Karl Jaspers - Wikipedia Karl Jaspers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Psychiatrist and philosopher from Germany Karl Jaspers Jaspers in 1946 Born Karl Theodor Jaspers (1883-02-23)23 February 1883 Oldenburg, German Empire Died 26 February 1969(1969-02-26) (aged 86) Basel, Switzerland Education University of Heidelberg (MD, 1908) Era 20th-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Neo-Kantianism (early)[1] Existentialism (late) Existential phenomenology[2] (late) Main interests Psychiatry, theology, philosophy of history Notable ideas Axial Age; coining the term Existenzphilosophie; Dasein and Existenz as the two states of being, subject–object split (Subjekt-Objekt-Spaltung); theory of communicative transcendence, limit situation[1] Influences Meister Eckhart, Nicolaus Cusanus, Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Max Weber, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger[3] Influenced Hannah Arendt, Heinrich Blücher, Paul Ricoeur,[1] Hans-Georg Gadamer,[1] William A. Earle Karl Theodor Jaspers (/ˈjæspərz/; German: [ˈkaɐ̯l ˈjaspɐs];[4][5] 23 February 1883 – 26 February 1969) was a German-Swiss psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry, and philosophy. After being trained in and practicing psychiatry, Jaspers turned to philosophical inquiry and attempted to discover an innovative philosophical system. He was often viewed as a major exponent of existentialism in Germany, though he did not accept the label. Contents 1 Biography 2 Contributions to psychiatry 3 Contributions to philosophy and theology 4 Political views 5 Influences 6 Selected bibliography 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Biography[edit] Karl Jaspers in 1910 Jaspers was born in Oldenburg in 1883 to a mother from a local farming community, and a jurist father. He showed an early interest in philosophy, but his father's experience with the legal system undoubtedly influenced his decision to study law at the University of Heidelberg. Jaspers first studied law in Heidelberg and later in Munich for three semesters. It soon became clear that Jaspers did not particularly enjoy law, and he switched to studying medicine in 1902 with a thesis about criminology. In 1910 he married Gertrud Mayer (1879–1974), the sister of his close friends Gustav Mayer and Ernst Mayer.[6][citation needed] Jaspers earned his medical doctorate from the University of Heidelberg medical school in 1908 and began work at a psychiatric hospital in Heidelberg under Franz Nissl, successor of Emil Kraepelin and Karl Bonhoeffer, and Karl Wilmans. Jaspers became dissatisfied with the way the medical community of the time approached the study of mental illness and gave himself the task of improving the psychiatric approach. In 1913 Jaspers habilitated at the philosophical faculty of the Heidelberg University and gained there in 1914 a post as a psychology teacher. The post later became a permanent philosophical one, and Jaspers never returned to clinical practice. During this time Jaspers was a close friend of the Weber family (Max Weber also having held a professorship at Heidelberg).[7] In 1921, at the age of 38, Jaspers turned from psychology to philosophy, expanding on themes he had developed in his psychiatric works. He became a philosopher, in Germany and Europe. After the Nazi seizure of power in 1933, Jaspers was considered to have a "Jewish taint" (jüdische Versippung, in the jargon of the time) due to his Jewish wife, and was forced to retire from teaching in 1937. In 1938 he fell under a publication ban as well. Many of his long-time friends stood by him, however, and he was able to continue his studies and research without being totally isolated. But he and his wife were under constant threat of removal to a concentration camp until 30 March 1945, when Heidelberg was liberated by American troops.[citation needed] In 1948 Jaspers moved to the University of Basel in Switzerland.[1] In 1963 he was awarded the honorary citizenship of the city of Oldenburg in recognition of his outstanding scientific achievements and services to occidental culture.