Outline of philosophy - Wikipedia Outline of philosophy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Overview of and topical guide to philosophy The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to philosophy: Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.[1][2] It is distinguished from other ways of addressing fundamental questions (such as mysticism, myth, or religion) by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.[3] It involves logical analysis of language and clarification of the meaning of words and concepts. The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek philosophia (φιλοσοφία), which literally means "love of wisdom".[4][5][6] Contents 1 Branches of philosophy 1.1 Aesthetics 1.2 Epistemology 1.3 Ethics 1.4 Logic 1.5 Metaphysics 1.6 Philosophy of mind 1.7 Other 2 Philosophic traditions by region 2.1 African philosophy 2.2 Eastern philosophy 2.3 Western philosophy 3 History of philosophy 3.1 Timeline of philosophy 3.2 Ancient and classical philosophy 3.2.1 Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy 3.2.2 Classical Chinese philosophy 3.2.3 Classical Indian philosophy 3.3 Medieval and post-classical philosophy 3.3.1 Christian philosophy 3.3.2 Islamic philosophy 3.3.3 Jewish philosophy 3.3.4 Post-classical Chinese philosophy 3.4 Modern and contemporary philosophy 3.4.1 Renaissance philosophy 3.4.2 Early modern philosophy 3.4.3 Contemporary philosophy 4 Philosophical schools of thought 4.1 Aesthetical movements 4.2 Epistemological stances 4.3 Ethical theories 4.4 Logical systems 4.5 Metaphysical stances 4.6 Political philosophies 4.7 Philosophy of language theories and stances 4.8 Philosophy of mind theories and stances 4.9 Philosophy of religion stances 4.10 Philosophy of science theories and stances 5 Philosophical literature 5.1 Reference works 6 Philosophers 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Branches of philosophy[edit] The branches of philosophy and their sub-branches that are used in contemporary philosophy. Aesthetics[edit] Aesthetics is study of the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and the creation of personal kinds of truth Applied aesthetics – application of the philosophy of aesthetics to art and culture. Epistemology[edit] Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the source, nature and validity of knowledge. Social epistemology – inquiry into the social aspects of knowledge. Formal epistemology – the application of formal models to study knowledge. Metaepistemology – studying the foundations of epistemology itself. Ethics[edit] Ethics – study of value and morality. Applied ethics – philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint, of particular issues in private and public life that are matters of moral judgment. It is thus the attempts to use philosophical methods to identify the morally correct course of action in various fields of human life. Environmental ethics – studies ethical issues concerning the non-human world. It exerts influence on a large range of disciplines including environmental law, environmental sociology, ecotheology, ecological economics, ecology and environmental geography. Professional ethics – ethics to improve professionalism Bioethics – study of the typically controversial ethical issues emerging from new situations and possibilities brought about by advances in biology and medicine. Descriptive ethics – study of people's beliefs about morality Discourse ethics – discovery of ethical principles through the study of language Formal ethics – discovery of ethical principles through the application of logic Normative ethics – study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act Metaethics – branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes, and judgments Logic[edit] Logic – the systematic study of the form of valid inference and reasoning. Classical logic Propositional logic First-order logic Second-order logic Higher-order logic Non-classical logic Description logic Digital logic Fuzzy logic Intuitionistic logic Many-valued logic Modal logic Alethic logic Deontic logic Doxastic logic Epistemic logic Temporal logic Paraconsistent logic Substructural logic Metaphysics[edit] Metaphysics – concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world that encompasses it. Cosmology – the study of the nature and origins of the universe. Ontology – philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Meta-ontology – study of the ontological foundations of ontology itself. Philosophy of space and time – branch of philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the ontology, epistemology, and character of space and time. Philosophy of mind[edit] Philosophy of mind – studies the nature of the mind, mental properties, consciousness, and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain. Philosophy of action – theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of a more or less complex kind. This area of thought has attracted the strong interest of philosophers ever since Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics (Third Book). Philosophy of self Other[edit] Meta-philosophy Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of language Philosophy of law Philosophy of mathematics Philosophy of religion Philosophy of science Political philosophy Environmental philosophy Philosophic traditions by region[edit] Regional variations of philosophy. African philosophy[edit] Main article: African philosophy Africana philosophy Ethiopian philosophy Ubuntu philosophy Eastern philosophy[edit] Main article: Eastern philosophy Buddhist philosophy Chinese philosophy Indian philosophy Hindu philosophy Jain philosophy Sikh philosophy Indonesian philosophy Iranian philosophy Japanese philosophy Korean philosophy Vietnamese philosophy Western philosophy[edit] Main article: Western philosophy American philosophy Australian philosophy British philosophy Scottish philosophy Czech philosophy Dutch philosophy French philosophy German philosophy Italian philosophy Yugoslav philosophy History of philosophy[edit] Main article: History of philosophy The history of philosophy in specific contexts of time and space. Timeline of philosophy[edit] Main articles: Timeline of philosophers and List of years in philosophy 11th century in philosophy 12th century in philosophy 13th century in philosophy 14th century in philosophy 15th century in philosophy 16th century in philosophy 17th century in philosophy 18th century in philosophy 19th-century philosophy 20th-century philosophy Ancient and classical philosophy[edit] Main article: Ancient philosophy Philosophies during ancient history. Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy[edit] Main articles: Ancient Greek philosophy and Ancient Roman philosophy Pre-Socratic philosophy Milesian school Pythagoreanism Ephesian school Eleatics Pluralist school Atomism Sophism Classical Greek philosophy Cynicism Cyrenaics Platonism Peripatetic school Megarian school Eretrian school Hellenistic philosophy Academic skepticism Epicureanism Neoplatonism Neopythagoreanism Pyrrhonism Stoicism Classical Chinese philosophy[edit] Hundred Schools of Thought Confucianism Legalism Taoism Mohism School of Naturalists School of Names School of Diplomacy Agriculturalism Syncretism Yangism Classical Indian philosophy[edit] Orthodox schools Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mīmāṃsā Vedanta Heterodox schools Ajñana Jain philosophy Buddhist philosophy Ājīvika Charvaka Medieval and post-classical philosophy[edit] Main article: Medieval philosophy Philosophies during post-classical history. Christian philosophy[edit] Main article: Christian philosophy Scholasticism Thomism Islamic philosophy[edit] Main article: Early Islamic philosophy Avicennism Averroism Illuminationism Jewish philosophy[edit] Main article: Medieval Jewish philosophy Judeo-Islamic philosophies Post-classical Chinese philosophy[edit] Neo-Confucianism Xuanxue Zen Modern and contemporary philosophy[edit] Main article: Modern philosophy Philosophies during the modern era. Renaissance philosophy[edit] Main article: Renaissance philosophy Renaissance humanism Renaissance Jewish philosophy Machiavellianism Neostoicism Ramism School of Salamanca Early modern philosophy[edit] Main article: Early modern philosophy Empiricism Rationalism Idealism Contemporary philosophy[edit] Main article: Contemporary philosophy Analytic philosophy Continental philosophy Existentialism Phenomenology Contemporary Asian philosophy Buddhist modernism New Confucianism Maoism Kyoto School Neo-Vedanta Contemporary Islamic philosophy Transcendent theosophy Pragmatism Traditionalist School Philosophical schools of thought[edit] Main articles: List of philosophies and Glossary of philosophy Philosophical schools of thought not tied to particular historic contexts. Aesthetical movements[edit] See also: List of art movements Symbolism Romanticism Historicism Classicism Modernism Postmodernism Psychoanalytic theory Epistemological stances[edit] Coherentism Constructivist epistemology Contextualism Embodied cognition Empiricism Fallibilism Foundationalism Holism Infinitism Innatism Internalism and externalism Naïve realism Naturalized epistemology Objectivist epistemology Phenomenalism Positivism Reductionism Reliabilism Representative realism Rationalism Situated cognition Skepticism Theory of Forms Transcendental idealism Uniformitarianism Ethical theories[edit] Consequentialism Deontology Virtue ethics Moral realism Moral relativism Error theory Non-cognitivism Ethical egoism Cultural relativism Evolutionary ethics Evolution of morality Logical systems[edit] Classical logic Intermediate logic Intuitionistic logic Minimal logic Relevant logic Affine logic Linear logic Ordered logic Dialetheism Metaphysical stances[edit] Anti-realism Cartesian dualism Free will Materialism Meaning of life Idealism Existentialism Essentialism Libertarianism Determinism Naturalism Monism Platonic idealism Hindu idealism Phenomenalism Nihilism Realism Physicalism MOQ Relativism Scientific realism Solipsism Subjectivism Substance theory Type theory Emergentism Emanationism