Huang Zongxi - Wikipedia Huang Zongxi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search In this Chinese name, the family name is Huang. Huang Zongxi 黃宗羲 Huang Zongxi. Born (1610-09-24)September 24, 1610 Yuyao, Zhejiang, China Died August 12, 1695(1695-08-12) (aged 84) Yuyao, Zhejiang, China Occupation Naturalist, political theorist, philosopher, soldier Notable work Waiting for the Dawn Record of the Ming Scholars Children Huang Baiyao Huang Zhengyi Huang Baijia Parent(s) Huang Zongsu (father) Relatives Huang Zongyan (brother) Huang Zonghui (brother) Chinese name Traditional Chinese 黃宗羲 Simplified Chinese 黄宗羲 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Huáng Zōngxī Wade–Giles Huang2 Tsung1-hsi1 IPA [xwǎŋ tsʊ́ŋ.ɕí] Taichong Chinese 太冲 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Taìchōng Debing Chinese 德冰 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Débīng Nanlei Chinese 南雷 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Nánleí Lizhou Laoren Chinese 梨洲老人 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin lízhōu Lǎorén Lizhou Shanren Chinese 梨洲山人 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin lízhōu Shānrén Huang Zongxi (Chinese: 黃宗羲; September 24, 1610 – August 12, 1695), courtesy name Taichong (太冲), was a Chinese naturalist, political theorist, philosopher, and soldier during the latter part of the Ming dynasty into the early part the Qing.[1] Contents 1 Biography 2 Study 3 Major works 3.1 Waiting for the Dawn 3.2 Record of the Ming Scholars 4 Translations 5 References 6 External links Biography[edit] Huang was a native of Yuyao in Zhejiang province. He was the son of Huang Zunsu, an official of the Ming court and an adherent of the Donglin Movement who died in prison after opposing the powerful eunuch Wei Zhongxian. Huang Zongxi became a licentiate in 1623 at the age of 14,[2] and in the same year followed his father to Beijing, where his father held a post as a censor. The struggle between the Donglin faction and the eunuchs was reaching a climax during this period, and as a result the elder Huang was dismissed from office in 1625 and the two returned home. Soon after, Huang Zongxi was married to Ye Baolin. When Huang Zunsu was traveling in custody to Beijing in 1626, he introduced his son to Liu Zongzhou, a noted philosopher of the Wang Yangming school. Huang Zongxi then became a devoted disciple of Liu and a proponent of the Wang Yangming school. Huang Zunsu was put to death in 1626. When a new emperor ascended the throne two years later, Huang Zongxi set off for the capital to protest the execution of his father. Even before he arrived, however, the eunuch faction was destroyed and those who died under it were bestowed with honors. Still, Huang engaged in daring acts of vengeance in the capital, gaining the respect of many. In accordance with his father's last wishes, he in 1631 devoted himself to studying Chinese history. In 1633, Huang completed the Shilu, or "Veritable Records" of the first thirteen reigns of the Ming dynasty. After the beginning of the Qing dynasty and the rise to power of Ruan Dacheng, arrest warrants were issued for descendants of Donglin members, including Huang Zongxi. Liang Qichao later speculated that Huang avoided capture by fleeing to Japan during this period, but the evidence consists of only one poem. Huang assisted Ming loyalist forces until his retirement in 1649. Thereafter, Huang devoted himself to study and lived near his native home for much of the rest of his life. He died in 1695, at the age of 84.[3] Study[edit] Huang was notable for being one of the first Neo-Confucians to stress the need for constitutional law. He also openly advocated the belief that ministers should be openly critical of their emperor; and that rulers held a responsibility to their country. Moreover, an emperor should respect the concerns of his prime minister and head of the Imperial College. In local areas, the local gentry, scholars, and students should gather and form an assembly to discuss issues openly with local magistrates and officials. Huang's first work was not completed until the age of 52, and the work's fuller impact was not felt until the declining years of the Qing dynasty. Major works[edit] Waiting for the Dawn[edit] Waiting for the Dawn (Mingyi daifanglu, Chinese: 明夷待訪錄) was a summary of ideas about political reform that had been advanced by various scholars since the reign of Wanli (1573–1619). The political tract begins with a condemnation of selfish autocratic rule, and declares that the world should belong to the people. The third and fifth section of the work, "On Laws" and "Schools", respectively, are particularly famous. In the former, Huang declares that all laws and regulatory bodies should be an outgrowth of local needs, not imposed by leaders with a political agenda. In the latter, he advocates using the education system as a semiofficial forum for educated opinion on public affairs.[4] In the sixth and seventh sections of the work, entitled "Selecting Good Men", Huang also lays out his ideas for reform of the Imperial examination system. In later sections, he discusses equitable distribution of landholdings, the division between men of civil and military background, fiscal reform, and the problem of Eunuch power during the Ming dynasty.[5] Record of the Ming Scholars[edit] The Record of the Ming Scholars (明儒学案; 明儒學案; Mingru Xue'an) is a systematic survey of all of the important schools of thought that arose during the Ming Dynasty. It explored their interconnection and geographical distribution, and critically evaluated on the life and teachings of important men from each school. It is usually regarded as the first great history of Chinese philosophy.