[8] He remained prominent in the philosophical community and became a naturalized citizen of Switzerland living in Basel until his death on his wife's 90th birthday in 1969. Contributions to psychiatry[edit] Jaspers' dissatisfaction with the popular understanding of mental illness led him to question both the diagnostic criteria and the methods of clinical psychiatry. He published a paper in 1910 in which he addressed the problem of whether paranoia was an aspect of personality or the result of biological changes. Although it did not broach new ideas, this article introduced a rather unusual method of study, at least according to the norms then prevalent. Not unlike Freud, Jaspers studied patients in detail, giving biographical information about the patients as well as notes on how the patients themselves felt about their symptoms. This has become known as the biographical method and now forms a mainstay of psychiatric and above all psychotherapeutic practice.[citation needed] Karl Jaspers: Allgemeine Psychopathologie, first print 1913 Jaspers set down his views on mental illness in a book which he published in 1913, General Psychopathology.[1] This work has become a classic in the psychiatric literature and many modern diagnostic criteria stem from ideas found within it. One of Jaspers' central tenets was that psychiatrists should diagnose symptoms of mental illness (particularly of psychosis) by their form rather than by their content. For example, in diagnosing a hallucination, it is more important to note that a person experiences visual phenomena when no sensory stimuli account for them, than to note what the patient sees. What the patient sees is the "content", but the discrepancy between visual perception and objective reality is the "form".[citation needed] Jaspers thought that psychiatrists could diagnose delusions in the same way. He argued that clinicians should not consider a belief delusional based on the content of the belief, but only based on the way in which a patient holds such a belief. (See delusion for further discussion.) Jaspers also distinguished between primary and secondary delusions. He defined primary delusions as autochthonous, meaning that they arise without apparent cause, appearing incomprehensible in terms of a normal mental process. (This is a slightly different use of the word autochthonous than the ordinary medical or sociological use as a synonym for indigenous.) Secondary delusions, on the other hand, he defined as those influenced by the person's background, current situation or mental state. Jaspers considered primary delusions to be ultimately "un-understandable", since he believed no coherent reasoning process existed behind their formation. This view has caused some controversy, and the likes of R. D. Laing and Richard Bentall (1999, p. 133–135) have criticised it, stressing that this stance can lead therapists into the complacency of assuming that because they do not understand a patient, the patient is deluded and further investigation on the part of the therapist will have no effect. For instance Huub Engels (2009) argues that schizophrenic disordered speech may be understandable, just as Emil Kraepelin's dream speech is understandable. Contributions to philosophy and theology[edit] Most commentators associate Jaspers with the philosophy of existentialism, in part because he draws largely upon the existentialist roots of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, and in part because the theme of individual freedom permeates his work. In Philosophy (3 vols, 1932), Jaspers gave his view of the history of philosophy and introduced his major themes. Beginning with modern science and empiricism, Jaspers points out that as we question reality, we confront borders that an empirical (or scientific) method simply cannot transcend. At this point, the individual faces a choice: sink into despair and resignation, or take a leap of faith toward what Jaspers calls Transcendence. In making this leap, individuals confront their own limitless freedom, which Jaspers calls Existenz, and can finally experience authentic existence.[citation needed] Transcendence (paired with the term The Encompassing in later works) is, for Jaspers, that which exists beyond the world of time and space. Jaspers' formulation of Transcendence as ultimate non-objectivity (or no-thing-ness) has led many philosophers to argue that ultimately, Jaspers became a monist, though Jaspers himself continually stressed the necessity of recognizing the validity of the concepts both of subjectivity and of objectivity.