Rudolf Bultmann - Wikipedia Rudolf Bultmann From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Rudolf Bultmann Born Rudolf Karl Bultmann (1884-08-20)20 August 1884 Wiefelstede, German Empire Died 30 July 1976(1976-07-30) (aged 91) Marburg, West Germany Spouse(s) Helene Feldmann ​ ​ (m. 1917; died 1973)​ Academic background Alma mater University of Marburg Thesis Der Stil der paulinischen Predigt und die kynisch-stoische Diatribe[1] (1910) Doctoral advisor Johannes Weiss Influences Karl Barth[2] Hermann Gunkel[3] Adolf von Harnack[3] Martin Heidegger Wilhelm Herrmann[3] Wilhelm Heitmüller[4] Adolf Jülicher[3] Martin Kähler[5] Rudolf Otto[4] Friedrich Schleiermacher[6] Johannes Weiss[7] Academic work Discipline Theology biblical studies School or tradition Dialectical theology Institutions University of Marburg Doctoral students Günther Bornkamm Ernst Fuchs Hans Jonas Ernst Käsemann Helmut Koester Influenced Herbert Braun [de][8] Uta Ranke-Heinemann[8] John Robinson[9] Heinrich Schlier[8] John Shelby Spong[10] Part of a series on Lutheranism Luther's rose Book of Concord Apostles' Creed Nicene Creed Athanasian Creed Augsburg Confession Apology of the Augsburg Confession Luther's Small / Large Catechism Smalcald Articles Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope Formula of Concord Theology Theology of Martin Luther Justification Law and Gospel Sola gratia Sola scriptura Christology Sanctification Two kingdoms catholicity Two states of the Church Priesthood of all believers Divine Providence Marian theology Theology of the Cross Sacramental Union Homosexuality Sacraments and worship Baptism Eucharist Confession Confirmation Matrimony Anointing of the Sick Holy Orders Lutheran hymn Lutheran hymnwriters Normative principle Lutheran art Organization Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference Global Confessional & Missional Lutheran Forum International Lutheran Council Lutheran World Federation Denominations Lutheranism by region History Start of the Reformation Reformation Crypto-Lutherans Gnesio-Lutherans Lutheran orthodoxy Pietists Haugeans Laestadians Finnish Awakening Old Lutherans Neo-Lutherans High church Lutherans Confessional Lutheranism Missionaries John Campanius Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg Hans Egede Johann Heinrich Callenberg Johann Phillip Fabricius Paul Henkel John Christian Frederick Heyer Karl Graul Martti Rautanen Wilhelm Sihler F. 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Beck Theologians Martin Luther / Katharina von Bora Philip Melanchthon Johannes Bugenhagen Johannes Brenz Justus Jonas Hans Tausen Laurentius Petri Olaus Petri Mikael Agricola Matthias Flacius Martin Chemnitz Johann Gerhard Abraham Calovius Johannes Andreas Quenstedt Johann Wilhelm Baier Philipp Spener David Hollaz August Hermann Francke Henry Muhlenberg Friedrich Schleiermacher Lars Levi Laestadius Charles Porterfield Krauth C. F. W. Walther F. W. Stellhorn Søren Kierkegaard Rudolf Otto Ernst Troeltsch Rudolf Bultmann Paul Tillich Hermann Sasse Dietrich Bonhoeffer Wolfhart Pannenberg v t e Rudolf Karl Bultmann (German: [ˈbʊltman]; 20 August 1884 – 30 July 1976) was a German Lutheran theologian and professor of the New Testament at the University of Marburg. He was one of the major figures of early-20th-century biblical studies. A prominent critic of liberal theology, Bultmann instead argued for an existentialist interpretation of the New Testament. His hermeneutical approach to the New Testament led him to be a proponent of dialectical theology. Bultmann is known for his belief that the historical analysis of the New Testament is both futile and unnecessary, given that the earliest Christian literature showed little interest in specific locations.[11] Bultmann argued that all that matters is the "thatness", not the "whatness" of Jesus,[a] i.e. only that Jesus existed, preached, and died by crucifixion matters, not what happened throughout his life.[12] Bultmann relied on demythologization, an approach interpreting the mythological elements in the New Testament existentially. Bultmann contended that only faith in the kerygma, or proclamation, of the New Testament was necessary for Christian faith, not any particular facts regarding the historical Jesus.