José Ortega y Gasset - Wikipedia José Ortega y Gasset From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Spanish philosopher and essayist For other people named José Ortega, see José Ortega (disambiguation). In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Ortega and the second or maternal family name is Gasset. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "José Ortega y Gasset" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) José Ortega y Gasset Ortega y Gasset in the 1920s Born 9 May 1883 Madrid, Spain Died 18 October 1955(1955-10-18) (aged 72) Madrid, Spain Alma mater University of Deusto Complutense University of Madrid Era 20th-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Continental philosophy Perspectivism[1] Pragmatism Vitalism Historism Existentialism[1] Existential phenomenology[1] Lebensphilosophie (philosophy of life)[1] Neo-Kantianism (early)[1] Madrid School Liberalism Noucentisme Main interests History, reason, politics Notable ideas Vital reason (ratiovitalism) Historical reason "I am I and my circumstance" Ortega hypothesis Influences John Stuart Mill, Alexis de Tocqueville, Immanuel Kant, Wilhelm von Humboldt, Henri Bergson, Hermann Cohen, Wilhelm Dilthey,[2] Paul Natorp, Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Scheler, C. S. Peirce,[3] Edmund Husserl, Miguel de Unamuno,[1] José Ingenieros Influenced Julián Marías, María Zambrano, Antonio Machado, Mario Vargas Llosa, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, Alain de Benoist, José Gaos, Xavier Zubiri, Generation of '27, Graham Harman, Olavo de Carvalho, Albert Jay Nock, Davud Monshizadeh José Ortega y Gasset (Spanish: [xoˈse oɾˈteɣa i ɣaˈset]; 9 May 1883 – 18 October 1955) was a Spanish philosopher and essayist. He worked during the first half of the 20th century, while Spain oscillated between monarchy, republicanism, and dictatorship. His philosophy has been characterized as a "philosophy of life" that "comprised a long-hidden beginning in a pragmatist metaphysics inspired by William James, and with a general method from a realist phenomenology imitating Edmund Husserl, which served both his proto-existentialism (prior to Martin Heidegger's)[1] and his realist historicism, which has been compared to both Wilhelm Dilthey and Benedetto Croce."[4] Contents 1 Biography 2 Philosophy 2.1 Liberalism 2.2 "Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia" 2.3 Ratiovitalism 2.4 Historical reason 3 Influence 3.1 Madrid School 3.2 Influence on the Generation of '27 4 Family 5 Works 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Biography[edit] José Ortega y Gasset was born 9 May 1883 in Madrid. His father was director of the newspaper El Imparcial, which belonged to the family of his mother, Dolores Gasset. The family was definitively of Spain's end-of-the-century liberal and educated bourgeoisie. The liberal tradition and journalistic engagement of his family had a profound influence in Ortega y Gasset's activism in politics. Ortega was first schooled by the Jesuit priests of San Estanislao in Miraflores del Palo, Málaga (1891–1897). He attended the University of Deusto, Bilbao (1897–98) and the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters at the Central University of Madrid (now Complutense University of Madrid) (1898–1904), receiving a doctorate in Philosophy. From 1905 to 1907, he continued his studies in Germany at Leipzig, Nuremberg, Cologne, Berlin and, above all Marburg. At Marburg, he was influenced by the neo-Kantianism of Hermann Cohen and Paul Natorp, among others. On his return to Spain in 1908, he was appointed professor of Psychology, Logic and Ethics at the Escuela Superior del Magisterio de Madrid.[5] In 1910, he married Rosa Spottorno Topete, a Spanish translator and feminist, and was named full professor of Metaphysics at Complutense University of Madrid, a vacant seat previously held by Nicolás Salmerón.[6] In 1917 he became a contributor to the newspaper El Sol, where he published, as a series of essays, his two principal works: España invertebrada (Invertebrate Spain) and La rebelión de las masas (The Revolt of the Masses). The latter made him internationally famous. He founded the Revista de Occidente [es] in 1923, remaining its director until 1936. This publication promoted translation of (and commentary upon) the most important figures and tendencies in philosophy, including Oswald Spengler, Johan Huizinga, Edmund Husserl, Georg Simmel, Jakob von Uexküll, Heinz Heimsoeth, Franz Brentano, Hans Driesch, Ernst Müller, Alexander Pfänder, and Bertrand Russell. Elected deputy for the Province of León in the constituent assembly of the Second Spanish Republic, he was the leader of a parliamentary group of intellectuals known as Agrupación al Servicio de la República[7] ("The Grouping at the Service of the Republic"), which supported the platform of Socialist Republican candidates,[8] but he soon abandoned politics, disappointed. Leaving Spain at the outbreak of the Civil War, he spent years of exile in Buenos Aires, Argentina until moving back to Europe in 1942.