[citation needed] Although he rejected explicit religious doctrines,[1] including the notion of a personal God, Jaspers influenced contemporary theology through his philosophy of transcendence and the limits of human experience. Mystic Christian traditions influenced Jaspers himself tremendously, particularly those of Meister Eckhart and of Nicholas of Cusa. He also took an active interest in Eastern philosophies, particularly Buddhism, and developed the theory of an Axial Age, a period of substantial philosophical and religious development. Jaspers also entered public debates with Rudolf Bultmann, wherein Jaspers roundly criticized Bultmann's "demythologizing" of Christianity. (See Myth and Christianity: An Inquiry into the Possibility of Religion without Myth – a debate between Jaspers and Bultmann, The Noonday Press, New York, 1958)[citation needed] Jaspers wrote extensively on the threat to human freedom posed by modern science and modern economic and political institutions. During World War II, he had to abandon his teaching post because his wife was Jewish. After the war he resumed his teaching position, and in his work The Question of German Guilt he unabashedly examined the culpability of Germany as a whole in the atrocities of Hitler's Third Reich.[9] The following quote about the Second World War and its atrocities was used at the end of the sixth episode of the BBC documentary series The Nazis: A Warning from History: "That which has happened is a warning. To forget it is guilt. It must be continually remembered. It was possible for this to happen, and it remains possible for it to happen again at any minute. Only in knowledge can it be prevented." [10] Jaspers' major works, lengthy and detailed, can seem daunting in their complexity. His last great attempt at a systematic philosophy of Existenz – Von Der Wahrheit (On Truth) – has not yet appeared in English. However, he also wrote shorter works, most notably, Philosophy is for Everyman. The two major proponents of phenomenological hermeneutics, namely Paul Ricoeur (a student of Jaspers) and Hans-Georg Gadamer (Jaspers' successor at Heidelberg), both display Jaspers' influence in their works.[1] Political views[edit] Jaspers identified with the liberal political philosophy of Max Weber, although he rejected Weber's nationalism.[11] He valued humanism and cosmopolitanism and, influenced by Immanuel Kant, advocated an international federation of states with shared constitutions, laws, and international courts.[12] He strongly opposed totalitarian despotism and warned about the increasing tendency towards technocracy, or a regime that regards humans as mere instruments of science or of ideological goals. He was also skeptical of majoritarian democracy. Thus, he supported a form of governance that guaranteed individual freedom and limited government, and shared Weber's belief that democracy needed to be guided by an intellectual elite.[1] His views were seen as anti-communist.[13] Influences[edit] Jaspers held Kierkegaard and Nietzsche to be two of the most important figures in post-Kantian philosophy. In his compilation, The Great Philosophers (Die großen Philosophen), he wrote: "I approach the presentation of Kierkegaard with some trepidation. Next to Nietzsche, or rather, prior to Nietzsche, I consider him to be the most important thinker of our post-Kantian age. With Goethe and Hegel, an epoch had reached its conclusion, and our prevalent way of thinking – that is, the positivistic, natural-scientific one – cannot really be considered as philosophy."[This quote needs a citation] Jaspers also questions whether the two philosophers could be taught. For Kierkegaard, at least, Jaspers felt that Kierkegaard's whole method of indirect communication precludes any attempts to properly expound his thought into any sort of systematic teaching. Though Jaspers was certainly indebted to Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, he also owes much to more traditional philosophers, especially Kant and Plato. Walter Kaufmann argues in From Shakespeare to Existentialism that, though Jaspers was certainly indebted to Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, he was closest to Kant's philosophy: Jaspers is too often seen as the heir of Nietzsche and Kierkegaard to whom he is in many ways less close than to Kant ... the Kantian antinomies and Kant's concern with the realm of decision, freedom, and faith have become exemplary for Jaspers. And even as Kant "had to do away with knowledge to make room for faith," Jaspers values Nietzsche in large measure because he thinks that Nietzsche did away with knowledge, thus making room for Jaspers' "philosophic faith" ...