Gilbert Ryle - Wikipedia Gilbert Ryle From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search English philosopher Gilbert Ryle Portrait by Rex Whistler Born 19 August 1900 Brighton, England Died 6 October 1976 (aged 76) Whitby, England Alma mater The Queen's College, Oxford Era 20th-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Analytic philosophy logical behaviourism[1][2] Doctoral students Daniel Dennett Colin Radford Other notable students A. J. Ayer G. A. Cohen Antony Flew Þorsteinn Gylfason Bernard Williams Main interests Philosophy of language ordinary language philosophy philosophy of mind behaviourism meaning cognition Notable ideas Category mistake Ryle's regress ordinary language philosophy ghost in the machine thick description knowing-how vs. knowing-that topic neutrality[3] Influences René Descartes Ludwig Wittgenstein Herbert James Paton[4] Edmund Husserl[5] Influenced J. L. Austin A. J. Ayer John Searle R. M. Hare Wilfrid Sellars Daniel Dennett Richard Webster Ullin Place Clifford Geertz G. A. Cohen P. F. Strawson Michael Dummett[6] Þorsteinn Gylfason J. J. C. Smart Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976) was a British philosopher,[7] principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "ghost in the machine." He was a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers who shared Ludwig Wittgenstein's approach to philosophical problems.[8] Some of Ryle's ideas in philosophy of mind have been called behaviourist. In his best-known book, The Concept of Mind (1949), he writes that the "general trend of this book will undoubtedly, and harmlessly, be stigmatised as 'behaviourist'."[9] Having studied the philosophers Bernard Bolzano, Franz Brentano, Alexius Meinong, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger, Ryle suggested that the book instead "could be described as a sustained essay in phenomenology, if you are at home with that label."[10] Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Family tree 1.2 Early life and education 1.3 Career 2 Work 2.1 The Concept of Mind 2.1.1 Knowing-how and knowing-that 2.2 Philosophy as cartography 2.3 Thick description 3 Legacy 4 Books 5 References 6 External links Biography[edit] Family tree[edit] Gilbert Ryle's father, Reginald John Ryle, was a Brighton doctor, a generalist who had interests in philosophy and astronomy, passing on to his children a large library; he was a son of John Charles Ryle, the first Anglican Bishop of Liverpool.[11][12] The Ryles were Cheshire landed gentry; Gilbert's elder brother, John Alfred Ryle, of Barkhale, Sussex, became head of the family. Their ancestor John Ryle, a silk merchant, was a friend of theologian and evangelist John Wesley; members of this Ryle family include the silk manufacturer ("father of the United States silk industry") John Ryle, as well as his nephew and business partner, William. Gilbert Ryle's mother, Catherine, was daughter of Samuel King Scott (younger brother of the architect Sir George Gilbert Scott) by his wife Georgina, daughter of William Hulme Bodley, M.D., and sister of architect George Frederick Bodley, himself a student of Sir George. Cousins of the Ryle family thus include the haematologist Ronald Bodley Scott, architect George Gilbert Scott Jr., founder of Watts & Co., and his son, Giles Gilbert Scott, designer of the Battersea Power Station.[13] Early life and education[edit] Gilbert Ryle was born in Brighton, England, on 19 August 1900, and grew up in an environment of learning. He was educated at Brighton College and in 1919 went up to The Queen's College at Oxford to study classics, but was soon drawn to philosophy. He graduated with a "triple first": he received first-class honours in classical Honour Moderations (1921), literae humaniores (1923), and philosophy, politics, and economics (1924). Career[edit] In 1925, Ryle was appointed lecturer in philosophy at Christ Church, Oxford. A year later, he became a fellow and tutor at Christ Church, where he remained until 1940.[14] In the Second World War, Ryle was commissioned in the Welsh Guards. A capable linguist, he was recruited into intelligence work and by the end of the war had been promoted to the rank of Major. After the war he returned to Oxford and was elected Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy and Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. He published The Concept of Mind in 1949. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1945 to 1946, and editor of the philosophical journal Mind from 1947 to 1971. Ryle died on 6 October 1976 at Whitby, North Yorkshire.[14] Ryle's brothers John Alfred (1889–1950) and George Bodley (1902–1978), both educated at Brighton College, also had eminent careers. John became Regius Professor of Physic at the University of Cambridge and physician to King George V. George, after serving as Director of Forestry first for Wales and then England, was Deputy-Director of the Forestry Commission and appointed a CBE.[15] Ryle was the subject of a portrait by Rex Whistler, which he said made him look like "a drowned German General".[16] Work[edit] The Concept of Mind[edit] Main article: The Concept of Mind In The Concept of Mind, Ryle argues that dualism involves category mistakes and philosophical nonsense, two philosophical topics that continued to inform Ryle's work. He rhetorically asked students in his 1967–68 Oxford audience what was wrong with saying that there are three things in a field: two cows and a pair of cows. They were also invited to ponder whether the bunghole of a beer barrel is part of the barrel or not.[17] Knowing-how and knowing-that[edit] Main articles: Descriptive knowledge and Procedural knowledge A distinction deployed in The Concept of Mind, between 'knowing-how' and 'knowing-that', has attracted independent interest. This distinction is also the origin of procedural (knowing-how) and declarative (knowing-that) models of long-term memory.[18] An example of the distinction can be knowing how to tie a reef knot and knowing that Queen Victoria died in 1901. Philosophy as cartography[edit] The philosophical arguments which constitute this book are intended not to increase what we know about minds but to rectify the logical geography of the knowledge we already possess.[19] Ryle thought it no longer possible to believe that a philosopher's task is to study mental as opposed to physical objects. In its place, Ryle saw a tendency of philosophers to search for objects whose nature was neither physical nor mental. Ryle believed, instead, that "philosophical problems are problems of a certain sort; they are not problems of an ordinary sort about special entities."[14] Ryle analogizes philosophy to cartography. Competent speakers of a language, Ryle believes, are to a philosopher what ordinary villagers are to a mapmaker: the ordinary villager has a competent grasp of his village, and is familiar with its inhabitants and geography. But when asked to interpret a map of that knowledge, the villager will have difficulty until he is able to translate his practical knowledge into universal cartographic terms. The villager thinks of the village in personal and practical terms, while the mapmaker thinks of the village in neutral, public, cartographic terms.[20]:440–2 By "mapping" the words and phrases of a particular statement, philosophers are able to generate what Ryle calls implication threads: each word or phrase of a statement contributes to the statement in that, if the words or phrases were changed, the statement would have a different implication. The philosopher must show the directions and limits of different implication threads that a "concept contributes to the statements in which it occurs." To show this, he must be "tugging" at neighbouring threads, which, in turn, must also be "tugging." Philosophy, then, searches for the meaning of these implication threads in the statements in which they are used.[20]:444–5 Thick description[edit] Main article: Thick description In 1949 Ryle first introduced the notion of thick description in "The Thinking of Thoughts: What is 'Le Penseur' Doing?"[21][22] and "Thinking and Reflecting". According to Ryle, there are two types of descriptions:[21] thin description: surface-level observations of behaviour, e.g. 'His right hand rose to his forehead, palm out, when he was in the vicinity of and facing and facing a certain other human.' thick description: adds context to such behaviour. Explaining this context necessitates an understanding of the motivations people have for their behaviours, as well as how observers in the community understand such behaviour: 'He saluted the General.' Legacy[edit] Ryle's notion of thick description[21] has been an important influence on cultural anthropologists such as Clifford Geertz.