[5] He settled in Portugal by mid-1945 and slowly began to make short visits to Spain. In 1948 he returned to Madrid, where he founded the Institute of Humanities, at which he lectured.[9] Upon his return to Spain, he often privately expressed his hostility to the Franco regime, stating that the government did not deserve anyone's confidence and that his beliefs were "incompatible with Franco."[10] Philosophy[edit] Part of a series on Liberalism History Age of Enlightenment List of liberal theorists (contributions to liberal theory) Ideas Civil and political rights Cultural liberalism Democracy Democratic capitalism Economic freedom Economic liberalism Egalitarianism Free market Free trade Freedom of the press Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Gender equality Harm principle Internationalism Laissez-faire Liberty Market economy Natural and legal rights Negative/positive liberty Non-aggression Principle Open society Permissive society Private property Rule of law Secularism Separation of church and state Social contract Welfare state Schools of thought Anarcho-capitalism Classical liberalism Radical liberalism Left-libertarianism Geolibertarianism Right-libertarianism Conservative liberalism Democratic liberalism Green liberalism Liberal autocracy Liberal Catholicism Liberal conservatism Liberal feminism Equity feminism Liberal internationalism Liberal nationalism Liberal socialism Social democracy Muscular liberalism Neoliberalism National liberalism Ordoliberalism Radical centrism Religious liberalism Christian Islamic Jewish Secular liberalism Social liberalism Technoliberalism Third Way Whiggism People Acton Alain Alberdi Alembert Arnold Aron Badawi Barante Bastiat Bentham Berlin Beveridge Bobbio Brentano Bright Broglie Burke Čapek Cassirer Chicherin Chu Chydenius Clinton Cobden Collingdood Condorcet Constant Croce Cuoco Dahrendorf Decy Dewey Dickens Diderot Dongsun Dunoyer Dworkin Einaudi Emerson Eötvös Flach Friedman Galbraith Garrison George Gladstone Gobetti Gomes Gray Green Gu Guizot Hayek Herbert Hobbes Hobhouse Hobson Holbach Hu Humboldt Jefferson Jubani Kant Kelsen Kemal Keynes Korais Korwin-Mikke Kymlicka Lamartine Larra Lecky Li Lincoln Locke Lufti Macaulay Madariaga Madison Martineau Masani Michelet Mill (father) Mill (son) Milton Mises Molteno Mommsen Money Montalembert Montesquieu Mora Mouffe Naoroji Naumann Nozick Nussbaum Obama Ohlin Ortega Paine Paton Popper Price Priestley Prieto Quesnay Qin Ramírez Rathenau Rawls Raz Renan Renouvier Renzi Ricardo Röpke Rorthy Rosmini Rosselli Rousseau Ruggiero Sarmiento Say Sen Earl of Shaftesbury Shklar Sidney Sieyès Şinasi Sismondi Smith Soto Polar Spencer Spinoza Staël Sumner Tahtawi Tao Thierry Thorbecke Thoreau Tocqueville Tracy Troeltsch Turgot Villemain Voltaire Ward Weber Wollstonecraft Zambrano Organizations Africa Liberal Network Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party Arab Liberal Federation Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats European Democratic Party European Liberal Youth European Party for Individual Liberty International Alliance of Libertarian Parties International Federation of Liberal Youth Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America Liberal parties Liberal South East European Network Regional variants Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Arizona School Classical Modern Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics Bias in academia Bias in the media  Liberalism portal  Politics portal v t e Liberalism[edit] The Revolt of the Masses is Ortega's best known work. In this book he defends the values of meritocratic liberalism reminiscent of John Stuart Mill against attacks from both communists and right-wing populists.[11] Ortega likewise shares Mill's fears of the "tyranny of the majority" and the "collective mediocrity" of the masses, which threaten individuality, free thought, and protections for minorities.[11] Ortega characterized liberalism as a politics of "magnanimity."[11] Ortega's rejection of the Spanish Conservative Party under Antonio Cánovas del Castillo and his successors was unequivocal, as was his distrust of the Spanish monarchy and Catholic Church.