The Criminal Justice Approach: Case Examples

Beatrix Elsner & Marcelo Aebi &
Bruno Aubusson de Cavarlay & Gwladys Gillieron &
Hakan Hakeri & Jörg-Martin Jehle & Martin Killias &
Christopher Lewis & Julia Peters & Erika Roth &
Paul Smit & Piotr Sobota & Ksenjia Turkovic &
Marianne Wade & Josef Zila

Published online: 17 July 2008
# Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2008

Abstract The article presents a special form of a European comparative synopsis. For this
case examples have been chosen ranging from administrative or minor (criminal) offences
to increasingly serious offences and offenders. In this way it can be comparatively
demonstrated how the criminal justice systems studied handle specific cases and whether
they do so in a similar or different way.

Keywords Case-examples . Synoptical tables . Types of offence, procedure and reaction

Eur J Crim Policy Res (2008) 14:123–132
DOI 10.1007/s10610-008-9076-5

B. Elsner (*)
Department of Criminology at the Law Faculty, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 6,
37073 Göttingen, Germany
e-mail: beatrix.elsner@jur.uni-goettingen.de

M. Aebi
Department of Political Science and Public Law, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
e-mail: Marcelo.Aebi@unil.ch

B. Aubusson de Cavarlay
Center for Sociological Research on Law and Penal Institutions (CESDIP), Ministère de Justice/CNRS,
43 Boulevard Vauban, F-78280 Guyancourt, Paris, France
e-mail: aubusson@ext.jussieu.fr

G. Gillieron
Rechtswissenschaftliches Institut, University of Zürich, Rämistrasse 74/39, 8001 Zürich, Switzerland
e-mail: Gwladys.Gillieron@unil.ch

H. Hakeri
Law Faculty, Selcuk University, Hukuk Fakültesi, Ceza ve Ceza Usul Hukukuk, Anabilim Dalı Başkanı,
Alaettin Keykubat Kampüsü, Konya, Turkey
e-mail: hakeri@selcuk.edu.tr

J.-M. Jehle
Department of Criminology, Institute for Criminal Law and Justice at the Law Faculty,
University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 6, Göttingen, Germany
e-mail: abtkrim@gwdg.de



The main purpose of the case-examples was to present the systems studied comparatively in
a less abstract way and to show the study results more tangibly. It may demonstrate the
basic differences within and between the systems and illustrate the different procedural
forms discussed in the study. The selected cases present a range of various seriousness of
offences, it starts with a minor traffic offence and goes on with shop-lifting broken down by
the age of the offender and recidivism. On a higher level of seriousness bodily harm was
chosen followed by ram-raiding and murder.

These case-examples were developed already for the first publication demonstrating the results
of the first project wave (see Jehle/Wade Coping with Overloaded Criminal Justice Systems,
Heidelberg 2006, pp. 127 onwards). For the second project wave they were used again. The old
partners had to actualize their answers where necessary and the new partners (Spain, Switzerland,
Croatia, Hungary and Turkey) had to describe the handling of these cases within their systems.

The following synoptical tables show the most likely handling of these cases within the
respective criminal justice systems and thus give a comparative overview of the different
criminal justice approaches to the same cases.

M. Killias
Institute of Criminology, Criminal Law and Criminal Procedural Law at the Law Faculty,
University of Zürich, Rämistrasse 74/39, 8001 Zürich, Switzertland
e-mail: martin.killias@rwi.uzh.ch

C. Lewis
Portsmouth University, University House, Winston Churchill Avenue, Portsmouth, UK/ Hampshire,
PO1 2UP
e-mail: chris.lewis@port.ac.uk

J. Peters
Department of Criminology at the Law Faculty, University of Göttingen, Platz der Göttinger Sieben 6,
37073 Göttingen, Germany
e-mail: abtkrim@uni-goettingen.de

E. Roth
Department of Criminal Procedure and Correctional Law Institute of Criminal Sciences Faculty of Law,
University of Miskolc, 3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary
e-mail: jogerika@uni-miskolc.hu

P. Smit
Research and Documentation Center (WODC) of the Ministry of Justice, P.O. Box 2031,
2500 EH The Hague, Netherlands
e-mail: p.r.smit@minjus.nl

P. Sobota
University of Warsaw, ul. Krakowskie Przedmieoecie 25, PL-00–950 Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: p.sobota@brpo.gov.pl

K. Turkovic
University of Zagreb, School of Law, Trg marsala Tita 14, 1000 Zagreb, Croatia
e-mail: ksenija.turkovic@zg.htnet.hr

M. Wade
Max-Planck-Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law, Günterstalstr. 73, 79100 Freiburg i.B.,
Germany
e-mail: m.wade@mpicc.de

J. Zila
Faculty of Law, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
e-mail: Josef.Zila@juridicum.su.se

124 B. Elsner et al.



C
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4
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p
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al
w
ay
s

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s)
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m
in
.
F
in
e
an
d
p
en
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p
o
in
ts
o
n
th
e
d
ri
v
in
g
li
ce
n
ce
.

The criminal justice approach: case examples 125



C
a
se

2
A
n
ad
u
lt
st
ea
ls
a
sw

ea
ts
h
ir
t
w
o
rt
h
2
0
E
u
ro
s
fr
o
m

a
sh
o
p
.
T
h
is
is
a
fi
rs
t
o
ff
en
ce

T
y
p
e
o
f
o
ff
en
ce

T
y
p
e
o
f
p
ro
ce
d
u
re

T
y
p
e
o
f
re
ac
ti
o
n

C
H

M
in
o
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cr
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in
al

O
ff
en
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(Ü
b
er
tr
et
u
n
g
)

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ff
en
ce

re
q
u
ir
in
g
an

ap
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
fo
r
p
ro
se
cu
ti
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n

F
in
e

S
im

p
li
fi
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p
ro
ce
d
u
re

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V
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g
sv
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S

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th
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in
v
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ti
g
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e
in
d
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en
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en
tl
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P
S
th
en

d
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id
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h
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to
p
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.
A
lt
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n
at
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p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s
p
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ss
ib
le
:
w
h
ic
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o
n
e

d
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en
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s
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n
in
d
iv
id
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ca
se

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d
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id
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as
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ro
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b
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d
is
p
o
se
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ff
.

E
M
in
o
r
cr
im

in
al

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ff
en
ce

(f
a
lt
a
)

P
o
li
ce

in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
an
d
re
p
o
rt
s
to

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M

an
d
P
P
S
.
T
ri
al

in
fa
lt
as

p
ro
ce
d
u
re
,
in

th
e
E
M
’s
co
u
rt
,
w
h
er
e
th
e

in
d
ic
tm

en
t
is
m
ad
e
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ra
ll
y.

N
o
n
ee
d
fo
r
d
ef
en
ce

la
w
y
er
.
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le
a
b
ar
g
ai
n
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

F
in
e

E
W

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(S
u
m
m
a
ry

o
ff
en
ce
)

S
o
m
e
st
o
re
s
w
il
l
p
ro
se
cu
te

th
em

se
lv
es
;
th
ey

h
av
e
th
ei
r

o
w
n
sa
n
ct
io
n
.
A
lt
er
n
at
iv
el
y
th
e
ca
se

is
re
p
o
rt
ed

to
P
o
li
ce

th
at

w
il
l
ca
u
ti
o
n
.

F
ix
ed

fi
n
e
im

p
o
se
d
b
y
sh
o
p
o
w
n
er

o
r
ca
u
ti
o
n
(f
o
rm

al
w
ar
n
in
g
)
b
y
p
o
li
ce

o
ff
ic
er
.