[23][24] The Concept of Mind was recognised on its appearance as an important contribution to philosophical psychology, and an important work in the ordinary language philosophy movement. But in the 1960s and '70s, the rising influence of the cognitivist theories of Noam Chomsky, Herbert A. Simon, Jerry Fodor, and others in the neo-Cartesian school became predominant. The two major postwar schools in the philosophy of mind, Fodor's representationalism and Wilfrid Sellars's functionalism, posited precisely the 'internal' cognitive states that Ryle had argued against. Philosopher Daniel Dennett, a student of Ryle's, has said that recent trends in psychology such as embodied cognition, discursive psychology, situated cognition, and others in the post-cognitivist tradition, have provoked a renewed interest in Ryle's work. Dennett provided a sympathetic foreword to the 2000 edition of The Concept of Mind.[25] Author Richard Webster endorsed Ryle's arguments against mentalist philosophies, suggesting in Why Freud Was Wrong (1995) that they implied that "theories of human nature which repudiate the evidence of behaviour and refer solely or primarily to invisible mental events will never in themselves be able to unlock the most significant mysteries of human nature."[26] Books[edit] 1949. The Concept of Mind 1954. Dilemmas: The Tarner Lectures 1953, a collection of shorter pieces 1966. Plato's Progress 1977. Contemporary Aspects of Philosophy, editor 1979. On Thinking[27] References[edit] ^ Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). "Behaviorism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ Neil Tennant, Introducing Philosophy: God, Mind, World, and Logic, Routledge, 2015, p. 299. ^ Logical Constants (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) ^ Stuart Brown, Diane Collinson, Robert Wilkinson (eds), Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers, Routledge, 2012: "Paton, Herbert James." ^ Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, Volume 1, Routledge & Keegan Paul, 2001: Introduction by Dermot Moran, p. lxiv: "Husserl... visited England in 1922 intent on establishing relations with English philosopherss.... He delivered a number of lectures which were attended by Gilbert Ryle...." ^ Michael Dummett, Origins of Analytical Philosophy, Bloombury, 2014, p. xiii; Anat Biletzki, Anat Matarp (eds.), The Story of Analytic Philosophy: Plot and Heroes, Routledge, 2002, p. 57: "It was Gilbert Ryle who, [Dummett] says, opened his eyes to this fact in his lectures on Bolzano, Brentano, Meinong, and Husserl." ^ "Gilbert Ryle | British philosopher". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 September 2018. ^ A. C. Grayling (Wittgenstein: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, (Oxford), 1988, p.114) is certain that, despite the fact that Wittgenstein's work might have possibly played some "second or third-hand [part in the promotion of] the philosophical concern for language which was dominant in the mid-century", neither Gilbert Ryle nor any of those in the so-called "ordinary language philosophy" school that is chiefly associated with J. L. Austin (and, according to Grayling, G. E. Moore, C. D. Broad, Bertrand Russell and A. J. Ayer) were Wittgensteinians. Grayling asserts that "most of them were largely unaffected by Wittgenstein's later ideas, and some were actively hostile to them" ^ Ryle, Gilbert. [1949] 2002. The Concept of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 327. ^ Ryle, Gilbert. 1971. "Phenomenology versus 'The Concept of Mind'." In Collected Papers. London: Hutchinson. p. 188. ^ Ryle ('Modern Studies in Philosophy' series), ed. Oscar P. Wood and George Pitcher, Doubleday & Co. Ltd, 1970, p. 1 ^ Faith in the Age of Science: Atheism, Religion, and the Big Yellow Crane, Mark Silversides, Sacristy Press, 2012, p. 157 ^ Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th edition, vol. 1, 1965, ed. Peter Townend, p. 615, 'Ryle formerly of Barkhale' pedigree ^ a b c Tanney, Julia (Winter 2003). "Gilbert Ryle". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford, CA: The Metaphysics Research Lab. Retrieved 5 March 2008. ^ "George Bodley Ryle C.b.e". Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research. 51 (2): 187–188. 1 January 1978. doi:10.1093/forestry/51.2.187. ISSN 0015-752X. ^ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ryle/ ^ "Ryle: The concept of mind (Summary)". www.the-philosophy.com. Retrieved 3 September 2018. ^ Jason Stanley and Timothy Williamson, "Knowing How", Journal of Philosophy, 98(8): 411–444, 2001. ^ Concept of Mind p 1 ^ a b Ryle, Gilbert. 