[11][12] However, again in a manner similar to Mill, Ortega was open-minded toward certain socialists and non-Marxist forms of socialism, and even complimented Pablo Iglesias Posse as a "lay saint."[13] Under the influence of German social democrats such as Paul Natorp and Hermann Cohen, he adopted a communitarian ontology and could be critical of capitalism, particularly the laissez-faire variant, declaring that "nineteenth-century capitalism has demoralized humanity" and that it had "impoverished the ethical consciousness of man."[14] "Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia"[edit] For Ortega y Gasset, philosophy has a critical duty to lay siege to beliefs in order to promote new ideas and to explain reality. To accomplish such tasks, the philosopher must—as Husserl proposed—leave behind prejudices and previously existing beliefs, and investigate the essential reality of the universe. Ortega y Gasset proposes that philosophy must overcome the limitations of both idealism (in which reality centers around the ego) and ancient-medieval realism (in which reality is outside the subject) to focus on the only truthful reality: "my life"—the life of each individual. He suggests that there is no "me" without things, and things are nothing without me: "I" (human being) cannot be detached from "my circumstance" (world). This led Ortega y Gasset to pronounce his famous maxim "Yo soy yo y mi circunstancia" ("I am I and my circumstance") (Meditaciones del Quijote, 1914)[15][1] which he always put at the core of his philosophy. For Ortega y Gasset, as for Husserl, the Cartesian 'cogito ergo sum' is insufficient to explain reality. Therefore, the Spanish philosopher proposes a system wherein the basic or "radical" reality is "my life" (the first yo), which consists of "I" (the second yo) and "my circumstance" (mi circunstancia). This circunstancia is oppressive; therefore, there is a continual dialectical interaction between the person and his or her circumstances and, as a result, life is a drama that exists between necessity and freedom. In this sense Ortega y Gasset wrote that life is at the same time fate and freedom, and that freedom "is being free inside of a given fate. Fate gives us an inexorable repertory of determinate possibilities, that is, it gives us different destinies. We accept fate and within it we choose one destiny." In this tied down fate we must therefore be active, decide and create a "project of life"—thus not be like those who live a conventional life of customs and given structures who prefer an unconcerned and imperturbable life because they are afraid of the duty of choosing a project. Ratiovitalism[edit] With a philosophical system that centered around life, Ortega y Gasset also stepped out of Descartes' cogito ergo sum and asserted "I live therefore I think". This stood at the root of his Kantian-inspired perspectivism,[1] which he developed by adding a non-relativistic character in which absolute truth does exist and would be obtained by the sum of all perspectives of all lives, since for each human being life takes a concrete form and life itself is a true radical reality from which any philosophical system must derive. In this sense, Ortega coined the terms "vital reason"[1] (Spanish: razón vital, "reason with life as its foundation") to refer to a new type of reason that constantly defends the life from which it has surged and "ratiovitalism" (Spanish: raciovitalismo), a theory that based knowledge in the radical reality of life, one of whose essential components is reason itself. This system of thought, which he introduces in History as System, escaped from Nietzsche's vitalism in which life responded to impulses; for Ortega, reason is crucial to create and develop the above-mentioned project of life. Historical reason[edit] For Ortega y Gasset, vital reason is also "historical reason", for individuals and societies are not detached from their past. In order to understand a reality we must understand, as Dilthey pointed out, its history.[1] Influence[edit] Ortega y Gasset's influence was considerable, not only because many sympathized with his philosophical writings, but also because those writings did not require that the reader be well-versed in technical philosophy. Among those strongly influenced by Ortega y Gasset were Luis Buñuel, Manuel García Morente [es], Joaquín Xirau [es], Xavier Zubiri, Ignacio Ellacuría, Emilio Komar, José Gaos, Luis Recasens, Manuel Granell [es], Francisco Ayala, María Zambrano, Agustín Basave [es], Máximo Etchecopar, Pedro Laín Entralgo, José Luis López-Aranguren [es], Julián Marías, John Lukacs, Pierre Bourdieu, Paulino Garagorri [es], Olavo de Carvalho, Vicente Ferreira da Silva, Vilém Flusser and Félix Martí-Ibáñez. The Ortega hypothesis, based on a quote in The Revolt of the Masses, states that average or mediocre scientists contribute substantially to the advancement of science. German grape breeder Hans Breider named the grape variety Ortega in his honor.