Philosophy and economics - Wikipedia Philosophy and economics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search See also: History of economic thought Part of a series on Economics Index Outline Category History Branches Classification History of economics Schools of economics Mainstream economics Heterodox economics Economic methodology Economic theory Political economy Microeconomics Macroeconomics International economics Applied economics Mathematical economics Econometrics JEL classification codes Concepts Theory Techniques Economic systems Economic growth Market National accounting Experimental economics Computational economics Game theory Operations research Middle income trap By application Agricultural Behavioral Business Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Economic geography Financial Health Economic history Industrial organization Information Institutional Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary Natural resource Organizational Personnel Economic planning Economic policy Public economics Public / Social choice Regional Rural Service Socioeconomics Economic sociology Economic statistics Urban Welfare Welfare economics Notable economists François Quesnay Adam Smith David Ricardo Thomas Robert Malthus John Stuart Mill Karl Marx William Stanley Jevons Léon Walras Alfred Marshall Irving Fisher John Maynard Keynes Arthur Cecil Pigou John Hicks Wassily Leontief Paul Samuelson more Lists Economists Publications (journals) Glossary Glossary of economics  Business portal  Money portal v t e Philosophy and economics, also philosophy of economics, studies topics such as rational choice, the appraisal of economic outcomes, institutions and processes, and the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them. It is useful to divide philosophy of economics in this way into three subject matters which can be regarded respectively as branches of action theory, ethics (or normative social and political philosophy), and philosophy of science. Economic theories of rationality, welfare, and social choice defend substantive philosophical theses often informed by relevant philosophical literature and of evident interest to those interested in action theory, philosophical psychology, and social and political philosophy. Economics is of special interest to those interested in epistemology and philosophy of science both because of its detailed peculiarities and because it has many of the overt features of the natural sciences, while its object consists of social phenomena.[1] Contents 1 Scope 1.1 Definition and ontology of economics 1.2 Methodology and epistemology of economics 1.3 Rational choice, decision theory and game theory 1.4 Ethics and justice 1.5 Non-mainstream economic thinking 2 Scholars cited in the literature 3 Related disciplines 4 Degrees 5 Journals 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Scope[edit] Definition and ontology of economics[edit] The question usually addressed in any subfield of philosophy (the philosophy of X) is "what is X?" A philosophical approach to the question "what is economics?" is less likely to produce an answer than it is to produce a survey of the definitional and territorial difficulties and controversies. Similar considerations apply as a prologue to further discussion of methodology in a subject. Definitions of economics have varied over time from the modern origins of the subject, reflecting programmatic concerns and distinctions of expositors.[2] Ontological questions continue with further "what is..." questions addressed at fundamental economic phenomena, such as "what is (economic) value?" or "what is a market?". While it is possible to respond to such questions with real verbal definitions, the philosophical value of posing such questions actually aims at shifting entire perspectives as to the nature of the foundations of economics. In the rare cases that attempts at ontological shifts gain wide acceptance, their ripple effects can spread throughout the entire field of economics.[3] Methodology and epistemology of economics[edit] Main article: Economic methodology An epistemology deals with how we know things. In the philosophy of economics this means asking questions such as: what kind of a "truth claim" is made by economic theories – for example, are we claiming that the theories relate to reality or perceptions? How can or should we prove economic theories – for example, must every economic theory be empirically verifiable? How exact are economic theories and can they lay claim to the status of an exact science – for example, are economic predictions as reliable as predictions in the natural sciences, and why or why not? Another way of expressing this issue is to ask whether economic theories can state "laws". Philosophers of science and economists have explored these issues intensively since the work of Alexander Rosenberg and Daniel M. Hausman dating to 3 decades ago.