F
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(D
él
it
)

1
st
-t
im

e
o
ff
en
d
er

is
u
su
al
ly

n
o
t
p
ro
se
cu
te
d
:s
h
o
p
o
w
n
er

ca
n
fo
rc
e

o
ff
en
d
er

to
re
tu
rn

th
e
st
o
le
n
g
o
o
d
an
d
/o
r
p
ay

fo
r
it
.
A
lt
er
n
at
iv
el
y

p
o
li
ce

ca
n
b
e
ca
ll
ed

an
d
th
en

in
it
ia
te

p
ro
se
cu
ti
o
n
.

F
ix
ed

fi
n
e
im

p
o
se
d
b
y
sh
o
p
o
w
n
er
.
R
a
p
p
el

à
la

lo
i
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

H
A
d
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
o
ff
en
ce
.

A
d
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
d
u
re
.

A
d
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
sa
n
ct
io
n
,
m
o
st
li
k
el
y
w
ar
n
in
g
o
r
fi
n
e.

H
R

C
ri
m
in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(l
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s)

A
cc
el
er
at
ed

(s
im

p
li
fi
ed
)
cr
im

in
al

p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s
(p
o
li
ce

h
an
d
o
v
er

th
e
ca
se

to
P
P
S
,
P
P
S
m
ay

b
ri
n
g
ch
ar
g
es

w
it
h
o
u
t
in
st
it
u
ti
n
g

in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
s,
P
P
S
m
ay

u
se

co
n
d
it
io
n
al

d
is
p
o
sa
l,
o
n
th
e
re
q
u
es
t

o
f
P
P
S
co
u
rt
m
ay

is
su
e
p
en
al

o
rd
er
)

F
in
e
u
p
to

1
5
0
d
ai
ly

in
co
m
es

o
r
im

p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
u
p
to

6
m
o
n
th
s.

(M
o
st
p
ro
b
ab
ly

ca
se

w
il
l
b
e
d
ro
p
p
ed

as
an

in
si
g
n
if
ic
an
t

o
ff
en
ce

o
r
d
is
p
o
se
d
o
ff
.)

N
L

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(M
is
d
ri
jv
en
)

S
h
o
p
o
w
n
er

re
p
o
rt
s
th
e
ca
se

to
p
o
li
ce

th
at

w
il
l
th
en

in
it
ia
te

in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
an
d
d
ec
id
e
in

h
o
w

fa
r
a

p
o
li
ti
et
ra
n
sa
ct
ie

is
ap
p
ro
p
ri
at
e.

If
n
o
t
p
o
ss
ib
le
:
w
ri
t

o
f
su
m
m
o
n
s
is
is
su
ed

an
d
h
an
d
ed

o
v
er

to
P
P
S
.

P
o
li
ce

tr
an
sa
ct
io
n

P
L

M
in
o
r
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce
s
(W

yk
ro
cz
en
ia
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
is
ca
rr
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
p
o
li
ce

in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y.

C
as
e
is
th
en

b
ro
u
g
h
t
to

m
ag
.
co
u
rt
b
y
p
o
li
ce
.

C
o
u
rt
m
ay

im
p
o
se

a
fi
n
e
o
r
a
5
–
3
0
d
ay

ar
re
st
.

S
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

P
o
li
ce

le
ad

th
e
w
h
o
le

in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
.
T
h
en

ca
se

is
h
an
d
ed

o
v
er

to
P
P
S
.
P
P
S
p
ro
b
ab
ly

is
su
es

a
p
en
al

o
rd
er
.
If
n
o

su
sp
ec
t's

ag
re
em

en
t:
ca
se

w
il
l
g
o
to

co
u
rt
.

P
ro
b
ab
ly

3
0
d
ay
-f
in
es
.

T
R

C
ri
m
e

In
p
ra
ct
ic
e
p
o
li
ce

in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y,

b
ri
n
g
th
e
ca
se

th
en

to
P
P
S
.
P
re
p
ay
m
en
t
an
d

m
ed
ia
ti
o
n
ar
e
n
o
t
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

F
in
e
o
r
co
m
.
se
rv
ic
e
o
r
p
o
st
p
o
n
in
g
o
f
p
u
n
is
h
m
en
t

126 B. Elsner et al.



C
a
se

2
v
a
r.
a

P
et
ty

th
ef
t
–
A

1
5
y
ea
rs

o
ld

st
ea
ls
a
sw

ea
ts
h
ir
t
w
o
rt
h
2
0
E
u
ro
s
fr
o
m

a
sh
o
p
.
T
h
is
is
a
fi
rs
t
o
ff
en
ce

T
y
p
e
o
f
o
ff
en
ce

T
y
p
e
o
f
p
ro
ce
d
u
re

T
y
p
e
o
f
re
ac
ti
o
n

C
H

M
in
o
r
cr
im

in
al

O
ff
en
ce

(Ü
b
er
tr
et
u
n
g
)

O
ff
en
ce

re
q
u
ir
in
g
an

ap
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
fo
r
p
ro
se
cu
ti
o
n

R
ep
ri
m
an
d
(V
er
w
ei
s)

P
P
S
(f
o
r
ju
v
en
il
es
)
p
ro
se
cu
te
s
th
e
ca
se

in
a
si
m
p
li
fi
ed

w
ay

(“
S
tr
af
b
ef
eh
ls
v
er
fa
h
re
n
”)

an
d
im

p
o
se
s
a
sa
n
ct
io
n
.

D
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(V
er
g
eh
en
)

P
o
li
ce

in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y,

P
P
S
th
en

d
ec
id
es

h
o
w

to
p
ro
ce
ed
.

A
lt
er
n
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s
p
o
ss
ib
le
;
w
h
ic
h
o
n
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al

ca
se

an
d
g
u
id
el
in
es
.

P
ro
b
ab
ly

d
ro
p
p
ed

(p
u
b
li
c
in
te
re
st
)
o
r
at

le
as
t
d
is
p
o
se
d
o
ff

(w
it
h
co
n
d
it
io
n
).

E
M
in
o
r
cr
im

in
al

O
ff
en
ce

(F
a
lt
a
)

P
P
S
co
u
ld

o
rd
er

P
o
li
ce

to
in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
an
d
fu
rt
h
er

se
n
d
th
e
ju
v
en
il
e

th
e
m
ed
ia
ti
o
n
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
e.

In
ca
se

th
at

it
w
il
l
b
e
co
n
cl
u
d
ed

su
cc
es
sf
u
ll
y
th
e
ca
se

w
il
l

b
e
d
is
p
o
se
d
o
ff
(c
o
n
d
it
io
n
is
th
e
m
ed
ia
ti
o
n
p
ro
ce
d
u
re
).

E
W

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(S
u
m
m
a
ry

o
ff
en
ce
)

S
o
m
e
st
o
re
s
w
il
l
p
ro
se
cu
te

th
em

se
lv
es
;
th
ey

h
av
e
th
ei
r
o
w
n
sa
n
ct
io
n
.

A
lt
er
n
at
iv
el
y
th
e
ca
se

is
re
p
o
rt
ed

to
th
e
p
o
li
ce

w
h
o
w
il
l
ca
u
ti
o
n
.

F
ix
ed

fi
n
e
im

p
o
se
d
b
y
sh
o
p
o
w
n
er
;
re
p
ri
m
an
d

b
y
p
o
li
ce

o
ff
ic
er
.

F
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(D
él
it
)

1
st
-t
im

e
o
ff
en
d
er

is
u
su
al
ly

n
o
t
p
ro
se
cu
te
d
:
sh
o
p
o
w
n
er

ca
n
fo
rc
e

o
ff
en
d
er

to
re
tu
rn

th
e
st
o
le
n
g
o
o
d
an
d
/o
r
p
ay

fo
r
it
.

A
lt
er
n
at
iv
el
y
p
o
li
ce

ca
n
b
e
ca
ll
ed

an
d
th
en

in
it
ia
te

p
ro
se
cu
ti
o
n
.

F
ix
ed

fi
n
e
im

p
o
se
d
b
y
sh
o
p
o
w
n
er
;
R
a
p
p
el

à
la

lo
i
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

H
A
d
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
o
ff
en
ce
.