[13] Contents 1 Background 2 Theological approaches 3 Selected works 4 Notes 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Bibliography 6 Further reading Background[edit] Bultmann was born on 20 August 1884 in Wiefelstede, Oldenburg, the son of Arthur Kennedy Bultmann, a Lutheran minister.[14] He did his Abitur at the Altes Gymnasium in the city of Oldenburg, and studied theology at Tübingen. After three terms Bultmann went to the University of Berlin for two terms, and finally to Marburg for two more terms. He received his degree in 1910[15] from Marburg with a dissertation on the Epistles of St Paul written under the supervision of Johannes Weiss.[16] He also studied under Hermann Gunkel and Wilhelm Heitmüller.[17] After submitting a Habilitation two years later, he became a lecturer on the New Testament at Marburg. Bultmann married Helene Feldmann on 6 August 1917.[18] The couple had three daughters.[19] Bultmann's wife died in 1973.[18] After brief lectureships at Breslau and Giessen, Bultmann returned to Marburg in 1921 as a full professor, and stayed there until his retirement in 1951. His doctoral students included Hans Jonas,[20] Ernst Käsemann,[21] Günther Bornkamm,[22] Helmut Koester,[23] and Ernst Fuchs. He also taught Hannah Arendt. From autumn 1944 until the end of the Second World War in 1945 he took into his family Uta Ranke-Heinemann, who had fled the bombs and destruction in Essen. Bultmann became friends with Martin Heidegger who taught at Marburg for five years. Heidegger's views on existentialism had an influence on Bultmann's thinking.[24] What arose from this friendship was a "sort of comradery" grounded on an active and open dialogue between Bultmann and Heidegger from 1923-1928.[25] However, Bultmann himself stated that his views could not simply be reduced to thinking in Heideggerian categories, in that "the New Testament is not a doctrine about our nature, about our authentic existence as human beings, but a proclamation of this liberating act of God."[26] He was critical of Nazism from the beginning and his career between 1933 and 1941 was marked by a series of struggles with Nazis regarding their influence upon the universities and the Protestant Church. As a Lutheran who held that the Church could not expect the Nazi State to be Christian, he did not directly denounce its anti-Semitism. But he objected to its claim to have authority over all aspects of German life including the universities and the Protestant church[27] and believed it was his responsibility to preach that it was unChristian, especially after his friend Martin Heidegger gave his pro-Nazi rectorial address in 1933.[28] He particularly rejected the Aryan paragraph that disenfranchised all people racially Jewish from civic organizations and many professions including clergy, entailing defrocking any Christian clergy with Jewish ancestry.[29] He stated that the Aryan paragraph was "incompatible with the essence of the Christian church",[30] since the church made no distinction between Jew and Gentile. He joined the Confessing Church,[31] a Protestant movement in Nazi Germany that arose in opposition to government-sponsored efforts to unify all Protestant churches into a single pro-Nazi Reich Church.[32][33] Bultmann received many honors during and after his career, including honorary doctorates from many universities and elections to honorary societies.[34] In 1974, the Federal Republic granted him the highest level of the Order of Merit. He died on 30 July 1976 in Marburg.[35] Theological approaches[edit] Bultmann's History of the Synoptic Tradition (1921) remains highly influential as a tool for biblical research, even among scholars[which?] who reject his analyses of the conventional rhetorical pericopes (narrative units) which comprise the gospels, and the historically-oriented principles of "form criticism" of which Bultmann was the most influential exponent. According to Bultmann's definition, "[t]he aim of form-criticism [sic] is to determine the original form of a piece of narrative, a dominical saying or a parable. In the process we learn to distinguish secondary additions and forms, and these in turn lead to important results for the history of the tradition."