[6] The work was later lauded by Liang Qichao as a new kind of historiography.[7] At the time of his death, Huang Zongxi left behind an uncompleted survey of the Song and Yuan dynasties. Translations[edit] Bary, Wm. Theodore de (1994). Waiting for the Dawn A Plan for the Prince. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231080972. References[edit] ^ Hummel, Arthur W. (1943). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period (1644–1912). Washington: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 351–54. ^ All ages given here are in East Asian age reckoning. ^ Hummel (1943) pp. 351–53. ^ Struve, Linn A. (1988). "Huang Zongxi in Context: A Reappraisal of His Major Writings". The Journal of Asian Studies. The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 47, No. 3. 47 (3): 474–502. doi:10.2307/2056971. JSTOR 2056971. ^ Struve (1988) pp. 476–78. ^ Du Lianzhe in Hummel (1943) p. 353 ^ Struve (1988) p. 480 External links[edit] Works by Zongxi Huang at Project Gutenberg v t e Chinese philosophy Schools of Thought Agriculturalism Confucianism Taoism Han learning Huang-Lao Legalism Mohism Neo-Confucianism Neo-Taoism New Confucianism Chinese Marxist Philosophy School of Diplomacy School of Names School of Naturalists Yangism See also: Nine Schools of Thought and Hundred Schools of Thought Philosophers Confucius Gaozi Gongsun Long Han Feizi Huan Tan Huang Zongxi Jin Yuelin Laozi Li Si Lu Jiuyuan Mencius Mozi Shang Yang Su Qin Sunzi Tu Weiming Wang Chong Wang Fuzhi Wang Yangming Xu Xing Xunzi Yang Zhu Zhang Yi Zhu Xi Zhuangzi Zou Yan Concepts Dào: Way Dé: Virtue Fǎ: Model Jiān ài: Universal Love Jing: Reverence Jìngzuo: Meditation Lĭ: Ritual propriety Li: Law Mìng: Mandate or fate Qì: Energy Qing: Essence Rén: Humaneness Shén: Spirit Si: Reflection Tǐ: Substance Tiān: Divine force Wú wéi: Nonaction Xiào: Filial piety Xin: Disposition or intuition Xing: Human nature Yì: Righteousness Yīnyáng: Interdependent opposites Yòng: Function Zhèngmíng: Rectification of names Zhì: Intention or will; Wisdom or cleverness Zìrán: Self-so or natural Topics Aesthetics Epistemology Ethics (Role ethics State consequentialism) Logic Metaphysics Political philosophy Social philosophy Theology Regional schools Lingnan Confucianism v t e Social and political philosophy Ancient philosophers Aristotle Chanakya Cicero Confucius Han Fei Lactantius Laozi Mencius Mozi Origen Plato Polybius Shang Socrates Sun Tzu Tertullian Thucydides Valluvar Xenophon Xunzi Medieval philosophers Alpharabius Augustine Averroes Baldus Bartolus Bruni Dante Gelasius al-Ghazali Giles Hostiensis Ibn Khaldun John of Paris John of Salisbury Latini Maimonides Marsilius Nizam al-Mulk Photios Thomas Aquinas Wang William of Ockham Early modern philosophers Beza Bodin Bossuet Botero Buchanan Calvin Cumberland Duplessis-Mornay Erasmus Filmer Grotius Guicciardini Harrington Hayashi Hobbes Hotman Huang Leibniz Locke Luther Machiavelli Malebranche Mariana Milton Montaigne More Müntzer Naudé Pufendorf Rohan Sansovino Sidney Spinoza Suárez 18th–19th-century philosophers Bakunin Bentham Bonald Bosanquet Burke Comte Constant Emerson Engels Fichte Fourier Franklin Godwin Hamann Hegel Herder Hume Jefferson Justi Kant political philosophy Kierkegaard Le Bon Le Play Madison Maistre Marx Mazzini Mill Montesquieu Möser Nietzsche Novalis Paine Renan Rousseau Royce Sade Schiller Smith Spencer Stirner Taine Thoreau Tocqueville Vico Vivekananda Voltaire 20th–21st-century philosophers Adorno Ambedkar Arendt Aurobindo Aron Azurmendi Badiou Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Berlin Bernstein Butler Camus Chomsky De Beauvoir Debord Du Bois Durkheim Dworkin Foucault Gandhi Gauthier Gehlen Gentile Gramsci Habermas Hayek Heidegger Irigaray Kautsky Kirk Kropotkin Laclau Lenin Luxemburg Mao Mansfield Marcuse Maritain Michels Mises Mou Mouffe Negri Niebuhr Nozick Nursî Oakeshott Ortega Pareto Pettit Plamenatz Polanyi Popper Qutb Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Rothbard Russell Santayana Sartre Scanlon Schmitt Searle Shariati Simmel Simonović Skinner Sombart Sorel Spann Spirito Strauss Sun Taylor Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Islam Islamism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more... Related articles Jurisprudence Philosophy and economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of love Philosophy of sex Philosophy of social science Political ethics Social epistemology Category Authority control GND: 118991914 ISNI: 0000 0000 8139 710X LCCN: n81095086 NDL: 00417607 NKC: jo2010605688 NLK: KAC200605181 NTA: 142063703 SELIBR: 61961 SUDOC: 113277040 Trove: 1438127 VIAF: 59884451 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n81095086 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huang_Zongxi&oldid=992473784" Categories: 1610 births 1695 deaths 17th-century philosophers Chinese Confucianists Neo-Confucianism Ming dynasty philosophers Ming dynasty historians Qing dynasty historians Writers from Ningbo Qing dynasty philosophers Philosophers from Zhejiang People from Yuyao Historians from Zhejiang 17th-century Chinese historians Hidden categories: Articles containing Chinese-language text Articles with hCards Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLK identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Deutsch Français 한국어 日本語 Norsk bokmål Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2020, at 13:12 (UTC). 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