[16] The American philosopher Graham Harman has recognized Ortega y Gasset as a source of inspiration for his own object-oriented ontology. La rebelión de las masas (The Revolt of the Masses) has been translated into English twice. The first, in 1932, is by a translator who wanted to remain anonymous,[17] generally accepted to be J.R. Carey.[18] The second translation was published by the University of Notre Dame Press in 1985, in association with W.W. Norton & Co. This translation was by Anthony Kerrigan (translator) and Kenneth Moore (editor), with an introduction by Saul Bellow. Mildred Adams is the translator (into English) of the main body of Ortega's work, including Invertebrate Spain, Man and Crisis, What is Philosophy?, Some Lessons in Metaphysics, The Idea of Principle in Leibniz and the Evolution of Deductive Theory, and An Interpretation of Universal History. Madrid School[edit] The Madrid School (also School of Madrid; Spanish: Escuela de Madrid) was a group of philosophers, the members of which were students of Ortega y Gasset, who share an intellectual tradition of arguing against naturalism and positivism.[19] Members included José Gaos, Julián Marías, and Xavier Zubiri.[19] Influence on the Generation of '27[edit] Ortega y Gasset had considerable influence on writers of the Generation of '27, a group of poets that arose in Spanish literature in the 1920s. Family[edit] Ancestors of José Ortega y Gasset[20][21] 4. José Ortega Zapata [es] 2. José Ortega Munilla [es] 5. Pilar Munilla y Urquiza 1. José Ortega y Gasset 6. Eduardo Gasset y Artime [es] 3. Dolores Gasset Chinchilla 7. Rafaela Chinchilla y Díaz de Oñate Works[edit] Much of Ortega y Gasset's work consists of course lectures published years after the fact, often posthumously. This list attempts to list works in chronological order by when they were written, rather than when they were published. Meditaciones del Quijote (Meditations on Quixote, 1914) Vieja y nueva política (Old and new politics, 1914) Investigaciones psicológicas (Psychological investigations, course given 1915–16 and published in 1982) Personas, obras, cosas (People, works, things, articles and essays written 1904–1912: "Renan", "Adán en el Paraíso" – "Adam in Paradise", "La pedagogía social como programa político" – "Pedagogy as a political program", "Problemas culturales" – "Cultural problems", etc., published 1916) El Espectador (The Spectator, 8 volumes published 1916–1934) España invertebrada (Invertebrate Spain, 1921) El tema de nuestro tiempo (The Modern Theme, 1923) Las Atlántidas (The Atlantises, 1924) La deshumanización del arte e Ideas sobre la novela (The dehumanization of art and Ideas about the novel, 1925) Espíritu de la letra (The spirit of the letter 1927) Mirabeau o el político (Mirabeau or the politician, 1928–1929) ¿Qué es filosofía? (What is philosophy? 1928–1929, course published posthumously in 1957) Kant (1929–31) ¿Qué es conocimiento? (What is knowledge? Published in 1984, covering three courses taught in 1929, 1930, and 1931, entitled, respectively: "Vida como ejecución (El ser ejecutivo)" – "Life as execution (The executive being)", "Sobre la realidad radical" – "On radical reality" and "¿Qué es la vida?" – "What is Life?") La rebelión de las masas (The Revolt of the Masses, 1930) Rectificación de la República; La redención de las provincias y la decencia nacional (Rectification of the Republic: Redemption of the provinces and national decency, 1931) Goethe desde dentro (Goethe from within, 1932) Unas lecciones de metafísica (Some lessons in metaphysics, course given 1932–33, published 1966) En torno a Galileo (About Galileo, course given 1933–34; portions were published in 1942 under the title "Esquema de las crisis" – "Outline of crises"; Mildred Adams's translation was published in 1958 as Man and Crisis.) Prólogo para alemanes (Prologue for Germans, prologue to the third German edition of El tema de nuestro tiempo. Ortega himself prevented its publication "because of the events of Munich in 1934". It was finally published, in Spanish, in 1958.) History as a System (First published in English in 1935. the Spanish version, Historia como sistema, 1941, adds an essay "El Imperio romano" – "The Roman Empire"). Ensimismamiento y alteración. Meditación de la técnica. (Self-absorption and alteration. Meditation on the technique, 1939) Ideas y creencias (Ideas and beliefs: on