[36] In 1941 Bultmann applied form criticism[b] to the Gospel of John, in which he distinguished the presence of a lost Signs Gospel on which John — alone of the evangelists — depended. His monograph, Das Evangelium des Johannes, highly controversial at the time, became[when?] a milestone in research into the historical Jesus. The same year his lecture New Testament and Mythology: The Problem of Demythologizing the New Testament Message called on interpreters to demythologize The New Testament, in particular he argued for replacing supernatural biblical interpretations with temporal and existential categorizations. His argument, in many ways, reflected a hermeneutical adaption of the existentialist thought of his colleague at the time, the philosopher Martin Heidegger. This approach led Bultmann to reject doctrines such as the pre-existence of Christ.[38] Bultmann believed his endeavors in this regard would make accessible to modern audiences — already immersed in science and technology — the significance (or existential quality) of Jesus' teachings. Bultmann thus thought of his endeavor of "demythologizing the New Testament proclamation" as fundamentally an evangelism task, clarifying the kerygma, or gospel proclamation, by stripping it of elements of the first-century "mythical world picture" that had potential to alienate modern people from Christian faith: It is impossible to repristinate a past world picture by sheer resolve, especially a mythical world picture, now that all of our thinking is irrevocably formed by science. A blind acceptance of New Testament mythology would be simply arbitrariness; to make such acceptance a demand of faith would be to reduce faith to a work.[39] Bultmann saw theology in existential terms, and maintained that the New Testament was a radical text, worthy of understanding yet questioned in his time because of the prevailing Protestant conviction in a supernatural interpretation. In both the boasting of legalists "who are faithful to the law" and the boasting of the philosophers "who are proud of their wisdom", Bultmann finds a "basic human attitude" of "highhandedness that tries to bring within our own power even the submission that we know to be our authentic being".[40] Standing against all human high-handedness is the New Testament, "which claims that we can in no way free ourselves from our factual fallenness in the world but are freed from it only by an act of God ... the salvation occurrence that is realized in Christ."[41] Bultmann remained convinced that the narratives of the life of Jesus offered theology in story form, teaching lessons in the familiar language of myth. They were not to be excluded, but given explanation so they could be understood for today. Bultmann thought faith should become a present-day reality. To Bultmann, the people of the world appeared to be always in disappointment and turmoil. Faith must be a determined vital act of will, not a culling and extolling of "ancient proofs". Bultmann said about salvation and eternity: "As from now on there are only believers and unbelievers, so there are also now only saved and lost, those who have life and those who are in death."[42] Bultmann carried Form criticism so far as to call the historical value of the gospels into serious question.[17] Some scholars, such as Craig L. Blomberg, criticized Bultmann and other critics[which?] for excessive skepticism regarding the historical reliability of the gospel narratives.[43] The full impact of Bultmann was felt with the English translation of many of his works, notably Kerygma and Mythos (1948).[citation needed] Selected works[edit] Bultmann, Rudolf K. (1921). Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition. - German original ——— (1976). History of the Synoptic Tradition. San Francisco, CA: Harper San Francisco. ISBN 0-06-061172-3. (seminal work on form criticism) ——— (1926). Jesus. - German original ——— (1934). Jesus and the Word. Hudson River editions. New York & London: Scribner. ISBN 9780684175966. OCLC 20362687.[44] ——— (1941). Neues Testament und Mythologie. - German original ——— (1953). Kerygma and Myth: a theological debate. London: SPCK. OCLC 878330612.