id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentences	flesch	summary	cache	txt
en-wikipedia-org-2398		Pre-Socratic philosophy - Wikipedia			.html	text/html	4600	812	54	They introduced to the West the notion of the world as a kosmos, an ordered arrangement that could be understood via rational inquiry.[3] Coming from the eastern and western fringes of the Greek world, the pre-Socratics were the forerunners of what became Western philosophy as well as natural philosophy, which later developed into the natural sciences (such as physics, chemistry, geology, and astronomy).[3] Significant figures include: the Milesians, Xenophanes, Heraclitus, Parmenides, Empedocles, Zeno of Elea, Anaxagoras, Democritus, and Pythagoras. According to one view, the series of thinkers located in Elea (sometimes referred to as the Eleatics, despite the fact that the precise nature of their relationships to one another is not well known) emphasized the doctrine of the One; this is often discussed in terms of the notion of monism.[15] Precisely what this means, however, is a matter for great debate.[15] Xenophanes (570-470 BC) declared a single divinity to be the eternal unity, permeating the universe, and governing it by his thought.[7] Parmenides (510-440 BC) affirmed the one unchanging existence to be alone true and capable of being conceived, and multitude and change to be an appearance without reality.[7] This doctrine was defended by his younger countryman Zeno of Elea (490-430 BC) in a polemic against the common opinion which sees in things multitude, becoming, and change.	./cache/en-wikipedia-org-2398.html	./txt/en-wikipedia-org-2398.txt