Raymond Aron - Wikipedia Raymond Aron From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Raymond Aron Raymond Aron (1966) by Erling Mandelmann Born (1905-03-14)14 March 1905 Paris, France Died 17 October 1983(1983-10-17) (aged 78)[1] Paris, France Education École Normale Supérieure, University of Paris[2] (Dr ès l) Era 20th-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Continental philosophy French liberalism Main interests Political philosophy Notable ideas Marxism as the opium of intellectuals Influences Alain,[3] Léon Brunschvicg,[3] Alexis de Tocqueville,[4] Carl von Clausewitz, Célestin Bouglé, Élie Halévy,[5] Hannah Arendt, Immanuel Kant, Montesquieu, Max Weber, Jean-Paul Sartre Influenced Pierre Bourdieu, Marcel Gauchet, Paul Veyne, Jean-François Revel, Zbigniew Brzezinski, Henry Kissinger, Allan Bloom, Tony Judt, Edward Shils Raymond Claude Ferdinand Aron (French: [ʁɛmɔ̃ aʁɔ̃]; 14 March 1905 – 17 October 1983) was a French philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, and journalist. Aron is best known for his 1955 book The Opium of the Intellectuals, the title of which inverts Karl Marx's claim that religion was the opium of the people; he argues that Marxism was the opium of the intellectuals in post-war France. In the book, Aron chastised French intellectuals for what he described as their harsh criticism of capitalism and democracy and their simultaneous defense of Marxist oppression, atrocities, and intolerance. Critic Roger Kimball[6] suggests that Opium is "a seminal book of the twentieth century." Aron is also known for his lifelong friendship, sometimes fractious, with philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.[7] The saying "Better be wrong with Sartre than right with Aron" became popular among French intellectuals.[8] As a voice of moderation in politics,[9] Aron had many disciples on both the political left and right, but he remarked that he personally was "more of a left-wing Aronian than a right-wing one."[10] Aron wrote extensively on a wide range of other topics. Citing the breadth and quality of Aron's writings, historian James R. Garland suggests, "Though he may be little known in America, Raymond Aron arguably stood as the preeminent example of French intellectualism for much of the twentieth century."[11] Contents 1 Life and career 2 Political commitment 3 Political thought 4 Works 4.1 Other media 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links Life and career[edit] Born in Paris, the son of a secular Jewish lawyer, Aron studied at the École Normale Supérieure, where he met Jean-Paul Sartre, who became his friend and lifelong intellectual opponent.[11] He was a rational humanist,[12][13] and a leader among those who did not embrace existentialism.[14] Aron took first place in the agrégation of philosophy in 1928, the year Sartre failed the same exam. In 1930, he received a doctorate in the philosophy of history from the École Normale Supérieure. He had been teaching social philosophy at the University of Toulouse for only a few weeks when World War II began; he joined the Armée de l'Air. When France was defeated, he left for London to join the Free French forces, editing the newspaper, France Libre (Free France). When the war ended Aron returned to Paris to teach sociology at the École Nationale d'Administration and Sciences Po. From 1955 to 1968, he taught at the Sorbonne, and after 1970 at the Collège de France as well as the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS). In 1953, he befriended the young American philosopher Allan Bloom, who was teaching at the Sorbonne. A lifelong journalist, Aron in 1947 became an influential columnist for Le Figaro,[15] a position he held for thirty years until he joined L'Express, where he wrote a political column up to his death. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960.[16] In 1978 he founded Commentaire, a quarterly journal of ideas and debate, together with Jean-Claude Casanova who was the venture's founding director.[17] Aron died of a heart attack in Paris on 17 October 1983. Political commitment[edit] In Berlin, Aron witnessed the rise to power of the Nazi Party and developed an aversion to all totalitarian systems. In 1938, he participated in the Colloque Walter Lippmann in Paris. By the 1950s, he had grown very critical of the Austrian School and described their obsession with private property as an "inverted Marxism".[18] Aron always promoted an "immoderately moderate" form of liberalism which accepted a mixed economy as the normal economic model of the age.[19] Political thought[edit] Aron is the author of books on Karl Marx and on Carl von Clausewitz. In Peace and War, he set out a theory of international relations. He argues that Max Weber's claim that the state has a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force does not apply to the relationship between states. In the field of international relations in the 1950s, Aron hypothesized that despite the advent of nuclear weapons, nations would still require conventional military forces. The usefulness of such forces would be made necessary by what he called a "nuclear taboo."