Political philosophies[edit] Anarchism Authoritarianism Conservatism Liberalism Libertarianism Social democracy Socialism Philosophy of language theories and stances[edit] Causal theory of reference Contrast theory of meaning Contrastivism Conventionalism Cratylism Deconstruction Descriptivist theory of names Direct reference theory Dramatism Expressivism Linguistic determinism Logical atomism Logical positivism Mediated reference theory Nominalism Non-cognitivism Phallogocentrism Quietism Relevance theory Semantic externalism Semantic holism Structuralism Supposition theory Symbiosism Theological noncognitivism Theory of descriptions Verification theory Philosophy of mind theories and stances[edit] Behaviourism Biological naturalism Consciousness Disjunctivism Dualism Eliminative materialism Emergent materialism Enactivism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Identity theory Idealism Interactionism Materialism Monism Neutral monism Panpsychism Phenomenalism Phenomenology Physicalism Property dualism Representational theory of mind Sense datum theory Solipsism Substance dualism Qualia theory Philosophy of religion stances[edit] Theories of religion Acosmism Agnosticism Animism Antireligion Atheism Dharmism Deism Divine command theory Dualistic cosmology Esotericism Exclusivism Existentialism Christian Agnostic Atheist Feminist theology Fideism Fundamentalism Gnosticism Henotheism Humanism Religious Secular Christian Inclusivism Monism Monotheism Mysticism Naturalism Metaphysical Religious Humanistic New Age Nondualism Nontheism Pandeism Pantheism Perennialism Polytheism Process theology Spiritualism Shamanism Taoic Theism Transcendentalism Philosophy of science theories and stances[edit] Confirmation holism Coherentism Contextualism Conventionalism Deductive-nomological model Determinism Empiricism Fallibilism Foundationalism Hypothetico-deductive model Infinitism Instrumentalism Philosophy of artificial intelligence Positivism Pragmatism Rationalism Received view of theories Reductionism Semantic view of theories Scientific realism Scientism Scientific anti-realism Skepticism Uniformitarianism Vitalism Philosophical literature[edit] Blackwell Companion to Philosophy A History of Western Philosophy by Bertrand Russell A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston Reference works[edit] Encyclopedia of Philosophy – one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The second edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by Thomson Gale. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee at Martin) and Bradley Dowden (Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Sacramento). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy – encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (ISBN 978-0415073103). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 scholarly articles. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide. Philosophers[edit] Lists of philosophers Timeline of Western philosophers Timeline of Eastern philosophers See also[edit] Philosophy portal Outline of philosophy of artificial intelligence List of important publications in philosophy List of philosophy awards Index of philosophy Index of philosophy of science articles Unsolved problems in philosophy References[edit] ^ Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose." ^ A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value." ^ Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved." ^ Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus ^ Online Etymology Dictionary ^ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary (Second College ed.). External links[edit] Philosophyat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Taxonomy of Philosophy – topic outline developed by David Chalmers as the category structure for the table of contents of the PhilPapers academic directory. PhilPapers – comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books. Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names Guide to Philosophy on the Internet The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy The Ism Book Introducing Philosophy Series. By Paul Newall (for beginners) Philosophical positions (philosophy, movement, school, theory, etc.) The Problems of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell (links provided to full text) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy v t e Wikipedia Outlines General reference Culture and the arts Geography and places Health and fitness History and events Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences People and self Philosophy and thinking Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&oldid=996913651" Categories: Outlines of philosophy topics Wikipedia outlines Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Pages using Sister project links with default search Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages বাংলা 日本語 Română Slovenčina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 04:31 (UTC). 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