[4] Rational choice, decision theory and game theory[edit] Main articles: Decision theory and Game theory Philosophical approaches in decision theory focus on foundational concepts in decision theory – for example, on the natures of choice or preference, rationality, risk and uncertainty, and economic agents.[5] Game theory is shared between a number of disciplines, but especially mathematics, economics and philosophy. Game theory is still extensively discussed within the field of the philosophy of economics. Game theory is closely related to and builds on decision theory and is likewise very strongly interdisciplinary.[6] Ethics and justice[edit] Main articles: Distributive justice and Justice (economics) The ethics of economic systems deals with the issues such as how it is right (just, fair) to keep or distribute economic goods. Economic systems as a product of collective activity allow examination of their ethical consequences for all of their participants. Ethics and economics relates ethical studies to welfare economics.[7] It has been argued that a closer relation between welfare economics and modern ethical studies may enrich both areas, even including predictive and descriptive economics as to rationality of behavior, given social interdependence.[8] Ethics and justice overlap disciplines in different ways. Approaches are regarded as more philosophical when they study the fundamentals – for example, John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (1971)[9] and Robert Nozick's Anarchy, State and Utopia (1974). 'Justice' in economics is a subcategory of welfare economics[10] with models frequently representing the ethical-social requirements of a given theory. "Practical" matters include such subjects as law[11] and cost–benefit analysis[12] Utilitarianism, one of the ethical methodologies, has its origins inextricably interwoven with the emergence of modern economic thought. Today utilitarianism has spread throughout applied ethics as one of a number of approaches. Non-utilitarian approaches in applied ethics are also now used when questioning the ethics of economic systems – e.g. rights-based (deontological) approaches.[13] Many political ideologies have been an immediate outgrowth of reflection on the ethics of economic systems. Marx, for example, is generally regarded primarily as a philosopher, his most notable work being on the philosophy of economics. However, Marx's economic critique of capitalism did not depend on ethics, justice, or any form of morality, instead focusing on the inherent contradictions of capitalism through the lens of a process which is today called dialectical materialism. Non-mainstream economic thinking[edit] Main article: Heterodox economics The philosophy of economics defines itself as including the questioning of foundations or assumptions of economics. The foundations and assumption of economics have been questioned from the perspective of noteworthy but typically under-represented groups. These areas are therefore to be included within the philosophy of economics. Praxeology: a deductive theory of human action based on premises presumed to be philosophically true (following the analytic–synthetic distinction of Immanuel Kant). Developed by Ludwig von Mises within the Austrian School, is a self-conscious opposition to the mathematical modeling and hypothesis-testing to validate neoclassical economics.[14][15] Cross-cultural perspectives on economics, and economic anthropology: an example is the Buddhist-inspired Bhutanese "Gross National Happiness" concept (suggested as a better development measure than GNI/GDP). Amartya Sen is a renowned advocate for the integration of cross-cultural phenomena into economic thinking.[16] Latino philosophical perspectives: examples include Maria Lugones who wrote on economy and decolonization of the Americas[17] and Giannina Braschi who writes on debt structures, financial terrorism, and economy as "feardom".[18][19] Feminist perspectives on economics, or feminist economics.[20] Scholars cited in the literature[edit] Aristotle Kenneth Arrow Roger E. Backhouse Ken Binmore Kevin Carson Milton Friedman Frank Hahn Friedrich Hayek Martin Hollis Daniel M. Hausman Terence Wilmot Hutchison David Hume John Neville Keynes John Maynard Keynes Tony Lawson John Locke Uskali Mäki Thomas Robert Malthus Karl Marx John Stuart Mill Ludwig von Mises Pierre-Joseph Proudhon John E. Roemer Murray Rothbard John Rawls Lionel Robbins Joan Robinson Alexander Rosenberg Paul Samuelson E. F. Schumacher Amartya Sen Brian Skyrms Adam Smith Max Weber Carl Menger Bernard Williams Related disciplines[edit] The ethics of economic systems is an area of overlap between business ethics and the philosophy of economics. People who write on the ethics of economic systems are more likely to call themselves political philosophers than business ethicists or economic philosophers. There is