[20] See also: France and weapons of mass destruction Works[edit] A prolific author, he "wrote several thousand editorials and several hundred academic articles, essays, and comments, as well as about forty books",[21] which include: La Sociologie allemande contemporaine, Paris: Alcan, 1935; German Sociology, London: Heinemann, 1957 Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire. Essai sur les limites de l'objectivité historique, Paris: Gallimard, 1938; Introduction to the Philosophy of History: An Essay on the Limits of Historical Objectivity, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1948 Essai sur la théorie de l'histoire dans l'Allemagne contemporaine. La philosophie critique de l'histoire, Paris: Vrin, 1938 L'Homme contre les tyrans, New York, Editions de la Maison française, 1944 De l'armistice à l'insurrection nationale, Paris: Gallimard, 1945 L'Âge des empires et l'Avenir de la France, Paris: Défense de la France, 1945 Le Grand Schisme, Paris: Gallimard, 1948 Les Guerres en Chaîne, Paris: Gallimard, 1951; The Century of Total War, London: Derek Verschayle, 1954 La Coexistence pacifique. Essai d'analyse, Paris: Editions Monde nouveau, 1953 (under the pseudonym François Houtisse, with Boris Souvarine) L'Opium des intellectuels, Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1955; The Opium of the Intellectuals, London: Secker & Warburg, 1957 Polémiques, Paris: Gallimard, 1955 La Tragédie algérienne, Paris: Plon, 1957 Espoir et peur du siècle. Essais non partisans, Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1957 L'Algérie et la République, Paris: Plon, 1958 La Société industrielle et la Guerre, suivi d'un Tableau de la diplomatie mondiale en 1958, Paris: Plon, 1959 Immuable et changeante. De la IVe à la Ve République, Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1959 Introduction. Classes et conflits de classes dans la société industrielle (Ralph Dahrendorf), Paris: Mouton Éditeur, 1959 Dimensions de la conscience historique, Paris: Plon, 1961 Paix et guerre entre les nations, Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1962; Peace and War, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1966 Le Grand Débat. Initiation à la stratégie atomique, Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1963 Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle, Paris: Gallimard, 1963; Eighteen Lectures on Industrial Society, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967 La Lutte des classes, Paris: Gallimard, 1964 Essai sur les libertés, Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1965 Démocratie et totalitarisme, 1965 Trois essais sur l'âge industriel, Paris: Plon, 1966; The Industrial Society. Three Essays on Ideology and Development, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1967 Les Étapes de la pensée sociologique, Paris: Gallimard, 1967; Main Currents in Sociological Thought, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1965 De Gaulle, Israël et les Juifs, Paris: Plon, 1968 La Révolution introuvable. Réflexions sur les événements de mai, Paris: Fayard, 1968 Les Désillusions du progrès, Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1969; Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society, Pall Mall Press, 1968 D'une sainte famille à l'autre. Essai sur le marxisme imaginaire, Paris: Gallimard, 1969 De la condition historique du sociologue, Paris: Gallimard, 1971 Études politiques, Paris: Gallimard, 1972 République impériale. Les États-unis dans le monde (1945–1972), Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1973; The Imperial Republic: The United States and the World 19451973, Little Brown & Company 1974 Histoire et dialectique de la violence, Paris: Gallimard, 1973; History and the Dialectic of Violence: Analysis of Sartre's Critique de la raison dialectique, Oxford: Blackwell, 1979 Penser la guerre, Clausewitz, Paris: Gallimard, 1976; Clausewitz: Philosopher of War, London: Routledge, 1983 Plaidoyer pour l'Europe décadente, Paris: Laffont, 1977; In Defense of Decadent Europe, South Bend IN: Regnery, 1977 with Andre Glucksman and Benny Levy. "Sartre's Errors: A Discussion". TELOS 44 (Summer 1980). New York: Telos Press Le Spectateur engagé, Paris: Julliard, 1981 (interviews) Mémoires, Paris: Julliard, 1983 Les dernières années du siècle, Paris: Julliard, 1984 Ueber Deutschland und den Nationalsozialismus. Fruehe politische Schriften 1930–1939, Joachim Stark, ed. and pref., Opladen: Leske & Budrich, 1993 Le Marxisme de Marx, Paris: Éditions de Fallois, 2002 De Giscard à Mitterrand: 1977–1983 (editorials from L'Express), with preface by Jean-Claude Casanova, Paris: Éditions de Fallois, 2005 Other media[edit] Raymond Aron, spectateur engagé. Entretiens avec Raymond Aron. (Duration: 160 mins.), DVD, Éditions Montparnasse, 2005 References[edit] ^ Hoffmann, Stanley (December 8, 1983). "Raymond Aron (1905–1983)". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 10 June 2014. ^ At the time, the ENS was part of the University of Paris according to the decree of 10 November 1903. ^ a b Brian C. Anderson, Raymond Aron: The Recovery of the Political, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, p. 3. ^ Raymond Aron, Les Étapes de la pensée sociologique, Introduction. ^ Brandom, Eric (2016). "Liberalism and Rationalism at the Revue de Métaphysique Et de Morale, 1902–1903". French Historical Studies. 