A
d
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
d
u
re
.

A
d
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
sa
n
ct
io
n
,
m
o
st
li
k
el
y
w
ar
n
in
g
.

H
R

C
ri
m
in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(l
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s)

P
P
S
fo
r
ju
v
en
il
es

in
v
es
ti
g
at
es

an
d
th
en

d
ec
id
es

h
o
w

to
p
ro
ce
ed
.
M
o
st

p
ro
b
ab
ly

w
il
l
b
e
d
ec
id
ed

o
n
th
e
b
as
es

o
f
th
e
p
ri
n
ci
p
le

o
f
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
y.

O
n
ly

ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al

m
ea
su
re
s
m
ay

b
e
im

p
o
se
d
–
b
u
t
h
er
e
m
o
st

p
ro
b
ab
ly

th
e
ca
se

w
o
u
ld

b
e
d
ro
p
p
ed

(p
u
b
li
c
in
te
re
st
)
o
r
at

le
as
t
d
is
p
o
se
d
o
ff
(w

it
h
co
n
d
it
io
n
).

N
L

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(M
is
d
ri
jv
en
)

P
o
li
ce

in
it
ia
te

in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
an
d
d
ec
id
e
in

h
o
w

fa
r
a
H
al
t-
re
ac
ti
o
n
is

ap
p
ro
p
ri
at
e.

If
n
o
t
p
o
ss
ib
le
:
w
ri
t
o
f
su
m
m
o
n
s
is
is
su
ed

an
d
h
an
d
ed

o
v
er

to
P
P
S
.

P
ro
b
ab
ly

H
A
L
T
-m

ea
su
re

w
il
l
b
e
o
ff
er
ed

b
y
p
o
li
ce

o
ff
ic
er
.

T
h
en

o
ff
en
d
er

w
il
l
b
e
se
n
t
to

a
H
A
L
T
-O

ff
ic
e.

P
L

P
u
n
is
h
ab
le

ac
t

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
p
o
li
ce
.
C
as
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
to

fa
m
il
y
co
u
rt
w
h
ic
h
w
il
l

in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
o
ff
en
d
er
's
so
ci
al

su
rr
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
p
er
so
n
al
it
y.

1
st
-t
im

e
o
ff
en
d
er
:
A
d
m
o
n
it
io
n
b
y
co
u
rt
.
R
ec
id
iv
is
t:

ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al

m
ea
su
re

b
y
co
u
rt
.

S
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

P
o
li
ce

le
ad

w
h
o
le

in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
ef
o
re

ca
se

is
h
an
d
ed

o
v
er

to
P
P
S
.

P
P
S
p
ro
b
ab
ly

d
ec
id
es

o
n
w
ai
v
er
.
If
n
o
t,
p
en
al

o
rd
er

w
il
l
b
e
is
su
ed
.

If
n
o
su
sp
ec
t's

ag
re
em

en
t:
C
as
e
w
il
l
g
o
to

co
u
rt
.

W
ai
v
er

o
f
p
ro
se
cu
ti
o
n
an
d
th
e
o
ff
en
ce

re
co
rd
ed

in
th
e

cr
im

in
al

re
g
is
te
r.

T
R

C
ri
m
e

P
o
li
ce

ca
n
ju
st
b
ri
n
g
th
e
o
ff
en
d
er

to
P
P
S
an
d
co
ll
ec
t
ev
id
en
ce

b
ar

in
te
rr
o
g
at
io
n
.
P
re
p
ay
m
en
t
is
n
o
t
p
o
ss
ib
le
.
M
ed
ia
ti
o
n
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

F
in
e
o
r
co
m
.
se
rv
ic
e
o
r
p
o
st
p
o
n
in
g
o
f

p
u
n
is
h
m
en
t/
ch
ar
g
e/
se
n
te
n
ce

The criminal justice approach: case examples 127



C
a
se

2
v
a
r.
b

P
et
ty

th
ef
t
–
A
n
ad
u
lt
st
ea
ls
a
sw

ea
ts
h
ir
t
w
o
rt
h
2
0
E
u
ro
s
fr
o
m

a
sh
o
p
.
H
e
is
a
p
er
si
st
en
t
o
ff
en
d
er

T
y
p
e
o
f
o
ff
en
ce

T
y
p
e
o
f
p
ro
ce
d
u
re

T
y
p
e
o
f
re
ac
ti
o
n

C
H

M
in
o
r
cr
im

in
al

O
ff
en
ce

(Ü
b
er
tr
et
u
n
g
)

O
ff
en
ce

re
q
u
ir
in
g
an

ap
p
li
ca
ti
o
n
fo
r
p
ro
se
cu
ti
o
n

F
in
e
o
r
sh
o
rt
p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

(t
il
l
3
m
o
n
th
s)
.

S
im

p
li
fi
ed

p
ro
ce
d
u
re

(“
V
er
ze
ig
u
n
g
sv
er
fa
h
re
n
”)
.
P
P
S
in
v
es
ti
g
at
es

in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y.

T
h
en

th
e
ca
se

is
h
an
d
ed

to
th
e
ju
d
g
e
w
h
o
d
el
iv
er
s
p
en
al

o
rd
er
s
(S
tr
af
b
ef
eh
ls
ri
ch
te
r”
)

D
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(V
er
g
eh
en
)

P
o
li
ce

in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y.

P
P
S
th
en

d
ec
id
es

h
o
w

to
p
ro
ce
ed
.
If
al
te
rn
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s
p
o
ss
ib
le

d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
th
e
d
if
fe
re
n
t
L
än
d
er

g
u
id
el
in
es
;
d
ro
p
o
r
d
is
p
o
sa
l
se
em

s
u
n
li
k
el
y.

P
ro
b
ab
ly

P
P
S
w
il
l
b
ri
n
g
p
u
b
li
c
ch
ar
g
es
.

E
M
in
o
r
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce
/l
es
s

se
ri
o
u
s
o
ff
en
ce

1
(f
a
lt
a
/d
el
it
o
)

If
m
in
o
r
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce
,
p
o
li
ce

in
v
es
ti
g
at
es

an
d
re
p
o
rt
s
to

E
M

an
d
P
P
S
.
T
ri
al

in
fa
lt
as

p
ro
ce
d
u
re
,
in

th
e

E
M
’s
co
u
rt
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
in
d
ic
tm

en
t
is
m
ad
e
o
ra
ll
y.

N
o
n
ee
d
fo
r
d
ef
en
ce

la
w
y
er
.
P
le
a
b
ar
g
ai
n
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

If
m
in
o
r
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce
,
fi
n
e.

If
le
ss

se
ri
o
u
s

o
ff
en
ce
,
p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

(b
u
t
su
sp
en
d
ab
le
).

If
le
ss

se
ri
o
u
s
o
ff
en
ce
,
P
o
li
ce

w
il
l
in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
an
d
re
p
o
rt
to

E
M

an
d
P
P
S
,
as

w
el
l
as

th
e
o
th
er

p
ar
ts
im

p
li
ed

in
th
e
p
ro
ce
ss
.
E
M

d
ec
id
es

in
st
ru
ct
io
n
is
te
rm

in
at
ed
,
th
er
ef
o
re
.
P
P
S
w
ri
te
s
th
e
fo
rm

al
in
d
ic
tm

en
t,
an
d
th
e

d
ef
en
ce

p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
w
ri
tt
en

re
p
o
rt
(1
0
d
ay
s
fo
r
ea
ch

o
th
er
).
T
h
en

th
ey

p
ro
ce
ed

to
tr
ia
l
(A

b
re
v
ia
d
o
).
P
le
a

b
ar
g
ai
n
in
g
is
al
so

p
o
ss
ib
le
.