1971. "Abstractions." In Collected Papers 2. London: Hutchinson. ^ a b c Ryle, Gilbert. [1968] 1996. "The Thinking of Thoughts: What is 'Le Penseur' Doing?" Studies in Anthropology 11:11. ISSN 1363-1098. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2008. ^ Ryle, Gilbert. [1968] 1971. "The Thinking of Thoughts: What is 'Le Penseur' Doing?" Pp. 480–96 in Collected Papers 2. London: Hutchinson. ^ Geertz, Clifford (1973). "Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture". The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New-York: Basic Books. pp. 3–30. Retrieved 25 June 2008. ^ "Gilbert Ryle". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ Dennett, Daniel C. (2002). "Re-Introducing The Concept of Mind". Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy (7). Retrieved 20 December 2007. ^ Webster, Richard (2005). Why Freud Was Wrong: Sin, Science and Psychoanalysis. Oxford: The Orwell Press. pp. vii, 483. ISBN 0951592254. ^ "Gilbert Ryle Collection | Linacre College". www.linacre.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 September 2018. External links[edit] Wikiquote has quotations related to: Gilbert Ryle Gilbert Ryle in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Ordinary Language", Gilbert Ryle, The Philosophical Review LXII (1953) "Symposium: Use, Usage and Meaning". Gilbert Ryle; J. N. Findlay, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume 35 (1961): 223–242. The Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy – Issue 7, 2002 (Issue dedicated to Ryle) The Gilbert Ryle Collection at Linacre College, Oxford. Linacre College houses Gilbert Ryle's library along with a collection of his papers "Gilbert Ryle, British ‘Philosopher Of Mind,’ Dead in Yorkshire at 76" The New York Times, 20 October 1976 (obituary) v t e Analytic philosophy Related articles Areas of focus Epistemology Language Mathematics Science Turns Aretaic Linguistic Logic Classical Mathematical Non-classical Philosophical Theories Anti-realism Australian realism Descriptivist theory of names Emotivism Functionalism Analytical feminism Logical atomism Logical positivism Analytical Marxism Neopragmatism Neurophilosophy Ordinary language Quietism Scientific structuralism Sense data Concepts Analysis (paradox of analysis) Analytic–synthetic distinction Counterfactual Natural kind Reflective equilibrium Supervenience Modality Actualism Necessity Possibility Possible world Realism Rigid designator Philosophers Noam Chomsky Keith Donnellan Paul Feyerabend Gottlob Frege Ian Hacking Karl Popper Ernest Sosa Barry Stroud Michael Walzer Cambridge Charlie Broad Norman Malcolm G. 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Related articles Analytic philosophy Philosophy of information Philosophical logic Linguistics Pragmatics Rhetoric Semantics Formal semantics Semiotics Category Task Force Discussion Authority control BNE: XX1724089 BNF: cb11923174t (data) GND: 118793845 ISNI: 0000 0001 0866 5160 LCCN: n50022046 NDL: 00474251 NKC: mzk2002148213 NLI: 000115011 NLK: KAC201502587 NTA: 068684401 PLWABN: 9810684569105606 SELIBR: 308603 SNAC: w6m33fpx SUDOC: 027116050 Trove: 964703 VIAF: 7396707 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n50022046 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_Ryle&oldid=993687442" Categories: 1900 births 1976 deaths 20th-century British philosophers 20th-century English writers Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford Analytic philosophers Aristotelian philosophers British Army personnel of World War II English philosophers Epistemologists Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford Intelligence Corps officers Linguistic turn Metaphysicians Ontologists Ordinary language philosophy People educated at Brighton College People from Brighton Phenomenologists Philosophers of language Philosophers of mind Philosophy academics Presidents of the Aristotelian Society Waynflete Professors of Metaphysical Philosophy Welsh Guards officers Wittgensteinian philosophers Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2019 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans العربية Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2020, at 23:19 (UTC). 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