39 (4): 749–780. doi:10.1215/00161071-3602256. ^ Kimball, Roger (2001). "Aron & the power of ideas Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine". New Criterion, May 2001 ^ Memoirs: fifty years of political reflection, By Raymond Aron (1990) ^ Poirier, Agnès (1 May 2018). "May '68: What Legacy?". The Paris Review. Retrieved 30 December 2020. ^ Rosenblatt, Helena; Geenens, Raf (2012). French Liberalism from Montesquieu to the Present Day. Cambridge University Press. pp. 271–291. ^ Sawyer, Stephen W.; Stewart, Iain (2016). In Search of the Liberal Moment: Democracy, Anti-totalitarianism, and Intellectual Politics in France Since 1950. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 25. ^ a b Garland, James R. "Raymond Aron and the Intellectuals: Arguments supportive of Libertarianism." Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 21, No. 3 (Fall 2007). ^ Anderson, Brian C. (16 February 1997). Raymond Aron: The Recovery of the Political. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780847687589. Retrieved 16 February 2019 – via Google Books. ^ Aron (1994) In Defense of Political Reason, p.170 ^ Carruth, Gorton (1993) The encyclopedia of world facts and dates, p.932 ^ Mazgaj, Paul (2020-11-11). "Raymond Aron, the United States, and the Early Cold War, 1945-1953". The International History Review. 0: 1–19. doi:10.1080/07075332.2020.1838599. ISSN 0707-5332. ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ François Quinton (10 April 2008). "Entretien avec Jean-Claude Casanova (1) : La création de la revue". nonfiction.fr. ^ Rosenblatt, Helena; Geenens, Raf (2012). French Liberalism from Montesquieu to the Present Day. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ^ Sawyer, Stephen W.; Stewart, Iain (2016). In Search of the Liberal Moment: Democracy, Anti-totalitarianism, and Intellectual Politics in France Since 1950. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 22. ^ "Introduction". Raymond Aron. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ Henrik Østergaard Breitenbauch, "ARON, RAYMOND" in Christopher John Murray (ed.), "Encyclopedia of Modern French Thought", Routledge (2013), pp. 18-19 Sources[edit] Anderson, Brian C., Raymond Aron: The Recovery of the Political, Rowman & Littlefield, 1998 Craiutu, Aurelian, "Raymond Aron and the tradition of political moderation in France", French Liberalism from Montesquieu to the Present Day, Cambridge University Press, 2012. Davis, Reed M. A Politics of Understanding: The International Thought of Raymond Aron. Baton Rouge LA.:Louisiana State University Press, 2009 ISBN 978-0-8071-3517-4 Gagliano, Giuseppe La nuova sinistra americana e il movimento del maggio francese nelle interpretazioni di Raymon Aron e Herbert Marcuse. Uniservice, 2011 ISBN 978-88-6178-660-8 Launay, Stephen, La Pensée politique de Raymond Aron, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1995 Mahoney, Daniel and Bryan-Paul Frost (eds.), Political Reason in the Age of Ideology: Essays in Honor of Raymond Aron, New Brunswick/London: Transaction Publishers, 2006 Molina, Jerónimo, Raymond Aron, realista político. Del maquiavelismo a la crítica de las religiones seculares, Madrid: Sequitur, 2013 Stark, Joachim, Das unvollendete Abenteuer. Geschichte, Gesellschaft und Politik im Werk Raymond Arons, Wuerzburg: Koenigshausen und Neumann, 1986 Stark, Joachim, Raymond Aron (1905–1983), in Dirk Kaesler, Klassiker der Soziologie, Vol.II: Von Talcott Parsons bis Anthony Giddens, Munich: Beck, 5th ed., 2007, 105–129 Bavaj, Riccardo Ideologierausch und Realitaetsblindheit. Raymond Arons Kritik am Intellektuellen franzoesischen Typs, Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History 5 (2008), No. 2, 332–338, URL: www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/16126041-Bavaj-2-2008 Oppermann, Matthias, Raymond Aron und Deutschland. Die Verteidigung der Freiheit und das Problem des Totalitarismus, Ostfildern: Thorbecke Verlag 2008. Oppermann, Matthias (Ed.), Im Kampf gegen die modernen Tyranneien. Ein Raymond-Aron-Brevier, Zurich: NZZ Libro 2011. Stark, Joachim, Das unvollendete Abenteuer. Geschichte, Gesellschaft und Politik im Werk Raymond Arons, Wuerzburg: Koenigshausen und Neumann, 1986 Stark, Joachim, Raymond Aron (1905–1983), in Dirk Kaesler, Klassiker der Soziologie, Vol.II: Von Talcott Parsons bis Anthony Giddens, Munich: Beck, 5th ed., 2007, 105–129 External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Raymond Aron Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raymond Aron. Raymond Aron at Find a Grave v t e Continental philosophy Philosophers Theodor W. Adorno Giorgio Agamben Louis Althusser Hannah Arendt Raymond Aron Gaston Bachelard Alain Badiou Roland Barthes Georges Bataille Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Walter Benjamin Simone de Beauvoir Henri Bergson Maurice Blanchot Pierre Bourdieu Martin Buber Judith Butler Albert Camus Georges Canguilhem Ernst Cassirer Cornelius Castoriadis Emil Cioran Benedetto Croce Paul de Man Guy Debord Gilles Deleuze Jacques Derrida Wilhelm Dilthey Hubert Dreyfus Umberto Eco Terry Eagleton Friedrich Engels Frantz Fanon Johann Gottlieb Fichte Michel Foucault Hans-Georg Gadamer Giovanni Gentile Félix Guattari Antonio Gramsci Jürgen Habermas G. W. F. 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