E
W

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(S
u
m
m
a
ry

o
ff
en
ce
)

S
o
m
e
st
o
re
s
w
il
l
p
ro
se
cu
te

th
em

se
lv
es
;
th
ey

h
av
e
th
ei
r
o
w
n
sa
n
ct
io
n
.
A
lt
er
n
at
iv
el
y,
ca
se

is
re
p
o
rt
ed

to
p
o
li
ce

w
h
o
w
il
l
in
it
ia
te

an
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
.
C
o
u
rt
p
ro
ce
ss

is
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

F
ix
ed

fi
n
e
b
y
sh
o
p
o
w
n
er

o
r
co
u
rt
sa
n
ct
io
n
(s
h
o
rt

p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce
).

F
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(D
él
it
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
w
il
l
b
e
ca
rr
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
p
o
li
ce

u
n
d
er

P
P
S
′
in
st
ru
ct
io
n
s.
A
lt
er
n
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s
p
o
ss
ib
le

as
:

C
o
m
p
o
si
ti
o
n
p
en
a
le

o
r
m
a
in

h
ea
ri
n
g
b
ef
o
re

tr
ib
u
n
a
l
co
rr
ec
ti
o
n
n
el
.

S
h
o
rt
p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

li
k
el
y,

w
it
h
th
e
o
rd
er

o
f

su
sp
en
si
o
n
an
d
p
ro
b
at
io
n
.

H
A
d
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
o
ff
en
ce
.

A
d
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
d
u
re
.

A
d
m
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
sa
n
ct
io
n
,
m
o
st
li
k
el
y
fi
n
e.

H
R

C
ri
m
in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(l
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s)

A
cc
el
er
at
ed

(s
im

p
li
fi
ed
)
cr
im

in
al

p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s
(p
o
li
ce

h
an
d
o
v
er

th
e
ca
se

to
P
P
S
,
P
P
S
m
ay

b
ri
n
g
ch
ar
g
es

w
it
h
o
u
t
in
st
it
u
ti
n
g
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
s,
P
P
S
m
ay

u
se

co
n
d
it
io
n
al

d
is
p
o
sa
l,
o
n
th
e
re
q
u
es
t
o
f
P
P
S
C
o
u
rt
m
ay

is
su
e

p
en
al

o
rd
er
)

F
in
e
u
p
to

1
5
0
d
ai
ly

in
co
m
es

o
r
im

p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
u
p

to
6
m
o
n
th
s.

N
L

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(M
is
d
ri
vj
en
)

P
o
li
ce

w
il
l
th
en

in
it
ia
te

in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
an
d
d
ec
id
e
in

h
o
w

fa
r
a
(p
o
li
ce
-)
tr
an
sa
ct
io
n
is
ap
p
ro
p
ri
at
e
(i
.e
.
n
o

re
ci
d
iv
is
m

w
it
h
in

5
y
ea
rs
).
O
th
er
w
is
e
w
ri
t
o
f
su
m
m
o
n
s
is
is
su
ed

an
d
h
an
d
ed

o
v
er

to
P
P
S
.

(P
o
li
ce
-)
tr
an
sa
ct
io
n
o
r
P
P
S
b
ri
n
g
s
ch
ar
g
es
.

P
L

M
in
o
r
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(W
yk
ro
cz
en
ia
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
is
ca
rr
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
p
o
li
ce

in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y.

C
as
e
is
th
en

b
ro
u
g
h
t
to

m
ag
.
co
u
rt
b
y
p
o
li
ce
.

M
o
st
li
k
el
y
co
u
rt
m
ay

o
rd
er

an
ar
re
st
(5
–
3
0

d
ay
s)
.
A
ls
o
fi
n
e
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

S
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

P
o
li
ce

le
ad

th
e
w
h
o
le

in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
.
T
h
en

ca
se

is
h
an
d
ed

o
v
er

to
P
P
S
th
at

w
il
l
p
ro
b
ab
ly

is
su
e
a
p
en
al

o
rd
er
.

If
su
sp
ec
t
d
o
es
n
’t
ag
re
e:

ca
se

w
il
l
g
o
to

co
u
rt
.

M
o
st
li
k
el
y
sa
n
ct
io
n
w
il
l
b
e
m
o
re

se
v
er
e
th
an

in
ca
se

o
f
a
1
st
-t
im

e
o
ff
en
d
er
.

T
R

C
ri
m
e

In
p
ra
ct
ic
e
p
o
li
ce

in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y,

b
ri
n
g
th
e
ca
se

th
en

to
P
P
S
.
P
re
p
ay
m
en
t
an
d
m
ed
ia
ti
o
n
ar
e
n
o
t

p
o
ss
ib
le
.

F
in
e/
co
m
.s
er
v
ic
e
p
o
st
p
o
n
in
g
o
f
p
u
n
is
h
m
en
t
is

n
o
t
p
o
ss
ib
le

b
ec
au
se

o
f
p
er
si
st
en
ce

C
o
n
si
d
er
ed

as
a
fa
lt
a,

b
u
t
it
b
ec
o
m
es

tr
ea
te
d
as

a
le
ss

se
ri
o
u
s
o
ff
en
ce

if
,
w
it
h
in

o
n
e
y
ea
r,
th
e
ad
u
lt
h
as

d
o
n
e
it
4
ti
m
es
.

128 B. Elsner et al.



C
a
se

3
T
w
o
ad
u
lt
s
(A

&
B
)
w
h
o
ar
e
st
ra
n
g
er
s
to

th
at

d
at
e,

b
ec
o
m
e
in
v
o
lv
ed

in
an

ar
g
u
m
en
t
in

a
p
u
b
.
A

h
it
s
B
w
it
h
a
g
la
ss

b
o
tt
le

ca
u
si
n
g
a
w
o
u
n
d
to

B
′s
fa
ce
.
T
h
is
re
q
u
ir
es

st
it
ch
in
g
in

a
h
o
sp
it
al
.
B
is
u
n
ab
le

to
w
o
rk

fo
r
3
d
ay
s

T
y
p
e
o
f
o
ff
en
ce

T
y
p
e
o
f
p
ro
ce
d
u
re

T
y
p
e
o
f
re
ac
ti
o
n

C
H

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(V
er
g
eh
en
)

P
P
S
in
v
es
ti
g
at
es
.
C
as
e
w
il
l
b
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
.
N
o
si
m
p
li
fi
ed

p
ro
ce
d
u
re
.

P
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

D
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(V
er
g
eh
en
)

P
o
li
ce

in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y.

P
P
S
th
en

d
ec
id
es

h
o
w

to
p
ro
ce
ed
.

If
al
te
rn
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s
p
o
ss
ib
le

d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
th
e
d
if
f.
L
än
d
er

g
u
id
el
in
es
.

F
u
ll
co
u
rt
tr
ia
l
is
m
o
st
li
k
el
y.

A
lt
er
n
at
iv
e
p
ro
c.

se
em

u
n
li
k
el
y.

E
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(d
el
it
o
)

P
o
li
ce

w
il
l
in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
an
d
re
p
o
rt
to

E
M

an
d
P
P
S
,
as

w
el
l
as

th
e
o
th
er

p
ar
ts
im

p
li
ed

in
th
e

p
ro
ce
ss
.
E
M

d
ec
id
es

in
st
ru
ct
io
n
is
te
rm

in
at
ed
,
th
er
ef
o
re
.
P
P
S
w
ri
te
s
th
e
fo
rm

al

in
d
ic
tm

en
t,
an
d
th
e
d
ef
en
ce

p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
w
ri
tt
en

re
p
o
rt
(1
0
d
ay
s
fo
r
ea
ch

o
th
er
).
T
h
en

th
ey

p
ro
ce
ed

to
tr
ia
l
(A

b
re
v
ia
d
o
).
P
le
a
b
ar
g
ai
n
in
g
is
al
so

p
o
ss
ib
le
.