significant overlap between theoretical issues in economics and the philosophy of economics. As economics is generally accepted to have its origins in philosophy, the history of economics overlaps with the philosophy of economics. Degrees[edit] Some universities offer joint degrees that combine philosophy, politics and economics. These degrees cover many of the problems that are discussed in Philosophy and Economics, but are more broadly construed. A small number of universities, notably the London School of Economics,the Erasmus University Rotterdam, Copenhagen Business School,the University of Vienna and the University of Bayreuth offer master's degree programs specialized in philosophy and economics. Journals[edit] Economics and Philosophy Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics Journal of Economic Methodology Philosophy and Public Affairs Politics, Philosophy & Economics – Aims and Scope See also[edit] Analytic philosophy Philosophy of science Schools of economic thought History of economic thought Notes[edit] ^ "Philosophy of Economics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy". ^ For example: Roger E. Backhouse and Steven Medema (2008). "economics, definition of", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. _____ (2009). "Retrospectives: On the Definition of Economics", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(1), pp. 221–33. Adam Smith ([1776] 1976). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Oxford University Press. p. 428. John Stuart Mill (1844). "On the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation Proper to It", Essay V, in Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy. Lionel Robbins (1932). An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, Macmillan, p. 16. ^ For example: Roger E. Backhouse and Steven Medema (2008). "economics, definition of", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. Uskali Mäki (2008). "scientific realism and ontology", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. ^ For example: D. Wade Hands (2008). "philosophy and economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. Roger E. Backhouse (2008). "methodology of economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. Alexander Rosenberg (1976). Microeconomic Laws: A Philosophical Analysis, University of Pittsburgh Press. Description Archived 2012-01-12 at the Wayback Machine and Preview. _____ (1983). "If Economics Isn't Science, What Is It?" Philosophical Forum, 14, pp. 296–314. _____ (1986). "What Rosenberg's Philosophy of Economics Is Not", Philosophy of Science, 53(1), pp. 127–132. JSTOR 187927 Douglas W. Hands (1984). "What Economics Is Not: An Economist's Response to Rosenberg", Philosophy of Science, 51(3), pp. 495–503. JSTOR 187496 Bruce J. Caldwell ([1982] 1994). Beyond Positivism: Economic Methodology in the Twentieth Century, 2nd ed. Routledge. Preview. Daniel M. Hausman (1980). "How to Do Philosophy of Economics", PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1, pp. 353–362. JSTOR 192578 _____ (1983). "The Limits of Economic Science", in The Limits of Lawfulness: Studies on the Scope and Nature of Scientific Knowledge, N. Rescher, ed. Reprinted in D.M. Hausman (1992 Essays on Philosophy and Economic Methodology, pp. 99–108. Daniel M. Hausman (1989). "Economic Methodology in a Nutshell", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 3(2), pp. 115–127. _____ (1992). The Inexact and Separate Science of Economics. Description, to ch. 1 excerpt, preview, and reviews: JSTOR 2185742JSTOR 687635 Kevin D. Hoover (1995). "Review Article: Why Does Methodology Matter for Economics?" Economic Journal, 105(430), pp. 715–734. Vernon L. Smith (2003). "Constructivist and Ecological Rationality in Economics", American Economic Review, 93(3), pp. 465–508. Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine _____ (2008). "experimental economics", The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition, Abstract. Francesco Guala (2005). The Methodology of Experimental Economics, Cambridge. Description/contents links and ch. 1 excerpt. Archived 2012-09-17 at the Wayback Machine ^ Paul Anand (1993, 1995). "Foundations of Rational Choice Under Risk". Oxford. Oxford University Press. ^ Cristina Bicchieri (1993). Rationality and Coordination. Cambridge. Description and chapter-preview links, pp. v-vi. Game-theory links. ^ For example: Amartya K. Sen (1970 [1984]). Collective Choice and Social Welfare. Elsevier. Daniel M. Hausman and Michael S. McPherson (1993). "Taking Ethics Seriously: Economics and Contemporary Moral Philosophy", Journal of Economic Literature, 31(2), pp. 671–731. _____ ([1994] 2005), 2nd Ed. Economic Analysis and Moral Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. Hal R. Varian (1975). "Distributive Justice, Welfare Economics, and the Theory of Fairness", Philosophy & Public Affairs 4(3), pp. 223–247. JSTOR 2265084 ^ Amartya Sen (1987). On Ethics and Economics, Blackwell. ^ Amartya Sen (1990). "Justice: Means versus Freedoms," Philosophy & Public Affairs, 19(2), pp. 111-121. ^ In the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes at JEL: D63, wedged on the same line between 'Equity' and 'Inequality'. ^ For example: Richard Posner (1981). The Economics of Justice. Description and chapter links, pp. xi-xiii. David A. Hoffman and Michael P. O'Shea (2002). "Can Law and Economics Be Both Practical and Principled?" Alabama Law Review, 53(2), pp. 335–420. ^ Sven Ove Hansson (2010). "cost–benefit analysis: philosophical issues," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Online Edition. Abstract. ^ Marc Fleurbaey (2008). "ethics and economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract. ^ What Is the Mises Institute? Mission Statement. ^ Praxeology: The Methodology of Austrian Economics Praxeology: The Methodology of Austrian Economics. Murray N. Rothbard (1976) ^ Amartya Sen (2008). "Culture and Development." Archived 2011-10-05 at the Wayback Machine ^ Smith, Harrison. "Maria Lugones, feminist philosopher who studied colonialism's legacy, dies at 76". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-10-10. ^ Riofrio, John (2020-03-01). "Falling for debt: Giannina Braschi, the Latinx avant-garde, and financial terrorism in the United States of Banana". Latino Studies. 18 (1): 66–81. doi:10.1057/s41276-019-00239-2. ISSN 1476-3443. ^ Mendoza de Jesus, Ronald. "Free-dom: United States of Banana and the Limits of Sovereignty"; Poets, Philosophers, Lovers: on the Writings of Giannina Braschi. Aldama, Frederick Luis, 1969-, O'Dwyer, Tess. Pittsburgh, Pa. pp. 133–175. ISBN 978-0-8229-4618-2. OCLC 1143649021. ^ For example: Drucilla Barker & Edith Kuiper eds., Towards a feminist philosophy of economics. Routledge. 2003. ISBN 0-415-28388-4. References[edit] Boulding, Kenneth E. (1969). "Economics as a Moral Science," American Economic Review, 59(1), pp. 1-12. Caldwell, Bruce (1987). "positivism," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v.3, pp. 921–23. Downie, R.S. (1987). "moral philosophy," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 551–56. Hands, D. Wade, ed. (1993). The Philosophy and Methodology of Economics, Edward Elgar. 3 v. Description and Table of Contents links. Davis, John B., Alain Marciano, Jochen Runde, eds. (2004). The Elgar Companion to Economics and Philosophy. Description & Table of Contents links and Introduction and ch. 1 previews via sidebar scrolling. Articles from 1925 & 1940–1991. Hausman, Daniel M. (1992). Essays on Philosophy and Economic Methodology. Description, ch. 1 link. Chapter-preview links. _____, ed. ([1984] 2008). The Philosophy of Economics: An Anthology, 3rd ed. Cambridge. Description & Table of contents links and Introduction. From John Stuart Mill on. Heilbroner, Robert L. ([1953] 1999). The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times, and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers, 7th ed. Scroll to chapter-preview links. Hodgson, Bernard (2001). Economics as Moral Science. Description and chapter-preview links, pp. xi-xiv. Peil, Jan, and Irene van Staveren, eds. (2009). Handbook of Economics and Ethics, Edward Elgar. Description and preview. Putnam, Hilary (1993). "The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy," in Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen, ed. The Quality of Life, pp. 143–157. Oxford. Reprinted in Putnam (2002), Part I, pp. 5 -64. _____ (2002). The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays, Description and chapter-preview links. Robinson, Joan (1962). Economic Philosophy. Description and scroll to chapter and previews. Rubinstein, Ariel (2006). "Dilemmas of an Economic Theorist," Econometrica, 74(4), pp. 865–883 (close Page tab). Szenberg, Michael, ed. (1992). Eminent Economists: Their Life Philosophies, Cambridge. Description and preview. Walsh, Vivian (1961). Scarcity and Evil]: An Original Exploration of Moral Issues on the Frontier Between Guilt and Tragedy. Prentice-Hall. _____ (1987). "philosophy and economics," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 861–869. _____ (1996). Rationality, Allocation, and Reproduction. Cambridge. Description and scroll to chapter-preview links. External links[edit] Philosophy of Economics (Daniel Little's entry in the Routledge Encyclopedia of the Philosophy of Science) Philosophy of Economics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) by Daniel M. Hausman, notable in the field. Links to related articles v t e Philosophy Branches Traditional Metaphysics Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Philosophy of... Action Color Culture Design Music Film Cosmology Education Environment Geography Happiness History Human nature Humor Feminism Language Law Life Literature Mathematics Medicine Healthcare Psychiatry Mind Pain Psychology