[14] In his essay "On My Philosophy", Jaspers states: "While I was still at school Spinoza was the first. Kant then became the philosopher for me and has remained so...Nietzsche gained importance for me only late as the magnificent revelation of nihilism and the task of overcoming it."[15] Jaspers is also indebted to his contemporaries, such as Heinrich Blücher from who he borrowed the term, "the anti-political principle" to describe totalitarianism's destruction of a space of resistance.[16] Selected bibliography[edit] Original German Psychologie der Weltanschauungen Nikolaus Cusanus Translations Philosophy of Existence – ISBN 0-8122-1010-7, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971 Strindberg and Van Gogh: An Attempt of a Pathographic Analysis with Reference to Parallel Cases of Swedenborg and Holderlin – ISBN 0-8165-0608-6 Reason and Existenz – ISBN 0-87462-611-0 Way to Wisdom – ISBN 0-300-00134-7 Socrates, Buddha, Confucius, Jesus – ISBN 0-15-683580-0 Philosophy Is for Everyman Man in the Modern Age The Origin and Goal of History (1949; English translation: 1953) Nietzsche: An Introduction to the Understanding of His Philosophical Activity – ISBN 0-8018-5779-1, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997 (University of Arizona Press, 1965) Jaspers, Karl (1953). The Origin and Goal of History. translated by Michael Bullock. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Jaspers, Karl (1955). Reason and Existenz. translated by William Earle. New York: Noonday Press. Jaspers, Karl (1958). The Future of Mankind. translated by E. B. Ashton. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Jaspers, Karl (1997). General Psychopathology – Volumes 1 & 2. translated by J. Hoenig and Marian W. Hamilton. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. References[edit] ^ a b c d e f g h i Karl Jaspers. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ^ Ernesto Spinelli (2007). Practising Existential Psychotherapy: The Relational World, Sage, p. 52: "Karl Jaspers can be considered to be among the earliest direct attempts to apply existential phenomenology to psychotherapy". ^ Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers, The Heidegger–Jaspers Correspondence (1920–1963), Humanity Books, 2003. ^ "Duden | Karl | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition". Duden (in German). Retrieved 22 October 2018. Kạrl ^ "Duden | Jaspers | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition". Duden (in German). Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2018. Jạspers ^ Lewis, T.T. (2019). "Karl Jaspers". Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia. Retrieved 30 January 2020. ^ Radkau, Joachim (1995). Max Weber: A Biography. Polity Press. ISBN 978-0745683423. p. 29. ^ "1963: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Karl Jaspers". Stadt Oldenburg (in German). Oldenburg. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. ^ Celinscak, Mark (2015). Distance from the Belsen Heap: Allied Forces and the Liberation of a Concentration Camp. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-1570-0. ^ Jones, Ian (26 August 2000). "The Nazis: A Warning from History". Off the Telly. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2013. ^ Schilpp, Paul Arthur, ed. (1977). The Philosophy of Karl Jaspers. Open Court Publishing Company. pp. 57–58. ^ Carter, April (2013). The Political Theory of Global Citizenship. Routledge. pp. 147–148. ^ Blanchot, Maurice (1997) [1964]. "Apocalypse is disappointing." Friendship. Translated by Rottenberg. Stanford University Press. pp. 101–108. ISBN 0804727597. ^ Kaufmann, Walter A. (1980) From Shakespeare To Existentialism: An Original Study, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691013675. p. 285. ^ Jaspers, Karl (1941). "On My Philosophy". ^ Hans Mommsen, "Interpretation of the Holocaust as a Challenge to Human Existence", in Arendt in Jerusalem, ed. Ascheim, p. 227 Further reading[edit] Claudio Fiorillo, Fragilità della verità e comunicazione. La via ermeneutica di Karl Jaspers, ISBN 978-8-87999-463-7 Rome, Ed. Aracne, 2003. Azurmendi, Joxe: "Bakearen inguruko diskurtsoaren jasangaitza" about Die Schuldfrage (Jaspers, 1946) in Barkamena, kondena, tortura, Donostia, Elkar: 2012 ISBN 978-84-9027-007-3 Engels, Huub (2009). Emil Kraepelins Traumsprache: erklären und verstehen. In Dietrich von Engelhardt und Horst-Jürgen Gerigk (ed.). Karl Jaspers im Schnittpunkt von Zeitgeschichte, Psychopathologie, Literatur und Film. p. 331-43. ISBN 978-3-86809-018-5 Heidelberg: Mattes Verlag. Miron, Ronny, Karl Jaspers: From Selfhood to Being. Amsterdam/New York, NY, Rodopi: 2012 Xavier Tilliette, Karl Jaspers, Aubier, coll. « Théologie », 1960 External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl Jaspers. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Karl Jaspers Publications by and about Karl Jaspers in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library Existential Primer: Karl Jaspers Bibliografia di Karl Jaspers ed. by Claudio Fiorillo in Dialegesthai Current scholarly research on Jaspers (in English) is organized by the Karl Jaspers Society of North America and published in Existenz. Translation into English of Jaspers' 1958 peace prize acceptance speech Truth, Freedom, and Peace. The Philosophy Of Karl Jaspers edited by Paul Arthur Schilpp 1957 Newspaper clippings about Karl Jaspers in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Karl Jaspers: Philosopher of Otherness at the New Acropolis Online Library v t e Continental philosophy Philosophers Theodor W. Adorno Giorgio Agamben Louis Althusser Hannah Arendt Raymond Aron Gaston Bachelard Alain Badiou Roland Barthes Georges Bataille Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Walter Benjamin Simone de Beauvoir Henri Bergson Maurice Blanchot Pierre Bourdieu Martin Buber Judith Butler Albert Camus Georges Canguilhem Ernst Cassirer Cornelius Castoriadis Emil Cioran Benedetto Croce Paul de Man Guy Debord Gilles Deleuze Jacques Derrida Wilhelm Dilthey Hubert Dreyfus Umberto Eco Terry Eagleton Friedrich Engels Frantz Fanon Johann Gottlieb Fichte Michel Foucault Hans-Georg Gadamer Giovanni Gentile Félix Guattari Antonio Gramsci Jürgen Habermas G. W. F. Hegel Martin Heidegger Edmund Husserl Roman Ingarden Luce Irigaray Fredric Jameson Karl Jaspers Walter Kaufmann Søren Kierkegaard Ludwig Klages Pierre Klossowski Alexandre Kojève Alexandre Koyré Leszek Kołakowski Julia Kristeva Jacques Lacan Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe François Laruelle Bruno Latour Henri Lefebvre Claude Lévi-Strauss Emmanuel Levinas Niklas Luhmann György Lukács Jean-François Lyotard Gabriel Marcel Herbert Marcuse Karl Marx Quentin Meillassoux Maurice Merleau-Ponty Jean-Luc Nancy Antonio Negri Friedrich Nietzsche José Ortega y Gasset Jacques Rancière Paul Ricœur Edward Said Jean-Paul Sartre F. W. J. Schelling Carl Schmitt Arthur Schopenhauer Michel Serres Gilbert Simondon Peter Sloterdijk Oswald Spengler Edith Stein Leo Strauss Simone Weil Raymond Williams Slavoj Žižek Theories Absurdism Critical theory Deconstruction Existentialism Frankfurt School German idealism Hegelianism Hermeneutics Marxism Neo-Kantianism New Philosophers Non-philosophy Phenomenology Postmodernism Post-structuralism Psychoanalytic theory Romanticism Social constructionism Speculative realism Structuralism Western Marxism Concepts Alterity Angst Apollonian and Dionysian Authenticity Being in itself Boredom Class struggle Dasein Death of God Death drive Différance Difference Existence precedes essence Existential crisis Facticity Genealogy Habitus Historical materialism Ideology Intersubjectivity Leap of faith Master–slave dialectic Master–slave morality Oedipus complex Ontic Other Power Ressentiment Self-deception Totalitarianism Trace Transvaluation of values Will to power Category Index v t e Existentialism Concepts Abandonment Absurdism Angst Authenticity Bad faith Being in itself Existence precedes essence Existential crisis Facticity Meaning Nihilism Other Thinkers Nicola Abbagnano Hannah Arendt Abdel Rahman Badawi Hazel Barnes Karl Barth Nikolai Berdyaev Steve Biko Martin Buber Rudolf Bultmann Dino Buzzati Albert Camus Jane Welsh Carlyle Thomas Carlyle Emil Cioran Walter A. Davis Simone de Beauvoir Fyodor Dostoevsky William A. Earle Ralph Ellison Frantz Fanon Vilém Flusser Benjamin Fondane James Anthony Froude Alberto Giacometti Juozas Girnius Lewis Gordon Martin Heidegger Edmund Husserl Eugène Ionesco Nae Ionescu William James Karl Jaspers Franz Kafka Walter Kaufmann Søren Kierkegaard Ladislav Klíma Emmanuel Levinas Ash Lieb John Macquarrie Naguib Mahfouz Gabriel Marcel Vytautas Mačernis Maurice Merleau-Ponty Friedrich Nietzsche José Ortega y Gasset Viktor Petrov Franz Rosenzweig Jean-Paul Sartre Aous Shakra Lev Shestov Joseph B. Soloveitchik Paul Tillich Rick Turner Miguel de Unamuno John Daniel Wild Colin Wilson Richard Wright Peter Wessel Zapffe Related Phenomenology (philosophy) Continental philosophy Transcendentalism German idealism Western Marxism Existentialist anarchism Existential