P
ri
so
n
fr
o
m

6
m
o
n
th
s
u
p
to

3
y
ea
rs

(s
u
sp
en
d
ab
le

if
it
’s
im

p
o
se
d
u
n
d
er

2
y
ea
rs
)

E
W

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(S
u
m
m
a
ry

o
ff
en
ce
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
p
o
li
ce
.
A

ca
u
ti
o
n
m
ig
h
t
st
il
l
b
e
p
o
ss
ib
le
.
A
lt
er
n
at
iv
el
y
ca
se

is
in
v
es
ti
g
at
ed

b
y
p
o
li
ce

th
en

b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
.

S
h
o
rt
p
ri
so
n
-s
en
te
n
ce

p
o
ss
ib
le

ac
co
m
p
an
ie
d
b
y
v
ic
ti
m
's
co
m
p
en
sa
ti
o
n
.

F
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(a
g
g
ra
v
at
in
g

ci
rc
u
m
st
an
ce
s)

(D
él
it
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
w
il
l
b
e
ca
rr
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
p
o
li
ce

u
n
d
er

P
P
S
′
in
st
ru
ct
io
n
s.
A
lt
er
n
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s

p
o
ss
ib
le

as
:
D
is
p
o
sa
l;
C
o
m
p
o
si
ti
o
n
p
en
a
le
.
M
o
st
li
ke
ly

m
a
in

h
ea
ri
n
g
b
ef
o
re

tr
ib
u
n
a
l

co
rr
ec
ti
o
n
n
el
.

S
h
o
rt
p
ri
so
n
-s
en
te
n
ce
,
p
ri
m
ar
il
y
ac
co
m
p
an
ie
d
b
y
v
ic
ti
m
's
co
m
p
en
sa
ti
o
n
.

H
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce
.

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
th
e
p
o
li
ce
.
A
lt
er
n
at
iv
e,

si
m
p
li
fi
ed

p
ro
ce
d
u
re
s
ar
e
p
o
ss
ib
le

(a
rr
ai
g
n
m
en
t,

p
en
al

o
rd
er
).
L
o
ca
l
co
u
rt
w
il
l
d
ea
l
w
it
h
th
e
ca
se
.

S
h
o
rt
p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

an
d
la
b
o
u
r
in

th
e
p
u
b
li
c
in
te
re
st
ar
e
p
o
ss
ib
le
,
b
u
t
p
ro
b
at
io
n
o
r

fi
n
e
se
em

s
to

b
e
th
e
m
o
st
ap
p
ro
p
ri
at
e
sa
n
ct
io
n
.

H
R

C
ri
m
in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(l
es
s

se
ri
o
u
s)

A
cc
el
er
at
ed

(s
im

p
li
fi
ed
)
cr
im

in
al

p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s
(p
o
li
ce

h
an
d
o
v
er

th
e
ca
se

to
P
P
S
,
P
P
S
m
ay

b
ri
n
g
ch
ar
g
es

w
it
h
o
u
t
in
st
it
u
ti
n
g
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
s;
P
P
S
m
ay

u
se

co
n
d
it
io
n
al

d
is
p
o
sa
l;
E
M

m
ay

re
n
d
er

th
e
ju
d
g
m
en
t
at

th
e
re
q
u
es
t
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ti
es
;
o
n
th
e
re
q
u
es
t
o
f
P
P
S
C
o
u
rt
m
ay

is
su
e
p
en
al

o
rd
er
)

F
in
e
o
r
im

p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
o
f
u
p
to

o
n
e
y
ea
r.
((
M
o
st
p
ro
b
ab
ly

ca
se

w
il
l
b
e
d
is
p
o
se
d
o
ff
o
r

p
en
al

o
rd
er

w
il
l
b
e
is
su
ed
.)

N
L

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(M
is
d
ri
jv
en
)

P
o
li
ce

w
il
l
ca
rr
y
o
u
t
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
u
n
d
er

P
P
S
′
in
st
ru
ct
io
n
s.
O
u
t
o
f
co
u
rt
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s

p
o
ss
ib
le

(d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
co
n
se
q
u
en
ce
s
o
f
th
e
o
ff
en
ce

an
d
o
ff
en
d
er

p
er
so
n
al
it
y
).

T
ra
n
sa
ct
io
n
m
o
st
p
ro
b
ab
le

(c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
rv
ic
e)
.

P
L

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

P
o
li
ce

w
il
l
in
it
ia
te

in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
.
If
p
u
b
li
c
in
te
re
st
ex
is
ts
,
p
ro
se
cu
ti
o
n
p
ro
ce
ed
s.
If
n
o
t:

p
ri
v
at
e
co
m
p
la
in
t
p
ro
ce
d
u
re

p
o
ss
ib
le
.

P
u
b
li
c
tr
ia
l:
co
u
rt
sa
n
ct
io
n
,
p
ri
m
ar
il
y
in

fo
rm

o
f
v
ic
ti
m
's
co
m
p
en
sa
ti
o
n
.
P
ri
v
at
e
p
ro
s.
:

re
co
n
ci
li
at
io
n
.
P
en
al
ty

p
o
ss
ib
le
:
fi
n
e
(m

o
st
p
ro
b
ab
ly
),
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
rv
ic
e
an
d
(l
es
s

li
k
el
y
)
im

p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
u
p
to

2
y
ea
rs
.

S
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

P
o
li
ce

le
ad

th
e
w
h
o
le

in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
.
T
h
en

ca
se

is
h
an
d
ed

o
v
er

to
P
P
S
w
h
o
w
il
l
b
ri
n
g
th
e

ca
se

b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
.

M
o
st
li
k
el
y
co
n
d
it
io
n
al

se
n
te
n
ce

co
m
b
in
ed

w
it
h
fi
n
es

o
r
co
m
.
se
rv
ic
e
o
r
p
ro
b
at
io
n
.

T
R

C
ri
m
e

P
o
li
ce

w
il
l
ca
rr
y
o
u
t
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
u
n
d
er

P
P
S
′
in
st
ru
ct
io
n
s.
T
h
en

ca
se

is
h
an
d
ed

o
v
er

to
P
P
S

w
h
o
w
il
l
b
ri
n
g
th
e
ca
se

b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
.
P
re
p
ay
m
en
t
is
n
o
t
p
o
ss
ib
le
.
M
ed
ia
ti
o
n
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

M
ed
ia
ti
o
n
/F
in
e
o
r
co
m
.
se
rv
ic
e/
P
o
st
p
o
n
in
g
o
f
p
u
n
is
h
m
en
t

The criminal justice approach: case examples 129



C
a
se

3
.
v
a
r.
a

B
o
d
il
y
h
ar
m

–
T
w
o
ju
v
en
il
es

w
h
o
ar
e
st
ra
n
g
er
s
to

th
at

d
at
e
b
ec
o
m
e
in
v
o
lv
ed

in
an

ar
g
u
m
en
t
in

a
p
u
b
.
A

h
it
s
B
w
it
h
a
g
la
ss

b
o
tt
le
ca
u
si
n
g
a
w
o
u
n
d
to

B
′s
fa
ce

th
at

re
q
u
ir
es

st
it
ch
in
g
in

a
h
o
sp
it
al
.
B
is
u
n
ab
le

to
w
o
rk

fo
r
3
d
ay
s

T
y
p
e
o
f
o
ff
en
ce

T
y
p
e
o
f
p
ro
ce
d
u
re

T
y
p
e
o
f
re
ac
ti
o
n

C
H

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(V
er
g
eh
en
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
th
ro
u
g
h
th
e
P
P
S
fo
r
ju
v
en
il
es

If
n
o
m
ea
su
re

is
ap
p
li
ca
te
d

F
in
e,

p
ri
so
n
ti
ll
o
n
e
y
ea
r
o
r
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
rv
ic
e
w
o
rk

(A
rb
ei
ts
le
is
tu
n
g
)

D
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(V
er
g
eh
en
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
p
o
li
ce

m
o
re

o
r
le
ss

in
d
ep
en
d
en
tl
y.