historical reason, a course taught in 1940 Buenos Aires, published 1979 along with Sobre la razón histórica) Teoría de Andalucía y otros ensayos – Guillermo Dilthey y la idea de vida (The theory of Andalucia and other essays: Wilhelm Dilthey and the idea of life, 1942) Sobre la razón histórica (On historical reason, course given in Lisbon, 1944, published 1979 along with Ideas y Crencias) Prólogo a un Tratado de Montería (Preface to a treatise on the Hunt [separately published as Meditations on the Hunt], created as preface to a book on the hunt by Count Ybes published 1944) Idea del teatro. Una abreviatura (The idea of theatre. An abbreviated version, lecture given in Lisbon April 1946, and in Madrid, May 1946; published in 1958, La Revista Nacional de educación num. 62 contained the version given in Madrid.) La Idea de principio en Leibniz y la evolución de la teoría deductiva (The Idea of principle in Leibniz and the evolution of deductive theory, 1947, published 1958) Una interpretación de la historia universal. En torno a Toynbee (An interpretation of universal history. On Toynbee, 1948, published in 1960) Meditación de Europa (Meditation on Europe), lecture given in Berlin in 1949 with the Latin-language title De Europa meditatio quaedam. Published 1960 together with other previously unpublished works. El hombre y la gente (Man and people, course given 1949–1950 at the Institute of the Humanities, published 1957; Willard Trask's translation as Man and People published 1957; Partisan Review published parts of this translation in 1952) Papeles sobre Velázquez y Goya (Papers on Velázquez and Goya, 1950) Pasado y porvenir para el hombre actual (Past and future for present-day man, published 1962, brings together a series of lectures given in Germany, Switzerland, and England in the period 1951–1954, published together with a commentary on Plato's Symposium.) Goya (1958) Velázquez (1959) Origen y epílogo de la filosofía (Origin and epilogue of philosophy, 1960), La caza y los toros (Hunting and bulls, 1960) Meditations on hunting (1972) translated into English by Howard B. Westcott See also[edit] Philosophy portal List of liberal theorists Notes[edit] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Holmes, Oliver, "José Ortega y Gasset", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). ^ José Ortega y Gasset called Dilthey "the most important philosopher in the second half of the nineteenth century" in his Concord and Liberty (David K. Naugle, Worldview: The History of a Concept, William B. Eerdmans, 2002, p. 82). ^ Graham 1994 p. 159: "Since 1923 Ortega had probably written (at least edited) anonymous articles for Espasa-Calpe on James, Peirce, and Schiller." ^ John T. Graham. A Pragmatist Philosophy of Life in Ortega y Gasset. (University of Missouri Press, 1994), p. vii. ^ a b Datos biográficos ^ Holmes, Oliver (2017), "José Ortega y Gasset", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2 June 2019 ^ Encarta Encyclopedia Spanish Version: Agrupación_al_Servicio_de_la_República Microsoft Corporation Spanish Version [1]. Archived 31 October 2009. ^ Holmes, Oliver. "José Ortega y Gasset". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 11 September 2018. ^ Philosophy Professor: Jose Ortega Y Gasset Archived 16 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ Dobson, Andrew (19 November 2009). An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega Y Gasset. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ^ a b c d Dobson, Andrew (19 November 2009). An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega Y Gasset. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–72. ^ Enkvist, Inger (2002). "José Ortega y Gasset – The Spanish philosopher who saw life as an intellectual adventure". CFE Working Paper Series. 18: 16. ^ Dobson, Andrew (19 November 2009). An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega Y Gasset. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–47. ^ Dobson, Andrew (19 November 2009). An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega Y Gasset. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–55. ^ Ortega y Gasset, José. Obras Completas, Vol. I. Ed. Taurus/Fundación José Ortega y Gasset, Madrid, 2004, p. 757. ^ Wein-Plus Glossar: Ortega, accessed 6 March 2013 ^ José Ortega y Gasset (1930/1950), The Revolt of the Masses, reprint, New York: New American Library, p. 4. ^ as referenced by the Project Gutenberg eBook of U.S. Copyright Renewals, 1960 January – June. ^ a b A. Pablo Iannone, Dictionary of World Philosophy', Routledge, 2013, p. 328: "Madrid School". ^ "José Dionisio Ortega y Zapata". Real Academia de la Historia. ^ José Ortega y Gasset 1885–1955. Imágenes de una vida (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación. 