Perception Philosophy Religion Science Physics Chemistry Biology Sexuality Social science Business Culture Economics Politics Society Space and time Sport Technology Artificial intelligence Computer science Engineering Information War Schools of thought By era Ancient Western Medieval Renaissance Early modern Modern Contemporary Ancient Chinese Agriculturalism Confucianism Legalism Logicians Mohism Chinese naturalism Neotaoism Taoism Yangism Chan Greco-Roman Aristotelianism Atomism Cynicism Cyrenaics Eleatics Eretrian school Epicureanism Hermeneutics Ionian Ephesian Milesian Megarian school Neoplatonism Peripatetic Platonism Pluralism Presocratic Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism Neopythagoreanism Sophistic Stoicism Indian Hindu Samkhya Nyaya Vaisheshika Yoga Mīmāṃsā Ājīvika Ajñana Cārvāka Jain Anekantavada Syādvāda Buddhist Śūnyatā Madhyamaka Yogacara Sautrāntika Svatantrika Persian Mazdakism Mithraism Zoroastrianism Zurvanism Medieval European Christian Augustinianism Scholasticism Thomism Scotism Occamism Renaissance humanism East Asian Korean Confucianism Edo neo-Confucianism Neo-Confucianism Indian Vedanta Acintya bheda abheda Advaita Bhedabheda Dvaita Nimbarka Sampradaya Shuddhadvaita Vishishtadvaita Navya-Nyāya Islamic Averroism Avicennism Illuminationism ʿIlm al-Kalām Sufi Jewish Judeo-Islamic Modern People Cartesianism Kantianism Neo-Kantianism Hegelianism Marxism Spinozism 0 Anarchism Classical Realism Liberalism Collectivism Conservatism Determinism Dualism Empiricism Existentialism Foundationalism Historicism Holism Humanism Anti- Idealism Absolute British German Objective Subjective Transcendental Individualism Kokugaku Materialism Modernism Monism Naturalism Natural law Nihilism New Confucianism Neo-scholasticism Pragmatism Phenomenology Positivism Reductionism Rationalism Social contract Socialism Transcendentalism Utilitarianism Contemporary Analytic Applied ethics Analytic feminism Analytical Marxism Communitarianism Consequentialism Critical rationalism Experimental philosophy Falsificationism Foundationalism / Coherentism Internalism and externalism Logical positivism Legal positivism Normative ethics Meta-ethics Moral realism Quinean naturalism Ordinary language philosophy Postanalytic philosophy Quietism Rawlsian Reformed epistemology Systemics Scientism Scientific realism Scientific skepticism Transactionalism Contemporary utilitarianism Vienna Circle Wittgensteinian Continental Critical theory Deconstruction Existentialism Feminist Frankfurt School New Historicism Hermeneutics Neo-Marxism Phenomenology Posthumanism Postmodernism Post-structuralism Social constructionism Structuralism Western Marxism Other Kyoto School Objectivism Postcritique Russian cosmism more... Positions Aesthetics Formalism Institutionalism Aesthetic response Ethics Consequentialism Deontology Virtue Free will Compatibilism Determinism Hard Incompatibilism Hard Libertarianism Metaphysics Atomism Dualism Idealism Monism Naturalism Realism Epistemology Empiricism Fideism Naturalism Particularism Rationalism Skepticism Solipsism Mind Behaviorism Emergentism Eliminativism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Objectivism Subjectivism Normativity Absolutism Particularism Relativism Nihilism Skepticism Universalism Ontology Action Event Process Reality Anti-realism Conceptualism Idealism Materialism Naturalism Nominalism Physicalism Realism By region Related lists Miscellaneous By region African Ethiopian Amerindian Aztec Eastern Chinese Egyptian Indian Indonesian Iranian Japanese Korean Taiwanese Pakistani Vietnamese Middle Eastern Western American Australian British Czech Danish French German Greek Italian Polish Romanian Russian Slovene Spanish Turkish Lists Outline Index Years Problems Schools Glossary Philosophers Movements Publications Miscellaneous Natural law Sage Theoretical philosophy / Practical philosophy Women in philosophy Portal Category Book v t e Economics Economic theory Political economy Applied economics Methodology Economic model Economic systems Microfoundations Mathematical economics Econometrics Computational economics Experimental economics Publications Microeconomics Aggregation problem Budget set Consumer choice Convexity Cost Average Marginal Opportunity Social Sunk Transaction Cost–benefit analysis Deadweight loss Distribution Economies of scale Economies of scope Elasticity Equilibrium General Externality Firm Goods and services Goods Service Indifference curve Interest Intertemporal choice Market Market failure Market structure Competition Monopolistic Perfect Monopoly Bilateral Monopsony Oligopoly Oligopsony Non-convexity Pareto efficiency Preference Price Production set Profit Public good Rate of profit Rationing Rent Returns to scale Risk aversion Scarcity Shortage Surplus Social choice Supply and demand Trade Uncertainty Utility Expected Marginal Value Wage Publications Macroeconomics