Curonians - Wikipedia Curonians From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search The Kursenieki are also known as Curonians. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Curonians" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Curonian lands by the start of 13th century The Curonians or Kurs (Curonian: Korsi; Old Norse: Kúrir; German: Kuren; Latvian: kurši; Russian: курши; Old East Slavic: кърсь; Lithuanian: kuršiai; Estonian: kuralased; Polish: Kurowie) were a Baltic[1] tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in what are now the western parts of Latvia and Lithuania from the 5th to the 16th centuries, when they merged with other Baltic tribes. They gave their name to the region of Courland (Kurzeme), and they spoke the Old Curonian language. Curonian lands were conquered by the Livonian Order in 1266 and they eventually merged with other Baltic tribes participating in the ethnogenesis of Lithuanians and Latvians. Part of a series on the History of Latvia Ancient Latvia Kunda culture Narva culture Corded Ware culture Amber Road / Aesti Baltic Finns (Livonians, Vends) Balts Latgalians Curonians Selonians Semigallians Middle Ages Principality of Jersika Principality of Koknese Tālava Livonian Crusade Livonian Brothers of the Sword Livonian Order Archbishopric of Riga Bishopric of Courland Terra Mariana Baltic Germans Early modern period Livonian War Kingdom of Livonia Duchy of Livonia Inflanty Voivodeship Swedish Livonia Polish–Swedish Wars (1600–1629) Second Northern War Great Northern War Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Couronian colonization National Awakening Governorate of Livonia Courland Governorate Vitebsk Governorate The First Latvian National Awakening New Current Modern Latvia Latvian Riflemen German occupation United Baltic Duchy Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic War of Independence 1934 Latvian coup d'état 1940 Soviet occupation Nazi occupation The Holocaust in Latvia 1944 Soviet re-occupation Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Popular Front of Latvia Singing Revolution Restoration of Independence 2008 Latvian financial crisis Chronology  Latvia portal v t e Part of a series on the History of Lithuania Prehistory Kunda culture Narva culture Neman culture Corded Ware culture Baltic tribes Amber Road / Aesti Lithuania proper Middle ages Duchy of Lithuania Grand Duchy of Lithuania Kingdom of Lithuania Jagiellonian period Early Modern era Early elective monarchy Deluge and decline Three partitions Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Modern era Russian rule Kingdom of Lithuania Wars of Independence Lithuanian–Soviet War Independence declared 1940 Soviet occupation Nazi occupation 1944 Soviet re-occupation Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic Independence restored Republic of Lithuania Other topics Name of Lithuania Coat of arms of Lithuania List of early Lithuanian dukes List of rulers of Lithuania Chronology  Lithuania portal v t e Contents 1 Origin 2 History 2.1 Livonian Crusade 2.2 Later history 3 Geography 4 References 5 External links 6 Further reading Origin[edit] The ethnic origin of the Curonians has been disputed in the past. Some researchers place the Curonians in the eastern Baltic group.[2] However, others hold that the Curonians were related to Old Prussians who belonged in the western Baltic group.[3] History[edit] Curonians in the context of the other Baltic tribes, circa 1200 CE. The Eastern Balts are shown in brown hue while the Western Balts are shown in green. The boundaries are approximate. The Curonians[4] were known as fierce warriors, excellent sailors and pirates. They were involved in several wars and alliances with Swedish, Danish and Icelandic Vikings.[5] During that period they were the most restless and the richest of all the Balts. In c. 750, according to Norna-Gests þáttr saga from c. 1157, Sigurd Ring, a legendary king of Denmark and Sweden, fought against the invading Curonians and Kvens (Kvænir) in the southern part of what today is Sweden: "Sigurd Ring (Sigurðr) was not there, since he had to defend his land, Sweden (Svíþjóð), since Curonians (Kúrir) and Kvænir were raiding there." [6] Curonians are mentioned among other participants of the Battle of Brávellir. Grobin (Grobiņa)[7] was the main centre of the Curonians during the Vendel Age. Chapter 46 of Egils Saga describes one Viking expedition by the Vikings Thorolf and Egill Skallagrímsson in Courland. According to some opinions, they took part in attacking Sweden's main city Sigtuna in 1187.[8] Curonians established temporary settlements near Riga and in overseas regions including eastern Sweden and the islands of Gotland[9] and Bornholm. Rimbert in his Vita Ansgari described early conflicts between the Curonians and vikings.[10] In 854, Curonians rebelled and refused to pay tribute to Sweden. The rebellious Apuolė fortress was first attacked by the Danes, who were hoping to make the town pay tribute to Denmark. The locals were victorious and gained much war loot.[10] After learning of Danish failure, King Olof of Sweden organized a large expedition into Curonian lands. Olof first attacked, captured, and burned Grobiņa before besieging Apuolė. According to Rimbert, 15,000 locals defended themselves for eight days but then agreed to surrender: the Curonians paid silver ransom for each man in the fortress, pledged their loyalty to Sweden, and gave 30 hostages to guarantee future payments.