1983. ISBN 9788430095186. References[edit] Antonio Rodríguez Huéscar. Jose Ortega y Gasset's Metaphysical Innovation: A Critique and Overcoming of Idealism, SUNY Press, 1995. John T. Graham. A Pragmatist Philosophy of Life in Ortega y Gasset, University of Missouri Press, 1994. John T. Graham. Theory of History in Ortega y Gasset: "The Dawn of Historical Reason", University of Missouri Press, 1997. John T. Graham. The Social Thought of Ortega y Gasset: A Systematic Synthesis in Postmodernism and Interdisciplinarity, University of Missouri Press. 2001. Howard N. Tuttle. Human Life Is Radical Reality: An Idea Developed from the Conceptions of Dilthey, Heidegger, and Ortega y Gasset, Peter Lang, 2004. Pedro Blas Gonzalez. Human Existence as Radical Reality: Ortega y Gasset's Philosophy of Subjectivity, Paragon House, 2005. Pedro Blas Gonzalez. Ortega's 'The Revolt of the Masses' and the Triumph of the New Man, Algora Publishing, 2007. Joxe Azurmendi: "Ortega y Gasset" in Espainiaren arimaz, Donostia: Elkar, 2006. ISBN 84-9783-402-X Andrew Dobson. An Introduction to the Politics and Philosophy of José Ortega y Gasset, Oxford University Press, 2009. Fitzsimons, David; Harper, Jim (2008). "Ortega y Gasset, José (1883–1955)". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 365–66. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n223. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to José Ortega y Gasset. Wikiquote has quotations related to: José Ortega y Gasset A Bibliography of Works in English By and About José Ortega y Gasset Fundación José Ortega y Gasset Spain (in Spanish) Fundación José Ortega y Gasset Argentina (in Spanish) Holmes, Oliver, "José Ortega y Gasset", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Newspaper clippings about José Ortega y Gasset in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW v t e Aesthetics topics Philosophers Abhinavagupta Theodor W. Adorno Leon Battista Alberti Thomas Aquinas Hans Urs von Balthasar Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten Clive Bell Bernard Bosanquet Edward Bullough R. G. 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Related articles Jurisprudence Philosophy and economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of love Philosophy of sex Philosophy of social science Political ethics Social epistemology Category Authority control BIBSYS: 90056685 BNE: XX913447 BNF: cb11995825g (data) CANTIC: a10486124 GND: 118590308 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\000948 ISNI: 0000 0001 2144 1292 LCCN: n79022007 MBA: 2e7287a7-925f-406f-8efc-451857d6391a NDL: 00451851 NKC: jn19990006282 NLA: 35401650 NLG: 79616 NLI: 000101963 NLK: KAC199620747 NTA: 068425260 PLWABN: 9810625545105606 SELIBR: 196424 SNAC: w6zp44k6 SUDOC: 028043448 Trove: 939863 ULAN: 500272728 VcBA: 495/90878 VIAF: 95155380 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79022007 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=José_Ortega_y_Gasset&oldid=998249561" Categories: 1883 births 1955 deaths 20th-century essayists 20th-century philosophers 20th-century Spanish male writers 20th-century Spanish philosophers 20th-century Spanish writers Academics of the Complutense University of Madrid Complutense University of Madrid alumni Contemporary philosophers Continental philosophers Cultural critics Epistemologists Existentialists Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic Metaphysicians Metaphysics writers Moral philosophers Ontologists People from Madrid Phenomenologists Philosophers of art Philosophers of culture Philosophers of ethics and morality Philosophers of history Philosophers of mind Philosophers of science Philosophy writers Rationality theorists Social commentators Social critics Social philosophers Spanish anti-capitalists Spanish anti-communists Spanish anti-fascists Spanish editors Spanish essayists Spanish literary critics Spanish male non-fiction writers Spanish philosophers Spanish political philosophers Spanish political writers Spanish socialists University of Deusto alumni Vitalists Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2019 Articles needing additional references from October 2020 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Articles containing Spanish-language text Commons link from Wikidata Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages Alemannisch العربية Aymar aru Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська اردو Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 14:08 (UTC). 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