Daniel Jones (phonetician) - Wikipedia Daniel Jones (phonetician) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation Jump to search British phonetician (1881–1967) Daniel Jones Daniel Jones, age 40 Born (1881-09-12)September 12, 1881 London Died December 4, 1967(1967-12-04) (aged 86) Gerrards Cross Nationality British Occupation Phonetician Known for The cardinal vowel diagram Notable work The English Pronouncing Dictionary Daniel Jones (12 September 1881 – 4 December 1967) was a London-born British phonetician who studied under Paul Passy, professor of phonetics at the École des Hautes Études at the Sorbonne (University of Paris). He was head of the Department of Phonetics at University College, London. Contents 1 Biography 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Biography[edit] In 1900, Jones studied briefly at William Tilly's Marburg Language Institute in Germany, where he was first introduced to phonetics. In 1903, he received his BA degree in mathematics at Cambridge, converted by payment to MA in 1907. From 1905 to 1906, he studied in Paris under Paul Passy, who was one of the founders of the International Phonetic Association, and in 1911, he married Passy's niece Cyrille Motte. He briefly took private lessons from the British phonetician Henry Sweet. In 1907, he became a part-time lecturer at University College London and was afterwards appointed to a full-time position. In 1912, he became the head of the Department of Phonetics and was appointed to a chair in 1921, a post he held until his retirement in 1949. From 1906 onwards, Jones was an active member of the International Phonetic Association, and was Assistant Secretary from 1907 to 1927, Secretary from 1927 to 1949, and President from 1950 to 1967. In 1909, Jones wrote the short Pronunciation of English, a book he later radically revised. The resulting work, An Outline of English Phonetics, followed in 1918 and is the first truly comprehensive description of British Received Pronunciation, and the first such description of the standard pronunciation of any language. The year 1917 was a landmark for Jones in many ways. He became the first linguist in the western world to use the term phoneme in its current sense, employing the word in his article "The phonetic structure of the Sechuana Language".[1] Jones had made an earlier notable attempt at a pronunciation dictionary[2] but it was now that he produced the first edition of his famous English Pronouncing Dictionary,[3] a work which in revised form is still in print.[4] It was here that the cardinal vowel diagram made a first appearance.[5] The problem of the phonetic description of vowels is of long standing, going back to the era of the ancient Indian linguists. Three nineteenth-century British phoneticians worked on this topic. Alexander Melville Bell (1867) devised an ingenious iconic phonetic alphabet which included an elaborate system for vowels. Alexander Ellis had also suggested vowel symbols for his phonetic alphabets. Henry Sweet did much work on the systematic description of vowels, producing an elaborate system of vowel description involving a multitude of symbols. Jones however was the one who is generally credited with having gone much of the way towards a practical solution through his scheme of 'Cardinal Vowels', a relatively simple system of reference vowels which for many years has been taught systematically to students within the British tradition. Much of the inspiration for this scheme can be found in the earlier publications of Paul Passy. The standard IPA vowel trapezium, an application of Jones's work In the original form of the Cardinal Vowels, Jones employed a dual-parameter system of description based on the supposed height of the tongue arch together with the shape of the lips. This he reduced to a simple quadrilateral diagram which could be used to help visualize how vowels are articulated. Tongue height (close vs. open) is represented on the vertical axis and front vs. back on the horizontal axis indicates the portion of the tongue raised on the horizontal axis. Lip-rounding is also built into the system, so that front vowels (such as [i, e, a]) have spread or neutral lip postures, but the back vowels (such as [o, u]) have more marked lip-rounding as vowel height increases. Jones thus arrived at a set of eight "primary Cardinal Vowels", and recorded these on gramophone disc for HMV in 1917. Later modifications to his theory allowed for an additional set of eight "secondary Cardinal Vowels" with reverse lip shapes, permitting the representation of eight secondary cardinal vowels (front rounded and back unrounded). Eventually Jones also devised symbols for central vowels and positioned these on the vowel diagram. He made two further disc recordings for Linguaphone in 1943 and 1956. With the passing years, the accuracy of many of Jones's statements on vowels has come increasingly under question, and most linguists now consider that the vowel quadrilateral must be viewed as a way of representing auditory space in visual form, rather than the tightly defined articulatory scheme envisaged by Jones. Nevertheless, the International Phonetic Association still uses a version of Jones's model, and includes a Jones-type vowel diagram on its influential International Phonetic Alphabet leaflet contained