[10] The Curonians had a strong warrior culture and are considered to be eastern Baltic by some researchers,[2] while others believe they were related to Old Prussians who belonged in the western Baltic group.[3] Some of the most important written sources about the Curonians are Rimbert's Vita Ansgarii, the Livonian Chronicle of Henry, the Livländische Reimchronik, Egils Saga, and Saxo Grammaticus's Gesta Danorum. In c. 1075 Adam of Bremen described the Curonians in his Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum (Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church) as world famous pagan diviners: "... gold is very plentiful there, the horses are of the best. All the houses are full of pagan soothsayers, diviners, and necromancers, who are even arrayed in a monastic habit. Oracular responses are sought there from all parts of the world, especially by Spaniards and Greeks." [11] It was common for the Curonians to carry out joint raids and campaigns together with Estonians (Oeselians).[citation needed] During the Livonian crusade, Curonians formed an alliance with the Semigallians, resulting in a joint attack against Riga in 1228. In the same time, according to the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, Curonians and Samogitians were known as "bad neighbours".[12] In the middle of the 13th century, the Curonian army was consisted of lightly armed soldiers who fought with spears, shields, fighting knives and axes formed an infantry platoon. Archers constituted a separate segment of an army. A heavily armed soldier could have a sword, a helmet, a shield and a wide blade axe. Heavily-armed troops would make a cavalry platoon.[13] It is still not known what type of ships Curonians used. There are only guesses that it was similar to drakar. Livonian Crusade[edit] Main article: Livonian Crusade During the late Iron Age, the Curonians started to move from southern Courland to the north, assimilating a Finnic people who lived in the coastal regions of northern Courland. They then formed a new ethnic group, the so-called Curonised Livonians.[14][15] The Curonians tightly resisted to the Livonian Crusade for a long time, contrary to the Latgallians who accepted Christianity with a light opposition. There are many sources that mention the Curonians in the 13th century, when they were involved in the Northern Crusades. In 1210 the Curonians, with eight ships, were attacked by a German crusader fleet on the Baltic Sea, near the coast of Gotland. The Curonians were victorious and German sources claim that 30 crusaders were killed. Also in July 1210, the Curonians attacked Riga, the main crusader stronghold in Livonia.[16] A huge Curonian fleet arrived in the mouth of the Daugava and besieged the city. However, after a day of fighting, the Curonians were unable to break through the city walls. They crossed to the other bank of the Daugava to burn their dead and mourn for three days. Later they lifted the siege and returned to Courland.[17] In 1228, the Curonians together with the Semigallians again attacked Riga. Although they were again unsuccessful in storming the city, they destroyed a monastery in Daugavgriva and killed all the monks there. In 1230 the Curonians in the northern part of Courland, under their ruler (rex) Lammechinus, signed a peace treaty with the Germans, and the lands they inhabited thus became known as Vredecuronia or Peace Courland. The southern Curonians, however, continued to resist the invaders. The Curonians did not lay down their arms at that time. They used the famine as a pretext for claiming economical weakness and actually did not permit the monks to enter the country.[18] Later, the Teutonic Order tried to use Curonian cavalry in the Prussian Crusade, but Curonians were reluctant in this forced cooperation and revolted as a result in several cases.[19] In 1260, the Curonians were involved in the Battle of Durbe, one of the biggest battles in Livonia in the 13th century. They were forced to fight on the crusader side. When the battle started, Curonians abandoned the knights because the knights did not agree to free any Curonians captured from the Samogitian camp. Peter von Dusburg alleged that the Curonians even attacked the Knights from the rear. The Estonians and other local people soon followed the Curonians and abandoned the Knights and that allowed the Samogitians to gain victory over the Livonian Order. It was a heavy defeat for the Order and uprisings against the crusaders soon afterwards broke out in the Curonian and Prussian lands. Curonian resistance was finally subdued in 1266, when the whole of Courland was partitioned between the Livonian Order and the Archbishop of Riga. Later history[edit] Southern Curonians from Megowa, Pilsaten and Ceclis lands gradually assimilated and ceased to be known as a distinct ethnos by the 16th century. An intense period of Samogitian-Curonian bilingualism is posited because a Curonian linguistic substratum is evident in the Northern Samogitian dialect, an important part of Samogitian ethnic self-identification.[20] On the Latvian side during the Livonian War, the descendants of the Curonian nobility, although downgraded to peasant status, fought the Russians, as Johann Renner's chronicle reports: The Russians protected themselves boldly, and they knocked out a Curonian peasant Fenrich (who, although only a peasant, is called by them the Curonian king) from his horse. — Johann Renner, Lievländische Historien, 1556–1561, C. 124v The Curonian language became extinct by the 16th century.