971: Politische Planung: Aufsätze zur Soziologie von Politik und Verwaltung, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1972: Rechtssoziologie, 2 volumes, Reinbek: Rowohlt (English translation: A Sociological Theory of Law, London: Routledge, 1985) 1973: (with Renate Mayntz): Personal im öffentlichen Dienst: Eintritt und Karrieren, Baden-Baden: Nomos 1974: Rechtssystem und Rechtsdogmatik, Stuttgart: Kohlhammer Verlag 1975: Macht, Stuttgart: Enke (English translation: Trust and Power, Chichester: Wiley, 1979.) 1975: Soziologische Aufklärung 2: Aufsätze zur Theorie der Gesellschaft, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, ISBN 978-3-531-61281-2 (English translation of some of the articles: The Differentiation of Society, New York: Columbia University Press, 1982) 1977: Funktion der Religion, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (English translation of pp. 72–181: Religious Dogmatics and the Evolution of Societies, New York/Toronto: Edwin Mellen Press) 1978: Organisation und Entscheidung (= Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G 232), Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1979 (with Karl Eberhard Schorr): Reflexionsprobleme im Erziehungssystem, Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta 1980: Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft I, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1981: Politische Theorie im Wohlfahrtsstaat, München: Olzog (English translation with essays from Soziologische Aufklärung 4: Political Theory in the Welfare State, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1990) 1981: Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft II, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1981: Ausdifferenzierung des Rechts: Beiträge zur Rechtssoziologie und Rechtstheorie, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1981: Soziologische Aufklärung 3: Soziales System, Gesellschaft, Organisation, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1982: Liebe als Passion: Zur Codierung von Intimität, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (English translation: Love as Passion: The Codification of Intimacy, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1986, ISBN 978-0-8047-3253-6) 1984: Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (English translation: Social Systems, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995) 1985: Kann die moderne Gesellschaft sich auf ökologische Gefährdungen einstellen? (= Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G 278), Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1986: Die soziologische Beobachtung des Rechts, Frankfurt: Metzner 1986: Ökologische Kommunikation: Kann die moderne Gesellschaft sich auf ökologische Gefährdungen einstellen? Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag (English translation: Ecological communication, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1989) 1987: Soziologische Aufklärung 4: Beiträge zur funktionalen Differenzierung der Gesellschaft, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1987 (edited by Dirk Baecker and Georg Stanitzek): Archimedes und wir: Interviews, Berlin: Merve 1988: Die Wirtschaft der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1988: Erkenntnis als Konstruktion, Bern: Benteli 1989: Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft 3, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1989 (with Peter Fuchs): Reden und Schweigen, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (partial English translation: "Speaking and Silence", New German Critique 61 (1994), pp. 25–37) 1990: Risiko und Gefahr (= Aulavorträge 48), St. Gallen 1990: Paradigm lost: Über die ethische Reflexion der Moral, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (partial English translation: "Paradigm Lost: On the Ethical Reflection of Morality: Speech on the Occasion of the Award of the Hegel Prize 1988", Thesis Eleven 29 (1991), pp. 82–94) 1990: Essays on Self-Reference, New York: Columbia University Press 1990: Soziologische Aufklärung 5: Konstruktivistische Perspektiven, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1990: Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (English translation of chapter 10: "The Modernity of Science", New German Critique 61 (1994), pp. 9–23) 1991: Soziologie des Risikos, Berlin: de Gruyter (English translation: Risk: A Sociological Theory, Berlin: de Gruyter) 1992 (with Raffaele De Giorgi): Teoria della società, Milano: Franco Angeli 1992: Beobachtungen der Moderne, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1992 (edited by André Kieserling): Universität als Milieu, Bielefeld: Haux 1993: Gibt es in unserer Gesellschaft noch unverzichtbare Normen?, Heidelberg: C.F. Müller 1993: Das Recht der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (English translation: Law as a Social System, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-826238-8) 1994: Die Ausdifferenzierung des Kunstsystems, Bern: Benteli 1995: Die Realität der Massenmedien (= Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge G 333), Opladen 1995; second, extended edition 1996.) (English translation: The Reality of the Mass Media, Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-4077-7) 1995: Soziologische Aufklärung 6: Die Soziologie und der Mensch, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1995: Gesellschaftsstruktur und Semantik: Studien zur Wissenssoziologie der modernen Gesellschaft 4, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1995: Die Kunst der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (English translation: Art as a Social System, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000.) 1996: Die neuzeitlichen Wissenschaften und die Phänomenologie, Wien: Picus 1996 (edited by Kai-Uwe Hellmann: Protest: Systemtheorie und soziale Bewegungen, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1996: Modern Society Shocked by its Risks (= University of Hong Kong, Department of Sociology Occasional Papers 17), Hong Kong, available via HKU Scholars HUB 1997: Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (English translation: Theory of Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press) 1998: Die Politik der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (Herausgegeben von André Kieserling, 2000) 1998: Die Religion der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (Herausgegeben von André Kieserling, 2000) 1998: Das Erziehungssystem der Gesellschaft, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp (Herausgegeben von Dieter Lenzen, 2002) 2000: Organisation und Entscheidung, Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften Articles 2006, "System as Difference". Organization, Volume 13 (1) (January 2006), pp. 37–57 References[edit] ^ Raf Vanderstraeten, "Parsons, Luhmann and the Theorem of Double Contingency," Journal of Classical Sociology 2(1), 2002. ^ Journal of Sociocybernetics 4, 2 - Universidad de Zaragoza ^ Ziemann, Benjamin (2007). "The Theory of Functional Differentiation and the History of Modern Society. Reflections on the Reception of Systems Theory in Recent Historiography". Soziale System, 13 (1+2). pp. 220–229. ^ Bechmann and Stehr, 'The Legacy of Niklas Luhmann' Society (2002). ^ Jahraus, Oliver; Nassehi, Armin; Grizelj, Mario; Saake, Irmhild; Kirchmeier, Christian; Müller, Julian (2012). Luhmann-Handbuch: Leben – Werk – Wirkung. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 441. ISBN 9783476052711. ^ In an interview Luhmann once said: "... die Behandlung war – gelinde gesagt – nicht nach den Regeln der internationalen Konventionen". Source: Detlef Horster (1997), Niklas Luhmann, München, p.28. ^ Allan, Kenneth (2006). The Social Lens: An Invitation to Social and Sociological Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press. p. 453. ISBN 9781412914109. ^ Luhmann, Niklas (2013). A Sociological Theory of Law. Oxon: Routledge. pp. xxxii. ISBN 9781135142551. ^ a b Roth, S. (2011) Les deux angleterres et le continent. Anglophone sociology as the guardian of Old European semantics, Journal of Sociocybernetics, Vol. 9, No. 1-2, available for download at SSRN ^ Luhmann, N, A Sociological Theory of Law (1985) and Law As a Social System, translated by Klaus A. Ziegert (Oxford University Press, 2003) ^ "Niklas Luhmann: Unverständliche Wissenschaft: Probleme einer theorieeigenen Sprache, in: Luhmann, Soziologische Aufklärung 3: Soziales System, Gesellschaft, Organisation. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 4th. ed. 2005, pp. 193-205, quote on p. 199. ^ Niklas Luhmann (1975), "Systemtheorie, Evolutionstheorie und Kommunikationstheorie", in: Soziologische Gids 22 3. pp.154–168 ^ Niklas Luhmann. (1982). The World Society as a Social System. International Journal of General Systems, 8:3, 131-138. ^ Luhmann, Niklas. 1982. The world society as a social system. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03081078208547442. ^ Varela, F., Maturana, H., & Uribe, R. (1974). "Autopoiesis: The organization of living systems, its characterization and a model". Biosystems. 5 (4): 187–196. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(74)90031-8. PMID 4407425.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Maturana, H., & Poerkson, B. (2004). From Being to Doing: The Origins of the Biology of Cognition. Carl Auer International. pp. 105–108. ISBN 3896704486.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Luhmann, N. Theory of Society, Vol. 1. Stanford University Press, 2012, pp.56. ^ Luhmann, N. Social Systems. Stanford University Press, 1995, p. 158. ^ Luhmann, N. Social Systems. Stanford University Press, 1995. ^ Luhmann, N. Introduction to Systems Theory. Polity, 2012. ^ Luhmann, N. Theory of Society, Vol. 1. Stanford University Press, 2012, pp. 83-99. ^ Luhmann, N. Theory of Society, Vol. 2. Stanford University Press, 2013, pp. 65ff. ^ Luhmann, N. Theory of Society, Vol. 1. Stanford University Press, 2012, p. 6. ^ Luhmann, N. Theory of Society, Vol. 1. Stanford University Press, 2012, esp. pp. 336-343. ^ Luhmann, N. Social Systems. Stanford University Press, 1995, Chapter 6. ^ Luhmann, N. Theory of Society, Vol. 2. Stanford University Press, 2013, p. 93. ^ Fuchs, C., & Hofkirchner, W. (2009). "Autopoiesis and Critical Social Systems Theory. In Magalhães, R., Sanchez, R., (Eds.)". Autopoiesis in Organization: Theory and Practice. Bingley, UK: Emerald. pp. 111–129.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Noack, Pit. "Missing Link: Luhmanns Denkmaschine endlich im Netz". heise online (in German). Retrieved 2020-05-31. ^ Niklas Luhmann: Kommunikation mit Zettelkästen. Ein Erfahrungsbericht, in: André Kieserling (ed.), Universität als Milieu. Kleine Schriften, Haux, Bielefeld 1992, ISBN 3-925471-13-8, p. 53–61; translated in: "Communicating with Slip Boxes". luhmann.surge.sh. Retrieved 2020-05-31. Further reading[edit] Detlef Horster (1997), Niklas Luhmann, München. David Seidl and Kai Helge Becker: Niklas Luhmann and Organization Studies. Copenhagen Business School Press, Copenhagen 2005, ISBN 978-87-630-0162-5. Michele Infante (2012). Teoria sistemica dei media. Luhmann e la comunicazione, 262 pp., Aracne Editrice, Roma, ISBN 978-88-548-4723-1 Michele Infante (2013) : "Codification: signal, canal, noise, encoding and decoding", in New Atlantis. Nature and Human Sciences and Complexity Journal, Year 28th – n° 2 - Jul/Dec. 2013, pp. 57–60, ISSN 2281-9495, ISBN 978-88-548-6611-9, doi:10.4399/97888548661198 Michele Infante (2013), "Information", in New Atlantis, Nature and Human Sciences and Complexity Journal Year 28th - n° 2 - Jul / Dec 2013 pp. 61–64, Aracne Editrice, doi:10.4399/97888548661199 Michele Infante (2013), "Systemic Boundary" in New Atlantis, Nature and Human Sciences and Complexity Journal, Year 28th - n° 2 - Jul/Dec 2013, Aracne Editrice, ISSN 2281-9495, ISBN 978-88-548-6611-9, pp. 65–68, doi:10.4399/978885486611910 Michele Infante (2013). Media Construction of Fair and Social Risk in the Late-2000s Financial Crisis. NEW ATLANTIS, Nature and Human Sciences and Complexity Journal, Year 28th - n° 1- Dec/Jun 2013, Aracne Editrice vol. 1, pp. 59–78, ISSN 2281-9495, doi:10.4399/97888548601559 Ilana Gershon (2005) "Seeing Like a System: Luhmann for Anthropologists." Anthropological Theory 5(2): 99–116. Giorgio Manfré, "La società della società", QuattroVenti, Urbino, 2008. Giorgio Manfré, "Eros e società-mondo. Luhmann/Marx Freud", QuattroVenti, Urbino, 2004. Hans-Georg Moeller (2012). The Radical Luhmann, New York. Javier Torres Nafarrete y Darío Rodríguez Mansilla (2008): Introducción a la Teoría de la Sociedad de Niklas Luhmann. México: Editorial Herder. Oliver Jahraus, Armin Nassehi et al. (2012). Luhmann-Handbuch. Leben - Werk - Wirkung, Stuttgart. Georg Kneer and Armin Nassehi (2004). Niklas Luhmann. Eine Einführung, München. Alexander Riegler and Armin Scholl (eds.) (2012) Luhmann's Relation to and Relevance for Constructivist Approaches. Special issue. Constructivist Foundations 8(1): 1–116, freely available at the journal's web site Magdalena Tzaneva (ed.), Nachtflug der Eule. Gedenkbuch zum 15. Todestag von Niklas Luhmann, Berlin 2013. Alberto Cevolini, Where Does Niklas Luhmann's Card Index Come From? «Erudition and the Republic of Letters», vol. 3, n. 4, 2018, pp. 390–420. doi:10.1163/24055069-00304002 External links[edit] Systems science portal Society portal Media related to Niklas Luhmann at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Niklas Luhmann at Wikiquote Sistemas Sociales Scientific divulgation of fundamental ideas of Luhmann's theory of autopoietic social systems (in Spanish) Luhmann archive Access the digital contents of the Niklas Luhmann-Archives v t e Continental philosophy Philosophers Theodor W. Adorno Giorgio Agamben Louis Althusser Hannah Arendt Raymond Aron Gaston Bachelard Alain Badiou Roland Barthes Georges Bataille Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Walter Benjamin Simone de Beauvoir Henri Bergson Maurice Blanchot Pierre Bourdieu Martin Buber Judith Butler Albert Camus Georges Canguilhem Ernst Cassirer Cornelius Castoriadis Emil Cioran Benedetto Croce Paul de Man Guy Debord Gilles Deleuze Jacques Derrida Wilhelm Dilthey Hubert Dreyfus Umberto Eco Terry Eagleton Friedrich Engels Frantz Fanon Johann Gottlieb Fichte Michel Foucault Hans-Georg Gadamer Giovanni Gentile Félix Guattari Antonio Gramsci Jürgen Habermas G. W. F. Hegel Martin Heidegger Edmund Husserl Roman Ingarden Luce Irigaray Fredric Jameson Karl Jaspers Walter Kaufmann Søren Kierkegaard Ludwig Klages Pierre Klossowski Alexandre Kojève Alexandre Koyré Leszek Kołakowski Julia Kristeva Jacques Lacan Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe François Laruelle Bruno Latour Henri Lefebvre Claude Lévi-Strauss Emmanuel Levinas Niklas Luhmann György Lukács Jean-François Lyotard Gabriel Marcel Herbert Marcuse Karl Marx Quentin Meillassoux Maurice Merleau-Ponty Jean-Luc Nancy Antonio Negri Friedrich Nietzsche José Ortega y Gasset Jacques Rancière Paul Ricœur Edward Said Jean-Paul Sartre F. W. J. 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Scaevola Schauer Schmitt Shang Simmonds Somló Suárez Tribe Unger Voegelin Waldron Walzer Weber Wronkowska Ziembiński Znamierowski Theories Analytical jurisprudence Deontological ethics Fundamental theory of canon law Interpretivism Legalism Legal moralism Legal positivism Legal realism Libertarian theories of law Natural law Paternalism Utilitarianism Virtue jurisprudence Concepts Dharma Fa Judicial interpretation Justice Legal system Li Rational-legal authority Usul al-Fiqh Related articles Law Political philosophy Index Category Law portal Philosophy portal WikiProject Law WikiProject Philosophy changes Authority control BIBSYS: 90051998 BNC: 000042701 BNE: XX986556 BNF: cb12018601k (data) CANTIC: a10115262 CiNii: DA00306678 GND: 118575147 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\000322 ISNI: 0000 0001 2277 8532 LCCN: n79123583 LNB: 000006608 NDL: 00448182 NKC: xx0002990 NLA: 35658061 NLG: 80854 NLI: 000086403 NLK: KAC200105809 NLP: A12542118 NSK: 000031486 NTA: 06844575X PLWABN: 9810555751905606 RERO: 02-A025309071 SELIBR: 263214 SNAC: w6g28dd7 SUDOC: 028327667 Trove: 1030007 ULAN: 500064306 VIAF: 29546145 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79123583 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niklas_Luhmann&oldid=994400306" Categories: 1927 births 1998 deaths People from Lüneburg Functionalism (social theory) University of Freiburg alumni Bielefeld University faculty German social scientists German sociologists People from the Province of Hanover Systems scientists Epistemologists Communication scholars Philosophers of social science 20th-century German philosophers German male writers Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020 Commons category link from Wikidata Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles 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