Occamism - Wikipedia Occamism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Philosophical and theological teaching developed by William of Ockham William of Ockham the eponym of Occamism. 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Anscombe Hans Urs von Balthasar Maurice Blondel G. K. Chesterton Yves Congar Henri de Lubac John Finnis Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange Étienne Gilson René Girard Nicolás Gómez Dávila Romano Guardini John Haldane Dietrich von Hildebrand Bernard Lonergan Marshall McLuhan Alasdair MacIntyre Gabriel Marcel Jean-Luc Marion Jacques Maritain Emmanuel Mounier Josef Pieper Karl Rahner Edith Stein Charles Taylor  Catholicism portal  Philosophy portal v t e Occamism (or Ockhamism) is the philosophical and theological teaching developed by William of Ockham (1285–1347) and his disciples, which had widespread currency in the fourteenth century. Occamism differed from the other Scholastic schools on two major points: first, Occamism strongly argued position that only individuals exist, rather than supra-individual metaphysical universals, essences, or forms, and that universals are the products of abstraction from individuals by the human mind and have no extra-mental existence.[1] Second, Occamism denied the real existence of metaphysical universals and advocated the reduction of ontology. Contents 1 Content and method 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 Further reading Content and method[edit] Part of a series on Scholasticism Scholastic schools Thomism Scotism Occamism Major scholastic works Summa Theologica Cur Deus Homo Summa Grammatica Summa logicae Opus Oxoniense Libri Quattuor Sententiarum Precursors Augustine of Hippo Boethius Pope Gregory I Alcuin of York John Scotus Eriugena People Thomas Aquinas ("Doctor Angelicus") Duns Scotus ("Doctor Subtilis") William of Ockham ("Doctor Invincibilis") Francisco Suárez ("Doctor Eximius") Averroes ("The Commentator") Albertus Magnus ("Doctor Universalis") Peter Lombard ("The Master") Bonaventure ("Doctor Seraphicus") Anselm of Canterbury ("Doctor Marianus") Peter Abelard ("Doctor Scholasticus") Related Philosophy Aristotelianism Dominican Order Franciscan Order Catholic theology Islamic philosophy Empiricism Neoplatonism Neo-Thomism Problem of universals  Philosophy portal  Catholicism portal v t e Occamism questions the physical and Aristotelian metaphysics and, in particular, insists the only reality of individuals accessible to knowledge intuitive. The universals, which exist only in the mind,[1] have no correspondence with reality and are mere signs that symbolize a multiplicity of individuals. The further one goes from experience and generalizes, the more one imagines the constitution of the universal expressed by names. It is therefore necessary to revise the logical structures of discourse and language, taking care to separate the sign from the signified thing. Criticism of the concept of cause and substance, especially by the Occamistic Nicholas of Autrecourt, reduces the sciences to an immediate and intuitive way of knowing. The Occamists using the Nominalist method separate theology from Aristotelian foundations, making them lose any possibility of presenting themselves as science, and reducing confidence in the power of reason applied to the demonstrations of God's existence and the immortality of the soul. They support God's absolute power that explains the contingency of creatures and the laws of nature. Divine omnipotence also includes the case that God can also comprehend a nonexistent object: an anticipation of the "deceptive God" a theme used by Descartes in solving the certainty of the cogito ergo sum.[2] Occamism had a wide influence in the period between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries,[3] contributing to the progressive dissolution of Scholastic Aristotelianism[4] See also[edit] Augustinianism Cartesianism Conceptualism Peter Abelard Scotism Thomism Notes[edit] ^α De contemptu mundi (book 1, v. 952) satirical work by Bernard of Cluny, a Benedictine monk of the 12th century who used to attack the corruption of the laity and the Church of his time and who, in addition to the moralistic intent, mentioned the nominalistic polemic of the twelfth century against the reality of universals: a debate that according to philosophical historiography will be taken up by Occamism in the fourteenth century.[5] According to other authors instead it is to be excluded that Occamism resumes the nominalistic theses but rather that it expresses regarding the question of the universals the doctrine of the conceptualism.[6] References[edit] ^ Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008). From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-158591-6. ^ Garzanti's Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ibid. ^ William J. Courtenay, Ockham and Ockhamism: Studies on the Dissemination and Impact of His Thought , 9004168303, 9789004168305, 9789047443575, Brill Academic Pub., 2008. ^ Dizionario di filosofia Treccani (2009), ibidem ^ In Dictionary of philosophy Treccani (2009) ^ In Enciclopedia Garzanti di Filosofia Further reading[edit] Brundage, James (2008). "Canon Law in the Law schools". The history of medieval canon law in the classical period. Catholic University of America Press (Wilfried Hartmann & Kenneth Pennington, eds.). p. 115. ISBN 0813214912. Panaccio, Claude (2004). Ockham on Concepts. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-3228-3. Francesco Bottin, The Science of Occamists. Late medieval science, from the origins of the nominalist paradigm to the scientific revolution , Maggioli 1982. William J. Courtenay, Ockham and Ockhamism. Studies in the Dissemination and Impact of His Thought, Leiden, Brill 2008. Christian Rode, A Companion to Responses to Ockham, Leiden, Brill 2016. v t e Catholic philosophy Ethics Cardinal virtues Divine command Just price Just war Probabilism Natural law Personalism Seven virtues Social teaching Theological virtues Virtue ethics Schools Medieval Augustinianism Scholasticism Thomism Scotism Occamism Modern Salamanca Christian humanism Cartesianism Molinism Neo-scholasticism Analytical Thomism Universals Augustinian realism Nominalism Conceptualism Moderate realism Scotistic realism Other Theological intellectualism Theological voluntarism Foundationalism Philosophers Clement Augustine Boethius Dionysius Isidore Eriugena Alcuin Anselm Abelard Lombard Albertus Bonaventure Aquinas Llull Scotus Occam Ficino Pico Erasmus Cusa Luis More Suárez Descartes Pierre Montaigne Pascal Krasicki Kołłątaj Staszic Newman Scheler Chesterton Maritain Stein Mortimer Rahner Anscombe MacIntyre Wojtyla Ratzinger Concepts Actus purus Actus Essendi Actus primus Quinque viae Theodicy Augustinian Irenaean Formal distinction Univocity Head of a pin Occam's razor Augustinian values Principle of double effect Seven deadly sins Quiddity Cardinal virtues Stratification of emotional life Disputation Evil demon Aevum Haecceity Cartesian dualism Divine illumination Peripatetic axiom Memento mori Ressentiment Rota Fortunae Double truth Ontological argument Utopia Trademark argument Pascal's wager Dehellenization Differentia Homo unius libri Cogito, ergo sum Infused righteousness Related Catholic theology Platonism Aristotelianism Neoplatonism Islamic philosophy Doctor of the Church Renaissance Rationalism Empiricism Phenomenology  Catholicism portal  Philosophy portal v t e Philosophy Branches Traditional Metaphysics Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Philosophy of... 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