D
iv
er
si
o
n
ar
y
m
ea
su
re

is
m
o
st
li
k
el
y
(§

4
5
II
JG

G
),
p
er
p
et
ra
to
r-
v
ic
ti
m
-

m
ed
ia
ti
o
n
is
p
ar
ti
cu
la
rl
y
li
k
el
y
h
er
e.

A
lt
er
n
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s
m
o
st
p
ro
b
ab
le

if
o
ff
en
d
er
s
p
er
so
n
al
it
y
is
w
it
h
in

th
e
ra
n
g
e

(s
im

p
li
fi
ed

p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
,
§
7
6
JG

G
/
d
iv
er
si
o
n
,
§
4
5
JG

G
).

E
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(d
el
it
o
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
P
o
li
ce
,
d
ir
ec
te
d
b
y
P
P
S
.
A

m
ed
ia
ti
o
n
w
il
l
ta
k
e
p
la
ce

w
h
en
ev
er

b
o
th

ju
v
en
il
es

ag
re
e
to

it
.
In

ca
se

it
’s
n
o
t
su
cc
es
sf
u
l
o
r
th
ey

d
o
n
’t
w
an
t
to

p
ar
ti
ci
p
at
e,
w
e
u
se

th
e
ju
v
en
il
e
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
in

ju
v
en
il
e
co
u
rt
s:
a
1
st
st
ag
e
fo
r
tr
y
in
g
to

re
ac
h
a
p
le
a

b
ar
g
ai
n
ed

se
n
te
n
ce
;
a
2
n
d
st
ag
e
w
it
h
a
tr
ia
l

In
ca
se

m
ed
ia
ti
o
n
is
su
cc
es
sf
u
l,
th
e
ca
se

is
fi
le
d
.
If
n
o
t,
a
m
ea
su
re

is
ap
p
li
ed

(s
p
ec
ia
l
co
u
rs
es
,
w
o
rk

fo
r
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
it
y.
.)
.

E
W

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(S
u
m
m
a
ry

o
ff
en
ce
)

W
h
o
le

cr
im

in
al

p
ro
ce
d
u
re

is
th
e
sa
m
e
as

fo
r
ad
u
lt
s:
C
o
u
rt
is
ab
le

to
at
te
m
p
t
so
m
e

re
st
o
ra
ti
v
e
ju
st
ic
e
p
ro
ce
d
u
re
.

In
fo
rm

al
re
ac
ti
o
n
th
ro
u
g
h
a
re
p
ar
at
io
n
p
ro
ce
ss

(y
o
u
th

o
ff
en
d
in
g
p
an
el

o
r

b
y
co
u
rt
).
S
p
ec
ia
l
tr
ea
tm

en
t
(d
ru
g
/a
n
g
er
/a
lc
o
h
o
l
m
an
ag
em

en
t
co
u
rs
es
)
o
r

m
ed
ia
ti
o
n
.

F
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(a
g
g
ra
v
at
in
g

ci
rc
u
m
st
an
ce
s)

(D
él
it
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
p
o
li
ce

an
d
P
P
S
.
S
u
m
m
o
n
in
g
b
ef
o
re

th
e
Ju
v
en
il
e
C
o
u
rt
.
Ju
d
g
e
d
ec
id
es

ab
o
u
t
ed
u
.
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
.
C
o
u
rt
h
ea
ri
n
g
co
n
ce
iv
ab
le
,
if
o
ff
en
d
er

h
as

al
re
ad
y
b
ee
n
in

co
n
ta
ct

w
it
h
cr
im

in
al

sy
st
em

.

1
st
-t
im

e
o
ff
en
d
er
:
ed
u
.
M
ea
su
re
s.
R
ec
id
iv
is
t:
se
n
te
n
ce

M
u
lt
i-
re
ci
d
iv
is
t:
2
-m

o
n
th

p
re
-t
ri
al

d
et
en
ti
o
n
/s
h
o
rt
,
u
n
su
sp
en
d
ed

p
ri
so
n

se
n
te
n
ce
.

H
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce
.

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
th
e
p
o
li
ce
,
C
as
e
w
il
l
b
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

th
e
co
u
rt
.
A
lt
er
n
at
iv
el
y,

si
m
p
li
fi
ed

p
ro
ce
d
u
re
s
ar
e
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

P
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

is
p
o
ss
ib
le

in
th
eo
ry

b
u
t
m
o
st
li
k
el
y
p
ro
b
at
io
n
w
il
l
b
e

ap
p
li
ed
.
(F
in
e
an
d
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
in

re
fo
rm

at
o
ry

in
st
it
u
ti
o
n
ar
e
p
o
ss
ib
le

as
w
el
l.
)

H
R

C
ri
m
in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(l
es
s

se
ri
o
u
s)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
th
e
P
P
S
fo
r
ju
v
en
il
es
.
M
o
st
p
ro
b
ab
ly

w
il
l
b
e
d
ec
id
ed

o
n
th
e
b
as
es

o
f

th
e
p
ri
n
ci
p
le

o
f
o
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
y.

O
n
ly

ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al

m
ea
su
re
s
m
ay

b
e
im

p
o
se
d
.
C
as
e
m
ay

al
so

b
e
d
ro
p
p
ed

(p
u
b
li
c
in
te
re
st
)
o
r
d
is
p
o
se
d
o
ff
(w

it
h
co
n
d
it
io
n
).
P
er
p
et
ra
to
r-
v
ic
ti
m
-

m
ed
ia
ti
o
n
is
p
o
ss
ib
le

h
er
e.

N
L

L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(M
is
d
ri
jv
en
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
p
o
li
ce

u
n
d
er

P
P
S
in
st
ru
ct
io
n
s

S
en
te
n
ce

o
f
2
4
h
o
u
rs

co
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
rv
ic
e.

W
ri
t
o
f
su
m
m
o
n
s
fo
r
a
co
u
rt
h
ea
ri
n
g
.

P
L

P
u
n
is
h
ab
le

ac
t

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
p
o
li
ce
.
C
as
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
to

fa
m
il
y
co
u
rt
w
h
ic
h
w
il
l
in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
o
ff
en
d
er
's

so
ci
al

su
rr
o
u
n
d
in
g
s
an
d
p
er
so
n
al
it
y.

1
st
-t
im

e
o
ff
en
d
er
:
ad
m
o
n
it
io
n
b
y
co
u
rt
.

R
ec
id
iv
is
t:
ed
u
.
m
ea
su
re

b
y
co
u
rt
;
Ju
v
en
il
e
d
el
in
q
u
en
t
ce
n
tr
e
fo
r
h
ig
h
ly

p
ro
b
le
m
at
ic

ju
v
en
il
es
.

S
L
es
s
se
ri
o
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

P
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s
ar
e
th
e
sa
m
e
as

in
ca
se

o
f
an

ad
u
lt
p
er
p
et
ra
to
r,
al
th
o
u
g
h
le
ad
er

o
f

in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
w
il
l
b
e
a
P
P.

N
o
p
ri
so
n
-s
en
te
n
ce
.
C
o
m
m
it
ta
l
to

so
ci
al

ca
re

an
d
/o
r
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
rv
ic
e

fo
r
ju
v
en
il
es

p
o
ss
ib
le
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
so
ci
al

si
tu
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
er
p
et
ra
to
r.

P
er
p
et
ra
to
rs
′
p
er
so
n
al
it
y
m
o
re

in
fo
cu
s.
P
ro
se
cu
ti
o
n
b
ef
o
re

a
co
u
rt
w
il
l
b
e
in
st
it
u
te
d
.

T
R

C
ri
m
e

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
P
P
S
.
C
as
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
to

ch
il
d
re
n
co
u
rt
.

p
er
p
et
ra
to
r-
v
ic
ti
m
-m

ed
ia
ti
o
n
is
p
o
ss
ib
le
.
C
o
n
d
it
io
n
al

se
n
te
n
ce

is
a
m
u
st
.

