Guillaume Thomas François Raynal - Wikipedia Guillaume Thomas François Raynal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search Portrait of Guillaume Raynal. (Musée de la Révolution française). Guillaume Thomas Raynal (12 April 1713 – 6 March 1796) was a French writer and man of letters during the Age of Enlightenment. Contents 1 Early life 2 The Histoire philosophique des deux Indes 3 Later life 4 Bibliography 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Early life[edit] He was born at Lapanouse in Rouergue. He was educated at the Jesuit school of Pézenas, and received priest's orders, but he was dismissed for unexplained reasons from the parish of Saint-Sulpice, Paris.[citation needed] He became a writer and journalist, leaving the religious life.[1] The Abbé Raynal wrote for the Mercure de France, and compiled a series of popular but superficial works, which he published and sold himself. These—L'Histoire du stathoudérat (The Hague, 1748), L'Histoire du parlement d'Angleterre (London, 1748), Anecdotes historiques (Amsterdam, 3 vols., 1753)—gained for him access to the salons of Mme. Geoffrin, Helvétius, and the Baron d'Holbach.[2] In May 1754 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[3] The Histoire philosophique des deux Indes[edit] Main article: Histoire des deux Indes He had the assistance of various members of the philosophe côteries in his most important work, L'Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes (Philosophical and Political History of the Two Indies[4] Amsterdam, 4 vols., 1770[1]). Diderot is credited with a third of this work, which was characterized by Voltaire as "du réchauffé avec de la declamation." The other chief collaborators were Pechméja, Baron d'Holbach, Paulze, the farmer-general of taxes, the Abbé Martin, and Alexandre Deleyre. To this piecemeal method of composition, in which narrative alternated with tirades on political and social questions, was added the further disadvantage of the lack of exact information, which, owing to the dearth of documents, could only have been gained by personal investigation.[2] He released an expanded edition in 1774 and another in 1780.[1] The "philosophic" declamations perhaps constituted its chief interest for the general public, and its significance as a contribution to democratic propaganda. The Histoire went through many editions, being revised and augmented from time to time by Raynal; it was translated into the principal European languages, and appeared in various abridgments. Its introduction into France was forbidden in 1779; the book was burned by the public executioner, and an order was given for the arrest of the author, whose name had not appeared in the first edition, but was printed on the title page of the Geneva edition of 1780.[2] Seven new maps for the 1798 English edition were engraved by Thomas Kitchin, Jr.[1] The book examines the East Indies, South America, the West Indies, and North America. The final chapter comprises theory around the future of Europe as a whole. Raynal also examines commerce, religion, slavery, and other popular subjects, all with a perspective from the French Enlightenment. Additional versions of the book included maps of the discussed regions.[1] Later life[edit] Histoire philosophique, 1794. Raynal went into exile, to Spa, and then to Berlin, where he was coolly received by Frederick the Great, in spite of his connection with the philosophe party.[2] At St. Petersburg he met with a more cordial reception from Catherine II, and in 1787 he was permitted to return to France, though not to Paris. He showed generosity in assigning a considerable income to be divided annually among the peasant proprietors of upper Guienne. He was elected by Marseilles to the States-general, but refused to sit on the score of age. Raynal now realized the impossibility of a peaceful revolution, and, in terror of the proceedings for which the writings of himself and his friends had prepared the way, he sent to the Constituent Assembly an address, which was read on 31 May 1791, deprecating the violence of its reforms.[2] This address is said by Sainte-Beuve (Nouveaux lundis, xi.) to have been composed chiefly by de Clermont-Tonnerre and Pierre V. Malouet, and it was regarded, even by moderate men, as ill-timed. The published Lettre de l'abbé Raynal a l'Assemblee nationale (10 December 1790) was really the work of the comte de Guibert. During the Terror Raynal lived in retirement at Passy and at Montlhery. On the establishment of the Directory in 1795 he became a member of the newly organized Institute of France.[2] Raynal died 6 March 1796 at Chaillot. Bibliography[edit] A detailed bibliography of his works and of those falsely attributed to him will be found in Quérard's La France littéraire, and the same author's Supercheries dévoilées. The biography by A Jay, prefixed to Peuchet's edition (Paris, 10 vols, 1820–1821) of the Histoire ... des Indes, is of small value. To this edition Peuchet added two supplementary volumes on colonial development from 1785 to 1824. See also the anonymous Raynal démasqué (1791); Cherhal Montreal, Éloge ... de G. T. Raynal (an. IV.); a notice in the Moniteur (5 vendémiaire, an. V.); B Lunet, Biographie de l'abbé Raynal (Rodez, 1866); and J Morley, Diderot (1891).[2] A. Jay, Précis historique sur la vie et les ouvrages de l'abbé Raynal, Paris, 1820 ; A. Feugère, Un Précurseur de la Révolution. L'Abbé Raynal (1713–1796), Angoulême, 1922 ; Raynal, de la polémique à l'histoire, G. Bancarel, G. Goggi ed. Oxford, SVEC, 2000 ; G. Bancarel, Raynal ou le devoir de vérité, Genève Champion, 2004. Peter Jimack (ed.), A History of the Two Indies – A Translated Selection of Writings from Raynal's Histoire philosophique et politique des établissements des Européens dans les Deux Indes, Ashgate, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7546-4043-1. See also[edit] List of abolitionist forerunners References[edit] ^ a b c d e "A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies". World Digital Library. 1798. Retrieved 30 August 2013. ^ a b c d e f g  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Raynal, Guillaume Thomas François". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 935–936. ^ "Library and Archive Catalogue". The Royal Society. Retrieved 4 October 2010.[dead link] ^ de las Casas, Bartolomé (1992). A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. Penguin Books. p. xiii. External links[edit] l'abbé Raynal Exposition website (in French) Raynal, Guillaume Thomas François (1777). "Discovery of America. Conquest of Mexico and Settlements of the Spaniards in That Part of the New World". A philosophical and political history of the settlements and trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies. London: T. Cadell. v t e D'Holbach's Coterie Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach Denis Diderot Baron von Grimm Jean-François Marmontel Charles-Georges Le Roy Guillaume Thomas François Raynal Jean-François de Saint-Lambert Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Suard François-Jean de Chastellux Augustin Roux André Morellet Jacques-André Naigeon Ferdinando Galiani Claude Adrien Helvétius Jean Darcet Authority control BIBSYS: 90652405 BNE: XX1094106 BNF: cb119212827 (data) CANTIC: a10465728 GND: 118969420 HDS: 045809 ICCU: IT\ICCU\IEIV\002094 ISNI: 0000 0001 1030 8074 LCCN: n82028328 NDL: 01182982 NKC: ola2006345357 NLA: 36543425 NTA: 069477205 PLWABN: 9810547530005606 RKD: 351294 SELIBR: 276015 SNAC: w6vv1cnn SUDOC: 027091430 Trove: 1283071 VcBA: 495/157865 VIAF: 89354395 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n82028328 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_Thomas_François_Raynal&oldid=998209594" Categories: 1713 births 1796 deaths People from Aveyron 18th-century French historians 18th-century French Jesuits French historians of philosophy Fellows of the Royal Society Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences French abolitionists Age of Enlightenment Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Use dmy dates from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with French-language sources (fr) Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ICCU identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VcBA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Languages Aragonés Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Հայերեն Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Latina مصرى Nederlands Norsk bokmål Occitan Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2021, at 08:57 (UTC). 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