[21] Curonia, as reported, had its own language, different from the Latvian and Estonian, which is extirpated and prohibited, so that nobody has the right to talk it, and instead has to speak Latvian. — Johann Renner, Lievländische Historien, 1556–1561, 207v Geography[edit] Map of Courland Bishop Rimbert of Bremen (lived before 888 AD) in his life of St. Ansgar, Vita Ansgarii described the territory inhabited by the Curonians (Cori) and gave the names of the administrative districts or lands (civitates): Vredecuronia or Vanemane was the land in the northeast of Courland, today in the district of Talsi. Wynda or Ventava was the land around the mouth of the river Venta, today in the district of Ventspils. Bandowe (Bandava) south of Vindava, is today in the district of Kuldīga. Bihavelanc or Piemare, also south of Bandava, is today in the district of Liepāja. Powsare (Dovsare) or Duvzare was a land further south in Courland, today in the district of Liepāja. Megowa or Megava (mentioned also as Negouwe in chronicles) 500 km², was in the environs of modern Palanga, Kretinga and Šventoji. Pilsaten or Pilsotas was the smallest region of around 200 km², in the western part of modern Klaipėda district and northwestern part of Šilutė district. Ceclis or Ceklis [lt] – the largest land of 1500 km² west of the Venta River in Samogitia, up to the Lithuanian-Latvian border. References[edit] ^ Matthews, W. K. "Nationality and Language in the East Baltic Area", American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 6, No. 1/2 (May, 1947), pp. 62-78 ^ a b Östen Dahl (ed.) 2001, The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact, vol. 1 ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2012-01-17.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)[failed verification] ^ "Euratlas Periodis Web - Map of Europe in Year 800". Euratlas.net. Retrieved 24 November 2018. ^ Matthews, W. K. "Medieval Baltic Tribes". American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Apr., 1949), pp. 126-136. ^ Norna-Gests þáttr, c. 1157, Níkulás Bergsson, Iceland. ^ "Euratlas Periodis Web - Map of Grobina in Year 700". Euratlas.net. Retrieved 24 November 2018. ^ Enn Tarvel (2007). Sigtuna hukkumine. Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41 ^ Nikitenka, Denisas (2018). Pilsoto žemės pilys (in Lithuanian). Mažosios Lietuvos istorijos muziejus. ISBN 9789986315056. ^ a b c Butrimas, Adomas; Jovaiša, Eugenijus; Malonaitis, Arvydas (2002). "Seniausios rašytinės žinios apie Rytų Pabaltijį". Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai. ISBN 9986-9216-9-4. Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. Retrieved 2010-07-18. ^ "Adamus: Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum". Hbar.phys.msu.ru. Retrieved 24 November 2018. ^ Livonian Rhymed Chronicle. 6794–6800, 9095–9100. ^ Girininkas, Algirdas. "Žemaičių ir kuršių ginkluotė bei kovos būdai XVII a. viduryje - Durbės mūšio laikotarpiu" (PDF). briai.ku.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 23 June 2019. ^ Šturms, E. Zur Vorgeshichte der Liven, 1936, Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua, 10 ^ Zemītis, G. Vendu jautājums un Arheoloģijas avotu iespējas tā risinājumā //Akadēmiskā Dzīve, Nr.46, 2009 Academic Life Nr.46 (2009) ^ "Euratlas Periodis Web - Map of Livonia in Year 1500". Euratlas.net. Retrieved 24 November 2018. ^ Chronicle of Henry of Livonia ^ Paul Johansen. Die Estlandliste des Liber Census Daniae. 1933. p. 720, 724–725. ^ Livonian Rhymed Chronicle. 5605–5660. ^ "Valdas Petrulis "The spatial structure of the region of Samogitian ethnic self-consciousnes"" (PDF). Geo.lt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2018. ^ "Curonian" (PDF). Uni-klu.ac.at. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2018. External links[edit] Die Kuren (German) Rimbert: Life of Ansgar, Apostle of the North Nils Blomkvist. East Baltic Vikings - With Particular Consideration To The Curonians Further reading[edit] Žulkus V. Kuršiai Baltijos jūros erdvėje (Curonians in the Baltic sea area). Vilnius: Versus Aureus, 2004. 254 p. ISBN 9955-601-08-6. Nikitenka D. Pilsoto žemės pilys (Castles of the Pilsotas land). Klaipėda: Mažosios Lietuvos istorijos muziejus, 2018. 23 p. ISBN 978-9986-31-505-6 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curonians&oldid=995000954" Categories: Medieval ethnic groups of Europe Medieval Latvia Medieval Lithuania Prehistory of Prussia Gulf of Riga Social history of Latvia Historical Baltic peoples Hidden categories: CS1 maint: archived copy as title All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from April 2013 CS1 Lithuanian-language sources (lt) Articles lacking in-text citations from February 2010 All articles lacking in-text citations Articles needing additional references from February 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Old Norse-language text Articles containing German-language text Articles containing Latvian-language text Articles containing Russian-language text Articles containing Old East Slavic-language text Articles containing Lithuanian-language text Articles containing Estonian-language text Articles containing Polish-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Interlanguage link template existing link Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Afrikaans Aragonés Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎ Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français Italiano Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Українська Žemaitėška Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2020, at 17:40 (UTC). 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