B
E
W
A
E
H
R
U
N
G

M
Ö
G
L
IC
H

130 B. Elsner et al.



C
a
se

4
T
w
o
p
er
so
n
s
ar
e
ca
u
g
h
t
ra
m
-r
ai
d
in
g
(b
re
ak
in
g
in
to

a
sh
o
p
b
y
d
ri
v
in
g
a
v
eh
ic
le

th
ro
u
g
h
th
e
sh
o
p
w
in
d
o
w

in
o
rd
er

to
st
ea
l
as

m
u
ch

as
p
o
ss
ib
le
)
a
cl
o
th
in
g
st
o
re
.
W
h
en

th
ei
r
h
o
u
se
s
ar
e
se
ar
ch
ed
,
ev
id
en
ce

is
fo
u
n
d
th
at

th
ey

ar
e
m
em

b
er
s
o
f
a
g
an
g
w
h
ic
h
re
g
u
la
rl
y
ra
m
-r
ai
d
s
sh
o
p
s
in

v
ar
io
u
s
ci
ty

ce
n
tr
es

T
y
p
e
o
f
o
ff
en
ce

T
y
p
e
o
f
p
ro
ce
d
u
re

T
y
p
e
o
f
re
ac
ti
o
n

C
H

S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(V
er
b
re
ch
en
)

P
P
S
le
ad
s
th
e
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
.
C
as
e
w
il
l
b
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
.
N
o

si
m
p
li
fi
ed

p
ro
ce
d
u
re
.

P
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

b
et
w
ee
n
6
m
o
n
th
s
an
d
1
0
y
ea
rs
.

D
S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(V
er
b
re
ch
en
)

P
P
S
le
ad
s
th
e
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
fr
o
m

th
e
v
er
y
b
eg
in
n
in
g
;
C
as
e
w
il
l
b
e

b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
.
N
o
si
m
p
li
fi
ed

p
ro
ce
d
u
re
.

C
u
st
o
d
ia
l
se
n
te
n
ce

b
et
w
ee
n
1
an
d
1
0
y
ea
rs
.

E
S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(d
el
it
o
)

P
o
li
ce

w
il
l
in
v
es
ti
g
at
e
an
d
re
p
o
rt
to

E
M

an
d
P
P
S
,
as

w
el
l
as

th
e
o
th
er

p
ar
ts
im

p
li
ed

in
th
e
p
ro
ce
ss
.
E
M

w
il
l
h
an
d
th
e
fi
le

to
th
e
T
ri
b
u
n
al

w
h
o
w
il
l
ju
d
g
e
th
em

,
fo
r
re
v
ie
w
in
g
th
e
in
st
ru
ct
io
n
.
T
h
en

th
e
P
P
S

w
ri
te
s
th
e
fo
rm

al
in
d
ic
tm

en
t
an
d
th
e
d
ef
en
ce

p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
w
ri
tt
en

re
p
o
rt
(1
0
d
ay
s
fo
r
ea
ch

p
ar
ty
).
T
h
en

th
ey

p
ro
ce
ed

to
tr
ia
l
(S
u
m
ar
io
).

P
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

o
f
se
v
er
al

y
ea
rs

(8
to

1
4
),
im

p
o
ss
ib
le

to
su
sp
en
d
o
r

su
b
st
it
u
te

fo
r
an
o
th
er

p
en
al
ty
.

E
W

S
er
io
u
s
(i
n
d
ic
ta
b
le
)

o
ff
en
ce

C
P
S
an
d
P
o
li
ce

w
o
rk

to
g
et
h
er

o
n
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n

S
u
b
je
ct

to
a
(s
ev
er
e)

p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

o
f
se
v
er
al

y
ea
rs
.

B
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

cr
o
w
n
co
u
rt
af
te
r
in
it
ia
l
h
ea
ri
n
g
b
ef
o
re

m
ag
.
co
u
rt
.
N
o

si
m
p
li
fi
ed

p
ro
ce
d
u
re
.

F
S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(a
g
g
ra
v
at
in
g

ci
rc
u
m
st
an
ce
s)

(C
ri
m
e)

S
u
m
m
ar
y
tr
ia
l
if
P
P
S
af
te
r
n
at
io
n
w
id
e
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
(P
o
li
ce

u
n
d
er

P
P
S
′

ad
v
ic
e)

is
su
re

th
at

o
n
ly

th
e
tw
o
o
ff
en
d
er
s
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
ed

an
d
n
o
t
o
th
er

m
em

b
er
s
o
f
a
g
an
g
.

O
ff
en
ce

p
u
n
is
h
ab
le

b
y
u
p
to

1
0
y
ea
rs

o
f
im

p
ri
so
n
m
en
t.

C
o
n
si
d
er
at
io
n
s
o
f
an

o
rg
an
iz
ed

g
an
g
w
o
u
ld

le
ad

to
a
p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

n
o
t
ex
ce
ed
in
g
1
5
y
ea
rs
.

H
S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al
o
ff
en
ce
.

P
o
li
ce

w
il
l
in
v
es
ti
g
at
e.

C
as
e
w
il
l
b
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

th
e
co
u
rt
(l
o
ca
l

co
u
rt
).
S
im

p
li
fi
ed

p
ro
ce
d
u
re
s
ar
e
n
o
t
ex
cl
u
d
ed

b
u
t
u
n
li
k
el
y.

P
u
n
is
h
ab
le

b
y
im

p
ri
so
n
m
en
t.
(L
en
g
th

d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
st
o
le
n

g
o
o
d
s.
)

H
R

C
ri
m
in
al

o
ff
en
ce

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
is
le
d
b
y
E
M
.
P
P
S
b
ri
n
g
s
ch
ar
g
es

b
ef
o
re

th
e
co
u
rt
(1

p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
al

ju
d
g
e
an
d
2
la
y
ju
d
g
es
).

P
u
n
is
h
ab
le

b
y
im

p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
(f
ro
m

6
m
o
n
th
s
to

5
y
ea
rs
)

N
L

S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(M
is
d
ri
jv
en
)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
h
ea
d
ed

b
y
P
P
S
.
C
h
ar
g
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
,
m
ai
n

h
ea
ri
n
g
p
ro
b
ab
le
.
N
o
si
m
p
li
fi
ed

p
ro
ce
d
u
re
.

M
ax
.
6
y
ea
rs

p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce
.
If
d
am

ag
e
ca
u
se
d
/
re
p
ea
t
o
ff
en
d
in
g
th
e

m
o
st
p
ro
b
ab
le

se
n
te
n
ce

w
il
l
b
e
ei
th
er

2
1
0
h
o
u
rs

co
m
m
u
n
it
y
se
rv
ic
e/

1
0
5
d
ay
s
im

p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
m
in
im

u
m
.

P
L

S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
p
o
li
ce
.
C
as
e
is
p
ro
b
ab
ly

b
ro
u
g
h
t
to

co
u
rt
.

1
–
1
5
y
ea
rs

o
f
im

p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
o
r
ev
en

a
fi
n
e
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

S
S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

L
ea
d
er

an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
o
f
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
is
P
P
S
,
m
ay
b
e
p
o
li
ce
.
C
as
e
is

b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
.

O
n
ly

p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

o
f
m
ax
.
6
y
ea
rs

(m
o
st
li
k
el
y
ap
p
ro
x
.
1
y
ea
r)
w
il
l

b
e
a
p
o
ss
ib
le
re
ac
ti
o
n
.
If
o
ff
en
d
er
s
ar
e
m
em

b
er
s
o
f
a
g
an
g
,
th
is
m
ig
h
t

le
ad

to
ag
g
ra
v
at
in
g
ci
rc
u
m
st
an
ce

re
le
v
an
t
fo
r
se
n
te
n
ci
n
g
.