Aggregate demand Balance of payments Business cycle Capacity utilization Capital flight Central bank Consumer confidence Currency Deflation Demand shock Depression Great Disinflation DSGE Effective demand Expectations Adaptive Rational Fiscal policy General Theory of Keynes Growth Indicators Inflation Hyperinflation Interest rate Investment IS–LM model Measures of national income and output Models Money Creation Demand Supply Monetary policy NAIRU National accounts Price level PPP Recession Saving Shrinkflation Stagflation Supply shock Unemployment Publications Mathematical economics Contract theory Decision theory Econometrics Game theory Input–output model Mathematical finance Mechanism design Operations research Applied fields Agricultural Business Demographic Development Economic geography Economic history Education Industrial Engineering Civil Engineering Environmental Financial Health Industrial organization International Knowledge Labour Law and economics Monetary Natural resource Economic planning Economic policy Public economics Public choice Regional Service Socioeconomics Economic sociology Economic statistics Transportation Urban Welfare Schools (history) of economic thought American (National) Ancient thought Anarchist Mutualism Austrian Behavioral Buddhist Chartalism Modern Monetary Theory Chicago Classical Disequilibrium Ecological Evolutionary Feminist Georgism Heterodox Historical Institutional Keynesian Neo- (neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis) New Post- Circuitism Mainstream Malthusianism Marginalism Marxian Neo- Mercantilism Neoclassical Lausanne New classical Real business-cycle theory New institutional Physiocracy Socialist Stockholm Supply-side Thermoeconomics Notable economists and thinkers within economics François Quesnay Adam Smith David Ricardo Thomas Robert Malthus Johann Heinrich von Thünen Friedrich List Hermann Heinrich Gossen Jules Dupuit Antoine Augustin Cournot John Stuart Mill Karl Marx William Stanley Jevons Henry George Léon Walras Alfred Marshall Georg Friedrich Knapp Francis Ysidro Edgeworth Vilfredo Pareto Friedrich von Wieser John Bates Clark Thorstein Veblen John R. Commons Irving Fisher Wesley Clair Mitchell John Maynard Keynes Joseph Schumpeter Arthur Cecil Pigou Frank Knight John von Neumann Alvin Hansen Jacob Viner Edward Chamberlin Ragnar Frisch Harold Hotelling Michał Kalecki Oskar R. Lange Jacob Marschak Gunnar Myrdal Abba P. Lerner Roy Harrod Piero Sraffa Simon Kuznets Joan Robinson E. F. Schumacher Friedrich Hayek John Hicks Tjalling Koopmans Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen Wassily Leontief John Kenneth Galbraith Hyman Minsky Herbert A. Simon Milton Friedman Paul Samuelson Kenneth Arrow William Baumol Gary Becker Elinor Ostrom Robert Solow Amartya Sen Robert Lucas Jr. Joseph Stiglitz Richard Thaler Paul Krugman Thomas Piketty more International organizations Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Economic Cooperation Organization European Free Trade Association International Monetary Fund Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development World Bank World Trade Organization Category Index Lists Outline Publications Business portal v t e Social sciences Outline History Index Primary Anthropology (archaeology cultural linguistics social) Economics (microeconomics macroeconomics econometrics mathematical) Geography (human integrative) History cultural auxiliary sciences economic human military political social) Law (jurisprudence legal history legal systems public law private law) Political science (international relations comparative theory public policy) Psychology (abnormal cognitive developmental personality social) Sociology (criminology demography internet rural urban) Interdisciplinary Administration (business public) Anthrozoology Area studies Business studies Cognitive science Communication studies Community studies Cultural studies Development studies Education Environmental (social science studies) Food studies Gender studies Global studies History of technology Human ecology Information science International studies Linguistics Media studies Philosophy of science (economics history psychology social science) Planning (land use regional urban) Political ecology Political economy Public health Regional science Science and technology studies Science studies historical Quantum social science Social work Vegan studies List List of social science journals Other categorizations Humanities Geisteswissenschaft Human science Category Commons  Society portal Wikiversity Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_and_economics&oldid=993626092" Categories: Philosophy of economics Interdisciplinary subfields of economics Philosophy of science by discipline Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2020, at 16:27 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Mobile view Developers Statistics Cookie statement