in the "Handbook of the International Association". Many phoneticians (especially those trained in the British school) resort to it constantly as a quick and convenient form of reference. Although Jones is especially remembered for his work on the phonetics and phonology of English, he ranged far more widely. He produced phonetic/phonolological treatments which were masterly for their time on the sound systems of Cantonese, Tswana (Sechuana as it was then known), Sinhalese, and Russian. He was the first phonetician to produce, in his "Sechuana Reader", a competent description of an African tone language, including the concept of downstep. Jones helped develop new alphabets for African languages, and suggested systems of romanisation for Indian languages and Japanese. He also busied himself with support for revised spelling for English through the Simplified Spelling Society. Apart from his own vast array of published work, Jones will be remembered for having acted as mentor to numerous scholars who later went on to become famous linguists in their own right. These included such names as Lilias Armstrong, Harold Palmer, Ida Ward, Hélène Coustenoble, Arthur Lloyd James, Dennis Fry, A. C. Gimson, Gordon Arnold, J.D. O'Connor, Clive Sansom, and many more. For several decades his department at University College was pivotal in the development of phonetics and in making its findings known to the wider world. Collins and Mees (1998) speculate that it is Jones, not as is often thought Henry Sweet, who provided George Bernard Shaw with the basis for his fictional character Professor Henry Higgins in Pygmalion.[6] After retirement, Jones worked assiduously at his publications almost up to the end of his long life. He died at his home in Gerrards Cross on 4 December 1967. Notes[edit] ^ Jones, 1917b ^ Michaelis and Jones, 1913 ^ Jones 1917a ^ Daniel Jones, Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary, 18th edition, Product Information. ^ p. ii ^ Collins and Mees 1998: 97–103 References[edit] Asher, R. E. (1994), Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, Oxford: Pergamon Press. Bell, A. Melville (1967), "Visible Speech", London: Simpkin Marshall; rpt in facsimile in B. Collins and I. Mees (2006), "Phonetics of English in the 19th Century", London: Routledge. Collins, B. and I. Mees (1998), The Real Professor Higgins: The Life and Career of Daniel Jones, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. IPA (1999), "Handbook of the International Phonetic Association", Cambridge: CUP. Jones, D. (1909), "The Pronunciation of English", Cambridge: CUP; rpt in facsimile in Jones (2002). Jones, D. (1917a), "An English Pronouncing Dictionary", London: Dent, rpt in facsimile in Jones (2002). 17th edn, P. Roach, J. Hartman and J. Setter (eds), Cambridge: CUP, 2006. Jones, D. (1917b), The phonetic structure of the Sechuana language, Transactions of the Philological Society 1917–20, pp. 99–106; rpt in Jones (2002). Jones, D. (1918), "An Outline of English Phonetics", Leipzig: Teubner; rpt in Jones (2002). Jones, D. and Kwing Tong Woo (1912), "A Cantonese Phonetic Reader", London: University of London Press; rpt in Jones (2002). Jones, D. and S. Plaatje (1916), "A Sechuana Reader", London: ULP; rpt in Jones (2002). Jones, D. and H. S. Perera (1919), "A Colloquial Sinhalese Reader", Manchester: Manchester University Press; rpt in Jones (2002). Jones, D. and M. Trofimov (1923), "The Pronunciation of Russian", Cambridge: CUP; rpt in facsimile in Jones (2002). Jones, D. (2002), Daniel Jones: Collected Works, Vols. 1–8, ed. B. Collins and I.M. Mees, London: Routledge. Michaelis, H. and D. Jones (1913), "A Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language", Hanover-Berlin: Carl Meyer and Gustav Prior; rpt in Jones (2002). External links[edit] Ling Links, People, I-M, Section on Daniel Jones Parts of his book An Outline of English Phonetics 'The Daniel Jones Legacy', J. Windsor Lewis [1] 'Anniversary of the Death of Daniel Jones', J. Windsor Lewis [2] 'Daniel Jones b 12th Sept 1881', J. Windsor Lewis [3] (includes a recording of Jones speaking) Authority control BNF: cb128630494 (data) CiNii: DA00968468 GND: 118776347 ISNI: 0000 0001 1046 6312 LCCN: n50039955 NDL: 00550063 NKC: jn20020620003 NLA: 35251804 NLI: 000072073 NTA: 068369174 PLWABN: 9810551607105606 SELIBR: 191895 SNAC: w6683n64 SUDOC: 052467864 Trove: 882713 VIAF: 24730674 WorldCat Identities: lccn-n50039955 Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)&oldid=978062926" Categories: 1881 births 1967 deaths University of Paris faculty Linguists from the United Kingdom Phoneticians Cantonese language Academics of University College London English-language spelling reform advocates Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin 20th-century linguists Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use British English from May 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLI identifiers Wikipedia articles with NTA identifiers Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikisource Languages العربية Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano مصرى မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Occitan Polski Удмурт 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2020, at 17:45 (UTC). 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