nihilism Atheistic existentialism v t e Philosophy of science Concepts Analysis Analytic–synthetic distinction A priori and a posteriori Causality Commensurability Consilience Construct Creative synthesis Demarcation problem Empirical evidence Explanatory power Fact Falsifiability Feminist method Functional contextualism Ignoramus et ignorabimus Inductive reasoning Intertheoretic reduction Inquiry Nature Objectivity Observation Paradigm Problem of induction Scientific law Scientific method Scientific revolution Scientific theory Testability Theory choice Theory-ladenness Underdetermination Unity of science Metatheory of science Coherentism Confirmation holism Constructive empiricism Constructive realism Constructivist epistemology Contextualism Conventionalism Deductive-nomological model Hypothetico-deductive model Inductionism Epistemological anarchism Evolutionism Fallibilism Foundationalism Instrumentalism Pragmatism Model-dependent realism Naturalism Physicalism Positivism / Reductionism / Determinism Rationalism / Empiricism Received view / Semantic view of theories Scientific realism / Anti-realism Scientific essentialism Scientific formalism Scientific skepticism Scientism Structuralism Uniformitarianism Vitalism Philosophy of Physics thermal and statistical Motion Chemistry Biology Geography Social science Technology Engineering Artificial intelligence Computer science Information Mind Psychiatry Psychology Perception Space and time Related topics Alchemy Criticism of science Descriptive science Epistemology Faith and rationality Hard and soft science History and philosophy of science History of science History of evolutionary thought Logic Metaphysics Normative science Pseudoscience Relationship between religion and science Rhetoric of science Science studies Sociology of scientific knowledge Sociology of scientific ignorance Philosophers of science by era Ancient Plato Aristotle Stoicism Epicureans Medieval Averroes Avicenna Roger Bacon William of Ockham Hugh of Saint Victor Dominicus Gundissalinus Robert Kilwardby Early modern Francis Bacon Thomas Hobbes René Descartes Galileo Galilei Pierre Gassendi Isaac Newton David Hume Late modern Immanuel Kant Friedrich Schelling William Whewell Auguste Comte John Stuart Mill Herbert Spencer Wilhelm Wundt Charles Sanders Peirce Wilhelm Windelband Henri Poincaré Pierre Duhem Rudolf Steiner Karl Pearson Contemporary Alfred North Whitehead Bertrand Russell Albert Einstein Otto Neurath C. 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Quine Thomas Kuhn Imre Lakatos Paul Feyerabend Jürgen Habermas Ian Hacking Bas van Fraassen Larry Laudan Daniel Dennett Category  Philosophy portal  Science portal Authority control BIBSYS: 90080383 BNE: XX1147422 BNF: cb11908645d (data) CANTIC: a11339329 CiNii: DA00141046 GND: 118557106 HDS: 041197 ISNI: 0000 0001 2126 6033 LCCN: n78095410 MBA: 690f33ac-f4ff-4a78-abfc-15c67849f6ee MGP: 170807 NDL: 00444583 NKC: jn19990003999 NLA: 35243871 NLI: 000070880 NLK: KAC199613798 NLP: A11796613 NTA: 173690041 PLWABN: 9810542953605606 SELIBR: 191544 SNAC: w6571s9q SUDOC: 026935996 Trove: 879578 VcBA: 495/80096 VIAF: 31998030 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n78095410 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Jaspers&oldid=998390416" Categories: 1883 births 1969 deaths 20th-century German non-fiction writers 20th-century philosophers Continental philosophers Existentialists German humanists German male non-fiction writers German philosophers German psychiatrists Heidelberg University faculty History of ideas History of philosophy History of psychiatry History of psychology History of science Kantian philosophers People from Oldenburg (city) People from Oldenburg (state) Phenomenologists Philosophers of culture Philosophers of education Philosophers of history Philosophers of mind Philosophers of psychology Philosophers of religion Philosophers of science Philosophers of technology Psychopathology Psychosis Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2019 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced quotes Commons category link from Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with MGP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLP identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers AC with 25 elements Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Occitan Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2021, at 04:44 (UTC). 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