[45] - (contains the essay "The New Testament and Mythology" with critical analyses and Bultmann's response) ——— (1984). The New Testament and Mythology and Other Basic Writings. Augsburg Fortress Press. ISBN 9780800607272. OCLC 10948632. ——— (1941). Das Evangelium des Johannes. - German original ——— (1971). The Gospel of John: A Commentary. Philadelphia, PA: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664208936. OCLC 136267. ——— (1948). Theologie des Neuen Testaments. - German original ——— (1961). Theology of the New Testament. London: SCM Press. OCLC 1069331668. ——— (1970). Theology of the New Testament: Complete in One Volume. London: SCM Press. ISBN 9780684411903. OCLC 715928440. ——— (1949). Das Urchristentum im Rahmen der Antiken Religionen. - German original ——— (1956). Primitive Christianity in its Contemporary Setting. New York: Meridian Books. OCLC 280803. ——— (1954). Die Frage der Entmythologisierung. - German original ———; Jaspers, Karl (1958). Myth & Christianity: An Inquiry Into The Possibility Of Religion Without Myth. New York: Noonday Press. OCLC 186641. - In this dialogue with philosopher Jaspers, Jaspers first makes the case that Christianity can not be understood apart from its mythical framework, and that myth is a necessary form of communication through symbol. Bultmann responds that modern scientific analysis of the text is required to separate the genuine from the miraculous claims, thereby revealing the true message. ——— (1957). History and Eschatology: The Presence of Eternity (1954–55 Gifford Lectures). Edinburgh: University Press. ISBN 9780852241035. OCLC 752549. ——— (1958). Jesus Christ and Mythology (Cole lectures, Vanderbilt University, Kent Shaffer memorial lectures). Scribner Library (series) - Lyceum editions. SL73. New York & London: Scribner. ISBN 9780684717272. OCLC 383108. Notes[edit] ^ For a similar epistemological comparison, see haeccity and quiddity. ^ "Form criticism" in this instance is a tenet of Hegelian dialectics of which Bultmann applied to theology. The dialectic of Form and Content is explained by Hegel using an example of a book: a book's Form (whether or not it was handwritten, or a hardback copy, etc.), cannot neither determine nor influence its inner Content, yet, at the same time, that Content requires a form to be read.[37] References[edit] Footnotes[edit] ^ Bultmann 1910; Porter 2016, p. 58. ^ Congdon 2015b, p. 315; Wildman 2018. ^ a b c d Hobbs 1985, p. 63. ^ a b Wildman 2018. ^ Congdon 2015a, p. 89; Dorrien 2003, p. 49; McKnight 2005, p. 271. ^ Jensen 2014, pp. 136–138. ^ Hobbs 1985, p. 63; Wildman 2018. ^ a b c Pagliarino 2018. ^ Geering, Lloyd (2013). "Theology before and after Bishop Robinson's Honest to God" (PDF). Sea of Faith Network. Retrieved 4 April 2018. ^ Monk 2011. ^ Broadhead 2011, pp. 1170–1172. ^ Borg 1994, p. 187; Broadhead 2011, pp. 1170–1172. ^ Bultmann 1991, pp. 94–95; Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 252. ^ Dennison 2008, pp. 7, 14. ^ Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Modern Western Theology, "Rudolf Karl Bultmann". sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoston_Collaborative_Encyclopedia_of_Modern_Western_Theology (help) ^ Porter 2016, p. 58; Watson & Hauser 1994, p. 104. ^ a b Cross & Livingstone 2005, p. 252. ^ a b Dennison 2008, p. 101. ^ Meier 2011, p. 3. ^ Jonas 1982, pp. 1–2; Markschies 2014, p. 23. ^ Zetterholm 2009, p. 78. ^ Schild 2016, p. 89. ^ Busse 2014, p. 44. ^ Wood 2005, p. 113. ^ Woodson 2018, p. 61. ^ Labron 2011, pp. 43–44. ^ Hammann 2013, kindle 6295. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHammann2013 (help) ^ Hammann 2013, kindle 6268. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHammann2013 (help) ^ Hammann 2013, kindle 6354. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHammann2013 (help) ^ Hammann 2013, kindle 6647. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHammann2013 (help) ^ Kelley 2002, p. 155. ^ "Germany". Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2011. See drop-down essay on "Unification, World Wars, and Nazism" ^ Ericksen 2012, p. 28. ^ Hammann 2013, kindle 11731. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFHammann2013 (help) ^ Brittanica.com, "Rudolf Bultmann". sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrittanica.com (help) ^ Mournet 2005, p. 56. ^ Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1969). Miller, Arthur V. (ed.). The Science of Logic. London: George Allen & Unwin. p. 3 § 989. Retrieved 16 April 2019. ^ Bultmann 2004, p. 328. ^ Bultmann 1984, p. 3. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBultmann1984 (help) ^ Bultmann 1984, p. 28. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBultmann1984 (help) ^ Bultmann 1984, p. 26. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBultmann1984 (help) ^ Bultmann 1971, p. 155. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFBultmann1971 (help) ^ Blomberg 1987, pp. 21–25. ^ "Jesus and the Word - online". Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 11 April 2019. ^ "Kerygma and Myth: a theological debate". Retrieved 11 April 2019. Bibliography[edit] Blomberg, Craig L. (1987). The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press. ISBN 978-0-87784-992-6. Borg, Marcus J. (1994). Jesus in Contemporary Scholarship. ISBN 978-1-56338-094-5. Broadhead, Edwin K. (2011). "Implicit Christology and the Historical Jesus". In Holmén, Tom; Porter, Stanley E. (eds.). Handbook for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 2. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. pp. 1169–1182. ISBN 978-90-04-17092-6. Bultmann, Rudolf (1910). Der Stil der paulinischen Predigt und die kynisch-stoische Diatribe (in German). Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Retrieved 3 April 2018.  ———  (1971). The Gospel of John: A Commentary.  ———  (1984) [1941]. "New Testament and Mythology". In Ogden, Schubert M. (ed.). New Testament and Mythology and Other Basic Writings. Philadelphia: Fortress Press (published 1989). pp. 1–43. ISBN 978-0-8006-2442-2.  ———  (1991). "Jesus and the Eschatological Kingdom". In Johnson, Roger A. (ed.). Rudolf Bultmann: Interpreting Faith for the Modern Era. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. pp. 91–102. ISBN 978-0-8006-3402-5.  ———  (2004). "New Testament and Mythology: The Mythological Element in the Message of the New Testament and the Problem of Its Re-Interpretation". In Evans, Craig A. (ed.). The Historical Jesus: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies. Volume I: The History of the Quest: Classical Studies and Critical Questions. London: Routledge. pp. 323–358. ISBN 978-0-415-32751-0. Busse, Roger S. (2014). To Be Near the Fire: Demonic Possession, Risk Analysis, and Jesus' War on Satan. Eugene, Oregon: Resource Publications. ISBN 978-1-62564-811-2. Congdon, David W. (2015a). Rudolf Bultmann: A Companion to His Theology. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books. ISBN 978-1-62564-748-1.  ———  (2015b). The Mission of Demythologizing: Rudolf Bultmann's Dialectical Theology. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1-4514-8792-3. Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (rev. 3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3. Dennison, William D. (2008). The Young Bultmann: Context for His Understanding of God, 1884–1925. American University Studies VII: Theology and Religion. 241. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-8113-5. ISSN 0740-0446. Dorrien, Gary (2003). The Making of American Liberal Theology: Idealism, Realism, and Modernity, 1900–1950. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22355-7. Ericksen, Robert (2012). Complicity in the Holocaust : churches and universities in Nazi Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01591-3. Hobbs, Edward C., ed. (1985). Bultmann, Retrospect and Prospect: The Centenary Symposium at Wellesley. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-7075-7. Hammann, Konrad (2013). Rudolf Bultmann: A Biography. Salem, Oregon: Polebridge Press. ISBN 978-1-59815-118-3. Jensen, Alexander S. (2014). Divine Providence and Human Agency: Trinity, Creation and Freedom. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4094-3530-3. Jonas, Hans (1982). "Is Faith Still Possible? Memories of Rudolf Bultmann and Reflections on the Philosophical Aspects of His Work". Harvard Theological Review. 75 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1017/S0017816000018186. ISSN 1475-4517. JSTOR 1509661. Kelley, Shawn (2002). Racializing Jesus: Race, Ideology and the Formation of Modern Biblical Scholarship. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15402-4. Labron, Tim (2011). Bultmann Unlocked. London: T&T Clark. ISBN 978-0-567-03153-2. Markschies, Christoph (2014). "Individuality in Some Gnostic Authors, with a Few Remarks on the Interpretation of Ptolemy's Epistula ad Florum". In Torrance, Alexis; Zachhuber, Johannes (eds.). Individuality in Late Antiquity. Abingdon, England: Routledge (published 2016). pp. 11–28. ISBN 978-1-315-58841-4. McKnight, Scot (2005). "Jesus: Who Was He?: Introduction". In Dunn, James D. G.; McKnight, Scot (eds.). The Historical Jesus in Recent Research. Sources for Biblical and Theological Study. 10. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. pp. 271–274. ISBN 978-1-57506-100-9. Meier, Holger (2011). Rudolf Bultmann und sein hermeneutischer Ansatz der Entmythologisierung als existentiale Interpretation [Rudopf Bultmann and His Hermeneutic Approach to De-Mythologization as Existential Interpretation] (in German). Munich: GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-656-09464-7.[self-published source] Monk, Stephanie D. (2011). "An Examination of the Theology of Bishop John Shelby Spong" (PDF). Global Journal of Classic Theology. 9 (1). ISSN 1521-6055. Retrieved 4 April 2018. Mournet, Terence C. (2005). Oral Tradition and Literary Dependency: Variability and Stability in the Synoptic Tradition and Q. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. 2. Reihe. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. 195. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161484544. ISSN 0340-9570. Pagliarino, Guido (2018) [2015]. Diavolo e Demòni (un approccio storico) (in Italian). Tektime. ISBN 978-88-7304-437-6. Porter, Stanley E. (2016). When Paul Met Jesus: How an Idea Got Lost in History. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316422786. ISBN 978-1-107-12796-8. Raupp, Werner (2003). Bultmann. Rudolf (Karl): Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). 21. Nordhausen: Bautz. pp. 174–233. ISBN 3-88309-110-3. - (with compact introduction and detailed bibliography) Schild, Maurice E. (2016). "Review of Rudolf Bultmann / Günther Bornkamm: Briefwechsel, 1926–1976 Edited by Werner Zager". Lutheran Theological Review. 50 (1): 89–90. ISSN 0024-7553. Watson, Duane F.; Hauser, Alan J. (1994). Rhetorical Criticism of the Bible: A Comprehensive Bibliography with Notes on History and Method. Biblical Interpretation Series. 4. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09903-6. ISSN 0928-0731. Wildman, Wesley, ed. (2018). "Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976)". Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology. Boston: Boston University. Retrieved 3 April 2018. Wood, Lawrence W. (2005). Theology as History and Hermeneutics: A Post-Critical Conversation with Contemporary Theology. Lexington, Kentucky: Emeth Press. ISBN 978-0-9755435-5-9. Woodson, Hue (2018). Heideggerian Theologies: The Pathmarks of John Macquarrie, Rudolf Bultmann, Paul Tillich, and Karl Rahner. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1-5326-4775-8. Zetterholm, Magnus (2009). Approaches to Paul: A Student's Guide to Recent Scholarship. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-6337-7. Further reading[edit] Bartsch, Hans Werner, ed. (1961). Kerygma and Myth: A Theological Debate. New York: Harper Torchbooks. Archived from the original on 5 May 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via Religion Online. Bultmann, Rudolf (1958) [1934]. Jesus and the Word. Translated by Smith, Louise Pettibone; Lantero, Erminie Huntress. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via Religion Online.  ———  (1960). Existence and Faith: Shorter Writings of Rudolf Bultmann. New York: Meridian Books. LCCN 60006774. Retrieved 3 April 2018.  ———  (1962) [1955]. History and Eschatology: The Presence of Eternity. New York: Harper Torchbooks. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via Gifford Lectures. Edwards, David L. (1976). "Rudolf Bultmann: Scholar of Faith". The Christian Century. Vol. 93 no. 27. Chicago. pp. 728–730. ISSN 0009-5281. Retrieved 3 April 2018 – via Religion Online. Fergusson, David (1992). Bultmann. London: G. Chapman. ISBN 978-0-225-66626-7. Fries, Heinrich (1967). Bultmann-Barth and Catholic Theology. Translated by Swidler, Leonard. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Duquesne University Press. Archived from the original on 1 January 2006. Retrieved 3 April 2018. Fuller, Reginald H. (1965). The Foundations of New Testament Christology. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved 3 April 2018. Hammann, Konrad (2013). Rudolf Bultmann: A Biography. Translated by Devenish, Philip E. Salem, Oregon: Polebridge Press. ISBN 978-1-59815-118-3. Kselman, John S.; Witherup, Ronald D. (1990). "Modern New Testament Criticism". In Brown, Raymond E.; Fitzmyer, Joseph A.; Murphy, Roland E. (eds.). The New Jerome Biblical Commentary. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 1130–1145. ISBN 978-0-13-614934-7. McKnight, Edgar V. (1969). What Is Form Criticism?. Guides to Biblical Scholarship: New Testament Series. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. OCLC 714991891. Moran, Seán Farrell. "Rudolph Bultmann". The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. 1. Smith, Mahlon H. (2018). "Rudolf Karl Bultmann". A Synoptic Gospels Primer: Parallel Texts in Matthew, Mark & Luke. OCLC 60769417. 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Religious language Eschatological verification Language game Logical positivism Apophatic theology Verificationism Problem of evil Augustinian theodicy Best of all possible worlds Euthyphro dilemma Inconsistent triad Irenaean theodicy Natural evil Theodicy Philosophers of religion (by date active) Ancient and medieval Anselm of Canterbury Augustine of Hippo Avicenna Averroes Boethius Erasmus Gaunilo of Marmoutiers Pico della Mirandola Heraclitus King James VI and I Marcion of Sinope Thomas Aquinas Maimonides Early modern Augustin Calmet René Descartes Blaise Pascal Baruch Spinoza Nicolas Malebranche Gottfried W Leibniz William Wollaston Thomas Chubb David Hume Baron d'Holbach Immanuel Kant Johann G Herder 1800 1850 Friedrich Schleiermacher Karl C F Krause Georg W F Hegel William Whewell Ludwig Feuerbach Søren Kierkegaard Karl Marx Albrecht Ritschl Afrikan Spir 1880 1900 Ernst Haeckel W K Clifford Friedrich Nietzsche Harald Høffding William James Vladimir Solovyov Ernst Troeltsch Rudolf Otto Lev Shestov Sergei Bulgakov Pavel Florensky Ernst Cassirer Joseph Maréchal 1920 postwar George Santayana Bertrand Russell Martin Buber René Guénon Paul Tillich Karl Barth Emil Brunner Rudolf Bultmann Gabriel Marcel Reinhold Niebuhr Charles Hartshorne Mircea Eliade Frithjof Schuon J L Mackie Walter Kaufmann Martin Lings Peter Geach George I Mavrodes William Alston Antony Flew 1970 1990 2010 William L Rowe Dewi Z Phillips Alvin Plantinga Anthony Kenny Nicholas Wolterstorff Richard Swinburne Robert Merrihew Adams Ravi Zacharias Peter van Inwagen Daniel Dennett Loyal Rue Jean-Luc Marion William Lane Craig Ali Akbar Rashad Alexander Pruss Related topics Criticism of religion Desacralization of knowledge Ethics in religion Exegesis History of religion Religion Religious language Religious philosophy Relationship between religion and science Faith and rationality more... Portal Category Portals Access related topics Bible portal Biography portal Christianity portal Find out more on Wikipedia's Sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Authority control BNE: XX961759 BNF: cb11930479v (data) CANTIC: a10392877 GND: 118517406 ICCU: IT\ICCU\CFIV\006201 ISNI: 0000 0001 1024 5501 LCCN: n79032119 NDL: 00434780 NKC: skuk0000184 NLA: 36339228 NLG: 161926 NLI: 000026393 NLK: KAC199603897 NLP: A23543358 NTA: 068587325 PLWABN: 9810660917905606 SELIBR: 179659 SNAC: w6xk8pnw SUDOC: 027404358 Trove: 1248337 VcBA: 495/14462 VIAF: 34464958 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79032119 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Bultmann&oldid=996692035" Categories: 1884 births 1976 deaths 20th-century German Protestant theologians Christian existentialists Existentialist theologians German biblical scholars German Lutheran theologians German male non-fiction writers Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) Hermeneutists Humboldt University of Berlin alumni New Testament scholars People from Ammerland People from Oldenburg (state) Religious naturalists University of Marburg alumni University of Marburg faculty University of Tübingen alumni Lay theologians Lutheran biblical scholars Protestants in the German Resistance 20th-century Lutherans Hidden categories: Harv and Sfn no-target errors Harv and Sfn multiple-target errors Articles containing German-language text Articles with hCards All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLG identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Use Oxford spelling from April 2018 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages العربية تۆرکجه Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Rumantsch Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2020, at 03:11 (UTC). 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