T
R

C
ri
m
e

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
p
o
li
ce
.
P
P
S
b
ri
n
g
s
th
e
ca
se

to
co
u
rt
.
N
o
p
re
p
ay
m
en
t/

m
ed
ia
ti
o
n
.

M
ax
.
6
y
ea
rs

p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce
.
P
o
st
p
o
n
in
g
o
f
p
u
n
is
h
m
en
t
is
p
o
ss
ib
le

w
h
en

fi
rs
t
ti
m
e
o
ff
en
d
er
.

The criminal justice approach: case examples 131



C
a
se

5
M
u
rd
er
-
A

b
re
ak
s
in
to

B
`s

h
o
m
e
in

o
rd
er

to
ta
k
e
re
v
en
g
e
fo
r
B
`s

af
fa
ir
w
it
h
A
`s

w
if
e.
A

k
il
ls
B
th
ro
u
g
h
a
b
lo
w

to
th
e
h
ea
d
.
H
e
fe
ig
n
s
a
b
u
rg
la
ry

in
o
rd
er

to
co
v
er

h
is

tr
ac
k
s T
y
p
e
o
f
o
ff
en
ce

T
y
p
e
o
f
p
ro
ce
d
u
re

T
y
p
e
o
f
re
ac
ti
o
n

C
H

S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(V
er
b
re
ch
en
)

P
P
S
le
ad
s
th
e
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
.
C
as
e
w
il
l
b
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
.
N
o

al
te
rn
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s.

S
u
b
je
ct

to
a
m
an
d
at
o
ry

li
fe

p
ri
so
n
-s
en
te
n
ce

(m
in
im

u
m

1
0
y
ea
rs
).

D
S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(V
er
b
re
ch
en
)

P
P
S
le
ad
s
th
e
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
fr
o
m

th
e
v
er
y
b
eg
in
n
in
g
;
C
as
e
w
il
l
b
e

b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
.
N
o
al
te
rn
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s.

S
u
b
je
ct

to
a
m
an
d
at
o
ry

li
fe

p
ri
so
n
-s
en
te
n
ce

(m
in
im

u
m

1
5
y
ea
rs
).

E
S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(d
el
it
o
)

P
ol
ic
e
w
il
l
in
ve
st
ig
at
e
an
d
re
po
rt
to

E
M

an
d
P
P
S
,
as

w
el
l
as

to
th
e
o
th
er

p
ar
ts
im

pl
ie
d
in

th
e
pr
oc
es
s.
C
as
e
br
ou
gh
t
b
ef
or
e
a
ju
ry
,
af
te
r
th
e
P
P
S

w
ri
te
s
th
e
fo
rm

al
in
di
ct
m
en
t,
an
d
th
e
d
ef
en
ce

pr
es
en
ts
th
e
w
ri
tt
en

re
po
rt
.

P
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

fr
o
m

1
5
to

2
0
y
ea
rs
,
n
o
t
su
sp
en
d
ab
le
.

E
W

S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

C
P
S
an
d
p
o
li
ce

w
o
rk

to
g
et
h
er

o
n
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
.
C
as
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt
,
co
n
si
st
in
g
o
f
a
ju
ry

an
d
ju
d
g
e
(w

h
o
h
as

n
o
ro
le

in
se
n
te
n
ci
n
g

b
u
t
h
as

to
se
t
a
m
in
im

u
m

se
n
te
n
ce

le
n
g
th
).

S
u
b
je
ct

to
a
m
an
d
at
o
ry

li
fe

p
ri
so
n
-s
en
te
n
ce

(m
in
.
1
5
/2
0
y
ea
rs
).

F
S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(a
g
g
ra
v
at
in
g

ci
rc
u
m
st
an
ce
s)

(C
ri
m
e)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
P
P
S
.
C
o
u
rt
h
ea
ri
n
g
(j
u
d
g
e
an
d
a
ju
ry

o
f
9
m
em

b
er
s)
.

S
u
b
je
ct

to
a
m
an
d
at
o
ry

li
fe

se
n
te
n
ce

o
r
3
0
y
ea
rs

o
f
im

p
ri
so
n
m
en
t;

se
cu
ri
ty

p
er
io
d
m
u
st
b
e
se
t
in

ca
se

o
f
m
u
rd
er

(e
n
su
re
s
th
at

th
e

se
n
te
n
ce

ca
n
’t
b
e
su
sp
en
d
ed

w
it
h
in

a
ce
rt
ai
n
p
er
io
d
).

H
S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
b
y
p
o
li
ce

o
r
b
y
P
P
S
.
C
as
e
w
il
l
b
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

th
e

co
u
n
ty

co
u
rt
,
(p
an
el

o
f
o
n
e
ju
d
g
e
an
d
tw
o
la
y
ju
d
g
es
).
N
o
al
te
rn
at
iv
e

p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
is
av
ai
la
b
le
.
P
sy
ch
ia
tr
ic

ex
p
er
t
h
as

to
b
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
.

S
u
b
je
ct

to
a
m
an
d
at
o
ry

li
fe

im
p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
o
r
m
ax
.
1
5
y
ea
rs

o
f

im
p
ri
so
n
m
en
t.

H
R

S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(a
g
g
ra
v
at
in
g

ci
rc
u
m
st
an
ce
s)

In
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
is
le
d
b
y
E
M
.
P
P
S
b
ri
n
g
s
ch
ar
g
es

b
ef
o
re

th
e
co
u
rt
(2

p
ro
fe
ss
io
n
al

ju
d
g
es

an
d
3
la
y
ju
d
g
es
).
N
o
al
te
rn
at
iv
e
p
ro
ce
ed
in
g
s.

S
u
b
je
ct

to
lo
n
g
-t
er
m

im
p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
(m

in
im

u
m

8
y
ea
rs
).

N
L

S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

(M
is
d
ri
jv
en
)

N
o
rm

al
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
h
ea
d
ed

b
y
P
P
S
.
C
h
ar
g
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt

(m
ai
n
h
ea
ri
n
g
).

S
u
b
je
ct

to
a
lo
n
g
li
fe

se
n
te
n
ce
.
M
an
d
at
o
ry

li
fe

p
ri
so
n
-s
en
te
n
ce

is
p
o
ss
ib
le
,
b
u
t
m
o
st
li
k
el
y
th
is
w
il
l
o
n
ly

b
e
g
iv
en

fo
r
m
u
rd
er
s
w
it
h

m
o
re

th
an

o
n
e
v
ic
ti
m
.

P
L

S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

P
P
S
is
le
ad
er

o
f
th
e
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
.
N
o
rm

al
co
u
rt
h
ea
ri
n
g
w
it
h

p
sy
ch
ia
tr
ic

ex
am

in
at
io
n
.

L
o
n
g
p
ri
so
n
se
n
te
n
ce

8
–
2
5
y
ea
rs
,
u
p
to

li
fe
.

S
S
er
io
u
s
cr
im

in
al

o
ff
en
ce

L
ea
d
er

o
f
in
v
es
ti
g
at
io
n
is
P
P
S
.
C
as
e
w
il
l
b
e
b
ro
u
g
h
t
b
ef
o
re

co
u
rt

(n
o
rm

al
co
u
rt
h
ea
ri
n
g
).

Im
p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
o
f
1
0
y
ea
rs

o
r
fo
r
li
fe
.

T
R

C
ri
m
e

P
P
S
in
v
es
ti
g
at
es

fr
o
m

th
e
v
er
y
b
eg
in
n
in
g
o
n
.
N
o
p
re
p
ay
m
en
t/

m
ed
ia
ti
o
n

L
o
n
g
li
fe

se
n
te
n
ce
.
If
fi
rs
t
ti
m
e
o
ff
en
d
er

im
p
ri
so
n
m
en
t
o
f
2
5
y
ea
rs

is
p
o
ss
ib
le
.

132 B. Elsner et al.


	The Criminal Justice Approach: Case Examples
	Abstract

















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